ВСЕ ВОЙНЫ МИРОВОЙ ИСТОРИИ Т.3.Ч.2. by Watra

XIV

3APO.II\aEHHE COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEfHH H TAKTHKH 1600-1700

22.

rJIABHhiE TEJmEHQMM B XVII aeKe 3aaepw111ncR nepeXOA OT Cpe,.[!HIIIX aeKoa K HoaoMy apeMeHIII -no KpailTHei/t Mepe a TOM, 'ITO KacaeTCR aoopy)/(eHI!IM, a TaK)I(e aonpocoa oplaHIII3af4111111 111 TaKTIIIKIII. B Ha'lane CToneTI!IR Ha none 60>1 ace ell{e TO COnepHIII'Ianlll, TO a3aiiiMO,l!OnonHRnlll APYI APYJa MYWKeT 111 KOnbe; 6oeable nocTpoeHIIIR Mana 'leM OTfllll'laniiiCb OT lpe 'leCKOM cfJanaH/111 ,.[!ayxTb/CR'IeneTHei/t ,.[!aaHOCTIII; Tfl)l(e nble aca,l!HIIIKIII 111 ,l!)l(eHTp1!1 1 ace ell{e He npiiiMIIIplllniiiCb C TeM, 'ITO 0/HeCTpenbHOe opy)l(l!le nonO)I(I!InO KOHe/4 pblf4apcTBy; apTIIInnepiiiR ace ell{e npi!IMeHRnaCb maBHb/M o6pa30M CTa f4I!IO HapHO. K K0Hf4Y Oni!ICb/BaeM0/0 n epi!IO,l!a KOnbR nO'ITIII Bb/Wnlll 1113 ynoTpe6neHIIIR, 6oeaoi1 nop>~AOK neXOTbl CTan niiiHeMHb/M (Ill OCTaBanCfl TaKIIIM AO XX a.), a M061!1nbHaR apTIIInnepiiiR npeapaTI!InaCb a O,l!IIIH 1113 maaHbiX po,.[!OB aoi/tcK nonR 6oR; 1naaHaR 3a,l!a'la Te n epb 3aKn/O'Ianacb 8 TOM, 'IT06bl KOOp,.[!IIIHIIIPOBaTb ,l!eMCTai!IR Tpex pO,.[!Oa aOMCK- apTIIInnepl!llll, neXOTbl Ill KOHHI!If4bl. 50nee TOIO , noRal!lni!ICb perynRpHble apMIIIIII B COBpeMeHHOM 3Ha'leHIIIIII c noaa - c Mepapxlll'lecKoi/t Ta6enb/O 0 paHJaX, npiiiMepHO COOTaeTCTay/0 ll{ei/t CeiO,l!HRWHei/t CIIICTeMe aOI!IHCKIIIX 3BaHI!IM. B 6onbWIIIHCTBe caoeM 3TIII nepeMeHbl 06R3aHbl O,l!HOMy-e,l!IIIHCTaeHHOMy LfenoaeKy- WBe,l!CKOMy KOpOn/0 /ycmay II A,D,onbC/JY. HoBbiM aeR1 ,[llKenTJJH (anm.) -

neT»TyJJonannoe

MeJJKOIIOMeCTJIOe /jnOpHIICT nO .

HIIIRM nocne,l!oaana acR Eapona - a nepay10 O'lepe,.[!b nOTOMy, 'ITO HenpepbiBHaR cepi!IR aoi1H (TPIIIA/4aTIIIneTHRR BOMHa, BOMHa 3a ncpanbf4CKOe Hacne,l!CTBO, cppaHKO-ronnaHAcKaR aoi1Ha) npeapaTI!Inlll aecb KOHTIIIHeHT a OlpOMHb/M KpoaonpOni!ITHb/M noni!IIOH. KpoMe TOJO, npoi!ICXO,l!l!lno cpopMIIIpoaaHMe aoeHHO-MOpCKIIIX TaKTIII'IeCKIIIX KOH/4ent4111M (KOTOpble 3aTeM npaKTI!I'IeCKIII He MeHRni!ICb Ha npoTfl)l(eHIIIIII no'ITIII ,l!ayx aeKoa - no Kpai/tHeM Mepe, B TeXHI!I'IeCKIIIX,.[!eTanRX). /113 C/JnOTOaO,.[!f4ea OniiiCblaaeM0/0 nepi!IO,l!a B nepay10 O'lepe,.[!b 3acny)I(I!IBaeT ynOMI!IHaHI!Ifl aH/fll!l'laHIIIH Po6epT 5nei1K.

3acny>K11aa/OT TaK)I(e ynOMI1HaHI1R 6enbrlllet4 /11oraHH LI,epKnac, rpacp C/JOH T11nn11; 'lex Anb6pexT BeHf4enb 3ace611yc C/JOH B anneHwTei1H; cppaHf4Y3bJ: f710AOBI1K II ,.[!e 5yp6oH, JePf40I 3Hrl1eHCKI1M, a C 1646 JO,.[!a- npi1Hf4 KOHAe ( 113BeCTHbli1 KaK Beni1KI1i1 KoHAe); ctJpaHcyaAHplll,l!e MOHMOpaHCI15yral1nb, repLlOI f710KCeM6yprcKIIIi1; a TaK)I(e aeni1K11M aOeHHbiM 11H)I(eHep Ce6aCTbeH ne npeTp, MapK113 ,l!e Bo6aH; aHml1'1aHI1H On11aep KpoMaenb; 11TanbRHe/4 rpacfJ, IIIMnepCKIIIM KHR3b Ill cpenb,l!Mapwan Pai1MYHA MoHTeKyKon11; OCHOaaTenb MapaTXCK0/0 IOCy,.[!apCTaa a /11H,l!llll1 WI1Ba,l!)l(l1, MaHb'f)/(YPCKI1i1 ( 'f)/(YP'I)I(3HbCKI1i1) xaH Hypxa/411, OCHOaaTenb,.[!I1H8CTIIII1 no3,l!HRR L/,311Hb; 11, HaKoHe/4, RnoHe/4 TOKYta aa /113f!CY.

KOMAIJ:)];OBAHIIE B enlll'lai/twi!IM aoeHa'lanbHIIIKOM XVII aeKa RanRnCR wae,.[!CKIIIM Koponb lycma II A,D,onbC/J. Bnpo'leM, HeMano 6b1no 111 APYIIIIX mnaHmiiiBbiX nonKOBOAf4ea: mnnaH,l!e/4 Mop11114 HaccaycKIIIM, IIICKn/O'IIIITenbHO O,l!apeHHb/M Mapwan ctJpaH/4111111 AHplll ,l!e na Typ ,.[! 'QaepHb, ai!IKOHT TIOpeHH (1113 BeCTHb/M KaK B eni!IKIIIM TIOpeHH) 111 6neCTflll{IIIM KIIITaMCKIIIM IIIMnepaTOp KaHCIII 1113 MaHb'f)/(ypcKoi1 AMHacTIIIIII L/,IIIH. XoTR cppaHf4Y3CKIIIi1 reHIIIM ApMBH )KaH ,l!/0 nneCCIII, K8PA111H8n 111 rep1401 ,.[!e P111wenbe, caMoni1'1HO apMI1i1 He B031naBnRn, O,l!H8KO B nOHI1MaHI111 11 np11MeHeHI111 aoeHHOM CTpaTe/1111 eMy He 6blnO paaHb/X.

rycTaB II A,qoJlb<j>

269

IJlABHbiE TEHAEHU.l!Hil Cpe,D,M BbJ,D,aJOW,MXCR

rpnomso,D,-

L{eB, KpoMe 5neiiTKa, cne,D,yeT OTMeTMTb Jl,)I<Op,D,)f(a MOHKa M YMflbRMa neHHa. BnpoLJeM, ,D,OCTOMHb/MM npoTMBHMKaMM aHiflMLJaH Bb/CTynanM ronnaH,D,L{bl MapTeH XapnepTC30H TpoMn (MnM MapTMH TpoMn), eroCbiH KopHenMc MapTBHC30H TpoMn ( MnM KopHenMilr TpoMn) M MMxMen A,D,pMaHC30H ,D,e PJOiltTBp, a TaiOKe rppaHL{Y3bJ: KOpcap, a 3aTeM KanMTaH KOponeBCK0/0 ¢nom ){(aH Sap M AHH /1/napMOH.D.e KoTeHTeH, rparfJ.D.e TypBMnb.

pyqHQE OrHECfPEJibHOE OPYJKIIE

KpeMHeBbiH aaMOK MywKeTa.

XVII

Ha npoTR)f(eHMM onMCbJBaeMoro nepMo,D,a MywKeT npempnen cyw,eCTBeHHbJe MO,D,Mr/JMKal.{MM. Jl,O /yCTa-

npMCYW,MM Bb/CWMM BOeHHb/M I.JMHaM

BeCTM 0/HR, B COCTaB neXOTHb/X nO,D,-

II A,D,onbrfJa sm 6blno HeyKflJO)/(ee opy)f(MB BeCOM OT 7 /],0 12 Kl, CTpe-

KOHCepsaTM3M ( MX BnOnHe Y.D.OBfleT-

pa3,D,eneHMM no-npe)f(HeMy BKflJOLJa-

flRTb 113 KOTOpOIO npMXO,D,MflOCb C

IO.D.Y L{eflMKOM BOOpy)f(MflM KpeMHe-

BOP>Ifl r/JMTMflbHb/M 38MOK). B

1670

nM KOneiltW,MKOB . Ho OKOflO

1680

ro,D,a KeM-TO, sepoRTHO, Bo6aHOM,

ynopa-poraTMHbl. 5naro,D,apR wse,D,-

Bb/MM MYWKeTaMM flMWb 0/],HO nO,D,-

6blfl M306peTe H WTbiK, KOTOpbiM npM

CKOMY MOHapxy, MYWKeT 6blfl o6ner-

pa3,D,eneHMe r/JpaHL{y3CKOM apMMM;

nOMOW,M cnel.{MaflbH0/0 KOflbl.{a Ha-

1699 ro,D,y KpeMHeBb/M

,D,eBaflCR Ha .D.YflbHb/M cpe3 C60KY M

LJeH .D.O

Kr: KpoMe TOro,

/ycms II

0/],HaKO y)f(e K

A,D,onbr/J npMHRn Ha soopy)f(eHMe naT-

MYWKeT CTafl CTaH,D,apTHb/M opy)f(M-

He npenRTCTBOBan CTpenb6e. BCKO-

pOH C r/JMKCMpOBaHHbiM, TW,aTeflbHO

eM esponeilrcKMX apMMilr.

pe WTb/K 3TOT 6blfl ycosepweHCTBO-

OTMepeHHb/M nOpOXOBb/M 3apR,D,OM ( I.JTO n03BOflRfl0 ,D,06MTbCR e,D,MH006-

K cepe,D,MHe seKa Ha LJaCTMLJHY/0 3a M e Hy KOnbR M

B8H -

B pyKORTM era CTaflM ,D,efl8Tb

npMwen W T biK,

na3 ,D,nR npoLJHoro 3al.{enneHMR 3a

pa3MR 6annMCTMLJeCKMX xapaKTepM -

BCTaBflRBWMMCR B CTBOfl. BnpoLJeM,

B b/CTyn Ha CTBOne MYWKeTa . K KOH-

CTMK) M npMCOe,D,MHeHHOM K He My ny-

nOCKOflbKY npM 3TOM CTpenOK He MOl

neflt. MywKeT cmn ropa3,D,O nerLJe M Y.D.06Hee

L{y BeKa TaKOM WTb/K 6blfl npMHRT Ha BOOp}f)KeHMe BCeMM esponeiiTCKMMM apMMRMM. MywKeTep cTaHosMnc>~

o6paw,eHMM; 3HaLJMTenb-

HO ynpOCTMflCR M npOL{BCC 3apR)f(a-

caM ce6e Koneilrw,MKOM; Koneilrw,MK

HMR, a TeMn CTpenb6bl ysenMLJMflCR

)f(e CXO,D,Mfl CO CL{eHbl.

8/],BOe, ,D,OCTMIHYB 0/],H0/0 Bb/CTpena B MMHYTY. Ew,e

KpeMHeBbliit 3aMoK XVI seKe 6bm M3o6peTBH

py)f(eMHb/M 3aMOK, B KOTOPOM MCKpa

YbBeCTHblll pOCCaiicKMU 11CCJie,[(O-

BbiCeKanaCb y,D,apOM KpeMHR 0 )f(e -

BaTeJib 11CTOp1111 pyworo omecTpeJib-

flB30 . HacTORW.Milr KpeMHesbJilt Myw-

Horo opylKJHI B.

KeT, MflM r/Jy3eR, 6blfl M306peTeH

seplKAaeT, 'ITO KpeMHeBhTM 3aMOK 110-

rfJpaHL{Y3CKMM opy)f(eMHMKOM fle

HBTTJICH B EBpone cnepBa y TTcnaHcKTTx

5yp)/(ya a

1615 ro,D,y,

M K

1630 ro,D,y

c TpeJIKOB eme B

MapKeBTPT yT-

1504

ro,[(y. HcnaH-

Uhi 3ai1MCTBOBaJ111 KpeMHeBblll 3aMOK

,D,OCTMr onpe,D,eneHHoro cosepweHCTsa KaK OXOTHMLJbe opy)f(Me. 0,D,Ha-

OT MaBpOB, a K MaBpaM OH 11011aJI OT

KO BOeHHble He cneWMflM WMpOKO

TypoK JTJIJT apa60B.

npMMBHRTb KpeMHBBbiB py)f(eMHbiB

Espone Ha3hTBaJiach TTcnaHo-MaBpTT-

3aMKM; OTI.faCTM BMHOM TOMY 6blfla

CI>IIITIII/lbHO-KpeMHeBbiH py)l(eHHbiH

cpaBHM TeflbHaR ,D,Op010BM3H8 no-

3aMOK: Hapy)I(HaSI (BBepxy)

cne,D,HMX, OTLJaCTM -

Tpa,D,ML{MOHHO

Ill BHyTpeHHSISI CTOpOHbl

3Ta

CJTCTeMa B

TaHCKTTM 3aMKOM. Ha BocToKe o6pa3eu 3Toro 3aMKa 113BeCTeH 110,[\ Ha3BaHI1eM «apa6CKOrO»

271

rnABHbiE TEHAEHU.Vllll KJIOHHIIKOB, HO II3L(aHHhrH KOpOJieM B 1653 roJJ:y yKa3 CTporo 3anpeTIIJI ynoTPe6neHIIe KpeMHesoro 3aMKa B BOHCKaX, yrpO)J{aH HapymiiTeJIHM CMepTHOH Ka3Hhl0. qTo6hr o6oiiTII npeJJ:y6e)J{L(eHite PYTIIHepos, snocneJJ:CTBIIII nomJIII no nyTII KOJieCHO-<j:>IITIIJihHhiX 3aMKOB, ycTpOIIB <j:>IITIIJihHO-KpeMHeBhlll 3aMOK. ll3o6peTeHIIe TaKoro 3aMKa npiiniichrnaroT <J:>paHIJ:Y3Y Bo6aHy. B <j:>IITIIJihHO-KpeMHesoM 3aMKe <j:>IITIIJih IIOMelllaJIII B cepneHTIIHe IIJIII BTOpOM KypKe, HaXOL(HllleMCH BnepeL(II IIOJIKII, npOTIIB KypKa C KpeMHeM; <j:>IITIIJih npOHIIKaJI K nopoxy Ha IIOJIKe qepe3 OTBepCTIIe B OCHOBaHJIII OrHIIBa; OTBepCTIIe 3TO, KOrL(a B HeM He 6bmO HaL(06HOCTII, 3aKpbiBaJIOCb cneQIIaJihHOll 3aJJ:BII)KKOii. Py)J{bH c <j:>IITIIJihHO-KpeMHeBhiM 3aMKOM 6hiJIII npiiHHThi Ha soopy)J{eHIIe B IIIBeQIIII B 1592 roL(y, a BO <l>paHQIIII JIIIillh OKOJIO 1690 roL(a. IITIIJihHO-KpeMHeBblll 3aMOK 6biJI II Ha BOCTOKe, HO BOCTOqHbie HapOJJ:bl IICIIOJib30BaJIII <j:>IITIIJih B KpeMHeBOM 3aMKe ropa3JJ:O npome: B ry6KII KypKa B cnyqae HaL(06HOCTII 3a)J{JIMaJIII BMeCTO KpeMHH <j:>IITIIJih, KOTOpbiM 3a)J{JiraJIII nopox Ha IIOJIKe, cnycKaH KypoK o6brqHhJM cnoco6oM. IITIIJihHO-KpeMHeBblll 3aMOK BCe )J{e npoJJ:ep)l<aJICH HeJJ:OJiro: se3JJ:e ycTaHOBIIJICH TOJihKO KpeMHeBbiH 3aMOK HeMeQKOro o6pa3Qa.

lil3roToeneHIIIe nopoxa. fpaeropa. 1650 r.

Y Hac B Pocciiii KonecQOBhre II KpeMHeBbJe 3aMKII L(OJirOe BpeMH CJIY)J{IIJIII napmeJ1hHO. B soiicKax KpeM-

CTpena 6e3opy)J{HbiMII, npiiMeHHJIII

npiiMeHeHIIe HO)J{a II cqiiTaJIII ero

HeBhrii 3aMOK 6bm BBeL(eH B 1700-X

HO)J{ IIJIII KJIH)J{aJI, BCTaBJieHHblll py-

II306peTeHIIeM JIIITOBCKIIX OXOTHII-

roJJ:ax IleTpOM

JJ:JIH npiiHHToro TOr-

KOHTKOll B eyno py)J{hH. TaKoe xonoJJ:-

KOB. <l>paHQY3hl )J{e CqJITaiOT 3TO CBO-

JJ:a o6nerqeHHoro MYIDKeTa, IIJIII TaK

Hoe opy)J{IIe CTaHOBIIJIOCb 6onee L(O-

IIM II306peTeHIIeM.

Ha3hiBaeMoii <j:>y3eii c rJiaJJ:KIIM BHYT-

CHraiOlliiiM, HO qacTO npiirOL(HO 6hill0

B 1640 roJJ:y so <l>paHQIIII, B EacK-

pii CTBOJIOM L(JIIIHOH 1424 MM (32 Bep-

JIIIIDh JJ:JIH OJJ:Horo yJJ:apa , noToMy qTo

CKOH npOBIIHQIIII, KpeCThHHe B CXBaT-

mKa). CoJIJJ:aThr, soopy)J{eHHhre <j:>y3e-

eCJIII pyKOHTKa HO)J{a JJ:ep)J{aJiaCh B

Ke C pa360iiHIIKaMII, KOrL(a 3apHJJ:hi

HMII, Ha3biBaJIIICh <j:>y3IIJiepaMII.

CTBOJie CJia6o, HO)J{ BbiiiaL(aJI 113 JJ:yJia

6biJIII II3paCXOL(OBaHbi, BCTaBIIJIII

CTBOJia.

HO)J{II pyKoHTKaMII B JJ:yna csoiix ap-

KpeMHeBhlli 3aMoK cJiy)J{IIJI y Hac B BOeHHOM opy)J{JIJI OKOJIO 150 JieT,

lf3BeCTHO, qTQ IIL(eiO illThiKa II ee

Ke6y3oB , IIOillJIII B aTaKY II pa36IIJIII

JJ:O KphiMCKOH KaMnaHIIII BKJIIOqii-

ocymeCTBJieHIIe L(aJIII OXOTHIIKII, HO

6aHJJ:Y , He Q)J{IIL(aBmyro IIOJJ:06Hoii

TeJihHO (1854-

KTO II3 HIIX II rL(e IIpiiMeHIIJI BnepBhie

aTaKII XOJIOL(HhiM opy)J{IIeM. 3TO C0-

HO)J{ K py)J{biO Heii3BecTHO.

6hiTIIe IIOCJIY)I{IIJIO IIOBOL(OM K npii-

1855 rr.).

noHBneHIIIe WTbiKa

lhsecTHO, qTo eme B Haqane

XVII

cToJieTIIH cTpeJIKII II3 apKe6y-

30B, qT06hi He OCTaBaThCH IIOCJie Bhl-

l h nepeniiCKII nepsoro IICTOpii-

MeHeHIIIO illTbiKa K BOeHHOMY py)J{biO.

Ka YKpaiiHhr HIIKOJiaH MapKesiiqa c

ecaynoM CeMeHOM MapKesJiqeM

II306peTeH 6biJI illThiK, npeJJ:CTaBJIH-

BIIL(HO , qTo yKpaiiHCKIIe Ka3aKII B

IOlliiiH co6oii YJJ:JIIIHeHHoe Konhe

Haqane

XVII

cToJieTIIH 3HaJIII TaKoe

1641 roJJ:y B MecTeqKe EanoHe

IIIIKII C KOpOTKIIM JJ:peBKOM-pyKOHT-

272 3APO)I()J.EHl!1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEil!ll!ll!l TAKTl!1Kl!1. 1600-1700 rr: APTII.JI.JIEPIUI lycmaa

II A/l,OflbcjJa

MO)f(HO C'IIII-

TaTb npaOTLWM COBpeMeHHOM M061!1JibHOM noneaoi7t apTI!Innepl!llll, a TaK)f(e KOHLjenL.(IIIIII MaCCI!IpOBaHHOIO

6yMa>KHbiH naTpOH

OIH>I. 3TOT WBe/l,CKIIIM MOHapx noTpaTI!I/1 HeMa/10 BpeMeHI!I Ill YCIIIJIIIIM, nb/Taf/Cb 3a/],eMCTBOBaTb apTIIIJIJiepiiiiO /1,/1>1 nO/],/],ep)f(KI!I OIHeBOM MOll..(b/0 KaBanepi!IMCKOIO Ill neXOTHOIO

Hapeabl wTyl..lepos 111 Kapa6111HOB. XVI B.

MaHeBplllpOBaHI!I>I. nywKIII cmn111 ner'le, KOI/l,a lyeTaB

A/l,OflbcjJ YKOPOTIII/1 CTB0/1 Ill

yMeHbWIII/1 TOflll.(IIIHY CTBOflbHb/X CTe-

KOH . .IJ:peBKO BCa:liOIBaJIOCh B CTBOJI

BrrocJiencTBIIII Bo6aHy rrpiirriicaJIII

HOK. 3aTeM OH BBe/1 CTaH/l,apT1!130-

MYlllKeTa. BcJiencTBHe MaJioii rrpoq-

113o6peTeHire lllTbiKa.

BaHHb/M nopox ny'lwero, '!eM npe)/(-

HOCTH TaKOrO IIIThiKa, IIOCJienHHH

B AHmHH IIITbiK c Tpy6Ko.tt BBeJr

1698 rony.

H3MeHHJIH TaK, 'ITO CTaJIH llllHH'IH-

reHepaJI MaK3H n

BaTh }!(CJIC3HYIO pyKoliTKY n CTBOJI.

ncH6yprc nMccTo MYIIIKCTa nncncHo

IlOHliTHO, KOrna IIOn06Hblll IIIThiK

py}!(be co IIITbiKOM o6pa31la

rrpiiMKHyT, cTpeJiliTh II3 py}!(hli He-

rona.

B03MO}!(HO. Ha3hiBaJIOCh 3TO rrono6He IIIThiKa 6aHOHeT YIJIYI 6arHHeT. B

1647

rony 6a.ttoHeT 6hiJI nne-

neH B HHnepJiaHncKo.tt rrexoTe. EcTh

B EpaH-

1689

/],e, Ka'leCTBa, 'ITO n03BOJII!IJIO /],06111TbCR

yBefllll'leHIII>I

TO'IHOCTIII

CTpenb6bl, HeCMOTp>l Ha YKOpO'IeHHb/M CTBOJI, a TaK)f(e KOMneHCI!IpOBaTb yMeHbWeHI!Ie OIHeBOi7t MOll.(lll,

IlpHlllTbiKe B py}!(be rroJiyqHJIOCb coenHHeHHe OrHeCTPeJibHOrO opy)f(Hli c xmronHhiM. EJiaronapli KpeMHenoMY 3aMKY 11 lllTbiKY py)f(be B

XVII

npOIIICWe/],wee 1!13-3a YTOH'IeHI!I>I CTBOflbHb/X CTeHOK. Ha aoopy)f(eHIIIIII apMIIIIII lycmaa

A/l,OflbcjJa COCTO>I/1111 nyWKIII fii!IWb

CBeneHHli, 'ITO no TOrO rOJIJiaHnl1hi

CTOJieTHH CTaJIO opy)f(HeM, IIpHrOn-

Tpex

Bl1neJII1 HO}!( B CTBOJie Ha Manarac-

HblM AJili noopy)f(eHHli nceii rrexOTbi.

24-cjJyHTOBb/e ( 10,8 Kl), 12-cjJyHTO-

Kape.

Py)f(he 3To.tt cHcTeMhi, JIHIIIb c He-

Bb/e (

6oJihiiiiiMII II3MeHeHIIliMII B neTaJiliX,

Bble 3-cjJyHTOBb/e (1,36 Kl) nOJIKO-

1676

rony 6biJI II3o6peTeH no

CTaH/],apTHb/X

5, 4

KaJ11!16pOB.'

Kl) 111 nerKI!Ie Henpi!IXOT/1111-

<l>paHI1HH IIIThiK C Tpy6KOH, HaBHH-

rrpocJiy)!(HJIO ll llOHCKaX 60JICC

100

Bble opy/1,111>1. KpoMe TOIO, /l,a6bl

qTfBaeMbiH Ha CTBOJI, 3aTeM Hanena-

JieT, nee H3MeHeHHli py)f(bli 3aKJIIO'Ia-

yny'IWIIITb ynpaBfl>leMOCTb apTIIIJIJiepl!li7tCKIIIMIII nO/],pa3/],eJieHI!I>IMIII,

eMbiH Ha CTBQ}I Yl 3aiiHpaeMbiH IIOBO-

JIHCb B yKOpO'IeHHH Yl 06Jrer'leHHH

pOTOM xoMyTIIKa. TaKoli IIIThiK c

CTBOJia, yrrpo'leHIIII IIITbiKa II 3aMeHe

lyCTaB

Tpy6Ko.tt norrycKaJI 3apli}!(aHHe H

nepeBliHHOrO IIIOMIIQ}Ia )f(eJie3HbiM.

poi7t npaKTIIIKIII, KOI/l,a KaHOHI!Ipbi >18-

II A/l,OflbcjJ

OTKa3afiC>I OT CTa-

CTpeJio6y C rrpHMKHYThiM IIIThiKOM.

)l{eJie3Hbre IIIOMIIOJia nJm nce.tt

fi>IJIIIICb rpa)/(,IJ,aHCKIIIMIII TeXHI!I'IeCKI!I-

TpexrpaHHhiH KJIHHOK IIIThiKa rro-

rrpyccKOH IIeXOTbi BBeJI rrpHHI1 Jleo-

MIII cneLjl!lafii!ICTaMI!I Ill CJIY)f(lllfllll no

liBHJICli B

1681

rony. Tpy6Ka yconep-

rrreHCTBOBaHa B

1689

rony. B

1691

rony aHrJIHHCKHH IIOJ!K, BCTpe'laBIIIIIH aTaKY cppaHI1Y30B, 6biJI pa36IIT 6Jiaronapli TOMy, 'ITO cppaHI1Y3CKIIH IIOJIK, rrreniiiHH B aTaKy, BHe3aiiHO OCTaHOBHJICli, naJI 3aJIII Yl TaKOH HeO}!(HnaHHOCThiO IIpHBCJI aHrJIH'IaH ll paccTpOHCTBO. 3TO MO}!(HO 6hiJ!O cneJiaTh JIHIIIh IIpH HOBOM IIIThiKe C KOJieH'IaTOH rrreiiKOH. ll3neCTHhiH rrpH JliOLlOBHKe

XIV

rroJIKononel1 Bo6aH noopy}!(HJI Torna BCIO rreXOTY IIOn06HbiMI1 Tpy6oqHblMH IIITbiKaMH; 6biBIIIali LlO TOrO B rreXOTe IIIIKa 6biJia II3hliTa II3 yrroTpe6JICHHli. TaK yrrpa3nHHJIHCb IIHKHHCpbi

(1703 r.) (1721 r. ).

paHbrrre ncex no <l>paHI1HH H II03}!(e ncex n PoccHH

1698 rony.

TaKHe

Hai7TMy, Ill OplaHII130Bafl HOBb/M p0/1,

rrroMrroJia 6biJIII II3BeCTHhi B Enporre

perynRpHb/X BOMCK, TaK 'ITO Tenepb

IIOJihn H3 .IJ:eccay B c

1625 rona.

apTIIIJiflepi!ICTbl TaK )f(e nO/],'IIIIH>IJIIIICb

rnABHbiE TEH)J.EHLJ,ll1ll1

273 II

BOMHCKOM /l,MCU,MnflMHe, KaK neXOTa

JlHH. Ha 3TO o6eTOHTeJiheTno, MO)I{-

HIIH fyeTana

MflM KaBanepMR.

Ho eMeJIO eKa3aTh, HaeTOii'IHBO yKa-

Ma peaJihHhiMII 11 o6eeiTe'IIIJIII eMy

AnoJih<}>a 6hrJIII neeh-

3biBaiOT OITbiTbi Beex BOHH II Bee BOe-

pHJl 6JieeTHIIIIIX ITo6en. ApTIIJIJiepiiH

B ynJie'IeHIIII ITOJlBII)I{HOeTbiO fy-

Ha'IaJibHIIKII. Ho oeyrrreeTBJieHIIe

)l{e errre 6oJiee yKpeiTHJia enoe 3Ha'Ie-

eTaB II A;::ioJib<}> BBeJI TaK Ha3hiBaeMhre

3THX yKa3aHHH ITOeTOHHHO eTaJIKHBa-

HIIe epen11 npyr11x ponon noiieK. Me-

«KO)I{aHbie rryiiiKII» 4-<}>yHTOBOro Ka-

eTeH e Tpe6oBaHIIeM 60JibiiiOrO MO-

poiTpiiHTIIH fyeTana II A;::ioJib<}>a 6biJIII

JIII6pa ( ITpenJio)KeHbi BypM6paHTOM).

ryrrreeTBa opyJliiH, 'ITO TaK)I{e ITO)l-

ITpiiHHTbl II JlpyriiMII apMIIHMII.

B 3TIIX ITYIIIKax eTBOJI 6hm 6poH30-

TBep)I{JlaeTeH H OITbiTOM e «KO)I{aHbi-

BhiH, o6MOTaHHbiH ITpOeMOJieHHbiMII

MH ITYIIIKaMH». IlpOTHBOpe'IHe 3THX

BepeBKaMII II 3aTeM o6IIIIITbiH KO)I{eH.

JlBYX Ba)I{HbiX Tpe6oBaHHH K apTHJI-

Me)I(Jly nepenKaMII 11 KO)I{err paeiTo-

JiepHHeKHM eHeTeMaM Mbl BH)lHM Ha

JiaraJieH eJIOH KaHH<}>OJIH HJIH rHITea.

BeeM ITpOTH)I{eHHH HeTOpHH pa3BHTHH

OHM 6hTJIH HaeTOJihKO JierKHMH, 'ITO

apTHJIJiepHH, H Ha)lO JlyMaTh, 'ITO 3TO

e HHMH MOrJIH JierKO o6parrraTheH )lBa

ITpOTHBOpe'IHe OeTaHeTeH HaBeer)la,

'IeJioBeKa. XoTH «KO)I{aHhre rryrrrKH»

ITpHBOJlH JIHIIIb K KOMITpOMHeeHbiM

6biJIH O'feHb JierKH H YJl060ITO)lBH)I{-

perrreHIIHM.

3eHMTa pa3BMTMR a

XVII aeKe

Ta-

KMe npOTMBOnOflO){(HbJe Bell.lM, KaK

neHHhiX ITPII fyeTane

1'13 npymx MepoiTpiiHTIIH, ITponeII AnoJib<}>e B

U,MM, /l,OCTMiflM 6narD.£1,apR 0/l,HOMY V1 TOMY ){(e '!enoaeKy- Ce6acTbeHy ne

Hbi, HO OHII He OITpaB)laJIII ee6H B JlpyriiX OTHOIIIeHIIHX.

YKPEII.JIEHIUI M OCA,ll;HOE MCKYCCTBO

OCa/l,HOe MCKYCCTBO V1 c:/JOpTM<:/:!MKa-

BeJieneTBIIe ITJioxorr TeiTJIOITpo-

apTIIJIJiepiiii, eJie)lyeT OTMeTIITb: BBe-

nonHoeTH nepenoK nHyTpeHHHH 6poH-

)leHIIe llllHTOBOrO ITO)lbeMHOrO Mexa-

npeTpy, MapKM3Y /],e 8o6aHy. OH

30nhrii eJIOH eHJibHO pa3orpenaJieH H

HH3Ma ll Jia<}>eTaX (HaiTOMHHM, 'ITO

nonHOCTbJO MC'!epnan noTeHu,Manb-

6hieTpO ITOpTHJieH OT llbiropaHHH,

3Toro nuna MexaHH3M y)l{e ITPHMe-

HbJe B03MQ){(HQCTM apMMM, MMe/0-

oeo6eHHO nhrropaHHH oJiona n MeeTax

HHJieH ll 6a.JIJIHeTaX ); yeTpOHeTBO Ha

ll.lMX Ha BOOpy){(eHMM 3apR){(a/Oll.lMe-

JIIIKBaUIIII ero. B

IToJiy'IaiOrrriixeH

Jia<}>eTe HIIIIIKa )lJIH ITepeB03KII He-

C'il C.D.YflbHOM '!aCTM nyWKM V1 '!epHb/M

ymy6JieHHHX B eTeHKaX Tpy6hi 3a)lep-

60JibiiiOrO KOJIH'IeeTBa KapTe'IH H 3a-

nopox. 8 CToneTMe, KOI/l,a M3 acex

)I{HllaJIHeb OeTaTKH TJieiOrrrero KapTy-

pHJlOB; nneneHHe KapTy3on K 3apH)laM;

6oeabJX.D.ei1cTBMi1 '!all.le acer-o npaK-

3a, 'ITO eey)I{HJIO ITpH'IHHOH ITpe)I{Jle-

KapTe'IH enH3blllaJIHeb e 3apH)laMH,

TMKOaanacb MMeHHO OC8/],a, 3TO 6bifl0

BpeMeHHbiX BbieTpeJIOB H Hee'IaeTHbiX

eOeTaBJIHH B HeKOTOpOM pone ITaTpOH;

'lpe3BbJ'IaMHO Ba){(HQ.

eey'IaeB.

BBe)leHHe ITpaBHJI K Jia<}>eTaM H Jlbiiii-

CamacHo npMflO){(eHMJO IV(" YKpen-

JIOBOH 3aiTpH)I{KH BMeeTO OrJio6eJib-

neHMR V1 OCa/l,HOe MCKYCCTBO») K MO-

BeJie)leTBHe eJia6oeTH eTeH eTBOJia eTpeJib6y MO)I{HO 6biJIO II3 HIIX

HOH.

HOipac:/JMM «KpaTKaR MCTOPMR peao-

ITpOH3BO)lHTb He60JibiiiHMH 3apH)la-

ApTHJIJiepuiieKHe opyJlHH eoenu-

fl/OU,MOHHOM BOMHbl» 1 OCa/l,HaR CMC-

MII, TOJibKO KapTe'IbiO II Ha He60Jib-

HHJIIIeb B rpyiTIIbi (12-<}>yHTOBbie rryrrr-

TeMa 8o6aHa CBO/l,MflaCb K TOMy,

IIIIIe JlaJibHOeTII.

KH -

ITo neeM 3THM ITPH'IHHaM «KO)I{a-

ITO

10)

5 opyJliiH II

6-<}>yHTOBbie -

'!T06bJ, npMMeHRR noneBbJe yKpen-

II eJie)lOBaJIH BMeeTe e BOHe-

neHMR, nocne/l,oBaTenbHO npM6nM-

Hhre ITYIIIKH» 6hTJIH 3aMeHeHbi 4-<}>yH-

KaMII. TH)KeJihre opyJliiH JlBIIraJIIIeh e

){(aTb nexoTy M apTMnnepMJO oca>K/l,a-

TOBbiMH JierKHMH 'IyrYHHbiMH ITyrrrKa-

BOHeKaMII, eeJIII ITpe)lBII)leJiaeh B HIIX

JOll.lMX K CTeHaM OCa){(.£1,aeMOIO yK-

MH. 0IThiT ITPHMeHeHHH «KO)I{aHbiX

Ha)l06HOeTb B 6JIII)I{aHrrree BpeMH, B

penneHMR.KOHe'!HaRU,eflb3aKflJO'!a-

ITyrrreK» JIIIIIIh ITOJlTBep)liiJI Heo6xo-

ITpOTIIBHOM eJiy'fae OHII )lBIIraJIIIeb

naCb B TOM, 'IT06bJ np06MTb 6peWb B

JliiMOeTb )lOeTII)I{eHIIH 60JibiiiOH ITO-

OT)leJibHO, ITOJIKOBaH apTIIJIJiepHH-

CTeHe, '!epe3 KOTopyJO nowna 6bJ Ha

JlllH)I{HOeTH apTHJIJiepHHeKHX opy-

n ITOJIKax.

npMCTyn neXOTHaR KOflOHHa. /11HOI/],a

ITO

6oiO apTIIJIJiepiiH eo6IIpaJiaeb

y/l,aaanocb ycnewHo npoaeCTM npM-

o6bi'fHO n TPII 6oJibiiiiie 6aTapeii: ueH-

cTyn nO/], npMKpb!TMeM OIH'il V13 n0.£1,-

TpaJibHYIO 11 nne <}>JiaHronhre. HeKo-

XO/l,Hb/X TpaHWeM, He .£1,0){(M.£1,aRCb,

Topoe 'IIIeJIO opyJliiH Bbi)leJIHJIOeb B

noKa apTMnnepMR npo6beT a cTeHe

«apTIIJIJiepiiiieKIIH pe3epB», Ha3Ha-

6pewb. 8 TaKOM cny'lae aTaKYJOll.lMM

'IaBIIIIIHeH Ha eJIY'JaH He06XO)liiMOe-

npMXO/l,MflOCb 6b!Tb IOTOBb/MM K

TII yeiiJieHIIH apTIIJIJiepiiii. KaK BIIJlHO, fyeTan

II AnoJib<}>

TOMY, 'ITO Ha.£1,0 6y.£1,eT c:/JOpCMpOBaTb He

KpenOCTHOM poa ( ecnM TaKOBOM

yeTaHOBIIJI eiieTeMbi BOopy)l{eHIIH, HO

MMeflCR) V1 B36MpaTbC'il Ha CTeHy nO/],

liM HeRO HaMe'IeHbi rryTII )l.JIH 3TOro:

npMKpb!TMeM OIH'il ( apTMnnepMMCK0-

pa3neJieHIIe opyniiii ITO 6oenoMY Ha-

10,

3Ha'feHIIIO.

TaK){(e py'!Hor-o or-HecTpenbHO-

opy){(MR) V13 nO/],XO/l,Hb/X TpaHwe£1.

BoiieKaMII rrriipoKo ITPIIMeHHJIOeb eaMOOKaiTbiBaHIIe, 'iTO ITOeTaBIIJIO Ha O'Iepenb noiTpoe o HaneeHOM orHe n

EsponeiiicKaSI Mopn11pa. XVII B.

ITOJienhrx 6oHx. Bee 3TII Hononnene-

1 The Compact History of the Revolutionary War, Hawthorn Books, Inc., New York, 1963.

276

3APO>K,IJ.EHI!1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErl!ll!ll!l TAKTI!lKI!l. 1600-1700 rr: KpenocTb

Mopmup11w~ 6amap11u, npo6uBa IOtu.uB 6pewu B HU'PJHIHOM· J'HPtiiiRtiHU

AT aKa Kpenocrl1 c noMOIJ.IbiO napanneneiii no MeTOAY Bo6aHa. XVII

na». 3Tn apMnH He ):IOJT)f(HbT HaxoA11TbCH JJ;a.JieKO n:pyr OT n:pyra 11 06H3aHbi B33HMOJJ;eiicTBOBaTh. «CTeperylll,aH apMIDI» llMena 3an;aqeii oxpaHHTb «OCa)f(.[(aJOlli,YJO apMH!O» H TIOMOraTb eii 3aroTOBKOii Marep11a.JIOB ( cpauurn, JieCa H T. IT.); rrpH HaJJ;06HOCTR oca.n:Haf! apMIDI ycHJIHBa.Jia oxpaHliiOlll,yro apMHJO. ,[l,nH o6ecrrelfeHHH ocan:hT rpe6oBanoch 3aKJia.[(biBaTb «Be.JIHKIIe Mara3eHHhl C npOB11aHTOM 11 CYX11M cpypa)f(OM», a TaK)f(e c 6oenp11nacaM11 11 11H)f(eHepHblM 11Mylll,eCTBOM. ,[l,nH ocan:hr KpenocTH Bo6aH HC'IHCJISIJI TIOTpe6HOe KOJilf'IeCTBO opy.n:nn, H.n:ep,rropoxy,cBnHuy,cpnTHJIH,3eMJieponHoro HMylll,ecTBa H pa3JTHlfHbTX MaTepiia.JIOB. OH C'liiTa.JI Heo6xo.n:HMblM 11MeTb 80 «JIOMOBblX nyrneK» 11 or 48 n:o 55 npolfllx opyn:uii, 15-16 TblCH'i 60M6, 40 TblCH'i rpaHaT 11 T. A. )J,JIH rrpOH3BO.[(CTBa 3eMJISIHbTX pa60T Tpe6oBaJIOCb 15- 18 TblCJ!'i «MY)f(11KOB», TaK KaK HaeMHbTe COJI.[(aTbT OTKa3bTBa.JillCb BeCTH oca.[(Hbre pa6oThT, u 2-4 TblCHlfll Tener. IIepBbiM MeponptunueM ocan:hr HBJIHJIOCb BblABU)f(eHUe nepen;OBOrO KaBanepuiicKoro orpan:a cll.Jloii B 45 TbTC5£<I BCaJJ;HHKOB C 3a.[(a'leH 6JIOKHpoBaTb KperrocTh. Ha Bcex .n:oporax,

BbiXO)J;Hlll,llX ll3 ropo):la, KOMaH):Illp OTpMa BblCTaBJIHJI Kapay.Jlbl Ha pacCTOHHUH rryrnelfHOrO BbiCTpena OT KpenOCTHblX COOpy)f(eHuH, a HOlfbiO rrpH.n:mrran HX Ha .n:HcTaHUHJO MyrnKeTHOro BblCTpena. Tpe6oBanocb o6ecrre'lHTb B3aHMo.n:encTBne KapaynoB Me)f(n:y co6oii. BTopaa JIHHHH KapaynoB pacrronaranach rro3a.n:n rrepBOH, cppOHTOM B TIOJie, «.n:JIH OCTOpO)f(HOCTU OT HenpHHTeJibCKOrO Hanan;eHUH». IIocne 3aBeprneHllH 6noKaAbr KpenocTH nepen:OBbiM OTPHAOM K Hei1 HarrpaBJIHeTCH OCaJJ;HOe BOHCKO CO BCeMH He06XO.[(llMbTMH cpe.[(CTBaMH. KoMaH.n:yJOlli,HH rrocne JIHlfHOH peKorHOCQHpOBKH .[(OJT)f(eH 6bTJI orrpe.n:eJlllTb HaqepTaHlle U,HpKyM- ll KOHTpBa.JiaUllOHHblX JillHllii, MeCTa AJIH pacIIOJIO)[{eHUH narepeii l1 Mara311HOB. Bo6aH rrpe.n:JTO)f(HJT rneCTb rrpocpHnen JIUHUH, B 3aBUCUMOCTll OT HaJ111lfllf! BpeMeHH (oT 2 .n:o 7 .n:Hen) n pa6olfeH CH.Jlbl. npocpHJIH pa3JIJf'Ia.JIHCb IIIllpHHOH ( OT 2,5 AO 5,5 M) ll my6HHOH ( OT 1,5 n:o 2M) pBa, a pa3Mepbl 6pycTBepa Onpen;eJIHJlllCb KOJIU'ieCTBOM BbiHYTOH 3eM.Jlll. B rron:roTOBHTe.JlbHblli rrepHo.n: rrexoTa n KOHHnu,a .n:o.JI)f(HbJ 6bTJIH 3arOTOBJIHTb cpamHHbl H KO.JlbH,

a apTHJIJiepHCTbl - rrpHBO.[(llTb B TIOpHJJ;OK MaTepuaJibHYIO 'iaCTb 11 6oerrpHTI3CbT. ,[J,anee aBTop rro.n:po6Ho ocTaHoBHJICSI Ha Borrpoce o Bbr6ope rryHKTa aTaKU: BeCTII JIM aTaKy rrpOTIIB CJia6oro yqacTKa KperrocTu llJlll )f(e rrpoTIIB npO'IHO yKperr.JieHHOrO TIYHKTa? OH rpe6oBan BcecTopoHHe orreHHTh 06CT3HOBKY II OC06eHHO y CJIOBIIH MeCTHOCTH. IIocrre onpen:eneHHH nyHKTa anKH «Ha3Ha•raeTCH crroco6Heiirnee MeCTO K Ha'IaTHIO Tp3Hllleii» ll BbiClfllTblB3eTCH paCCTOHHUe «OT HalfaTUH TpaHmeH .[(0 TIOKpbTTOrO rryTH», 'lTO He06XOA11MO AJ1H onpen:eneHUH B JII060H MOMeHT, «.[(a.JieKO JIH OHH ( OCa)f(.n:aJOrnHe) erne oT Hapy)f(Hbrx rrpHcrpoeK HaXO.[(HTCH». 3aTeM aBTOp IIOKa3a.JI, KaK Ha)J;O .[(0 caMoii KpenocTu Becnr carry, «IIOHe)f(e cana HY)f(HeiirnaH 'i3CTb rpaHrneu eCTb», a TaK)f(e KaK 3aK.!laJJ;biBaTb rrepByro, BTopyro n TpeTbJO rrapa.JIJie.JIH, HBJIHBlllUeCH apTHJIJiepUHCKUMll TIJI3Il):lapMaMH. nepBaH rrapanne.Jlb 3aKJI3JJ;biBa.JiaCb He JJ;a.Jiee 600 M OT KpeIIOCTII, a npH B03MO)f(HOCTH H 6JIII)f(e. «liepBhlii pa3, - rrncan Bo6aH, yrroTpe6rreHbi 6bmn cnM crroco6oM cn:en aHHble rrapannenbHbie JIHHHH HJIH rrnarr.n:apMbr MHOJO npn oca.n:e MaCTpHKTa B 1673 ron;y ... ». 3Ta KpeTIOCTb 6bTJia B3HTa 'lepe3 13 .[(HeM IIOCJie 3aKJia.n:Kn TpaHrneii. IIepBaH rrapaJIJleJib rrpen:Ha3Halfanacb AJIH 060p0Hbl TpaHrneii, KOTOpble ill.Jlll AO BTOpOH JlllHllll, CJiy)[{HJia MeCTOM paCIIOJIO)f(eHHH Kapay.JIOB H HBJIHJiaCb cppOHTOM IIpOTHB KperroCTH, OHa .[(OJT)f(Ha 6bTJI3 COJJ;ep)f(aTb B 6e3orracHocTn rrepBbie 6aTapen n rrpe.n:cTaBJIHTb co6oii KOHTpBa.JiarrnOHHyro JIHHHIO IIpOTHB KperrOCTU. BTopaH rrapanne.Jlb 3aKJian:blBanacb B 240-300 M OT rrepBoii napanne.Jlll, 6JTH)f(e K KpeiiOCTH, a TpeTbH - B 30- 60 M «OT llOKpblTOrO TIYTH». noMnMo 3Toro, coopy)f(a.Jincb rronynnarrn:apMbi c rre.Jlbro ocBo6o)f(.n:eHnH Bcex TpaHrueii. 3an;aqa yCTaHaBJlllBaBillllXCH KOHTp6aTapeii 3aK.!IIOlfa.JiaCb B ITOJJ;aBJieHUH OrHH o6opOHbi, T. e. KpeiTOCTHOH apTHJIJiepHH. C 3TOH rre.JlbJO npHMeHHJIHCb «pHKOilleTHbTe 6aTapem>, «TO

rnABHbiE TEHAEHL.Utll-1

277

eCTb, 'IT06 llO.[(HHB .D:yJIO nyrnKH

CJie.[(CTBllll Ha3BaHIIe «llOCTelleHHOH

Bo BTopoti qacTII Tpy.na Bo6aH

BBepx, llaJlliTb 113 Hee HaBeCHblM Bbi-

aTaKII», «aTaKOBaHHbie KpenOCTII

O'leHb KpaTKO KOCHYJICH BOllpOCOB

CTpeJIOM, <rro6 H.D:po cBepxy ynano Ha

HhiHe ropa3JJ:O cKopee npe)J(Hero CJJ:a-

o6opoHbi KpenocTn: o 3Ha'leHIIII o6o-

TO MeCTO Ky.na l(eJIHlllb». IJpH HeB03-

IOTCH...

J1 TaK Halllll aTaKII JIY'llllllM II

pOHhi, o KOHTp-anpornax, o BhiJia3Kax,

MO)l(HOCTI1 ITO ycJIOBHHM MeCTHOCTH

CaMbiM KOpOTKIIM CllOC060M yqpe)l(-

o6 o6opoHe KOHTp3cKapnoB, nonyMe-

11 xapaKTepy KpenocTHb!X coopy)l(e-

.[(eHb!, ll B paccy)l(.[(eHIIII npe)l(HIIX

CHUa II 6aCTIIOHOB.

HIIH ycraHOBIITh pi!KomeTHbie 6aTa-

aTaK He TaK KpOBOTipOJIIITHhi».

pe!I 3aKJia.[(biBaJiacb 'leTBepTaH napan-

IlpH oca)..(e Bo6aH peKoMeH.[(OBaJI

nenh, KOTopyro .nenanl! «IInipe n npo-

«HllKOf)..(a )..(OMOB B KpenOCTll He Bpe-

«XOTH MHOrHe ry6epHaTOpbi, llllllleT aBTOp, -

Ha.[(eHCh Ha CBOIO

xpa6pocTh npeHe6peraroT HayKy o

CTpaHHee, 'IT06 OHa KaK MHOrO

.[(IITb, n6o CIIe K C.[(a'le KpenOCTII He

o6opOHe MeCT, 0)..\HaKO OHa BeJIIIKOro

Hapo.na, TaK l1 BeJIHKOe 'IHCJIO MaTe-

CJIY)l(HT, TOJlbKO K npOJJ:OJI)l(eHliiO Bpe-

nO'lTeHIISI .[(OCTOHHa». )J,nH ycnelllHOH

p!IaJIOB co.nep)l(aTb Morna B npo.non-

MeHII II HarrpaCHOll TpaTe aMMYHIIu:IIII

o6opOHbl HeJJ:OCTaTO'lHO «OJJ:HOfO

)J(eHHbTX ee Ha3aJJ: JIHHIIHX».

n no B3HTHH Ton Kpenocnr no'lHHKa

KpenKOfO CT05!Hll5! npOTllB HenpHHTe-

11H)J(eHepHaH aTaKa BeJiaCb MeTO.[(H'leCKH l1 Tpe60BaJia BblllOJIHeHHH

OHbiX JJ:OpOrO CTaHOBllTCH» . B «npaBliJlax IIJIII reHepanhHhiX

JlH n HemaJJ:eHHH )J(llBOTa», Heo6xo.D:HMhr eme BOeHHaH HayKa H HCKYCCT-

60JibillOfO KOJIH'leCTBa 3eMJIHHbTX pa-

cnoco6ax» aTaKH <PpaHuy3cKHH HH)J(e-

BO KOMaHJJ:OBaHHH.

60T. «DOJlhiiie 3eMJIH- MeHbiiie KpO-

Hep peKOMeHJJ:OBaJI «Hlf'lero CIIJIOIO He

OCaJJ:hi KpenOCTh He06XOJJ:IIMO nOJJ:fO-

npeJJ:BllJJ:eHllll

BH». «CrpeMHTeJibHOCTh B OCaJJ:aX, -

rrpeJJ:rrpHHHMaTh, e)J(eJIH 'ITO 'lepe3 IIC-

TOBllTb K o6opoHe, o6paTHB oco6oe

roBopHn Bo6aH, -

He ycKopHeT B3H-

KYCCTBO 11 HayKy C.[(eJiaTh MO)l(HO, II60

BHHMaHI1e Ha paC'lHCTKY llO.[(CTYllOB K 060pOHI1TeJihHblM COOpy)l(eHHSIM:

THe KpenOCTH, HO '!aCTO OT.[(aJIHeT l1

HayKa c Tpy.noM Bcer.na ll.[(eT ocropo)l(-

.nenaeT 6onee KpoBonpomnHbTM».

HO II 6e3onacHo, a cnnoro He Bcer.na

CHeCTll TIOCTpOHKll, HaXOJJ:HII.:(IIeCH

BTopbiM cpe.ncTBOM oca)l(.naromero

)l(eJiaeMOe llOJIY'lliTb MO)l(HO, HO B006-

Bnepe.nH 3THX coopy)l(eHHii, Bhrpy-

KpenOCTh HBJIHJiaCh apTHJIJiepHHCKaH

me 6hiBaeT ll3 TaKOH OTBa)J(HOCTII Ha-

6nTh nee n KYCTapHHKH, cpoBHHTh

aTaKa: «nylllKH l1 6oM6bi- BOT 'ITO

npaCHbiH ypoH BoiicKy». Ilp11 3TOM

«BhiCOKHe MecTa». KoMeH.naHTY Kpe-

nOKOpHeT KpenOCTll lf COKpamaeT

«HenopHJJ:O'lHaH nocneiiJHOCTb K B35!-

nocTII «B CBOeM MHeHllll e)J(eJJ:HeBHO

BpeMH ocaJJ:bT». TiepeBec orHH aTaKn

Tlll0 KpeTTOCTII He CJIY)f(llT, HO 6onee K

HaJJ:o6Ho caMoro ce6H aTaKoBaTh, n

Ha.[( OrHeM 060p0Hbl .[(OCTIIraJICH He

npO.[(OJI)l(eHIIIO aTaK II K HanpaCHOMY

CTOJlbKO

KOJIH'leCTBOM opy.niiii:, a pacnpe.nene-

KpOBOnpOJIHTIIIO». )J,mr .[(OCTH)l(eHIIH

KIIBaTb, CKOJlbKO OH aTaK Bhl.[(yMaTb

HIIeM 6aTapeii II llX <PnaHKHpyiOlli,IIM

ycnexa OCa.[(HbiMII pa6oTaMH .[(OJI)l(eH

MO)l(eT».

pacnoJIO)J(eHneM.

6hTJI PYKOBOJJ:llTb IICKYCHhiH, pa3yM-

IlpH npH6JIH)J(eHHH npOTHBHITKa K

Eonhrnoe BHHMaHHe aBTop y.ne-

HbiH ll 3HaiOlli,IIll KOMaH.[(Hp, HaXO.[(H-

KpenOCTll Hll B KOeM cnyqae He CTpeJlHTb llO HeMy ll3 nyrneK, TaK KaK

)!(

pa3HblX 060p0H npOI13b!C-

JiliJI MeponpiiSITIIHM no npe.nynpe)l(-

liJ,I1iiC5! B Henocpe.[(CTBeHHOM llO.[('lliHe-

.neHnro n oTpa)J(eHll!O BhTJia3oK rapHn-

Hilll y KOMaHJJ:YIOmero apMIIeH. 3TOT

CTpeJTb6a nOMO)J(eT KOMaHJJ:OBaHHIO

30Ha, Tpe6yH opraHn3au:nn Ha6nroJJ:e-

TIOMOIJJ:HITK KOMaHJJ:YIOmero llMeJI B

Bpara OnpeJJ:eJIHTh MeCTO JJ:JIH ycTpOM-

HIIH 3a npOTllBHllKOM ll 6JJ:HTeJibHOCTll

CBOeM BeJJ:eHIIll npOI13BOJJ:CTBO Canep-

CTBa JTarepH ll U:HpKyMBaJiaU:HOHHOH

CliJlhHhiX KapaynoB, pacnonaramriHx-

HblX II MHHHhiX pa6oT, onpeAeJIHJI pac-

JIHHHH. Pa3Be.D:biBaTeJihHyro AeHTenh-

CH B TpaHTIIeHX. PaccMorpen OH n cno-

cTaHOBKY apTHJIJiepHHCKllX 6aTapeH II

HOCTh npOTllBHHKa rpe60BaJIOCh Cphi-

co6bi «HeJJ:orrymeHHH cneypca» (noJJ:-

JJ:aBaJI yKa3aHHH apTHJIJiepHHCKllM

BaTh BbTJla3KaMll ll3 KpeTTOCTll Kpyn-

.nep)l(KH) B KpenOCTb, 'ITO HBJIHJIOCb

o<PIIu:epaM.

HblMH CliJlaMH.

TaK)l(e O.[(HHM 113 Ba)l(Hb!X ycJIOBIIll ycnelllHOH ee oca.nbr. 3aTeM Bo6aH noJJ:po6Ho ocTaHoBHJICH Ha Bonpoce unypMa o6opoHnTeJibHhiX COOpy)J(eHIIH npOTllBHIIKa -

B nepexoJJ:e 'lepe3 poB n cnoco-

6ax OBna.nemur 6acnroHaMII. B CBSI3H C 3TIIM OH 113JIO)l(liJI TeOpiiiO MIIHliOH aTaKII, nptmeJJ:H pac'leTbT pa3JIH'lHhiX no.nKonoB H cnoco6h1 onpeJJ:eneHHH KOJIII'leCTBa nopoxa .[(JIH B3pbrBa pa3JIII'lHhiX o6beKTOB. Epernh, o6pa3oBamuyrocH B pe3yJihTaTe B3pbma noJJ:Kona, Heo6xoJJ:HMO JJ:ep)J(aTb noJJ: orHeM apTllJIJlepiiii, 'lT06bi rapHII30H He Mor ee 3aJJ:enaTh. B pe3yJlbTaTe MeTOJJ:II'lecKoii HH)J(eHepHoti aTaKH, nOJIY'lllBIIIeH BnO-

06opoHa psa Kpenocnl

YCTaHOBllB HanpaBJie-

278

3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

HIIe aTaKII, OCCDK):(eHHble He ):(OJDKHbi

MIIpOBaJI OCHOBHble nOJIO)KeHIIH IIC-

peilrnr (1630 r. ), eJibKep (1666 r . )

npoii3BO)];H'Th HIIKaKIIX BbiJia3oK. Kpe-

KYCCTBa JJ:OJiroBpeMeHHOH cpoprncpii-

II MeJibJJ:ep

nocTHaH apTIIJIJi epmr OTKpbiBaJia

KaU:llll, OKa3 aBIIIIIeCH BeCbMa ):(OJirO-

oroHb «B TO MeCTO, r):(e HenpiiHTeJib

BelffibiMII.

(1670 r . ).

CIIcTeMarn3au:IIH npou:ecca oca):(bl HBIIJiacb OTBeTHOH peaKU:IIeH Ha yco-

pa6oTaeT». «B noJieBbiX 6aTaJIIIHX II cpa)KeHIIHX Bcer):(a npii6biJibHee

U:llll 3Ha1.£IITeJibHYIO p OJib CbirpaJI roJI-

BepiiieHCTBOBaHIIe ):(OJirOBpeMeHHbiX o6opoHIITeJibHbiX coopy)KeHIIll. Ycii-

TOMy, KOTOpblll nocJie CTpemieT, HO

JiaHJJ:CKIIH IIH)KeHep KeropH

(1641-

JIIIH oca)KJJ:aJOrn:ero cocpe):(oT01IIIBa-

npii oca):(ax, HanpoTIIB, Toro, KOTO-

1704 rr. ),

coBpeMeHHIIK Bo6aHa. OH

JIIICb Ha peiiiaJOil(eM HanpaBJieHIIII,

pb!ll II3 CBOIIX nyiiieK Hanepe):( CTpe-

PYKOBOJJ:IIJI o6opoHoil pHJJ:a Kpenoc-

n03BOJIHJIII ):(06liTbCH npeBOCXO):(CTBa

JIHTb 3 a1ffieT,

ry nOJib3Y IIMeeT.

B pa3BIITIIII HayKII cpopTIIcpiiKa-

Teil, KOTOpbie OCa)K):(aJI cppaHUy3CKIIH

OrHH aTaKII Ha):( OrHeM o6opOHbi, yc-

1685 roJJ:Y KeropH II3):(aJI

TPOIITh npoJIOMbi II npoxo):(bl B o6o-

TPYJJ: «HoBbiH cnoco6 YKpenJieHIIil», r):(e 6biJIII II3JIO)KeHbi Teopern1.£eCKIIe

poHIITeJibHbiX coopy)KeHIIHX II BO-

py)KHbiX npiicTpoeK Kpenocrn» Ha paCCTOHHIIII niiCTOJieTHoro BbiCTpe-

nOJIO)KeHIIH ):(OJiroBpeMeHHOH cpoprn-

Cnoco6bl o6opoHbi II aTaKII Kpe-

Jia, o6opOHHBIIIIIHCH ):(OJI)KeH 6biJI Be-

cpiiKaU:IIII. OcHOBHble II3 HIIX cJie):(y-

nocTeH conepHmaJIII Me)K):(y co6oil II

KaK TOJibKO roJIOBHaH 1.£aCTh TpaHIIIeii aTaKyrorn:ero OKa)KeTCH «OT Ha-

HH)KeHep. B

pBaTbCH B KpenocTb.

CTII KOHTp-anpOIIIII. 3TO «TaKIIe

JOil(IIe : yciiJieHIIe o6opoHbi pBoB, co-

Ha 9TOH OCHOBe COBepiiieHCTBOBa-

TpaHIIIeii, KOTOpbie OCa)K,J:(eHHbiH II3

tieTaHIIe BOJJ:HHbiXII CyxiiX pBoB, YKPbi-

JlliCb.

cBoero noKpbiToro nyrn BeJJ:eT no

TIIe

KaMeHHbiX

O):(e)K):(,

3all(IIT a

npaByro II JieByro cTopoey aTaK, JJ:JIH

rapHII30Ha OT HaBeCHOrO OrHH II BHe-

aHCpiiJIIIpOBaHIIH HenpiiHTeJibCKIIX

3aTIHbiX Hana):(eHIIil, o6ecnetieHIIe ne-

pa6oT» . KoHTp-anpoiiiii 3acTaBHT

peKpecTHoro ornH. Ilpii9TOM KeropH

npOTliBHIIKa Becrn CBOIO TpaHIIIe!O

ywep)K):(aJI, 1ITO nepeKpeCTHbiH oroHb

II3rii6aMII II nepeJIOMaMII, 'ITO 3aTpyJJ:HliT ):(eHCTBIIH ero KOHHIIU:bi npOTliB

Ba)KHee cppOHTaJibHOrO, a cpJiaHKII BCDKHee cpaCOB (60Jibiiie B03MO)KHOC-

CIIJI, y1IaCTBY!Oll(liX B BbiJia3KaX.

TeH ):(JIH BbiJia30K).

BbiJia3KII Bo6aH peKoMeH):(OBaJI

HeJJ:OCTaTKaMII CIICTeMbi KeropHa

npOII3BO):(IITh pe):(KO, OCTOpO)KHO II

HBJIHJIIICb cJia6aH nYIIIe1IHaH o6opo-

Bcer):(a HeO)KIIJJ:aHHo JJ:JIH npoTIIBHIIKa.

Ha nO):(CTynoB, piiKOIIIeTIIpOBaHIIe

«H

HIIKOr):(a He BII):(eJI, -

OH, -

roBOpiiJI

Bcex BepKoB, He):(ocTaT01.£Hoe YKPbi-

1.£T06bl BbiJia3KII OKa3biBaJIII

rne oT HaBecHoro orHH pe):(IOIITa Bxo-

6oJibiiioe BJIIIHHIIe npornB xopoiiio Be):(eHHOH aTaKII» . 0):(HaKO Bonpocy

):(Hll( ero

nJiau:JJ:a pMa .

B pa3BliTllli cpoprncpiiKau:llll 6oJib-

opraHII3au:llll BbiJia3 0K OH y):(eJIIIJI 3Ha-

III)'IO poJib cbirpana BOHHa HliJJ:epJiaH-

1.£liTeJibHOe BHIIMaHIIe, pa3):(eJIIIB liX Ha

JJ:OB 3a He3aBIICIIMOCTh. B foJIJiaHJJ:IIII

60Jibiiiiie II MaJible, COBeryH BbiCbiJiaTb

He 6biJIO HII ycJIOBIIH, HII cpe):(CTB ):(JIH

1.£aCTO H0%10, B pa3Hble tiaCbi rpynnbi

C03):(aHIIH KpenOCTell no liTaJibHHCKOH

15-20 1.£eJioBeK c u:eJibJO

cpbiBaTh TpaHIIIellHb!e pa60Tbl. IIepeJJ:

CIICTeMe (XVI B.). 0):(HaKO xapaKTep MeCTHOCTli II OnbiT rOJIJiaH):(U:eB B CO-

peilTapoB no

napTIIHMII MaJibiX BbiJia30K CTaBIIJiliCb

OpYMeHllll KaHaJIOB II nJIOTliH cnoco6-

TaK)Ke pa3Be):(biBaTeJibHble 3a):(a1.£II II

CTBOBaJIII C03):(aHIIIO rOJIJiaH):(CKoro

6eCIIIYMHbiH 3 axBaT «H3biKa» .

MeTO):(a cpoprncpiiKau:IIII.

Ha nexory rapHII30Ha Kpenocrn

YKpenJieHIIH cocTOHJIII II3 Illlipo-

cppaHUy3 CKIIH IIH)KeHep B03JiaraJI Be-

KIIX II MeJIKIIX pBOB, HanoJIHeHHbiX

):(eHIIe 6Jill)KHero 6oH, T. e. o6opoHy

BO):(OH, Hli3KliX 3 eMJIHHbiX BaJIOB 6e3

pBa II oTpa)KeHIIe aTaKII. II pii 9TOM

KaMeHHOH o6JIIIU:OBKII, npiiKpbiTbiX

OH C1.£IITaJI, 1.£TO noTepii aTaKyJOil(ero

ell(e 6oJiee HII3KIIM BaJIOM, BbiJJ:BIIHY-

6-7 pa3 6oJibiiie, 1.£eM noTepii o6o-

TbiM BnepeJJ: c u:eJibJO o6opoHbi pBa. Bo

poHH!Oll(erocH. ,[J;JIH aprnJIJiepiiilcKoil

pBy coopy)KaJIIICb TIJIOTIIHbi II IIIJIJ03bl

o6opOHbi peKOMeH):(OBaJI npiiMeHHTb

C U:eJib!O 3aTOTIJieHIIH ero B TOT MO-

MOpTIIpbi (HaBeCHOH orOHb). Ilpii

MeHT, KOr):(a npOTliBHliK no):(6IIpaeTCH

no):(aBJieHIIII apTIIJIJiepiiii aTaKOBaH-

no cyxoMy JJ:HY pBa K yKpeTIJieHIIHM

HOrO cppOHTa 6opb6y npOJJ:OJI)KaJIII

Kpenocrn. CTpoiiJIIICb TaK)Ke 3anpy-

opyJJ:IIH CMe)KHbiX HeaTaKOBaHHbiX

JJ:bl II IIIJII03bl

cppOHTOB, cpJiaHKIIpyH CBOIIM OrHeM

HeHIIH BOKpyr no):(HO)KliH rJiaCIICa.

aTaKOBaHHbiH YlfaCTOK. TaK B KpaTKoM TPYJJ:e 3HaMeHIITbiH cppaHUy3CKIIH HH)KeHep Bo6aH CYM-

):(JIH ycTpOHCTBa HaBO):(-

foJIJiaH):(CKIIH MeTO):( ycTpOHCTBa cpopTIIcpiiKaU:IIOHHbiX coopy)KeHIIH pa3pa6aTbiBaJIII MapoJiya

(1627 r.),

TAKTHKA CYXOIIYTHbiX EOEBbiX )l,EMCTBHM B Ha'lane aeKa a Eapone Ha none 60R AOMMHMpoaano MCnaHCKOe Kape. Ha caMoM Aene, KaK y)l(e onMCbtaanocb, aTo 6btnM He Kape, a WMpoKMe KOflOHHbl CMeWaHHOrO COCTaBa - M3 KOneM~MKOB M MYWKeTepoa, - BbiCTpOeHHbte no HeCKOflbKO 'lenoaeK a PRA. CpaaHMTenbHO ManonoABM)I(HaR apTMnnepMR CTaBMnaCb, KaK npaBMflO, nepeA KOflOHHaMM M 3a~M~anacb KOHHM/4eM. KpoMe Taro, KaaanepMR 3a~M~ana HenoaopomMBbte Kape c r:PnaHroa. lycma II Aaonbr:P a KopHe M HaacerAa M3MeHMfl neXOTHYIO TaKTMKY 5naroAaPR ao3pocwei4 orHeaoi4 MO~M M CKOpOCTpenbHOCTM MYWKeTOB OH CTaBMfl CBOMXCTpenKOB M KOneM~MKOB nocneAHMX CTano 3Ha'IMTeflbHO MeHbWe- He rny6)1(e wecTM 'lenoaeK a PRA. flMHMR o6opoHbt COCTa BflRflaCb M3 HeCKOflbKMX TaKMX noApa3AeneHMM C MHTepaanaMM Me;>KAy HMMM. CneAyR, HecoMHeHHO, npMMepy pMMCKMX nerMOHOB, WBeACKaR apMMR BbiCTpaMBanaCbAflR 60R ABYMR TaKMMM nMHMRMM, a TpeTbR npe6btaana a pe3epae. B pa3pbtaax Me)I(AY neXOTHbiMM noApa3AeneHMRMM lycTaa II AAonbr:P, KaK npaaMno, CTa BMfl HeKOTOpoe KOflM 'leCTBO KOHHM/4bl M apTMnnepMM. KpoMe Taro, ¢naHrM 06bt'IHO npMKpbtBaflMCb Ka-

fJlABH bl E TEH)J.EH U.Vl V1

279

3anaAHoeapone~cKMenexoT"H~~=

MYWKeTep, ocfm~ep, n"KMHep. nepaaSJ nonoa"Ha XVII a.

88nep111ew; 8npo'leM, He6onbwllle

~Y3CKOW C86enbHOW 8T8Ke, Ill T8KIIIM

TOfl'lK8, .D.8HHoro /ycT880M

M06111flbHb/e neXOTHb/e OTpfl/l,bl 8non-

o6p830M ero K888neplllfl o6n8.D.8fl8

cf>oM, O/I,H8KO W8e/I,CKIIIW KOPOflb 8bi-

He MOifllll, eCfllll 803HIIIK8fl8 T8K8fl

K8K Y/1.8PHOW, T8K Ill orHe80W MO/..Ub/0.

CTynllln

H8/I,06HOCTb, C8MOCTOf/TeflbHO 38-

B nep8yFO )l(e o'lepe.ab ero nexoT8,

TOflbKO T8KTIII'leCKIIIX npeo6p83088-

KOHHIII~8 Ill K888nep!llf/ o6y48fl111Cb

HIIIW,' OH 8 KOpHe 1113MeH!IIfl 8CIO 80W-

/..UIIITIIITb C06CT8eHHb/e cPfl8HTIII.

IIIHIII~III8TOPOM

II A.aonb-

OTH/0/I,b He

TecHoMy 838111Mo.aewcT811110. Beniii-

CK08YIO opr8HIII38~11110. Ero 8PMIIIfl

II A.aonb-

f18flflfl8Cb nep80W nO-H8CTOf!WeMy

MeHIII, KOTOP8fl 8 OCH08e C80eW

cP8 8 T8KTIII'leCKYIO H8YKY f18111fl8Cb

npocf>eCCIIIOH8flbHOW Ill perynflpHOW.

np8KTIII'leCKIII He MeHf/fl8Cb, XOHI He-

IIIMeHHO KOH~en~lllfl Cfl8)1(eHHb/X/l,eW-

S1MeHHO 88e.aeHHoe lycT880M

npepb!8HO MO/I.IIIcPIII~IIIp088fl8Cb,

CT8111W Tpex P0/1.08 80WCK.

A.aonbcf>oM 8HyTpeHHee CTPYKTYPIII-

S1MeHHO C 9TOTO 6epeT C80e H848n0 n!IIHeWH8fl T8KTIIIK8 Ho8oro 8pe-

48WWIIIM 8Kn8/I.OM /ycT888

8nno Tb .ao nep80W MIIIP080W 80WHbl.

P088HIIIe 8PMIIIIII nocn}I)KIIIno npoTo-

j],8)1(e cerO/I,Hfl, HeCMOTPfl H8 p8/I,III-

TIIInoM /l,flfl He60flbWIIIX 80WCK08b/X

KBnbHeWWIIIW nepeCMOTp T8KTIII'leC-

no/l,p8QaeneHIIIW8C08peMeHHOW8p-

KIIIX /I,OKTPIIIH 8 pe3yflbT8Te /1,8yx MIIIP08b/X 80WH 111 /1.8)/(e He83111P8fl H8 nof18neH!IIe fl/l,epHoro op}I)KIIIfl, 8 ne-

BOEHHAH OPrAHH3AQIUI HTEOPHH

XOTHow T8KTIIIKe MO)I(HO H8WTIII OTTOflOCKIII fl!IIHeWHOW KOH~en~lllllllYCT888

II A.aonbcf>8. lycT88 II A.aonbcf>

MeWCKOW KJ/8CCIIIcPIIIK8~111111. nexOTHb/W f18WIIIW

5oes&le nocTpoeHHR

OTPfl/1.

8PMIIIIII

II A.aonbcf>8, o6bJ'lHO cocTo1113 500 'leno8eK, cPP8H~Y3bl

lycT888

H83b/88fllll 68TBnbOHOM, Ill H8388HIIIe 9TO .ao c111x nop coxp8HIIInocb 8 yno-

MO/I.IIIcPIII~IIIpo-

no80POTHOW TO'lKOW /l,flfl MeT0-

8an T8K)I(e Ill K888nep!IIWCKYIO T8KTIII-

/1,08 opr8HIII38~111111 80WCK 111 8e.aeH!IIfl

CKfl8/l,b/8BnCfl 1113 'leTb!pex pOT. j],nf!

Ky: OH C8en 80e/I,IIIHO TO flY'lWee, 'lTO 6blfl0 8 HeyKJIIO)I(eM HeMe~KOM «K8-

6oe8biX .aewcT8111W f18111n8cb TPIII/1.~8-

6oe8b/X /l,eWCT8111W TPIII 68T8flbOH8

TIIIneTHflfl 80WH8. 6e3ycno8HO, 9TO

06be/I,IIIHWIIIICb 8 6p!III8/I.Y- 9K811188-

P8KOfle» Ill 8 TP8/I.III~IIIOHHOW cPP8H-

npOIII30WflO 6b/ Ill 6e3 MOLUHewwero

neHT C08peMeHHb/X nOflK08 lllfl!116p111-

Tpe6neHIIIIII.KBKnp88111no,68TanboH

280 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: ca-

3aTeM pacnyCKaflMCb, 8 paMKaX

CT8e MflM MOWeHHM'IeCTBe) , npM 8b/-

MOM 3TOM KOHL{enl.{MM He 3aKfl/O'Ia-

3TOM CMCTeMbl CflY)I(MflM ,1J,06po-

XO,IJ,e 8 OTCTa8KY OH MOl npo,ll,aTb

H08b/M f/8Mfl0Cb peweHMe /yII A,D.onbcjJa c,IJ,enaTb M3 6pvrm-

80flbl.{bl, 6onee vrnvr MeHee TUJ,a-

C80ilt ocjJvrl.{epcKvrilt naTeHT. TaKMM

TenbHO oTo6paHHbJe M3 pe3epaa

o6pa30M, ocjJvrl.{epcKvre naTeHTbJ

/l,bl nOCTOf/HHOe BOMCK080e no,IJ,pa3-

,ll,OCTynHOM ( M )l(efla/OUJ,eilt M/l,TM 80-

npe,IJ,CTa8flflflM HeMany/0 l.{eHHOCTb M

,IJ,eneHMe C cjJMKCMp08aHHOM KOMaH,IJ,-

e8aTb) )I(V780M CMflbl. Ho no Mepe

MO/flM npvro6peT8TbCfl.

HOM Mepapxvreilt; MMeHHO C 3TOIO Ha-

TOIO, KaK apMMM CTaH08MflMCb no-

apMMf/X- OC06eHHO 8

'lanaCb co8peMeHHafl cvrcTeMa Ka,IJ,-

CTOf/HHb/MM, pelynflpHb/e COe,ll,MHe-

CKOM -

18/1,. HM'IeiO OC06eHHO H08010 8 flOCb CTa8a

HeKOTOpbiX aHiflMM-

npO,IJ,a)l(a OcjJML{epCKMX na-

po80IO OcjJML{epCT8a. nonKOM MflM

HMfl nepecmnvr pacnycKaTb; Hao6o-

TeHT08 npaKTMK08anaCb ew,e ,ll,OfliO

6pM18,1l,OM KOMaH,Il,08an nOflKOBHMK,

poT, y6biflb flM'IHOIO COCTa8a KOM-

nocne TOIO, KaK CaMa CMCTeMa OT-

6aTaflbOHOM -

no,IJ,nOflK08HMK, a po-

neHCMpOBanaCb nOCTOf/HHb/M npM-

Mepna.

TOM, KOTopa>~ aena caoe npovrcxo)/(-

TOKOM peKpyT08, o6ecne'IM8ana KO-

,IJ,eHvre OT cpe,ll,He8eKOBb/X HaeMHb/X

TOpbiM, KaK npa8Mfl0, KOpOHa . TaKMM

« 80flbHbJX OTP>I/1,08 » , -

KanvrTaH .

o6pa30M, ecnvr y'leCTb ew,e vr ¢vr-

Mna,IJ,wvre ocjJvrl.{epbJ MMeH08anvrcb

HaHC08bJe 80npOCbl, C8f/3aHHb/e C

bflM)I(e K KOHL{y 8eKa cjJpaHL{Y3bl,

neiltTeHaHTaMM.

KpymOIO,Il,M'IHb/M CO,IJ,ep)l(aHMeM pe-

KOTOPbJe npaKTM'IeCKM nonHOCTb/0

nonKOBBfl CHCTeMa

KoMaH.qHafl HepapxHfl

IYfl>lpHOM apMMM, pacwvrp>lnMcb

nepeHflflM W8e,ll,CKYIO CMCTeMy ap-

npa8a M 803MO)I(HQCTM KOpOHbl KOH-

MeMCKOIO CTpOMTeflbCTBa, pacnpo-

TpOnMpOBaTb nOflKM M MX o6y'leHMe,

CTpaHMflM KOHI..{enl..{M/0 nOCTOf/HHOM

pelyfl>IPHbiX

a npa8a nOflK08HMK08 M KanMTaHOB,

80MHCKOM vrepapXMM, paHee 3aKaH-

80iltCK ycKopvrna npaKTM'IeCKM no-

paHee 8bJCTyna8wvrx 8 ponvr 'IYTb nvr

'IM8a8WYIOCfl Ha yp08He KOMaH,IJ,Mpa

8CeMeCTHOe npMHf/TMe nOflKOBOM

He a6COfl/OTHb/X X03f/e8 C80MX OTpfl-

nonKa, /1,0 KOMaH,Il,YIOUJ,eiO apMMeilt.

CMCTeMbl, KOTOpa>l y)l(e Ha'IMHana

/1,08, HeCKOflbKO COKpaw,anMCb.

npe>K,Il,e ma8HOKOMaH,Il,YIOUJ,MM C'IM-

OplaHM3al.{Mfl

8b/TeCHf/Tb nepe)I(MTKM cpe,IJ,He8e-

no,ll,06Haf/ nOflK08af/ CMCTeMa

TaflCfl KOPOflb MflM npMHL{. noMOUJ,HM-

cpeo,IJ,anbHOe onon'leHvre vr

MOma npMHOCMTb HeMaflb/M ,ll,OX0/1,.

KOM e10 -

«80flbHble OTp>l,ll,b/» HaeMHMKOB .

KoMaHAMPY OTP>~Aa nnaTvrnvr 3a 'I Me-

MaH,IJ,YIOUJ,MM -

nonK08HMK nony'lan OT Kopon>~

no COfl,IJ,aT, HaXO/l,f/Ul,MXCfl n0/1, e10

f/8flf/flCfl KTO-HM6y,ll,b M3 KpynHb/X

K08bfl -

M '/aCTO peanbHb/M KOHa npaKTMKe 8Cel/l,a

OcjJML{epCKMM naTeHT M ynOflHOMO-

KOMaH,Il,08aHMeM, a TaK)I(e 3a MX opy-

8enbMO)I(, KaK npa8vrno, ocyw,ecT8-

'IM8a8WMM e10 (a 'lepe3 HeiO -

)I(Me, CHapfl)l(eHMe M CO,IJ,ep)l(aHMe.

flfi8WMilt Henocpe,IJ,CT8eHHOe KOMaH,IJ,08aHMe apMCTOKpaTM'IeCKOM Ka8a-

M Ka-

nMTaH08) Ha6vrpaTb COfl,ll,aT. nepao-

KpoMe TOIO ,ll,OXO,Il,a, KOTOpbiM non-

Ha'laflbHO, KOI,Il,a apMMM Ha6vrpa-

K08HMK MMen OT 3KOHOMHOIO 8e,IJ,e-

nepvrei/t. nexoToilt )/(e o6bJ'IHO KOMaH-

flMCb flMWb Ha 0/l,HY KaMnaHM/0, a

HMfl ,IJ,efl (He 1080p>l y)l( 0 Kpoxo6op-

,Il,08an cmpwvrilt npocjJeccvroHanbHbJilt 80eHHb/M (He 06f/3aTeflbHO 6na10p0,1J,HO/O npOMCXO>K/],eHMfl); OH OT8e'lafl 3a noc TpoeHvre apMMM nepe,ll, 6vrTaoilt, a TaK)I(e Hec Ha ce6e 1py3 8CeB03MO)I(Hb/X a,ll,MMHMCTpaTM8Hb/X 06f/3aHHOCTeilt. KOI,Il,a no OKOH'IaHMM KaMnaHMM apMMfl pacnycKanacb,

KaK npa8vrno, no'ITM ,ll,O caMOIO KOHl.{a 8eKa npOMCXO,Il,MflO MMeHHO TaK,

KOMaH,Il,yiOw,vre Ka8anepvreilt vr nexoTOilt flMWaflMCb M nOCT08, M 3BaHMM, nocne 'lela npo,ll,Ofl)l(anvr cny)I(MTb no C80MM nOflK08HM'IbMM naTeHTaM, ,ll,ep)l(aTeflfiMM KOTOpblX 06bi'IHO f/8flf/flMCb. BnpO'IeM, 6flM)I(e K KOHL{y CTOneTMfl crapbJilt TMTyn Mapwana npeapaTvrncfl B nOCTOf/HHOe 80MHCKOe 38aHMe M CTan npMC8aM8aTbCfl flML{aM, KOMaH,Il,YIOUJ,MM B OTCYTCTBMe KOpOflfl ,IJ,eMCT8YIOUJ,MMM apMMfiMM. noCKOflbKY f710,1J,08MK XIV, KaK npaavrno, 8en cpa3y HeCKOflbKO KaMnaHMM M ,ll,ep)l(a fl HeCKOflbKO ,IJ,eMCT8YIOUJ,MX 3amtCb HOB06paHI..IeB B IIIMnepCKYIO apMIIIIO. TpiiiAI..IaTIIIJleTHSISI BOiiiHa

apMMM, 3TO npM8eflO K TOMy, 'ITO

281

IJlABHbiE TEHAEHU.l!Hil CI/JOpMIIIP08aflCR nOCTORHHb/M CniiiCOK o¢111LJ,epo8, ycne8WIIIX xopowo ce6R 3apeKoMeH,D,08aTb 111 o6na,D,a8WIIIX ,ll,OCTaTOLfHb/M OnbtTOM, LfT06bt npeTeH,D,08aTb Ha nOCT /eHepanMailtopa, leHepan-neiltTeHaHTa lllfllll Mapwana . C TelfeHIIIeM 8peMeHIII npiiiOPIIITeTHaR

nocne,D,08aTeflb-

HOCTb 01/JIIILJ,ep08 8 Cnii/CKe CTana onpe,D,eflRTb II/X CTapWIIIHCT80 no 38aHIIIIO. TaKIIIM o6pa30M, 8nep8bte

8peMeHu na,D,eHIIIR P111Ma 803po-

,D,MncR O,ll,IIIH 1113 8a>KHeMW/11X acneKT08 80eHHOIO nporpecci!IOHaniii3Ma : noCTORHHaR KflaCCIIII/JIIIKaLJ,II/R 01/JIIIU,ep08 CO/naCHO 8011/HCKII/M 38aHII/RM, a He TeM nOCTaM, KOTOpbte OHIII 8 ,D,aHHb/M MOMeHT 8peMeHIII 3aHMMa/OT. C TelfeHII/eM 8peMeHII/3TMieHepanbcKI!Ie Cnii/CKIII CTaflll/ 8KfltOLfaTb Ill nonK08HII/K08, Ill Mfla,D,WIIIX 01/JIIIU,epo8; TaKIIIM o6pa30M, CII/CTeMa 8bt,llalfll/ MOHapXOM 01/JIIIU,epCKII/X naTeHT08 KOMaH,[llllpaM He3a811/CII/Mb/X nO,D,pa3-

Kasanepi1CTbl. XVII B.

,[leneHI!IM6btfla 8 3Halfii/TeflbHOM CTeneHIII no,llop8aHa 111 8

XVIII 8eKe OKOH-

LfaTenbHO OTMepna.

BcnoMoraTen&H&te cny»c6&t

ni!ICT08, pa6oTa8WIIIX no HaMMY. AHa-

HaR TeH,D,eHLJ,IIIR, 8Kfl/OlfaR n08btWe-

nOIIIILfHaR MlllfliiiT8plll3aLJ,IIIR npOIIICXO-

HIIIe Hanolo8, 8e,D,eT C80e Halfano 1113

,lllllfla 8 80eHHOM Me,D,IIILJ,II/He Ill 80eH-

QJpa HLJ,II/111, OT MIIIHIII C Tp08 fltO,D,0-

HOMIOCTII/Ll,llllll.

811/Ka

XIV MapK1!13a ,lle Jly8ya

111 ){(aHa

5aTIIICT8 Konb6epa. Bee 3TO cepbe3B 3TOM >Ke 8eKe no-HaCTORW,eMy

ApMHR H

HO CKa3bt8aflOCb Ha 06W,eCTBe, no-

o6w,ecTso 1

HalfaflaCb Mlllflii/Tap1113aLJ,IIIR 8CnOMOIaTeflbHb/X oTpacneilt 111 cny>K6 -

CKOflbKY 1113-3a 80MH, Cfle,ll08a8WIIIX 3TO 6btfla 3nOXa a6COfl/OTHbiX

tlPYI3a tlPYIOM Henpepbt8HOM Lfepe,D,OM, HeyKflOHHO n08btWaflCR cnpoc

HeKOTOpOM OTHOWeHII/111, 3TO f/8111-

MOHapXIIIM, XOTR 8 AHiflll/111 Ill OTKa3a-

flOCb eCTeCT8eHHb/M Cfle,D,CT811/eM

flii/Cb OT a6COfl/OTII/3Ma, Ill 80MHa ,lleilt-

H a ntO,D,CKI!Ie pecypcbt. B Ka8ane-

Op18HII/3aLJ,II/III apMIIIIII Ha pe,-ynRpHOM

CT811/TeflbHO R8flRflaCb «KOpone8-

PIIIIO -

A,llOflbi/J C,D,enan

CKII/M peMeCflOM», KaK o6pa3HO 8btpa-

api!ICTOKpaTII/LfeCKIIIM -

Ka,llp08b/MIII 80eHHb/MIII KaHOHIIIp08;

311/flCR, Yfl081118 ,D,yx 8peMeHIII, ,lJ,>KOH

fllll cny>KIIITb 8Cex, KTO yMen ,D,ep>KaTb-

OCH08e. /yCTa8

Ta-

HeKOI,lla potJ 80iltcK LfiiiCTO Tenepb 6pa-

3aTeM M/11fl/11Tap1113aLJ,IIIIII nO,ll8epl-

,D,pailt,lleH. Oco6eHHO xopowo

flii/Cb 803H/11Ll,bl Ill nOIOHUI,IIIKIII, ,ll,O-

Koilt qyopMoilt npa8neHIIIR colfeTanacb

CR 8 Ce,llfle. MH0/11/e HaeMH/IIKIII npo/IICXO,ll,/llfllll 1113 HIII>KHIIIX COCfl08111M; ,ll,O

CTa8flR8WIIIe apMIIIIII np111nacbt. Ew,e

80eHHaR CIIICTeMa, OCH08aHHaR Ha

HaCIIIflbCT8eHHOM 8ep608KIIIIII 8 Ceo6-

,llanbwe nowen QJpaHcya M111wenb

c Tpo1oi1 ,D,IIICLJ,IIInniiiHe, u,eHTpaniii30-

w,eilt 8011/HCKOM n0811/HHOC TIII 6btn0

,lle fleTenbe, ceHbop ,D,e Wa8111flb , MapKII/3 ,lle f7y8ya , 80eHHb/M MIIIHIIICTp

8 a HHOM lllepapXIIILfeCKOM nO,D,Lfii/He-

y>Ke pyKoilt no,lla Tb.

HII/111111 ,llflii/TeflbHb/X CpOKaX 8011/HCKOM

Bee aKTIII8Hei1 cny>KIIIfllll 80eHHO-

1666-1691 m-

cny>K6bt. ,ll,a>Ke MlllpHaR 3KOHOMII/Ka

MY ,lleny HayKa 111 TeXHII/Ka, oco6eHHO

,llax, KOTOP&Jilt nepe8en Ha 80eHHbte

6btna LJ,eHTpanlll308aHa, nOCKOflbKY

LfTO KacaeTCR apTMnnepllllll 111 IIIH>Ke-

penbCbt 8CIO CTPYKTYPY apMeillcKom

80MHa 06XO,ll,lllflaCb Lfpe38btlfaMHO

HepHbtX pa6or. MopuL( HaccaycKIIIMIII

CHa6>KeHIIIR.

tlOPOIO, 111 KopoHa noc TORHHO 111Cnbt-

lycTa8

Tbt8ana HY>K/J,Y 8 cpe,D,CT8aX. no,D,o6-

peHOCHbtMIII TeneCKOnaMIII; Kfl/Olfe-

np111 JltOtJ0811/Ke XIV 8

E cn111 lycm8

II A,D,onbi/J Halfan CIII-

CTeMaTII/3aLJ,IIItO 80eHHO-II/H>KeHep-

Bo6aH. 0TBeTCT8eHHOCTb 3a TaKIIIe pa60Tbt 803namnacb Ha cneu,ManbHo o6ylfeHHbtX IIIH>KeHep-orfJMu,epo8

nonb308a n111Cb ne-

8YIO ponb CTana 111/paTb KapTOipai/JIIIR.

Hb/X 3a,llalf, tJO 3a8epweHIIIR ee tJ08en Ce6aCTbeH ne npeTp, MapKII/3 ,lle

II A,D,onbi/J

BOIIIHCKaR cny>K6a, OC06eHHO ,llflR 1 ,[(aHHbiH pa3AeJJ OCHOBaH Ha HeOny6JJHKOBaHHOH pa60Te « 11CTOpH'1eCKHe TeHAeHll_HH, CBH3aHHble CO CMepTOHOCHOCTbiO opy)I{HH» , BbmOJJHeHHOi1 B

1964 r . AJIH

apMHH

C WA

Op-

o¢111u,epo8, CT8H08111nacb nporpeccl!leilt; 803pacTano 3HalfeHIIIe C/IICTeMaT/113111p08aHHO/O o6ylfeH/11R 8011/HCKO-

raHH3au_Hei1 HCTOpHq eCKHX HCCJJeAOBa HHH H

MY ,D,eny. nep8aR 80eHHaR aKa,D,eMIIIR

Ill COfl,llaT, a He Ha 06bllfHbte CTpOe-

ou_e HOK c JJI06e3Horo p a3p e weHHH nocJJeAHe i1

Ho8om 8peMeHIII 6 btna ylfpe>K/],eHa 8

8bte LfaCTIII 111 ,-pa>K/],aHCKIIIX cneu,111a-

(npHMe q .

T. ,[(10n10H).

1617 IDtlY JltoxaHOM HaccayCKIIIM.

282 3APO>K,Ll.EHl!1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEil!ll!ll!l TAKTl!lKl!l. 1600-1700 rr: 1700 r.)

o6ecrre,uman Heo6xoAHMhre

Crrpoc Ha opyJKHe CTHMYJIHpo-

apM111M /11 pa3M8X 6oeBbiX /1,eMCTB/11M.

KOHTHHreHThT AJTH HerrpepbiBHO )'BeJTTT-

san IIOHBJTeHHe H ycoBepTTTeHCTBO-

ro11.y /1,ei1CTBytOw,a>~ apMM>I

lfiTBaBTTTHXCH apMTrif H <j>JTOTOB, a orpa6-

BaHHe HOBbTX }..\OMeHHbTX TTe'leH. ,IJ:JTH

JTeHHe KOJTOHTrif CJIYlKHJTO OAHJIM :113 OC-

rrpOH3BOACTBa apTHJTJTepHHCKHX

3aMeTHO BbtpOCfl/11 '1111CfleHHOCTb

B 1631 lycmaa

A/l,Oflb<j)a HaCl.f/11TbtBana

30 TbtC>Il.f l.fenoaeK; npoTMBHMK/11 WaeL./,111111 pacnonaran111 6onee MHOrol.fMC-

HOBHbiX HCTO'lllHKOB HX COAepJKaHHH. ,IJ:JTH IlOCTOHHHbiX apM HH H <j>JTO-

opyAHH 6biJTH H306peTeHbl CBepJTI1JlbHbie H TOKapHbie CTaHKH, H Ha

neHHbtM BOMCKOM, HO pe/l,KO Bb/CTaB-

TOB 6bTJTH He06XO}..\HMbT: opylKHe, 6oe-

3TOH OCHOBe pa3BHBaJTaCh CBep -

co-

IIpHrraCbi, CHapHlKeHHe, 06MyHAHpO-

JTHJTbHaH TeXHHKa.

CTaae. np111 K8P/1,111Hane P111wenbe

BaHHe, IIOB03KH, c6pyH, IIO}..\KOBhl--

<jJpaHu,yscKaR apM/11>1 Bbtpocna 11.0 200

H BCe 3TO B 60JTblliHX KOJIH'leCTBaX.

TbtC>Il.f l.fenoaeK; np111 fltO/l,OBMKe XIV-

TaK, HarrpHMep, B

flf/fl/11 e1o Ha none 60>1 B nonHDM

C cepeAHHhi

XVII

BeKa IIIHpoKo

pacrrpocTpaHHJTOCh H3o6peTaTeJTb-

1652 roAy aHrnm'l:-

CTBO, CBH3aHHOe C TT0Tpe6HOCTHMH

Tb/C>Il.f, np111l.feM 8 HeKO-

CKoe rrpaBHTeJTbCTBO 06bHBHJTO 0 TOM,

rrpOMbTTTTJTeHHOrO rrpOH3BO,[(CTBa H

TOpbtX K8Mn8H/11>1X l.f/11CfleHHOCTb /l,eM-

'ITO eMy «HeMe)..IJTeHHO» Tpe6yeTCH

soeHHoro AeJTa. Pa3BHTHe rrpoMhiiii-

CTBytOUJ,ei1 apM/11/11 MO/fl8/],0X0/],/11Tb/],O

JTeHHoro IIpOH3BO}..\CTBa H H306peTa-

COCTO>IH/11/11 6btn8 C0/1,ep)f(8Tb apM/1110

1500 apTHJIJTepHilcKHX opyAHH (BeCOM 2230 T), 117 TbiCH'f CHapH)..IOB, 5 ThiCH'I pyY.HhiX rpaHaT, 12 ThiCHY. 6appenetf rropoxy, 1500 rroB030K.

l.f/11CfleHHOCTb/O OKOflO npou,eHTa OT

ApMHH H <j>noT HBJTHJTHCb MaccoBhTMH

y)f(e /],0

400

100 Tb/Cf/l.f l.feflOBeK.

npo1!13B0/],/11fl/11Cb

OU,eHK/11, CO/fl8CHO KOTOpbtM CTpaHa B

XVI/

TeJibCTBO CIIOC06CTBOBaJIH pa3pa60TKe pa3JTH'l.HbiX OTpacneii 3HaHHH-MaTeMaTHKH,MeXaHHKH,<j>H3HKH,XHMHH, MHHepanorHH H reonornH.

BeKa

TTOTpe6HTeJTHMH MeTaJTJTOB, XOJTCTa,

DoTpe6HOCTH rrpoH3BOACTBa, so-

ct>pa HLJ,/11>1 Bbtwna KaK pasHa 3TOT ypo-

KOJKH, CIIOC06CTBYH pa3BHTHIO MeTaJT-

opyJKeHHhlX CHJI (apMHH H <j>JTOTa) H

nyprHY.eCKOrO IIpOH3BO}..\CTBa, ropHO-

BOeHHOrO HCKyCCTBa orrpe)..leJIHJIH

BCe/0 HaceneH/11>1," K KOHU.Y

aeHb.

YncJTeHHbril poeT HaceneHHH EBpoIIhi (c

95 MJIH. B 1600 r.

}..\0

130 MJIH. B

ro }..\eJTa, TKai.I,KOH rrpOMbiiiiJieHHOCTH

YCKOpeHHe TeMIIOB pa3BHTHH BCeX OT-

H pa3JTH'!HbTX rrpOMbTCJTOB ( CaTTOlKHO-

pacJTeH 3HaHHH. OcHOBHhTe ycnJTHH

ro, ce)..leJibHOro, KY3HeY.Horo H AP· ).

yY.eHhlX B rrepBoii rroJIOBHHe

XVII

BeKa 6brJIH cocpeAOTOY.eHbl Ha rrpo6neMax MaTeMaTHKH H MeXaHHKH, 'ITO CTTOC06CTBOBaJTO ycoBepTTTeHCTBOBaHHIO apTHJTJTepHH n py'IHOro orHeCTpenhHOro opylKHH, a TaKJKe pa3BHTHIO BOeHHO-TeXHHY.eCKOH MbiCJIH. YY.eHhre o6beAHHHJTHCh B HayY.Hhre o6mecTBa n aKa,r:r:eMnn, r,r:r:e rnasHoe BHHMaHHe o6pamanocb Ha orrhiThi, a TaKJKe Ha ,r:r:eMOHCTpal.I,HIO H306peTeHHH H OTKpbiTHH, a He Ha }..\OKJTa}..\bl, KaK 3TO 6bTJTO B cpeAHHe BeKa.

B 1645

roAy B03HHKJTO KoponeBcKoe o6meCTBO B JlOH,[(OHe, a B

1666 rop:y 6hTJTa

OCHOBaHa DapHlKCKaH aKa,[(eMHH HayK. Co3,r:r:asanncb Hay'IHhie o6meCTBa H B f epMaHHH, r)..le O,[(HHM H3 HX opraHH3aTopoB 6hTJT HeMeU:KHH y'leHhTM Jlen6HHl.l,. ,IJ:eHTeJTbHOCTb rrpe)..ICTaBHTeJieH BOeHHOH HayKH H BOeHHOH TeXHHKH He 06beAHHHJTaCb H He KOOpAHHHpOBaJTaCh B rrpe,r:r:enax Toro HJTH HHoro rocy,r:r:apcTBa. O,r:r:HaKo nx BOeHHO-HaY'~HaH

,r:r:eHTeJThHOCTb He HOCHJTa CTpo-

ro 3aMKHyToro uexoBoro xapaKTepa, TaK KaK 3TO Y.aCTH'fHO HCKJTIOY.aJIOCb CHCTeMOH HaeMHHY.eCTBa - - BOeHa'!aJTbHHKH, rrpe,r:r:cTaBHTeJTH BOeHHOM HayKH H BOeHHO-TeXHH'IeCKOM Mb!CJTH, a T aKJKe MacTepa cBo6o,r:r:Ho rrepexoAHJIH Ha CJiyJK6y H 3 0 }..\HOH apMHH B

Kasanep111iiicKaS1 cxsaTKa. 1620-e rr.

Apyryro.

283

rnABHbiE TEHAEHUV1V1 B CBH3II c pa3BIITIIeM II ycJimimeHlleM apn1JlnepHHCKOf0 l1 BOeHHO-IIH-

B 1618 ro,IJ,y fyro fpoulill: 6biJI OCy)l{)leH H3 I10)1{II3HeHHOe 33KJliO'le-

)I{eHepHOrO ,Ue.Jla T[Je60Balli1Cb TeXHI1-

HI1e 33 yYaCTI1e B pe.Tll1rH03HO-llO.l111-

'IeCKI1 rpaMOTHbie o<}muepbi. B 1653

TI1YeCKOH opraHI13al\1111. OH npocl1-

roey B Ilpyccllll 6bma J"'Pe)l{)leHa nep-

p;en B 33MKe OKOJIO ,IJ,BYX JieT, 33TeM

BaH Kap;eTCKaH 1 IIIKOJia )J;JIH llO)J;rOTOB-

eMy y)la.rrocb 6e)l{aTb so <l>paHUHIO,

KH )J;BOpHHCKHX p;eTeii K BOeHHOH

r,IJ,e Koponb ITro,IJ,OBHK

CJiy)l{6e. B 1690 ro.uy so <l>paHl\IIH

ro.VIaH)lCKOMY y<IeHoMy neHCIIIO. Bo

OCHOBaHa apnumep11HCK3H WKOna,

<l>paHU1111 fyro fpOl\HH H3ll11CM T[J3K-

XIII Ha3Ha'IHJI

KOTOpaH 6bLTl3 e,U11HCTBeHHOH B M11pe

TaT «Tp11 KHI1fl1 0 npase BOHHbl 11

B Te'IeHIIe 50 .rreT. BoeHHoe o6pa3o-

MIIpa», li3)J;aHHbiH B 1625 fO,IJ,y, a B

BaHIIe HBJIHJIOCb He06XO!UIMOH npe)l-

1627 rop;y BHeCeHHbiH B ITaiTCKHH Cilll-

llOCbiJIKOH CTaHOBJieHHH H pa3BIITHH

COK 3anpemeHHbiX KHIIf, B KOTOpOM

BOeHHOH HayKI1 , 11 npe)l{):le BCero BO-

HaXO):I11JICH ):10 1900 fO):Ia. 3TOT TpaK-

eHHO-TeXHI1'-IeCKI1X 3HaHI1H, f.l13BHbiMI1

TaT HBJIHeTCH llOllbiTKOH 11CCJie,UOBaTb

113 KOTOpbiX 6bl.l111 apT11.l1nep11H 11 <pOp-

npaBOBbie OCHOBbl BOHHbl 11 M11pa.

TmjJIIK3UIIH. TexHIIKa cTpe.riKosoro

Me)I{,IJ, y Hap O):(Ho-npaBOBbie

p;ena see eme He oTp;eniinacb OT TaK-

B3rJIH)lbl fyro fpOUIIH HBJIHJIHCb )J;JIH

THKH II He npep;cTaBJIHJia co6o.H cne-

CBOero BpeMeHH, 6e3yCJIOBHO, npo-

l\11MbHOi1 (HpaC.l111 BOeHHbiX 3H3HI1H.

rpeCCI1BHbiMI1. 0HI1 6hml1 HanpasneHhi npOTI1B <}>eO):IaJibHOH aHapX1111 11

«npaso ecrecTBeHHoe ecTh npe.unl1-

~ccneAOBaH~enpasos~x

06beKTI1BHO Bblpa)l{a.l111 11HTepeCbl

caHI1e 3,Upasoro pa3yMa>>.

OCHOB BOiiiHbl

nporpeCCHBHOfO B TO BpeMH KJiaCCa

IJOMHMO ecTeCTBeHHOfO, cyme-

6yp)l{ya3HH, BbiCTyiTaBilleH B COI03e

CTByeT, TIO fpOUHIO, ITpaBO BOJieycTa-

Bonpocbi ITpaBOBbiX ocHoB BOHHbi

c p;sopHHCTBOM. IIpoTIIB <Peo,IJ,a.rrb-

HOBJieHHOe, K KOTOpOMY OTHOCHTCH

11 M11pa 11CC.l1e):IOBan CaMbiH KpynHbiH

HOH aHapx1111 sena 6opb6y TaK)I{e 11

npaBO HapOAOB H rocy.uapCTBeHHOe

seKa -

KOp().T]eBCKaH B.TlaCTb B COK)3e C 6yp-

npaso. nocne,IJ,Hee ocymecTsnHeT

1645 rr. ),

)l{ya311eH. l1 cy6beKTI1BHO fpou11 t\

rocy.uapcTBo, KOTopoe «eCTb cosep-

ITOTOMOK 6ypryH)lCKOfO ):(BOpHHIIHa.

OKa3biBaJICH CTOpOHHIIKOM MOHapXII-

IlleHHhiH COI03 CB060,UHbiX JIIO):(eH,

rORTlaHACKI1H y'leHhiH

XVII

K)p11CT fyro fpOl\11H (1583-

0Teu fyro fpoum1 )I{IIJI s fon..TiaHJlHII

'IeCKIIX, a He pecny6mmaHCKHX no-

3aKJIIO'IeHHbiH pa,UH C06JIIO):(eHHH npa-

II 33HHMari )lO.fl)I{HOCTb 6yprOMIICT[Ja

Ba H o6metl ITOJib3hi».

ropoAa .IJ:e.nb(j>Ta. BcH ceMbH np11HaA-

PHJlKOB. fyro fpOl\11H Hani1Can CBOH TpaK-

ne)l{ana K YHI1Bepc11TeTcKoi1 11HTennl1-

TaT «B 33ll\11TY Cnpase.uni1BOCTI1»,

np11BO,UHT B )J.BI1)1{eHI1e BepXOBHaH

reHUHH. Y)l{e B 14-.rreTHeM B03pacTe fyro

IICXO)lH 113 TOfO, LfTO JIIO)lH, «yTOM-

BJiaCTh, T. e. TaKaH BJiaCTb, KOTOpaH

JieHHbie pacnpetl», )l{a)I{JlYT <<nosce-

He HaXO,IJ,IITCH HII ITO)l 'IbHM KOHTpO-

fpouiiii ITpOHBJIHJI Hay'IHbie p;aposa-

MeCTHoro» BO,IJ,BOpeHHH MIIpa.

Becb rocy.uapcTseHHbiH annapaT

.TJeM . fpOUIIH He ITpH3HaBari HapO)lHO-

HHH, II <PpaHUY3CKIIM KOpOJib feHpiiX IV cKa3arl o HeM: «BoT 'T)'):(O fon-

BoiiHhi, KOTOpbiX HeB03MO)I{HO

ro cysepeHineTa, onposepran ero pH-

II36e)l{aTh, CJie)lyeT BeCTII B COOTBeT-

):(OM ):(OKa3aTeJibCTB II rosopiin o

naH)liiii». fpOUHH II3Y'1aJI npOII3Be)le-

CTBHH C npiiHUIITiaMII npasa II ryMaH-

«MHOfHX 6e)lCTBIIHX», npOIICTeKaB-

HIIH p;pesrmx KnacciiKOB II npaso. B

HOCTH. BcneJJCTBHe :noro asTop Ha-

IliHX II3 TaKOBOfO. 0)lHaKO eCJIII «HaCIIJIHe Ha'laJib-

1598 rop;y, T. e. B 15-.rreTHeM B03pac-

'Ia.rr csotl T[)aKTaT c onpe,D,eneHHH npa-

Te, B Op.rreaHCKOM YHIIBepciiTere oH

sa, BhiTeKaromero «H3 ITPHPOJlbi

CTBYIOI1IIIX .TIHU>> yrpo)l{aeT qbeti-

ITonyqiiJI cTeneHb p;oKTopa ITpasa. 3a-

semm>, a He rryTeM BHelliHero ycTa-

.TTn6o )l{li3HH, TO B 3TOM cnyqae B

TeM 3aHHM3JICH a)lBOKaTCKOH llp3KTII-

HOBJTeHHH, H3MeH'1IIBOf0 BO BpeMeHII

TpaKTaTe npe)lycMaTpiisaeTCH npaso

KOH.

II pa3JIII'1H0f0 B pa3HbTX MeCTaX.

soopy)l{eHHotY pyKotY OTpa)l{aTb TaKoe

B 1609 roJJy 6hma ony6ntrKOBaHa

fpOUHH pa3JlHLfaTT eCTeCTBeHHOe H

Hactrmw, «npaso BOHHhT cso60JlHOro

'IaCTb ero TpaKTaTa «0 npase p;o6bi-

Hapo)la llpOTHB rocyp;apH», KOTOpbiH

'IH», 03arJiaBJieHHaH «CBo60)J;HOe

BHYTIJHrocy,D,apcTBeHHoe npaso. «MaTh ecTecTBeHHOro npasa,-

Mope, IIJIII o npase, ITPIIHa)lJie)l{ameM

rosopn.Tl oH, -

ecTb caMa ITpHpo,D,a

« .IJ:eno B TOM, qTo TOT, KTO 06bHBJIH-

fOJIJTaH):(UaM B 06JiaCTII TOprOBJTII C

<Je.TToseKa» 1• Oco6eHHOCTh 'Ienose'Ie-

eT ce6H sparoM scero Hapo):(a, TeM CaMhTM OTpeKaeTCH OT uapCTBa>>.

«3aMhilll.TI.HeT rH6e.rrb scero Hapo,D,a>>.

l1H):(IIetY». TpaKTaT 6hm Hanpas.rTeH

CKOH npiipO):(bl 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B KOHT-

n pOTIIB npiiTH3aHIIH l1cnaHIIII, nop-

pOJIIIpyeMOM pa3yMHOM CTpeMJieHHII

npaBO HapO)lOB, llO fpOUIIIO,

TyraJIIIII II AHrnHH Ha MopcKoe rocnop;cTBO 11 Bbipa)l{aJI HHTepecbi ro.rr-

K o6meHHIO, KOTOpoe II HBJIHeTCH IIC-

ITpe,D,cTaBnHeT co6otl, ITO cymecTsy,

TO'lHHKOM ecTeCTBeHHOfO npaBa.

JiaHJlCKoii 6yp)l{ya3HH. 1 C11ono

«cadet» 03naqaeT «Ma.rronenrnih>.

Me)I{)J,yHapO,D,HOe npaBO, B03HHKaiOIllee ITO B3aiiMHOMY cor.rrallleHIIIO ro-

pa.

1 Fpou,uii ['yzo. 0 npane no.i!HLI H MH· M., 1956. C. 48.

cy)J.apCTB )J,J1H llOJib3bl. 113 OTHOilleHHH Me)I{,Uy fOCy):lapCTBaMII B03HIIKaeT

284

3APO>K,Ll.EHl!1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEil!ll!ll!l TAKTl!lKl!l. 1600-1700 rr: 3acJiy)I{HBaeT oco6oro BHHMaHliH rrepBaH pa3BepflYTaH H 06CTOHTeJlbHO apryMeHTHpOBaHHaH ITOITb!TKa KJlaCCHQJHKaQHH BOHR, H rrpe)l{)..le BCero HX )J,eneHHe Ha rry6JIH'-lHbie, qacTHbie 11 cMewaHHble. IIy6Jil1'-lHble soiiHbl seJJ:YTCH opraHaMH rpa)I{)J,aHCKOH BJlaCTli, '-laCTHble -

Jllil.(aMH, He HMelOilili-

Mli BJiaCTli; CMelllaHHb!e BOHHbl BeAYTCH,

O)J,HOH

CTOpOHhl,

KaK

rry6JTH'IHbie, C ApyroH CTOpOHbi, KaK 'laCTHbre. YacTHbre BOHHbi He rrpoTHsope'IaT ecTecTBeHHOMY rrpasy H rro3TOMY )1.03BOJleHbl. HccneAyH sonpoe o TOM, «MO)I{eT Jill KaKaH-mr6o soiiHa 6biTh cnpaBe)J.JTHBOH, HJIH, HHbiMH CJTOBaMH, )J,03BOJieHO JTH KOr)J,a-JIH60 BOeBaTb», fpoU:HH 060CHOBaJI )J,eJTeHHe BOHR Ha crrpaBeAJIHBbie 11 HecrrpaBe)J.JiliBbie. 0TnpaBHb!M IIYHKTOM B 3TOM OTHOllleHlili HBJIHeTCH orrpe)..leJieHHe rrpasa, KOTopoe «3)J,ech 03Ha'laeT He '-ITO liHOe, KaK TO, '-ITO cnpaBe)..\JlliBO ... rrpaBO eCTb TO, '-ITO He rrpOTliBOpe'-lliT crrpaBe)J,JTHBOCTH. TipOTHBOpe'IHT )l{e crrpaBe)J,JIHBOCTH TO, 'ITO rrpOTHBHO BORHa, KOTOpaH «Be)],eTCH IIpOTIIB TeX,

)J,ep)l{aHHeM HBJIHeTcH o6ecne'leHHe

rrpupo)J,e cymecTB, o6.rraAaromux p a -

KOrO HeB03MO)I{H0 IIpliHY)..UITb K '-leMy-

ce6e caMocoxpaHeHliH rryTeM npHMe-

3YMOM».

HH6y)J,b B Cy)J,e6HOM IIOpH)J,Ke».

HeHHH CliJlbl. «CaMaH l.(eJib BOHHbl -

Botl:Hbi se)J,yTcH «paAH 3aKmoqe-

He rrpoTHBope'-IHT cnpase)..IJIHBO-

COXpaHeHHe B HeiipliKOCHOBeHHOCTli

cTH Ta BOHHa, KOTOpaH HBJIHeTCH OT-

HHH MHpa», «BORHa IIpHBO)J,HT HaC

)I{H3HH H 'IJTeHOB TeJTa, COXpaHeHHe H

BeTOM Ha rrpasoHapymeHHe. Crrpa-

3aTeM K MHPY KaK csoetl: KOHe'lHOH

npuo6peTeHHe senreii, no.rre3Hhrx JJ:JIH

BeJJ:JTHBbiMH rrpH'IHHaMH BOllH HB.JlH-

Qe.TTH». 3TO 6hiJT npoTeCT npOTHB He-

)I{H3HH, -

rrpepbiBHblX BOHH, pa3opHBlllliX EBpo-

nepBbiM no6y)l{)..leHliHM npHpOAhi».

BITOJTHe COOTBeTCTByeT

TOTCH CaM03al1IHTa, B03BpameHHe HMyilieCTBa, HaKa3aHHe.

rry 11 OTPHUaTeJibHO BJIHHBlllliX Ha

fpOUlill IIpHBeJI BblCKa3b!BaHHe

Crrpase)J.JIHBYIO (s CMbiCJie 3aKOH-

rrpOMbllllJieHHYIO li TOprosyiO )J,eH-

faJieHa 0 TOM, '-ITO «'-leJIOBeK eCTb

HOCTH) BOHHY fpoulill Ha3BaJI TOp)l{e-

TeJThHOCTb 6yp)l{ya3HH. TI03TOMY KO-

)I{HBOTHOe, pO)I{)J,eHHOe )J,JTH MHpa H

CTBeHHOH BOHHOH. TipH 3TOM rry6JTH'l-

He'!HOH U:eJTblO BOHHbi o6bHBJTHJTCH

BOHHbi, XOTH OH H He Ha)J,eJTeH OT pO)I{-

Hbie BOHHbi MoryT 6hiTb 6o.Jlee H.JlH

MHp, He HCKJilO'laBIDHH, O)J,HaKO, KO-

)J,eHHH cpeJJ:CTBaMH HaiTa)J,eHHH H 3a-

MeHee TOp)l{eCTBeHHhre. TaKHM o6pa-

JTOHHaJThHbiX 3axsaTHH'leCKHX BOHR.

iliHTbi, HO HMeeT pyKH, rrpHcrroco6-

30M, npH3HaBaJTOCh MHOroo6pa3He H

JieHHhre KaK )J,JTH H3rOTOBJTeHHH Opy-

pa3JTH'IHhie CTeiTeHH crrpaBe)J,JTHBOC-

l.J:To )l{e TaKOe BORHa? 3TO «eCTb COCTOHHHe 60pb6bi CHJTOTO KaK TaKO-

)I{HH, TaK H )J,JTH o6panreHHH C HHM».

TH. Ha sorrpoc, MO)I{eT JTH BORHa 6hiTb

BOIO». fpOUlill KOCHYJICH rrpOiiCXO)I{-

Bcne)..ICTBHe 3Toro «3ApaBbiH pa3yM»

cnpase)J.JlliBOH )..\JlH o6e11x CTOpOH,

)J,eHliH TepMHHa. CnoBo «BOiiHa»

11 «rrpHpOAa o6mecTBa» BocnpemaiOT

aBTOp OTBe'-laJI ITO.JlO)I{liTeJlbHO C OrO-

(bellum) rrpoH30l.llJIO OT 6onee Apes-

rrpHMeHeHHe TOJlbKO HeCOBMeCTIIMO-

BOpKOH -

HeM <\JopMbr -

ro C CaMHM o6nreCTBOM HaCHJTHH, T. e.

JTHBOe ITO OTHOllleHHTO K orrpe)J,e.JleH-

Y rpeKOB TepMHH «BORHa» (poJemOS)

TaKoro , KOTopoe HapymaeT 'IY)I{Oe

HbiM rrpaBOBbTM ITOCJTe)J,CTBHHM.

IIpOH30llleJT OT 0603Ha'leHHH «MHO)I{e-

rrpaBO, 'laCTHYTO co6cTBeHHOCTb.

duellum (noeJJ:HHOK).

eCJili ITOHHMaTh crrpaBe)J.-

«EC.JlH OTB.Jle'lbCH OT BflYTpHrocy)J.apCTBeHHblX 3aKOHOB, -

CTBa» ; B )J,peBHOCTli y HliX «pa3)J,Op»

IlpaBO HapO)..IOB, a TaK)I{e 3aKOHbl

6br.rr BbiBe)..leH 113 cnosa «pacna)..l». Ha-

H 06bi'-lali, rOBOpliT fpOUlill, OTHIO)..\b

TOp, -

IIliCaJI as-

IIO-Bli)..\liMOMY, Ka)I{)J,Oe )J.OJl)I{-

3BaHHe BOMHbl OTHOCiiTCH TOJlbKO K

He ocy)I{AaiOT BOHHbL B AOKa3aTeJib-

HOCTHOe Jllii.(O KaK )J.JIH 3al1Il1Tbl BBe-

BOOpy)l{eHHOMY CTOJIKHOBeHHTO rocy-

CTBO OH rrpHBeJI yTBep)KJJ:eHHe fepMO-

peHHOrO eMy HapOJJ:a, TaK H )J,JlH

)J,apCTB.

reHHaHa 0 TOM, 'ITO «BOHHbi KaK pa3

ocymeCTB.JleHHH aKTOB BJTaCTH paCITO-

BBe)J,eHbl rrpaBOM HapOJJ:OB». TipaBO

JlaraeT npaBOM Be)J,eHTm BOHHhl, eC.JlH

KaKoso )l{e coJJ:ep)l{aHHe «KoHe'lHoii l.(eJIH» (MHpa ), )J,JIH )J,OCTH)I{eHliH

eCTeCTBeHHOe TaK)I{e He OTBepraeT

BCT peTHT corrpoTHBJieHHe» . Ha'-lH-

KOTopoii Be)..leTCH BOiiHa? TaKHM co-

BOHHbl.

HaTb BOHHY pa)J.H IIOM aHHhiX, no yT-

285

I flAB Hbl E TEH,LJ,EH LlV1 V1

y KypUHH roBopHT: <di He HMeiO o6b!KHOBeHHH BeCTH BoilHy e TIJieHHHMH H meHI[(HHaMH; TOT, KTO B036ym,o:aeT MOIO HeHaBHeTb, ):(OJimeH 6b!Tb

BOHHhi HeenpaBe):(JIHBble, K KOTOpb!M ornoeHJI npem,o:e Beero 3aXBaTHH<J:eeKHe BOHHbl. 11exo,O:Hb!M nyHKTOM onpe,o:eneHHH HeenpaBe):(JIHBb!X BOHH

eHJibHaH ma)K):(a BJiaeTH H 6oraTCTBa ... 30JIOTO H ,o:pyrHe 6oraTeTBa - rJiaBHaH npmHHa BOHH, eKa3aHO y TauHTa». O,o:HaKo npeeTynHo BOeBaTb pa):(H ):(06bl'IH HJIH B03Harpa)K):(eHHH. BoilHy eneeyeT npeJJ:TipHHHMaTh TOJibKO no Heo6XO):(HMOeTH HJIH B eHJIY BamHeHIIIHX npH'IHH B KpaHHHX

BoopymeH». CneeyeT TaKme ma,o:HTh Tex, KTO noeBHTHJI eBOIO m H 3Hb HeKJIIO'IHTeJibHO eBHI[(eHHOeJiymeHHIO H Ha-

fpOUHH e<J:HTaJI yeTaHOBJieHHe pa3JIH'IHH Me)K):(y npH'IHHaMH onpaB,O:aTeJibHb!MH (npe):(JloraMH) H no6y):(HTeJib-

o6CTOHTeJibeTBaX. «Pe,o:KO npH'IHHa B03HHKHOBeHHH BOHHhi TaKoBa, 'ITO ee HJIH HeB03MOmHO, HJIH He ):(OJimHO

YKaM, a TaKme 3eMJie,o:eJib[(eB, ToproB[(eB, peMeen eHHHKOB. HeJib3H y6HBaTb 3aJIO)KHHKOB, eeJIH OHH He

Hb!MH ( eo6eTBeHHo npH'IHHb!). IIpe,o:norH «MOrYT 6b!Tb npHBe,O:eHbi HBHO», no,o:JIHHHble me npH'IHHbl BOHHbl eKpb!Tbl, H HX Heo6XO):(HMO Bb!HBHTb.

eoBepiiiHJIH npeerynneHHH. Heo6xoJJ:HMO B03,0:epmHBaTbeH OT BeHKOrO 6eenone3Horo epameHHH HoT onyeTOIIIeHHH - yHH'ITomeHHH ropo,o:oB,

BoilHbl, He HMeiOmHe onpaB,o:aTeJibHb!X H no6y,o:HTeJibHb!X npH'IHH, «eYTh BOHHhi 3BepeKHe», a HMeiOI[(He

H36ereyTh». HanH<J:He ,o:oeTaTO'IHhiX eHJI HBJIHeTeH BeebMa BamHb!M ye JI OBHeM o6bHBJieHHH BOHHbl. ToT, KTO He o6na,o:aeT 3Ha'IHTeJibHOH eHJIOH, ):(OJImeH B03,o:epmaTheH oT «oeymeCTBJieHHH B03Me3):(HH», T. e. OT o6bHBJie-

een, nno,o:oBb!X ,o:epeBbeB H T. n. HaKOHeu, no OTHOIIIeHHIO K JII06b!M EparaM o6H3aTeJibHa ,o: o6poeoBeeT-

TOJibKO npH'IHHbl no6y.o:HTeJibHble, HO He onpaB,O:aTeJibHble, «eyTh BOHHbl pa36oilHH<J:eeKHe». Eb!BaiOT TaKme HeKOTOpb!e npH'IHHhi, KOTOpb!e HMe-

HHH BOHHbl. fpouHil peKoMeH,o:oBaJI H36eraTh BOopymeHHb!X KOHcpJIHKTOB, nOJ1b3yHeb TpeMH enoeo6aMH, e nOMOI[(biO

HOeTb. Tpy,o: «0 npaBe BOHHbl H MHpa» fyro fpouHil 3aKaH<J:HBaeT «YBemaHHHMH o eo6JIIO,O:eHHH ,o:o6poeoBeerno-

IOT JiomeyiO BH):(HMOeTb enpaBe,O:JIHBOeTH, HanpHMep, Heonpe,o:eneHHb!H CTpax. OnaeeHHe MOIUH eoee,o:eil He HBJIHeTeH ):(OeTaTO'IHOH npH'IHHOH BOHHbl. «J16o ):(JIH TOro, 'IT06bl 3al[(HTa 6b!Jia enpaBe,o:JIHBOH, oHa JJ:OJI)l(Ha 6b!Tb He06XO):(HMOH... Ilo3TOMY Me-

KOTOpb!X MO)KHO «H36emaTb npeBpal[(eHHH enopoB B Boiley». K 3THM enoeo6aM OTHOeHTeH: neperOBOpb!, TpeTelleKHH ey,o: «HJIH ,o:ame» mpe6Hil.

eTH H MHpa». «,lJ;o6poeoBeeTHOeTb ):(OJI)l(Ha eo6JIIO,O:aTbeH He TOJibKO ):(JIH <J:ero-JIH6o ,o:pyroro, HO H JJ:JIH TOro, <J:T06bl He He<J:e3Jia Ha,o:em,o:a Ha MHp.

3a noeJie,O:eTBHH HeenpaBe,O:JIHBOH BOHHbl HeeyT OTBeTeTBeHHOeTb ee 3a'IHHI[(HKH, KaK 3a o6bl'!Hble, TaK H

,lJ;o6poeoBeeTHOeTbiO Be):(b ,o:epmHTCH He TOJibKO BeHKOe roey.o:apeTBO, no eJIOBaM ll,H[(epoHa, HO H BeJIHKOe o6-

Hee Beero 3aenymHBaeT o,o:o6peHHH MHeHHe TeX, KTO npH3HaeT ,O:OeTaTO'IHOH npmHHoil BOHHhi, eeJIH eoee,o:, He BeTpe<J:aH npenHTeTBHH HH B KaKOM

3a He06bl'!Hble ,o:efieTBHH; « ... 3a'IHHl[(HKH BOHHbl o6H3aHbi K B03Mel[(eHHIO 3a eo):(eHHHoe HX eHJiaMH HJIH no HX eOBery... J1 nOJIKOBO):([(bl OTBeTeTBeH-

eornarneHHH, B03Be,o:eT Ha eBoeil rpaHHUe KpenoCTb HJIH HHoe eoopymeHHe, Morymee npH'IHHHTb Kor,o:a-

Hhi 3a Bee eoBepiiieHHOe no,o: HX KOMaH):(OH; OTBeTeTBeHHbl H Bee BOHHhi, Y<J:aeTBOBaBIIIHe B KaKOM-HH6y):(b eo-

l[(eHHe Hapo,o:oB». Bo BpeMH BOHHbl Heo6xo,o:HMO eTPeMHTbeH K MHPY H ,o:o6HBaTbeH em eneeyeT ,o:ame e ymep6oM JJ:JIH ee6H. «3aKJIIO'IeHHb!H MHp ):(OJimHO eo6JIIO,O:aTb eaMb!M 6naroroBeHHb!M o6pa30M», KaK H eorn aiiieHHH o nepeMH-

JIH6o ymep6 ,o:pyroMy eoeeey». II pH'IHHaMH HeenpaBe,o:JIHBb!X BOHH, YTBepm,o:aJI fyro fpouHil, HBJIHIOTCH: meJiaHHe 3aXBaTHTb JIY'IIIIYIO nJIO,O:OpOJJ:HYIO 3eMJIIO BMeeTO nOKHHYTb!X nyeTb!Hb H 60JIOT, ma)K,J:(a eB06o):(bl B no):(BJiaCTHOM Hapo,o:e, eTpeMJieHHe no):('IHHHTb ee6e ,o:pyrHX JIIO,o:eil

BMeCTHOM ,O:eHCTBHH, HanpHMep, B eommeHHH ropo.o:a». Cne,o:oBaTeJibHO, OTBeTCTBeHHbl He TOJibKO 3a'IHHI[(HKH BOHHbl, HO H nO):('IHHeHHble HM JIH[(a. fpOUHH HenOJib30BaJI KpHTepHH «BHYTPeHHeH enpaBe):(JIHBOeTH» ):(JIH O[(eHKH ,o:efieTBHH BOIOIOI[(HX CTOpOH.

opymHeM, meJiaHHe nOJIY'IHTb TO, 'ITO Bb!TeKaeTH3 o6H3aTeJibeTBaHe B eHJiy eTporo cpopMaJibHoro npaBa, HO B

C nOMOI[(biO 3TOrO KpHTepHH OH CTpeMHJieH eMHr'IHTh ymaebl BOHHbl, orpaHH'IHBaH npaBO y6HBaTb ,o:ame B

eHJiy HHoro npaBa. CneeyeT TaKme pa3JIH<J:aTb BOHHY, B03HHKIIIYIO no HeenpaBe):(JIHBOH npmHHe, H TaKYIQ, B KOTOpOH nopoK npHXO):(HT H3BHe,

enpaBeJJ:JIHBOH BOHHe. HeJib3H y6HBaTh «npeeneeyeMb!X poKoM, B <J:aeTHoern, npHMKHYBIIIHX K BOIOIOI[(eH eTOpoHe BeJie):(CTBHe npHHy)K):(eHHH».

OT'Iero BOHHa Bee me He eTaHOBHTeH HeenpaBe,o:JIHBOH. HeenpaBe,o:JIHBOH BHeiiiHeH npH'IHHOH HBJIHeTeH mam,o:a BJiaeTH H 6oraTCTBa. «E,o:HHeTBeHHaH H ,o:peBHeHIIIaH npH'IHHa BOHHbl,- roBopHT CanniOeTHil,- eeTb

Heo6xo,o:HMO HaeKOJibKO B03MOmHo oeTeperaTheH ,o:ame Henpe,o:HaMepeHHoro y6HHCTBa HenoBHHHb!X. «Bee-

Bepm,o:eHHIO fpOUHH, enpaBe,O:JIHBO, TeM He MeHee He Beer,o:a ee ene,o:yeT npe,o:npHHHMaTh pa.o:H HHX. foJIJiaH,o:eKHH IOpHeT oeym,o:aJI

r,o:a eneeyeT IUaJJ:HTh ,o:eTeil, meHIUHH, eeJIH OHH He nOBHHHbl B TH)KKOM npeerynneHHH, H eTapHKoB». A JieKeaH):(p

pHH. HeilTpaJibHble roey,o:apCTBa o6H3aHH B03,0:epmHBaTbeH OT eo,o:eHCTBHH TOMy, KTO Be):(eT HeenpaBe):(JIHBYIO BOHHy, H TeM, KTO «npenHTeTByeT JJ:BH)KeHHIO Be,o:ymero enpaBeJJ:JIHBYIO BOilHy». «ll,eneeoo6pa3HO 3 aKJIIO'IHTh e o6eHMH BOIOIOI[(HMH eTOpOHaMH ):(OroBop 0 ,o:o6pOBOJibHOM B03,0:epmaHHH OT BOeHHb!X ,o:efieTBHH 3aO):(HO e JII06ofi H3 HHX H o6 OKa3aHHH Ka)K):(OH eTopoHe o6l[(HX yeJiyr <J:eJIOBeKOJII06HH».

Pa3pa6oTKa BonpocoB BOeHHOrO IIICKYCCTBa B XVII BeKe B 3ana):(Hoil EBpone noHBHJIOeb 60JibiiiOe ):(JIH TOro BpeMeHH KOJIH<J:eeTBO BOeHHO-TeOpeTmeeKOH JIHTeparypb!. ABTopb! Heene,o:oBaJIH HJIH omeJibHble npo6n eMbl Bo-

286 3APO>K,D.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: eHHOrO HCKy CCTBa, HJIH MeTO)lbl o6y-

JieHbi B CTbl'IKaX 11 OTiaCHOCTHX; 1160

( 1664 r. ) . 3TOT TPYA cocrorrT 113 Tpex

qemtH BOHCK, HJIH IlbiTaJII1Cb pa3pa-

cpmKeHHe -

KHHr: rrepBaH -

6aThiBaTb «rJiaBHhie rrpamma BOeR-

rra,[(aH B KOTopyiO HOBWlKH oqeHb Te-

HOM HayKI1» (MoHTeKyKOJI11), «rrp11H-

pHIOTCH» 1.

U11IIbi

BOeHHOrO

cBoeo6pa3HaHI1rpa, rro-

«HaqaJibHbie npaBH-

Jia BOeHHOH HayKH B006IUe» (rrpe,[(CTaBJTHIOT C060ll o6ru11e rpe60BaHHH

11CKyCCTBa»

MHoro BHHMaHHH a BTOpbr YAeJIHJIH sonpocaM cTpoesoro o6yqeHHH B

«npaBifJia Ha BOPIHY c TypKaMH B

I13MeWIJII1Cb ycJIOBI1H Be)leHI1H

nexoTe 11 KOHHHUe {)J;HJ1Jll1X, MoHro-

BeHrpi111» ( rpaKTMqecKH rrJTaH BOHHbl

BOHHbl, B03HI1KaJII1 HOBbie CTpaTerl1-

MepH, Dl1JlJlOH, BaJlbray3eH, Jiaq>a-

HJTH rrpHMeHeHHe o6mux npaBHJl B

qecKMe 06beKTbl, KaKOBbTM H HBJIH-

Tep, oaKray3eH 11 AP· ). H11,[(epJiaH,[(-

KOHKpeTHOH o6cTaHOBKe ); TpeTbH -

JII1Cb He TOJlbKO apM1111 11 <l>JlOTbi, HO

CKHH KarrHTaH-Jlei1TeHaHT fioKceJlb B

«Paccy)f()leHI1e 0 TOM, qTO B IIOCJle)l;-

TaK)f(e KperrOCTH H rropTbT, 6a3bT-Ma-

1668 roAy

HIOIO BeHrepcKyiO BOHHY rrpoH30lliJIO

ra311Hbl 11 6a3bi-Te pp11TOpH11, cyxo-

cKoe BOeHHOe o6yqeHHe», B KOTOpOM

rryTHhTe H MOpCKMe KOMMYHHKaUMM,

o6o6ml1Jl npaKTHKY CBOetl apMHH.

06IU11X 11 'laCTHbiX rrpaBMJT HCTOpHqe-

(oMJIJIOH).

113,[(aJI TPYA «HrrAepJiaH,[(-

BOeHHOrO 11CKyCCTBa); BTOpaa-

1661

ITO

1664

fOA» ( 060CHOBaHHe

yKpenJleHHhie Jiarepa, 6a3bi BOeHHO-

O!I:HOH H3 3a,[(a'l 6hmo onpeAeJie-

MopcKoro q>JioTa. HenpephmHo B03-

HHe ,[(HCTaHU1111 Me)f(ey rnepeHraMH 11

MoHTeKyKoJIH- H)leoJior a6co-

pacTana poJih 11CKYCHoro MaHeBpnpo-

lliHp11Hbi pH)lOB B CTpOIO TIHKI1HepOB.

JIIOTH3Ma. 3a,[(aqa BOeHHOll HayKH, 110

BaHHH BOHCK Ha TeaTpe BOeHHb!X )leH-

Borrpoc IIIeJI o rrpHMeHeHHH COMKHy-

ero MHeH11IO, 3aKJliOqaeTCH B TOM,

CT BHH. Bo3HHKJla 11 pa3BMBaJlaCb

Toro 11 p a30MKHYTOro CrpOH B pa3Jll1q-

qT06bi CITOC06CTBOBaTb ITOBbiiiieHHIO

TeOpHH MaHeBpeHHOH CTpaTerHH.

HblX YCJ10Bl1HX 6oeBOll 06CTaHOBKl1

Y)f(e B

XVI BeKe HeKOTOpbre BOeHHbie

CKOll rrpaKTHKOH).

6oecnOC06HOCT11 apM1111, 6e3 KOTOpOH MOHapxmi rrpll):(e T B yna)lOK. Boi1Hbi

TeOpeTHKH IlbTTaJlHCb OTBeTHTb Ha

AJTH 3axBaTOB 11 pacrnrrpeHHH BJTa,[(e-

BOIIpOC, KOr)la CJie)lyeT BCTynaTb B

HHH HBJIHIOTCH crroco6oM coxpaHeHI1H

peiiii1TeJibHblll 6oii 11 B KaKI1X CJlyqa-

11 yKpenJleHI1H MOHapX1111 B OTHO!lle-

HX IIOJle3Hee B03,[(ep)f(aTbCH OT Hero.

HHH KaK BHeiiiHero, TaK H BHyTpeH-

XVII

seKe ::na npo6JleMa rrpeBpa-

Hero IIOJT11T11qeCKOrO IIOJTO)I{eH11H.

THJlaCb B OAHY 113 OCHOBHb!X B BOeH-

ABTop TpaKTaTa peKoMe HAOBaJT MO-

HOH HayKe.

Hapxy «6ecrrpecTaHHO BO Bceopy)f(HM

1607

roAy B11mreJ1bM OpaH-

6biTb» .

CKHii coBeToBaJl Mopnuy OpaHCKO-

«11Jll1 Tbl ero )l;aBH, 11Jll1 OH Te6H

MY He IIO,!l,BepraTb CBOH .[l,eJla CJlyqaif-

3a,[(aBHT. HM MMJIOCTH, HM rrpomeHMH

HOCTHM cpa)f(eHHH l1 BCryrraTb B 6oii

B 6010 eMy He )l;aBaH, IIO,!l,Jll1HHO Be-

JIH!llb IIOA ,!l,aBJieHHeM KpaifHeH He-

,[(aH, qTO OT Hero B HecqaCTHH CBOeM

o6XO,!l,HMOCTH.

TOM )f(e IIHCaJl B

HM TOrO , HM Apyroro He IIOJTY'IMllib.

«BoeHHOH KHHre» )J;HJIJlHX: «HHKOr-

E)f(eJIM TOJibKO o coxpaHeHI1H HacTo-

.[l,a He no)lBepraii ce6a 6e3 KpaiiHeii

amero BJTa)l;eHI1H cTapaeiiibCH, a o

HY)f(Abi H 6e3 noJlHOH yBepeHHOCTH

rrp116aBJTeHI1I1 3eMeJTb CBOHX He AYM a-

B ycrrexe CJlyqaHHOCTHM c pa)f(eHHH

e iiib, TO 6Jll1CTaHI1e TBOero opy)f(l1H

KaK l1CXOAY HeH3BeCTHOMY H COMHH-

crrepBa IIOTeMHeeT, a ITOTOM y)f(e H

TeJibHOMY, H60 JIY'IIIIe HH'lero He 3a-

p)l{aBeTb cTaHeT. CrrepBa cJiaBa TBOH

BOeBaTb, 'leM IIOTepneTb ypoH H q To-

(aTaKa nexoTbi rr apTHJlJTepnn, orpa-

yMaJTHT CH, a 3aTeM Cf!Jla H BJTaCTb

HH6yAh yTpaTHTh» . B 6on cJle,[(yeT

)f(eHne aTaK KOHHHUbT). I lpHBJTeKaJIH

rrporra)lyT» 1.

BCTynaTb TOJlbKO B 6JlaronpmiTHOH

BHHMaHHe HCCJTe)l;OBaTeJTeii CTpOI1

IlepBeiiiiieii 3a)l;aqeil MOHapxa

06CTaHOBKe .

MYIIIKerepos, a TaK)f(e rrocrpoeHHe 6o-

MoHTeKyKOJlH cqHTaJI 3a6oTy o6 yKperrJieHMM M o6ecrreqeHMM apMMM.

<l>paHUY3 oHJIJIOH

(1612 r.)

6mo

eBoro rropHAKa apM1111 B uenoM. CTpo-

npoTHBOIIOCTaBHJI MaHeBp. OH peKo-

eBoe o6y'leHI1e BOllCK HerrpepbiBHO

«B KOTOpOM rocy):(apcTBe opy)f(Me

MeH,[(OBaJl IIOJIKOBO!l:UY «HHKOr,[(a He

ycJIO)f(HHJIOCb Ha npaKTI1Ke H eme 6o-

rrpOUBeT aeT, TaM HayKM, XY,[(O)f(eCT-

BeCTH CBOIIX COJI,[(aT B cpa)f(eHHe, He

Jiee B Teoprrrr.

Ba, KyrreqeCTBO H BeCb HapOA B 6Jia-

HCIIbiTaB HeCKOJlbKO pa3 l1 He Y3HaB 11X

BonpOCbl BOeHHOfO HCKyCCTBa B

ronoJTyqHOM cocTOHHl111. E)f(e.JTH py-

OCHOBaTeJibHO nepe,[( 3 THM. Jlyqiiie

UeJIOM Harr60Jiee ITOJIHO ,[(JIH CBOero

)f(be p)f(aBeTb, a JTaBpbi yBa ,[(aTb Haq-

nycTh OH, HaCTynaH 11 06XO)lH Heiip11-

BpeMeHrr 113JIO)f(HJII1 MoHTeKyKoJII1 11

HyT, TO HH 6e30IIaCHOCTH, HH CHJibl,

HTeJIH, yToMHT ero, ocHJlHT rr npeB03-

<l>eKMep.

MO)f(eT, qeM ,[(OBep11TCH H e BepHOM Y cqaCTblO cpa)f(eHHH, KOTOpoe -

HH CJTaBbT, HH My)f(eCTBa, HH rrpHMO-

M o H TeKyKoJII1 o6o6m11JI cBoiO

CTOJlb

6oraTyiO 6oeByiO rrpaKmKy B TpyAe

onacHoe ,[(eJio, qTo B Hero n ycKaThCH

« fJTaBHbie npaBHJia BOeHHOH H ayKH»

MO)f(HO JlMWb IIO,!l, .[l,aBJleHHeM KpaHHeH He06XO,!l,HMOCTH 11 Jli1Illb IIOCJle TOrO, KaK COJI,[(aTbi 6yAyT rrp11y'leHbi 11 3aKa-

1/(eJtb6pmK CTBa.

r. HcTopHH noennoroHcKyc-

M., 1938. C. 265.

ro CTIOKOMCTBHH B rocyAapCTBe H e 6yAeT>>.

' 3auHCKH Pai1MOH;.ta rpa(]Ja MoHrcKyKoJm , HJTH rJTannhie npanHJTa noennoi1nay1m. -

M., 1760. C. 225.

fJlABH bl E TEH)J.EH U.Vl V1

287

«He AYMalt,- IIHIIIeT MoHTeK)lKOJIH,-

q"fO

B 6e3opy)KHOM COCTOll-

Kr.tpacr.tpbl. XVII a.

HHH Thl AOJirO B IIOKOe OC'nlHeiiihCll.

Xon~ Thl HHKoro He 3aTpoHeiiih, HO Te6e COCeAH H CBOH JIIOAH B IIOKOe )KHTh He AaAYT. EcnH BHeiiiHero rrpoTHBHHKa He OKIDKeTCll, TO Ha<JHYTCll BHyTpeHHHe MSlTe)KH.

3To

y)Ke BCe-

06ll.IHi:t 3aKOH Ha CBeTe, "'TO HHKaKrui Bell.lh, H HH eAHHOe AeJIO IIOA COJIHl.leM B OAHOM COCTOSlHHH He 6hlBaeT, HO BCeM)' BpeMH H He06XOAHMrui nepeMeHa: OAHOMY ssepx, ApyroMy BHH3 HATH, CeM)' pocTH, a TOMY MaJI HThCSl AOJIJKHO». MoHTeKyKoJIH peKoMeHAOBaJI MOHapxy HMeTh «BeqHyiO», KaK OH Ha3h1Ba.JI, T. e. IIOCTOSlHHYIO, apMHIO, Ha.JIH<JHe KOTopot:t asnaeTCa 3aJioroM ycneiiiHOro HCXOAaBOi:tHhl. «KCOAep)KaHHIO rocyAapcTBaABe semH Ha,Ao6Hhi: 3eMJieAeJihl.lhi Aa coJIAaThl. 3eMJieAeJihl.lhi Ha rrpoKopMJieHHe scero rocyAapcTBa, a soi:tcKo Ha o6opoHy xne6onaiiiues». B CBH3H c 3THM IIOAroTOBKa K BOi:tHe CKJia,AhlBaeTCSl H3 AByx COCTaBHhlX <JaCTei:t: «PopMHpOBaHHll IIOCTOllHHOi:t apMHH H 3aKJia,AKH Mara3HHOB AJISl o6ecrre<JeHHSl ee BCeM He06XOAHMhiM. 3a,Aa<Ja apMHH 3aKJIIO<JaeTCll B TOM, q"f06hi BeCTH BOi:tHy H AOCTHrHYTh no6eAhl. «Boi:tHa ecTh Aei:tcTBHe ABYX M~Y co6o10 pa3J1HqHhlMH cnoco6aMH BOIOIOII.IHX apMHi:t, a o6eHX HaMepeHHe K nony<JeHHIO no6eAhi KJI OH HTCll». MoHTeK)lKOJIH o6paman: masHoe

KpeiiKOe CJIO)KeHHe, 3ApaBhii:t yM,

BH3HH. foJIOA ropa3)J.O CBHpenee opy-

BHHMaHHe Ha«PH3H<JeCKOe COCTOllHHe

cpeAHHe Jie'nl («BeJIHKrui MOJIOAOCTh

)KHSl, H HeAOCTaTOK B Cl>eCTHhiX IIpH-

COJIAaT, KOTOphle AOJI)KHhl, 6hiTh

He HMeeT MYAPOCTH H rrpaKTHKH, a B CTapoM qeJIOBeKe )KHBOCTH H rrpo-

JIH 6aTa.JIHH. Mo)KHO HaltTH cpeACTBa

CoJIAaT Ha,AO pacrrpeAeJIHTh no non-

BOpCTBa HeT» ), 3HaTHOCTh poAOM.

AJIH rrpoqHX IIpHKJIIOqeHHi:t, HO HeT

KaM H poTaM, o6MyHAHpOBaTh, BO-

IlpHo6peTeHHhiMH

crroco6a B rrpeAOTBpameHHH HeAO-

opy)KHTh H o6y<JHTh. «KaK JIIOAH 6y-

MoHTeK)lKOJIH cqHTan: cJieAYIOII.IHe:

cTaTKa IIHII.IH;

AYT soopy)KeHhl, TO Ha,A06Ho HM

«1. MyApocTh, rrpaBAa, CHJia H B03-

IIaChi 3a6narospeMeHHO He rrpHroTOB-

y<JHThCH, a 6e3 y<JeHHH Heperynap-

Aep)KaHHe.

Haa apMHH, Aa 6ecnopHAO<JHhii:t

opHH (HaCJihliiiKa, qTeHHe) H IIO

CTpoi:t 6yAeT». 06y<JeHHe OH IIOApa3-

IIpa!>.'"fHKe (HaAeJie); HCK)!CCTBO Kpac-

CoJIAaT H o4lH1.1epos Ha TII)KeJihli:t

AeJISlJ1 Ha OAHHOqHoe H B COCTaBe

HO rOBOpHTh H pa3yMHO KOMaHAO-

TPYAAOJIJKHhl BAOXHOBJISlTh sceo6mee

IIOApa3)J.eJieHHi:t.

BaTh».

ysiDKeHHe H xopoiiiHe MaTepHan:hHhle

II pH Bhl<JHhl K TSl)KeJihlM pa6oTaM.

CBOi:tCTBaMH

BoeHHaH HayKa noTe-

rracax 6onee pa3opaeT apMHH, He',Ke-

KOIJ~,a

Cl>eCTHhle IIpH-

JieHhi, TO BOi:tCKO II06HTO 6e3 Cpa)KeHHSl».

YcneiiiHhie Aei:tcTBHH Ha soi:tHe so

ApTHJIJiepHIO MoHTeK)lKOJIH Ha-

ycJIOBHSl. «fAe COJIAary IIO<JTeHHSl HeT,

MHO roM 3aBHCllT OT JIH<JHhiX KaqecTB

3BaJI «rJiaBHei:tiiiei:t MaiiiHHOi:t ap-

Tillvt sea apMHll B npe3peHHH». AsTOp

reHepan:oB, KOTOphle HMeiOT IIpHpOA-

MHH».

'IpaK'nlTa OTMeTHJI xopoiiiyiO orrnary soeHHoi:t cn~6hl B McrraHHH, B TOM

Hhie AaposaHHH H npHo6peTeHHhle

BonpocaM cHa6)KeHHH apMHH as-

CBOi:tCTBa. IlpHpOAHhle AapoBaHHSl,

TOp YAeJIHJI 6oJihiiioe BHHMaHHe. OH

qHcJie

no MHeHHIO MoHTeKyKoJIH,- 3TO

IIHCa.JI: «l1MeiOII.IHi:t CeKpeT )KHTh 6e3

)KaJIOBaHHeM )KeHhi H AeTei:t yMepiiie-

CKJIOHHOCTh K BOi:tHe, 3AOpOBOe H

IIHII.IH MO)KeT HATH Ha BOi:tHy 6e3 rrpo-

ro o4lH1.1epa HJIH COJIAaTa>>.

Harp~eHHe

«IIOJIOBHHHhlM

289

rnABHbiE TEHAEHUJtll!l BOEHIIAH CMCfEMA fYCTABA II A)J,OJib<J)A, OKOJIO

Korp,a B

1631 r.

1611

rop,y rycTaB

Ap,onbcfJ B3owen Ha TPOH Wseu,vrvr , WBe/],CK8>1 apMM>I >1Bfl>lfl8Cb cna6oi1,

MeliKHM, <jJpaHIIY3CKHM H HTaJibHH-

ITO.[( ITCKOBOM B 1615 ro.[(y, IIOCJie KO-

CKI1M ), BIIOCJie,ll,CTBI1II II3Y411Jl IIOJib-

TOpOH 6bi.JIO peweHO ocyw,eCTBI1Tb

CKI1H H pyccKHii H3hiKH. CTaparenhHO

peopraHI13a~IIIO WBe,ll,CKOH apMI111.

Y'IIIJICH M MHOro 'l!1Ta.JI. KceHoljloHT,

fycTaB II AJ\OJibtP rrpo,ll,OJI)J(aJJ rro-

CeHeKa H fyro fpolllltl: 6br.JIH ero .JII0-

JIHTHKY CBOHX rrpe.[(IDeCTBeHHHKOB,

6IIMbiMII aBTOpaMII. 06CT051TeJibHO

IIOJIHTIIKY CO.[(eHCTBIIH pa3BIITIIIO

II3yqarr IICTOpiiiO, Ha3biBaH ee «HaCTaB-

BHernHell: ToproBJIH II 3axsaTa ycTbeB

HIIlleii )J(H3HII».

peK, BIIa,l],aromiix B EaJITMHCKoe Mope.

C 12 JieT fycTaB

II A.):(o.Jlbljl Ha'larr

)l,JIH ocymeCTBJieHIIH TaKOH IIOJIIITII-

nnoxo opraHM30BaHHoi1, nnoxo cHa-

BOeHHYIO C.JIY)J(6y pH.[(OBbiM. 0.[(HOBpe-

KH He06XO.[(HMO 6biJIO C03.[(aTb CHJib-

p>!)l(eHHOCi, a KOM8H/],OB8HMe 6bifl0

MeHHO IIpiiCYTCTBOBaJI Ha 3aCe.[(aHlliiX

HYIO apMIIIO.

HM)I(e BC>IKOM KpMTMKM. nepaeCiwy/0

rocy.D:apCTBeHHOrO COBeTa, 'ITO CIIO-

B lle.JIHX y.nyqrrreHHH Ka'leCTB oljln-

CB0/0 38/1,8'/Y (yCTaB If A/J,OnbcfJ BMP,en

C06CTBOBaJIO ero IIOJIHTH'leCKOMY pa3-

llepcKoro COCTaBa IDBe.[(CKHe .[(BOpH-

B npoBeP,eHMM BOeHHOM pecfJopMbl.

BJITHIO.

B 1611 roey OH IIOJIYtfHJl B KO-

He TTpHH)')J(.[(aJIHCb CJiy)J(HTb B apMHH.

COOTBeTCTBMM C He/0 o6y'leHMe

MaH,Il,OBaHI1e He6oJihwoii OTPHA H B

KaK CTI1MYJJ K BOeHHOii cJiy)J(6e ABO-

nM'IHOro cocTaaa CTano HenpepbJB-

,ll,aTCKO-wBe,ll,CKoii BOiiHe rrpornen nep-

pHHCTBY 6biJIII rrpe,ll,OCTaBJieHbi llliipO-

HbiM, H8'1MH8>1 C npM3b/B8 peKpyTOB

BYIO 6oeByro rrpaKmKy, rrpoHBIIB cMe-

H8 Cfly)l(6y. l.(acTO npOM3BO/],MflMCb

JIOCTb II HaXOA'liiBOCTb.

MaHeBpbl -

roey yMep ero OTell II 16-JieTHIIH IOHO-

C Y'I8CTV1eM K8K MeflKMX,

TaK M KpynHbiX nop,pa3p,eneHMM. nop,-

3TOM )J(e

rna 6biJI rrpoBo3rJiaweH KopoJieM.

KHe 3KOHOMII'leCKHe H IIOJIHTH'leCKHe npiiBIIJiernn. )l,o6pOBOJibHaH Bep60BKa COJI.[(aT B lllBe,ll,CKOll apMIIII 6biJia BOCIIOJIHe-

p,ep)I(V788fl8Cb CTpOra>l /],MCU,MnflMHa;

B ,ll,aJibHeiirneM lllBe,ll,cKMii KopoJib

Ha IIpiiHYAMTeJibHbiM Ha6opOM IIO yc-

e)l(eMeC>I'IHO KOM8HP,Mp K8)/(/],0rO OT-

OBJia.[(eBaJI BOeHHbiM HCKYCCTBOM Ha

MOTpeHHIO MeCTHbiX BJiaCTeM. )l,JIH

p>i/1,8 38'1MTb/B8fl CBOMM nO/],'IMHeH-

rrpaKTIIKe, B XO.[(e BOHH C .IJ:amieH,

3TOM IJ,e.JIII IIpH IIOMOIIIH AYXOBeHCTBa

Hb/M BoeHHbJCi Kop,eKc. HapyweHM>I

IloJihrrretl: H Poccnetl:. OH yqacTBoBaJI

ITO BCeM CYpaHe 6bTJIH COCTaBJieHbl IIO-

ycmaa cTporo Kapanvrcb, vr wse.n.c-

B 60HX, 6biJI Xpa6pbiM COJI.[(aTOM, IIO-

CeMeMHbie CIIHCKH BCeX MY)J('IHH

KMe BOeHHOCflY)I(8!4Me Cfl8BMflMCb

JJYY.I1Jl HeCKOJibKO paHeHIIH, B 1632

CTaprue 15 JleT. 3TO 6biJ1Il CbiHOBbH

nose.n.eHvreM, HexapaKTepHo npvr-

ro,ll,y B 6010 IIO,Il, JliO~eHOM 6b1Jl y6HT.

KpeCTbHH 11 610prepOB, KOTOpble 06-

0T,I],eJibHbie Hey,l],a'III Ha IIOJie 60H He

pa3 0BaJ1II HaliiiOHaJJbHOe HAPO Boopy-

rroBeprarrii ero B YHbiHHe, a 3acTaB-

)J(eHHhrx CIIJI illBeliHH.

M epHbiM ,ll,fl>l BOMCK TOrO BpeMeHM.

IT A.D:OJibtP rro.nyqn.JI eme B

JIHJIH BbiHBJIHTb IIpH'IHHbi TaKOBbiX H

0.[(HaKO lllBe.[(CKHe BOMCKa He HB-

.[(eTCTBe xopornyro ljJII3WiecK)'IO 3aKarr-

ycTpaHHTb IIX. Oco6o cJie.[(yeT OTMe-

JIHJIIICb IIOJIHOCTbiO HaliHOHaJibHOM

Ky, BOCIIHTaHHe B npOTeCTaHTCKOM

TI1Tb HeyAa'ly fycTaBa

fycTaB

AAOJlbljla

apM11eii. KaK OTMe'laeT P10croB, «OHH

Ayxe 11 3Ha•mTeJibHOe o6pa3oBaHne. OH rrpOHBJillJI CKJIOHHOCTb II crroco6Hocm K tPII3li'IeCKIIM yrrpa:>KHeHIDIM

rnatJNOHOMOII8T~UU

(6er, IIpbDKKIIII T. II.), BJia.[(eHIIIO opy)J(fJeM H BepxoBotl: e3.[(e. EoJiblliiiM TPYAOM 11 HaCTOH'i11BOCTbiO KOpOJib ,ll,OCTHr COBeprrreHCTB KaBaJiepiiCTa, rrpoHBJIHH JIOBKOCTb 11 cMeJJOCTb. YnopHoe ljJH3ll'leCKOe BOCITHTaHMe o6ecnetrn.JIO eMY xoporrree 3JJ:OpOBhe, 6o.D:pOCTh, HeYTOMHMOCTb B pa60Te, TBep,ll,OCTb xapaKTepa. CTaB

IOHowecKoM B0 3paCTe fy-

Tpa~il~ ~

(512-628Kaii.JrtJ

T no

~ ~ I

A.):(oJibtP 6biJI ropH'l, BCIIbiJib-

'li1B, CJie,ll,CTBMeM qero HBJIHJiaCb nocnelllHOCTb B peweHlliiX, HO 3aTeM

(12$/IOH.)

Hay<rn.JICH BJia,l],eTb co6oll: II CTaparrcH 6hiTb crrpaBe.[(JIHBbiM. CKpbiTHOCTb H MHIITeJibHOCTb OTCYTCTBOBaJIH B ero xapaKTepe.

Honu~~ecmeo nexomHbli

5yAyw,Hi1 KopoJib lliBe~I1H ew,e B .[(eTCTBe rrpoHBHJI r.JIY60KHM

YM,

oT-

JIWlH)'IO IIaMHTb H IlbiJIKOe B006pa)J(eHI1e.

6puzaa u HaBantpuiicKUI non/loB onpeaunnon o6~tU

fUCAtiiNOCmbiO

ntxomw u KOIIHU,.., • apMUU

12-JieT HeM B03pacTe OH cBo-

60AHO BJia,ll,eJl IIHTbiO 11HOCTpaHHbiMI1 H3biKaMH (JiaTMHCKIIM, ,l],aTCKIIM, He-

OpraHIII3ai..IIHI wBeACKoi'i apMIIIIII. nepaaSJ nonoa111Ha XVII a.

290

3APO>K)J.EHII1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErll1111111 TAKTII1KII1. 1600-1700 rr. Ha orHeaoi1 MOW,/11. OH npi!IMeHHn pa3pa60TaHHYIO /IICnaH[4aM/II TeXH/11KY «8CTpeLfHOrO Mapwa » -

KOr/],a

MywKeTepbl nepaoro p>I/J,a, npo1!13Be/1,H3ann, oTc-rynan/11 B Tbln Kape nepe3ap>I/1,/11Tb opy)/(111e; HO, nocKonbKY npo[4ecc nepe3apH)J(aHIIIfl y/J,anocb yCKOpi!ITb, /yCTaB CyMen He TOnbKO COKpaT/IITb Lf/IICnO p>l/1,08 /1,0 WeCT/11, HO 111 YABOIIITb orHeBy/0 MOW,b 3anna: CTpenfln/11 cpa3y /],8a p>l/],a MYWKeTepOB. 5onee mro, MaHeap ocyw,ecTBnHnCH TaK/IIM o6pa30M, LfTO CTpoft npo/J,BIIIra ncH anepe/1,; 9TO 6blfllll y>Ke He npocTo 3annbl,

no CYTIII, orHe-

aoi1 aan - no/1,B/II)J(HOi13arpa/1,111TenbHbli1 oroHb. nepe3apfl)/(afl opy)J(I!Ie,

5oesoiii nopSIAOK pOTbl WBeACKOiii apMI!II!I. XVII B.

MYWKeTepbl HaX0/1,/IIn/IICb nO/], 3aW,/IITOi1 KOneftW,IIIKOB. no3)J(e 0/HeBaf/

COCTOH.Ill1 H3 JliOJJ,eH BCeX CTpaH; MeHb-

Hb/X 60e8b/X /1,ei1CT8/IIf/X 6aTanbOHa

rnyiO 'laCTb COCTaBJlliJlll lllBeJJ,bl, 60Jlb-

OH/11 yLfaCT/11>1 He npi!IH/IIMan/11.

MOW,b 3anna B03pocna ew,e a nonTapa pa3a: 0/],HOBpeMeHHO CTpenfl-

rnyiO HeMUI>T, aHTJlTT'IaHe, lllOTJlaHJJ,IJbT,

CoLfeTafl B CBOIIIX 6aTanboHax

<PpaHTTY3hi. BoiicKa KOMTTJleKTOBaJIHCh

MYWKeTepOB C KOneftW,I!IKaM/11, OC-

nocne TaKoro Tpoi1Horo 3anna

II A,a,onbcjJ 11.enan

MywKeTepbi /],On)J(HbJ6bJnlll nepe3apH-

TTOCTOIDiHO H3 3THX CTpaH»

1•

lilBeJJ,-

H08HOM ynop /ycma

n/11 He /J,Ba, a Tplll p>I/J,a.

CKa51 apMH51 OT OCTaJihHbiX HaeMHbiX BOHCK OTJlH'!aJiaCb TeM, 'ITO OHa HMe-

Jla HaiJHOHaJibHOe 51JJ,p0 H OQJHTJepCKHH COCTaB 113 JJ:BOpiDI-TliBeJJ,OB. IlpH BbiCa.JJ:Ke B repMaHHH

(1630 r.)

TTTBeJJ:bl

Ill

COCTaBJTHJHI JTHTTTh TTOJTOBHHY COCTaBa

111111

apMHH. 3aTeM 3TO COOTHOllleHHe H3'lHCJleHHOCTll lllBeJJ,OB 11 yBeJIH'!eHHH pa3HOTTJleMeHHbiX HaeMHHKOB.

I I I I I I I I I I I I

5a308b/M TaKH1LfeCK/IIM nO/],pa3/),eneH/IIeM apMIII/11 lycm8a H8nHnCH

Ill

6aTanbOH, HaCLf/IITb/8a8W/IIM 8 C80eM W,IIIK08 Ill

Lfeno8eK:

111111

nexoTa

cocm8e 408

MeHHJlOCb B CTOpOHy yMeHbllleHHH

216

192 MYWKeTepa.

KOnei1-

Ill

t 111111

Ill

np11160e -

Ill

Ha cjJnaHrax- no 96 Lfeno8eK, TaK)J(e MywKeTepbl. Ka)/(-

/J,OMY 6aTanbOHy /],OnOnHI!ITenbHO /113

3-4

111111

Ill

ni!ICb 8 wecTb p>l/1,08 Konei1w,IIIKIII, a

nplll/1,a8an111Cb e w,e

IIIII I

Ill

80M nocTpOeH/11/11 8 [4eHTpe CTa8/ll-

8 wecTb p>l/1,08 -

Ill

111111

Ill

96 MYWKeTep08.

IIIII I 111111

Ill

6aTanbOH08 COCTa8nflnaCb

CbMpcl>eHneiMH

6p111ra/1,a . nocKOnbKY /],OnOnHIIITenbHble MYWKeTepbl LfaCTO /IICnOnb308ani!ICb/],flfl 8b/CTa8neH/IIfl a8aHnOCT08, pa38e/],K/II /II np., Hepe/],KO 8 OCH08-

MywKeTepbl

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Q.

12BPRA

1P10cmoe. IfcTopmr rrexoThi. T. II. CII6., 1876. C. 4.

n/IIKIIIHepbl

:::: :::: :::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::: :::: :::: ~ :::: :::: :::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::: :::: :::: ~ •••• •••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••• •••• co 32BPRA

293

IIlABHbiE TEHAEHL.J.ll1ll1

CTBOBaHbl CO CTOpOHbl - ,D,a Ill He OH O,ll,I!IH 3aHI!IMaflCR ycoaepweHCTBOBaHIIIRMM a ,D,aHHoiii o6nacTIII. O,D,HaKO HIIIKTO ,D,pyroiii He npeo,D,onen CTOflb yaepeHHO pa3pb!Ba Me)/(,LJ,y 3aMb/CflOM Ill BOnflOl11,eHI!IeM; HIIIKTO ,D,pyrofii CTOflb ycneWHO He MHTerpMpoaan HOBaTOpCKI!Ie HaXO,IJ,K/11 B U,eflbHY/0 CMCTeMy, OCH0Bb/Ba/Ol1f,y/OCR Ha

WBeACKaR apMIIIR B niiiHeiiiHoM nocTpoeHIIIIII. XVII B.

flfiiLIHO pa3pa60TaHHOM Ha6ope OCHOBOnanara/Ol11,/IIX npi!IHU,Mnoa. lye-

II A,!J,anb</J ,D,06111flCR MHOroro:

npOH3BOJl,HJIH KOHHHl(a 11 apTHJJJJe-

KOTOpOrO Jl,OJl)!{eH 6b1Jl HaHeCTH yJ],ap

TaB

plHI. Tenepb, KaK npaB11JIO, nexoTa 11

nanKoii no cnHHe HaKa3hiBaeMoro.

yaenwmn y,D,apHy/0 MOW.b Kaneiiil11,111-

KOHH11Ua He Bbl)leJI5IJI11Ch B pe3epB,

KOB Ill KOHH/IIlJ,b/111 OrHeay/0 -

TaK KaK 3TO ocna6mmo 6hi 6oeByro

no cMepTb, HO fycTaB

JlllH1110.

TaJICH 3aMaCKIIpOBaTb 3TY 3BepcKyiO

6MnbHoiii, a fli!IHeMHbiM CTpofii -

Mepy HaKa3aHMH. OH rosop1111, 'ITO

nee r1116KIIIM 111 onepaTIIIBHee peariii-

HhiM IIOCTpOeH11HM UIBeJl,CKOH apM1111

pyKa rranaqa 6eclJ:eCTIIT con.IJ:aTa II

PYIOW.IIIM Ha np1!1Ka3bl KOMaH,D,I!Ipa; OH

ee IIpOTHBHHKH BbiCTpaHBaJTHCb 110-

HaKa3aHHhrn rrana'loM He MO)!{eT rrpo-

pa3pew111n npo6neMy cna)l(eHHoro

npe)!{HeMy KOJIOHHaMH HJIH Kape nO

.IJ:OJl)!{aTh CJ1y)!{6y ; TOBapHLUeCKaH

,D,efiiCTBMR pa3Hb/X pO,D,OB BOMCK Ill

30 wepeHr B my611Hy. TaKHM 6oeBhiM

pyKa CBOero COJl.IJ:aTa He y6HBaeT COJl-

c,D,enan Kfl/O'Ieaoiii <jJ111rypoiii a 6010

IIOpHJ],KaM WBe)l,CKaH apTHJTJiepHH Ha-

.IJ:aTCKOH 'leCTII.

npoTHBOnOJJO)!{HOCTh JJHHeti-

6oJibillHHCTBe cnyqaeB 3To 03Ha'la-

II A.IJ:OJib<j:J IIbi-

MYWKe-

Tepoa; OH C,D,enan apTI!Innepi!IIO M0-

6o-

KOMaH,D,IIIpa Manoro no,D,pa3,D,ene-

II A,D,onb<jJe

HOCHJTa 6oJThmiie rroTepii. HoBbie rre-

HMR. ii1MeHHO a /ycmae

XOTHhie 60eBble nOpHJ],KH WBe)J.OB

Hawna Halll6onee nonHoe Bblpa)/(e-

60Jibille OTBe'-!aJill CBOHCTBaM HOBO-

OrHeCTpeJThHOfO opy)!{IDI, HO OHH

HMe Ha'laawaRcR a cepe,D,MHe 50flbWMHCTBO HOBWeCTB, npM-

XVII

BeKa peBOfl/OlJ,IIIR BOeHHOrD ,D,ena -

COCTOHJIII II3 o6opOHIITeJThHhiX 6aTa-

BHeCeHHb/X lycmaoM

II A,D,anb<jJOM a

XOTR B nOnHy/0 ClllflY peBOfl/OU,IIIR pa3-

JlbOHOB 11 6b1Jl11 TaKllM o6pa30M, npo-

BO e HHOe ,D,eno, H e RBflRflMCb era

aepHynacb }/)Ke TOflbKO nplll JliO,D,OBM-

HH3aHbl 060pOHHTeJibHbiMH TeH)l,eH-

M306peTeHIIIRMM, a 6blfllll na3aMM-

KeXIV.

l(HHMH. OueHHBaH wBeACKHe 6oeBhie IIOpH.IJ:KII, COBpeMeHHIIKH Ha3hiBaJTH HX IIO.IJ:BII)!{HbiMII yKperrJieHIIHMII. Csoro o6opoHHTeJJhHYIO CHJJY wBeAcKaH 6pHrMa ycliJIHBana nepeHOCHhiMII liCKYCCTBeHHbiMII rrpemiTCTBIIHMII, rrpeHMyiUeCTBeHHO IICIIaHCKIIMII poraTKaMH. Tpe6oBaHHH CJJO)!{HbiX nepecTpoeHIIii II OTJIH'lHOfO o6pameHHH Copy)!{HeM npHBeJJH K He06XOJl,HMOCTI1 CHCTeMaTH'-IeCKOH CTpOeBOH nO)l,fOTOBKll, Ha KOTopyro fycTaB

AAOJih<j:J

o6paman oco6oe BHHMaHHe. lllse)l,cKaH apMHH o6yqanach nocTpoiiKe IIOJieBhiX yKperrJieHHH II B Te'leHIIe HeCKOJTbKHX 'laCOB C03.IJ:aBaJla nOJleBble n03111(11H , 3a KOTOpblMll yKphrBaJIHCh opyAHH. IIoHBHJiach He06XO.IJ:IIMOCTb B HaBeCHOH CTpeJib6e, .IJ:JIH qero B COCTaB apTHJIJiepiiii BIIOCJle.IJ:CTBIIII 6hiJ1II BKJTTO'leHbi MOpTIIphi. C l(eJJbiO yKpenJleHHH Jl,HCl(HnJJHHbl B IIIBe)l,CKOH apMHH BBO.IJ:IIJTOCh HaKa3aH He WnHUpyTeHaMH. npoBHHHBwerOCH nponycKaJlH CKB03b AByx wepeHO)!{Hhiii CTpoii, Ka)!{)J.blH COJl)],aT

KonoHHa wBeACKOJii apMIIIIII B 6010 np111lleiiim-11111"e. XVII B.

294

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

PAHQY3CKAH

CHCTEMA JIIO)J;OBHKA XIV 3a cronerue, Ha npormKeHMM KOTOporo y BflaCTM HaXO,aMflMCb JlFO,aOBMKXIfl ( 1610-1643 rr.) MJlFO,aOBMK XIV( 1643-1715 rr.), lj>paHU.Y3cKaR apMMR CMeHMna MCnaHCJ<YIO B Ka'4eCTBe ,aOMMHMPYIO~e/1 eeponeWCKOW cyxonyTHOW CMflbl. npu noMO~M cnoco6HbiX MMHMCTPOB 9TM .aea MOHapxa cyMenu 6ecnpeu.e-

,aeHTHO YCMflMTb U.eHTpanM30BaHHYIO BnaCTb M Mero.awmo no.aaBMTb BCIO BHyTpeHH/010 onn03MU.MIO6y,ab TO HenOKOpHbJe npMHU.bl KpOBM MflM npoTeCTaHTCKOe penMrM03HOe MeHbWMHCTBO, ryreHOTbl. 8 HenpepbJBHbiX KOHlj>nMKTBX, KaK BHyTpeHHMX, TaK M BHeWHMX, rnaB<J>paH... Y3CIOte nexOTHH,_bl apeMeN TpHA,.aTHneTHej;i aoj;iHbl

Hb/M MHCTpyMeHTOM KOponeBCKOW eonu- «nocne.aHMM .aoeo.aoM Koponew»- RBnRnacb apMMR. Kor.aa Ha npecron B3owen JlFO.aoBMK XIII, lj>paHU.Y3CKOW apMMM npaKTM'4eCKM He cy~ecreoeano; K 1693 ro.ay, B 3eH&-~Te pacu.eera, '4&-~cneHHOCTb ee.aocrurana 440 TbJCR'4 '4enoeeK. Bo3maenRnu ee ranaHmueewwue nonKoeo.aU.bJ, B roM '4Mcne Ben&-~KMW TFOpeHH, BenMKMW KoH.ae, repu.or J1FOKceM6yprcKMW M K.no.a flyM 3KTop .ae Bunnap; ee yea)l(anu u 6oRnucb. <PpaHU.Y3CKMW BOeHHO-MOPCKOW lj>nor, KOTOPbJW 3a6omueo necroeanu cnepea Puwenbe, a noroM Konb6ep, raFOKe nepe)I(UBan B03po)l(.ll.eHMe.Bnpo'4eM,nou.enoMypR.aynpu'4MH OH TaK M He CyMen cpaBHRTbCR CO CBOMM maBHb/M conepHMKOM aHmMWCKMM - HM no MO~M, HM no npolj>eCCUOHanbHOMY YPOBHIO MOPRKOB. <PpaHU.Y3CKaR apMMR no3aMMCTBOBana y WBe,aCKOW 6a30BYIO e,a&-~HMU.Y neXOTHOW apMMU - 6araflbOH (MflM nonK), '4UCfleHHOCTbiO OT 600 .ao 800 '4enoeeK. B 6010 6aranbOH BbJcrpaueanu, KaK npaeuno, B O,aHy flMHMIO, B WeCTb pR,aOB- B LJ.eHTpe CTaBMflMCb KOneW~MKM, aHa lj>naHrax- MYWKerepbJ; no lj>poHTY raKoe nocrpoeHue 3aH&-~Mano oKono 100 Merpoe, a 6aranbOHbl craeunucb B WaXMaTHOM nopR,aKe, HanoMMHaFO~eM pUMCKOe nocrpoeHMe quincunx ( '4eTbJpe orpR.aa no ymaM Kea.apara, nRTbJW- B u.eHTpe). )J,ee rperu ecero nu'4Horo cocraea RBnRnucb MYWKeTepaMM; '4aCTb MX BbJ,aenRnacb,aflfl no.a.aep)I(KM orHeM Kaeanepuu. npu nocrpoeHMM npoMe)I(}ITOK Me)l(,ay 6aranbOHaMM ,aOfl)l(eH 6bm .aocrurarb npu6nM3&-~renbHO rex )l(e 100 Merpoe- '4T06bJ Momu npowru 6aranbOHbJ eropow nMHMM (BbiCTpOeHHOW, KaK npaeuno, MeTpax B 300-400 3a nepeow). Pe3epe noMe~ancR3a eropow nuHuew, e~e e.aeoe .aanbwe. Kor.aa Ha npecron B3owen !110.aoBMK XIV, eo lj>paHU.Y3CKow apMMM HaC'4MTbJBanOCb 139 nonKOB, 20M3 KOTOpbJX 6bJnM MHOCTpaHHb/MM, a npMMepHO 30 - KaBanepMWCKMMM. Ho BOMHCKaR ,aMCU.Mnn&-~Ha npe6bJBana B COCTORHMM COBepweHHO 38'4aT0'4HOM, U KOMaH,aOBaHMe 6bJnO no-

IJlABHbiE TEH)J,EHL.J,I/1111

295 acex noTeHf411anbHbiX conepHMKOa . Y,lll1ai1TeflbHO, O,l!HaKO HI1KTO M3 3TMX conepHMKOB, noxo)l(e, -

HM }?Ke no-

CTpa,llaawl1e MCn8Hf4bl, HM aOMHCTBeHHble , 113o6peTaTenbHble ronnaH.llf4bl- He OC03Haaan, B 'leM KpOeTCR CeKpeT aHrnl1iiiCKOrO ycnexa : T. e . He Of4eHMfl nO,llflMHHOrO 3Ha'leHMR orHeaoiii MO~I1 6opToaoro 3anna. A nocKonbK}I a nepaoiii nonoa11He XVII aeKa KpynHb/X MOpCKI1X CTOflKHOaeHMiJI He npOMCXO,lll1flO, aHTnl1'1aHaM He npe,liCTaBflRflOCb B03M0)1(H0CTI1 ycoaepweHCTaOBaTb Ca0/0 aOeHHOMOpCK}I/0 ,liOKTpi1HY, KaM -

11X conepHI1-

nOy'IMTbCR.

Cy~ecTaeHHbiM

OTKpbiTI1eM,

C,llenaHHbiM a nepaoiii nonoaMHe onMCblaaeMoro aeKa, - cy,l!R no aceMy, T8K)I(e 8HTni1'18HaMI1, - 6blfl CnOC06 raCMTb OT,lla'ly KOpa6enbHOTO opy,lii1R K8HaT8MM T8KI1M o6pa30M, 'IT06bl nywKa nocne abiCTpena OTbe3)1(ana OT opy,lll1il1Horo nopm M ocC!>paH~y3CKIIIe MywKeTepbl.

TaHaanMaanacb H8 ,liOCTaTO'IHOM OT

XVII s.

Hero paCCTORHI1M, 'IT06bl ee MO)I(HO cTaaneHo M3 pyK BOH nnoxo. Peop-

Kaaanep1110 JliO,liOBMKa XIV co-

6bmo nerKo n epe3apR,li11Tb . npe)l(,lle

raHM3af411etlt 11 nepeo6y'leHI1eM ap-

cTaanRnl1 )l(aH,llapMbl (TR)I(enaR KOH-

,llnR 6opb6bl C OT,lla'leill opy,l!MR )l(eC-

MI1M 3aHRnCR MapKM3 ,lie Jlyaya . Pa-

HMf4a), Kapa6MHepbl, nerKaR KOHHI1-

TKO KpenMfli1Cb K wnaHrOyraM. TaKI1M

3ocnaa a aOMCKa 'leTKMM Ha6op

t4a 11 ,llparyHbl. Kapa6MHepbl, KOTO-

o6pa30M, nepe38pR)I(aTb MX a pa3rap 6oR npe,llcTaanRnocb ,llenoM

npe,llnl1caHMM, OH npeceK caoeao-

pbiX K MCXO,lly aeKa HaC'II1Tb/a8fl0Cb

nl1e noneab/X KOMaH,ll11pOB; HO O,li-

OKano Tpex TbiCR'I, 6bmM aoopy)/(e-

'lpe3abl'laiiiHO CflO)I(HbiM, eCnM He

HI1M 3TI1M TanaHTbl era OTH/0/l,b He

Hbl Hape3Hb/MM Kapa6MHaMM M nana-

CKa3aTb HeB03MO)I(Hb/M . OTC/0,[1,8 M

11C'Iepnb/BanMCb." OH MO,liW/JI1f411pO-

waMI1; ,llparyHbii1Cnonb30B8nl1 Myw-

aan aC/0 CMCTeMy ynpaaneHI1R -

KeT CO WTb/KOM HOB OrO o6p83f4a, 8 K

aKn/O'IaR pecjJopMy abl,lla'll1 o¢1114ep cKMX naTeHTOB,

Ta/OKe 'laCTb/e MH-

Ce,llny npMTOp8'111B8fll1 waHf4 eab/M 11HCTpyMeHT. OHM CO'IeTanM B ce6e

11 nonO>KI1n

,liOCTOMHCTBa K8K neXOTbl, T8K 11 Ka-

Ha'lano HOBOiii nporpaMMe CTPOM-

aanep11M; 6y,lly'IM aecbMa no,llaM)I(-

TeflbCTBa yKpenneHI1iii.

HbiMI1, OHM 3apeKOMeH,liOBanM Ce6R

cneKf4MI1 M peal131111 -

8c10 cTpaHy noKpbma ceTb Kpeno -

H811ny'IWMM o6pa30M. Ecn11 a

1650

cTetlt, nonHOCTb/0 o6opy,lloaaHHb/X M

ro,lly H8C'IMTb/BaflCR a cera O,l!MH ,llp8-

CHa6)1(eHHb/X aCeMI1 npMnaCaMI1, Ka -

ryHCKMill nOflK, TO K

KI1e TOflbKO MOryr nOHa,li0611TbCR ap-

COpOKTpM.

1690 rO,lly -

y)l(e

MMM. ApMMR Ha Mapwe MOrna OCTaHOBI1TbCR B fli060iii KpenOCTI1, 6y,lly'IM TBep,liO yaepeHHOiii, 'ITO Haiii,lleT TaM ace, 'ITO H}?KHO, aKJI/O'IaR TR)I(e-

3BO.JIIOQMH «<>JIOTA

nywe'IHbliii nopT 11111111 «Sabord». Ha napycHbiX CyAaX OPYAIIIH pacnonara/IIIICb

ny/0 apT11nnepMIO. 8 TO )/(e apeMR .llflR

Ha pa3HbiX na11y6ax BAO/Ib 6opTOB.

aOMCKa npOTMaHMKa a 3 RTb ace 8TM yK-

5naro,llapR caoetlt aoi1CTMHY pe-

penneHMR npe,liCTaBMnocb 6bl Haaep-

BOfl/Of4MOHHoiii KOHf4enf411M KOpa-

MOr/1111 BeCTIII OrOHb, IIIX CTBOIIbl AOII}I{-

HRKa HenocMnbHOM 3a,lla'leill. CTpOI1-

6enbHOill orHeaoill MO~M, cTOnb ane-

Hbl 6bl11111 BbiCOBbiBaTbCSI 1113 OTBep-

TenbCTaOM KpenOCTeiii 3aHMManCR

'18TnR/O~e npO,lleMOHCTpMpoaaHHOM

CTIIIiii B 6opTax. AIIH npeAOTBpaiJ.IeHIIISI

npei1My~ecTaeHHO Ce6aCTbeH fle

B BOiiiHaX C 11Cn8H/4aMI1 B KOHt4e npe-

npe Tp ,lie 8o6aH. 8 o6~etlt Cfl0)1(H0-

,llbl,lly~ero cTOneTMR, K Ha'lany

nonaAaHIIISI BOAbl nplll ClllllbHOM BOll· HeHIIIIII 11111111 np111 KpeHe CYAHa OTBepCTIIISI 3aKpbiBa11111Cb AepeBHHHbiMIII

33 HOBb/X Kpenoc-

aeKa aHrnl1iiiCKMiii cjJnOT a T8KTI1'1eC -

IJ.IIIITaMIII, nOABeWeHHbiMIII 3a Bepx-

a peKOHCTpyl1poaan TPI1 TbiCR'IM.

KOM OTHOWeHI1M ,llaneKO Onepe)l(8fl

HIIIiii Kpaiii Ill OTKpbiBaBWIIIMIIICSI Hap~

CTI1 OH nOCTpOMfl TI1,

XVII

'"ho6bl OPYAIIIH Ha HIII}I{HIIIX nany6ax

296 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. npoMeXO.lJJ,1fla aHmMWeKaf/ TaKTMKa, KOTopow HeyKoeHMTenbHO ene.aoBanM B epa)l(eHMfiX e Heno6e.aMMow apMa.n.ow, Ko1.aa He6onbwafl 1pynna KOpa6new ( o6bNHO nf!Tb) nnbmM .apy1 3a .apyroM no Kpyry 111 .aaBanM 3annbJ no o4epe.a111. TaK!IIM o6pa3oM laweH!IIe OT.ll,a4!11 e nOMOI.l.lb/0 KaHaTOB He npoero yBenM4!11no TeMn erpenb6bJ Ka)l(.ll,OIO KOpa6nfl- MO)I(HO eKa3aTb, orHeBafl MOI.l.lb noTeH~!IIanbHO B03poena pa3 B nf!Tb. Cy/l,fl no BeeMy, MMeHHO 9TO HOBOBBe.ll,eH!IIe, a TaFOKe onbJT, nony4eHHbJW aHmM4aHaMM B nepBOW aHmO-IOflflaH.ll,eKOW BOWHe, npMBen!ll K TOMY, 4TO Ben!IIKMW <J>noToBo.ae~ Po6epT GnewK pa3pa6oran 111 <J>opMafl!II30Ban n!IIHewHoe 6oeBoe noeTpoeH!IIe <J>noTMnMM: Kopa6n!ll pa3Mel.l.lan!lleb B KMflbBaTepHyFO KOflOHHY e paBHOMepHb/M!II npo Me)l(yTKaMM, 4T06bJ.ll,06MTbef/ MaKeMM8J/bHOW orHeBOW M0/.1.1!11 KOflfleKTMBHOIO 6opTOBOIO 3anna Ill B TO )l(e BpeMf/ MaKeMMaflbHOW ynpaBnfleMOeTM KOpa6enbHOIO eTpOfl, a TaFOKe Ha!ll6onee onepaTMBHOIO MenonHeH!IIfl KOMaH/1, a.aMMpana.

l1cnaHCKH£'i TPexnany6Hbl£'i KOpa6nb CaH-CJ>enHne. 1693 r.

MopcKasr nywKa. Mopcme nywm HMenH6poH30Bbl£'i (no3AHee cranbHo£'i)crson, no.QAep>KHBaeMbl£'1 ABYMSI ._an<t>aMH Ha AepeBSIHHOM na<t>eTe c "'eTblpbMH AepeBSIHH b1MI1 K8TK8MH. KOI'A8 nyw K8 rOTOBHnacb KBbiCTPeny, na<t>eT OOAK8TbiB8nl1 K 6opTYCYAHa, "'T06bl creon BblcyHyncsr H3 nywe"'Horo nopTa. KorAa nywtcy, aapsr>K8101UYIOCSI CAyna, H8AO 6blno nepeaapSIAHTb, ee OTK8TbiB8nH H838A, "'T06b138no>KHTb nopOXOB0£<1 38PSIA, a SIAPO BK8Tb1Banocb "'epea AYnbHOe OTBepcrHe Tpy.aHoeTM KOMaH.aoBaH!IIf!6onbWMM 4MeflOM KOpa6neft, paeTfiHYTbiMM no MOPIO Ha HeeKOflbKO M!llflb, np!IIBenM K B03HMKHOBeH!IIIO eflO)I(HeWW!IIX MOpeXO/l,HO-TaKT!II4eeK!IIX

npo6neM. Gbm pa3pa6oTaH npMMMTMBHbJW </>fl8)f(Hbl WeeMa<f>op, HO .ll,a)l(e KOI.ll,a BeKOM n03)1(e OH .ll,OeT/111 anolef/ M301.1.1PeHHOeTM, Bee paBHO ero B03MO)I(HOeTeW eoBepweHHO He XBaT8J/O /l,Jlfl T04HOW nepe.ll,a4M np!IIK830B a.aMMpana KanMTaHaM Kopa6new. )J,a)l(e eenM 6bJ B M.aeane <J>na)I(KaMM y.aanoeb T04HO e<J>opMynMpOBaTb np!11Ka3 111 6bJeTpo e1o nepe.aaTb ( Ha npaKTMKe Hill TO, H!ll.ll,pyroe B03MO)I(Hb/M He npe.lJ,eTaBflflflOeb), Bee paBHO eBOM MeKa)l(eH!IIfl npMBHeenM 6bJ y.aaneHHOeTb, TyMaH, nopoxoBow /l,bJM 111 eyMfiT!II~a 6of!. To1.aa pyKoBo.aeTBO aHmMWeKOIO </>flOTa pa3pa6oTaflO e!lleTeMy «bOeBbiX !IIHeTpyK~!IIW», B paMKax KOTopow 6bma npe.anp!IIHf!Ta nonbJTKa e</>OPMYfl!IIPOB8Tb/l,flfl K8)f(/l,OW B03MO)I(HOW e!IITya~MM Ha6op 4eTKMX He.ll,ByeMbJeneHHbiX npMKa30B.

K 9T!IIM np!IIKa3aM .ao6aBnfln!lleb np!IIKa3bJ, Bpy4aBwMeef! a.aMMpanoM KanMTaHaM Kopa6new nepe.a BbJxo.aoM B MOpe, a TaFOKe ( 06bNHO) KOI.ll,a 0)1(!11.aanoeb ep8)f(eH!IIe. Ho noeKOflbKY a6eonFOTHO noXO)I(!IIX 6oeB He 6bJBaeT, a K8)f(.ll,bJW npoT!IIBH!IIK pea1111pyeT noeBoeMy, noeTOf/HHO B03HMKanM emya~!IIM, He npe.ayeMoTpeHHbJe «GoeBbJMM MHeTpyK~Mf/MM». 9TO npMBeno K 3apo)l(.ll,eHMIO B AHmM!II Me)l(.ll,y nepBow 111 BTopow aH-

fJlABH bl E TEH)J.EH U.Vl V1 mo-rOJIJI8H/l,CKIIIMIII BOMH8MIII /l,BYX

297

T8KTIII'leCKIIIX eonpocax ron-

MIIIP8JITetlicTBa C3M/OeJI8 nen!IIC8.

WKOJI T8KTIII'leCKOtli Mb/CJI/11. CX0/1,111-

naH/l,CK!IIe cpnoTOBO/l,Llbl - /1,8)/(e o68

3aJIO)I(eHHb/M IIIMIII opraH!II3al.liiiOH-

JIIIICb Ill T8 lll/l,pyr8fl H8 TOM, 'lTO BCTy-

TpoMna 111 .ae PIOtliTep- ecer.a8 OT-

Hb/M np111Hl.lllln8M bpiiiT8HCKIIIM KOpO-

n8Tb B 60/li He06XO/l,IIIMO, C06JII0/1,8fl

CT8Banlll OT 8Hmlll'laH. XoTfl eo BTO-

JieBCKIIIM cp!IOT B 3Ha'l!IITeJibHOtli Mepe

JIIIIHetliHoe nocTpoeH!IIe, 111 CT8PBTbCfl

potli Ill TpeTbetli aHmO-TOJIJiaH/l,CKIIIX

cne.ayeT 111 no cetli .aeHb.

nplll 3TOM 38X0/1,111Tb C H8BeTpeHHOM

BOtliHaX OHIII nepeHf/!1111 y aHmlll'laH

0/l,H8KO Hlll'lYTb He MeHbWIIIMIII

CTOpOHbl, 'lT06b!, B CJIY'l8e He06XO-

JIIIIHetliHoe nocTpoeH!IIe, O/l,H8KO ece-

cnoco6HOCTfiMIII OTJIIII'l8JICfl M/11HIIICTp J110.aoe111K8 XIV )f(aH Konb6ep.

/l,IIIMOCTIII, IIIMeTb Bb!60p -

111/l,TIII C

r.aa npe.ano'l!IITanlll 86op.a8)1( 111 pyKo-

npOTIIIBHIIIKOM H8 c6nmKeH!IIe 111!1111

nawHy/0. 4To KacaeTcfl eonpocoe

6onee Toro, e eonpocax opr8HIII38-

y.a8nfiTbCfl. Ho 'lTO K8C8eTcfl co6-

'l!IICTO MOpeXO/l,HbiX, 3TIII Tplll TOJI-

Llllllll cpnoT8 J110.aoe111K XIV npe.aocTa-

CTBeHHO Be.lJ,eHIIIfl 6/IITBbl, TYT /],Be

JI8H/l,CKIIIX a/l,MIIIpana Hlll'lYTb He ycTy-

BIIIfl Konb6epy nonHy/0 ceo6o.ay ( e

WKOJibl K8p/l,IIIH8JibHO p8CXO/l,IIIJIIIICb

n8fllll JIY'4WIIIM 8HrfliiiMCKIIIM cpfiOTO-

TOM 'liiiCJie cp!IIHaHCOBYIO), TOT/1,8 KaK

BO MHeH!IIfiX. P83HOrfl8CIIIfiiiiX B He-

BO/l,l.laM Ill, B03MO)I(HO, .lJ,a)l(e npeBOC-

6onbwa>~ 'laCTb yclllnllltli repl.lOT8

CKOJibKO ynpOll.leHHOM cpopMe, CBO-

X0/1,111!1111 nocne.aHIIIX. AHmlll'laHaM c

171opKcKoro, npe;>Kae 'leM oH B3owen

/l,lllfiiiiCb K cne.ayfOll.leMy.

6onbWIIIM Tpy.aoM y.a8nocb coxpa-

Ha TPOH, Ha m838X y Hero nowna

HIIITb 38 co6ot/i OKe8HCKOe BJI8/l,b/'le-

npaxoM e npaeneH!IIe ero nerKOMb!C-

'lTO He06XO/l,IIIMO np8KTIII'leCKIII JII0-

CTBO -

neHHoro cTapwero 6p8Ta K8pfl8

6ot/i l.leHotli no.a.aep)I(IIIB8Tbfi!IIHetliHoe

/1,8Pfl no.aaenfi/Oll.leMy npeeocxo.acT-

nocTpoeH!IIe .ao nonHotli no6e.abl,

ey cy.aoeotli 8PTIIInnepllllll.

WKon8 «cpopMan!IICTOB» C'liiiT8fl8,

ecn111 T8KOB8fl/l,OCTIII)I(IIIM8. Ka;>KaoMy

Ill TO IIICKJIIO'liiiTeflbHO 6JI8T0-

II.

6onee Toro, Konb6ep BC>!'lecKIII noOll.IPflfl H8Y'lHb!tli nO/l,X0/1, K npoeKTIII-

K eocbMIII.aecf/Tb!M ro.a8M crone-

poeaH/1110 Ill CTPOIIITeJibCTBY KOp86-

KOpa6JIIO npe.lJ,niiiCb/BaJIOCb BeCTIII

Tlllfl H8CT8JI 'lepe/1, cppaHl.l}'30B 6po-

net/i. 4>p8Hl.lY3bl nepeHf/!1111 TO ny'l-

OTOHb no 6!1111)1(8/liWeMy KOpa6JIIO

CIIITb Bb/308 aHmiiiMCKOtli MOPCKOtli

wee, 'lTO 6b!JIO B aHmiiiMCKOtli CIIICTe-

npOTIIIBHIIIK8 -Ill B TO )l(e epeMf/ CJie-

MOUIIII. Tor.aa KoponeecK!IItli cpnoT

Me, npiiiCOBOKYniiiB B/l,06aBOK Ill C06-

/l,OBaTb B KlllflbBaTepe npe/l,bl/l,Yll.lero

npeTepnen KopeHHY/0 ynpaeneH'le-

CTBeHHb/e ycoeepweHCTBOB8HIIIfl.

Kopa6nfl ceoetli cpnoT!IIflllllll. Tor.a8

CKY/0 peopr8HIII38l.llllf0, npe.anpiiiHfi-

4>paHl.lY3CK!IIe KOpa6JIIII CTBnlll6b!CT-

a/l,MIIIpan 'leTKO npe/l,CTaBJiflfl 6b!

TY/0 ,£1)1(et/iMcoM, repl.loroM 171opK-

POXO/l,Hee aHmiiiMCKIIIX, a K TOMY )l(e

ce6e, r.ae H8XO/l,fiTCfl ero Kop86nlll,

CKIIIM (6y.ayll.IIIIM KOponeM Vf8KO-

6b!JIIII fiY'lWe OCH8ll.leHbl. K H8'lafly

MOT6b!6b!Tb yeepeH, 'lTO OHIII Be/l,yr OTOHb no 6JIIII)I(8MWIIIM CY/1,8M npo-

BOM

II),

np111 'lpe3Bbl'l8tliHo 3cpcpeK-

BOMHb/3a ncpaflbl.lCKOe H8Cfle/l,CTBO

A.a-

cpp8Hl.lY3CKIIIM BOeHHO-MOpCKOtli

TIIIBHOM CO/l,eMCTB/11111 CeKpeT8Pfl

TIIIBHIIIKa, a, B Cfly'lae Ha/l,06HOCTIII, MOT6b! Bb/BeCT/111113 60fl BC/0 cp!IOTIIIJIIII/0. ConepHIII'l8/0l1.18fl «HecpopManbH8fl» WKOJI8 C'l!IITana, 'lTO eCJIIII npe/1,CTaBIIITCfl T8K8fl B03MO)I(HOCTb, 8/1,Mlllpany cne.ayeT no3BOJIIIITb KOMaH/l,YIOUIIIIM 0 T.lJ,eflbHb/MIII3CKa.tJ.paMill Ill K8niiiT8H8M KOp86Jietli H8pyW8TbJIIIIHetliHb/M CTpot/i Ill KOJIJieKTIIIBHO 8T8KOBb/BaTb npOTIIIBHIIIK8. «HecpopMBnbl» nonaran111, 'lTO c}l)l(aeH!IIe Ill Onb!T K8niiiT8HOB, a Ta/OKe Tpa/1,111l.liiiOHHb/M 6oeeotli .ayx KoponeecKoro cpnoTa noMoryT 1113Bfle% 1113 cno)/(fiiBwetlicfl CIIITY8l.lllllll MaKCIIIM8JibHY/0 Bb/TO/l,y, nOCKOflbKY B ropfl'lKe 60fl OT/1,8B8Tb 8/l,eKBaTHb/e npiiiK83bl B MaCWT86e BCetli cp!IOTIIIJI/11111 f/BHO HeB03MO)I(H0. K KOHLlY BeK8 o6e CIIICTeMbl ycnen111 npotliT!II6oeeoe Kpell.leH!IIe, 111 o6e c nepeMeHHb!M ycnexoM.

c111ny

p83HOTO p0/1,8 nplll'liiiH K KOHLlY OniiiCb/B8eMOTO nep/110/1,8 npeiiiMYll.leCTBO OK838JIOCb Ha CTOpOHe «cpOpM8JIIIICTOB» Ill npO/l,OJI)I(aJIO OCTaB8TbCfl H8 IIIX cTopoHe e11.1e 6onbwe eeKa.

«BHH'*lC'rep». AHmHH. 1695r. 0AHH H3 , nepBbiX aHrnHHCKVIX$peraroa. BoopYJKeHHe: AB3AL\31b 32-$yHTOBbiX OPYAHH B COCTaBe 6aTapeH H BOceMH3AL\3Tb AeBHTHYHTOBbiX nyweK Ha rnaBHOH nany6e. PaaMepbl: AnHHa 55,47 M, WHpHHa no nany6e 11 ,8 M, OC3AK3 5,6 M, BOAOH3Me~eHHe 15 70 T, KOM3HA3 456 "feelOBeK

298 3APO>KAEHl!1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEil!ll!ll!l TAKTl!lKl!l. 1600-1700 rr. 1697

cj)JIOT 6&1f1 fiY'IW/IIM B M111pe, a '1/IICfleH-

JTOBHH (eme He 6hiJT C03)laH MeXaHH-

<PpaHIIy3CKOrO tPflOTa, B

HO npeBOCX0/1,/IIfl 6p1!1TaHCK/11M /11 IOJI-

'leCKMH )J.BRraTeJJh), a TaK)[(e Teope-

113Aa-TI TPYA «llcKyccTBO BOeHHhiX

flaH/l,CK/IIM BMeCTe B3RTbte. JflaBHO-

THYeCKHe OCHOBbl.

fOllY

q)JlOTOB, HJIH COYHHeHHe 0 MOpCKHX

KOMaH/],yiOLLj/IIM cj)paHU,y3CK/11M cj)no-

Co):(ep)[(aHHe noeHHO-TexHwrec-

3BOJIK)I1HHx, co):(ep)[(amee B ce6e rrone3Hbie npaBHJTa AJTH <PnarMaHOB, Ka-

TOM rpacj) /l,e TypB/IIflb OTJI/11'-IafiCR He

KOH MhiCJTH orrpeAeJTHJTOCb He H306-

MeH&Weill OTBaiOM, 'leM era HaCTaB-

peTaTeJlbCTBOM, a npaKTHYeCKHMH

nHTaHOB 11 ocjmuepoa, c rrpHo6meHH-

H/IIK 111 conepHMK ApTyp /ep6epT,

IIOTpe6HOCTHMH BOeHHO-MOpCKOfO

eM IIp11MepoB, B3HTbiX H3 3HaTHell-

rpacp ToppMHITOH, a cnoco6HOCTR-

<P-TIOTa.

MII1, aepORTHO, /],a){(e npeBOCX0/1,/IIfl

OTMeTRTh TPYA a66aTa <l>ypHbe «fR):(-

3TOM OTHOIIIeHHH c_Tie)lyeT

nocne/l,Hero.

porpaq)Ha», 113)laHHbiH B

1634

IIIHX npOHCIIIeCTBHH Ha MOpe 3a IIHTh,UeCHT JJeT».

fOllY.

3TO ):(Jll1HHOe HaHMeHOBaHHe Tpy-

no aceill nor111Ke a aoiliHe 38

ABTOP 6oJTbiiiOe BHHMaHHe y)J.eJTHJT

)la, xapaKTepHoe AJJH Toro BpeMeHH,

ncjJ8Jibl.l,CKOe H8CJ1e/],CTBO cj)p8HU,y3-

Borrpocy Boopy)[(eHHH cy):(oB l1 KJiac-

orpa)[(aeT ero co,[(ep)[(aHn:e («npaBH-

CK/11M cj)fiOT /],Qfl)((eH 6&/fl 6&1 O/],ep-

CHtPHKaUHH opyAHH no Hx TaKTHtJec-

JTa» ,[(JTH npaKTH'leCKOrO fl0Jib30Ba-

){(8Tb 6e3yCfiOBHYIO no6e/l,y H8/1, 8HI-

Hl1H) l1 OCHOBbl -

fi/11MCK/11M /11 Bbt6111Tb TOT /113 f18-MaH-

Mepbl 33 fTHTb)leCHT JleT, T. e. !paKTH-

HCTOpHYeCKHe npH-

W8. He npo1113owno 3Toro rn8BH&JM

tfeCKH 33 BpeMH cyTIIeCTBOBaHHH

XIV

rrapycHoro <P-TIOTa. TeopHH BOeHHO-

He OU,eH/IIfl, K8K8R B03M0){(H0CTb eMy

MopcKoro HCKYCCTBa HBJTH.TI3Ch o6o6-

o6pa30M noTOMy, 'ITO !110/l,OB/IIK

npe/],CTaBJIReTCR, /11 npenRTCTBOB8fl

meHHeM 6oeBOH npaKTHKH H rrpeAH33-

11.e TypBMfl/0 aoea8T& T8K, KaK TOT

Ha'la.naCh ):\JTH KOHKpeTHOfO npaKTH-

C 'I/11T8fl HY){(Hb/M. no/l,06Hoi71 803-

YeCKOfO pyKOBO)lCTBa.

MQ)((HQCT/11 (/)paHU,/11/11 H/IIKOI/1,8 y){(e

Tpyu focTa npeACTaBJTHJT co6oil TpaKTaT ITO TaKTHKe BOeHHbiX tP-110-

6on&we He npe/l,CTaBfiRnoc&.

KOHU,Y aeKa cj)p8HU,Y3bl MOIJI/11

TOB, BKJIK)'l3BIIIHH BOIIpOCbl 11X opra-

yrp0){(8Tb aHIJI/IIMCKOMy MOpCKOMy

HH33IIHH, IIOXO):(Hble H 6oeBbie IIOpH):(-

Bf18/],bl'leCTBy, fi/11Wb Hana/],aR H8 TOp-

KH, nepeCTpOeHHH Ha TIOXO)J.e, B 60K)

IOBble CY/1.8 . (/)paHU,Y3CK/11M cj)fiOTO-

H npH BblXO)le .113 60H, a TaK)[(e CITO-

BO/l,eU, )/(aH 58p, H8B0/1,/11BW/11M YJK8C

C06bl ynpaBJieHHH 3CKa)lpaMH l1 KO-

Ha no6epe){(&e 5p1!1TaH/11/11 ao apeMR

pa6miMI1. «MopCKHMH 3BOmOI1HHMH, -

BOMHbl 3a ncjJ8flbl.l,CKOe H8Cfle/l,CTBO, no Kpai71Hei71 Mepe, no/],an CBO/IIM

IIHIIIeT [OCT, -

npeeMH/11K8M /l,06neCTHb/M npMMep,

HHH, KOTOpbre tPJIOT /lJlH npHBe/leHHH

H33biB310TCH ,[(BH)[(e-

K8K BeCT/11 nop8){(eH'IeCKyiO, no CYT/11

ce6a B nopHAOK .11 Ha)J.JTe)!{amee no-

caoei1, aoiliHy Ha Mope.

JIO)f(eHMe AeJraeT, Aa6bi Ha HenpmiTe.TIH HaiTaAaTb H.TIH CaMOMY C JTY'liiieK) IIOJ1b30K) o6opOHHTbCH» 1. llccJJe,[(O-

Pa3BIIITI!Ie aoeHHO-MopcKoro

BaHHe «3BOJ1K)UHH» BOeHHbiX qlJlOTOB

IIICKyCCTB3

u cocTaBJTHeT coAep)!{aHue TPYAa, BoeHHO-TeXHH'IeCKaa MbiCJlb 11

pa3)leJJeHHOfO Ha rneCTb Y3CTeH.

B nepBoll.

l1306peTaTeJ1bCTBO BO tPflOTe 6biJll1 HanpaBJreHbT Ha COBepiiieHCTBOBaHJle

raniiiOT. XVII B.

l1 TRnmaumo Kopa6Jiell., Ha coBepweHCTBOBaHHe MOpCKOH a pTHJJJlepHH l1 ocHaCTKH rrapycHbiX cy,uoa.

MHHO.TIOfHH KOMY Ha3Ha'leHHK). CyAoBaH apTHJl-

qacTH BHa'la.ne ):(aHo

Onpe)leJTeHI1e BOeHHO-MOpCKOH TeppyM6a, BeTpa, .TIHHHH

6ei1)J.eBHHAa 11 Apymx repMHHOB, KO-

KO-

nepHH COCTOHJJa 113 nyiiieK ,[(.TIH 60H

Topbie orrpe):(eJJH_TIH KOpa6.nb B OTHO-

pa6JlecrpoeHim CTpeMHJlHCb K C03Aa-

Ha KOpOTKHX )lHCTaHI1HHX, KyJTeBpHH

rneHHll Berpa, HBJTHBWei'OCH 0):\HOll .113

HHK) MOlUHbiX CTOnyrneYHbiX Cy.UOB,

pa3J111YHbiX KaJlH6pOB AJlH CTpenb6bl

rnaBHbiX npo6JleM napycHoro cjlm)Ta.

BOOpy)f(eHHbiX opy,UHHMH Ha ITOBO-

C )laJlbHHX AHCTaHUHH H K3MHeMe-

3areM OTMeYeHa OC06eHHOCTb HOBO-

TOB -

ro QJJTOTa, BOOpy)f(eHHOfO apTHJUTepH-

pOTHbTX CTaHKaX.

B 1620

ro,uy ron.naH,ueu KopHe-

nuyc BaH JJ:pe66enb rrocrpon:JI JIO.U-

opy):(HH 3HatfHTeJThHbTX KaJll1-

6pOB, CTpeflHBIIIHX KaMHHMH 11 o6-

ell.. 3Ta oco6eHHOCTh 3aKJ1K)'l.a.rracb B

JJOMK3MH )[(eJJe3a.

TOM, 'ITO KOpa6JJb MOr BeCTI1 6oll.

KY, KOTOpaa MOrJTa XO)lHTb ITO):( BO-

KaApbi o<Pul1epoB .11 Kopa6necrpo-

A OH. :·ho 6brJla AepeBHHHaa JIOAKa,

HTeJlei1 BOeHHO-MOpCKOfO q}JlOTa BO

KY 6opTOM. Aa11ee asTop orrHCbiBaeT

06THHyTaH ,UBOHHhlM c.noeM KO)f(ll.

<l>paHUHH roTOBHJlHCh B Ty_TioHe , B

pa3.nH'IHhie «Op):(ep 6aTMHH» (6oe-

JJ:neHa.uuaTh rpe6uon rrpRBO.UH.nH ee

MOpCKOM YtfHJTTlTIIe. npo<Peccop Ma-

Bbre CTpOH), «Op)lep )leMapiiiH» (nO-

B L(BH)f(eHile. 0):(H3KO ,[(JIH pa3BHTHH

TeMaTHKH 3Toro Y"'IH.TIHru:a IlaBeJI

HAeH no)J.BO)J.Horo cpnoTa OTCYTCTBO-

fOCT, MHOfO JleT ITJlaB3BWl1H CBHll.leH-

BaTIH He06XO)J.HMbie TeXHR'IeCKlle yc-

HllKOM Ha <PnarMaHCKllX KOpa6JJHX

TOJTbKO TIOBepHyBWHCh K npOTllBHH-

1 /()(:m

Jf.

l1CKyCCTB0 BOellllhiX <]JJIOTOB.

CTI6., 1764. C. 3.

rnABHbiE TEH,ll,EHLJ,lt1lt1 XOLJ,Hbre CTpoH), «OpLI,ep LJ,epenpen> ( CTpOH LI,IDI OTCTynJieHH51 ), CTpOH LI,IDI

299

----

o6opoHhi npoxoLJ,a H .[(JI51 npophiBa <Iepe3 npoxoLJ,. Bo BTopoll: 'IaCTH TpyAa paccMaTpHBaeTC51 Bonpoc o nepeMeHe pacnoJio:lKeHH51 3CKa,[(p H3 pa3JIH<JHbiX llOXO,[(HbiX CTpOeB; B TpeTbeH -

TOM, KaK <<HCnpaBJI51Tb OpAepbi» (cTpon) npn nepeMeHax BeTpa; B 'leTBepTon -

o nepexo,[(e <jlJioTa H3

O,[(HOrO CTp051 B Apyroll:; B ll51TOH qaCTH -

0 LI,BH:lKeHH51X cpJIOTa BHe

CTp051 (JIO:lKHTbC51 Ha 51KOpb, BbiiirpbiBaTb y HenpH51TeJI51 BeTep, yLJ,aJI51Tb-

-,#·:· --

-----

.---- .--.._._. --

-._.:::...--~ _-.--:~==--- ?::..:=- .:.,._~~=--=---

C51 OT 6051, npHHYAHTb HenpH51TeJI51 K

---- --- ____::-

6oro, oKpy:lKHTb ero, He AOnyCTHTb OKpy:lKeHH51 CBOHX KOpa6JieH npOTHBHHKOM H T. ,[(. ). B nrecTon <IaCTH aBTop LJ,aeT peKOMeHLJ,aU:HH no BonpocaM opraHH3a-

30BaTb 6oeBOH llOpHLI,OK npOTHBHHKa.

C HaBeTpeHHOrO llOJIO:lKeHH51 Jier-

B noLJ,BeTpeHHOM noJio:lKeHHH 3Toro

KO npope3aTb CTpOH npOTHBHHKa <Je-

npenMYmecTBa <jlJioT JIHnraJIC51.

pe3 pa3pbiBhr ero JIHHHH H ocymecT-

U:HH cpJIOTa ,[(JI51 6oeBOH ,[(e51TeJibHOC-

IlpOTHB llOBpe:lK,[(eHHbiX KOpa6-

TH, rOBOpHT 0 MeCTaX 6paH.[(epOB H

JieH npOTHBHHKa, HaXOL1,51IQHXC51 B

focT noKa3aJI TaK:lKe H npenMy-

Apymx cyAoB, o <jlJioTe BO BpeM51

aBaHrapAe, apbeprapAe HJIH B cepe-

mecTBa llOLJ,BeTpeHHOrO llOJIO:lKeHH51

BHTh oxBaT ero apbeprap,[(a.

lliTOpMa H, HaKOHeU: (npHJIO:lKHB K

AHHe cpJIOTa, C HaBeTpeHHOrO llOJIO-

cpJIOTa. Ilo,[( BeTpOM 6biTb JIY<Jille

TPYAY Ta6JIHU:Y BOeHHO-MopcKHX CHr-

:lKeHH51 JierKO llOCJiaTb 6paHLJ,epbl, OT-

npH 60JiblliOM BOJIHeHHH M0p51, B

HaJIOB ), o cnoco6ax ynpaBJiemm 3C-

pe3a51 CBOHMH rJiaBHbiMH CHJiaMH ero

60IO «C HeMHOrHMH KOpa6JI51MH HJIH

Ka.[(paMH H KOpa6JI51MH.

nepe.[(HHe H 3a.[(HHe Kopa6JIH.

O,[(HH Ha O,[(HH». IlpH llOpbiBHCTOM

Y<IHTbiBa51 6opTOBoe pacnoJio:lKe-

«Ha BeTpe o6peTaiOIQHHC51 cpJIOT

HHe apTHJIJiepHH, fOCT C<JHTaJI 6oe-

He llO.[(Bep:lKeH BeJIHKOMY 6ecnOKOH-

BeTpeHHOrO cpJIOTa MOrJIH CB060,[(HO

BbiM CTPOeM KHJibBaTepeyro KOJIOHey.

CTBy, npH<IHHHeMOMY Ll,biMOM», KOTO-

LJ,encTBOBaTh 6e3 onaceHH51 3a<Iepn-

J1HHH51 6aTaJIHH CTpOHJiaCb H3 JIHHeH-

pblll B llOLJ,BeTpeHHOM llOJIO:lKeHHH

HYTb BOAY npH KpeHe. IloLJ,BeTpeH-

HbiX KOpa6JieH, HMeBIIIHX Ha BOOpy-

yxyLJ,nraeT H <oacJieHJI51eT>> nyrnr<apell:

HOe llOJIO:lKeHHe ll03BOJI51JIO Jierqe

H MenraeT pa60Te MaTpOCOB.

BbiBOLI,HTb H3 CTp051 llOBpe:lKLJ,eHHbie

:lKeHHH He MeHee

50 nyiiieK.

BeTpe opy.[(H51 HH:lKHHX ,[(eKOB llO,[(-

IlepeX0,[(51 K TaKTH<JeCKHM BOllpOCaM, fOCT npe:lK,[(e BCero paCCMaTpHBaJI «llOJib3bi cpJIOTa, HaX0,[(51IQerOC51 KaK Ha BeTpe, TaK H llO,[( BeTpOM y HenpH51TeJI51». HaBeTpeHHoe noJio:lKeHHe HMeJio 6oJihnrHe npenMymeCTBa. «Ha BeTpe o6peTaiOIQHHC51 cpJIOT MO:lKeT npH6JIH:lKaTbC51 K HenpH51TeJIIO KOr,[(a H CKOJibKO llO:lKeJiaeT, BpeM51 H paCCT051HHe 6HTBbi onpe,[(eJI51eT TaKHM o6pa30M, KaK eMy BbirOLJ,Hee n noJie3Hee». CJie,[(oBaTeJihHO, TOT cpJIOT, KOTOpbiH 3aHMeT HaBeTpeHHOe llOJIO:lKeHHe, 3aBJiaLJ,eeT HHHQHaTHBOH, OH 6yLJ,eT LI,HKTOBaTb npoTHBHHKY BpeMH, MecTo H AHCTaHU:HIO 6051. EoJiee CHJihHhiH <jlJioT c HaBeTpeHHoro llOJIO:lKeHH51 MOr Bbi,[(eJIHTb HeCKOJibKO CBOHX KOpa6JieH ,[(JI51 Hana,[(eHH51 «Ha HenpH51TeJibCKHe 3a,[(HHe Kopa6JIH» H 3THM caMbiM LJ,e3oprann-

MopcKoi16oi1. XVII

300 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: Kopa6JIH H «Jiert.Ie c 6mo OTCT)'TIHTb»

cpJIOT OTKpb!BaJI OrOHb BCeM 6opTOM

npH Hey):lat.Ie.

B TOT MOMeHT, KOr):la ero npOTHBHHK

Bb!X AeiicTBHii cpnoToB . BoeHHo-MopCKaH TaKTHKa HMeJia Ot.IeHb COJIHMYIO

fnaBHb!M cpe):(CTBOM napycHoro

OKa3b!BaJICH Ha ):(HCTaHIJ;HH ):leHCTBH-

HCTOpHt.IeCKYIO OCHOBY, CJie):lCTBHeM

cpJIOTa B 6mo HBJIHJJaCb apTHJIJiepHH-

TeJibHOro apTHJIJiepHHCKoro orHH H

t.Iero 6b!JI ):lOBOJibHO Bb!COKHH ):(JIH

CKmi a TaKa C ):(HCTaHIJ;HH ):leHCTBHTeJib-

MOr HCnOJib30BaTb TOJibKO He60Jib-

TOro BpeMeHH ee Hayt.J:Hb!H ypoBeHb

HOrO 3aJina, ):(.ill! ocy:meCTBJiemrn KO-

IIIOe t.IHCJIO HOCOBb!X Opy):(HH.

H lKH3HeHHOCTb. B TpyAe onHcaHbl

Topoii Tpe6oBaJIOCb npOH3BeCTH pH):(

TpeTbH cpa3a - c Bb!XOAOM Ha-

MHOroo6pa3Hble cpopMb! MaHeBpHpO-

«3BOJIIOU:HH», onpe):leJIHBIIIHX OCHOB-

BeTpeHHoro cpJIOTa Ha ):lHCTaHl(HIO

BaHHH cpJIOTOB, oco6eHHOCTH 3THX

Hble cpa3bl 6oH.

aTaKH BCe KOpa6JIH no CHrHaJiy KO-

cpopM onpe):leJIHJIHCb ycJIOBHHMH ):leH-

MaH):lyiOIIJ;ero npHBO):(HJIHCb K BeTpy,

CTBHH cpJIOTa, npe)K):le BCero COCTOH-

IIpe):(BapHTeJibHaH cpa3a- 6opb6a 3a HaBeTpeHHOe noJIOlKeHHe.

H Hat.IHHaJICH 6ofi OT):leJibHb!X KOpa6-

HHeM MOpH, CHJIOH H HanpaBJieHHeM

IIepBaH cpa3a- nocTpoeHHe JIH-

Jiell.

BeTpa. IlpH HCCJie):lOBaHHH TaKTHt.IeC-

HHH 6aTaJIHH napaJIJieJibHO CTpOIO

npOTHBHHKa. BTopaH cpa3a - c6JIHmeHHe c npOTHBHHKOM no CHrHaJIY KOMaH):lyIOIIJ;ero cpnoToM. Kopa6JIH HaBeTPeHHoro cpJIOTa, noBepHYBIIIHCb O):lHOBpe-

onpe):leJieHHb!X cnyt.IaHX focT

KHX BOnpOCOB aBTOp CTpeMHJICH K

npeeycMaTpHBaJI B03MOlKHOCTh npo-

BCeCTOpOHHOCTH H KOHKpeTHOCTH H

pe3aHHH cpJIOTa npoTHBHHKa H OXBaT

Ha 3TOH OCHOBe Bb!pa6aTb!BaJI npaBH-

ero apbeprapAa.

Jia ):(JIH ):leHCTBHH cpJIOTOB. Ilonome-

IlpaBHJia TaKTHt.IeCKOrO MaHeBpH-

HHH, H3JI01KeHHble foCTOM, OKa3aJIHCb

poBaHHH cpJIOTOB H Be):leHHH MOpCKO-

HaCTOJibKO npaKTHt.IeCKH lKH3HeHHbl-

yc-

ro 6oH He Ha):(YhlaHbl focTOM. OHH oc-

MH, 'ITO OHH 6b!JIH npHHHTbl BO BCeX

TaHOBHB nOCTOHHCTBO neJieHra Ha

HOBb!BaJIHCb Ha 6oraTOH npaKTHKe H

3ana):(HoeBponeiicKHX cpnoTax H roc-

Ha3Hat.IeHHb!H KOpa6Jib npOTHBHHKa,

no):(Kpen.ill!JIHCb KpHTHt.IeCKHM pa3 60-

no):lcTBOBaJIH not.ITH B Tet.IeHHe BCero

cnycKaJIHcb Ha Hero . Ilo):(BeTPeHHb!H

poM HCTOpHt.IeCKHX npHMepoB 6oe-

XVIII BeKa.

MeHHO oT BeTpa Ha

3-4 PYM6a H

BA>KHEVlWV1E BOVlHbl

301

BA)KHEiiillUE BOHHhi TPM)];l.I,ATMJIETHHH BORHA, 1618-1648 rr. Tpu/l,u,aTuneTH!il!il aoilrHa Ha'lanac& KaK penMIM03Ha!i/ -

MOHapXM -

B OCHOBHOM cjJpaHU,y3-

CKa!il /l,MHaCTM!il 5yp60HOB -

6blflM

BaHMBM, t1cnaHMM C (/)paHU,MBM, t1CnaHMM

lonnaH/l,Meilr, Waeu,uu

c ,ll,aHMeilr.

peWMTBflbHO HaCTpOBHbl 3TOIO He

non&weilr M Waeu,MM

no-

/],OnyCTMTb. Ha CTOPOHB KaTOflMKOB

)/(apoM BOMH 6&Jna OXBa'IBHa BC!il

M /a6c6ypma cpa)/(anuc& AacTpM!il,

/epMaHM!il; BpBM!il OT BpBMBHM BOM-

60flbWMHCTBO IBpMaHCKMX KH!i/3BM M

Ha nepeKM/l,bJaanac& Ha 3eMnM

OHa pa3-

t1cnaHM!il; npOTMBOCTO!ilflM MM IBp-

4>paHu,uu,t1cnaHMM,l1Tanuu,non&-

BMnaCb 1/13 MB)I(KOHcjJBCCMOHaflbH0-

MaHCKMB npOTBCTaHTCKMB KH!i/3b!il,

wu M HM/l,epnaH/l,OB. 3Ha'IMTen&Ha!il

10 KOHcjJflMKTa HBMBU,KMX KaTOflMKOB

npOTBCTaHTCKMB KOponeBCTBa ,lJ,a-

'laCTb peiMOHa, maBHb/M o6pa30M

Xom penMIM03Hbiilr

HM!il M WBBU,M!il, a TaK)I(B KaTOflM'IB-

/epMaHM!il, 6&Ina MHOIOKpaTHO pa-

acneKT npucyTcTaoaan a ee xo/l,e

CKa!il 4>paHU,M!il. PaccTaHOBKa cun

30peHa HB/l,MCU,MnflMHMpOBaHHb/M//1

ace apeM!il, aoilrHa 3Ta 6&ICTpo npe-

BpBM!il OT BpBMBHM MBH!ilnac&; MH0-

pa3HOpO/l,Hb/MM apMM!i/MM, /l,fl!il KO-

apaTunac& a cpe/l,CTBO peweHM!il

1MB IBpMaHCKMB KH!i/3b!il nepeXO/l,M-

TOpbJX OCHOBHb/M MCTO'IHMKOM npo-

npo6neM, maBHbiM o6pa30M nonu-

fl//1 TO Ha 0/l,Hy, TO Ha !l.PYIY/0 CTOpo-

nMTaHM!il Cfly)I(MflM 3BMflM, Ha KOTO-

TM'IBCKMx: npaauawa!il a CB!illllBHHOilr

HY unu n&JTanuc& yKnOHMTbC!il OT

pb!X KaMnaHMM M aenuc&.

PMMCKOM MMnepMM /l,MHaCTM!il /a6c-

y'laCTM!il a aoilrHe. LfacT&JO 6on&wo-

MeH MOHIOflbCKOIO BTOp)I(BHM!il EB-

6yp10B nbiTanaCb o6peCTM KOHT-

IO MHOIOCTOpOHHBIO KOHcjJflMKTa

pona He 3Hana TaKOIO pa3opeHM!il M

pOflb Ha/1, B03MO)I(HO 6on&weilr ea-

CTanM OT/l,BflbHb/B BOMHbl CB!illllBH-

TaKMX noTepb cpe/],M MMpHOIO Hace-

poneilrcKoilr TeppMTOpMeilr, a !l.PYIMB

HOilr PMMCKOM MMnepMM C TpaHCMflb-

flBHM!il.

M npoTeCTaHTOB.

EBPOn~CKHX

ape-

AEPMAB

HasnaHH.K r AaBn&rx

paJiouoa 6opb6bl anTHra6c6yprCKHX CHA Ha TeppHTOpHRX

ITOA-

BA8CTHbiX fa6c6ypraM

302 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: TpiiL~U:aTIIJieTHHH Botma 6biJia nepBOH co6CTBeHHO eBponeHCKOH BOHHOH, T. e. BOHHOH He AByx-TPex L(ep}l(aB, a nolJTII Bcex cTpaH EBpo-

o60CHOBbiBaBIIIaH ee cpe):(HeBeKOBaH TeOpiiH 06 «yHIIBepcaJibHOH MOHapXIIII» II HBJIHJiacb peaKU:IIOHHOH YTOniie:H. IIocJie }l(e pacnaneHIIH B 1556

Ha «YHIIBepCaJibHOCTh» II Ha o6Jia):(aHIIe cnJIOIIIHOH TeppiiTOpiie:H B EBpone. ,[(ep}l(aBa KapJi a V o6pe<J:eHa 6biJ1a OCTaBaTbCH HeycTOHliiiBbiM KOH-

nhi, 06be):(IIHeHHbiX B ):(Be MOIUHbie KO aJIIIU:IIII. f JiaBHbiM CTep}l(HeM, BOKpyr KOTOporo rpynniipoBaJiacb coBoKyn-

roey 9TOH «Ha):(Hau;IIOHaJibHOH» fa6c6yprCKOH nep}l(aBbi nOJIIITII<J:eCKOH peaJibHOCThiO B Te<J:eHIIe eru:e pHAa n eCHTIIJieTIIH OC TaBaJIIICb ynopHbie II

rJIOMepaTOM pa3be}:(liHeHHbiX lJ:JleHOB, noKa Me}l(ey ero BJianeHIIHMII OCTaBaJiaCb BKJIIIHeHHOH TeppiiTOpiiH He3aBIICIIMOH <DpaHU:llll. KapJI V Ha OCHO-

HOCTh eBponeHCKIIX nOJIIITll'IeCKIIX npo6JieM XVII BeKa, CTaJI Bonpoc o fa6c6yprcKo:H IIMnepiiii, IIJIII, no Tep-

):(OBOJibHO MOIUHbie YCIIJIIIH, HanpaBJieHHble K ee B03pO}l(neHIIIO. B O}l(ecm<J:eHHo:H 6opb6e c 9TOH

BaHIIII «napa» nanbl EoHIIcpau:IIH VIIP o6bHBIIJI ¢paHU:IIIO IIMnepaTOpCKOH co6cTBeHHOCThiO. A6coJIIOTIICTCKaH

MIIHOJIOriiii COBpeMeHHIIKOB, 06 ABCTPIIHCKOM AOMe. HMeHHO 9TOT u:eHTpaJibHbiH Bonpoc peiiiaJICH B nepByro o<J:epe):lb Ha noJIHX TpJmu:arnJiewe:H

KOHUenu:IIeH cpopMIIpOBaJiaCb II KpenJiaBTOpaH:KOHU:eTIUIIHHau;IIOHaJibHOr o a6coJIIOTII3Ma. HcTopii<J:e CKOH npennocbiJIKo:H ee 6hiJI MHoroBeKo-

<DpaHU:IIH <DpaHU:IICKa I npiiHHJia Bbl30B, II OTHbiHe JIOriiKa 6opb6bl B CBOIO o<J:epe):lb Tpe6oBaJia oT Hee (npii nonnep}l(Ke AHrJillll ) He TOJibKO noJIHO-

Bo:HHbi. fa6c6yprcKaH npo6JieMa IIMeJia B CBOIO O<J:epe):lb ):(Be CTOpOHbi: 3ana):IHOeBponeHCKyro II BOCTOlJ:HOeBpo-

BOH npou:ecc CKJia}:(biBaHIIH eBpone:HCKIIX HaU:IIOHaJibHbiX rocy):(apCTB II B03BbiiiieHIIH KOpOJieBCKOH BJiaCTII,

ro COKpyiiieHIIH IIMnepiiii fa6c6yproB, HO II ynaJieHIIH B KOHUe KOHU:OB n a}l(e KopHe:H 9TOH IIMnepiiii II3 no-

neHCKyro. B 3anaL(Ho:H EBpone B Te<J:eHIIe no<J:TII noJiyTopac Ta JieT ):(o BecTcpanbcKom MIIpa, T. e. c Ha<J:ana XVI BeKa, Me}l(eyHapOL\HaH }l(ll3Hb HaTIOJIHeHa 6opb60H L\Byx nOJIIITII<J:eCKIIX KOHIJ:enU:IIH, AByx rOCy):lapCTBeHHbiX CIICTeM.

B oco6eHHOCTII EO <DpaHU:IIII II BAHrJIIIII. ¢paHU:llll, B nepBOH nOJIOBIIHe XVI BeKa co Bcex cTopoH oKpymeHHOH BJia):leHIIHMII KapJia V, Jiliiiib B pe-

JIIITII<J:ecKo:H no<J:Bbl EBpoTibi. Eopb6a HeMIIHyeMo ):(OJI}l(Ha 6biJia paHO IIJIII n03L(HO 3aKOHlJ:ll'rbCH no6eno:H CIICTeMbi 6oJiee nporpecCIIBHOH II 6oJiee }l(II3Hecnoco6Ho:H, T. e. HaIJ:IIOHaJibHo-a6coJIIOTIICTCKo:H, II IICKOpeHeHIIeM ra6c6yprcKoro «IIMnepiiaJIII3Ma».

0L(Ha II3 HIIX Hepa3pbiBHO CBH3aHa C IIMeHeM fa6c6yproB. 3TO KOHu:enU:IIH eAIIHOH IIMnepiiii, o6beAIIHHIOIUeH pHL\ eBponeHCKIIX CT paH, B nepcneKTIIBe }l(e BCIO 3anaAHYID EBpony, na eru:e II c ee TOJibKo <J:To B03HIIKIIIIIMII 3aOKeaHCKIIMII KOJIOHIIHMII. Bo r JiaBe BCeMIIpHo:H IIMnepiiii CTOHJI nonnep}l(IIBaeMbiH nancTBoM KaTOJIII<J:eCKIIH repMaHO-pliMCKIIH IIM-

3YJibTaTe copoKaJieTHIIX BOHH ynaJIOCb K 1559 roey OroiiTbCH OT CMepTeJibHbiX o6bHTIIH IIMne piiii 1. B 6opb6e coxpaHIIJia oHa CBOIO Hau:IIoHaJibHo-noJIIITII<J:ecKyiO He3aBIICIIMOCTh, a BMeCTe C TeM II CBOH a6coJIIOTIICTCKIIH nopH}:(OK. 0KOJIO Tor o }l(e BpeMeHII, C BOU:apeHIIeM (B 1558 r.) EJIII3aBeTbi, BbipBaJiacb II3non ra6c6yprcKom BJIIIHHIIH II AHrJIIIH. Ha MHOriie necHTIIJieTIIH Ba}l(He:HIIIe:H BHeiiiHenOJIIITII<J:eCKOH 3a):la<J:eH 9TliX a6COJIIOTIICTCKIIX ):(ep}l(aB CTaHOBIITCH JIIIKBIIL(aU:IIH HaCJi e):IIIH

6biJia a6cTpaKu:IIe:H, nycTbiM orroJioCKOM cpenHeBeKOBbiX Tpa):(IIU:IIH II CXOJiaCTll'!eCKIIX y<J:eHIIH 0 BCeXpiiCTIIaHCKOM rocynapcTBe. HMn epiiH

IIMTiepllll KapJia V II npoTIIBone:HCTBIIe ee B03pO}l(neHIIIO. 06e 9Tll KOHU:eniJ:IIII yxo}:(liJIII CBOIIMII KopHHMII rJiy6oKo B no<J:BY Cpen HeBeKOBbH. HoB TO }l(e BpeMH o6e HBJIHJIIICb ):(eTIIIUeM HOBOH 9nOXII. 06e CIICTeMbi 6biJIII noCTpoeHbi II3 MaTepiiaJIOB, Bbipa6oTaHHbiX npOIIIJibiMII

fa6c6yproB, oXBaTIIBIIIaH c 1519 rona (CO BpeMeHII BOCIIIeCTBIIH Ha IIMnepaTOpCKIIH npecToJI KapJia V ) orpoM-

BeKaMII. ConepHII<J:ecTBo II CTOJIKHOBeHIIe 9TIIX ABYX cpeo):(aJibHbiX noJIIITII<J:e-

Hyro <J:acTh 3anaAHOH EBponbi- fepMaHIIIO, HIIL~epJiaHAbi, <DpaHIII-KoRTe, HcnaHIIIO, lD}l(HYIO HTaJIIIIO, a HeCKOJibKO n03}l(e 3aXBaTIIBIIIaH IIJIII

CKIIX CIICTeM, HeCMOTpH Ha IIX o6ru:yro KOHe<J:HYIO U:eJib, 6biJIO Heii36e}l(H0. HMnepiiHHe MOrJiaHe npeTeHnoBaTh

neparop, a Bee rocyL~apcTBa- <J:JieHbi IIMnepiiii - HBJIHJIIICb ero BaccaJiaMII. TaKaH ciicTeMa noJIIITII<J:ecKo:H opraHII3aU:IIII EBponbi naJieKo He

nOCTaBIIBIIIaH non CBOH KOHTpOJib noliTH BCIO HTaJIIIIO, Ha KOpOTKIIH cpoK BTHHYBIIIaHB CBOIO op6ll'ry TaK}l(e AHrJIIIIO,- 6biJia Ha npOTH}l(eHIIII HeCKOJibKIIX necHTliJieTIIH rp03HOH noJIIITII<J:eCKOH peaJibHOCTbiO, XOTH

nPEJJ.nOCbtnKH L/,eHTp8!7bHb/M O'-larOM H83peB8 awero o6w,eeaponei11cKoro aoeHHoro Kpflr3flrC8 6blf78 /epM8Hflr>l. 0pflr flrMnepampe PyJJ.0!7brpe

npoTeCTaHTOB.

8 XOJ].e CTOJ7KHOBeHflrM

K8TOJ7flrKOB C npoTeCT8HT8Mflr orpopMflrf7flrCb J].B8 npOTflrBOCTO>IW,flrX JJ.pyr JJ.pyry BOeHHO-nOJ7flrTflr'-leCKflrX 06beJ].flrHeHflrR: npoTeCT8HTCK8>1 ( EaaHrenwleCK8>1) YHflrR

rnaae c Kyp-

cPIOPCTOM rtJpflrJJ.PflrXOM

0rpa!7bLJ,-

CKflrM fir Kamnflr'-!ecKaR nflrra ( flrf7flr CaRw,eHHaR KaTonwlecKaR nflrra)

ao ma-

ae c repu,oroM MaKCflrMflrnflraHoM 5aaapcKflrM. 0ocne o6pa30B8Hflr>l 0poTeCT8HTCKOM YHflrflr fir KaTonwlecKoill nflrrflr, 3a KOTOpb!Mflr CTO>IJ7flr Cflrf7bl flrHOCTpaH-

llarra EoHH<jl3llHfi VIII (129 4~1303) B 6op16e c <PPaHI.lY3CKHM KoponeM <l>IDIHIIrroM IV KpacHBhlM o6bliBHJI <jlpaHey3cKHfi npecToJI BaKaHTHhlM H «npeAJIOlliHJI» ero Am6pexry I ABcTpHfiCKOMY (fa6c6ypry) . «):.lap» He 6hlJI llpHHliT, HO BIIOCJie)l;CTBHH IIOCJiy)!(HJI npe)J;JloroM )J;Jili ra6c6yprcKHX npHTH3aHHfi Ha <jlpaHI.ly3cKHe 3eMJIH. 2

1 I1MeKJTCli B BM)zy OKO!f'HIHHe }fTaJThliHCKHX BOHH, 3aKJIIO'leHHe MHpa B KanrKaM6pe3H, yKpeiiJieHHe BOCTO'!HOH rpaHHll;hl <l:>paHl\IDI (npno6peTenne Tpex Ba)lmeitrrrnx KperroCTefi BBocTo'!Hofi JionpHHTIDI ~ Mella, TyJUI H Bep.u;eHa).

B /epM8Hflrflr H8'-18J7flrCb roHeHflr>l H8

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl

303

·-- -- -· -....---

---

•• t'~ .....

)f(.

Konno. OcllopT H3 cep&ut «6eACTBHR aoj;jHbl». 1663 r.

HbJX rocyP,apcre, 6opb6a o6o111x narepew ecryn111na B pewa/Oll.IY/0 craP.III/0. fPpBHI..IIII~ nOP,P,ep)l(8fl8 nporeCTBHTCKY/0 YHIII/0, <no6bJ YCTBHOBII/Tb rereMOHIII/0 HBP. OKPY)I(BBWIIIMIII ee CTPBHBMII/111 He P.OnyCTIIITb YC!IIfleH!II~ n03111I..IIIIW ra6c6yproB B norpBHIII'lHb/X repMBHCKIIIX KH~)I(eCTBBX. ,[l,BHIII~, enaP,eewa~ repMaHCKIIIMIII o6nacr~ MIII Wne3BIIIr Ill ronbWTIIIHIII~ ( ronbwrewH), crpeM!IInacb oenaP,eTb 111 KH~)I(eCTBBMIII CeeepHOW repMBHII/111. WBei..I!II~ xorena npeepaT!IITb 6anTIIIWCKoe MOpe BO «BHyrpeHHee 03epo». ronnaHP.III~P.06!11eanacb ocna6neH!II~ t1cnaH!IIIIIIII Aecrp!llllllll rocnoP.crea ceoero roproeoro cpnora Ha crapbJX raH3ewcK!IIX nyr~x. AHmlll~, Bb/CTyna~ npOTIIIB YC!IIfleH!II~ Bfliii~HIII~ ra6c6yproB B Ceeepo-3anaP,HOW repMBHII/111111 B pawoHe CeBepHoro MOP~, He )l(enana 111 yc!llneH!II~ rocyP.BPCTB 8HT!IIra6c6yprcKOW KOBfl!III..IIIIIII. VIHrepecbJ AHrm1111 B EBpone 111 HB bflllf)I(HeM BocroKe, B 'lBCTHOCTIII B OTHOWeH!II~X C 0CM8HCKOW 11/Mnep!lleVt, CTBflKIIIBBn!IICb C 11/HTepeCBMIII fPpBHI..III/111. 0CM8HCK8~ 11/Mnep!ll~ xor~ 111 He y'laCTBOBana B TPIIIP.I..IBT!IInerHew eowHe, HBP.e~nacb !llcnonb30BBTb ee .[lfl~ yKpenneH!II~ CBOIIIX n03111LIIIIW HB bBnKBHBX. nopa)l(eH!IIe ABcTpllllll, C'l!IITaBwewc~ ,,cf>opnocTOM XPIIICTIIIBHCTBB», !11368BIIIfl0 6bJ 0CM8HCKYIO 11/Mnep!ll/0 OT ee maBHO-

ro npoT!IIBH!IIKa B Eepone. PyccKoe rocyP,apcTBo eeno 6opb6y c Pe%/0 nocnon!IITOW 38 B03BPBT 3eMenb, 38XBB'leHHb/X e/0 BO BpeM~ nonbCKOW Ill WBeP,CKOW 11/HTepBeHLIIIIW B POCCII/111 XVII BeKa. 3aP.a'la n!IIKBIIIP.BLIII/111 nocneP.CTBIIIW nonbCKOW 11/HTepBeHI..IIIIIII B Pocc!ll!ll He Morna 6bJTb pa3peweHa PYCCKIIIM npBB!IITeflbCTBOM BHe CB~3111 C HBPBCTBBWIIIM TOrP,a B EBpone KOHcpfl!IIKTOM. roTOB~Cb K 6opb6e C nonbWeVt- BOCTO'lHb/M cpopnOCTOM !llcnaHo-ra6c6yprcKoro narep~ Karon!ll'lecKow peaKLIIIIIII, - Pocc111~ BbJcrynana KBK KpynHB~ Clllfl8 HB BOGTOKe EBpOnbl, C KOTOPOW He MOrfllll He C'l!IITBTbC~ P.PYrllle P,ep)I(8Bbl o6e!IIX eBponeWCKIIIX rpynnlllpOBOK. non!IITIIIKB pyCCKOrO npBBII/TeflbCTBB B rOP,bl, npeP,WeCTBOBBBW!IIe TPIIIP.LIBT!IInerHew eowHe, onpeP,en~ nacb 3811/HTepecoeaHHOCTb/0 PocCII/111 e no6eP.e aHT!IIra6c6yprcKow rpynnlllpOBKIII. no6eP,a IIICnBHO-ra6c6yprcKOrO narep~ no6yP.IIIna 6bJ wn~ xercey/0 nonbwy Ha HOBble arpecCIIIBHbJe P,eWCTBIII~, C03P.8B8~ HenocpeP,CTBeHHY/0 yrpo3y pyCCKIIIM 3eMn~M CO CTOPOHbl 06beP,II/HeHHb/X 11/CnaHO-BBCTpo-nonbCKIIIXC!IIfl. nosroMY, HBP~P.Y C MOTIIIBBMIII BHyrpeHHero nop~P,KB, BbiHYP.IIIBWIIIMIII pyCCKOe npBBII/TeflbCTBO nOWTIII HB T~)l(eflb/e ycnoe111~ Cron6oBcKoro M!llpa co WBeLI!IIew, HeMany/0 ponb 111rpan!ll

3P.ecb 111 coo6pa)l(eH!II~ BHewHew non!IITIIIKIII, He06XOP.IIIMOCTb rOTOBIIITbC~ K 6opb6e C nonbWeVt. HeyP,B'lHb/Vt .an~ nonbWIII noXOP. HB MOCKBY 1617-1618 rOP.OB CKOBbiBBfl c!llnbJ nonbWII/111 ocna6n~n ee n03111LIIIIIII HB ceeepO-BOCTOKe B BOWHe co WBeLI!IIew. Bcryn111e Ha 'lewcK!IIW npecron nocne BK!I/0'-leH!II~ 4eX!IIIII B COCTBB ra6c6yprcKOW P,ep)I(8Bbl ( 1526 r.), fPepP,!IIHBHP. Ocp!IILIIIIBflbHO np!113HBn, 'lTO OH np!IIH~n KOPOHY HB OCHOBe CB060P.HOrO !1136p8HIII~ ero 'leWCKIIIM cewMoM. OH o6ell.lan co6niOP.BTb ece npaBa 111 eonbHOCTIII 4ewcKoro KoponeBCTBa, Bee np!IIB!IIner!lllll ero cocnoe!llw. 0P.H8KO fPepP,IIIHBHP. HapyWIIIfl CBOIII o6ewaH!II~ 111 cran o6pawarbc~ C 4eX!IIeVt KBK C 38BIIICIIIMOW crpaHow. nonbJTKIII conpor!lleneH!II~ CO CTOPOHbl 'leWCKIIIX cpeOP,BflOB Ill ropo)l(aH noP.aBn~n!llcb KB3H~MIII 111 KOHcp!IICKBLIIII~MIIIIIIMYll.leCTBB.

0P.HOBpeMeHHO fPepP.IIIHBHP. I 111 ero npeeMHIIIKIII- MaKCIIIM!IIn!llaH II (1564-1576rr.) 111 PyP.onbcp 11een!ll 6opb6y c O)l(llfBIIIBwewc~ P.e~ renbHOCTb/0 'leWCKIIIX npoTeCTBHTOB, Bb!CTynaBWIIIX npOTIIIB rocnoP,CTBB ra6c6yproB. CocnOBIII~ 'leWCKoro CeWMB nepewn!ll B npare K peW!IITeflbHb/M P.eVIcTBIII~M. OH!II y'lpeP.IIInlll npBBII/TeflbCTBeHHb/Vt KOMII/TeT. BBIIIP.Y B03HIIIKwew yrpo3bl o6beP.!IIHeH!II~ 4eX!IIIII C npoTeCTBHTCKIIIM na-

304

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

repeM lepMaHvWI PytJ.onb¢ II no wen Ha ycTynKM. K 9TOMY no6yti.Mn ero 11 ucnaHCKMiii nocon, C'lMTaewuiii HeBbJrOJI.HbJM nepeiifTM B TOT MOMeHT K OTKPbJToiii eoiiiHe e Eepone. B 1110ne 1609 roti.a Pyti.onb¢ II noti.nucan «/paMOTY BenM'leCTBa», npetJ.OCTaBnfiBWY/0 BCeM HeKaTOnMKaM B 4eXvll1 ceo60JI.Y eepoucnoeeti.aHMfl c npaBOM MMeTb M36paHHb/X «tJ.ecf>eH30POB», T. e. 3a~MTHMKOB CBOeiii eepbJ. B 1611 rOJI.Y B npare 6bJnl1 opraHM30BaHbl 'leWCKMe BOOpy)l(eHHbJe CMnbJ nOJI. KOMaHJI.OBaHMeM npoTeCTaHTa rpa<f>a TypHa. B 9TOM )l(e roti.y Pyti.onb¢ II oTpeKc>~ oT npecTona 4exuu e nonb3y ceoero 6paTa MaTBe>~. npeeMHMK PytJ.Onb<f>a Mareeiii (MMnepaTop c 1612 no 1619r.) BbJHY>Kti.eH 6bJn nOJI.TBeptJ.MTb «/paMOTY BenM'leCTBa» l1 npM3HaTb HOBOe nonMTM'leCKOe nono)l(eHue 4exuu. nporecTaHTCKaf/ YHM>I, MCKaBWaf/ nOJI.tJ.ep)I(KY BHe CTpaHbl, CTpeMMnaCbB 1609-1611 roti.axucnonb30BaTb B CBOMX MHTepecax Ha'laBWeeCfl B 4eXMM.ll.BM)I(eHMe npOTMB /a6c6yprOB. Torti.a )l(e CtJ.enaHbJ 6bmM npoTeCTaHTCKOiii YHMeiii nonbJTKM c6nu)l(eHMfl c BeHe~uaHcKoiii pecny6nuKoiii, CO WBeiii~apCKMMM KaHTOHaMMM c AHmueiii. B 1613 roti.y 6bm noti.nMCaH o6opOHMTenbHb/W C0/03 YHMM C /onnaHJI.Meiii. B 9TO epeMR B KaTonu'leCKOM narepe He TOnbKO ymy6n>~nacb 6opb6a Me;>t(ay aBCTPMWCKMM l1 6aeap-

CKMM .ll.OMaMM, HO l1 06Hap'Y)I(MnOCb my60KOe HetJ.OBOflbCTBO MenKMX WBa6CKMX l1 6aeapCKMX cf>eOJI.BnOB, cpetJ.CTBa KOTOpbJX CTpeMMnMCb npuceaueaTb ce6e pyKOBOJI.MTenu KaronM'leCKOiii num. nepcneKTMBa no6etJ.bJ npoTecTaHTOB ucnyrana, OtJ.HaKO, .ll.YXOBHb/X cf>eoti.anOB J0ro3anatJ.HOW /epMaHMM, KOTOpbJe onaC8fll1Cb npoBeti.eHMfl y HMX CeKYn>ipM3a~Ml1. MaKCMMMnMaH 6aeapcKuiii BOCnOflb30BaflCf/9Tl1M .ll.fl>l yKpenneHM>I nMrMM COXpaHeHMfl B CBOMX pyKaX ynpaeneHMfl e10. B 1614-1615 roti.axnura aKTMBHO BbJCTynaer e p>~ JI.e KOHcf>nMKTOB npoTeCTaHTOB C KaTOnMKaMM - B rep~orcTBe JOnux, rpacf>cTee Kneee, e ropotJ.ax AxeHe 11 MFOnbreiiiMe 11 B JI.pyrux nyHKTax PeiiiHcKoiii o6nacTM, pacnpaenf!f!Cb BCIO.ll.Y C npoTeCTaHTaMM. l1e3yl1Tbl cTapanucb c noMo~b/0 nanbJ o6ecne'lMTb CBOeMy CTaBneHHMKY 4Jep.ll.MHaHayLUTMPMWCKOMyHacnetJ.OBaHue npecTona e AecTpuu, 4exuu, BeHrpuu 11 npaea Ha KopoHy Ce>~ ~eHHoiii PuMcKoiii MMnepuu. MaTBeiii 06bf!Bl1n 4JeptJ.MHaHJI.a CBOMM HacnetJ.HMKOM. ct>eptJ.MHaHJI. LUTupuiiicKuiii Ha'lan OTKpbJTO HapywaTb «/paMOTY BenM'leCTBa» l1 BCe rapaHTMPOBaHHbJe e/0 'lexaM nonMTM'lecKue 11 penuruo3HbJe npaea. B 4exuu cTanu npecne.ll.OBaTb npoTeCTaHTOB l1 CTOpOHHMKOB nonMTM'leCKOW CaMOCTOf/TenbHOCTM CTpaHbl, B TOM 'lMCne l1 KOMaH-

.ll.OBaBwero 'leWCKMM BOWCKOM rpa<f>a TypHa. /l,n>~ npoeeti.eHMfl MeponpMRTMiii, 3atJ.yMaHHbiX /a6c6ypraMl1, e npare 6bmo cocTaeneHo npaBMTenbCTBO 113 tJ.eCf/TM ,<3aMeCTMTeneiif» ( «neiiiTeHaHTOB»), npOTMBHMKOB «/paMOTbl BenM'leCTBa», KOTOpbJe He npM3HaBanM 'leWCKMX «tJ.ecf>eH30pOB» 11 noti.eepranu ux penpeccMRM. 3TM peaK~MOHHbJe Mepbl 4JeptJ.MHaHJI.a 11 ero «neiiiTeHaHTOB» BbJ3Banu B 4exuu 6onbwoe B03My~eHue. Bo ecexcno>~xo6~ecTea poena peWMMOCTb K conpOTMBneHM/0. npoTeCTaHTCKMe ti.enyraTbJ 'lewcKoro ceiiiMa co6panucb 5 Ma>~ 1618 roti.a .ll.flfl BbJp8)1(eHMfl pe3Koro npoTecTa MMneparopy Maree10 npoTMB HapyweHM>I «lpaMOTbJ eenu'leCTBa». Koma )l(e MaTBeiii He TOnbKO rpy6o OTKflOHun npoTecr, HO 11 o6bf!BMn BbJCTynaewux Ha nporecTaHTCKoiii accaM6nee 6yHTOB~MKaMM, no.ll.fle)l(a~u MM HaKa3aHMIO, 9TO Bb/3Bano B03My~eHMe )1(!1Teneiii nparu. B ropotJ.e co6upanucb eoopy)l(eHHbJe TonnbJ nFOJI.eiii, 06C'Y)K.ll.aBWMX KOponeBCKMe npMKa3bl l1 Tpe60BaBWMX MX OTMeHbl. Bo epeM>~ neperoeopoe npetJ.cTaBMreneiii 'lewcKoro ceiiiMa c KoponeeCKMMM «neiiiTeHaHTaMM» l1 MX CTOpOHHMKaMM 113 KaTOflM'leCKOW 3HaTM co6paBWaRCfl B np8)1(CKOM KpeMne eoop'Y)KeHHaf! Tonna norpe6oeana pacnpaBbl CO CTaBneHHMKaMM/a6c6yproB. no CTapoMy 'leWCKOMY 06bJ-

)1(,

Konno. ()4>opT 113 cep1111 «6eACTBHH so~Hbl». 1663 r.

BA>KHElllWVlE BOIIIHbl 'la/0 pacnpaabJ c npe,D,aTenRM/11 (nony'llllaweMy Ha3aaHII/e «,D,ecjJeHeCTpau,/11111») ,ll,BOe 11/3 «Jiei!JTeHaHTOB»MapTIIIH/1/U. 111 Cnaaam - 6blfllll Bbl6poweHbl 1113 OKHa.

1608 r. EBAHrEJU1"1ECKASI (nPOTECTAHTCKASI) YHl-1SI. lepMaHCKIIIe npOTeCTaHTCK/1/e KH>I3bfl o6be,D,II/HIIIf1111Cb no,D, pyKOBO,D,CTBOM ncjJaflbl.I,CK0/0 KypcjJ10pCT8 c:Ppiii,D,plllxa V 111 XpiiiCTIIIaHa AHranbTCKoro a 3HaK npoTeCTa npOT/1/B OKKynaU,/11111 6aaapcKIIIM KypcjJIOpCTOM MaKCIIIMIIInlllaHOM I BOflbHOro ropo,D,a J].oHayaepm (B COBp. /epMaH/11111).

1609 r. CBSIW,EHHASI KAT011l-1"1ECKASI11l-1rA. 0Ha 6blna opraHIII30BaHa MaKCIIIMIIIfllllaHOM 15aaapCKIIIM Ill ,D,pyr/1/M/11 HeMeU,K/1/M/11 KaTOfl/1/'leCKII/M/11 KHf/3bf/MIII B npOT/1/BOBeC EaaHren/1/'leCKOill YH/11111.

1609 r. PE11l-1rl-103HASI CB060AA B 60rEMl-1l-1. l1Mnepamp Py,D,OflbcjJ II rapaHTIIIpoaan cao111M npOTeCTaHTCK/1/M nO,ll,ll,aHHb/M CB060,D,y aepolllcnoae,D,aHIIIR; cne,D,/1/Tb 3a ee co6niO,D,eHIIIeM np1113BaH 6blfl cneu,lllaflbHblill opraH - Konnerlllfl «3alljii/THIIIKOB» ( «,D,ecjJeH30pOB» ). B pe3yflbTaTe Py,D,onbcjJ II 6blfl CBeprHyT CB0/1/M 6paTOM, aBCTpllli!JCK/1/M 3pu,repu,oroM AHplll MaTaeeM ( 1611 r.), KOTOpbiM Bb/CTynan npoT/1/B cao60,D,bl aepolllcnoae,D,aHIIIR.

1612 r. MATBE"' l-136PAH l-1MnEPATOPOM. 1 7 11110 HSl 1 6 1 7 r. B bl 6 0 P bl SOrEMCKOrO HAC11EAHl-1KA. nocKOflbKY MaTaeill 6blfl 6e3,D,eTeH, HaCfle,D,H/1/KOM npeCTOfla KaTOJI/11'IeCK/1/M cei!JM 11136pan era nneMRHH/1/Ka c:Pep,D,IIIHaH,D,a WTIIIpllliiiCKom. npoTeCTaHTbl, B03TflaBflflfl KOTOpbiX leHplllx MaTTIIIac ( 11111111 MaTaeill), rpacjJ TypH, OTKa3af1111Cb np1113HaTb c:Pep,D,/1/HaH,D,a II.

22 MaS! 1618 r. «nPA)I(CKASI AE<l>EHECTPALI,l-1SI» 1 • «3alljii/THII/KII/» C03Bafllll B npa)J(CKOM rpa,D,e C06op. KoponeaCKIIIe HaMeCTHIIIKIII Cnaaam 111 MapTIIIHIIIU., a TaK)J(e 111x ceKpeTapb c:Pa6plllu,lllill6blfllll Bbl6poweHbllll3 OKOH 3/l,aHIIIf/ LfeWCKOi!J KaHU,efl>lpllllll ( npaBIIITeflbCTBa). 3aTeM

'lexlll y'lpe,D,IIIfl/11 apeMeHHOe npaa/11TeflbCTao, a rpacjJ TypH cmn co6111paTb apMIII/0.

0TKphrTaH arpecciDI fa6c6yproB rrpOTMB qeXMM, HanpaBneHHaH Ha HHKBHAaUH~ BCeX OCTaTKOB npaB 'IerrrcKoro HapoAa H Ha rronHoe ero ITOA'IMHeHI1e, rrocny)!(Mna HalfanoM TpiiAUaTimeTHeli BOHHhi (16181648 rr. ). AKT «AecpeHecTpaUIIII» 03Ha'Ian no cyrrrecTBY pa3phiB qexnn c ABcTpnen.

'IEWCKHH (111flll1 'IEWCKO-nC/JAflbl...fCKHH, HnH 50rEMCKII1H) nEPHOP,,

eMaH nyTeM llhi6pachmamm TTJ OKRa.

«npaJKcKaR ,qec/JeHecrpa~IIIR» 22 MaR 1618 r.

1618-1625 rr. 1 l-110nb 1618 r. HA"'A110 60EBbiX AE"'CTBl-1"'. /pacjJ TypH amKoaan 111 3axaaTII/fl KpyMMay.

21 HOS16pSI 1618r. B3SITl-1E n11b3EHl-1. npoTeCTaHTCKIIIill rpacjJ 3pHCT cjJoH MaHccjJenb,D, c 20 TbJCH'IaMIII HaeMH/1/KOB 3aXBaTIIIJI TOpO,D, nocne TpoeKpaTHOro wTypMa.

1618-1619 rr. KAT011l-1Kl-1 n011Y"'AIOT nOAKPEn11EHl-1E. 0,D,Ha apMIIIfl, CHapfi)J(eHHafl Ha 11/CnaHCK/1/e ,D,eHbT/11, f/B/1/flaCb 1113 (/)naH,D,pllllll," ampaR - 1113 AacTpllllll. 3111Moill 'leWCK/1/e BOMCKa nO,D, KOMaH,D,OBaH/11eM rpacpa TypHa 111 nonKOBHIIIKa rpacpa AH,D,peaca Wn111Ka 6noK111poaan111 apMIIIIO, np1116biBWYIO 1113 (/)naH,D,pllllll, a 5y,D,aai13e 111 pa3opHnlll 3eMnlll B,ll,Oflb aBCTpiiiMCKOM rpaH/1/l.l,b/.

20MapTa 1619 r. CMEPTbl-1MnEPATOPA MATBESI. B pe3ynbTaTe 3TOTO C06bJTII/fl 'leWCK/1/M Ill 11/MnepCK/1/M TpOHbl OKa3afiii/Cb BaKaHTHb/M/11.

1619 r. BTOP)I{EHl-1E B ABCTPl-110. lpacjJ TypH BbiMa~-IIIIOHb

CTynllln Ha BeHy, T,D,e K He My npiiiCOe,ll,/1/HIIIflaCb TpaHCIIIflbBaHcKaR apMIIIR no,D, KOMaH,D,OBaH/1/eM KHf/3>1 /a6opa 5emeHa.

10 IIIIOHS11619 r. 3A611ATCKOE CPA)I(EHl-1E. /pacp 3pHcTcjJOH MaHccjJenb,D, nompnen a Lfex111111 ( np111 LfecKe-5y,D,eealllu,e) Tfi)J(enoe nopa)/(e-

pHi1e TTCTO'IHTTKOn 'leTTTCKTTH rrepTTOi1

11ampyeTCH

1618-1624 1625 r011

CJTy'lae yKaJaH 1 ):(eljleHecTpal1viH- KaJHh, ocymecTnJTH-

305

ro)1aMTT. -

)1aHHOM

npeMH llCTYTTJTe-

HTTH ll IJOHHJ ):\aHTTTT TT Ha'laJTa IJTOpOrO, )1aTCKOrO rrepTT0)1a TpTTi1I:(aTJTJTeTHeH llOHHhT.

Hille OT 11/MnepCKOi!J apMIII/11 nO,D, KOMaH,D,OBaH/1/eM Kapna ,D,e 510KKya. l13 AacTp/11111 6bJfl npiii3BaH Ha noMOlljb rpacjJ TypH; KH>I3b /a6op 5eTneH aepHyncR a BeHrplll/0.

26 asrycTa 1619 r. "'EWCKl-1E nPOTECTAHTbl Bbl6l-1PAIOT HOBOrO nPABl-1TE11SI. TaKOBbiM cei!JM npoao3mac111n ncjJanbu,rpacjJa Pei!JHCK0/0 Ill KypcjJ10pCT8 ncpaflbl.I,CK0/0 c:Ppiii,D,plllxa V ( maay EaaHren/1/'leCKOill YHIII/11111 3f/Tfl aHTJI/1/MCKOTO KOPOflfl, OT KOTOpOrO 'leXIII Q)J(/1/,ll,afllll nOMOUjlll). PaHee ceiiiM y)/(e o6bRBIIIfl He,D,eiiiCTBIIITenbHbJM 11136paHIIIe (/)ep,D,IIIHaH,D,a II. 5oreMIIIIO no,ll,ll,ep)/(afl/11 fly)/(11/u,a (coap. flay3111u, a lepMaHIIIIII), Clllne3111H 111 Mopaa111>1.

29 asrycTa 1619 r. l-136PAHl-1E l-1MnEPATOPOM <l>EPAl-1HAHAA II. l136paHIIIe npoiii3BO,D,IIInocb ao c:PpaHKcjJypm l1MnepcKOi!J KypcjJIOpCT-Konnerllleill. B cne,D,y/0ll.jllle MeCRU,bl c:Pep,D,IIIHaH,D, II nbJTanCR nO,D,aB/1/Tb BOCCTaHIIIe B 5oreMIIIIII 111 caeprHyTb c 'lewcKoro TpoHa c:Ppiii,D,plllxa V; eMy noMoran/11 6aaapCKIIIill KYP¢10PCT MaKCIIIM/1/fllllaH I, caKCOHCKIIIill KYP¢10PCT l1oraHH /eopr I 111 11/CnaHCKIIIill Koponb c:P/11fllllnn Ill.

30 anpenSI 1620 r. l-1MnEPATOP l-13AAET MAHAAT, KOTOPbiM <!>Pl-1APl-1XY V nPl-1KA3biBAETCSI OTCTYnl-1Tb. 0,D,HaKo c:Ppiii,D,piiiX V He nOB/1/HOBafiCfl, 'ITO 6blf10 paBH03Ha'IHO 06bHBfleHIIIIO BOMHbl.

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl 28 TblCSI"' 'leJIOBeK npOTHB 21 ThlCJI'lH 'leJIOBeK apMHH 'leXOB.

307

AHraJihTCKH~ npHMeHHJI AJIH o6o-

Ka)K,ll.O~ JIHHHH 61>1JIH BblCTpOeHhl 3C-

poHh1 HH.LJ,epJiaH.LJ,CKH~ 6oeBO~ nopH-

Ka,r:I.p0Hh1 KOHHHUbl. BeHrepCKaH KOH-

06opOHHTeJihHaH n03HUHJI 61>1Jia

.LJ,OK, pacqJieHeHHbl~ no <J:>poHry H B

HHUa, COCTaBJIJIBIIIaH TpeThiO JIHHHIO,

Bbl6paHa BeChMa yAa'lHO. Ee npaBbl~

my6HH)'. llelliCKaH apMHH 61>ma no-

pacnOJIO)KHJiaCh KpynHhlMH MaC CaM H.

<J:>JiaHr npHKpblBaJI pyqe~ foCTOBHU,

cTpoeHa B TPH JIHHHH: nepBble ABe co-

,[{JIH .LJ,OCTH)KeHHJI yen ex a B TaKOM

Ha 6epery KOTOporo H3XO.LJ,HJICJI 3a-

CTaBJIHJia neXOTa B CO'leTaHHH C KaBa-

6oeBoM nopH.L~,Ke Tpe6oBaJIHCh xopo-

MOK, pacnOJIO)KeHHbl~ B OXOTHH'lheM

JiepH~CKHMH 3CKa,D;poHa:tvfH, B TPeThe~

lllaH opraHH3auHH B3aHMO.LJ,e~CTBHJI

napKe; no.LJ,crynhl K JieBOM:Y <J:>JiaHry

H3XO.LJ,HJIOCh 5 ThlCJI'l BeHrepCKO~ KOH-

no.LJ,pa~eJieHH~ H poAOB Bo~cK, TBep-

npe.LJ,CTaBJIJIJIH co6o~ .LJ,OBOJihHO Kpy-

HHUbl. ApTHJIJiepHH, COCTOJIBIIIaH H3

AaH BOHHCKaH AHCUHnJIHHa H yMenoe

TO~ no.LJ,'heM Ha ropy; no.LJ,crynoM

JlieCTH KpynHhlX H HeCKOJihKHX MaJIO-

ynpaBJieHHe BO~CKa:tvfH B 6010, a TaK-

C <J:>pOHTa JIBJIHJICJI 60JIOTHCTbl~ Jiyr,

K3JIH6epHblX opy.Ll,H~, 61>ma ycTaHO-

)Ke HHHUHaTHBa 'laCTHblX Ha'laJihHH-

no KompoMy npoTeKaJI pyqe~ Illap-

BJieHa Bnepe.LJ,H nepBO~ JIHHHH.

KOB H B3aHMHaH BhlPY'lKa. AHraJihT-

Ka. qepe3 pyqe~ MO)KHO 6blJIO nepe-

IlexoTa apMHH qexoB nocTpoH-

CKH~ BnOCJie.LJ,CTBHH OTMe'laJI, 'ITO

npaBHThCH BCero JIHillh no O.LJ,HOMY

Jiach, no-BH.Ll,HMOMY, noJiynoJIKa:tvtH,

MHOrHe o<J:>Huepbl npeHe6peJKHTeJih-

Mocry, 'ITO 3aTPYAHHJIO pa3BePTblBa-

npH 3TOM nepBble noJiynoJIKH cocTa-

HO OTHOCHJIHCh K HH.LJ,epJiaH.LJ,CKOMY

HHe BO~CK.LJ,JIJI HacrynJieHHJI.

BHJIH nepeyro JIHHHIO, BTOphle- BTO-

cnoco6y Be.LJ,eHHH 6oa, He noHHMaH

KoMaHAYIOIUH~ 'lelllcKo~ apMHe~ He cyMeJI BOCnOJih30BaThCJI ecTe-

pyro JIHHHIO, pacnOJiaraHCh B III3XMaTHOM

nopH.L~,Ke

H HMeJI HHTepBaJibl, paB-

ero, H 'ITO B 'leiiiCKO~ apMHH CJIHillKOM MaJIO 61>1JIO nOJIKOBHHKOB, TaK

CTBeHHblMH Bblf'O.LJ,aMH MeCTHOCTH ny-

Hble npOTII)KeHHIO <J:>poHTa n oJiyn OJIKa.

KaK reHepaJibl33XBaTHJIH BCe nOJIKOB-

TeM HepaBHOMepHoro pacnpe.LJ,eJieHHH

Bmpaa JIHHHH, HaxOAHCh B 100M oT

HH'lhH MeCTa. ,[{JIH ycnelliHOrO npH-

Bo~cK no <J:>poHry. Mo)f(Ho 6blJio ycH-

nepBO~ JIHHHH, MOrJia CBOeBpeMeHHO

MeHeHHJI HOBO~ Tah.'THKH He06XO.LJ,H-

JIHTh JieBOe OTKpblTOe KphlJIO 6oeBO-

Bhl)J.BHHYThCJI Bee HHTepBaJibl H o6pa-

Mbl e.LJ,HHCTBO B3rJIJI.Ll,OB Ha'laJihCTBy-

ro nopHAKa 3a c'leT npasoro KpblJia,

30BaTh CllJIOlliHO~ <J:>pOHT.

IOIUero COCTaBa H COOTBeTCTBYIOIUee

r.LJ,e H3XO.LJ,HJiaCh CHJihHaH eCTeCTBeH-

IloJiynoJIKH HMeJIH «TOHKOe no-

o6y'leHHe BO~CK. 3Toro He 6blJIO

HaH ll03HUHJI c TPYAHO.LJ,OcrynHhlM

CTPOeHHe», T. e. HerJiy6oKHe CTPOH,

B apMHH 'leXOB. IlooTOMY HOBhle TaK-

no.LJ,cTynoM. Ho 'leiiiCKHe Bo~cKa

He 6oJiee BOChMH lllepeHr. MylliKeTe-

TH'leCKHe <J:>opMbl OKa3aJIHCh HallOJI-

6blJIH pasHoMepHo pacnpe.LJ,eJieHbl no

phl B llOJIKax COCTaBJIJIJIH KphlJihH,

HeHHblMH CTapblM CO.LJ,e~aHHeM. 3m

<J:>poHry 06IUHM npOTII)KeHHeM OKOJIO 2-2,5 KM.

npHMhlKaBlliHe K CTPOIO nHKHHepoB.

npOTHBOpe'IHe OKa3aJIOCh O.LJ,HHM H3

B HHTepBaJiax Me)K,ll.y noJiynoJIKaMH

peiiiaiOIUHX MOMeHTOB B XO.LJ,e 6oJI.

Ka3Hb '19WCKltX ABOpHH 11 ropolKaH B

1621

r. B npare

308 3APO>K,Ll.EHl!1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEil!ll!ll!l TAKTl!lKl!l. 1600-1700 rr: YTpoM

8 HOH6pa 1620 ro.n,a 6aBap-

U:hi ITOJIOIIIJIH K PYlfhiO WapKa. Tnn-

MaHeBpOM 3aCTaBHTb liX YHTli C Cli.Jlb-

ll,a MO)I{HO 6biJ10 JTYY.llie pa3Bell,aTb

HOM IT03Hl(HH.

paCITOJIO)I{eHHe ITpOTHBHHKa.

JIH ITpHKa3aJI HM ITpO):IOJI)I{aTh ):IBH)I{e-

Ilo3a):IH pa3BepThiBaBIIIeMCH ap-

HacryiTJieHHe HMHepu:eB ITpHBeJio

HHe 1Iepe3 pylfeM ITO MOCTY H Ha ITpa-

MHH HMITepl(eB 6hiJI co6paH BOeHHhiM

K 3aBH3Ke 6oH, cpa3y )l{e BCTYITHBIIIe-

BOM 6epery pa3BepThlBaThCH nepe):l

coBeT, Ha KOTopoM THJTJIM 11 MaKe

ro B CTaAHIO Kpi13Mca, 6hrCTpo pa3pe-

cppOHTOM npOTMBHMKa.

):10Ka3a.JTM He06XO.D,I1MOCTb HaCTyrr.JTe-

WMBwerocH B IIO.Jlb3Y MMnepueB.

HHH H aTaKH qexOB. «TOT, KTO XOlfeT

Il03TOMy 60JihillTIHCTBO 6aBapCKTIX IIOJIKOB B 6010 He yY.aCTBOBaJIM.

IlOHBHJiaCh B03MO)I{HOCTh pa36HTh HMnepcKyiO apMHIO no Y.aCTHM,

cpa3HTbCH C BparOM B OTKpbiTOM

Ha Y.TO BHHMaHHe AHraJihTCKoro o6-

none, -

paTHJIH nOJIKOBHHKli illTy6eHcpOJib H

JIM, -

illJIHK. 0):1HaKO ITpOTHB TaKOrO ITpe):I-

HHalfe, KaK ITOBepHyBUJHCh K HeMy

JIO)I{eHHH BhiCTYITHJI rpacp roreHJI03,

JIHI(OM H ITO):IBepraH ce6H OITaCHOCTH

eCH B ITepBOM JIHHTITI lfeiiiCKTie KaBa-

yKa3aB, qTo 6aBapu:hr MoryT MYIIIKe-

ero orHH».

JiepHHCKHe ITOJIKTI ABHHYJITICh B KOH-

roBopli.Jl Bnocne.n,CTBMH Tli.JlTOT He MO)I{eT 3TOro C.D,eJiaTb

KaK TOJibKO MMnepuhr nOAHHJIHCh Ha BbiCOTY li OKa3aJIMCb B

300-400 M

OT JieBOrO KphiJia lfeXOB, HaXO):ITIBIIITI-

TepaMH y.n,ep)l{aTh .n,epeBHIO Pen, Ha-

I1MnepcKaH apMM MMena r ny6o-

TpaTaKy, HO nepeil, IIOil,aBJifllOillMM

xo.n,HBinyroca Ha npaBOM 6epery py-

Koe nOCTpOeHHe li no cppOHTY OKa3a-

npeBOCXOil,CTBOM CMJI npOTliBHHKa BhiHy)KJJ:eHbi 6biJIM OTCTynMTh.

Y.hH, 11 o6ecneY.HTh ITepenpaBy Bcetl:

JiaCb MeHbiiiero npoTH)I{eHHH no cpaB-

apMHH. Tor,J:~a lfeXH oKa)l{yTcH B He-

HeHHIO c lfexaMH. Y:ncneHHoe ITpeBoc-

3aTeM ):IBTIHYJICH B KOHTpaTaKy

BhirO):IHhiX YCJIOBHHX, OTKa3aBIIIHCh OT

XOJICTBO He 6biJIO HCITOJih30BaHO ):IJIH

JieBocpnaHrOBhiM ITexoTHhiM TypTIH-

XOpOIIIeM 060pOHHTeJihHOM IT03Hl(lili.

oxBaTa OTKphrToro JieBoro cjlnaHra

CKTIM ITOJIYITOJIK, He ITOAAep)l{aHHhiM

AHraJibTCKHii cornacHJICH c 3THMH

npOTMBHliKa, M HaCTyDJieHlie n03TO-

COCeil,HMI1l1 CBOMM BTOpbiM IIOJiynOJI-

.D,OBO.D,aMH li peiiiHJl .D,aTb o6opOHH-

MY npHHHJTO Y.MCTO cjlpoHTaJihHhrii xa-

KOM, HaXOil,MBlliMMCH BO BTOpOH JTM-

C AHCTaHUMM 200- 300 M

TeJibHbiM 6oii, .n,o6pOBOJlhHO ycTynaH

paKTep. IJpaBOe KpbiJIO COCTaBHJlM

HMM.

liHlil(HaTHBYITPOTHBHHKy.

HMITepu:hr THJIJIH, JieBoe -

KeTephr BhiCTpeJITIJITI, ITOCJie lfero ITO-

KoMaH.n,yromHii HMnepcKoii apMH-

6aBapu:hr

MaKca.

MYlli-

BepHyJIM Ha3all, M no6e)l{aJIM B ThiJl

eH. oiOKKya CY.HTaJI 3aHHMaeMyiO Y.e-

EoeBoii nopH.D,oK MMnepueB cpaK-

xaMH IT03Hl(HIO CHJihHOM, K TOMY )l{e

THlfeCKH COCTOHJT H3 lfeTbipex JIHHHM:

He 6hiJIO B03MO)I{HOCTH ):IJIH ee ITOJI-

B ITepBhrx Tpex pa3BepHynach ITexo-

HOrO OCMOTpa, BCJie):ICTBHe lfero OC-

Ta BTiepeMe)I{KY C KOHHHI(eM, B lfeT-

ITO):I HalfaJihCTBOM MOJIO):IOrO

TaBaJICH Hel13BeCTHblM xapaKTep yK-

BepTOM -

CbiHa rnaBHOKOMaHAyromero XpHCTH-

KOHHHUa. ApTHJinepmi3a-

cBoero pacno.JTO)I{eHM 'iepe3 MHTepBamr ITepBOff H BTOpOif JITIHTIM. B 3TOT MOMeHT ITOJIK petl:npoB

(21

ro,J:~)

peDJieHliM. Ilp11 HaCTyDJieHlili BOHCKa

mma n03Ml(lili nepe.n, cppOHTOM M Bbi-

aHa AHraJibTCKoro, HaXOAMBlliMHCH

MOrJIH nonaCTh no.n, .n,eHCTBHTeJibHbrM

HY)I{):IeHa 6biJia CTpemiTh CHH3Y

BO BTOpOH JlMHlili, ycnelliHO KOHTp-

oroHb apTHJIJiepHH 11 MYIIIKeTepoB H

BBepx. I leXOTa ITOCTpOHJiaCb rny6o-

aTaKOBaJI (TpeTbH KOHTpaTaKa) ITpa-

He BhiJ~ep)l{aTh ero. IlpH oTcrynneHHH

KHMH KOJIOHHaMH -

HCTiaHCKHMH

BOcpJiaHrOBYIO Tepumo TIMIIepu:eB, ITO-

1fepe3 ,T"IecpHJTe ( e):IHHCTBeHHh!M MOCT)

Tepl(HHMH, B HHTepBaJTaX Me)l{):ly KO-

ITYTHO pacceHB o6eciTelfHBaBrnyro ee

apMHH MOr.JTa norH6HyTb. IJ03TOMY

TOpbiMM HaXOil,li.JlliCb 3CKa.D,p0Hhi KOH-

KOHHMUY. BHAH ycnex peiinpoB, ABH-

oiOKKya cjlpoHTaJibHOMY HacTynne-

Hlil(bl, IIOCTpOeHHbie 6onee KpynHhi-

HYJIMCh BnepeA 11 ApyrMe Y.elliCKMe

HHIO npe.n,noY.HTaJI o6xo):l apMHH Y.e-

MM MaCCaMM y 6aBapueB M MeHbiiiM-

xoB C IOra, paCClfHThiBaH TaKTHlfeCKHM

MH -

y HMITepu:eB.

Y Tnmrn H

MaKca

OKa3aJIOCh ITO ITHTH Tepu:Htl: ITeXOThi,

rpoB).

Ka)l{):laH OKpy)l{eHHaH CO BCeX CTOpOH

0AHaKo THJTJTH TIMeJI B03MO)I{-

MYIIIKeTepaMH. 3To 6hrJI THITHlfHhrii

HOCTh Hapam:TIBaTh ycTIJITie BOHCK TI3

XVI

rny6TIHbT 6oeBoro ITopH):IKa. KpoMe

EaBapuhr nepBbiMH M3rOTOBli.JlHCh

ro OH BbiCJiaJI CBOHX peifTapOB, KOTO-

K 6010, HO BKJIIOY.liJIMCb B 6oii JIMllib B

phle onpOKMHYJIM Y.eXOB, OKa3aBlliMX-

HciTaHcKHtl: 6oeBotl: ITopHAOK BeKa.

T1111111111

nOJIKli neXOThi, 3CKall,p0Hbl KOHHMl(hi H ):la)l{e TpeThH JITIHHH (KOHHTII(a BeH-

Toro, ITPOTTIB petl:TapoB AHraJihTCKO-

KOHue ero 3aBep11Iaromeii cpa3bL 3To

CH 6e3 IIOAAep)I{KM. BeHrepcKaH KOH-

6hiJIO OAHOH H3 ITpHlfHH ITOJIOBHHlfa-

HHL\a He BBH3hiBaJiaCh B cephe3HYIO

TOrO perneHHH KOMaHAOBaHlm, CO-

KOHTpaTaKy.

rJiaCHO KOTOpoMy ITpe):IITOJiaraJIOCh

IlOJIKTI ITeXOThi TI 3CKaJJ:pOHhi KOH-

3aBH3aTb OrHeBOH 6oii KpynHhiMli CM-

Hlil(bl Y.elliCKOH apMHM BCTynaJIH B

JiaMM c uenbiO pa3BeAKM xapaKTepa

6oii pa3p03HeHHO M no.n, HaTMCKOM

yKpeDJieHMH n03Ml(liM M 3aTeM ll,eHCT-

KpynHhlX KOJIOHH npOTliBHMKa o6pa-

BOBaTb B COOTBeTCTBHH C pe3y.JThTa-

ll(aJITICh B 6erCTBO. l.JeUJCKHe BOHHhi,

TaMH pa3Be):IKH. Ocym:ecTBJIHH 3TOT

yKpbiBIDTiecH B OXOTHHlfheM ITapKe,

3aMbrcen, ITepBhTMTI ABTIHYJTHCh BITe-

6hiJIH oKpy)l{eHhT TI Bee yHHlfTO)I{eHhi.

peA MMnepl(bl KaK HaXOil,liBlliHeCH Ha

B 3TOH nocnell,Heii a TaKe, no-BMAHMO-

6onee nOJIOrOM CKaTe BbiCOThi, OTKy-

MY, npHHHJIM yY.aCTMe M 6aBapUbL

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl

309

BHTBa npo,AOJDKa.Jiach noJITOpa-,ABa qaca. llexH narepneJIH nopaJKeHHe. Ilo6e,Aa HMnepueB He 03Ha'Ia.Jia npeBOCXO,ACTBa CTaporo BOeHHOrO HCK)'CCTBa H3,ll. HOBhlM. 0HaJIHIIIh llOKa3hiBa.Jia, 'ITO HOBaH TaKTHKa Tpe6yeT YMeJioro ee npHMeHeHHll H npoqHhiX llOJIHTHKO-MOpa.Jii>HhiX H BOeHHOTeXHH'IeCKHX ocHoB. Bcero groro He 6hlJIO B apMHH 'IeXOB, KOMaH,AOBaHHe KOTOpoJ:t ,ABIDK,Ahl ynycTHJIO B03MO)f(HOCTh YHH'ITO)f(aTh npoTHBHHKa no qacTHM (npH nepenpase qepe3 pyqeJ:t IIIapKa H npH H30JIHpoBaHHOM BhlABH)f(eHHH HMnepueBTHJIJIH). 3Ha'IHTeJihHOe pe3epBHpOBaHHe HMnepCKHX BOl:tCK TaK*e MOrJIO ChirpaTh OTpHUaTeJII>HYIO pOJih B HX ,Ael:tCTBHliX, eCJIH 6hl 3THM o6cTOliTeJihCTBOM YMeJIO BOCll OJih30BaJIOC h KOMaH,AOBaHHe 'IeiiiCKOJ:t apMHH.

Ta~>.-TI~'IecKaH oco6eHHOCTh 6HTBhi y BeJiol:t rop1>1 3aKJIIO'IaJiach B TOM, 'ITO aTaKH H KOHTpaTaKH ocymecTBJlliJIHCh Ha OTKpi>IThlX <J:>JiaHrax 6oeBhlX nopHAKOB npoTHBHHKOB. Bol:t HOCHJI xapaKTep <J:>JiaHroBOro CTOJIKHOBeHHll, B XO,Ae KOTOporo BaJKHYIO pOJih ,AOJI)f(HO 6i>IJIO ChirpaTh He CKOBaHHOe 6aBapuaMH npaBoe KphlJIO 'IeXOB. 0,AHaKO OHO OKa3aJIOCh nacCHBHhlM. 0TpHUaTeJihHO CKa3aJIHCh pa3p03HeHHhle ,Ael:tCTBHll 'IeiiiCKHX Bol:t cK H e6oJihiiiHMH qacTHMH H OTCYTCTBHe B3aHMO,Ael:tCTBHll MeJK)l.y nexoTOJ:t H KOHHHUel:t.

19 SIHBapS11621 r. <PPL1APL1X V J1L1WEH BCEX BJ1.AAEHL1UI. Bee ero 3eMnM 6b!flM KOHlj>MCKOB8Hbl. ,il.eWCTBM513TM 6blflM onpoTeCTOB8Hb/ KH513b>IMM EeaHrenM'lecKow YHMM, O.[l.H8KO 4Jep.[l.MH8H.[l. If OTKflOHMfl nporecr. TeM epeMeHeM rpalf> 3pHcT lj>oH MaHclj>enbtJ. co6pan e nlj>aflbl.le CMeWBHHY/0 apMVJ/0 M3 6oreMCKMX 6e)l(eHUeB M H8eMHMKOB M 06b51BV!fl, 'lTO COXp8H51eT eepHOCTb ct>pMtJ.PM><Y II. He MMe>~ Ha co.aep)l(aHMe apMVJVJ HVJ rpowa, MaHclj>enbtJ. 6bm BbJHY)I(tJ.eH pa3op>~Tb .aonMHY PewHa; npM HeM con.aarcKMe rpa6e)/(J1 npeBp8TVIflMCb B CMCTeMy C8MOCH86)1(eHM51 BOWCK, 'leM 3T8 BOWH8 ne'l8flbHO M3H8MeHVJT8. 27 anpenSI1621 r. PL1APL1X V

3AKJ110liAET COI03 C fOJlJlAH-

A. BaH Ae£'1K. Oct>H._ep c K:pacHo£:1 noBSiaK0£:1 Ha pyKe. 1620-e rr.

AL1EUI. ronnaHtJ.LlbJ comacMnMcb OK838Tb eMy no.a.aep)I(K}' B OTBOeBaHVIVI peWHCKMX Bfl8.[l.eHMW. t1 cJ>pVJ.lf.PVIX V, M4Jep.[l.VJH8H.[l. If OTK838flMCb OT neperOBOPOB, nocpe.[l.HVIK8MM B KOTOpbJX npe.anaranM BbJcrynMTb VfcnaHM>~ MAHmM>~.

1622 r. nPOTECTAHTbl nOJlYliAIOT nOAKPEnJ1EHL1S1. ct>pM.apMxa V M rpalj>a 3pHcra lj>oH MaHclj>enb.aa no.a.aep)l(anM !;payHweewrCKMW repuor XpMCTMBH M 6a.aeH,D.ypnaxcKVJW MBpKrpalf> feopr fPpV!tJ.PMX. 27 anpenSI1622 r. 6L1TBAnPL1 ML1HfOJlbCXAUIME. 3.aecb rpalf> 3pHcT lj>oH MaHclj>enbtJ. o.aep)l(an no6e.ay H8.[l. VforaHHOM f..1epKJI8COM,

rpalj>oM TMnnM, Meocnpen>~rcreoean coe.n.VJHeHVJ/0 nocne.n.Hero c McnaHCKMM BOWCKOM, Bb/CTynVJBWVIM M3 HM.aepnaH.aoe no.a KOMaH.aoeaHVJeM roHcano .ae Kop.[l.OBbl. 6 MaSI 1622 r. 6L1TBA nPL-1 BL1Mn<I:>EHE. noHa'lany ycnex conyrcreoean M8pKrpalf>y feopry cJ>pVJ.[l.pVJxy ba.[l.eH-,[J.ypnaXCKOMY, HO ece-raKM oH norepnen nopa)l(eHMe or o6betJ.MHeHHbJX cVJn rpalf>a TMnnM M roHcaneca .ae Kop.[l.OBbl. 3areM .ae Kop.aoea nycrVJncR npecne.aoBBTb lj>oH MaHclj>enb.aa, orcrynaewero e 3nb3ac, a rpalf> TMnnM BbJcrynMn Ha ceeep, K MawHy, Ha nepexear apMMVJ KHR3R )(pMcrVJaHa AHranbTCKoro.

310

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

)f(.

Konno. ()$opT H3 cepHH «6eACTBHR BOHHbl». 1663 r.

20 HIOHSI 1622 r. 6~TBA nP~ XEXCTE. KHR3b )(pMcmaH AHranbTCKMiii, we,aw111iii Ha coe,aMHeHMe c lj>oH MaHclj>enb,aoM, 6bm nepexBa'leH rpalj>oM TMnnM 111 .ae Kop,aoBoiii, Kor,aa nepenpaBnflncfl qepe3 MaiiiH. HecMorpfl Ha noHeceHHbJe B cpa)l(eHMM Tfl)l(eflb/e norep!lf, KHfl3b )(p!I!CT!If8H C OCT8TKaM!If apM!If!lf npMCOe,a!lfH!IfflCfl K lj>oH MaHclj>enb,ay.

1622 r. OTnPOTECTAHTOB.

~tonb-asrycT

CTYnJJEH~E

/pal/> 9pHcr lj>oH MaHclj>enb,a, KHR3b )(pMCTMaH AHranbTCKMiii 111 4JpM,apMx V orcrynMnM cnepBa B 9nb3ac, a noTOM BflOT8P!I!HrMIO, rpa6fl !If pa30pflfl BCe H8 CBOeM nyrllf, 38XBaTb/B8fl,aepeBH!If 111 ropo.aa. noB3,aopMB c ,aByMfl CBO!I!M!If nonKOBOJ1~8M!If, 4Jp!lf,aPIIIX V 06bflB!Iffl, 'ITO He Hy)l(,aaeTCfl 6onbwe B MX ycnyrax, 111 orowen B Ce.aaH; lj>oH MaHclj>enb,a 111 KHfl3b )(pMcTMaH OCTafl!I!Cb np!lf 8PM!IfflX, HO 38HflTb nocne,aHMe 6bmo He'leM, 111 OHM pewMnM M,aTM Ha coe,aMHeHMe c ronnaH.a~aMM.

29 asryCTa 1622 r. CI>JJEPYCCKOE CPA)I(EH~E. l1cnaH~bl no.a KOMaH,aOBaH!IfeM M8PK!If3a AM6poC!If0 ,a111 4>MnMnno CnMHOflbJ BroprnMcb B /onnaH,a!lf/0 111 oca.aMnM 6epreH-on-3oM. lpalj> lj>oH MaHclj>enb,a !If KHfl3b)(p!lfCT!If8H Bb/CTynllffl!lf H8 noMO~b OC8)/(/J,eHHbiM, HO 6blfl!lf nepeXBa'leHb/ y ct>nepyca loHcano .ae Kop,aoBoiii. nocne O)l(eCTO'IeHHOTO cpa)l(eH!Iffl, B KOTOPOM KHfl3bXpMCT!If-

aH 6bm Tfl)l(eno paHeH, lj>oH MaHclj>enb,a CyMen Bb/BeCT!If BOiiiCKO C noflfl 6!1fTBb/ Ill, Bb/Hy;K,aeHHbliii 6pOC!I!Tb aprMnnepMIO 111 .ao6bi'IY, nocnew111n K 6epreH-on-3oMy, npecne.ayeMbliii !I!CnaHCKOiii KaBanepMeiii. 06e CTOpOHb/ 38RBnflnM o cBoeiii no6e.ae. Heo)/(!lf.f18HHoe ( 111 He)l(enarenbHOe) noRBneHMe lj>oH MaHclj>enb,aa y 6epreHon-3oMa BbJHy,aMno MapKM3a CnMHony CHRTb oca.ay. 3areM rpalj> lj>oH MaHclj>enb,a c apMMeiii ,aBMHyncR B e~e HerpoHyry/0 BOiiiHoiii Bocro'IHY/0 4JpMcnaH,aMIO, r.ae 6bmo 'leM nO)I(!IfB!I!TbCfl.

'laMM KHR3b XpMCTMaH 6e)l(an B /onnaH,a!lf/0.

27 asryCTa 1623 r.

nEPEM~

P~E. no HaCTOflH!If/0 8HTn!lf'I8H,

4JpM,ap!I!X V npe,aflO)I(!Iffl 4Jep,a!I!HaH,ayl/ M!lfp. Bnpo'leM, npoTMB MMPHOro .aoroBopa BbJcrynMnM rpalj> lj>oH MaHclj>enb,a 111 ,apyme nporecraHTCK!Ife KHfl3bfl.

s:IHBapb 1624 r. 8 BOiitHY BCTYnAET PAHU~s:l. BoiiiHa 06bflBfleHa no,a Ha)l(!lfMOM Kap,a!I!H8na PMwenbe - np111 roM, 'ITO ct>paH~~~~fl B 9TO BpeMfl y;Ke BOeBana C ltfcnaH!Ifeiii.

19 ceHTS16pSI 1622 r. fPACI>

10 HIOHSI 1624 r. KOMnbEH-

T~JJJJ~ 6EPET rEiit,Q,EJJb6EPr. lopo.a 6bm B3RT nocne o,aMHHa.a.~a TMHe.aenbHoiii oca,abJ. lpalj> T111nnM y;Ke nOKOp!lfn nO'IT!If BeCb nlj>anb~.

CK~Iit ,Q,OfOBOP. OH flBnfln co6oiii lj>paHKo-ronnaH,aCKMiii co103 npoTMB la6c6yproB. BcKope K HMM npMcoe,aMHMnMcb AHrnMR ( 15 !11/0Hfl), WBe~Mfl 111 J],aHMR (9 M/OnR), a raK)I(e CaBoiiiR 111 BeHe~Mfl ( 11 M/Onfl). ct>paH~Mfl, CaBoiiiR 111 BeHe~~~~fl ,aorOBOP!Iffl!I!Cb 0 COBMeCTHb/X ,aeiiiCTB!IfflX Ha anbnllfiiiCKOM nepeBane BanbrennMHa, 'lepe3 KoropbJiii wno McnaHcKoe coo6~eHMe Me)l(,ay l1ran111eiii 111 HM,aepnaH,aaMM, ,aa6bJ TeM C8Mb/M npe,aOTBp8T!I!Tb 9lj>lj>eKTMBHoe McnaHo-ra6c6yprcKoe corpy,aHM'IecrBo.

23 <t>espansw 1623 r. KOJJJJEKYPIOPCTOB no nP~KA3Y EP,O,~HAH,Q,A II JJ~WAET P~ ,Q,P~XA nCS>AJJbUCKOfO KYPIOPWECTBA ~ nEPE,Q,AET CAH MAKC~M~JJ~AHY I 6ABAPCKOMY. Kyplj>10pcrb1 CaKCOHMM 111 Marr~s:t

.ae6ypra orKa3anMcb npM3H8Tb MaKC!lfM!Iffl!lfaHa I.

6 asrycTa 1623 r. 6~TBA nP~ WTA,O.TJJOHE. BbiCTynMB 1113 4JpMcnaH,a!lf!lf, KHfl3b XpMCTMaH AHranbTCKMiii norepnen nop8)1(eHMe or apMMM rpalj>a T111nnM B03ne ronnaH.acKoiii rpaH!If~bl. norepflB 6 Tb/Cfl'l 'leflOBeK y6!1!Tb/M!If !If 4 Tb/Cfl'l!lf paHeHb/M!If, C OCTaBW!IfM!I!Cfl y Hero 2 Tb/Cfl-

28 asrycTa 1624 r.- 5 HIOHSI 1625 r. OCA,Q,A 6PE,Q,bl. MapKM3 AM6poc111o ,a111 4>MnMnno CnMHona 3aXBaT!Iffl 9TY Ba)I(HYIO KpenOCTb, KOHTpOn!lfpOB8BWYIO ,aopom Ha YTpexr 111 AMcrep,aaM.

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOLI1Hbl P,ATCKIAH nEPIAOP,,

1625-1629 rr. K 1624 roJJ.y soeHHoe rroJIO)f{eHne rrpoTeCTaHTCKOrO JiarepH fepMaHHH 6biJIO BeCbMa ITJlalJeBHbiM. 0)J.HaKO ycJlO)f{HHBlllaHCH Me)f{)J.yHapO)J.HaH 06CTaHOBKa AaBaJia npoTecTaHTCKMM KHH3hHM HeKOTOpbre maHChi Ha ycnex. IIepcrreKTHBa yTsep)l{)J,eHHH fa6c6ypros B cesepHbTX pailoHax fepMaHHH rr Ha CesepHOM Mope He TOJihKO rpo3HJia CaMOCTOHTeJihHOCTH fOJIJiaHAHH, HO ll npeACTaBmiJia yrp03y llHTepecaM KaK <l>pam..(HH u AHrnun, TaK 11 Poccuu 11 illseuuu. IloHBJieHue ascTprrilues rr rrcrraHues B pailoHe JO)f{Horo rro6epe)f{bH 6aJITHHCKoro MOpH IIpHBeJIO 6hT K HX COe)J.HHeHHTO C CHJiaMH lliJIHXeTCKOll IlOJiblllH, HBJIHBllleHCH TOrAa cpoprrOCTOM KaTOJIMlJeCKOll peaKI.(HH Ha BOCTOKe ll B TO )f{e speMH rrpoTHBHHKOM lllseurrrr rr PocCHH. HacTyiTJieHue fa6c6ypros 6hrno eme 6onee onaCHbiM AJIH .IJ:aHHH, HMeBllleH TeppHTOpHaJibHbJe BJia)J.eHHH B CesepHoil fepMaHHH rr cTpeMHBmeilcH yKpellHTb TaM CBOH IT03Hl.(llll c uenhlO 3asoesaHHH rocno)J,CTsyromero noJIO)I{eHHH Ha oaJITHHCKOM MOpe . .IJ:aHHH ll illBel.(HH, COrrepHH'-laBlliHe Me)KJJ.Y co6oil B 6opb6e 3a 6anTHHCKoe Mope, caMH rrpecJieJJ.oBaJIH B 6aJITHKe H B CesepHoil fepMaHHH arpeccHBHhre uenn. IlepcneKTHBa yTsep)I{)J,eHmi B 3TOM pailoHe fa6c6ypros H IlOJiblllll rrpeACTaBJIHJiaCb llM KaK yrpo3a ITOHBJieHHH 3)J.eCb HOBOrO, 6onee CHJibHoro correpH«Ka, 6onee Toro - KaK yrpo3a rrx co6CTBeHHbTM TeppHTOpHHM. B 1624 ro.n:y rrprr aKTHBHOM yqacTHH <J:>paHJ.(HH .IJ:aHHH BCTjiTHJia B KOaJllll.(HlO c AHrmteH. H fonnaH)J,Heil. IlpH ITOMOII.(H aHrJIO-rOJIJiaHACKHX )J,eHe)I{HbiX cy6CUAilli )J,aTCKllll KOpOJib KprrcTHaH IV Ha6pan apMHTO, Ha<Jasmyro BOeHHbTe AeHCTBHH Ha 3Jib6e rrpoTHB BOHCK TrrJIJIH, rroJIKOBoJJ.ua KaTOJill'IeCKOH nnru. B TO )l{e speMH o6ocTpHBlllHeCH rrpoTnsopeYHH BHYTpn KaTOJIWieCKOrO JiarepH Me)I{AY fa6c6ypraMH rr Bnrrenbc6axaMH 3aJJ.ep)f{HBaJIH 06oe)J.HHeHHe HX BOHCK, cpa)f{aBIDHXCH C )J.aTCKOH apMHeH. B HeManoH. crerreHH yclUlemuo pa3AOpos B cpeAe KaTOJIHKOB COAeHCTBO-

san KapAHHaJI PumeJibe, pyKOBO)J,HBmrrl1 ITOJIHTHKOH <J:>paHJ.(HH C 1624 ro)J.a. PHIDeJihe CtfiTTaJI Heo6xoJJ.HMhTM B HHTepecax <l>paHUHH coxpaHHTh B fepMaHHll ITOJIO)I{eHHe, ycTaHOBHBmeeCH nocJJe Ayrc6yprcKoro MHpa 1555 rO)J.a, T. e. COCTOHHHH paBHOBeCllH Me)I{)J,y KaTOJill'IeCKHMll ll npoTeCTaHTCKllMH KHH3hHMH. Co3)J,aHue B fepMaHHll ClUlbHOll Aep)l{aBbl BO rnaBe C aBCTpHHCKHMH fa6c6ypraMH, KOTOpaH ):(eHCTBOBaJia 6hT C006ll.(a C arpeCCHBHOH l1crraHCKOll MOHapxneil, Morno, no MHeHHlO PumeJibe, C03)J,aTb BeJIHlJalllllYlO yrp03y <J:>paHUHH, a TaK)I{e cepbe3Heillllee npenHTCTBMe cppaHnY3CKoil rroJIHTMKe B CesepHoH l1TaJilU! H B OT):(eJibHbTX rryHKTaX 3aITa)J.HOH fepMaHHH. PHIDeJibe CtfHTaJI IT03TOMY, lJTO KaTOJIHlJeCKmi <J:>paH1.(1151 3anHTepecosaHa B coxpaHemm B fepMaHHI1 CHJibHbiX npOTeCTaHTCKHX KHH)f{eCTB, rrpOTHBOCTOHJI.(HX fa6c6ypraM. fOTOBHCb HaHeCTH pelllalOll.(Hll yJJ.ap ryreHoTaM so <l>paHnrrrr, PHIDe-

311 Jibe O)J,HOBpeMeHHO CTapaJICH ).1,11ITJIOMaTHtfeCKHMH MaHeBpaMH ITOMemaTb 06be)J.HHeHHhlM )J.eHCTBHHM JJ.pyrHX KaTonw:recKrrx rocyJJ.apcTB. AreHThT PullleJibe B fepMaHHH senu ceKpeTHbie neperOBOpbl np11 ABOpax MeJlKHX KHH3eH. 0 )J,HOBpeMeHHO OHM )J,aJIH ITOHHTh MaKCMMHJIMaHy EasapcKoMY, lJTO <l>paHUMH roTOBa oKa3aTb )J,OMY BHTTeJibc6axos rrOAAep)I{KY B )J.OCTH)f{eHHH HM 6oJiee BbTCOKOrO ITOJIO)f{eHHH B HMIIeprrH; O)J.HaKO B TOM cnyqae, ecnrr 6asaprrH 6y.n:eT rroMoraTb HcnaHHH, <l>paHUMH BMecTe c AHrnueH. BhiCTYITHT B ITO)J,Aep)I{KY Ilcpanhua. 0TopsaTb 6asap1110 11 KaTOJIHtfeCKYTO nnry OT l1crraHHH PHllleJibe He CMOr, HO eMy yJJ.aJIOCb ycrrJIHTh pa3JiaJJ. Me)KJJ.Y Easaprreil H AscTpueH. . .IJ:JIH TOro 'lT06bi COxpaHHTb B03MO)I{HOCTb Be)J,eHHH CaMOCTOHTeJibHOH rroJIHTHKH n He 3aBrrceTh oT Easapuu, <l>epAHHaHAY II HY)I{Ha 6brJia oco6aH apMHH AJIH 6opb6br c .IJ:aHueH. rr ee coT03HHKaMH. BaJIJieHmTeilH

BanneHwTei'iH

312

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

npe.rpio:>KHJI ep,qHHaH.LW o6pasoBaTh

MaKcHMHJIHaH BaBapcKH~ H Ka-

TaK)'IO apMHIO 6e3 oco61>IX pacxo,qoB

TOJIH<JecKa.si JIHra 6biJIH He,qOBOJihHhi

3aKpenJieHa, He MOrJia aKTHBHO BMe-

co cTopoHhi HMnepaTopa. BoeHHa.si

o6pa.30BaHHeM3TO~ BCeUeJIO 3aBHCH-

IIIaTI>Cll B BO~Hy. lliBeUHll He o6Jia,qaJia,qocTaTO"'HI>IMH cpe,qcTBaMH AJIH

no6e,qa Ha)l. ryreHOTaMH em:e He 61>ma

«CHCTeMa» Ban:JieHIIITe~Ha 3aKJIIO<Ja-

MO~ OT HMnepaTopa apMHH, KOTOpaH

Jiach B TOM, "'TO apMHll AOJiiKHa CaMa

no nyTH cBoero cJie,qoBaHHll Ha ceBep

Be,qeHHll BOeHHhiX,qe~CTBH~ B fepMa-

ce6JI co,qepiKaTh nyreM 6ecnoiiia,qHo-

AJIH 6oph6hl c ,qaT<JaHaMH Bee 6oJiee

HHH. fa6c6yprH 3THM BOCllOJII>30Ba-

ro orpa6JieHHll HaCeJieHHll TO~ MeCT-

ycHJIHBaJiaCh 3a C<JeT 6aH,q HaeMHH-

JIHCI>. 3aKJIIO<JeHHI>I~ MHp B fli06eKe

HOCTH, r,qe OHa HaxO,qHTCll. <l>ep,qH-

KOB, iKa)l.HhiX ,qo rpa6eJKe~. Mew-,Ay

Ha ycJIOBHliX BOCCTaHOBJieHHll CTa-

HaHA npHHliJI npe,qJioiKeHHe Ban:JieH-

Ban:JieHIIITe~HOM H THJIJIH B03HHKJIH

ryc-KBO H OTKa.3a,[(aHHH OT AaJII>He~

IIITe~Ha H npe,qOCTaBHJI eMy AJill

pas,qophl. TeM He MeHee B xo,qe BOeH-

IIIero BMeiiiaTeJII>CTBa B ,qena fepMa-

nocToJI H MYIIITphi coJI,qaT HeCKOJih-

HhiX ,qe~CTBH~ B

ro,qax

HHH liBHJICll TOpJKeCTBOM fa6c6yproB

KO OKpyroB B 1JeXHH, a 3aTeM B lliBa-

KaTOJIHKH BCIOAY o,qepiKaJIH Bepx. He-

H Ban:JieHIIITe~Ha. ,[(Jill 3aKpenJieHHll

6HH H <l>paHKOHHH. «BaJIJieHIIITe~HOB

y,qaqa nocTHma Ban:JieHIIITe~HaJIHIIII>

rocno,qcTBa Ban:JieHIIITe~Ha B CeBep-

CKall capaH<Ia>> rpa6HJia H onycmiiia-

npH oca,qe IIITpan:h3YHAa, B o6opoHe

HO~ fepMaHHH, paCCMaTpHBaBIIIe~Cll

Jia 1IexHIO H p~OHI>I IOro-3ana)l.HO~

KOTOporo yqacTBOBaJIH H IIIBe,qhi.

KaK HCXOAHI>I~ nyHh."T AaJII>He~IIIe~ Ha-

1627-1628

H Cpe,qHe~ fepMaHHH. C KpecnHH H

B ocTaJII>Hi>IX pa~oHax coi03HHKH

crynaTeJihHO~ llOJIHTHKH B pa~OHax

ropOiKaH 3THX MeCT 6pan:HCI> TaKHe

,[(aHHH H3 HeMeUKHX npOTeCTaHTCKHX

ceBepHhiX Mope~, ep,qHHaHA II «no-

orpOMHble KOHTpH6yUHH, "'TO HX XBa-

KHJI3e~ OKa3aJIHCI> HeHa,r{eJKHhiMH;

,qapHJI» eMy repuorcTBO MeKJieH-

TaJIO He TOJihKO Ha llOKpbiTHe BOeH-

Hepe,qKo OHM npHMO npe,qasan:H KpH-

6yprcKoe.

HhiX pacxo,qoB, HO H Ha o6oram:eHHe

CTHaHa

IV.

Bo~cKa BanJieHIIITe~Ha

Ban:JieHIIITe~Ha Hero oqmuepoB. IIo-

3aHJIJIH BCIO CeBepHyiO fepMaHHIO.

,qo6Hoe llOJIOJKeHHe CTaJIO B03MOJK-

B o6cTaHOBKe<J:>eo,qaJII>HO~ H KaTOJIH-

HhlM BCJie,qCTBHe rocno,qCTBOBaBIIIe~

qecKo~ peaKUHH no6e,qaMH BaJIJieH-

B 3THX 3eMJIJIX CBHpeno~ <J:>eo,qaJII>HO~

IIITe~HOBCKO~ apMHH MOrJIH BOCllOJII>-

peaKUHH H llOJIHTH<JeCKOro Teppopa.

30BaThCll He TOJihKO aBCTPH~CKHe, HO

BaJIJieHIIITe~HOBCKaJI apMHll c,qena-

H HCllaHCKHe fa6c6yprn.

Jiaci> opy,qHeM caMoroiKeCTOKoro no-

TaKo~ Hcxo,q co6MTH~ 6hiJI Kp~

,qaBJieHHll MaJie~IIIe~ nonhiTKH co-

He HeJKeJiaTeJieH He TOJII>KO AJill ,qpy-

npOTHBJieHHll CO CTOpOHhi KpeCThliH.

rHX rocy,qapcTB EBponM, HO H AJIH ca-

IIpoTeCTaHTCKHe <J:>eo,qan:hl, CaMH 3a-

MHX KaTOJIH<JeCKHX KHJI3e~ fepMaHHH.

HHTepecoBaHHhle B ycHJieHHH <J:>eo-

YrpoiKaH cos,qaHHeM HOBO~ KOaJIHUHH

AaJII>HOro HaJKHMa, He BeJIH AOCTaTO<J-

npoTHB fa6c6yproB, PHIIIeJII>e, no,q-

HO peiiiHTeJII>HO~ 6oph6bl C 3'!'0~ apMHe~. ToJII>KO B TaKO~ o6cTaHOBKe «CHCTeMa» BanJieHIIITe~Ha MorJia

,qep:>KHBaBIIIH~ CBH3h c MaKcHMHJIHaHOM BasapcKHM, 3aCTaBHJI ep,qHHaHAa II H BaJIJieHIIITe~Ha OTKa.3aTI>Cll OT

HMeTh yen ex B Ka<JeCTBe HHCTpyMeH-

llJiaHa BTOpiKeHHll Ha J0TJiaHACKH~

Ta noJIHTHKH ep,qHHaHAa II.

noJiyocTpos. Ho <l>paHUHH, B Kompo~

)1(.

Anpenb 1625 r. HA L1CTOPL14ECKYIO APEHY BbiXOAL1T BA.JlJlEHWTE~H. 4>ep.tJ.VIH8H.ll. H8Hfln Ha cny>K6y reHepana Anb6pexra lj>oH BanneHwreiiiHa (MopaecKoro .a.eoPfiHVIHa, Bbl.ll.BVIHyewerocfl npVI no.a.aeneHVIVI BOCCT8HVIfl B 4eXVIVI VI MopaBVIVI), KOTOpb!W 06fl38flCfl Ha6p8Tb VI co.a.ep>KaTb ,lJ.Jifl o6opoHbl 3eMenb /a6c6yproB 20-Tb/Cf/'lHYJO apMVIIO. Ho Y>Ke e VIJOHe roro >Ke ro.a.a 3a6oraM BanneHwreiiiHa npenopy'lVIflllf ec10 CBf/WeHHYJO PMMCKYJO MMnePIIfJO. JleTo 1625 r. AATCKOE BTOP)I{EHL1E B fEPMAHL-110. ,llarcK!Ifiii Koponb KpMCT!IfaH IV noeen Hacry-

Konno. ()4>opT 113 cep1111 «6eACTBHH so~Hbl». 1663 r.

313

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOLI1Hbl

OcaAa WTpanb3YHAa B 1628 r. nneHMe a.D.Oflb /113ep8, O.£l.HOapeMeH-

6e)J(8fl. MHOIMe npoTeCT8HTCKMe

HO nb/Taf/Cb ( np8a.£1.8, He CJI/11WKOM

KHf/3bf/ nocneW/1111/11 38KJ1/0LJ/11Tb M117p

U,OICTa8 MeKJieH6ypiCKOe /17 noMe-

YA8LJHO) 38PYLJMTbCR nOAAep)J(KOi7T

co CBRll.jeHHoi7T PMMCKoi7T MMnepMei7T.

p8HCKOe. /OpMAMLJeCK/11 T8KOIO np8B8

lepM8HCK/11X npoTeCT8HTCK/11X KHR-

AHTII7186c6ypiCK8R K0811117U,MR npe-

y MMnep8TOP8 He 6blfiO, 117 cpe.£1.117 lep-

3ei7t, I011118HAU.ea 117 8HmMLJ8H. 88fl-

6bJa8n8 a yn8AKe.

M8HCKMX KHR3ef7t nOAHRJIOCb a03My-

neHwTei7TH abJCTynMn H8 ceaep H8

1626-1627 rr. B rEPMAHi-ii-1

p811/11CC/11MYCY KOHC/J117CKOa8HHb/e lep-

ll.jeH/11e. 0AH8KO ace nonbJTK/11 Kyp-

COe.£1.117HeH/11e C npOT/11aOCTOf/aW/11M

TSDKEJ1Ast nOJlOCA.

38 Heypo)/(8-

cfJIOPCTOa OTCTP8H/11Tb 88nneHwTei7T-

KpMCTII78HY IP8C/JOM TMflfl/11.

eM nocne.D.OB811117 10110.£1., LJYM8 117 APY-

H8 OT KOM8H.£l.Oa8H/11fl 117MnepCKOi7t 8p-

26 MapTa 1626 r. MOHCOHCKi-1111 MI.1P. Q:Jp8HU.MR BbJW/18 1173

IMe ;:mMAeMMM; noaceMeCTHO 6ec-

MII7ef7t ycnex8 He ao3bJMenM.

LJMHCTaoB811117 /17 lp86117JI/11 8pM117/11.

BOMHbl- Aflfl nOA8BfleHII7fl BOCCT8-

1627 r. KATOJli-1'-IECKi-1111 KO-

<Deapanb-!.110nb 1628 r. OCAAA WTPAJ1b3YHAA. Anb6pexT

H/11fl ryleHoToa PMwenbe 6blfl abJH}')K-

POJlb sorEMi-ii-1.

AeH OT03a8Tb aoi7TCK8, Aei7TcTaOa8a -

aoiO H8CfleAHOIO KOp011fl DOieM/11/11

LJMHMTb 6811T/11MCKOe no6epe)J(be, HO

WII7e npoTMa fllcn8 HII7117.

H8 npecTon a3owen 3pu,1epu,o1

CTOJIKHYJICR C O)J(eCTOLJeHHb/M CO-

25 anpenSI 1626 r. 6i-1TBA Y MOCTAAECCAY./p8C/J c{JoH M8H-

AMH8H.£1.8

8 K8LJeCTae nep-

c{JoH 88nneHwTeiiJH nonbJTafiCR noA-

Q:Jep.£1.117H8HA, CbJH MMnep8TOP8 Q:Jep-

npOT/11aJieH/11eM 117, aaMAY wae.D.CK/11X y1p03, 6blfl BbiHY)J(AeH OTCTynMTb.

weAWMi7T H8 M8111.e6yp1, nonbJTafiCR

II. 1627 r. Mi-iP ME>KAY CI>PAHLI,i-iEIII i-11.1CnAHi-1EIII. 06e cTp8HbJ

6blfiO nepenp8a/11TbCR LJepe3 3nb6y,

38Kfi/OLJ/1111/11 C0/03 npOT/118 AHI/1/11/11.

cp8)J(eHMfl 88nneHwTei7TH H8Hec

HO , acTpeTMa OTnop CO CTOpOHbl

)J(enoe nop8)J(eHMe .£1.8TCKOMY Kopo-

88nneHwTei7TH8, noHec Tfl)/(eflbJe no-

CeHTS16pb 1o1 OKTS16pb 1627 r. OTPA>KEHi-iE AAT'iAH. 88nneH-

TepM /17 6bJJI abJHy)/(/J.eH OTCTynMTb a

wTei7TH 117 IP8cfJ TMflfl/11 abJCTyn/1111117

CMJ1e3/1110, 111.e aCKOpe yMep.

aH/113 no 3nb6e /17 OTTeCH/1111/11 OCTaT-

6 MapTa 1629 r. 3Ai-1KT 0 PECTi-iTYLI,i-ii-1. Q:Jep.£1.117H8HA II npMK8-

27 aarycTa 1626 r. 61.1TBA nPi-1 JliOTTEPE. 3AeCb BOi7TCK8

K/11 8pM117117 KpMCTII78H8

IV 38 1p8HMU.Y

3811 aOCCTaHOB/11Tb np8a8 K8TOJI/11-

1628 r. B03AAHi-1E nO'iE-

cTao 117 3eMnM, 38Xa8LJeHHbJe 11711117

CTEIII BAJ111EHWTEIIIHY. Q:Jep.£1.MII .£1.8pOa8JI ao af18AeH/11e leHe-

npMo6peTeHHble npoTeCT8HT8M/11

ccpenbA, C 12-Tb/Cf/LJHOM 8pMMei7t

KpMCTII78H8

6blf1117 H8ronoay p83-

IPOMneHbJ I P8C/JOM TMnnM; noTepRa nonoaMHY 8pM117117, .£1.8TCKII7i7T KOPOflb

JOJIWT/11H/11/11.

H8HA

2 ceHTSI6pS1 1628 r. 6i-1TBA nPi-1 BOilbrACTE. 8 xo11.e 3Toro

11/0 Kp117CT/118HY IV.

LJeCKOf7t u,epKa/11 H8 ace ee MMyll.je-

noc ne 155210.£1.8 .

BA>KHEVlWV1E BOVlHbl 24 aBrycTa 1630 r. BAJ111EHWTE~H OTCTPAHEH OT KOMAH-

AOBAH IIIS1. no.a..a.aaneHvreM npoTeCTaHTCKI!FX Kyprp!OpcToa, co6pa awvrxCH a PereHc6ypre, QJep.a.vrHaH.a. II, 03a60'IBHHbiM WBB/J,CKI!FM BTOp)I(BHI!FeM, cornacvrncR pa.a.vr e.a.vrHcTaa /epMaHvrvr oTcTpaHvrTb reHepanvrccvrMyca OT KOMaH/J,OBaHI!FH. HoH6pb 1630 r. - MaV. 1631 r. OCAAA MArAE5YPrA. 3m aK!411FH nnaHvrpoaanacb BanneHwTeiiiHoM, a aenacb rparpaMvr loTrppvr.a.oM leHpvrxoM 14Y nanneHreiiiMOM vr Tvrnnvr. CvrnbHbtiil vr pacnonaraawvriil o6vrnb-

HbtMvr npvrnacaMvr rapHvr3oH oT6vraan o.a.HyamKy3a .a.pyroiil. Oca)l(.a.aawvre, KOTOpbte a pa3opeHHoi11 cenbcKoiil MBCTHOCTI!F I!FCnbtTbtBanvr cepbB3Hbte TPYAHOCTI!F CnpO/J,OBOflbCTBI!FeM, cTpa.a.anvr 6onbwe, 'IBM oca)l(.a.eHHbte. 23 SIHBapSI 1631 r. noAnliiCA-

HiiiE AOrOBOPA B 5EPBAJ1bAE. /ycTaa II A.a.onbrp 3aKJ1/0'Ivrn co103 c QJpaH!4vrei11, o6ew.aawei11 eMy rpvrHaHcoay/0 no.a.aep)I(Ky; a cao10 o'lepe.a.b WBB/J,CKI!FM KOpOflb 06H3btBanCH npe/],OCTaBI!FTb KaTOfli!FKaM B /epMaHI!FI!F cao6o.a.y aepovrcnoae.a.aHvrH,

315 a TaK)I(e He 3aKJ1/0'IaTb cenapaTHoro Mvrpa a Te'leHvre nHTvr neT. 28 MapTa 1631 r. JlE~nL~Iilr足 CKIII~ MAHIIIECT. Boo.a.yweaneHHbte BCTynneHI!FBM B BOi11HyWBe!41!FIIF, npOTBCTaHTCKI!Fe KHH3bH BO rnaae c 1!1oraHHOM /eoproM CaKCOHCKI!FM noTpe6oaanvr oT QJep.a.vrHaH.a.a II oTMeHI!FTb 9/J,I!FKT 0 peCTI!FTY1411FI!F, npeKpaTI!FTb 6eC'II!FHCTBa I!FMnepCKO-KaTOfli!F'IBCKI!FX apMI!FM I!F nonpaHvre KOHCTI!FTY1411FI!F, BOCCTaHOBI!FTb ype3aHHbte Kyprp!OpwecKvre npaaa vr npvrHHTb Mepbt K yny'IWBHI!F/0 06lll,ei11 KaTaCTpO!j)I!F'IBCKOM CI!FTya!41!FI!F B CTpaHe.

~-:

-. ,_,.._..,_...,..,.

- 1'IIIScliypn:ll~-

,... -

l'ycnoa """""'l>o

- -~-..._,"""""""' DD~""Pl'(l648r.~

JleiiiCTBI1SI BOiiiCK B XOAe TP11AI.IaTI1neTHeiil BOiiiHbl

316 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: l1Mneparop npovrrHopvrpoaan ace arvr rpe6oaaHvrfl. Tor.aa nporecTaHTcKvre KHf/3bfl co6panvr apMvriO vr nocraavrnvr ee no.a KOMaH.aoaaHvre caKcoHcKoro reHepana laHca /eopra r:PoH ApHvrMa ( 14 Mafl). 13 anpenH 1631 r. B3SITIIIE PAH KYPTA. nocne HeO)I(M,aaHHOro Mapw-6pocKa /ycma II A.aonbr:P WT}'PMOM a3f/fl C!JpaHKcPYPT-Ha-Q,aepe. OH Ha.aeHnCH, 4TO aro abtHy,avrT rparpa Tvrnnvr CHf/Tb oca.ay c Mar.ae6ypra. O.aHaKo Tvrnnvr ynopcraoaan, vr /ycraa II A.aonbr:P npvrroroavrncf! abtcrynaTb Ha Mar.ae6ypr. l1s-sa co103a, saKn104eHHoro MaKcvrMvrnvraHOM 15aaapcKvrM c C!JpaHu.vreiii, rparp Tvrnnvr npoaosrnacvrn, 4TO 6onbwe He no.a4vrHHeTCfl MaKcvrMvrnvraHy, vr saHavrn o caoeiii aepHocrvr vrMnepampy(Maiii). 20 MaH 1631 r. B3SITIIIE MArAEEiYPrA. /pa¢bt Tvrnnvr vr u.y nanneHreiiiM WTYPMOM a3f/flM ropo,a, KOTOpbtiii 6btn .aorna CO)I()I(eH vrsrono.aaawvrMMCfl vr pa3bf/peHHbtMvr con.aamMvr. l1s 30 TbtCf/4 )I(MTeneiii yu.enenvr TOflbKO nf/Tb. lll10m.-asrycT 1631 r . rYCTAB II

Hvr 5peiiiTeH¢en b.a, a 6,5 KM ceaepHee Jleiiinu.vrra. B u.eHTpe Tvrnnvr abtcrpovrn nexory, Ha r:PnaHrax- Ka aanepvr10; caM oH KOMaH.aoaan u.eHTpoM vr npaabtM r:PnaHroM, u.ynanneHreiiiM - neabtM. Cao10 apMvriO /ycma II A.aonbr:P abtcrpavraan no.a vrMnepcKMM OrHeM; neabtfii ¢naHrCOCTaanHflM CaKCOHI..J,bl no.a KOMaH,aoaaHvreM Kyp¢10pcra l1oraHHa /eopra, a u.eHTpe CTOf/flM wae,acKaf/ M repMaHCKaf/ nexora, aHa npaaoM r:PnaHre- KaaanepvrHiycmaa II A.aonb¢a. 5vrray Ha4an rparp u.y nanneHreiiiM: ero aoiiicKa o6orHynvr maaHbte cvrnbtwae.acKoiii Ka aanepvrvr vr aTaKoaanvr pesepa /ycmaa II A.aonb¢a. MaHeapeHHafl wae.acKafl KOHHvru.a T}'T )l(e pasaepHynacb, 3a)l(ana U.Y nanneHrefiiMa a avrnKy Me)l(,ay OCHOaH biMM nosvru.vrHMM vr pesepaoM vr o6paTvrna a 6ecnopH,a04Hoe 6ercrao. TeM apeMeHeM npaabtiii r:PnaHr rparpa TvrnnvraTaKoaan caKcoHu.ea vr oTrecHvrn vrx c nonf! 6oH; saTeM Tvrnnvr nonbtTancH pasaepHyrbcfl vr aTaKoaaTb oroneHHbtiii neabtiii r:PnaHr wae-

.aoa. O.aHaKo 6naro.aapf/ npeaocxo.acra y a no,aaM)I(HOCTM Te ycneWHO OTpasvrnvr vrMnepcKoe Hana.aeHvre. 3aTeM /ycm a II A.aonbr:P nvr4HO no a en a aTaKy npaaor:PnaHroayiO Kaaanepvr!O a o6xo.a neaoro r:PnaHra Tvrnnvr; no nHTaM cne.aoaana wae.acKafl nexom. /ycraa II A.aonbr:P or6vrn saxaa4eHHbte paHee vrMnepu.aMvr caKcoHcKvre nywKvr, a TaK)I(e Henoaopornvray10 vrMnepcKyiO aprvrnnepvr10, ocraaneHHYIO nosa.avr, Kor.aa rparp Tvrnnvr aTaKoaan CaKCOHI..l,ea. 0Tpe3aHHbte or Jleiiinu.vrra, oKasaawvrcb no.a orHeM CKOpOCTpenbHOfii wae,aCKOfii noneaofii aprvrnnepvrvr vr co6craeHHbtX nyweK, vrMnepcKafl apMvrfl He abt.aep)l(ana Hoaoro Hanopa lycraaa II A.aonbr:Pa vr o6parvrnacb a 6ercrao. Wae.abt npecne.aoaanvr vrx.ao HacrynneHvrfl TeMHOTbt, noKa rparp u.y nanneHreiiiM He co6pan ocTaTKvr Kaaanepvrvr vr He npvrKpbtn vrMnepcKoe orcrynneHvre. Tvrnnvr norepf!n 7 TbtCf/4 4enoaeK y6vrTbtMvr vr 6 TbtCf/4 - paHeHbtMvr, a TaK)I(e 6btn Tfl)l(eno paHeH caM. Ha cne.ay10w.vriii .aeHb

AAOJlb<l> nPOTIIIB rPAA Tlllll11111. OnacHo ocna6neHHafl HexaaTKoiii npvrnacoa wae.acKafl apMvrfl yKpenvrnacb a Bep6eHe. Tvrnnvr .aaa)I(Abt amKoaan, HO o6a pasa 6btn c Tfl)l(eflbtMvr noTepf/MM OT6MT, M nOTOMy, pasopf/fl ace Ha nyrvr, .aavrHyncH a CaKCOHMIO. nbtTaf/Cb cnacrvr CaKcoHvriO OT 6eC4MHCTa, TaOpMMbiX aoiiicKaMvr Tvrnnvr, caKcoHcKvriii KypcPIOPCT l1oraHH /eopr I nocraavrn CaOIO apMMIO no.a KOMaH,aoaaHvre /yCTaaa II A.aonbr:Pa ( 11 ceHm6pH). 15 ceHTH6pH 1631 r. rPA TIII11111113AXBATbiBAET JlE~nUIIIr. Ero apMvrfl nononHvrnacb npvrMepHo .ao 36 TbtCf/4 4enoaeK. Wae.acKafl vr caKcoHcKafl apMvrvr, .aocrvrraawvre 4MCfleHHOCTM a 26M 16 Tb!Cf/4 4enoaeK COOTaeTCTaeHHO, coe,avrHMflMCb y )1.106eHa, a 40 KM ceaepHee. 5pei1TeHcjJen&,qcKoe cpa)l(eHHe, 17 ceHTfl6pfl 1631 ro,qa no.a anvrf/HMeM rparpa U.Y nanneHreiiiMa rparp Tvrnnvr o6opy.aoaan o6opoHvrTenbHYIO nosvru.vr10 y .aepea-

200

Cpa>KeHHe np11 5pe111TeH<!>enbAe, nepsaSI 11 BTopaSI <!>a3bl

200

400M

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl

317 ero coJ03HMKOB Haxo.aunacb 80-TbJCR4HaR apMMR. 22 .aeKa6pR lye TaB II A.aonbcp B3Rfl MatliH~, r.ae u 383MMOBan.

Anpenb 1632 r. <PEPA&.1HAHA II 06PAil..lAETCSI 3A nOMOil..lbiO K

.-. 0

OCT8TKM MMnepCKOW apMMM nOKMHYJIM fletlin~ur, u B ropo.a Bowen lyeTaB II A.aonbcp. WBe.acKue noTepu ( y6MTb/MM M paHeHb/MM) COCT8BMJIM 2100 4eJIOBeK; C8KCOHCKMe- 4 TbJCR4M.

CeHTS16pb-,neKa6pb 1631 r. fYCTAB II AAOJlb<P BbiCTYnAET K PE~HY. HecMOTPR Ha coBeTbJ cppaH~Y3CKMX C0/03HMKOB U,aTM 4epe3 qewcKue 3eMnu npRMO Ha BeHy,

)1(.

200

400 II

/ycTaB II A.aonbcp, onacaRcb .aoBePRTb C8KCOH~8M 6opb6y C apMUetli rpacf>a Tunnu, .aBuHyncR BO Bna.aeHMR KaTonuqecKotli nuru, K PetliHy. 4epe3 TPM MeCR~a WBe,aCKMW KOpOflb KOHTPOfiMPOB8JI Y?/(e BC/0 CeBepo-3ana,aHy/O lepMaHM/0. TeM BpeMeHeM C8KCOHCKMe BOWCK8 38HRJIM npary. CBRWeHHY/0 PMMCKY/0 MMnepuJO nuxopa.auno, a no.a KOMaH.aoBaHueM /ycTaBa II A.aonbcpa u

BAJlJlEHWTE~HY. ToT comacuncR npMHRTb H8 ce6R KOM8H,aOB8HMe nuwb npu ycnoBuu nonHoro no.aquHeHMR eMy BCeX BOOpY?/(eHHb/X CMJI MMnepuu c npaBoM Harpa)l(,aaTb u HaKa3bJB8Tb con.aaT u ocf>u~epoB, caMOCTORTeflbHO BeCTM neperOBOpb! C npOTMBHMKOM, B3MM8Tb KOHTpM6y~M/O M KOHcpMCKOBb/B8Tb MMYWeCTBO Ha 3aBoeBaHHotli TeppuTOpuu. BanneHwTetliH H8CTORJI H8 38npemeHMM BCeM 4JieH8M MMnepaTOpCKOW cpaMMJIMM nORBJIRTbCR B apMMM; 3,aeCb pacnopR)I(BfiCR TOflbKO reHepanuccuMyc, u .aa)l(e MMnepaTOp 6bm He BnpaBe OT,a8B8Tb npMK83bl reHepaJI8M.

7 anpenSI 1632 r. fYCTAB II AAOJlbKHYIO fEPMAH&.110. OH nepenpaBMJICR 4epe3 )J.yHatli y )J.oHayBepTa M ,aBMHYJICR H8 BOCTOK, B b8B8PMIO, r.ae ero )l(.aana peopraHM30BaHHaR MMnepcKaR apMMR no.a KOM8H,aOB8HMeM rpacf>a Tunnu u MaKcuMunuaHa I b8B8PCKOTO.

15-16 anpenSI1632 r. 6&.1TBA HA PEKE JlEX. ApMMR /ycTaBa CTpeMUTeJibHO nepenpaBMJI8Cb 4epe3 flex no H8nfi8BHOMY MOCTY M8T8-

Konno. Olj>opT 113 cep1111 «6e.QCTBHH ao~Hbl». 1663 r.

318

3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

Koaana yKpenneHHbiM narepb TMnnM. TMnnM nM'IHO B03maBMn KOHTpaTaKy, HO 6b!n CMepTenbHO paHeH; OCTaTOK apMMM yaen MaKCMMMnMaH I, 6pocMB 6onbWYIO 'laCTb apTMnnepMM M 0603. lycms 3aHf/n Ayrc6ypr, M!OHXeH M BC/0 /O)I(HY/0 5aaapMIO.

noTepf/MM lycms II AJJ.onbrp oTcTynMn. MecTHOCTb aoKpyr HIOpH6epra 6bma coaepweHHO pa3opeHa, M, noCKOnbKY npMnaCbl MCCf/KnM, o6e apMMM OTCTynMnM: lycTaB II AJJ.OnbrpHa ceaepo-3anaJJ., BanneHwTeiiiHHa ceaep.

11 HIOnH 1632 r. BAllll EH-

CeHTH6pb-OKTH6pb 1632 r. BTOP>KEHHE BAllllEHWTE~HA B CAKCOHHIO. 0Ka3aBWMCb noJ].

WTE~H

nPHCOEAHH~ETC~

K MAKCHMHllHAHY I Y WBA5AXA. 3aTeM 60-Tb/Cf/'IHaf/ MMnepcKafl apMMfl oKonanacb y QJ10pm M 3aMKa AnbTe-BecTe (aarycT). WaeJJ.CKMiii )l(e KOpOnb C 20 Tb/Cf/'laMM 'lenoBeK 3aKpenMncf/ s HIOpH6epre M nocnan 3a noJJ.KpenneHMeM. KorJJ.a oHonpM6bmo, 'IMCneHHOCTb era apMMM 803pocna JJ.O 45 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK.

31 aBrycTa- 4 ceHTH6pH 1632 r. 5HTBA Y AllbTE-BECTE. lycTaB II AJJ.onbrp pa3 3a pa3oM aTaKoaan yKpenneHMfl BanneHwTeiiiHa, KOTOpb!M 'lpe3Bb/'laMHO y,lJ.a'IHO Bbl6pan no3MU.M/O nocpeJJ.M cMnbHO nepece'leHHoiii M nopocweiii KycTapHMKOM MeCTHOCTM, TaK 'ITO WBeJ].aM He npeJ].CTaBnf/nOCb B03MO)I(HOCTM nycTMTb B XOJJ. HM KaBanepMM, HM noneB OM apTMnnepMM; C Tf/)l(enb/MM

yrp030M 6b!Tb OTpe3aHHb/M OT CBOMX6a3, lycms II Aaonbrp HeMe,lJ.fleHHO BbiCTynMn Ha ceaep. BanneHwTeiiiH, nOJ]. KOMaHJ].OBaHMeM KOTOpOro HaXOJ].MnOCb OKano 30 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoBeK, 3aHf/n fleiifnu,Mr M OKpeCTHOCTM; OH T~eTHO nb!TanCf/ BOCnpenf/TCTBOBaTb lycmayi/AJ].Onbrpyc 20-Tb/Cf/'IHOM apMMeiif nepenpaBMTbCf/ 'lepe3 3aane (9 HOfl6pfl).

9-15 HOH6pH 1632 r. rYCTAB II AAOllb<l> OKAnbiBAETC~ Y HAYM5YPrA. OH )I(Jl.an noJJ.KpenneHMiii. no HeBblf/CHeHHb/M npM'IMHaM BanneHWTeMH oTocnan s !anne rparpa u,y 0anneHreiifMa 'IYTb nM He C TpeTb/0 apMMM. Y3Haa o6 aToM, lycTaB II AJJ.onbrp HeMeJ].fleHHO BbiJJ.BMHyncf! aTaKOBaTb.

06L1.1851 o6craHOBKa Ha15-16HOA6pfl1632 r.

fliOTqeHCKOe cpa)l(eHIIIe, 16 HOR6pR 1632 ro,aa 0pM npM6nM)I(eHMM apMMM lycTa-

sa II AJJ.onbrpa ( ae'lep 15 HOfl6pfl) BanneHwTeiiiH cpo'IHO nocnan roHu,a 3a U.Y 0anneHreMMOM. C OCTaBWMMMCf/ npMMepHO 20 Tb/Cf/'laMM 'lenoBeK OH 3aHf/n BOCTO'IHee fTIOTLJ,eHa o6opOHMTenbHYIOn03MLJ,MIO, OpMeHTMpOBaHHY/0 Ha lOr, K J].Opore, BJ].Onb KOTOpOM WnM KaHaBbl. Ho'lb apMMM npoaenM Bb/CTpOeHHb/MM s 6oesoM nopf/JJ.Ke. Ha cneJ].y/O~ee YTPO M3-3a cMnbHoro TyMaHa lycms II AJJ.onbrp He CMOr aTaKOBaTb paHbWe 11 'laCOB. CaoM 18 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK oH BbiCTpoMn K 10ry aT JJ.OporM; neBbiM rpnaHr ynMpancfl s He6onbWYIO po~Mu,y. KaK M y5peii1TeH¢enbJ].a, o6a waeJ].CKMX rpnaHra COCTOf/nM BnepeMeWKY M3 KOHHb/X M neWMX no,lJ.pa3,lJ.eneHMiif; neBb/M rpnaHroM KOMaH,lJ.OBan repu,or 5epHrapJJ. CaKceH-BeiiiMapCKMM, npaBb/M- CaM KOpOnb. fleBb/M MMnepCKMM rpnaHrOM, npOTMBOCTOf/BWMM lycTaay II AJJ.onbrpy, KOMaHJ].OBan rparp teHpMX tOnbK.

500 Eii1TBa np11 JliOTI..IeHe

100111•

319

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOLI1Hbl

rH6enb rycTaBa II AAonblj>a B cpa>KeHHH npH niOn,leHe

lycma II A.D.onbcjJ aTaKOBan lonbKa, o6panm B 6ercTBO 3aceaw111x B nplll,ll,Op0)1(H0i71 KaHaBe MYWKeTepOB, a KOHHIIILJ,Y npOT/IIBH/IIKa CMfln Ill OTTeCH/IIn Ha n03/IIU,/11111 IIIMnepCKOi71 )l(e apT111nnep111111. Tor,ll,a 8anneHwTei71H nO,ll,)l(er flJOTLJ,eH. 8eTep noHec /l,b/M B CTOpOHY WBe,ll,CKOIO LJ,eHTpa, Ha KOTOpbti713aTeM o6pyw111nacb Heo)/(/11/l,aHHafl KaBanepllli71CKaf/ KOHTpaTaKa 8anneHwTei71Ha. L/,eHTP .D.POrHyn, HO ycm>~n; lycma II A.D.OnbcjJ ranonoM noaen T)I.D.a KOHHIIILJ,y, 4T06bt BHOBb cnnOT/IITb BOMCKO. 8 3aBfl3aBwei71Cfl 6ecnop>l,ll,04Hoi71 Kaaanepllli71cKoi71 cxaaTKe lycma II A.D.OnbcjJ nor/116. KoMaH,ll,OBaHIIIe npiiiHfln repu,or 5epH18P.D. CaKceH-8ei71MapcKIIIi71. 8 9TOT MOMeHT BepHynCfl rpacjJ u,y nanneHrei71M c 8 TbtCR4aMIII 4enoaeK Ill, KOHTpaTa KOBaB, CHOBa OTOIHan WBe,ll,OB 3a ,ll,Opory, HOB CXBaTKe 6btn cMepTenbHO paHeH. 3aTeM SepHrap/1, CaKceH-8ei71MapcKIIIi71 noaen HaCTynneH/IIe Ha fliOTU,eH, 3aXBaT/IIn IIIMnepcKy/0 apT111nnep11110 , CHOBa 04//ICT//In KaHaBy OT MYWKeTepOB Ill OTOIHan KaBaneplll/0 u,y nanneHrei71Ma. 8anneHWTei71H OTCTynllln K flef71nU,IIIIY, ocTaBIIIB apT111nnep11110 111 o6o3; noTeplll era cocTaBIIIn/11 OKano 12 Tbt-

Cf/4 4enoaeK, wae,ll,CK/IIe - OKano 10 Tb/Cf/4. 29 HOS16pSI 1 632 r. CM EPTb <DPIItAPIItXA V. OH yMep aT 4YMbt. MapT-anpenb 1633 r. XEIIIJ1b6POHHCKAs:l JllltrA. 0Ha 6btna y4pe)f(,ll,eHa ,ll,nfl 3aUJ,IIITbt ,ll,ena npoTeCTaHTIII3Ma. 8o rnaae ee BCTan KaHu,nep Waeu,111111 AKcenb OKceHwepHa, rpacp Ce,ll,epMepe, KOTOpbti71 nocne cMepTIII lycmaa II A.D.onbcjJa cmn onpe,ll,enRTb WBe,ll,CKY/0 noniiiTIIIKY B /epMaH/11111, B0306HOBIIIB, B 4aCTHOCTIII, cjJpaHKO-WBe,ll,CKIIIi71 C0/03. CeHTH6pb-AeKa6pb 1 633 r. BAJ111EHWTEIIIH nllAHIItPYET 3AXBAT BJlACTIIt. nocne mro KaK reHepan IaHe leopr cjJoH ApHIIIM 111 repu,or SepHrap/1, CaKceH-8ei71MapcKIIIi71 OTBeT//In/11 OTKa30M Ha npe,ll,flO)I(eH/11>1 8anneHwTei71Ha o MIIIPHbtX neperoaopax, OH pa36111n B SoreM/11111 rpacpa TypHa Ill 3aBOeBan BC/0 C111ne311110 (OKm6pb). noKa 5epH18P.D. CaKCeH-8ei71MapcKIIIi716pan PereHc6ypr 111 noKOpfln

06HapY>KeHHe Tena rycTasa II AAOnblj>a

nocne cpa>KeHHSI npH n10n.1eHe

320 3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. CeH-BeiltMapCKMM

W8e/1,CKMM

cpenb/l,Mapwan /ycm8 /opH c o6be/1,vtHeHHOM 20-Tb/Cf/LfHOM apMvteilt 8biCTYnvtnM M3 Ayrc6ypra K 6a8apcKo-6oreMCKOM rpaHvt~e 8 H8,[le)I(,IJ,e OTBfleLfb c:Pep,[lvtHBH,lla M /annaca, we,llwvtx Ha PeteHc6ypr. npoTeCTaHTCKMe 80MCK8 38X88TMflM flaH/l,CxyT, HO 4Jep/1,MH8H/1, M lannac 83Hnvt PereHc6ypr M .D.oHayaepT M OC8,[lMflM Hep,[lflMHteH.

1634 r. nPH6biTir1E KAPAHHA11A-Ir1Hll>AHTA. t1cnaHCKOe npaBMTeflbCTBO HanpaBMflO M3 t1TaflMM 8 Hvt/l,epnaH/l,bl 20 - TbiCHLfHY/0 ap MM/0 80 ma8e C Mfl8/1,WMM 6paTOM KoponH c:Pvtnvtnna

Kap/l,vtHanoM

4Jep/],MH8H/],OM ( KOTOpOIO H83b/88flM K8p/1,MH8fl-MHC/J8HT, T. e. K8p/1,M-

H8n-npvtH~); OH /],Qfl)f(eH 6btfl CT8Tb HaMeCTHMKOM Hvt,[lepnaH,[lOB, a no

Y6111i1CTBO BanneHwTei1Ha B 3repe

nyTM OK838Tb nOMOW,b repM8HCKMM K8TOflMK8M, npvtCOe/],MHM8WMCb K

5aaapvt10, BanneHwTeiltH o6ocHoaan-

6neH C80MMM )f(e Oc:/JM~epaMM, 803-

MMnepCKOM apMMM B 5aaapMM.

CH H8 3MMHMX K88pTMpax 8 5oreMMM,

lfl88MflM KOTOpbiX WOTfl8H/1,CKMe M

1/l,e CT8fl COCT88flHTb 381080p, npOLf8

vtpfl8H/1,CKMe H8eMHMKM, UJ,e/l,pO 803-

ce6H

H81p8)1(,1J,eHHble MMnepaTOpOM. t1M-

2 ceHTS16pS1 1634 r. COEAHHEHHE KAPAHHAJlA-HHcl>AHTA H cl>EPAHHAHAA Y HEPA111r1HrEHA.

a 6oreMCKvte Koponvt. TeM ape-

co-

nepCKMM lfl8BHOKOM8H/1.YIOW.MM 6btfl

B pacnopH)f(eHvtvt MOnO/l,btx Ky3eHOB-

macuncH H8 Tpe6088HMH npOTM8HM-

HOMMH8flbHO H83H8LfeH 8eHrepCKMM

c:Pep/1,vtHaH/l,08 OK838fl8Cb 06be/1,MHeHH8H apMMH LfMCfleHHOCTb/0 /],O-

MeHeM c:Pep/l,MHBH/1.

ampwmo

K08 BanneHwTeiltHa ompaavtTb reHe-

KOpOflb 4Jep/1,MH8H/1, ( Cb/H MMnepaTO-

panvtccvtMyca 8 OTCT88Ky.

pa 4Jep/},MH8H/1,8); KOM8H/1,088Tb

CTMI88W8fl

24 <1>eepam1 1634 r. CMEPTb BA1111EHWTEIIIHA. 3aro8op ero

,lleiltcTBy/Ow,eilt apMvteilt 6bm nocma-

TaB lopH M 5epHtaPA CaKceH-Beilt-

neH c:Penb/l,Mapwan Manuac ( vtnvt

MapcKvtilt npvt6btnvt K Hep/l,nvtHreHy c

npOB8flMflCR; C HeMH0/0'-IMCfleHHb/-

Mameilt) lannac, OAMH M3 maaapeilt

16 Tb/Cf/'18MM

MM CTOpOHHMKBMM OH 6e)f<afl M yK-

3ai08opa npoTMB BanneHwTei1Ha.

KOHHM~bl.

pbiflCH 8 norpaHMLfHOM KpenOCTM

Htanb 1634 r. 6ABAPCKASI KAMnAHHSI. /ep~o,- 5epHtaP/1. CaK-

6 ceHTS16pSI 1634 r. 6HTBA Y HEPAllHHrEHA. W8e/1,CKo-npo-

3rep (co8p . Xe6) , r/],e M 6bm 3apy-

>K. Konno. O<l!opT 1113 cep111111 «EieACTBIIISI soi1Hbl». 1663 r.

Tb/Cf/Lf 'lefl08eK. lye-

neXOTbl M

Tb/Cfi'IBMM

BA>KHElllWVlE BOlllHbl CPAmEHHE n pw H£P,l(.JIHHrEHE 6 ceHTnfipn 1634 r. 650

650

60flbWYIO lf8CTb CBOet7J apMIIl/11 KOHTp8T8KOB8TbXOflM. Wee,n,bt nplllrOTOBIIlfllllCb ,D,8Tb 38fln, HO 111Cn8HCK8fl neXOT8 6btn8 H8CTOpO)f(e Ill BOBpeMfl

XaA.Jtb

321

nplllrHynacb; nyn111 npown111 Bbtwe.

3aTeM 111Cn8HLJ,bl B CB0/0 Olfepe,D,b 4.9•PHIIIC

,n,an111 3ann, noKa wee,n,bt He ycnen111

nepe3apfi,D,II1Tb. Wee,n,bt6btnlll BbtTecHeHbt

c xonMa, 111 lycTaB lopH nocnan

K repu,ory 5epHrap,n,y a,n,btOTaHTa, npocfl nplllKpbtTb oTcrynneHIIle lfepe3 ,n,on111Hy. TeM epeMeHeM lllcnaHLJ,bt 111 lllMnepLJ,bl COBMeCTHO 8T8KOB8fllll 5epHrap,n,a CaKceH-BetltMapcKoro, lfbe BOMCKO He Bbt,D,ep)f(8fl0 Ill no6e)f(8fl0. Wee,n,bt 6btnlll Haronoey pa3rpoMneHbt, cpenb,n,Mapwan lopH nonan B nneH. noTeplll npOTeCT8HTCKOM apMIIl/11 COCT8BIIlfllll OKOflO

Tb/Cfllf

lfeflOBeK, TOI,D,8 K8K K8TOflllllfeCKOM TOflbKO

Tb/Cfllf/11.

BOeHHOM TOlfK/11

3peHIIlfl, ,n,nfl Weeu,111111 3TO 6btna KaTacTpocpa.

nOfllllTIIllfeCKOM, 3TO

nplllBeno K TO MY, lfTO COnpOTIIlBfleHIIle repM8HCKII1X npOTeCT8HTOB /a6c6yp18M Bb/H}I)K,D,eH 6btfl B031fl8BII1Tb KaTOfllllK- Kap,n,lllHan P111wenbe. TaKIIlM o6pa30M, OTKpblTO B0306HOBIIlflCfl KOH¢flii1KT 5yp60HOB Ill /a6c6yprOB.

3Ha'leHVIe pyCCKO-nORbCKOM soi4H&I 1632-1634 rop,os s VICTOpVIVI TpV1p,qarVInerHei4 BOMHbl PyccKo-rronhcKaH BOHHa 16321634 ro)J;OB 3a CMoneHCK oKa3ana He-

'~/ ........

Oca.aa _Hep.anHHreHa HMnepcKOM apMH8H

nonO>KeHHe BOHCK CTOpOH nepeJl cpa>KeHHeM: ~

•

C t2:J

HMnepCKOH apMHH wsencKoA apMHH

TecTaHTCKIIltlt nnaH 6btn nnoxo npo,n,y-

lllMnepCKIIlM cpnaHI, COCTOfiBWIIlM 1113

MaH 111 nnoxo ocyw,ecTBneH. KoMaH-

lllCnaHLJ,eB. nepBOH8Lf8flbHO tOpHy

,n,oeaewllltlt WBe,D,CKIIlM neBb/M cpnaH-

conyTCTBOBan ycnex; era wee,n,bt-

IOM f}CT8B tOpH ,D,Ofl)f(eH 6btn 8T8KO-

BeTepaHbt wTypMOM B3flnlll lllMnep-

B8Tb npaBb/M cpnaHI npOTII1BHII1K8,

CKIIle noneBbte yKpenneHIIlfllll 3axea-

co6cTBeHHO lllMnepcKIIle eotltc-

TIIlnlll apT111nnep11110. BnpolfeM, np111

Ka, 38KpenlllBWIIleCfl H8 Bb/COKOM

3TOM OH/11 cMewanlll pfi,D,bt, 111 CMfiTe-

XOflMe Ill B031fl8BflfleMb/e BeHrep-

HIIle TOflbKO YCIIlfllllflOCb, KOI,D,8 B30p-

CKIIlM KOponeM ¢>ep,D,111H8H,D,OM. 5ep-

B8flCfl 3axealfeHHbtt7t nopoxoeotlt ap-

H18p,D, CaKceH-Bet7tMapcKIIlt7t ,n,on)f(eH

ceHan. TeM epeMeHeM 6e3,n,et7tcTBO-

6btn c,n,ep)f(1!188Tb Ha paBHIIlHe neBb/M

BaBwlllt7t Kap,n,111Han-111H¢aHT nocnan

COMHeHHoe BJIHHHHe Ha XOA TpHAU:aTHJieTHeii BOHHhi. 0TKphiTHIO PoccHeii BOeHHhiX )J;eHCTBHH rrpOTHB llOJibiiiH B 163 2 rO)J;y rrpe)J;IlleCTBOBaJI )J;JIHTeJihHhiH rrepHO)J; rreperOBOpOB rrpaBHTeJihCTBa MHxaHna <l>e)J;opoBH"lla c fycTaBoM AAOJibcpoM o coBMecTHoii Boii:He rrpoTHB IIonhrnH. fycTaB AAOJihcp o6H3ancH BhiCTaBHTh BoiicKa, KOTOphie BhiCTYIIHT rrpOTHB llOJihiiiH C 3aiia)J;a BCJie)J; 3a Ha"llaJIOM BOeHHbiX )J;eHCTBHH pycCKHX BOHCK Ha BOCTOKe. PoccHH )l(e B3HJia Ha ce6H rronHoe CO)J;ep)l(aHHe 3TOrO IIIBe)J;CKOrO KOprryca. IIpe)J;CTOHBrnaH BOHHa 3a CMoneHcK paccMaTpHBanach, TaKHM o6pa3oM, B 3THX rreperoBopax KaK "llaCTh o6ru:ero rrnaHa 6oph6hr c ra6c6yprcKHM JiarepeM B 3TOT CaMhrH KpHTH"lleCKHH MOMeHT eBporreiicKoii BOHHhi,

322 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. KOI):I,a Ha ITOJie

6oH

BHOBh ITOHBHJIHCh

<t>PAH/..lY3CKH~ nEPIAOJJ.,

1634-1648 rr.

ITOJIKH BanJieHIIITeltHa. 0,LJ,HaKO ITOCJie TOI'O KaK pyccKHe BOltCKa Ha'IaJIH BOeHHhle ,LJ,eltCTBHH,

K masHblM yqacTHHKaM BOltHhl ITpOTHB fa6c6yproB- <J>paHUHH H lliBel.IHH (COI03 Me)f()J,y KOTOphlMH

1635

ro,LJ,y caKCOHCKHlt Kyp-

6hlJI B0306HOBJieH B

1635 r . ) - ITpHMaHryH,

lliBeUHH ITOA pasHhlMH ITpeAJIOra.MH

<}>IOpcT, a 3aTeM MeKJieH6yprCKHlt

COe,LJ,HHHJIHCb foJIJiaHAHH,

OTKJia,LJ,blBaJia ITO,LJ,ITHCaHHe COI03HOI'O

repuor, 6paH,LJ,eH6yprcKHlt Kyp-

Casoi!IH H BeHeUHH. IlepeBec aHTH-

,LJ,OroBopa c PoccHelt. fpa4> 0KceHIIIep-

<}>IOpcT H pHA ApyrHx JIIOTepaHCKHX

ra6c6yprcKolt KOaJIHU:HH oiTpeAeJIHJI-

Ha, HCITOJib3YH pyccKO-ITOJibCK)liO BOlt-

KHH3elt H ropO,Ll,OB 3aKJIIO'IHJIH MHp-

CH yJKe B ITepBbJe I'OAhl 3Toro 3Tarra

Hy, OTTHrHBaBIIIYIO CHJibl IlOJiblllH Ha

Hhllt,LJ,OrOBOp c HMITepaTopoM. HaiTy-

BOI!IHhl, XOTH peiiiaiOII.IHe IT06e,LJ,bl

BOCTOK, He )f(eJiaJI BhliiOJIHHTh ,LJ,aHHhle

raHHaH B03MO)f(HOCTbiO ycHJieHH.ll

6hlJIH O,LJ,epJKaHhl COI03HHKaMH IT0-

fycTaBOM MoJif4loM o6H3aTeJibCTBa

fa6c6yproB, <J>paHUHH OTKphlTO

3,qHee.

06 aiiTHBHOM yqacTHH B 3TOlt BOltHe.

BCTYITHJia B BOltHy. <J>paHUY3CKaH

PyKoBOAHII.IYIO poJih B KOaJIHUHH

CMoJieHCKaH BOltHa OKOH'IHJiacb He-

apMH.ll Ha<JaJia BOeHHhle ,LJ,eltCTBH.ll

B ITOCJie,LJ,HHlt ITepHOA BOltHhl Hrpana

YAa<JHO AJIH PoccHH. B TO )f(e BpeMH

ITpOTHB fa6c6yproB B fepMaHHH,

<l>paHUHH. KaK PHIIIeJihe, TaK H ero

3Ta BOltHa o6Jier<JHJia lliBel.IHH ee

B HHAepJiaH,LJ,ax, B llTaJIHH H B llc-

ITpeeMHHK Ma3apHHH cTapanHch,

6op1>6y c Hosolt apMHelt BanJieHIIITelt-

ITaHHH, HO rJiaBHblM TeaTpOM BOeHHhlX ,LJ,eltCTBHlt ITpO,Ll,OJI)f(aJia OCTa-

'IT06bl B pe3yJihTaTe BOltHhl BCe ITO-

ITO,LJ,I'OTOBK)l K aK-

THBHOMY BCTYITJieHHIO B BOltHy ITOCJie

BaTbC.ll fepMaHHH, KOTOpaH pasopH-

<l>paHUHH. Ma3apHHH cJie,LJ,HJI 3a ITO-

ITOpa)f(eHH.ll IIIBe,LJ,CKOlt apMHH ITpH

JiaCb H OITYCTOIIIaJiaCb <JY)f(HMH H

JIHTHKolt lliBel.IHH, HaiTpaBJIHH ee ITO

CBOHMH apMHHMH.

BhlrOAHOMY AJIH <l>paHUHH pycJiy.

Ha, a <J>paHI.IHH -

Hep,LVIHHreHe B ceHTH6pe

1634 ro,LJ,a.

JIHTH'IeCKHe BhlrO,LJ,hl ,LJ,OCTaJIHCb

B TO JKe BpeMH IIIseuHH, CTPeMHBIIIaHCH K ycTaHOBJieHHIO CBOero rOCITO,LJ,-

CTBa B pal!loHe BanTHltcKoro MopH, BCTYITHJia B BOltHy C ,[{aHHel!l, KOTOpaH AJIHJiacb oKoJio ABYX JieT (1643-

1645 rr.).

Ma3apHHH, 3aHHTepeco-

BaHHhll!l B ITpeKpameHHH 3'!'01!1 BOltHhl H OCB060)f()J,eHHH rJiaBHhlX CHJI lliBe1.\HH AJIH 6op1>6hl c fa6c6ypra.MH, co,LJ,el!lcTBOBaJI IIIBe,LJ,CKOMY ITpaBHTeJibCTBY B 3aKJIIO'IeHHH MHpa, ITO KOTOpoMy lliBel.IHH ITOJIY'IHJia OCTpOBa 33eJib H fOTJiaH,LJ, H TeM Ca:MhlM yKpeITHJia CBOH IT03Hl.\HH Ha BanTHI!ICKOM Mope. BMecTe c TeM 1.\eJib <}>paHUY3cKol!l ITOJIHTHKH 3aKJIIO'IaJJaCb B TOM, 'IT06bl ITOMeiiiaTh TeCH OM)' KOHTaKry IIIBe,LJ,OB C HeMel.IKHMH ITpOTeCTaHTaMH. ,[{JIH ITpOBe,LJ,eHHH CBOel!l ITOJIHTHKH MasapHHH He ocTaHaBJIHBaJICH H ITepeA TeM, <JT06hl CTaBHTh ITperpa,LJ,hl <}>paHU:Y3CKOMY )f(e KOMaH,LJ,OBaHHIO. JleTOM

1646

ro,LJ,a <}>paHUY3CKOMY

Mapiiiany TIOpeHHY YAaJIOCh B pe3YJibTaTe HCK)lCHO ITpOBe,LJ,eHHOrO ITOXO,LJ,a COe,LJ,HHHThC.ll CO IIIBe,LJ,aMH H C03,qaTh yrpo3y aBCTpHI!ICKHM HaCJie,LJ,CTBeHHhlM 3eMJJHM H qeXHH. 0,LJ,HaKO MasapHHH He xoTeJI AOITYCTHTh HH KpyiTHOI!I IT06e,LJ,bl IIIBe,LJ,OB, HH TOp)f(eCTBa HX ITpOTeCTaHTCKHX COI03HHKOB B fepMaHHH. MasapHHH BCTYITHJI c MaKcHMHJIHaHOM BasapcKHM B ITeperosophl, 3aKOH'IHBIIIHeCH 3aKJIIO'IeHHeM ceiTapaTHoro MHpa. XoTII BOeHHhle ,LJ,eltCTBHH CKOpO B0306HOBHJIHCb, 3a<J>paHI.(Y3CKHe MYWK.eTep "O$HI.(ep 300XH JliOAOBHKa

XIII

KJIIO'IeHHhlit MHp BCe )f(e 3a,LJ,epJKaJI

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl

323

<1>. Cyp6apaH. 06opoHa KaAHCa. 1634 r. Ha HeKOTOpoe BpeMSI 3aHSITHe lleXHH lllBe,LI.CKO~ apMHe~.

IIocJie HaHeceHHhiX HMnepaTopCKHM BO~CKaM TSIJKeJihlX nopaJKeHH~ H B03HHKllle~ yrp03hi 33.XBaTa aBCT-

pHJ:ICKO~ CTOJIHUhi- BeHhi- <l>ep.Jl.HHaH.Jl.

III (1637-1657 rr.) BhiHYJK-

,LI.eH 61>IJI npHHSITI> npO,LI.HKTOBaHHI>le eM:y TJIJKeJihle ,LI.JISI fepMaHHH ycJIOBHSI MHpa

(1648 r.).

1 HOS16pst 1634 r. nAPVI)I(CKVI~ AOfOBOP. ct>paH~uanpe.a.-

fl0)1(/;1fl8 npoTeCT8HT8M fepMBH/;1/;1 12-Tb1Cf14HYIO apMU/0 u nonMunnuoHa nuepoe, 38 4TO rep~or 6epHrap.a. CaKceH-Bei4MapcKul4 u Xel4nb6poHHCKaa nura .a.on)I(Hbl 6bmu rapaHTupoeaTb K8TOflUK8M fepMBH/;1/;1 ceo6o.a.y eepoucnoee.a.aHua, a TBK)I(e ycTynUTb 4JpaH~/;1/;1 48CTb 3nb38CCKUX 3eMenb. npu 3TOM XOTfl ct>paH~ua u He CBf13bJBana ce6a o6a3aTenbCTBOM OTKpbiTO BCTynaTb B eowHy, TeM He MeHee 6e3 comaco-

BBHUfl CHeW npoTeCT8HT8M He no3BOflflflOCb 38K.n/048Tb HU MUpa, HU .a.a)l(e nepeMupua.

30 anpenst1635 r. KOMnbEHCKVI~ AOfOBOP. Ero no.a.nucanu wee.a.cKuw KaH~ep AKcenb OKceHwepHa M Kap.a.uHan PMwenbe. Wee~Mfl npM3Haeana 3a ct>paH~Mew npaeo Ha neBbiW 6eper Pei4Ha oT 6pew3axa .a.o CTpac6ypra; 3a 3TO ct>paH~Mfl o6baenana Wee~M/0 paBHbiM C0/03HMKOM, 8 T8K)I(e npM3H8B8fl8

324

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

3a Heii1 npaeo KOHTPOflMPOBaTb BopMc, Maii1HI..l VI E>eH(j>enb.n.; KpoMe roro, ct>paHI..lMR cornawanacb o6bRBMTb BOii1Hy lt/cnaHMM MHVI npVI KaKVIX 06CTORTeflbCTBaX He 3aKfl/04aTb C Heii1 cenaparHoro Mvtpa.

21 MaH 1635 r. $PAHLUHI 06bSIBJ1SIET BOliiHY &.1CnAH&.1&.1. 3ro 6bmo c.n.enaHo eo ucnonHeHvte ycnoeuii1 KoMnbeHcKoro .n.oroeopa. TeM epeMeHeM 6onbwaR 4acrb wee.n.cKoii1 apMMM eoeeana c nonbweii1.

nexo1l1H~bl

apeMeH

TP"A~aT"neTHe~ao~Hbl

30 MaH 1635 r. nPA)I(CK&.1lil M&.1P. Ha npaKTMKe 9TOT aKT 03Ha4an 4aCTM4HOe npvtMvtpeHVIe nporecraHroe M KaTOflMKOB-MMnep/..leB. C 9TOro MOMeHTa BOii1Ha noMeHRna xapaKrep M CTana M3 npeMMYIJ..!eCTBeHHO penVITM03HOii1 npeVIMYIJ..!eCTBeHHO nonMTV14eCKOii1.

&.1toHb-OKTH6pb 1635 r. CTPATEr&.1SI P&.1WEJlbE. 3a.n.a4a-MMHMMYM ero 3aKJI/04anacb B TOM, 4T06b! or.n.envtrb ucnaHCKVIe HVI.n.epnaHJJ.bJ OT MCnaHCKOii1 JIOM6ap,ll.MVI; 3Claa4aMaKCMMYM - flMKBVI,ll.VIpOBaTb BCe MCnaHCKMe enqaeHVIR Ha npoMe;>KyT04Hb/X reppMTOPVIRX( COBpeMeHHb/e Bocro4HaR ct>paHI..lMR VI 3ana.n.HaR /epMaHMR). 4JpaHI..lY3CKMe CMflbl, o6IJ..!eii1 4MCfleHHOCTb/O OKOflO 130 Tb/CR4 4enoeeK, 6bmM no.n.eneHbl Ha nRTb OCHOBHbiX apMMii1, l..leflM KOTOPbiM 6bmM nocraeneHbl cne.n.y/0/J..!VIe:

1) BbJcrynvtrb M3 BepxHero 3nb3aca M38XBaTVITb 6onbWYIO 4aCTb H8XO,ll.RIJ..!eii1CR nO,lJ. KOHTponeM MCnaHI..leB o6naCTM 4JpaHW-KOHTe; 2) 3aHRTb florapMHTVI/0 VI OTpa3VITb MCnaHCKOe erop)l(eHVIe; 3) npoii1rvt 4epe3 Weeii1/..lapV110 M 3axearVITb crparervt4eCKVI ea)I(Hblii1 anbnvtii1cKvtii1 nepeean BanbrennvtHa; 4) e co103e c caeoii1cKMM repl..loroM BvtKropoM AMa.n.eeM I eroprHyTbCR e Koponeecreo MunaH; 5) e co103e co wrarranbrepoM Coe.n.VIHeHHbiX /onnaH,lJ.CKMX npoBVIHI..lVIii1 4Jpvt,ll.pVIXOM leHpMXOM, npMHI..leM OpaHCKVIM eroprHyrbcR e ucnaHCKMe Hvt.n.epnaH,lJ.bl. nepBb/e TPVI M3 nocraeneHHbJX 3a,ll.a4 (j>paHI..lY3cKoii1 apMMM y.n.anOCb BblnOflHVITb; OCTaflbHbJe ,ll.Ba Ha4MHaHMR- COBMeCTHb/e C CaBOii11..laMM M ronnaH,lJ.I..laMM - npoeanvtnvtcb. K KOHI..lY ro.n.a E>epHrap.n. CaKceH-Beii1MapcKvtii1 M ero nporecraHTCKaR «Beii1MapcKaR apMVIR» nocne 6ecnone3Horo MaHeepVIpoeaHMR e .n.onvtHax Peii1Ha M Maii1Ha cnunacb c (j>paHI..lY3CKVIMM BOii1CKaMM.

AsrycT-HOH6pb 1635 r. WBEACKASI KAMnAH&.1SI B BOCT04HOlil fEPMAH&.1&.1. CaKCOH/..lbl VI npo4vte cropoHbl, no.n.nucaewuecR no.n. npa)I(CKVIM MMPOM, 06be,lJ.MHMflM ycvtnMR nporue He6onbwoii1 wee.n.cKoii1 apMMM no.n. KOMaH,lJ.OBaHMeM IOxaHa E>aHHepa, o.n.HaKo, HecMorpR Ha no.n.aenR/0/J..!ee 4VIcneHHoe npeeocxo.n.creo npOTMBHMKa, TaKTM4eCKOii1 MHMI..lMaTVIBOii1 6e3p83,lJ.eflbHO ena.n.en E>aHHep. nonYf4MB no.n.KpenneHMR M3 nonbWM, OH 38XBaTMfl Jl,oMM/..l Ha 3nb6e, a 3areM e lonb.n.6eprcKoM cpa)l(eHMVI pa3rpOMMfl CaKCOH/..leB ( 1 HOR6pR).

1636 r. BTOP)I(EH&.1SI BO $PAH L..t11110. Bocnonb3oeaewvtcb reM, 4TO KapJJ.VIHan Puwenbe pVIcKoeaHHO pacnbJnMfl CMflbl, 4TO 4JpVI,l1.PVIX leHpVIx 0paHCKVIii1 orcrynVIn o6parHo e lonnaHJJ.VI/0, a raK)I(e 4TO enepebJe 3a nocne.n.Hvte roJJ.bl e lepMBHMM ycraHOBMfl8Cb 6onee MflM MeHee MMpHaR o6craHOBKa, CeRIl..!eHHaR PVIMCKaR MMnepMR M l1cnaHMR peWMflM BTOPTHYTbCR BO 4JpaH/..lVIIO. 06be,lJ.MHeHH8R VICn8H0-6aeapcKaR apMVIR no.n. KOMaH,lJ.OB8HMeM Kap,ll.VIHana-MH(/>aHT8, nOflb3YRCb

BA>KHE~WV1E BOli1Hbl

325

CB0/11M nO,D,aBflfl/OW,/11M Lf/11CfleHHb/M npeMMyW,eCTBOM, 6yKBaflbHO pa3MeTana cppaHu,y3CKMe CMnbt Ha ceaepo-aocToKe CTpaHbt; B TO )f(e BpeMH lannac 111 lnaBHbte MMnepcKMe cMnbt Bb/CTynMfl/11 Ha 3ana,D,, B 5yplyH,D,/11/0. /llcnaHU,bt 3axaaTMnM Kop6111, nepenpaaMnMcb '-lepe3 CaMMY 111 ,D,BMHYnMCb Ha KoMnbeH. Cnepaa nap/11)/( OXBaT/11fla naH/11Ka, HO Kap,D,MHan P/11wenbe 111 fliO,D,OBMK XIII Ha6panM HOBY/0 50-TbtCH'-IHY/0 apMM/0 (npeMMYw,ecTBeHHO 1113 onon'-leHu,ea) 111 nocnewHo BbtCTynMn/11 K KoMnbeHy. /llcnaHo-6aaapcKoe BOMCKO OTCTynMflO B HM,D,epnaH,D,bl, I,D,e TeM BpeMeHeM B0306HOB/11fl HaCTynneHMe r:Pp111,D,p111X leHpMx OpaHCKMiii. 0,D,HOBpeMeHHO apMMH nepewe,D,wem Ha cjJpaHu,y3CKYIO Cfly)f(6y IBPU,0/8 5epH1ap,D,a CaKceH-Bei7tMapcKOIO 3aKpenMnacb y ,il,M)f(OHa 111 nepeKpbtna nYTb lannacy, KOTOpbti7t, nOnbtTaBW/11Cb 060CHOBaTbCH Ha 3/11MH/11e KBapTMpbt B 5ypIYH,D,/11111, 1113-3a ,D,e3epTII1pCTBa /11 He npeKpaw,aawemcH cjJpaHu,y3cKom ,D,aBneH/11>1 6btfl Bb/H}I)K,ll,eH OTCT}'n/11Tb.

1636 r. lr1TAnbSIHCKir1E KAMnAHir11r1. 06be,D,MHeHHaH cjJpaHKOcaaoi7tcKaH apMMH no,D, KOMaH,D,OBaHMeM 8111KTOpa AMa,D,eR /11 cjJpaHU,y3CKOIO Mapwana WapnH I, Cbepa ,D,e 5naHwcjJopa, MapKM3a ,D,e KpeK/11 O,D,ep)f(ana no6e,D,y Ha,D, McnaHu,aM/11 B O)f(eCTOLfeHHOi7t 6MTBe np111 TopHaBeHTO ( 22 111/0HR). O,D,HaKo caaoi7tcKMi7t mpu,o1 BMKTop AMa,D,ei7t I OTKa3ancR nepei71TM peKy TM'-IMHO 111 npo,D,Ofl)f(aTb HaCTynneH/11e B my6b TeppMTOp/11111 KOponeBCTBa M111naH. 4 OKTS16pSI 1636 r. CPA>KEHHE Y Blr1TTWTOKA. 3,D,ecb 5aHHep HaHec peWMTeflbHOe nopa)f(eHMe 06be,D,II1HeHHOi7f CaKCOHCK0-/11MnepCKOi7f apM/11/11 no,D, COBMeCTHb/M KOMaH,D,OBaHMeM MenbxMopa, 1pa¢a cjJoH lnei7txeH YHA Xau,cpenb,D,a, a TaK)f(e caKCOHCKom Kyp¢10pcm /llomHHa /eopm I. 5aHHepy nOMOiafl/11 WBe,D,CK/11i7t 1pa¢ fleHHapT TopcTeHcoH 111 WOTflaH,D,CK/11e «COfl,D,aTbl y,D,a'-1/11» C3p AneKCaH,D,p fleCfl/11 ( C 1636 I. HOC/11BW/11M 3BaHMe cjJenb,D,Mapwana WBe,D,CKOi7t apM/11111), ,fl,)f(ei7fMC KMHI /11 c3p naTpMK PyTaeH. 1637 r. 50EBbiE ,D,EVICTBHSI HA PAHLI,Y3CKir1X rPAHHLI,AX.

ApntnnepiiiCTbl y OPYAIIISI. XVII B.

/llcnaHCKaRapM111RBT0p)f(eH/11R'-Iepe3 nMpeHe/11 Bb/CTynMna /113 KamnOH/11/11 B flaH/e,D,OK, HO 6btfla OCTaHOBfleHa y mpHoi7t KpenoCT/11 fleyKam, a 3aTBM pa31pOMfleHa /11 Bb!TeCHeHa o6paTHO B /llcnaH/11/0 cjJpaHU,y3CKOi7f apMMei7f nO,D, KOMaH,D,OBaHMeM leHpMxa Kapna ,D,e WoM6epa, 1epu,om ,D, 'Ann/03Ha (111n111, MHa'-le, leHpMxa Kapna WoM6epm), we,D,wei7t Ha noMOW.b oca)f(,D,eHHbtM. Ha 1onnaH,D,CKOM cjJpOHTe cjJpaHU,Y3bl B3Rfl/11 HeCKOflbKO Ba)f(Hb/X KpenOCTei7f - B OCHOBHOM nOTOMy, '-ITO /flaBHbte C/11flbl /11CnaHU,eB 6b!fl/11 CBR3aHbl r:t>pii1,1J,pii1XOM teHpMXOM, npMHU,eM OpaHCKMM 111 nonbtTKaM/11 npMMT/11 Ha nOMOW,b OCa)f(,D,eHHOMY B 5pe,D,e 111CnaHCKOMY mpH/1130HY. Ha BOCTOKe lepU,OI 5epH1ap,!J, CaKceH-BeiiiMapcKMiii B cpa)f(eH/11111 Ha peKe CoHa (111/0Hb) pa36111n

apMM/0 Kapna Ill, 1epu,om flompMHICKOIO, /11 ,ll,BII1HYflCR B 3nb3aC, KOTOpbti7t no-npe)f(HeMy y,D,ep)f(MBana MMnepcKaR apMII1R nO,D, KOMaH,D,OBaH/11eM lepu,om OrraB/110 n/11KKOflOM/11H/11nbepll1. O,D,HaKo K aoi7tcKy nMKKonoMMH/11 npii1COe,D,/11H/11flaCb 6aaapCKaR apM111R /llQiaHHa cjJOH Bepm; COe,D,/11HeHHb/M/11 ycMnMRM/11 OHM O'-IMCTMn/11 OT cjJpaHU,y3CK/11X no,D,pa3,D,eneH/11M ,D,OnMHY Pei71Ha, 111 5epH18PA CaKceHBei7tMapcKMi7t 6blfl BbiHY)f(,D,eH OTCTynMTb.

15 ct>espallSI 1637 r. CMEPTb EP,D,HHAH,D,A II. TpoH CaRw,eHHOi7t PMMCKOi7t 111Mnep111111 nepewen K e1o CbiHY /11 Hacne,D,H/11Ky, BeHiepCKOMy KOpOfl/0 r:t>ep,D,MHaH,D,Y Ill. Ma~ 1637 r. WBE,D,CKOE HACTYnnEHHE B rEPMAHir110. BoiiiCKa nO,D, KOMaH,D,OBaHMeM 5aHHepa /11

326 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

TopcreHCOHa CHOBa 38HRnM bpaH.aeH6ypr M cranM yrpO)KBTb J7eiiim.IMry M TIOPMHTMM. npo.aemKeHMe MX 6blfl0 OCT8HOBfleHO B CBR3M C npM6b!TMeM e CaKCOHM/0 MMnepcKoiii apMMM lannaca.

1 0 OKTS16pSI 1637 r. nAJ).EH'-iE 6PEAbl. nocne ro.awmoiii oca.abJ ct>pMtJ.PMX leHpMx OpaHCKMiii cHoea 38HRn ropo.a, 12 ner y.aep)I(MBaBWMiiics:~ l1Cn8Hl..j8Ml1.

1638 r. <WAHL.tY3CK'-1E nP'-1fPAH'-ilfHbiE KAMnAH'-1'-1. B ocHOBHOM OHM 6b!flM Hey.aa~Hb/Ml1, KpOMe 3nb38CCKOiii ( CM. HM)I(e). 4Jp8H/..lY3CKl1e BOiiiCK8 6blfll1 Bb/TeCHeHbll13VfT8flMM l1 OT6l1Tbl B l1Cn8HCKl1X HM.aepnaH.aax; 6onbwas:~ apMMR

no.a KOM8H.[l.OB8Hl1eM 6e3.[J.8pHOTO AHpM ( MnM leHpMxa) II .ae Gyp6oHa, npMH/..lB .ae KoH.ae, BbJcrynMna M3 baiiiOHHbl, MMeR KOHe~HOiii l..jeflb/0 Ma.apM.a, HO 6bma ocraHoeneHa 11 OT6MT8 y M8fleHbKOiii norp8Hl1~HOiii KpenOCTM 4Jy9HTeppa6Ma.

1638 r. WBEACK'-iE KAMnAH'-1'-1 B BOCTOlfHO"' fEPMAH'-1'-1. VfMnepCKOe BOiiiCKO no.a KOM8H.[l.OB8HMeM 6aeapcKoro nonKOBOP.l.lB lorlj>pM.aa lj>oH lene9Ha, nonb3YRCb CBOMM ~l1CfleHHb/M npeMMYll.leCTBOM, BbiHYP.MflO b8HHepa OTCTynMTb OT 3nb6b! K O.aepy, r.ae OH CT8fl )l(.[l.BTb npM6bJTMR rpalj>a Kapna lyeraea BpaHrens:~ c no.aKpenneHMRMM. 0.[l.H8KO B 9TO BpeMR b8HHepa H8~8-

na 0Tpe38Tb OT KOMMYHMK8l.ll1iii MMnepCK8R apMMR no.a KOM8H.[l.OB8Hl1eM lannaca. C rpy.aoM ycKonb3HYB M3 flOBYWKl1, OH Bb!Wen H8 COe.[l,MHeHMe c BpaHreneM B noMepaHl1l1, r.ae 11 npoeen xono.aHy/0, rono.aHY/0 3l1MY, l13PRP.HO no.aopBBBWY/0 Cl1flbl ero apMMM.

6 <t>eapanSI - 17 .QeKa6pSI 1638 r. OCAJJ.A 6PE"'3AXA. lepl.lOr bepHrap.a CaKceH-BeiiiMapcKMiii, K BOiiiCKY KOTOporo npMCOe.[l,MHMflCR co ceoeiii apMMeiii )l(aH-baTMCT by.[l.e, rpalj> /e6pM8H, OC8.[l.l1fl ropo.a 11 or611n ece MMnepcKMe nonb!TKM npMiiiTM 0C8)1(.[l,eHHb/M H8 noMO!l.lb. CbeB ecex co6aK, KoweK 11 KPbiC, ropo.a c.aancs:~ ( 17 .aeKa6ps:~);

328 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

CTbi'IKa Kasanepli'ICTOB so speMSI TpliiAI..IaTIItlleTHeiil BOHHbl

MCXO,D,!il M3 YCJ70BMi71 Dpa)f(CK0/0 MMpa M BCe06Ll.lei71 8MHMCTMM. 1641 r. BOCCTAHIASI B IACnAHIAIA lA PAH1..41AIA. /113-38 HMX 3H8'1MTef7bHble KaMnaHMM He Bef7MCb, XOT!il B /llmnMM AHpM A 'ApKypy no-npe)f(HeMy COnYTCTBOB8J7 ycnex. Cf>paHU,y3CKMe BOMCKa OK83b/B8J7M CO,D,ei71CTBMe K8Taf7QHCKMM M!i/Te)f(HMK8M. 20 MaS! 1641 r. CMEPTb SAHHEPA. Tenepb KOMaH,D,OBaHMe wae.n.CKOi71 apMMei71 B /epMaHMM npMH!ilf7 fleHHapT TopcTeHCOH ( HOR6p&).

1642 r. CI>PAH1..4Y3CKIAE KAMnAHIAIA. /11 Cf>paHU,M/0, M /llcnaHM/0 f7MXOpa/J,Mf70 OT BHyTpeHHMX 6ecnop!i1/J,KOB . Ha py6e)f(aX ct>naH.D.PMM npO/J,Qf1)f(af7MCb OCa/],bl nolpaHM'IHb/X Kpenocmi71; HeKompoe npeMMYLl.leCTBO 6btf70 3/],eCb Ha CTOpOHe MCnaHu,eB. B CeaepHoi71 )f(e /llmnMM, Hao6opoT, nepeaec npe6&taan Ha cmpoHe <j)paHu,y3oB. fltO.D.OBMK XIII no sen apMM/0 K MCnaHCKOM ipaHMU,e M nOKOpMf7 PyCCMJ7bOH. B napM)f(e PMwenbe pa31p0MMJ7 MHCnMpMpOBaHHb/M MC-

naHu,aMM 3a1oaop, a a KamnoHMM <j)paHU,Y3CKa!il apMM!il nO/], KOMaH/],0BaHMeM Mapwana ct>MnMnna, 1pa<j)a .n.e flaMOTT-Y.n.aHKypa, 1epu,om .n.e Kap,D,OHa, nOMOIJ78 MRTe)f(HMKaM y.n.ep)f(aT& npoaMHU.M/0 M nposena ycneWHYIO KaMnaHM/0 npOTMB MCnaHCKMX npaBMTen&CTBeHHbtX aoillcK, KYJ7bMMHaU,Mei71 KOTOpOi71 !i/BMJ7aCb no6e.n.a Ha.n. flemHecoM y JlepM/J.bt (7 OKTR6p!i1). 30 lo110HSI - 2 lo110nSI 1642 r. MOPCKOE CPA)f(EHIAE Y SAPCEJlOHbl. Cf>paHU,y3CKMi71 </Jf70T nO/], KOMaH,D,OBaHMeM )/(aHa-ApMaHa-/Op6eH .n.e Maille, MapKM3a .n.e 5pe3e ( nneMRHHMKa Kap/J,MHana PMwen&e) HaHeC nopa)f(eHMe MCnaHCKOMy, KOTOpbiM KoMaH.n.osan 1epu,o1 C&/0.n.a.n.-Pean&. 1642 r. WBEACKIAE KAMnAHIAIA. BecHoi71 fleHHapT TopcTeHcoH nepenpaBMf7CR 4epe3 3n&6y M OCa,D,MJ7 fleillnU,MI, B TO )f(e apeM!i/ noKOPMB 6on&wytO '18CTb CaKcoHMM . K fleillnU,MIY /],BMHynaCb MMnepcKa!il apMM!il nO/], COBMeCTHb/M KOMaH/],OBaHMeM aBCTpMMCK0/0 3pU,Iepu,Oia Jleonon&,D,a BMf7blen&Ma ( Mf7M, MHa'le, fleonOJ7b,D,a tMMOMa 6paTa MMnepampa ct>ep.n.MHaH.n.a Ill) M OnaaMo DMKKonoMMHM-D&epM, mpu,o1a AMan&<j)M; TopcmHcoH 6btf7 BbiHY)f(,IJ,eH CH!i/Tb OCa/J,y M OTCTynMTb Ha ceaep, K 5pei71TeH<j)en&AY( 1 HOR6pR) . 2 HOS16pSI 1642 r. BTOPOE SPEII'ITEHCI>EllbACKOE CPA>KEHIAE. noKa MMnepcKaR apMMR no.n. npMKpbtTMeM opy.n.Mi71Hoi71 KaHoHa/J,bt Bb/CTpaMBaf7aCb 6oeBb/M nop!ii/J,KOM, fleHHapT TopcTeHCOH nosen KaaanepMIO B amey Ha neBb/M <j)naHI MMnepu,eB, KOTOpbtM 6btf7 CM!i/T, He ycneB BbtCTPOMTbCR. TeM apeMeHeM ocTan&HaR wae.n.cKaR apMMR npo.n.on)f(ana HacTynneHMe, anpo'leM, 6e3ycnewHo, noKa KaaanepMR TopcTeHcoHa He y.n.apMna a o,-oneHHbtill neBbtill <j)naH/ neXOTbl MMnepCK0/0 U,eHTpa. BcKope MMnepcKaR nexoTa .n.poiHyna Mno6e)f(ana; Tenepb wae.n.aM npOTMBOCTO!i/f7a TOJ7bKO apa)f(eCK8!il npaao<j)naH/OBaR KaaanepMR, KOTOpOi71 B Ha'/ane 6MTBbl /],a)f(e y,D,af70Cb ,D,06MTbCR HeKompom ycnexa npOTMB WBe/],CK0/0 neB0/0 <j)naH/8.

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl

329

bOnbWVIHCTBO VIMnepCKVIX K8Bane-

BeK, OH pewMn HeMe.aneHHO 8T8KO-

cKow nexoTbJ. TeM BpeMeHeM <f>paH-

PVICTOB 6bJnVI OKp-y>KeHbl VI 38XB8~e

B8Tb ( 18 Mafl). K ropo.ay Ben e.aMH-

~y3cKafl neBo<t>naHroBafl KaBane-

Hbl B nneH; OCTBnbHb/e 6e)l(8nVI.

1642-1643 rr. CMEPTb

CTBeHHbJW no.axo.a -

~epe3 Y3KYIO

PMfl, BonpeKM npMKa3aM

rep~ora

TeCHVIHY Me)l(.lJ.y neCBMVI VI 6onOT8-

3HrMeHCKOTO, 8T8KOB8fl8 VICnBHCKVIW npaBbJW <t>naHr VI 6bma oTpa)l(eHa.

WEJlbE ~ 1110AOB~KAXIII. nepe.a

MVI, O.£J.H8KO nepeKpbJTb ero VICn8H-

CMepTb/0 KBP.ll.VIHBn PMwenbe H8-

~8M He y.aanocb. BonpeKM coBeTaM

KoHTpaTaKoBa~McnaHcKaf/KaBane

3H8~Vfn

CTBPWVIX VI 6onee OnbJTHb/X nO.ll.~Vf

PMfl pa3MeTana <f>paH~Y3CKYIO KOH-

KOMBH.ll.YIO!l.IVIM CeBepO-BOC-

TO~Hb/MVI apMVfflMVI 21-neTHero J110-

.ll.OBVIK8

II,

rep~ora 3HrMeHcKoro, -

HeHHbJX, rep~or 3HrMeHCKMW npoBen apMVI/0

~epe3

9TY TeCHVIHY VI

Be~e

HVI~y, HO 6bJn8 OCT8HOBneHa pe3epBOM. non~VIB Vf3BeCTVfe 0 pa3rpoMe

Cb/H8 AHpVI (VInYl reHpMxa) ll.ae 6yp-

poM 38Hfln n03Vf~Vf/O H8 xpe6Te HB.ll.

cBoero neBoro <t>naHra, rep~ or 3H-

6oHa, npMH~a .ae KoH.ae.

oca)l(.aeHHbJM ropo.aoM. l1cnaH~bJ

meHCKMW npe.anpMHfln CTpeMMTenb-

MaH 1643 r.

BTOP)I(EH~E

HeMe.aneHHO BbJCTPOVInVICb Me)l(.lJ.y

Hb/W 06XO.ll.Hb/W MBHeBp ~epe3 Tblfl

PAHI..l~IO. 27-Tb/CfNHBfl VICnBHO-

<f>paH~Y3BMM VI PoKpya. Bc10 HO%

VICnBHCKVIX n03Vf~VIW, 38TeM npo6Mn-

VIMnepcKafl apMVIfl no.a KOM8H.ll.OB8-

apMVIVI He CXO.ll.VfnVI C n03Vf~VIW.

HVfeM 4JpaHcMcKo .ae Menno ~epe3

18-19 MaSI 1643 r.

Ei~TBA

~epe3

Cfl npfiMO B

~eHTpe,

Bpa)l(eCKY/0 nexoTy

C Tblfl8 8T8KOB8n VICnaH-

Ap.aeHHbJ BbJCTynMna M3 HM.aepnaH-

Y POKPYA.

.ll.OB H8 napVf)l(, HO no nYTVI OCT8HO-

Ta rep~or 3HrMeHCKVIW 8T8KOB8n,

CKY/0 K8Banep!t110, KOTOPYIO c.aep)I(VfBan ero pe3epB, VI B KOHe~HOM c~e

BVfn8Cb oca.aMTb PoKpya. Co cBoew

nM~HO B03Tn8BVIB ycneWHOe

Te o6p8TVfn npOTVIBHVIK8 B 6erCTBO.

23-Tb!Cfi~How apMMew rep~ or 3Hm-

pVIWCKOe H8CTynneHMe H8 VICnaH-

Tenepb y McnaH~eB Ha none 6ofl oc-

eHCKMW .ll.BVIHyncfl HanepeXBBT, nna-

CKVIW neBbiW <f>naHr, KOTOpbJW 6bJn

TaBanacb TOnbKO nexoTa -18 TbJCfl~

BcKope nocne paccBeK8Bane-

CTOnb HeO)I(Vf.lJ.8HHOe pa3-

HYIPYfl OCT8HOBVITb npOTVIBHVIK8 H8

CMfiT VI o6pa11.1eH B 6ercTBo. Ompa-

~enoBeK;

peKe Me3. 06Hapy)I(MB, ~To McnaH-

BMB HeCKOnbKO 9CK8.11.POHOB B npe-

BVITVfe C06bJTVIW ee HeCKOnbKO nOKOne6ano, O.ll.HBKO 9TO BCe PBBHO 6bJn8

~bJ oca)I(.£J.8/0T PoKpya, VI 3Hafl, ~TO

cne.£J.OB8HVfe, rep~or 3HrMeHCKMW

CKOpO K HVIM .ll.On)I(Hbl nO.ll.OWTVI no.a-

C OCTBnbHOW K8BanepMewy.aapMn no

C8M8fl rp03H8fl B MMpe neXOTH8fl

KpenneHMfl B pa3Mepe 6 TbJCfl~ ~eno-

oroneHHOMY neBOMy<f>naHry VICnaH-

apMVIfl. 4JpaH~Y3bl .ll.B8)1(.£J.bl 8T8KOB8-

TpeTb>l cpa3a 6111TBbl 19 Ma>l 1643 r.

6a.naa npa.t PoKpya: nepsast (cnesa)" BTopast cl>a3bl

330

3APO>K,lJ,EH V1 E COBPEM EH HbiX CTPATEIV1 V1 V1 TAKTV1 KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

npi!IH~ KOHAe BO BpeMSI 61!1TBbl nplfl PoKpya

nu ucnaHCKMe Kape, 111 o6a pa3a 6blfl/11 OT6poweHbl. TOI/1,8 repu,or3H1111eHCKII1i71 C06pan BMeCTe BC/0 CB0/0, a Ta/OKe TpocjJei71HyiO ucnaHCKYJO apTMnnepuiO /11 npMH'ilflC'il 6e3)1(8fl0CTHO 06CTpen/11B8Tb n03/11l.l,/11/11 npOT/11BH/11K8. 8/11/l,'il, 'ITO nopa)KeHMe HeM/11HyeMO, ucnaHU,bl 3anpocunu now,a.D.bl; repu,or3HrMeHCKMi71 co cmpwuM/11 Oc/JMU,epaM/11 /l,BMHYflC'il K /11CnaHCK/11M n03/11l.l,/11'i/M npMH'i/Tb KanMTYfl'ill.l,/1110. Ho KOe-KTO 1113 ucnaHCKOill neXOTbl nO/],yMan, 'ITO 3TO H8'1ano HOBOill aTaK/11, 111 OTKpblfl no repu,ory 3HrueHCKOMY /11 era CBMTe 0/0Hb. 803MyW,eHH8'il T8K/11M «BepOflOMCTBOM», cjJpaHU.Y3CKa'il apMM'il o6pywunac& Ha MCnaHCKMe Kape /11 6yKB8flbHO pa3/l,aauna ux. 1/lcnaHU,bl nomp'ilnM 8 Tb/C'i/'1 'lenoaeK y6MTbiMM, ew,e 7 TbiC'il'l6blflM3axaa'leH&I a nneH; o6w,ue

cjJpaHU,Y3CK/11e noTep/11 COCT8B/11fl/11

4 TbiC'i/'1111 'lenoaeK. 18-23 IIIIOHSI 1643 r. B3SITI.IIE Tb0HBI.II11SI. )f(ena'il nocKopee 3aKpenMTbC'il B flOTapMH//11/11 /11 /],Ofl/11He PeiliHa, repu,or 3HrMeHCKMi71 oca/],Mn /11 3aXB8T/11fl 3TY 88)KHYIO B CTp8Tel/11'leCKOM OTHOWeH/11/11 KpenOCTb. 1/lMnepaTOp C/>ep/l,MHaH/1, Ill Ha'lan no.D.yMb/BaTb, He npe/l,fl0)1(/11Tb fl/11 Mi11p. AsrycT-HOH6pb 1643 r. 60EBbiE AEHCTBI.IISI B WBA61.111.11. «8ef71M8pCK8'il apMM'il», KOM8H/],OBafl Kompoill Tenepb Mapwan le6puaH, nepenpaaunac& 'lepe3 PeiliH 111 'lepe3 Waapu,aan&/1, cmna HacTynaT& a 810pTeM6epr. CaM le6puaH noru6 npu oca/l,e PoTaeilln'il, a HO'il6pe yaeH'Iaaweillc'il ycnexoM. KoMaH.D.OBaHue npMH'iln reHepan fllo3ac cjJoH PaHu,ay, KoTOpblill a 6uTae

npu TyTTnMHreHe Ha 8epxHeM ,llyHae 6blfl pa36/11T MMnepCKOill 8pMII1ef71 6apoHa C/>paHu,a cjJoH Mepcu 111 reHepana cjJoH 8epTa 111 nonan a nneH (24 HO'i16p'i1). 0pi11H'i/BW/11i71 KOMaH/l,OBaHMe BMKOHT .D.e T10peHH OTCTynun B 3flb38C. 1643 r. WBEACKI.IIE KAMnAHI.III.II. He BCTpe'la'il CKOflbKO-HII16Y.D.b 3cjJcjJeKT/11BHOIO npOT/11BO/l,ei71CTB/11'il CO CTOpOHbl MMnepCKOill apM/11/11 /annaca, fleHHapT TopcTeHCOH pa3op'iln 5oreMMIO 111 Mopaau10. Kor/l,a pa3pa3Mnac&/l,aTcKo-wae/l,cKa'il aoiliHa, oH nocnewHo oTcTynun K 5anTMKe 111 npoaen 3111MY B lOflWTMH/11/11. 3 ceHTS16pSI 1 643 r. MOPCKOE CPA>KEHI.IIE Y KAPTAXEHbl. C/>paHU,Y3CKII1i71 cjJnOT nO/], KOMaH/l,OB8H/11eM )/(aHa-ApM8Ha-JOp6eH /],e Maille, MapKM3a .D.e 5pe3e (nneM'i/HHMKa Kap/l,MHana Puwen&e), HaHec nopa)KeHue ucnaHCKOMY Heno/],aneKY OT 3Toro nopTa, Ha 1010-BOCTO'IHOM 6epery 1/lcnaHM/11. 1644 r. Cl>PAHL..I,Y3CKASI BECEHHSISI KAMnAHI.IISI. Ha ceaepHOM c/JpOHTe, eCfl/11 He C'IMTaTb HeCKOflbK/11X He3Ha'I/11TeflbHb/X CTOflKHOBeHMill OKOflO ,liiOHKepKa, 6oeBb/e .D.eillcTBM'il aenuc& Mana. 8 1/lmnuu T8K)Ke ace 6blfl0 OTHOC/11TeflbHO CnOKOMHO. 8 1/lcnaH/11/11 c/Jp8HU,Y3bl 6&/fl/11 /113/H8Hbl /113 flepM/l,bl. 8MKOHT /l,e TIOpeHH C «BeiliMapCKOM apMMeill» nepenp88/11flC'il 'lepe3 PeiliH (Maill) 111 cmn HacTynaTb a Waapu,aan&/1,, r.D.e 6&/n BCTpe'leH 'I/11CfleHHO npeBOCXO/],'i/W,ef716aaapCKOi71 apMMeill nO/], KOM8H/],OBaHMeM 6apoHa C/>paHU,a c/JOH Mepc111. TIOpeHH OTCTynun K 5pei713axy, OCTaB/118 rapH11130H 80 C/>pef716yple, KOTOpblill Mepc111 He 3aMe/],fl/11fl OC8/],/11Tb ( /11/0Hb). TIOpeHH CTafl )f(,IJ,8Tb npu6&1TM'il repu,ora 3HrMeHCKoro c no/l,KpenneHM'iiM/11. 2 asrycTa 1644 r. COEAI.IIHEHI.IIE BI.IIKOHTA TIOPEHHA 1.11 rEPL.J,OrA 3Hri.IIEHCKoro. lepu,or3HrueHcKui71 npu6&1n a 5pei713ax 111 npuH'iln KOM8H/],OB8H/11e H8/], 06be/],/11HeHHOi7f apMMeill o6w,ef71 'I/11CfleHHOCTbiO 17 Tb/C'i/'1 'lenoaeK. Y Mepcu TaK)Ke 6&1no 17 TbiC'il'l. TeM apeMeHeM oca)f(,IJ,eHHblill C/>pei716ypr c/l,anc'il. 3-10 asrycTa 1644 r. Cl>PEH6YPrCKOE CPA>KEHI.IIE. nocne

BA>KHEII1WV1E BOlllHbl

331

TpOeKp8THOf"O O>KBCTO'IBHHOIO npiii-

HY PeiiiHa, r11.e np!t1HRnCf1 MBTO,ll,fti'IHO

,ll,088Hft1B H8/l, KOTOpOilt np!t1Hflfl rp8cjJ

CTyna 06bB/l,IIIHBHHb/B cjJp8HJ4Y3CKIIIB

6paTb KpenocTb 38 KpenocTb/0.

Kapn /ycTa8 8paHrenb) 6btna Ha

Clllflbl CH088 83flflft1 IOp0/1,.

1644 r. WBEACKI!1E KAMnAHii11!1. fleHHapT TopcTeHCOH P.061t1n-

5pHO; He 8 COCTOflH/11111 npOKOpM!t1Tb

Cfl nO,ll,8Bflfl/OW,BrO TaKTIII'IBCKOf"O ne-

80MCK8 8 p830pBHHOi!t 50f"BM!t11t1,

3 asrycTa 1644 r. <bPAHU,Y3CKASI ATAKA HA LV1PKYMBAJ111Al..I,HOHHY~ JlHHH~ <bPAHU,A <bOH MEPCH. cPpaHJ4Y3bt 38TeRnlll

MeCR/488

3a,aep>KaH8

oca.aoilt

peaeC8 HB/1, 06bB/l,I/IHeHHOVt ,ll,8TCKO-

rpacjJ 8p8Hf"Bflb 8 KOH/..lB KOH/408 OT-

IIIMnepCKOi!t apMIIIef!t no,a KOM8H,aO-

CTynlllfl

nep8y/O ft13 cep1111t1 Kpo8onponiiiTHbtX

B8Hft1BM J8flfl8C8, KOTOpbtf!t, OT'I8f1B-

eMbtilt 8pM!t1ei1t 3pJ4rBpJ4018 fleo-

araK Ha n03111J4ftllt1 6a88PJ4B8, 38Kpe-

Wit1Cb, OTCTynftln a 5oreM!t110, no nH-

nOflb/1,8 8ftlflbf"BflbM8.

nft18Wit1XCR 8 TPYP.HOnpox0/1,//IMOM

TaM npecne,ll,yBMbti!t aoi!tcKaMftl Top-

ropHOM pailloHe IO>KHee cPpet716ypra.

cTeHcoHa.

2 MaSI 1645 r. 61!1TBA nPii1 MEPrEHTXAiiiME. BToprwftiCb 8

lep140r 3HrllleHCK!t1ill no8en cjJpoH-

13 OKTS16pSI 1644 r. <bEMAPHCKOE MOPCKOE CPA>KEHHE.

L/,eHTp8flbHYIO /epM8HIIIIO, 8//IKOHT /1,8

TanbHy/0 aTaKY Ha 6a8apcKIIIe pe,ll,yTbt, o6opy,ll,088HHbte Ha KPYTOM ne-

8 6anT!t1i!tCKOM npOfli/IBB C1JeM8pH

8pM!t1Bi1t n0/1, KOM8H,ll,OB8HIIIBM cJJpaH/48 cjJoH Mepc111 1t1 p836ft1T. OH OTCTy-

3eMn/O recceH, npecne.ay-

TIOpeHH 6btn Heo>Kftl,a8HHO araKo88H

CIIICTOM CKflOHe; TIOpeHH >Ke, H8CTY-

WBB,ll,CKftlf!t cjJnOT n0/1, KOM8H,ll,OB8HIII-

nafl 'lepe3 y3Koe yw,enbe, nonbtTan-

eM rpacjJa Kapna lycTa8a 8paHrenf1

nftln K Pei11Hy; Ha noMOW,b eMy no-

Cfl YP.BP!t1Tb Mepc!t1 8 ne8btill cjJnaHr.

pa361t1fl ,aaTCKftlf!t cjJflOT, B03f"fl8Bflf1B-

cnewHo ,ll,BftiHynftlcb rep14or 3HrftleHCKIIIi1t Ill W8B,aCK8f1 apMIIIfl.

nocne O>KBCTO'IBHHOIO cpa>KBHftlfl

WIIIMCfl npocoM MyH,aOM. noTeplll

Mepc111 OTCTYnflln K yKpenneHIIIRM H8

,a8T48H COCT8Bftlflft1

rope J1openo6epr-BoHHxanb,ll,e,

flOBBK, wae,acKftle -

1 Tb/Cfl'IY 200 'IBacero 100 'leno-

'IYTb IO>KHee r op0/1,8.

aeK.

3 asrycTa 1645 r. 61!1TBA nPH HEPAilHHrEHE (H1n1 AnnepxaV.Me). 06be,ll,ft1HBHHOe BOMCKO TIOpeH-

5 asrycTa 1644 r. <bPAHU,Y3CKHE ATAKI!1 HA 110PETT06EPrBOHHXAJ1bAE. 0TP.OXHY8P.eHb ne-

1644 r. M~HCTEPCK1!1Iil Mli1PHbllil KOHrPECC. npe,ll,CT8Bft1Tenft1

H8 ft1 repJ40T8 3Hrft1BHCKOIO BTOpmOCb

B0/0/0U/,IIIX ,aep>K88 8CTpBTI/Iflft1Cb 8

weM, Kpo8onponft1THOM cpa>KeHftlftl

pe/1, 6a8apCKIIIMIII n03111/..lftlflMIII, nflTO-

nonbtTKB ,ll,Of"OBOpiiiTbCfl 0 Mlllpe H8

B3flf10 Bepx H8,ll. apMIIIBM C1Jp8H/48 cjJOH

a Saaap11110, r11.e a O>KeCTO'IeHHeill-

4111Cn8 cjJpaHJ4Y3bt npe,ll,npiiiHflfl/11

OCH08B npe,ll,88plt1TeflbHb/X ,ll,ftlnno-

MepC!t1, KOTOpbtilt B 3TOM 6010 nom6.

PHil. nnoxo CKOOPP.IIIH!t1p088HHbtX

M8Tfti'IBCK!t1X COf"fl8WBHftli!t, 38KfliO-

cjJpOHTaflbHb/X 8TaK, HO K8>K/l,b/M pa3

'IBHHb/X no ft1Hit1J41t18 Tft18B ftiMnepaTopa

6btflft1 C 60flbW/t1Mft1 nOTepRMftl OT6ft1-

cPep,ll,IIIH8HP.8

SIHBapb-HIOilb 1646 r. nPEABAPii1TEJlbHOE MAHEBPI!1POBAH 1!1 E. 8 Ieece He ocmpo>KHO MaHe8-

p!t1poaanft1 apM!t1ft1 rpacjJa Kapna /yc-

TaK ft1 8ef71MapCKOM neXOTbl 1113Pfl,ll,HO

Ill. 1645 r. WBEACKI!1E KAMnAHii11!1. fleHHBPT TopcTeHCOH no8en

nope,ll,enlll.

H8CTynneH!t1B H8 npary Ill 6btfl no

nonb/1,8 81t1nbrenbMa; ma8Hoi!t 3a6o-

1 0 asrycTa 1644 r. APbEPrAPAH biE CTOJl KHOBEH HSI Y MOHACTbiPSI CBSITOrO nETPA. /ep-

nyTftl nepeX88'18H 06bB,ll,ft1HBHHb/M

TOi!t 060//IX 6btfl0 0Tb/CK8HIIIB npO,ll,O-

ft1MnepCK0-6888pCK!t1M 80MCKOM n0/1,

BOflbCTBftlfl,aflf1 con,aaT 1t1 cpypa>Ka ,anR

KOM8 H,ll,088HIIIBM reHepana cjJOH

flOW8,ll,eVt B MHOf"OKp8THO p830peH-

o6-

8epm, KOTOpoe H8rano8y p83rpo-

HOi1f ft1 onyCTOWeHHOM MeCTHOCT/11.

Tbl.

a ftiTOre Pfl/l,bl K8K cjJp8HJ4Y3CKOM,

J40r 3HrllleHCK!t1ill npe,ll,np!t1Hfln

maa 8p8HrenR 1t1 3PJ41BPJ40ra fleo-

XO,ll,HOill MaHeap, nocnaa T10peHH8 c

Mftln n0/1, fiHK081t1J48Mft1

(6 M8pT8).

TeM apeMeHeM BftiKOHT 11.e TIOpeHH,

6onbwet71 'laCTb/0 apM!t1ft1 4epe3 rop-

O,aHaKo 8pM!t1f1 8TOp>KeH!t1R (KoMaH-

He >Kenafl p!t1CKOB8Tb /1,8flbHBMW/t1Mft1

Hbte nepeaanbt, 'IT06bt TOT 3awen a

noTepHMIII, TaK>Ke nepewen K MaHe8-

Tbtn 8pM!t1111 cPp8HJ48 cjJoH Mepc1t1. OP.-

PIIIPOB8HIIIIO.

Ha Ko TOT pa3T8,ll,8fl H8MBpBH!t1B

AsrycT 1646 r. BCTPE'iA T~ PEHHA 1!1 BPAHrEJlSI. 8bt/l,Bfti>Ke-

cjJp8HJ4Y30B ft1 nepe,ll, C8Mb/M np!t16btTft1BM TIOpeHH8 nOKftiHyn yKpenne-

Hftle 3pf4repf4ora fleononb/1,8 8ftlnb-

Hftlfl. 0CT8Bft1B apbepr8p,ll, np!t1Kpbt-

renbMa Ha /Oro-3ana,ll, ,ll,OflftiHbt Peiii-

B8Tb OTX0/1, B ,ll,OflftiHB JflOTTBpT8flb

Ha 1t1 M8i1tH8 a noftiCKax np081t18HTa

6n1113 MOH8CTbtpfl CBRTOIO neTpa

,ll,8no TIOpeHHY W8HC . CKpbtTHO 1t1

( ceaepo-aoCTO'IHee cPpet716ypra ),

cTpeMIIITenbHO T10peHH BbtCTy nllln

6aB8p/..lbf B 6oeBOM nop>l,ll,KB OTCTy-

8Hft13 no .aonftiHe P ei!tHa K 8 e3en10,

nftlflftl. ,ll.Oflft1H8 PeiiiHa OCT8fl8Cb 38

8 OTTY,aa H8 IOT0-80CTOK ft1 CB8epHee

cjJp8HJ4Y3BMIII. HecMOTPR Ha noTepiO

C1Jp8HKcjJypTa, 6nft13 Jlt1CBH8 COe,ll,fti-

nOflOBftiHbl 8pM!t11t1, 3TO flBftlflOCb 048-

HftlflCfl c rpacjJoM Bpa HreneM (

pe,ll,HOM KpynHoill no6e,ll,oill rep14ora

rycm). OnacaRCb, 'ITO npe80CXOP.R-

3Hf"ft1BHCKOIO ( npftl BBfliiiKOflenHOM

UI,8fl no 'I//ICflBHHOCT/11 cjJp8HKO-W8e,a-

19 Tb/Cfl'l

10 88 -

CO,ll,eillcTBftlftl BftiKOHTa 11.e TIOpeHHa).

CK8f1 8pM!t1fl (

O cTaBftiB TIOpeHHa c «BeiiiMapcKoill

pe>KeT era OT L/,eHTpanbHOi!t lepMa-

apM!t1Bill» a Wneillepe, rep14or 3HrllleHCKIIIill 8b/CTynftlfl B CpB,ll,H/010 ,ll,Ofl/11-

'lefl08eK) OT-

Hftlftl, fleonOflb/1, 8ftlflbf"eflbM OTCTy-

T10peHH

nftlfl a cPynbP.Y.

332 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. 1646 r. B 6ABAP~IO. 06oi;i-

CeHT~6pb-Ho~6pb BTOP)I(EH~E

.aR Boi;icKa Jleononb,aa BMnbrenbMa, lj>paHKO-WBe,acKaR apMMR ymy6Mnacb Ha /OTO-BOCTOK B baBapM/0 M, pa30PRR BCe Ha CBOeM nyrM, 4BMHYnaCbK MJOHXeHy. 6aBapMR, e.aBa ycneBwaR onpaBMTbCR OT pa3opeHMR, Y4MHeHHOTO B Ha4ane BOi;iHbl, CHOBa 6e3)1(anocrHo onycrowanacb; BKOHue KOHUOB KYPlf>JOpcr MaKCMMMnMaH I 6aBapcKMi;i, B03MyweHHbJi;i reM, 4TO CBRWeHHaR PMMCKaR MMnepMR He oKa3bJBaer eMy no.a.aep)I(KM, 3anpocMn nepeMMPMR, Koropoe yBeH4anocb YnbMCKMM MMPOM, no.anMcaHHbJM B MapTe 1647 r.

1646 r.

nP04~E KAMnAH~~.

Bo 4JnaH,apMM lf>paHUY3bl no.a KOMaH.aoBaHMeM repuora 3HrMeHCKOTO MraCTOHa )l(aHa 6arMcra, rep~ora OpneaHcKoro, B3WIM HeCKOnbKO npMrpaHM4Hb/X Kpenocrei;i, BKnJ04aR /],JOHKepK. B l1ranMM lj>paH~Y3bl nbJTanMcb npo,aBMHYTbCR B TocKaHy, HO npaKTM4eCKM6e3ycnewHo. B l1cnaHMM.a'ApKYP nbJTancR B3RTb JlepM,ay, HO TaKTM4ecKoe npeMMywecrBo 6bmo Ha cropoHe MCnaHCKOi;i apMMM no,a KOMaH,aoBaHMeM JleraHeca; B KOHUe ro.aa .a'ApJ<Ypa cMeHMn rep~or 3HrMeHCKMi;i, yHacne.aoBaBwMi;i K TOMY Bpe-

MeHM TMryn npMH~a Korcae ( M Bowen B McropMJO KaK BenMKMi;i KoH.ae).

HIOH~

CPA)I(EH~E

1646 r. MOPCKOE Y OP6ETEJ1Jl0.

4JpaHU}'3CKMi;i lj>nor )/(aHa-ApMaHaJOp6eH .ae Mai;ie, MapKM3a .ae 6pe3e (nneMRHHMKa Kap,aMHana PMwenbe), 6noKMpoBaBwMi;i nopr TocKaHbJ, 6blfl aTaKOBaH M pa36MT MCnaHCKMM lj>nOTOM no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM fiMHapeca. B 9TOM cpa)l(eHMM norM6 MapKM3 ,ae bpe3e, B CBOM 27 neT RBnRBWMi;iCR 04HMM M3 BenM4ai;iWMX lj>noroBo.a~eB roro BpeMeHM.

1647 r. 60EBbiE AEPICTB~SI B fEPMAH~~. CrpaHa 6bma HacronbKO pa3opeHa M onycroweHa, 4TO apMMRM CTaHOBMnOCb HeBepORTHO Tpy,aHO npOKOPMMTbCR. rpalj> BpaHrenb BepHyncR B recceH, npoBen Hey,aa4HbJi;i pei;i.a B 6oreMMJO M OTCTynMn K banTMi;iCKOMY no6epe)l(b/O. BMKOHT .ae T10peHH nony4Mn npMKa3 Bb/CTynMTb B JIJOKCeM6ypr, 4T06bJ nOMO% OTpa3MTb MCnaHCKOe BTOp)l(eHMe M3 HM,aepnaH,aOB, HO «Bei;iMapcKaR apMMR» B36yHTOBanacb; MRTe)l( T10peHH BCKope no.aaBMn, O,aHaKO ,,Bei;iMapCJ<Y/0 apMM/0» pacnycrMn, a B JIJOKCeM6ypr BbJcrynMn CO CBOMMM lj>paH~Y3CKMMM BOi;iCKaMM. bnM)I(e K KOH~Y ro,aa Kyp-

<<CeH-nyH» (<J>paH"'HH, 1626 r.). 3TOT raneoH npHHaAneJKan cl>paHBOeHHO'-Y3CKOMY MOpCKOMY cl>noTy, HO nocTpoeH Gbln B ronnaHAHH B 1626 rOAY H KynneH no npHKa3y K3PAHHana PHwenbe BMeCTe C 'feTblpbMSI APYrHMH CYA3MH, KOTOpble AOnlKHbl 6blnH nocnYJKHTb MOAenHMH AnSI CTpOHBWHXCSI H3 Bep<j)SIX cl>paH'-Y3CKOro 3AMHpamel'iCTB3 GoeBbiXCYAOB

lj>JOpcT MaKCMMMnMaH I 6aBapcKMi;i OnRTb 3aKJI/04Mn MMp CMMneparopOM MBb/CTaBMn CBOM apMMM npOTMB WBe,aOB M lj>paH~Y30B. Ho y)l(e Ha4MHanacb 3MMa, MHM B KaKMX 6oeBbJX,aei;iCTBMRX ero 6aBapcKMe Boi;icKa He y4acrBoBanM.

164 7 r.

nP04~E

60EBbiE

AEPICTB~SI. Bo 4JnaH,apMM MMe3e,

He C4MTaR e,aMHCTBeHHOi;i- M Hey,aa4HOi;i- nonbJTKM McnaHcKoro BTOp)l(eHMR, BenMCb MCKII/04MTenbHO oca.abJ. B l1TanMM lf>paH~Y3CKaR apMMR no,a KOMar(l10BaHMeM Mapwana Ce3apa,a10 nneccM-npaneHa, repuora .ae Wya3enR, no6e.aMna McnaH~eB B cp8)1(eHMM Ha peKe Onbo ( 4 MJOnR), o.aHaKo pa3BMTb ycnex He cyMena. B l1cnaHMM npMH~ Korcae oca.aMn JlepM,ay, HO 6bm OT6MT M Bb/Hy.>K.[J.eH OTCTynMTb K no6epe)l(bJO. Bo3MYWeHHbJi;i OTCYTCTBMeM KaK lj>paHUY3CKOi;i, TaK M KaTanOHCKOi;i no,a,aep)I(KM, OH CnO)I(Mn C ce6R nonHOM04MR KOMaH,ayJOwero MBepHyncR BO 4JpaH~MJO.

30 ~Haap~ 1648 r. MIOHCTEPCK~PI M~P. OH 03HaMeHoBan co-

6oi;i KOHe~ McnaHo-ronnaH,acKoi;i Boi;iHbJ- nepBbJi;i pe3ynbTaT neperoBOPOB, Ha4aBWMXCR B 1643 ro,ay. OcranbHbJe neperoBopbJ wnM, noKa B repMaHMM He npeKpawanMCb 6oeBb/e ,aei;iCTBMR.

MaH 1648 r. BTOP)I(EH~E B 6ABAP~IO. BMKOHT .ae TJOpeHH M rpalf> BpaHrenb onRTb BcrperMnMcb B recceHe Mcoe,aMHeHHb/MM CMnaMM BbJCTynMnM B baBapMJO, BbiHY4MB MMnepCK0-6aBapCJ<YIO apMM/0 no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM Mapwana nerepa MenaH,aepa orcrynMTb K/],yHa/0. CoJ03HMKM YHM4T0)1(8nl1 M )l(rflM BCe Ha CBOeMnyrM.

17 Ma~ 1648 r. CPA)I(EH~E nP~ L.J,YCMAPCXAY3EHE. B 22,5 KM K 3ana.ay or Ayrc6ypra coJ03HMKM HarHanM M HaronoBy pa3rpOMMnM MMnepcKMi;i apbeprap.a. Mapwan MenaH.aep norM6; ocraroK ero apMMM B 6ecnopR,aKe orcrynMn. Co/03HMKM npo.aon)l(anM HacrynneHMe, O,aHaKO Ha peKe l1HH 6bJnM OCTaHOBneHb/ peopraHM30BaHHOi;i MMnepCKOi;i apMMei;i, KOTOpoi;i Tenepb KOMaH,aOBan OrraBMO nMKKOnOMMHMnbepM, repuor AManbl/>M. l13-3a pa3nMBa l1HHa 6oeBbJe ,aei;icrBMR

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl

)f(.

333

Konno. Oct>opT wa cepww «6eACTBHR aoj;iHbl». 1663 r.

npMOCTaHOBMJIMCb Ha HeCKOJibKO He,aenb. '-1toHb-OKTS16pb 1648 r. WBEACKOE BTOP)I(EH'-1E B EiOfEM'-110. XaHc KpMcmlj>ep, rpalf> lj>oH KeHMrcMapK ( npe,aoK 6y.ay1.1..1ero lf>paHl.l}'3CKoro eoeHHoro reHMfi Mapwana MopMl.la, rpalj>a CaKCOHCKOrO, MpoMaHMCTKM )i(op% CaH,a), noeen apMMIO B bOreMMIO M oca,aMn npary. /ep/..lOr AManbl/>M nony'lWI npMKa3BbiCTynmb M3 GaeapMM B GoreMMJO Ha 3al.l..IMTY MMnepCI<l1X 3eMeflb OT 9TOW HOBO IIi Henocpe.acreeHHoiliyrpo3bl. O,aHaKo KeHMTCMapK OTOrHan MMnepCKOe BOWCKO, we,awee Ha nOMOI.l..lb OCa)l(.ll.eHHbiM, npo,aOJI)I(BJI ocqay M TOTOBMJICfi K KOHLIY OKm6pf! Ha'lBTb wrypM. '-1tonb-ceHTS16pb 1648 r. HACTYnJlEH'-1E HA MIOHXEH. Yxo.a 0TTaBMO nMKKOJIOMMHM npe,aOCTaBMJI BMKOHTY .ae TJOpeHHY M rpalf>y BpaHrenJO B03MO%HOCTb oca,aMTb 6aeapcKyJO CTOJIMLIY. O,aHaKo, noCKOflbKY MMPHb/e neperOBOPbl 6b!JIM 6JIM3KM K 3aBepweHMJO, lj>paHl.l}'3CKMili Kap,aMHan )J)KynMo Ma3apMHM (npeeMHMK Kap,aMHana PMwenbe) npMKa3aJI apMMM COI03HMKOB OTCTynMTb B Wea6MJO. 10 asrycTa 1648 r. 6'-1TBA Y JlEHCA (a paHoHe na-,qe-Kane 80 <f>paHI.(HH). npMHLI Korwe CHOBa npMHflfl KOMaH,aOBaHMe ceeepHOifi apMMelfi MHaHeC peWMTeflbHOe nopa%eHMe 9Pl..lrepJ..Ioryfleononb,ay BMnb-

renbMY npM nocne,aHeili McnaHo-ra6c6yprcKoili nonbiTKe BTOp%eHMfi BO 4JpaHl..IMIO 'lepe3Aprya. S1cnaHCKOMY eoeHHOMY npeeocxo.acrey ceeepHee nMpeHeeB HacrynMJI KOHeJ..I. 24 OKTSI6pSI 1648 r. SECT$AJlbCK'-1171 M'-1P. CBf!l.l..leHHafl PMMCKaf! MMnepMfi M 4JpaHl.lMfl no,anMCBJIM MJOHCTepcKMili .aoroeop; MMnepMfl, WBel..IMfl M repMaHCKMe nporecraHTbl- 0cHa6pJOKCKMili (McnaHo-lj>paHl.lY3CKafl BOifiHa npo,aOJI)I(anacb). WBel..IMM 6bma Bbmna'leHa KOHTpM6Yl..IMfl; KPOMe TOrO, WBe,abl nonyqanM o6wMpHble 3eM!IM HaGanTMKe ( 3ana,aHyJO noMepaHMJO, ropo,a BMcMap, cezynflpM30BaHHble enMcKoncrea GpeMeHcKoe M Bep,aeHcKoe); TaKMM o6pa30M, WBel.lMf/3aKpennflna CBOW KOHTPOflb Ha,a YCTbfiMM Ba%HelfiWMX cy,aoxo,aHb/X peK lepMaHMM- O,aepa, 3nb6b! MBe3epa. ct>paHl..IMfl nonyqana 3nb3ac, 60JibWYJO 'laCTbflOTapMHrMM, a TaK%e npaeo .aep%aTb rapHM30H B 4JMnMnnc6ypre, Ha BOCTO'lHOM 6epery PeiliHa. Onpe.aeneHHble (xom M He CJIMWKOM 3Ha'lMTeflbHble) TeppMTOpMBnbHb/e M3MeHeHMfl npOM30WJIM M B repMaHCKMX KHf!%ecreax. Gonee ,apyrMX paCWMpMn CBOM BJia,aeHMfi Kyplj>JOpCT bpaH,aeH6yprCKMifiKPOMe BocTO'lHOili noMepaHMM c enMcKoncreoM KaMMMH oH nony'lMn apxMenMcKoncreo Mar.ae6yprcKoe M enMcKoncrea Xanb6epwra.arcKoe M

MMH,aeHcKoe; ero KHf!%ecreo, Mrpaewee %BnKYJO ponb Ha npoTf!%eHMM BCelfi BOWHbl, no ee OKOH'laHMM 3aHf!JIO 'lYTb JIM He BTOpoe MeG TO B lepMaHMM nocne MMneparopamaBHb/M o6pa30M nOTOMY, 'lTO ct>paHl.lMfl coqna none3Hb!M no.ao,ep%aTb ero B nporMeoeec WBel..IMM. Hacne,aHMKM onanbHoro Kyplj>JOpcra 4JpM,apMXa nlj>aflb/..lCKOrO nOJIYf.lMJIM o6paTHo BMecre c KYPlf>JOpwecKMM TMTYJIOM JIMWb 'laCTb ero npe%HMX ena,aeHMili- HM%HMili, MnM PeiliHCKMili, nq;anbl..l; BepXHMili )Ke nlj>anbl..l ocrancf!3a GaeapMeili. lep1..1or MaKCMMMnMaH I GaeapcKMili coxpaHMn 3a co6oi/i M CaH Kyplj>JOpCTa; B MTOre o61.1..1ee 'lMcno Kyplj>JOpcroe CBfll.l..leHHoili PMMCKOW MMnepMM yBeJIM'lMJIOCb .ao BOCbMM. KpoMe roro, 06bf!Bflf!JiaCb aMHMCTMfi BCeM onanbHbiM KHfl3bfiM M ropo,aaM, a MMnepMfl npM3Haeana cyeepeHHble npaBa repMaHCKMX KHf/3elfi MHe38BMCMMOCTb Weeilil.lapcKoro Co103a M Pecny6nMKM Coe,aMHeHHb/X npoBMHl..IMili. VfMnepMfl npM3HaBana TaJOKe paBHb/e npaea 3a KaTOJIM'leCKMMM M npoTeCTaHTCKMMM KHf!%eCTBaMM; l.lepKOBHoe MMYI.l..lecreo, npMceoeHHoe npoTeCTaHTCKMMM KHf/3bf!MM ,ao 1624 ro.aa (,anfi nq;anbl..la M ero coJ03HMKOB 6b!Jia YCTaHOBJieHa ,aara 1619 r.), 6b!JIO OCTaBJieHO B MX pacnopf!%eHMM, HO enpe,ab no.ao6Hble 38XBaTbl 38npeJ.l..I8JIMCb. /apaHTaMM M

334

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

MJOHcrepcKoro, M 0cHa6pJOKCKoro .lJ.OTOBOPOB Bb/CTynMnM 4JpaH~MR M

ero KOMaHAYIOI.UHM apMHett, HMeBIIIeH

K rrpHHUY MopHUY OpaHcKoMy, rAe

33,!\aqy o6opoHJITh ceBepHyiO rpaHH-

MaJibqHK HaqaJI OCBaHBaTh HHAepJiaHA-

WBe~MR.

uy <l>paHUHH. lloJIO)f(HTeJlbHhie Kaqe-

CKOe BOeHHoe HcKyccTBO. B 1626

CTBa KoHAe KaK BOeHaqaJibHHKa BhlJI-

roAy TIOpeHH rrocryrrHJI B rroJIK pi!-

BHJIHCb B 6o10 rrpH PoKpya.

AOBhlM, a B CJieAyiOI.UeM T'OAY y)f(e

HaH60JibiiHIX ycrrexoB BO 4>paHUY3CKHtt rrepHOA TpHAUaTHJieTHett

TIOpeHH (1611-1675) poAHJICil

BOttHhl A06HJIHCb apMHH 4>paHUY30B

B CeAaHe B ceMhe repuora ByJioH-

yqacTBOBaJI B IIOXOAe, BhiJIBHB IIpH ocaAe KperrocTeH 3HaHHe carrepHoro

IIOA KOMaHAOBaHHeM KoHAe H TIO-

cKoro. ,[(o 12-JieTHero B03pacTa 6h1JI

AeJia, 3a qro H 61>IJI IIpOH3BeAeH B Ka-

peHHa.

4>H3HqecKH CJia6biM MaJibqHKOM H He

IIHTaHhl.

KoHAe (1621-1688), repuor3H-

rrpoHBJIJIJI oco6h1X yMcTBeHHhlX crro-

B 1630 roAyTIOpeHH rrepeiiieJI Ha

rneHCKHtt, H3BeCTeH CBOHMH 06IIIHp-

co6HocTe8. Ho ero OTUY yAaJiocb

cJiy)f(6y BO <!>paHUY3CKYIO apiYtHIO B

HhlMH BOeHHO-TeOpeTHqecKHMH 3Ha-

B036YAHTb y ChlHa CaMOJII06He, 3aC-

qHHe rroJIKOBHHKa (19 JieT). B 1634

HHJIMH, KOTOphle ycrreiiiHO IIpHMeHJIJI

Ta.BHBIIIee MaJihqHKa HaiipHraTh BCIO

fOAY, KOMaHAYJI IIOJIKOM, rrpoHBHJI

Ha rrpaxrnKe. Ero coBpeMeHHHKH oT-

CBOIO BOJIIO, qro6hl A06HTbCil ycrre-

3HaHHJI BOeHHOro AeJia, CMeJIOCTh H

MeqaJIH, qTQ KoHAe He paccTaBaJI-

XOB B 4>H3HqecKoM H yMcTBeHHOM

xpa6pocTb,

cJI C KHHfaMH H BO BpeMJI IIOXOAOB. B 1640 ro..zzy B 6mo rroAAppacoM rep-

pa3BHTHH. TIOpeHH MHoro qHTaJI, OC06eHHO BOeHHO-HCTOpHqecKHe

KperrocTH

uor rrpoHBHJI XJia,I\HOKpOBHe, pacrropH-

KHHrH, H IIpHo6peJI IIIHpOKHH BOeH-

)f(HJI cocpeAoTOqHTb ycHJIHJI Ha peiiia-

AHTeJibHOCTh H MY)f(eCTBO. YqacTBo-

HhlH Kpyro3op.

IOI.UeM HarrpasJieHHH. XarJI B ero pac-

BaJI B Ka!vl!IaHHH 1642 T'OAa, a B CJie..zzy-

B 1623 roAy areu TIOpeHHa yMep,

IOI.UeM roAy JIIOAOBHK XIII Ha3HaqHJI

H ero ChlHa HaiipaBHJIH B foJIJiaHAHIO

Bo BpeMJI 3aTJIHYBIIIe8cJI OCaAhl

JiarvtoTT TIOpeHH

rrpeAJIO-

rropJI)f(eHHH 6h1JIH He3HaqHTeJihHhle CHJihl, BCe )f(e OH KpeiiOCTb B3JIJI, IIOJiyqHB 3a 3TO qHH reHepaJI-MaHOpa (B 23 roAa). HaqHHaJI c 1635 roAa, TIOpeHH yqacTBOBaJI B TpHAUaTHJieTHeH BOBHe. B rrepBoM )f(e rroxoAe BO BpeMJI oTCryrrJieHHJI 4>paHUY30B K Meuy oH IIpOHBHJI 3HeprHIO, XJia)\HOKpOBHe H pacrropi!AHTeJibHOCTb. 3a Bee BpeMJI AaJihHeHIIIeH cJiy)f(6hl 3a6oTHJICil o rroAqHHeHHhlX eMy BOHCKax H BOOAyiiieBJIJIJI HX JIHqHhlM IIpHMepoM B rrpeOAOJieHHH TPYAHOCTeH H JIHIIIeHHtt PaAH AOCTH)f(eHHil 6oeBhlX ycrrexoB. Ba)f(HOe 3HaqeHHe OH IIpHAaBaJI opraHH3aUHH CHa6)f(eHHJI apMHH H CTpeMHJICJI HaAe)f(HO o6ecrreqHBaTh KOMMYHHKaUHH. 3TO 6h1JIO BpeMJI B03HHKHOBeHHJI Mara3HHHOH CHCTeMhl CHa6)f(eHHJI BORCK. B 1643 roAy 3a ycrreiiiHhle AeHCTBHil B CeBepHoH I1TaJIHH rrpoTHB HCIIaHCKHX BORCK TIOpeHH rroJiyqHJI 3BaHHe MapiiiaJia (B 32 roAa). B oTHOIIIeHHH CBOHX CIIOC06HOCTeH OH cqHTaJI ce6i! 06i!3aHHbiM HaCTaBHHKa!vf, y KOTOphlX yqHJICil BOeHHOMY AeJiy. Y rrpHHUa OpaHcKoro oH HayqHJIcJI «Bh16opy MeCTHOCTH, OCa)\HOMY HceyccTey H oco6eHHO HceyccTBy coCTaBJIJITh rrpeAHaqepraHHJI,AOJiro o6AYMh1BaTb HX H He H3MeHJITb B HHX HHqero AO CaMOtt IIOCJieAHeH MHHyThl HCIIOJIHeHHJI».

AH-ryaH KyaaeaoKC. 610CT Mapwana BI1KOHTa TIOpeHHa. 1700 r.

OT repuora BepH-

rapAa, roBopHJI TIOpeHH, oH BocrrpH-

BA>KHEVlWV1E BOVlHbl HIDI Tpe6oBaiDie «He OCJieTIJUl'Th ce6H c<J:aCTIIeM II He ornyrnaTb ce6H Hec<J:acTIIeM, He o6BIIH5ITb II He II3BIIH5ITb ce6H, HO IICTipaBJIHTb OIIIII6KII IIJIII Hey):la<J:II». OT Ka Pi=liiHaJia Banerra Hay<J:IIJICH «TOMY, KaK He o6xo):liiMo Ha<J:aJibCTB)'IOIUeMy reHepany BHIIKaTb B o6pa3 1KII3HII COJI):laT B none II YMeTh o6xo):lliTbcH co CBOIIMII BOHCKaMII», oT rpacpa ApKypa«TOMy, 'ITO Hanp5I1KeHHa5I ):leHTeJib-

OKeaHCKOM TOproBnflr, BCneJJ.CTBflre Lfero oKa3anflrcb nonHOCTbiO 6e3ycnewHbiMflr ace aHrno-ronnaHJJ.CKflre nonbiTKflr OKa3aTb Ha C!JpaHLJ,flr/0 3KOHOMflrlfeCKOe JJ.aBneHflre. flBHO 3KCnaHCflrOHflrCTCKflre HaMepeHflr>l fliOJJ.OBflrKa XIV- oco6eHHO ero nonbiTKflr nOJJ.LfflrHflrTb CBOeMy Bnflr)IHflriO VfcnaHflr/0 - Bbl3b!Banflr aceo6w.flri1I cTpax. t1Mnepamp fleononbfl.l ( 6b!BWflri1I a BcTpflriiiCKflriii apu,repu,or fleononbJJ.

MII BCTIOMOraT eJibHbiMII cpe):lCTBaMII

BflrnbrenbM, 6paT flrMnepaTopa C!JepJJ.flrHaHJJ.a 1/1), no6eJJ.OHOCHO 3aBepWflrB aoiiiHy c Typu,flrei1I, npflrH>InC>I, 11.a6b1 npecelfb rppaHU.Y3CKflre no-

):(JIH ):lOCTIIlKeHIIH Ha BOHHe C'IaCTJIII-

non3HOBeHflr~yKpenn>ITbflrMnepcKflre

BbiX ycnexoB». Bee 3TH MOMeHTbi, 6e3 yCJIOBHO, 3 aCJIY1KIIBaiOT BHIIMa-

no3flrU.flrflr B U.eHTpanbHoiii Eapone. lepMaHCKflre npoTeCTaHTCKflre KH)I3b)l

HliH, TaK KaK o6ycJIOBJIIIBaiOT yen ern-

(fir CaMbiM CflrnbHbiM cpeJJ.flr HflrX, Kyp-

H)'IO ):leHTeJibHOCTb BOeHa'IaJibHliKOB.

rp!OpCT C!JpflrJJ.PflrX BflrnbrenbM 5paHJJ.eH6yprcKflri1I) Halfanflr o6beJJ.flrH>ITbC>I npOTflrB C!JpaHLJ,flrflr C ronnaHJJ.CKflrM

HOCTh II 6biCTpaH peiiiiiMOCTh, COe):lllHeHHble c npe):(BapiiTeJibHbiM II 3pe-

JibiM o6):lYMbiBaiDieM, cnymaT CIIJibHbi-

IIoJIKOBO):l<J:ecKIIe Ka<J:eCTBa TIDpeHHa Haii6oJie e HpKO TipOHBIIJIIICb B KaMnaHIIII

1648 ro):la.

BOMHA 3A IIAJihl(CKOE HACJIE,[(CTBO (MJIM BOMHA PAHI(MM C AYrCEYPfCKOM JIMfOM), 1688-1697 rr. K 1680 rDJJ.Y C!JpaHJ4M>I, Ha TPOHe Kompoi1I npe6b!Ban fliOJJ.OBflrK XIV, yrpo)l(ana ycTaHOBflrTb CBOIO rereMOHflr/0 Ha BCeM KOHTflrHeHTe. HaceneHflre cTpaHbl, npflr6nflr)l(aaweecR K 19 MflrnnflroHaM LfenoaeK, BTpoe npe-

wmTranbTepoM BflrnbrenbMOM Ill OpaHCKflrM. B AHrnflrflr )l(e cmpoHHflrKflr BflrnbrenbMa Ill OpaHcKoro (npeflrMyw.ecTBeHHO npoTeCTaHTbl) 3aTeBanflr nonflrTflrlfeCK'fiO flrHTpflrry c u.enb/0 caep)l(eHflr>l Kopon>l t1aKoaa II, cTopoHHflrKa fliOJJ.OBflrKa XIV. OTMeHa fliOJJ.OBflrKOM XIV HaHTcKoro 3JJ.flrKTa o6nerlfflrna BflrnbrenbMY Ill OpaHcKoMy 3aJJ.alfy opraHflr3aU.flrflr aHTflrrppaHLJ,Y3CKOM KOanflrLJ,flrflr ( Ayrc6yprcKa>l nflrra; 9 flr!On>l 1686 r. ). ,4ByM>I TOJJ.aMflr n03)1(e fliOJl.OBflrK XIV cnpoaou,flrpoaan flflrry HaLfaTb rOTOBflrTbC>I K BOMHe, 3a>IBflrB 0 CBOflrX npeTeH3flr>IX Ha nrpanbLJ, fir BMewaBWflrCb B npou.eJJ.ypy Bb!6opa enflrCKona KenbHCKoro. npaKTflrlfeC-

BOCXOJJ.flrno aHrnflri1IcKoe flrnflr flrcnaHcKoe fir nOLfTflr B BOCeMb pa3 - Pecny6nflrKflr CoeJJ.flrHeHHbiX npoBflrHLJ,flrM. 5narOJJ.ap)l opraHflr3aLJ,flrOHHOM pe-

Kflr OJJ.HOBpeMeHHO B AHrnflrflr npoflr30Wna «CnaBHa>l peBOniOLJ,flr>l», B03BeJJ.Wa>l Ha npecTon BflrnbrenbMa Ill OpaHcKoro.

rpopMe, npoBeJJ.eHHOM BOeHHbiM MflrHflrCTpOM MapKflr30M JJ.e flyB ya , rppaHU.Y3CKa)l apMflr>l CTana OJJ.HOM flr3 Cflrnb-

5oeBble JJ.ei1IcTBflr>l aenflrcb rnaaHbiM o6pa30M Ha ronnaHJJ.CKOM TeppflrTOpflrflr; aoiiiHy oTnflrlfana nonHa>l

HeMWflrX B Eapone; 6naroJJ.ap>l aJJ.MflrHflrCTpaTflrBHOMY fir cPflrHaHCOBOMY reHflr/0 Konb6epa rppaHLJ.Y3CKflri1I ¢noT aowen B TpoiiiKy M011.1,Hei1Iwflrx Ha AT-

HeKoMneTeHTHOCTb BflrnbrenbMa Ill OpaHcKoro B aoeHHbiX aonpocax aoo6w.e fir HeJJ.anbHOBflrJJ.HOCTb fliOJJ.O-

naHTflrlfeCKOM oKeaHe, a nocne Taro KaK aHrnflrlfaHe noKflrHynflr TaH)I(ep ( 1684 r. ), CTan BnaJJ.bllfeCTBOBaTb Ha

BflrKa XIV B aoeHHO-MopcKflrX 11.enax. CyxonyTHble aoeHHble JJ.ei1IcTBflr>l CBOJJ.flrnflrCb npeflrMy11.1,eCTBeHHO K ocaJJ.aM. MopcKflre cpa)l(eHflr>l- fir

CpeJJ.flr3eMHOMOpbe. B oTnflrlfflre oT HflrJJ.epnaHJJ.OB fir t1cnaHflrflr, rppaHU.Y3cKa>l 3KOHOMflrKa He 3aBflrCena OT 3a-

aoo6w.e MopcKa>l nonflrTflrKa - B ocHOBHOM He 6onee LfeM OTpa)l(anflr pa3BflrTflre co6b!Tflri1I Ha cywe. nocne

335 9 neT BOMHbl Hflr TOM, Hflr JJ.pyroi1I CTOpoHe TaK fir He yJJ.anocbJJ.06flrTbC>I pewa1011.1,ero nepeaeca, fir B pe3ynbTaTe nonflrTflrK0-3KOHOMflrlfeCKOe JJ.aBneHflre BbiHYJJ.flrnO npOTflrBHflrKOB 3aKniOLfflrTb Mflrp. Xorn rppaHLJ.Y3CKoe Bnflr>IHflre HecKonbKO B03pocno Ha KOHTflrHeHTe, a aHrnflri1IcKoe- Ha Mope, rnaBHble KOHrpnflrKTbl nepflrOJJ.a ( la6c6yproa c 5yp6oHaMflr fir AHmflrflr c C!JpaHu,flreiii) TaK fir He 6blflflr pa3peweHbl.

25 ceHTS16pS11688 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE B rEPMAHIIIIO. ,4a6bl no6yJl.flrTb TypoK npoJJ.On)l(flrTb aoiiiHy c fleononbJJ.OM I, fliOJJ.OBflrK XIV nocnewflrn nocnaTb B lepMaHflriO apMflriO nOJJ. KOMaHJJ.OBaHflreM JJ.OcPflrHa, LfT06b! He JJ.aTb repMaHCKflrM KH)I3b)IM B03MO)I(HOCTflr 06beJJ.flrHflrTbC>I B arprpeKTflrBHYIO aHTflrrppaHLJ,Y3CKYIO KOanflrLJ,flr/0. CneJJ.y>l TaKTflrKe Bo6aHa, rppaHU.Y3bl ocaJJ.flrnflr fir B3>1nflr C!Jflrnflrnnc6ypr

(29 OKT>16p>1). BKyne c pa3opeHflreM JJ.OnflrHbl PeiiiHa aToT arpeccflrBHbliii BbmaJJ. cnnoTflrn repMaHCKflrX KH>13ei1I BOKpyr flrMnepaTopa.

HoS16pb-.QeKa6pb 1688 r. PEBOntoU,IIISI B AHrn 111111. C aou,apeHflreM Ha npecTone BflrnbrenbMa Ill OpaHcKoro aHrnflri1IcKa>l nonflrTflrKa (npflr t1aKoBe II- pe3KO nporppaHU.Y3CKa>l) Tyr)l(e noMeHRna opflreHTaU.flr/0 Ha non>lpHO npOTflrBOnonO)I(HyiO. 5blfl 3aKniOLfeH aHmo-ronnaHJJ.CKflriii BOeHHbiM C0/03, B pe3ynbTaTe Lfero aHrnflrlfaHe nocnanflr aoi1IcKa B lonnaHJJ.flriO, a LfaCTb ronnaHJJ.CKoro ¢noTa nepewna noJJ. aHrnflri1IcKoe KOMaHJJ.OBaHflre.

1688-1689 rr. PA30PEH Ill E n<J>AnbLJ,A. ,4a6bl He pacnbln>ITb cflrnbl, fliOJJ.OBflrK XIV Bb!Ben aoi1IcKa flr3 nrpanbLJ,a , a LfT06b! perflrOH He flrCnonb30BanC>I B KalfeCTBe 6a3bl Jl.fl>l 6oeBbiXJJ.ei1ICTBflrM npOTflrB C!JpaHLJ,flrflr, npflrKa3an pa3opflrTb ero fir onycToWflrTb. B pe3ynbTaTe npaKTflrlfeCKflr nonHOCTbiO pa3pyweHHb!Mflr OKa3anflrCb lei1IJJ.enb6epr, MaHreiiiM, Wnei1Iep fir BopMc.

Anpenb 1689 r. ntoAOBIIIK OEibSJBnSJET B0171HY IIICnAHIIIIII. 1 MaSI 1689 r. AHrnO-PAHU,Y3CKASI CTbi"'KA B 3AniiiBE EiAHTPIII (to>KHoe no6epe>Kbe lllpnaH.QIIIIII). 3JJ.eCb 3CKaJJ.pa B COCTaBe

rppaHLJ,Y3CKflrX nflrHeMHbiX

336 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. 1 Htonst 1690 r. <PJlEPIOCCKOE CPA>KEHL-1E. 6necTRll.le npOM3Be~R ~BOWHOW KBBanepMWCKMW lj>naHrOBbJW o6xo~, rep~or flJOKCeM6yprCKMW C 45-Tb/CR'lHOW apMMewpa36Mn37-TbJC>I'lHoe o6be~MHeHHoe

BHmO -MCnBHO -repMBHC-

KOe BOWCKO. 4JpaH~}I3CKMe noTepM COCTBBMflM

Tb/CR'lM 500 'leflOBeK

y6MTbiMM; C0/03HMKM noTepRnM

Tb/C>I'l 'leflOBeK y6MTb/MM M

Tb/-

C>I'l nneHHbJMM. rep~ or flJOKCeM6yprcKMW XOTen 38KpenMTb ~OCTMrHy Tb/W ycnex HBCTynneHMeM B my6b

HM~epnaH~oe M repMaHMM, HO flJO~OBMK XIV npMKa3an eMy He BbJpbJBBTbC>I ~BnbWe ~pyrMX lj>paH~Y3C KMX apMMW, M8HeBpMpOB8BWMX B Me3e M Mo3ene.

10 Htonst 1690 r. MOPCKOE CPA>KE H l-1E Y M bl CA 6l-1lfl-1-XEA. MMMpan~e TypeMnbeomaee lj>noTa B COCT8Be 75 Bb/MnenOB HBHeC pewMTenbHoe nopa)l(eHMe aHmo«Coap~o~H

o4> Ae Cl-!3», anocneACTBHH «Po~sm CoapHH» (AHrmtR, 1637 r.).

«no6bl.n orpOMHbiM ra.neOHOM, noCTpoeHHbiM no npHKa3Y aHr.nHOCKOro KOponR Kapna I. OH 6bln 6oraTo yK:paweH nbiWHbiM opHaMeHTOM"' pe3Hbl MI-l 0030no'feH HbiMH 4> HrypaMH. Me)I{,Qy 1654 1-1 1 660 rr. CYAHO 6blnO nepeCTpOeHO 1-13 TJ)exnany6Horo B AByxnany6Hoe, H3-3a <tero 3Ha<tmenbHO o6neN~o~nocb 1-1 CTano 6onee MaHeBpeHHbiM, XOTR KOnH'f9CTBO nyweK YMeHbWH.nocb. B cpa)l(eHHH y 61-!'fl-l X3A 1 0 HIOnR 1690 r. CYAHO H3XOAHnOCb nOA KOMaHAOB3HI-teM APTYP3 rep6epTa, rpa4>a ToppHHrTOHa, 4>P3HI.\Y3CKHM 4>noTOM KOM3HAOBan aAMHpa.n rpa4> Ae Typa~o~nb. B 6o10 «Coap~o~H o4> Ae CH3» BbiCTYnHn npOTHB 4>P3HI.\Y3CKHX CYAOB «KOHT3HT», «3HTpHnpeH3H'P> 1-1 «Anonno», HM9BWHX W9CTbAeCRTnyweKHa 6opyY.AHrnH~CK0~3CKaApenp~o~wnocbOTCyYnHTb, 1-1 3AMHpan rep6epT 6bl.n npeAaH CYAYTPH6yHana H.nHWeH KOM8HAHbiX nOCTOB. noc.nearoro npOHCW9CTBHR CYAHO 6blnO nepeHMeHOB8HO B «PO~Rn CoBpHH» 1-1 cnylKHnOell\9 wecTbneT. Pa3Mepbl: AnHHa- 71 M, w~o~p~o~Ha no na.ny6e- 14,75 M, OC3AK3- 7,16 M, BOAOH3Mell\9HHe- 1541 T, KOM8HA3 - 780 'fenOBeK aen~o~Tenb MOpe~»

ro.n.naH~CKOMY lj>noTy M3 59 KOpa6new. MMMpanrpalj> ToppMHrTOHXOTen M36e)I(8Tb cpa)l(eHM>I c npeeocxo~Rll.IMMM

O~HBKO nony'lMfl OT 8~MMpanTeW CTB8 npMK83 BCTYnMTb B 6ow. noTepM C0/03HMKOB COCTBBMflM 12 KOpa6neW, nocne 'lero ToppMHrTOH 6bm OT~BH no~ cy~,

COHM>I, (aHHOBep M baBBPMR, B pe-

e~MHOmBCHO

on-

paB~BH, npaB~~ OTKOM8H~OB8HMR

ece-TaKM oTcTpaHeH. BonpeKMMHOro'lMcneHHbJM coeeTaM nocnaTb B VfpnaH~M/0 KpynHy/0 apMM/0 M 3HeprM'lHO

KOpa6new no~ KOM8H~OB8HMeM

CMfl8MM npOTMBHMKB,

'lT06bJ COXPBHMTb «lj>flOT B H8flM'lMM»,

npo~Ofl)I(8Tb

MOPCKYJO

KBMnBHM/0 C ~eflb/0 BbJ6MTb BHmMW-

ct>paHcya-flyM Pyccne, MBPKM38 ~e

3YflbT8Te 'lero o6p830B8flC>I TBK H8-

CKMW lj>noT M3 fla-MaHwa, flJO~OBMK

WaTo-PeHo (MnM, MHB'le, ct>paH~Mc

3b/B8eMb/W BenMKMW Co/03.

XIV He cTan pa3BMBBTb~OCTMrHYTbJW

Ka-flJO~OBMKa Pyccne, M8PKM38 ~e WaTOPeHO), BCTynMna B 6ow C 22 BH-

25 asrycTa 1689 r. BAJlbKYPCKOE CPA)I(EHL-1E. Bo ct>naH-

ycnex, 'lTO RBMflOCb CBMOW KpynHOW

mMWCKMMM napyCHMKBMM no~ KO-

CTBOBBHMe. He BCTpe'lBR HM Manew-

M8H~OB8HMeM a~MMpana ApTypa

~PMM reoprct>pM~pMx, npMH~ Banb~eK, C 35-Tb/CR'lHb/M BOWCKOM ( B CO-

wero npOTMBO~eWCTBMR, bpMTBHM>I

rep6epTa, rpalj>a ToppMHTTOH8. ne-

CTBB KOTOporo BXO~Mfl8 8- Tb/CR'lHBR

M HM~epnaH~bl nMxopa.ao'lHO npMH>f-

peeeca He y~anocb ~ocTM% HM

8HmMWCK8R apMM>I no~ KOM8H~O

nMcb H8P8ll.IMB8Tb BOeHHO -MOPCKY/0

B8HMeM /l)KOH8 4ep'lMflfl>l, rep~o

MOll.! b.

7 Mast 1689 r. AHfJU1Sf l-1

ra Manb6opo) pa36Mn lj>paH~Y3-

<PPAHU.l-151 06bSfBJlSfiOT BO~HY. 12 Mast 1689 r. BEHCKL-1~AO fOBOP. HM~epnaH~bl M Ce~w..teHHB>I

CKYJO apMMJO, KOTOPYJO B03m8Bfl>fnM rep~or flyM ~e K. ,ll,'IOMbep M

AsrycT-ceHTst6pb 1690 r. <PPAHU.Y3CKOE HACTYnJlEHl-1E B CABO~ E. B CTalj>lj>ap~cKOM cpa-

Kno~-flyM 3KTop, rep~or ~e BMn-

)l(eHMM ( B nbeMOHTe) rep~ or BMKTOP

PMMCKBR MMnepM>I38KJI/O'lMflM 8HTM-

nap. ,[l,'IOMbepa BCKOpe CMeHMfl

AMa~ew

lj>paH~Y3CKMW co/03. BcKope K ~oro

Mapwan ct>paHcya-AHpM ~e MoH-

eopy npMcoe~MHMnMcb AHmM>~, t1c-

MopaHcM-bYTBMnb, rep~or flJOK-

naHM~ Caeow~6paH~eH6ypr, CaK-

ceM6yprcKMW.

lj>paH~Y3CKOW8PMMe~KOM8H~OB8fl KoTOpow HMKonac ~e KaTMHa ( 18 aerycTa). nocne 9Toro B xo~e HacTy-

TOW,

HM ~pyrow CTOpOHe.

ero BOeHHOW OWM6KOW 38 BCe ~ap

CaeowcKMW 6bm pa36MT

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl pM$1 repf..lora f1~KceM6yprcKoro pa3-

nneHM$1tj>paHl..lY3bl no<a!rf He 8crpe'lanM conpoTM8neHM$1.

rpoMMnaapMM~ Banb.ll.eKa, Koropa$1

0KTS16pb 1690 r. TYPKVI CHOBA 3AHVIMAIOT 6EJlfPAJ,l. 3ro

TOT08MflaCb K OTXO/l.Y Ha 3MMH!rfe K8apTMpbl.

fl!rfW!rfflO MMnepf..le8 803MO)I(HOCT!rf 3aKn~'l!rfTb M!rip Ha 80CTO'lHOM tj>pOHTe. rna8Hb/e C!rfflb/ MMnepaTOpa fleononb.ll.a I no-npe)I(HeMyocra8anMcb 3a.ll.etliCT808aHb/ Ha_ayHae.

1691 r. nPOYVIE 60EBbiE AEiitCTBVISI. B nbeMOHTe npO/l.Ofl-

8 anpenSI 1691 r. 83SHVIE MOHCA. B npMcyrcT8MM f1~.1l.08MKa XIVrepf..lorf1~KceM6yprcKMtli 83$/fl roP0/1. wrypMoM. BMnbrenbM Ill 0paHc-

)l(afl Hacrynarb HMKonac .11.e KarMHa. B M$/Te)I(HOtli McnaHcKotli npo8MHl..lMM KaranoHM$1tj>paHl.lY3CKa$1 apMM$1 no.11. KOMaH/l.08aHMeM repf..lOTa AHHa)/(~fl$1 .11.e Hoat/in$1 83$/na PMnonb ( 8 co8p. npo8MHl..lMM )l(epoHa) >1 Ypxenb ( ceHm6pb).

KM~6a3ot/i.ll.fl$16e3/l.apHotliKBMnaHMM

25 MaSI- 5111toHSI1692 r. OCA-

Koroporo cn}I)KMn Gp~ccenb, He cMor 8ocnpen$1TCT808aTb norepe MoHca. BcKope repf..lorf1~KceM6yprcKMtli 38X8arMn ranne (!ri~Hb).

AA HAMIOPA. ropo/1. 6bm 83$/T Ce-

Vltonb 1691 r. CMEPTb MAPKVI3A AE JlYBYA. 20 ceHTS16pSI 1691 r. 6VITBA nPVI JlE3E. nocne crpeMMTenbHOro HO'lHOTO Mapw-6pOCKa Ka8ane-

6acrbeHoM fle nperpoM .ll.e Bo6aHOM n0.11. Henocpe/l.CT8eHHb/M KOMaH/l.08aHMeM f1~.1l.08MKa XIV >1 npM CO/l.eWCT8!.1!.1 repf..lOTa f1~KCeM6ypr足 CKOTO. BMnbrenbM IIIOpaHCKMtli, nblra8wMtlic$1 np!ritliTM Ha 8biPY'lKY 0C8)1(.Il.eHHOMY ronnaH/l.CKO-MCnaHO-HeMel..lKOMyrapH!ri30HY, 6bJn3a/l.ep)l(aH

)l{aK KypTYa.

Kaaaneplll"'CKaH CTbl'fKa

337 Henpepb/8Hb/M!rf /1.0)/(/1.$/M!ri !.1 pa3fl!rf80M MeatliHa, npMTOKa Maaca ( MnM, MHa'le, Me3a).

29 MaSI - 3111toHSI1692 r. MOPCKOE CP.A)f(EHVIE Y 6AP4>JlEPA (Jle-Xora IIIJllll Jla-Yra, a coap. ,nenapTaMeHTe MaHw). ct>nor .11.e Typ8Mfl$1, COCT0$18W!ritli !.13 44 flMHetliHb/X Kopa6netli >1 38 6paH/l.epo8, ocHall.leHHbiX 8 06ll.letli CflO)I(HOCT!rf 3 Tb/C$1'-laMM 240 OPY/1.!.1$/MM, 8crynMn 8 6ot/i C tj>nOTOM !.13 63 aHrnMtliCKMX !.1 36 ronnaH/l.CKMX 80eHHb/X KOpa6net/i, a Ta!OI(e 38 6paH/l.epo8; tj>nor co~3HMK08 pacnonaran 6 Tb/C$/'laMM 376 OPY/1.!.1$/M!ri, a KOMaH/l.08anM !riM qaMMpanb/ 3.11.8ap/l. Paccen >1 )J;KopJ])K PyK. He6naronpM$1THb/e 8eTpbl 8ocnpen$/TCT808anM TYflOHCKOtli tj>nOT!rffl!rf!rf coe.ll.MHMTbC$1 c Typ8MneM. HecMorp$1 Ha 'l!rfCfleHHOe npe80CXO/l.CT80 C0~3HMK08, tj>paHl..lY3bl araK08afl!rf !.1 6bmM Harono8y pa36MTbl, norep$18

338 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. HaronoBy pa36MT. norepM cppaH~Y30B COCTaBMflM 9 Tb/C!i/4, C0/03HMKOB- 19 Tb/C!i/4 4eflOBeK. npecne.[J.OB8Tb OTCTynaBWero npOTMBHMKa repJ..IOT f110KCeM6yprcKMiii M Ha 9TOT pa3 He cran; Me)I(.[J.y reM He MCK!I/04eHo, 4TO Kopon/0 BunbrenbMY npuwnocb 6b1 B 9TOM cny4ae 3anpocMTb MMpa.

4 OKTS16pSI 1693 r. 6~TBA nP~ MAPCAJ1E 1 • 4>paHLIY3CKaf! apMMfl, KOTOpoiii KOMaH.[J.OBan .ae KaTMHa, on!i!Tb pa3rpoMuna rep1..1ora CaeoiiicKoro, nocne 4ero npo.aBMHynacb B my6b nbeMOHTa.

11 OKTS16pSI 1693 r. B3SIT~E WAPJlEPYA. Bpe3ynbrare9roiiiaKLIMM cppaHLIY3bl ynp04MflM KOHTPOflb Ha.a .aonuHoiii peKM CaM6pbJ, /Oro-3ana.aHee HaMIOpa.

1693 r.

nPOY~E

60EBbiE

AE"'CTB~SI. B KaranoHMM lf>paHLtY3~B3!ilnM Pocac(coep. npoBMH~Mfl )l(epoHa). Ayrc6yprcKaf!nura norepnena eme o.aHo nopa)l(eHMe - rypKM OT6MnM nOXO.[J. BBCTpMiiil..leB Ha benrpa.[J. ( oKm6pb). «PO~anb nyH» (<l>paHI.\HSI, 1692 r.). 3TO 6bln OAHH H3 KpynHe~WHX KOpa6ne~ CBOero apeMeHH; OH HMen BOAOH3Me1.14eHHe 2130 T. CyAHO 6bl110 BOOpYJKeHO TPHAI.\3Tbl0 48-<j>yHTOBbiMH OPYAHSIMH Ha HH>KHe~ 6aTape~HO~ nany6e, TPHAI.\3Tbl0 ABYMSI 18-<t>yHTOBbiMH Ha BepXHe~ H nSITbiOAecRTbiO nerKHMH nyWKaMH Ha rnaaHo~ nany6e H Ha KBapTepAeKe

15 nMHeiiiHbJX Kopa6neiii. B pe3ynbrare f110.ll.OBMKY XIV npuwnocb orKa3aTbCfl OT nnaHOB BTOp)l(eHMfl B AHrflM/0 (30-Tb/Cf/4Hb/W .[J.eCaHT .[J.Ofl)l(eH 6bJn B03maBMTb Mapwan MapKM3 .ae bennecpOH.[J.). C 9TOTO MOMeHTa B Jla-MaHwe 6e3pa3.aenbHO rocno.acreoeanu aHmM4aHe, xor!il 6puraHcKoe cy.aoxo.acreo cepbe3HO crpa.aano OT cppaH~Y3CKMX KanepOB ( B 4aCTHOCTM, )/(aHa bapa).

24 11110/lSI- 3 aarycTa 1692 r. WTEEH KEPKCK OE CPA)I(EH ~E. Ha npom)l(eHMM M/OHfl MM/On!il BunbrenbM Ill OpaHCKMiii 6e3ycnewHo nbJTaflC!il 3aCTaBMTb rep~ora J110KCeM6yprCKOTO npMHf!Tb 6oiii MB KOH~e KOH~OB aTaKOBan maBHb/e cppaH~Y3CKMe CMflbl, 3aKpenMBWMeCf! 6nM3 WreeHKepKa. noHa4any C0/03HMKaM conyrcreoean ycnex, HO 3areM cppaH~Y3bl B3flflM Bepx B cepMM KOHrparaK, M BunbrenbM Ill npuKa38n orcrynarb; orcrynneHMe npMKPbJBana 6pMTaHCKaf! rBap.[J.Mfl. norepM

o6eMX CTOPOH COCTaBMflM npMMepHO no 3 TbJC!i14M 4enoBeK.

27-28 11110HSI 1693 r. JlArYWCKOE MOPCKOE CPA)f(EH~E. bnl13 fO)I(HOTO nopryranbCKOTO nopTa Jlarywa a.aMupan .ae TypBMnb nepexearun aHmo-ronnaH.acKMiii KapaBaH, We.[J.WMiii B CMMPHY ( COBp. 03MMP B TYPLIMM). Cnepea oH pa36Mn KOHBOWHY/0 9CKa.apy a.[J.MMpana ,lPKop.a)l(a PyKa, a 3areM YHM4TO)I(Mn n04TM 100M3 400 CY.ll.OB.

29 11110/lSI 1693 r.

6~TBA nP~

HEEPB~HAEHE B

(11111111 JlaH.QeHe, coap. 6enbr111111). BunbrenbM Ill

OpaHCKMiii, c 70-TbJC!i14Hoiii apMMeiii 38Kpenuewuiiicfl y flaHP.eHa, orocnan 20 Tb/Cf/4 4enoBeK B noMomb Jlbe)/o/, KOTOpOMyyrpO)I(ana apMMfl Mapwana .ae Hoa iiinfl. B 9TO epeMf! no3M~MM co/03HMKOB araKOBan repJ..IOT f110KCeM6yprcKMiii C 80-Tb/C!ii4HOiii apMMeiii. nocne rpex 6e3ycnewHbJXnpucrynoB lf>paH~Y3CKa!il KaeanepMfl npopeana nMHM/0 o6opoHbJ, M BunbrenbM 1116bm

MaH-aaryCT 1694 r. 60EBbiE AE"'CTB~SI B KATAJlOH~~. Mapwan ct>paH~MM rep1..1or AHH-)/(fOnb.ae Hoaiiinb B3WI nanaMOC, )l(epoHy, OcT86MXMKacrenbcponnM(BCOBp. npoBMHLIMM )l(epOHB). 3areM npM no.a.aep)I(Ke ¢nora a.aMupana .ae TypBMn!il oH oca.aun 6apcenoHy. ~10Hb-HOS16pb

1694 r. AHf-

Jl~"'CK~"' q>JlOT HA CPEA~3EM HOMOPbE. A.aMupan 3.aeap.a Paccen, CHOBB H83Ha4eHHbliii KOMBH.[J.yIOmMM cpnOTOM nocne 4MCTKM B a.aMMpanreiiiCTBe, omnbm B Cpe.au3eMHoe Mope, pacc4MTbJBaf! nepepe3arb cppBHLIY3CKMe MOPCKMe KOMMYHMKal..IMM. Ero npM6bJTMe BbJHY.ll.Mno cppBHLIY3CKMiii cpnoT CBepHyTb onepaJ..IMM M YKPbJTbCfl B raBaHM TynoHa; apMMfl Mapwana .ae Hoaiiinfl CHf!na oca.ay c 6apcenoHbJ. ~1011b 1694 r. AHfJl~YAHE

06fABP. SIHaapb 1695 r. CMEPTb fEPUOfA JliOKCEM6YPfCKOfO. Ha CTPEJl~BAJOT AbEnn ~

nocry KOMaH.ll.YIOmero apMMeiii He1 JlOKa.JIH30BaTb ,[laHHblJ;i

TOIIOHHM He y,!la-

eTCll: MapcaJia Haxo,!lHTCll Ha Jarra,!le CHUHJIHH, He B IlbeMOHTe, T. e. Ha CeBepo-3arra,!le YhaJIHH.

BA>KHEVlWV1E BOVlHbl no6e,aMMoro ¢paHU.Y3CKoro reHepana cMeHMn6e3,aapHblii1 Mapwan repu.or C!JpaHcya .ae He¢aMnb, repu.or .ae BMnnepya.

li1toHb-CeHTS16pb 1695 r. nEPKAMnAHII1SI Bli111brE11 bMA 111. OH a3Hn )J.MKcMeiii.ae M BASIYAA.~HASI

Xeiii, a 3aTeM oca,aMn HaMIOp, r.ae CTOHn 14-Tb/CHLfHb/M rppaHU.Y3CKMM rapHM30H no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM Mapwana flyM C!JpaHcya, repu.ora .ae 5y¢¢nepa. nocne .aayxMeCHLfHOiii oca,abl rppaHU.Y3bl KanMTYnMpoaanM ( 1 CeHTH6pH). VfHTepec 3Ta KaMnaHMH npe,acTa Bf1HeT He CTOnbKO C aoeHHOM TOLfKM 3peHMH, CKOnbKO C 3KOHOMMLfeCKOM- cPMHaHCMpoaanacb OHa C .aoxo.aoa He,aa aHo yLfpe)I(,IJ.eHHoro AHrf1MMCKOro 6aHKa ( 1694 r. ).

BecHa 1696 r. YrP03A PAHUY3CKOrO BTOP>KEHII1SI. B HaLfane ro.aa .aeiiicTaoaaawMiii Ha Cpe,aM3eMHOMOpbe aHmMMCKMM rpnoT no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM C3pa )J.)I<Op,a)l(a PyKa ( cMeHMawero a ceHTH6pe 1695 r. Paccena) 6b!n OT03aaH KAHrnMM, TaK KaK y 5pecTa noHaMnCH rppaHI..I,Y3CKMM rpnoT no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM C!JpaHcya-flyM Pyccne, MapKM3a ,ae WaTo-PeHO, M a AHrnMM aCKO-

nbiXHynMCb CTpaXM, 6y,aTO rOTOaMTCH aTOp)l(eHMe. 9TO no3aOnMnO ,ae TypaMniO ab!MTM M3 TynoHa M oTnnb!Tb K 5pecTy, LfTO nopo,aMno a AHmMM e1.11e 6onb111YIO naHMKY, li1toHb 1696 r. HEYAA~Hbl~ AECAHT B EiYXTE KAMAPE. AHrnMMCKMM reHepan ToMac TanMaw ao3maaMn ab/ca.aKy y5pecm. O.aHaKo 3acTaTb ¢paHU.Y30a apacnnox He y,aanOCb, M,aecaHT KOHLfMnCH nonHOM Hey,aaLfeiii. li1toHb 1696 r. TYPII1HCKII1~ AOrOBOP. lepu.or CaaoiiicKMiii,aocTMr ,aoroaopeHHOCTM C fliO,aOaMKOM XIV, KOTOPbiM aepHyn ace 3eMnM, 3axaaLfeHHble y CaaoiiiM. TaKMM o6pa30M, VfTanMH CTana HeMTpanbHOM, LfTO no3aonMno HMKonacy .ae KaTMHe nepe6pocMTb 30-TbiCHLfHYIO apMMIO Ha ceaepHbiM rppoHT.

JleTo-oceHb 1696 r. Bli111brE11bM Ill 3A6110Kii1POBAH BO <1>11AHAP111111. nonyLfMa no.aKpenneHMe M3 CaaoiiiM, ¢paHU.Y3bl Heii1TpanM3oaanM ace noTYrM BMnbrenbMa Ill npo,aOn)I(MTb HaCTynneHMe. 0TLfaHa111MCb, TOT aTaMHe HaLfan MMpHb/e neperoaopbl c fl10,aoaMKOM XIV ( 1696-1697 rr.).

339 MaH-aBrycT 1697 r. PAHUY3CKII1E YCnEXII1 HA CPEA1113EMHOMOPbE. B OTCYTCTaMe aHmMiiicKoro ¢nom ¢paHU.Y3CKMM coaepwMn peiii.a a KapTaxeHy (Maiii) M 3axaaTMn 5apcenoHy (aarycT). fliO.aoaMK XIV pewMn, LfTO napa 3aKniOLfaTb MMp.

20 CeHTS16pSI - 30 OKTS16pSI 1697 r. Pli1CBII1KCKII1~ AOrOBOP. C!JpaHU.MH, VfcnaHMH, AHmMH, HM,aepnaH,abl M HeMei..J,KMe KHH)I(eCTaa cornacMnMcb aepHyTb ace 3eMnM, 3aaoeaaHHble nocne 1679 ro.aa. ( HeiiiMereHCKMe .aoroaopeHHOCTM). Qco6o cne,ayeT OTMeTMTb, LfTOfliO,aOaMKXIV, He OCTaanHH Ha,ae)l(,abl y,aoaneTaOpMTb CaOM aM6MI..J,MM OTHOCMTenbHO VfcnaHMM, TeM He MeHee ycTynMn McnaHu.aM MoHc, fliOKCeM6ypr M KypTpe, a TaK)I(e no3aonMn ronnaH.aU.aM npMo6pecTM KOHTpOnb Ha,a PHAOM CTpaTerMLfeCKM aa)I(Hb/X KpenOCTeiif a McnaHCKMX HM,aepnaH,aax (HanpMMep Vfnp M HaM!Op). B cne.ay10/.J..IeM MecHu.e aHanorMLfHoe cornaweHMe 6b!nO 3aKniOLfeHO Me)l(,ay fl10,aoaMKOM XIV M fleononb,aoM I (30 OKTH6pH).

340 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

3AIIA)1,HAH EBPOIIA AHfJIIHI, illOTJIAH)l;HH H HPJIA:EI,ll;HH nEPBbiE CTIOAPTbl, 1603-1642 rr. 1603-1625 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E li1AKOBA I AHrJ1111171CKOrO (paHee -li1aKOB VI WoTnaH.QCKIIIii1, CbiH Map111111 CnoapT). 24 OKTS16pSI 1604 r. 05bEA111HEHii1E 5Pii1TAHII1111. Col03aHmMiiiCKoiii V111JOTJ1aH,aCKOM KOpOH ycTpaHMn aHyrpeHHMe rpaHMU,bt; COOTaeTCTaeHHO, V1C4e3 VI rnaaHbiM noao,a co.aep)l(aTb perynfiPHYIO apMMIO. CoKpa11.J,eHMe aoopy)l(eHHbiX CMn KOpOHbl npMaeno K ycMneHMIO napnaMeHTa- 3a c4eT HeKoToporo ocna6neHMfl KOponeaCKOM snaCTVI.

1624-1625 rr. Y'-IACTII1E AHrnli1111 B TP111AUAT111nETHE171 B0171H E. l1aKoa I pewMn oKa3aTb noM011.1,b caoeMy 3f/TIO C1JpM,apMXY V nrpanbU,CKOMY KpoMe Taro, l1aKoa I cornacMncf/ ¢MHaHCOaO no.a,aep)l(aTb HeMeU,KYIO KaMnaHMIO KOpOnf/ jl,aHMVI VI HopaemM KpMCTMaHa IV HeMeU,KMiii HaeMHMK 9pHcT MaHcr:PenbJ]. noaen a HM,aepnaH,abl ManeHbKYIO aHrnMiiiCKYIO apMMIO 4McneHHOCTbiO 1200 4enoaeK. Bnpo4eM, HacrynneHMe MX 6btCTpO 3axne6Hynocb - CnMWKOM nnoxo OHM 6btnM o6y4eHbt M cHapf/)l(eHbt. l1cnaHMfl noc4MTana opraHM3aU,MIO ::JToro noxo.aa 3a o6bf!aneHMe aoiiiHbl.

1625-1649 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E KAPnA I. 8 OKTS16pSI 1625 r. KAA111CCKASI HEYAA'-IA. nnoxo opraHM30aaHHbtiii ,aecaHT 4MCneHHOCTbiO a 8 Tb!Cf/4 4enoaeK no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM 9,ayap,aa CecMna, aMKOHTa YMM6n,aoHa, 6btn OT6MT.

1626 r. - 24 anpenSI 1630 r. AHrnO-<t>PAHUY3CKASI B0171HA. BoeHHaf/aKcne.aMU.Mfl jl,)I(Op,a%a BMnbepca, nepaoro repu,ora 5eKMHreMa, Ha OCTpoa Pe, npe,anpMHf/Taf/ C u,enbiO nOM04b ryreHOTaM, OCa)l(-

,aeHHbtM Kap,aMHanoM PMwenbe a fla-PowenM, OKOH4Mnacb nonHbiM ¢MaCKO ( 1627 r.). nocKOnbKY ¢MHaHCMpoaaTb 3TY 3KCne,aMU,V110 napnaMeHT OTKa3ancfl, Kapn I o6ecne4Mn npMHYAMTenbHbiM 3aeM ,anf/ noKpbtTVIfl pacxo.aoa Ha rppaHU.Y3CKMe KaMnaHMVI VI ao3apa11.J,eHMe ,aonra KpMCTMaHy IV. no.aroTaanMaaf/ aTOpoiii ,aecaHT ao QJpaHU,VIIO, 5eKMHreM nan oT PYKM y6MiiiU,bt ( 1628 r.).

Maii11628 r. nETii1Uii1SI 0 nPABE. napnaMeHTCOCTaaMn nepe4eHb Tpe6oaaHMfii VI npeTeH3V1M, aKJTI04aa11lV1M npoTeCTbl npOTMa KOponeaCKOro Hanoroo6no)l(eHMfl 6e3 caHKU.MM napnaMeHTa, npOTMa aae,aeHMfl aoeHHOro nonO)I(eHMf/ a MMpHOe apeMf/ VI npMHYAMTenbHOM nocTaHOaKM aofiiCK Ha nOCTOM a 4aCTHbiX ,aoMaX.

5 HOS16pSI 1630 r. Mli1P C <t>PAHU111E171111111CnAHII1E171. 1639 r. nEPBASI Enli1CKOnCKASI B0171HA. 5ecnopf/,aKM, ao3HMKWMe V13-3a ao3apa11.1,eHMfl u,epKOaHbiX 3eMenb ( 1625 r.) VI nonbtTOK aaeCTVI aHrnMKaHCKYIO nMTyprMIO a 11JOTJ1aH,aCKYIO npecaMTepMaHCKYIO u,epKoaHyiO cny)l(6y, nepepocnM a 6yHT. Mf/Te)I(HVIKVI 3axaaTMnM 9,aMH6yprcKyiO U.MTa.aenb. Kapn I no a en apMMIO K 5epyMKY ( MnM, MHa4e, 5apaMKy); HO ace TO )l(e OTCYTCTaMe cpe,acTa, a TaK%e aoeHHOe MCKYCCTaO 11JOTJ1aH,aU,ea ( MHOrMe V13 KOTOpbtX cny)I(MnM a pf/,aax apMMMtycTaaa II A.aonbr:Pa) abtHy,aMnM Kapna I nofiiTM Ha KOMnpOMVICC VI no,anMCaTb TaK Ha3btaaeMOe jl,aHCOaCKOe YMMpoTaopeHMe ( 18 VIIOHf/).

1640 r. BTOPASI Enli1CKOnCKASI B0171HA. Kor.aa a WomaH,aMM CHOaa acnbtXHynM aonHeHMfl, Kapn I C03aan TaK Ha3btaaeMbiM «KOpOTKVIM napnaMeHT»(anpenb-Maiii 1640 r.), 4T06bt nony4MTb cpe,acTaa Ha ae.aeHMe KaMnaHMM. Kor.aa nanaTa o611.1,MH OTKa3ana a ¢MHaHCMpoaaHMV1, Kapn laTOT napnaMeHT pacnycTMn. TeM apeMeHeM womaH.aU.bt pa36MnMapMMIO Kapna yHbl06epHa (28 aarycTa), ymy6MnMcb a HopTyM6ep-

neH,a M a3f/nM jl,apeM. KoHeu, 6oeabtM .aeiiicTaMf/M nono)I(Mn PMnoHCKMiii .aoroaop (Hof/6pb).

1640-1660 rr. «AOn rli1171 nAPnAMEHT». Kapn I, KOTOPOMY onf/Tb HY)I(Hbt 6btnM .aeHbrM, 4T06bt nnaTMTb C06CTaeHHOM apMMVI VIWOTnaH,aU,aM, cHoaa co3aan napnaMeHT (3 HOf/6pf/). npMCYTCTaMe 11JOTJ1aH,aCKOM apMMM a CeaepHoiii AHrnMM, ¢MHaHCOabte 3aTpy,aHeHMf/ KOpOHbl VI aonHeHMf/ a floH,aOHe -ace 3TO ycMnMaanosnaCTbnanaTbt0611.1,MH. Kapn I 6btn abtHy)l(,lleH comaCMTbCf/ C Ka3Hbl0 aMU,e-KOpOnf/ l1pnaH,aMM rparpa YaHT¢op.aa CTparprpop.aa ( cM. HVI)I(e), a TaK%e C TaK Ha3btaaeMbiM TpexneTHMM aKTOM (Maiii 1641 r.) , cornacHo KOTopoMy na pnaMeHTCKMe abt60pbt no3aOnf/nOCb npOV13aO,aV1Tb pa3 a TpM ro,aa 6e3 KOponeaCKOM VIHVIU,MaTMabt.

0KTS16pb 1641 r. B li1PnAHAii1111 BCnbiXIi1BAET B0171HA. ConpoTManeHMe nonMTMKe rparpa CTparprpop.aa M ero npeeMHMKoa cnoHTaHHO nepepocno a aoopy)l(eHHoe aOCCTaHMe; 6ecnopf/,aKV1 TO acnbtXMaanM, TO 3aTyxanM n04TV1 10 neT.

1641-1642 rr. nPEn10Aii1SI K PEBOn 10Uii1111. l1cnbtTbtaaawafl CMnbHefiiwMe ¢MHaHCOabte 3aTpy,aHeHMfl KOpOHa Hy)l(,aanacb a cpe,aCTaax .anfl no.aaaneHMfl MpnaH,acKoro aOCCTaHMf/. nypMTaHCKaf/ onn03V1U,V1fl a napnaMeHTe (jl,)I(OH nMM, jl,)I(OH leMn,aeH M .ap.) onacanacb, 4TO ecnM abt,aenMTb cpe,acTaa Ha perynfiPHYIO apMMIO, KOponeacKaf/ anaCTb HenoMepHO ycMnMTCf/. no HaCTOfiHMIO onno3MU.MM, nanaTa o611.1,MH npMHf/na (HV14TO)I(HbiM 6onb11JV1HCTaOM: 159 ronocoa npOTMa 148) TaK Ha3btaaeMyiO «BenMKYIO peMOHCTpaU,MIO», co,aep)l(aawyiO )l(ano6bt o611.1,MH Ha HapyweHMe KoponeM 3aKOHOa CTpaHbl a nepMO,a ero 6ecnapnaMeHTCKoro npaaneHMfl ( 1629-1640 rr.). Tor.aa KoponeaCKMiii npoKypop noTpe6oaan oT nanaTbt o611.1,MH abt,aaTb nf/TepbtX npe.a-

3AnAAHA~ Opram13arop n nonKOBOJleu aHrnniicKoii 6yp)f(ya3HO-peBOJliOUHOH-

EBPOnA

343

Hem)lHeB, IThHHHU: n BCHKoro poJJ:a o6mecTBeHHhiX ITOJlOHKOB».

apMHIO

OITOJl'ieHHeM ll HaeMHblM BOiicKOM OTJlll'iaJiaCb Bb!COKHM MOpMbHbiM Jly-

HOH apMHH BOeHHYIO )leHTeJlhHOCTh

HUJJ:O npHHHMUTh «6oro60H3HeHHhJX

XOM, OCHOBOH KOTOporo 6hTJlH l(e.JTH

Ha'laJI IT03)lHO, KOr)la eMy 6hU10 60-

JliO)leH ll )lOCTOHHhiX rpa)f(JlaH, roTOBblX

peBOJllOUHOHHOH aHTHcpeo)laJlbHOH

nee 40 neT. Ho KpoMsenh nony'IHJI

)f(epTBOBaTb BCeM )lJlH CB06o)lbl pOJlll-

soiiHhi, cou:MaJibHhTH cocTaB pHJlOBhiX

6oraTyiO 6oesyro npaKTHKY B xo)le

Hhl», « 6o)f(bHX JIIO)lei1», «JIIOJlei1 JlYxa»,

H )leMOKpaTH3UUHH OcpHUepOB apMHH,

rpa)f(JlaHCKOH BOHHhl, Ha'laB C KOMaH-

«tJeCTHblX JTIO)leH>>, rOTOBbiX «BepHO>>,

a TaK)f(e H)leonoriitJecKaH 6a3a -

JlOBaHHH ccj>opMHpOBaHHbiM llM He-

CJIY)f(HTb «JleJiy» BITJlOTh JlO ITOJlHOH no-

saH 6yp)f(ya3HaH penHrHH pa)lMKMb-

HO-

60JlhiiiHM nO)lpa3)leJJeHHeM, a 3aTeM

6e;:J:hi HaJJ: «o6ll(HM BpamM». TaKOBhr-

HbiX nypnTaH. «TIIOJJ:eH 'leCTH JJ:OJT)!{-

KasanepHHCKOH 'laCTbiO.

MH 6biJlll nypnTaHe H3 PHJlOB caMOCTO-

Hbl no6e)lHTh JIIOJlH pennrHH»,- roBOpHJI KpoMsenh. 0JlHa)f(Jlhl ocpnu:ep

1628 rDJlY KpOMBeJlb 6hU1 H3-

HTeJibHOm KpeCTbHHCTBa (HOMeHOB ),

6paH B napnaMeHT. KaK nonnnr<Ie-

orrpeJJ:eJIHBD.IIIe e;:J:HHbiH COU:HaJibHhiH

KOpOJieBCKOH apMIIII CKa3aJI OcpiiU:e-

CKHH ;:J:eHTeJTh OH, no orrpe;:J:eJTeHHIO

COCTaB 6yp~a3HOH apMHH.

py H3 nypHTaH: «HaiiiH COJTJJ:aThT 6hiJIH

<1>. 3HreJThCa, COe)lHHHJl B OJJ:HOM JTHQe

CneJJ:yeT TUK)f(e OTMeTHTh JJ:eMo-

Po6ecnbepa n HanoneoHa. KpoMBeJJh

KpaTM3aunro ocj>uu:epcKoro cocTaBa

xaM -

B03rJTaBHJT peBOJTIOl(HOHHhie CHJThi,

napnaMeHTCKOH apMHH. XoTH B ee

IIIH rpexaM CaTaHHHCKHM -

YHH'lTO)!{HBIIIHe B HHTepecax 6yp)!{y-

ITO)lBep)!{eHbl 'leJIOBe'leCKHM rpe llhHHCTBY l1 pacnyTCTBY, a BaJJ:yxOBHOH

ropJJ:bTHe H ):(yxy B03MYll(eHHH» .

a3HH H HOBOrO JJ:BOpHHCTBa CTapbie

8bTCOKOH Tpe6oBaTeJibHOCTbiO B

cpeo)laJihHhie nopHJlKM B AHrJll1l:l, n

OTHOllleHIIH ITOBe)leHHH COJl)laT H OcpH-

O)lHOBpeMeHHO 6b!Jl JlYIIIHTeJleM 6yp-

uepOB, Tpe6osaHHeM 3a6oThi Ha'IaJih-

)f(ya 3HOH peBOJTIOl(HH, 'leM paC'lHCTHJT

HTTKOB 0 CBOHX ITO)l'lTTHeHHhiX KpOM-

nyTh )lJlH pecTaBpal(MH KOponeBCKOH

BeJib ):(06HBaJICH CTpOroH JlllCl(HITJlll-

BJlaCTH.

Hbi.

noBe):(eHHe

COJT):(aTa

6hTJIO

MapTe 1642 ro)la napnaMeHT

pernaMeHTHpOBaHO 'leTKHMH npaBH-

H3JJ:M opJJ:oHaHc, cornacHo KoropoMY

JTaMH. CTporo HaKa3biBa.JTHCh IThHH-

JTOpJJ:bT-JTeHTeHaHTbi rpacj>CTB JJ:OJT)!{Hbl

CTBO, pacnyTCTBO, BOpOBCTBO, rpa6e-

6bUIM co6paTh aHrJIM'laH, rOJlHhiX JlJlH

)f(H, KOTOpble 6biJlll IIIHpOKO pacnpo-

BOeHHOH CJiy)f(6bi. 4 HIOJIH 6b!Jl C03)laH

CTpaHeHbl B HaeMHhiX apMHHX. HapHJly

KoMnTeT o6opOHhi, B03rnaBHBIIIHH so-

C 3 THM KOMaH)lOBaHHe BCer)la npOHB-

eHHYIO ;:J:eHTeJThHOCTh napJTaMeHTa.

JTHJTO 3a6ory o xopoiiieM Marepnanh-

KpoMBeJlb npeJlJlO)f(HJI ccpopMHpo-

HOM o6ecne'leHHH Jlll'lHOffi COCTaBa.

BaTb apMHIO «)lJIH 3aiUHThl nanaT, MC-

0)lHH H3 pOHJlHCTOB ITHCUJI, 'iTO

THHHOH pe.JTHrHH, CB060)lhi, 3aKOHOB 11

KOpOJTeBCKHe BOHCKa ITOCJTe aTaKH

Mnpa». TaKOBhT 6hTJ111 cj>opMaJihHhTe

O'leHh TPYJJ:HO nocTponTh BHOBh, «B

KpoMsenb

l(eJlTT rpa)!{;:J:aHCKOH BOHHhl. <l>aKTlf'le-

TO BpeMH KaK KpOMBeJieBCK11e BOHCKa, no6e)f()laiOT Jill OHH HJIH HX 6biOT, TOT-

CKOH u:enhiO HBJIHJIOCh npHTH3aHne

PHJlhl He nperpa)f(JlMCH nyTh Jl)f(eHTJlb-

6yp)!{ya3HH H HOBOrO JJ:BOpHHCTBa Ha

MeHaM, HO KpoMBeJTh npeJJ:nO'liTTa.JT

BJTUCTb B CTpaHe. 6 HIOJTH napJiaMeHT

npocToro 'leJToBeKa.

npllliHJI peiiieHHe o Ha6ope 1 0-ThiCH'l-

ro)la OH ITHcan: «Ilpaso, H npe)lnoqen

Jlll HOBoro npnKa3aHHH». TaKon JlHC-

HOH apMHM, Ha3Ha'IHB rnaBHOKOMaH-

6b! HMeTb npOCTO O)leTOrO KUITHTaHa,

unnJlllHllposaHHOCTll HOBOrO BOHCKa

JlYIOIUHM rpacpa 3cceKca.

B aBrycre

1643

'laC )!{e COe)lHHHJTHCh BHOBb H CTOHJTH B nOJIHOM ITOpH)lKe, ITOKa He ITOJTy'la-

KOTOpblH 3HUeT, 3a 'ITO OH Cpa)f(aeT-

CITOC06CTBOBMO HaCTOH'iHBOe o6y-

TieTOM 1642 ro;:J:a B KeM6pHJJ:)f(e

CH, 'leM TOrO, KOrO Bhi H a 3hiBaeTe

'leHTTe ero CTpOIO H TaKTlf'leCKOMY MaHeBpHpOBaHHIO.

KpoMsen h ccj>opMnposan OTPHJl 'lHC-

)l)f(eHTJlbMeHOM H y KOTOporo KpOMe

neHHOCThJO B 60 BCa;:J:HIIKOB, KOTOpbiM

3 Toro HHtJero HeT». 06 3TOM )f(e ro-

CyposaH nypiiTaHCKaH JlHCU:JIIIJIIT-

H KOMUHJJ:OBa.JT B 'lTTHe KaiTHTaHa. 3TOT

Boprm rpacj> MaH'lecTep B 1645 ro;:J:y:

Ha cnJTa'lHBa.JTa con)laT, xopoiiiee o6y-

OTPHJl HBHJICH HJlpOM napnaMeHTCKOii

«<1onKOBHHK KpoMsenb Bbi6npaeT

qeHne )lenano ux 3HaiOll(HMll H xpa6-

KOHHHI(hl, 113BeCTHOH ITO)l Ha3BaHMeM

ocj>nuepaMH He Tex, y Koro . . . MHOro

pbiMH. 0)lHaKO JIY'illleli

pe 3 yJThTaTe

ITOMeCTheB, a npOCTbTX JliO)leH, 6e)l-

KpoMBeJlb C'l.HTan 6oeByJO rrpaKTHKy,

«)!{eJie 3 Ho6oKHX» .

lllKOJlOH

::meprM'lHOii )leHTeJihHOCTH KpoMse-

HhlX, He o6n a;:J:aiOll(HX pOJlOBHTOCThiO,

He)lOCTaTKa KOTOpOH B XO)le BOHHhl He

JIH, H 3b!CKMBaBIIIe ro )leHbrH H Ka)lpbl,

TOJlbKO 6b! 3TO 6bUJH 6narO'leCTHBble

6bU10.

B KOHe'lHOM HTOre 6b!JlU C03)laHU 6oe-

H qecTHhie JIIOJlH. Ecnu Bhl o6paTHTe

CITOC06HaH KOHHHI(a.

BHHMaHHe Ha ero C06CTBeHHbTH ITOJIK,

npn cj>opMrrpOBUHHH rrapJiaMeHTCKOH apMHM o6pa.w,anocb oco6oe BHH-

TeX, KTO Ha3biBaeT ce6H 60)f(bllMH

MaHne Ha COl(llaJihHhTH COCTaB ee KOH-

JIIOJJ:bMH».

THHreHTa. ApMHH, no MHeHHIO KpoMBeJTH,

MO)!{eT

COCTOHTh

«113

napnaMeHTCKaSI apMIIISI

TO Bbl YBHJJ:ITTe TaM MHO)!{eCTBO 113 3Ta apMHH BHa'laJie COCTOHJia H3 p a3HOpO):(HhTX 'laCTerr H HMeJia CJTa6yiO

<l>opMHpOBaBIIJaHCH 6yp)f(y a3HaH

KOHHHUY (B KOJlH'leCTBeHHOM H OC0-

apMHH no cpaBHeHHIO C cpeOJJ:a.JThHbiM

6eHHO B Ka'leCTBeHHOM OTHOIIIeHHH) .

344

3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. C06CTBeHHhie JIHqHhie ,r:(OCTOHHCTBa H Clloco6HOCTH, ero BeJIHKaH 3a6oTJIHBOCTh, 3HeprHH, MY)I{eCTBO H BepHOCTh ,r:(eJiy llapJiaMeHTa, 11pOHBJieHHhie HM Ha CJiy)l{6e H 03HaMeHOBaHHhie KpyllHhiMH yclleXaMH, 3aCTaBJIHIOT HaC 11y6JIHqHO 3aHBHTh BaM 060 BCeM 3TOM». KpoMBeJih ocTaJicH B cocTaBe llapnaMeHTa. IIapnaMeHT 11pHHHJI peiiieHHe CcpOpMHpOBaTh «HOBYIO MO,r:(eJih» apMHH ( «HOBOrO o6pa3Ua») qHCJieHHO-

22 ThiCHqH qeJIOBeK, COCTOHB10 IIOJIKOB KaBanepnn, 1 IIOJI,T1;paryH H 12 IIOJIKOB lleXOThl.

CThiO B

IIIYIO H3 Ka

CTpyKTypa apMHH Bhipa)l{aJia poeT y):(eJihHOrO Beca KOHHHUhi, HBJIHBIIIeHCH cpe,T1;CTBOM MaHeBpa H aTaKH. IIexoTa, BOOpy)l{eHHaH OrHeCTpeJihHhiM opy)I{HeM, TepHJia 3TH CBOHCTBa, XOTH B 3TO BpeMH H ynyqiiiHJIHCh TaKTHKOTeXHHqeCKHe ,lJ;aHHhie MYIIIKeTa, 1103BOJIHBIIIHe y11pa3LJ:HHTh coiiiKY. Co,T1;ep)l{aHHe 11apnaMeHTCKOH apMHH cpHHaHCHpOBaJIOCh H3 cpe,T1;CTB o6meaHrJIHHCKoro rocy,T1;apcTBeHHOro 6I0,1J;)I{eTa, 1103TOMY 6hiJia B03MO)I{HOCTh OCyiUeCTBHTh UeHTpaJIH3aUHIO B cpopMHpOBaHHH H 6oeBOM HCIIOJih30BaHHH apMHH. napnaMeHTCK~eBO~CKa

CTporaH ueHTPaJIH3aUHH, y11pa3,1J;HHBIIIaH OTPMHYIO cncTeMy 110 rpacp-

ee cocTaBe HaxO,lJJIJIHCh oTpH):(hi

IIepBhiM 11pe,T1;BapnTeJihHhiM Me-

cTBaM, HBJIHJiaCh llepBbiM opraHH3aUH-

OIIOJiqeHHH rpacpCTB H JIOH):(OHCKOH

po11pHHTHeM BOeHHOH pecpopMhl,

OHHhiM Mep011pHHTHeM, o6eCIIeqHBaB-

19 ,r:(eKa6pH 1644

IIIHM KOMaH,r:(OBaHHIO B03MO)I{HOCTh

MHJIHUHH. ApMHH HMena apTHJIJie-

11pHHHThiM llaJiaTOH

pniO, HO KOHHHUhl cpaKTHqeCKH He

rO,r:(a, HBHJICH «6HJIJih 0 CaMOOTpeqe-

ocymecTBJIHTh e,r:(HHCTBO ueneycT-

6hmo. CcpopMnpoBaHHhie B xo,r:(e Boii-

HHH», COrJiaCHO KOTOpOMY qJieHhl

peMJieHHhiX ,lJ;eiicTBHH apMHH. Y11pa-

Hhi KpoMBeJieM KaBanepniicKHH oT-

llaJiaThi He HMeJIH 11paBa 3aHHMaTh

3,1J;HeHHe 11pHBHJierHH ,r:()l{eHTJihMeHOB

pH):(, a 3aTeM IIOJIK OKa3aJIHCh 3apo-

BOeHHhie ,r:(OJI)I{HOCTH. 3TO Mep011pH-

Ha 3aMeiUeHHe KOMaH,r:(HhiX ,r:(OJI)I{HO-

,r:(hiiiieM HOBOH apMHH, C03,1J;aHHOH

HTHe CIIOC06CTBOBaJIO ycTaHOBJie-

CTeH CIIOC06CTBOBaJIO Bhi):(BH)I{eHHIO

BIIOCJie,lJ;CTBHH 110 3TOMY o6pa3UY.

HHIO e,r:(HHOHaqaJIHH B apMHH. fJiaB-

TaJiaHTJIHBhiX BOeHaqaJihHHKOB H3 HapO):(a, Bhi,r:(eJIHBIIIHXCH JIHqHOH ):(06Jie-

B xo,r:(e BOHHhi BCKphiJIHCh cyme-

HOKOMaH,lJ;YIOIUHM 11apnaMeHT YTBep-

CTBeHHhie He,r:(OCTaTKH llapJiaMeHT-

):(HJI reHepana ToMaca <l>epcpaKca, a

CThiO, OTBarOH H 11pe,T1;aHHOCThiO pe-

CKOH apMHH, KOTOpaH Hepe,T1;KO Tep-

ero 3aMeCTHTeJieM (reHepan-neiiTe-

BOJIIOUHH. )._.(0 qnHa IIOJIKOBHHKa ):(0-

lleJia IIOpa)l{eHHH, a 11pH ,r:(OCTH)I{eHHH

HaHTOM)- KpoMBeJIH, KOTopoMy

CJIY)I{HJIHCh IIIKHIIep PeiiHc6opo,

yc11exa He ):(OBO):(HJia ,r:(eJIO ):(0 IIOJIHO-

IIOpyqaJIOCh KOMaH,r:(OBaHHe KOHHH-

H3Bo3qHK Ilpaii):(, caiiO)I{HHK XhiOCOH,

ro pa3rpoMa 11pOTHBHHKa.

ueii.

KOTeJihiUHK <l>OKe H ,T1;p.

,lJ;eKa6pH

1644

ro,r:(a KpoMBeJih

CornacHo «6HJIJIIO o caMooTpe-

Ha 11ypnTaHCKHX H,r:(eonornqe-

BhiCTYIIHJI B llaJiaTe C 11porpaMMHOH

qeHHH» KpoMBeJih He Mor 3aHHMaTh

CKHX OCHOBaX BOCIIHThiBaJICH «qecT-

peqhiO 110 BOeHHOMY BOIIpocy. «CKa-

BhiCIIIYIO KOMaH,lJ;HYIO ,lJ;OJI)I{HOCTh.

HhiH H 6naroqecTHBhiH» JIHqHhiH CO-

3aTh 110 COBeCTH, -

Ho ):(JIH Hero C,lJ;eJiaJIH HCKJIIOqeHHe,

CTaB apMHH. IIypnTaHCKHe 11pOIIO-

H ):(yMaiO, qTO eCJIH apMHH He 6y):(eT

yqnThiBaH ero 3acnyrn H IIOIIYJIHp-

Be):(HHKH HaXO,r:(HJIHCh B IIOJIKaX, r,r:(e

rOBOpHJI OH, -

11peo6pa3oBaHa H ecJIH BOHHa He 6y-

HOCTh. «Bceo6mne yBa)l{eHHe H JII0-

BeJIH 11p011araH,1J;HCTCKYIO pa6oTy,

,lJ;eT BeCTHCh 3HeprHqHO, TO HapO,T1;

6oBh, -

pa3bHCHHH COJI,r:(aTaM HX ,r:(OJir 11epe,T1;

6onee He BhiHeCeT 6peMeHH BOHHhl H

lleTHUHH JIOH):(OHCKoro CHTH, -

KO-

pO):(HHOH H llapJiaMeHTOM, BOO,lJ;y-

3aCTaBHT BaC 3aKJIIOqHTh 11030pHhiH

TOphie IIHTaiOT K HeMy KaK OcpHUe-

IIIeBJIHH H o6o,T1;pHH HMeHeM Eora.

MHp».

pbi, TaK H COJILJ:aTbl BCeH apMHH, ero

0D:HaKo KpoMBeJih roBopnn: «Ha

roBopnnoch o KpoMBeJie B

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

345

Bora HaAettcH, a nopox ,.qep)KH cy-

ne<JeHHe JIH'IHOro COCTaBa H nypHTaH-

«BCHKHit llOKHHYBIIJHit CBOe 3HaMH

XHM».

CKaH nponaraH,.qa HMeJIH CBOeit OCHOB-

HJIH 6e)KaBIIJHlt C llOJIH

IIypH'ra.HCKaH nponaraH,.qa HMeJia

HOit UeJib!O o6ecne<JHTh npO'IHYIO BO-

BaeTCH cMepTbiO ... EcJIH qacoBott

COJIHAHYIO 3KOHOMH<JeceyiO OCHOBy. Con,.qaThl nony<JaJIH 6oJibiiJoe )KllJIO-

HHCKYIO AHCUHllJIHHY, npeBpaiiJaiO-

HJIH ,.qo3opHhlit 6y,.qyT Hait,.qeHhl cnH-

IUYIO apMHIO B opraHH3M, nocnyiiJHhlit

IUHMH HJIH llbHHhiMH ... OHM 6y,.qyT

BaHbe, MHOrHe HMeJIH C06CTBeHHhiX

BOJie KOMaH,.qOBaHHH.

JIOIIJaAett. B apMHH 6bmo BBe,.qeHo

«Koma H npHKa3hiBaiO,- roBO-

OAHOo6pa3HOe o6MyH,.qHpOBaHHe:

pHJI KpoMBeJib,- KaJKAhlit noBHHy-

KpacHhltt MYHAHP H3 cyKHa xopoiiJe-

eTCH HJIH HeMe,.qneHHO yBoJibHHeTcH.

ro Ka<JeCTBa.

He TepnniO B03pa)KeHHtt oT Koro

6oH

HaKa3hl-

6ecnOIU3AHO HaKa3aHhl CMepTb!O ... BopoBCTBO HJIH rpa6e)K KapaeTcH CMepTbiO». KpoMBeJib 3HaJI, 'ITOAJIHAOCTH)KeHHH no6e,.qhl He,.qocTaTO<JHO xopoiiJett

qeTKaH <J>opMa opraHH3auHH ap-

6hl TO HH 6hiJio». B 6oeBoM ycTase

opraHH3aUHH BOitCK, HX BhiCOKOrO MO-

MHH, xopoiiJee MaTepHaJibHoe o6ec-

«HOBOit MO,.qeJIH» 6hiJIO 3allHCaHO:

paJibHOro ,.qyxa H )KeJie3HOlt BOHHCKOlt

nopTpeT 0011KOBHP.'IK3 nap113MeHTCKYIX BO£:iCK ArleKC3HAP3 noct>aMa

346 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: )];IIC[(IDIJlliHhl. «)KeJie3H060KIIe», KaK

«HOBaH MO):(eJ!b», <jJaKrnqecKII HBJIHB-

Ha3biBaJIII KpOMBeJieBCKliX COJI):(aT,

IIIaHCH Ha[(IIOHaJibHOH aHrJIIIHCKOH

( 12 TbiCflq qeJioBeK) MH BOHHhl B Mp-

MOrJIII ITo6e}:(IITh JIHIIIb ITPII HaJIWIIIII

peryJIHpHOH apMIIeH, peiiiiiBIIIeH IIC-

JiaH}:(IIII, a OCTaJibHbiX paCITYCTIITb.

ITOJIOlKIITeJibHbiX pe3 yJibTaTOB 6oe-

XO}:( 6opb6bl C KOpOJieM .

BOH ITOWOTOBKII BCero JlliqHoro CO-

TeM c<jJopMIIpOBaTb OC06YIO apMIIIO

IIapJiaMeHT He IT03a6oTIIJICH o TOM,

«HoBaH MO}:(eJib» B 6oiO ITPII H33-

~06bl BbiiTJiaTIITb apMIIli 3a}:(OJIJKeH-

(1645 r.) yHIIqTOJKIIJia BOHCKO KO-

HOCTb (ITexoTe 3a

CTaBa apMIIII. IIo3TOMY KpoMBeJib

6II

Tpe6oBaJI ITpOII3BO):(liTh B KaiTIITaHbi

poJIH. CaM KopoJib 6biJI B3HT B ITJieH .

piiii 3 a

18 He.o:eJib, KaBaJie-

He}:(eJIII ).

Ha}:(eJKHbiX JIID}:(ell:, a rJiaBHoe- .o:a-

Ka3aJIOCb, BOHHa oKoHqeHa. Ho He

B MapTe KOMIIccapbi ITapJiaMeHTa

BaTh liM BpeMH ):(JIH o6yqeHHH COJI):(aT.

yJiyqiiiliJIOCb ITOJIOJKeHIIe IIIIIpOKliX

ITpii6biJIH B apMIIIO, ~o6bl opraHII30BaTh pociTycK BOliCK . CoJI}:(aTbi Bpy-

EoeBaH ITo.o;roTOBKa ciTJiaqiiBaJia TaK-

HapO}:(HbiX MaCe, 3a cqeT KOTOpbiX

TIIqecKIIe e):(IIHIIUbi II o6eciTe~BaJia

o6oraruaJiacb 6ypmya3IIH. Eopb6a

~JIII liM ITeTII[(liiO C Tpe6oBaHliHMII:

MaHeBpiipOBaHIIe liX B 60IO.

ITPOTIIB o6ruero Bpara- KopoJieB-

HeMe):(JieHHO BbiiTJiaTIITb 3a):(OJIJKeH-

ro.o:y aHrJIIIHCKIIM Boll:-

cKoll: BJiacTII ciTJia~BaJia Bee aHTII<jJe-

HOCTb, He ITpiiHYJK.O:aTb K CJiym6e

cKaM 6biJI }:(aH «COJI}:(aTCKliH KaTeXII-

O}:(aJibHble CIIJibi. Ho ITOCJie ITo6e.o:bi

B llpJiaH}:(llll, o6eciTeqliTb B}:(OB II CII-

3liC», pa3bHCHHBIIIIIil: ueJIII BOHHbi II

Ha}:( KOpOJieM BCKpbiJIIICb ITpOTliBOpe-

poT, o6bHBIITh aMHIICTIIIO 3a yqacrne

YKa3biBaBIIIIIil: cpe.o;cTBa .o:oCTIImeHHH

qliH Mem.o:y 6ypmya3IIell: II Hapo.o;Hh!-

B BOil:He. B oTBeT Ha 3TO ITapJiaMeHT

ITo6e):(bl .

MII MaccaMII . BcJie.o;cTBIIe BOHHbi II

06bHBliJI 6yHTOBI[(IIKaMII TeX, KTO

1644

AHrJIIIHCKIIM coJI.o:aTaM ITapJia-

X03HliCTBeHHoro Kpli3liCa ITOJIOJKeHIIe

6y}:(eT ITpO}:(OJIJKaTb HaCTaiiBaTb Ha

MeHTCKoll: apMIIII BHYIIIaJIOCb, qro IIX

Hapo.o:a 6biJIO THJKeJibiM, HO ITapJia-

3TliX Tpe60BaHliHX.

ITpo<jJeccHH 6Jiaropo.o:Ha. Boll:Ha HBJIH-

MeHT H~ero He .o;eJiaJI MH ero yJiyq-

eTCH peJIHrn03HOH, 3TO BOHHa ITpoTIIB

IIIeHIIH.

PeiiieHIIe ITapJiaMeHTa ciToco6cTBoBaJio B03HliKHOBeHIIIO ITOJIIITII-

BparoB, KOTOpbie ITpecJie}:(oBaJIII pe-

B TaKoll: o6CTaHOBKe «HOBaH MO-

qecKOH opraHII3a[(llll coJI}:(aT. BoceMb

JIIIrniO, pa3pyiiiaJIII MIIp ciTpaBe.O:JIII-

.o;eJib» peiiiiiJia B 3HTh cyiJ:b6y peBOJIIO-

KaBaJiepiiil:CKIIX, a 3a HIIMII II ITexoTHh!e ITOJIKII Bbi6paJIII ITO }:(Ba arnTaTO-

BOCTII II CB060):(bl. IT03TOMY COJI}:(aTbi

UIIII B CBOII PYKII, XOTH He3a}:(OJiro

ITepe}:( ITOTOMCTBOM II CaMliMli co6oll:

ITepe}:( 3TliM, BbiiTOJIHHH BOJIIO ITapJia-

pa ( ITpe}:(CTaBliTeJIH) OT Ka)K}:( oro ITOJI-

}:(OJllKHbi BCTaTb Ha 3 al[(IITY qeCTII II

MeHTa, BblcryiTaJia ITpoTIIB KJio6Me-

Ka, COCTaBIIBillliX COBeT arnTaTOpOB.

ITpaBoro .o:eJia; KTO He pa3}:(eJIHeT 3H-

HOB (.o:y6IIHI[(IIKOB) -

oTpHIJ:OB Kpe-

B Ka)K}:(OM ITOJIKY 6biJIII opraHII30Ba-

TY3IIa3Ma «qecTHbiX II 6JiaroqeCTII-

CTbHHCKoll: caMoo6opoHh!, co3):(aHHbiX

Hhl coBeTbi ariiTampoB II3 ITpe.o;cTaBIITeJiell: poT. ll,eJibiO 3TliX COBeTOB

BbiX» COJI}:(aT, TOT MaJIO):(ylliHbiH Tpyc

):(JIH B 3 aiiMHOH 3 ai[(liTbi «ITpaB II co6-

II Tail:Hh!ll: Bpar Eora, a ITOTOMY c HIIM

CTBeHHOCTli ITpornB Bcex rpa6IITeJiell:

6biJia 3ai[(IITa IIHTepecoB coJI.o:aT. TaK

6y.o:eT IIMeTh .o:eJio CaM Eor.

II BCeX 6e33aKOHliH II HaCIIJIIIH, OT

«HOBaH MO):(eJ!b» ITpeBpaTIIJiaCb B pe-

« LiecTHble II 6JiaroqecTIIBble»

KOrO 6bl OHII Hli liCXO)];IIJIII». KJio6-

BOJIIO[(IIOHHYIO opraHII3a[(liiO, ITpOTII-

COJI}:(aTbi IT06e}:(HT ITOTOMy, qTO liX

MeHbi BeJIH 6opb6y He6oJibiiiiiMII pa3 -

BOITOCTaBIIBIIIYIO ce6H ITapJiaMeHry .

.o;eJio ciTpaBe):(JIIIBoe II .o:o6poe, a .o;eJio

po3HeHHbiMII OTpH.o;aMII, ITpe.o;cTaB-

CoBeTbi ariiTampoB pa3BepeyJIII

BparoB- 6e3Ha.o:emHo .o:ypHoe, a Eor

JIHBIIIliMli co6oll: ITapTII3aHCKYIO Ha-

aKTliBHYIO .o;eHTeJibHOCTb, qTo6bi

He MOJKeT ITO}:(}:(eplKliBaTb KOBapHoro

pO.O:HYIO apMIIIO,

Bpara, Eor Bcer.o:a Ha cropoHe ciTpa-

}:(0

CITJIOTliTh CliJibi peBOJIIO[(llll, ycTaHaB-

TbiCflq qeJioBeK, coCTOHBIIIYIO II3

JlliBaH CBH3b CO BCeMII BOHCKOBbiMli

Be):(JIIIBocrn. IIo3TOMY xopoiiiiiil: coJI-

CaMbiX Hll30B .o;epeBHli II qacTIIqHo

qacTHMli CTpaHb!, a TaKJKe C Hli3aMli

.o;aT .o:oJimeH 6biTb peJIHrn03Hh!M, 6Jia-

ropo.o:oB.

TIOH}:(OHa. 0HII CTpeMIIJiliCb TaKJKe

HaC~TbiBaBIIIYIO

roqecTIIBbiM II HpaBCTBeHHbiM, TaKO-

Ho TeiTepb, Kor.o:a BbiHCHIIJiocb,

o6e3rJiaBliTh KOHTppeBOJIIO[(liiO, CMe-

ro coJI.o:aTa 6JiarocJIOBIIT Eor. O.o:HIIM

qTo ITapJiaMeHT o6MaHyJI Ha.o:em):(bl

I[(aH, o6e3opymiiBaH II apecTOBbiBaH

ll3 cpe}:(CTB BOCITliTaHliH ITapJiaMeHT-

HapO.O:HbiX Mace, COJI):(aTbi «HOBOH

TeX o<jJIIuepoB, KOTOpbie ITepeiiiJIII Ha

CKliX COJI}:(aT HBJIHJIOCb II3yqeHIIe CBH-

MO):(eJIII» «CTOHT ITpOTliB KOpOJIH II

CTopoHy KOHTppeBOJIIOUIIII. IIapJia-

I[(eHHOrO IIIIcaHIIH.

ITpOTIIB BCHKOH BJiaCTII, KpOMe Hapo}:(-

MeHT ITbiTaJICH 3 axBaTIITb apTIIJIJie-

B «CoJI}:(aTCKOM KaTeXII3IICe» 6biJIH

HOil:. .. OHII cqiiTaiOT KOpOJIH TIIpaHOM

piiiO, HaXO}:(liBIIIYIOCH B 0Kc<jJop.o;e.

II BparoM. CoJI}:(aTbi y6em.o:eHbi, -

Ho ITOJIK Pell:Hc6opo yiTpe.o;IIJI ero II

BaJKHbiX ITOJIOJKeHHH: «CITpaBe):(JIIIBOe

oTMeqaJI .o:aJiee ITpoiToBe}:(HIIK EaK-

B3HJI BCIO apTIIJIJiepiiiO ITO}:( CBOIO OX-

):(eJIO BCeJIHeT B COJI}:(aTCKIIe cep.o:ua

crep, -

paey. 3aTeM

1Kll3Hb II MYJKeCTBO»; «apMHH OJieHeil:,

CH ITpOTliB Hero, OHII BITpaBe II y6IITb

PYKOBO)];IIMaH JlbBOM, CIIJ!bHee apMIIII

ero».

TaKJKe 3aiTIICaHbi }:(Ba CJie}:(yiOI[(liX

qro ecJIH OHII MoryT 6opoTb-

500

.o:paryH B3HJIII ITO):(

oxpaHy KOpOJIH, KOTOpbiH CITpOCliJI y KopHeTa ,D,moll:ca, 6biBIIIero ITOp1HH1K-

IIepe.o; yrpo3oll: IIIIIpoKoro Hapo.o:-

Horo ITO.o;MacrepbH, r.o;e II KaKOBbi ero

xapaKTepa BoopymeHHoll: 6opb6bl II

Horo BOCCTaHHH ITapJiaMeHT peiiiiiJI

ITOJIHOMOqliH Ha TaKIIe }:(eHCTBliH .

oT BOeHHoro pyKoBo.o;cTBa 3aBIICHT

II36aBliTbCH OT apMllll, pacrrycTIIB ee .

,D,moll:c yKa3aJI Ha oTpHA BoopymeH-

ITo6e.o:bi II ITopameHIIH. TaKoBa cyn

B <jJeBpaJie

1647 ro}:(a OH ITOCTaHOBliJI

Hh!X COJI}:(aT II CKa3aJI: «BOT MOll ITOJI-

3TliX Te3IICOB.

ll3

JibBOB, pyKoBO)];IIMOH oJieHeM».

B pe3yJ!bTaTe Bcex ocyruecTBJieHHbiX MepoiTpliHTliH 6biJia C03}:(aHa

TbiCflq qeJIOBeK OCTaBliTb ):(JIH

rapHII30HHOH CJIYJK6bl XOTbi II

TbiCflq

4QQ

HOMO~H» .

TbiCHq ITe-

«ilpli3HaThCH, -CKa3aJIKOpOJ!b,-

KaBaJiepliii, 3a-

MHe HliKOr}:(a He ITpliXO)];IIJIOCb BII}:(eTb

348

3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

ll.I,MM ,aeHb noc11e CTbi'-IKM y 5peHTrfiop,aa rparp 9cceKc Bb!Bel1 HaacTpe'-ly Kap11y I apMM/0, 3a c'-leT 110H..aoHcKoi4 MMI1Ml4MM YCMI1eHHYIO.£lO 20 Tb/C51'-I '-lei10BeK. 00CI1e KOPOTKOM CTbi'-IKM Kap11l OTCTynMI1 B 0Kcrfiop,a.

MapT-ceHTS16pb 1643 r. CTOJlKHOBEH~~ no BCE~ CTPAHE~AYTCnEPEMEHHbiMYCnE

XOM. 011Maep KpoMBel1b ..ao6MI1C51 onpe,ael1eHHoro nepeaeca a Kaaal1e-

110BeK neXOTbl M 3 Tb/C51'-IM KOHHMI4bl) no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM reHepal1a J}.3BM,aa fleci1M, rparpa flMaeHa, nepenpaBMI1aCb '-lepe3 TyM,a. ~HBapb

1644 r.

«~PJlAHA

Macy ctJep¢aKcy npMcoe..aMHMI1acb apMM51 «Kpyri10rOI10Bb/X» (T.e. CTOpOHHMKOB napl1aMeHTa), B03rl1aBI151eMa51 9..ayap..aoM MoHTer/0, rpa¢oM MaH'-!ecTepoM; 3aMeCTMTel1eM era 6bm 011Maep KpoMael1b. K npMH14Y PynepTy npMcoe,aMHMI1C51 rep14or

CKOE nEPEM~P~E». Kap11 I 3aK1110'-IMI1 apeMeHHbiM MMp C Vfpl1aH,acKOM KoHr:Pe..aepa!4Mei4; 3TO no3BOI1M110 eMy Bb/BeCTM BOMCKa M3 Vfpl1aH.£lMM, a TaK)I(e Ha aep6oaaTb M3 '-IMCI1a Mpl1aH,aCKMXP05111MCTOBnO,aKpenl1e-

HbiOKaCTI1b, M o6be,aMHeHHoe po5111MCTCKoe BOMCKO..l!BMHYI10Cb K MapCTOH-Mypy(M11M MapcTOHCKOM nycTOWM), 11e)l(aUJ,eMy B 11 KM K 3ana,ay

HM51 .£lf151 apMMM, B0/0/0ll.I,MX B AHri1MM.

OT J/iopKa.

PMMCKOM CTbi'-IKe y rpaHTeMa, BOCTO'-IHee HOTTMHreMa (MapT). «Kaaa11epbl» (T. e. p05111MCTbl} no,a KOMaH.£lOBaHMeM YMI1b51Ma KaaeH,aMwa,

25 SIHBapSI 1644 r. Ei~TBA nP~ HAHTYW·IE. B co103e c MeCTHbiMM

2 11110nS1 1644 r. Ei~TBA nP~ MAPCTOH-MYPE. 06eapMMMpac-

CMI1aMM Mpl1aH,aCKMe p05111MCTbl OCa-

rep14ora HbiOKaCTI151, B35111M aepx a J/iopKwMpe ( anpel1b-M/011b). Po5111MCTbl, ao3r11aa11eHHb!e c3poM Pa11b-

..l!MI1M HaHTYM'-1- e..aMHCTBeHHbiM on110T napl1aMeHTa B lfeWMpe. 0apl1aMeHT npMCI1a11 C no,aKpenl1eHM51MM

nol1arai1M npMMepHO 7 Tb/C51'-IaMM KaBal1epMCTOB, O,aHaKO neXOTbl y «Kpyr110rOI10Bb/X» 6b/110 OKOI10 20 Tb/C51'-I '-lel1oaeK, a Y«Kaaa11epoa»- TOI1bKO

r:PoM XonTOHOM, o..aep)l(ai1M no6e..ay Ha..a OTP51..l!OM c3pa YMI1b51Ma Yol111epa no..a CTpaTTOHOM a KopHy31111e (MaM), yfleHc,aayHa 611M3 5aTa (5 M/0-

ToMaca ctJep¢aKca, 6apoHa KaMepoHa, M OH pa3rpOMMI1 Mpl1aH..a!4eB, nO'-ITM nOI10BMHa M3 KOTOpb!X npMCO-

1151) M npM PayH..aae£4-Jf.ayHe 611M3 J].eBM3eca ( 13 M/01151). 0pMH14 PynepT o..aep)l(al1 no6e..ay y lfel1rpoa-c1JMI1.£la 611M3 0Kcrfiop,aa ( 18 MIOH51) M 835111 5pMCTOI1b (26 M/01151). Kap11l6b!l1 OT6MToTrl1oCTepa(5aarycTa -10 ceHT516p51). 1 0 aBrycTa 1643 r. APME~ CK~~ nP~3biB. 0apl1aMeHTynoi1HOMO'-IMI1 aepHb/e eMy MeCTHb/e opraHbl Bl1aCTM npOM3BeCTM npMHy.£lMTel1bHb/M Ha6op B apMM/0. 0pMMepy napl1aMeHTa He 3aMe,ai1MI1M nocl1e,aoaaTb p05111MCTbl.

20 ceHTS16pSI 1643 r. nEPBOE CPA>KEH~E Y HbiOEiEP~. Y3Haa o npM611M)I(eHMM aoi4cK rparpa 9cceKca, Kapl1 I CTal1 OTcrynaTb M3 rl1oCTepa K Hbl06epM, r..ae pa3aepHyl1 BOMCKa M npMH5111 60M, B KOTOpOM HM O.£lHOM M3 CTOpOH ,ao6MTbC51 pewa/0UJ,ero nepeaeca He y,aa11ocb. 3aTeM Kap11 I aepHyl1c51

0Kc¢op..a.

25 ceHTS16pSI 1643 r. TOP>KECTBEHHA~ Jl~rA ~ KOBEHAHT. lfTo6bl o6ecne'-IMTb ce6e aoeHHY/0 nOMOUJ,b 11JOTI1aH..a!4eB, napl1aMeHT COrl1aCMI1C51 npM3HaTb M OXpaH51Tb npeCBMTepMaHCKOe 14epKOBHOe ycTpOMCTBO a WoTI1aH,aMM; no cyrM, 3TO 03Ha'-lal1o pacnpocTpaHeHMe npeCBMTepMaHcTaa no BCeM opMTaHMM. ~HBapb

1644 r.

nP~EibiT~E

WOTJlAHACK~X M~TE>KH ~KOB.

WomaH,acKa51 apMM51 ( 18 TbiC51'-I '-le-

e,aMHMI1aCb K no6e,aMTei151M. <l>eBpan~:>-anpenb

1644 r.

EiOEBbiEAE~CTB~~ HACEBEPE. WoTI1aH,acKa51 apMM51 noae11a HacTynl1eHMe a CeaepHo£4 AHri1MM, no110)I(MB KOHe!4 rocno..acTay «Ka aal1epoa» a J/iopKwMpe. Ha nepexaaT MX BbiCT}'nMI1 rep14or HbiOKaCTI1b ( r:Peapa11b). Bocnol1b3oaaawMcb oT6b!TMeM HbiOKaCTI151 Ha ceaep , ToMac ctJeprfiaKc pa36MI1 a 6MTBe npM Cei16M era noMOW.HMKa 11op..aa 5el111a3M

( 11 anpe1151), yrpo)l(a51 3aMTM Hbi0KaCTI110 B Tb/11.

MapT-IIIIOHb 1644 r. EiOEBbiE AE~CTB~~ HA lOrE. B KOH!4e KoH140B c3p YMI1b51M Yo1111ep pa36MI1 c3pa Pa11b¢a XonmHa a lfepMTOHCKOM cpa)l(eHMM ( 29 MapTa) 611M3 JI.yapa. Ho Kap11l, nepexaaTMB yrpar:Pa 9cceKca M Yo1111epa TaKTM'-IecKy/0 MHM!4MaTMBY, HaHeC nOCI1e,aHeMy pe11JMTel1bHOe nopa)l(eHMe ceaepHee 0Kc¢op..aa, y Kponpe..aM-5pM,a)l(a (6 MIOH51).

Anpenb-IIIIOHb 1644 r. OCAJJ.A ~OPKA. rep!40r HbiOKaCTJ1b OT011Jel1 M3 JI.apeMa a J/iopK ( 18 anpe1151), r..ae era oca,aMI1M 11JOTI1aH.£l!4bl M apMM51 ToMaca ctJep¢aKca. Kap11l npMKa3al1 npMH14Y Pynepry BbiCT}'nMTb M3 Wpyc6epM C no,aKpenl1eHM51MM (16 Ma51). 0pM611M)I(eHMe PynepTa BbiHY.£lMI10 BOMCKa napl1aMeHTa CH51Tb oca,ay M B Ha,ae)l(,ae OTBJ1e'-lb p05111MCTOB Bb/CT}'nMTb KfloHr-MapcmHy TaM K To-

11 Tb/C51'-I. 06be,aMHeHHOM napl1aMeHTCK0-11JOTI1aH,aCKOM apMMeM COBMeCTHO KOMaH,aOBai1M rparfi MaH'-!ecTep, ToMac ctJeprfiaKc M rparp flMBeH; «nepBb/M cpe,aM paBHb/X» 51BHO 6bll1 rparp MaH'-!ecTep. KpoMael1b CO CBOMMM «)l(el1e3H060KMMM» M 11JOTI1aH,aCKMM OTP51.£lOM pa36MI1 '-laCTb Kaaal1epMM Pynepm Ha npaaoM ¢11aHre po5111MCTOB. Ha 11eaoM )l(e r:fil1aHre KaBal1epM51 J}.)I(Op.£l)i(a pMHra oT6MI1a ctJep¢aKca M pa3rpoMMI1a 11JOTI1aH,aCKYIO neXOTy, HO no xo..ay ..ae11a, HecMoTp51 Ha ace ycMI1M51 ropMHra, HeCKOI1bKO CMe11Jal1a P51.£lbl.

ro-

Tor..aa KpoMBel1b, pa3aepHyawMcb CO CBOMMM .£lMCI4Mni1MHMpOBaHHb/MM «)l(el1e3Ho6oKMMM» Hanpaao, pa3rpoMMI1 ropMHra M 3aTeM noMor ocTaTKaM napl1aMeHTCKOM neXOTbl onpOKMHYTb 14eHTP p05111MCTOB. 0oTepM p05111MCTOB COCTaBMI1M nO'-ITM 3 Tb/C51'-IM '-lei10BeK y6MTb/MM, napl1aMeHTCKOM apMMM - nO'-ITM 2 Tb/C51'-IM. 00pa)l(eHMe 3TO npMBei10 K KanMTYI15114MM p51,aa ceaepHbiX KpenocTeM po5111MCTOB- TaKMX, KaK J/iopK ( 16 M/01151) M HbiOKaCI1 ( 16 OKT516p51). 0pMH14 PynepTc ocTaawMMMC51 no..a era Ha'-lai10M 6 Tb/C51'-IaMM '-lei10BeK 6e)l(al1 '-lepe3 flaHKawMp Ha 10r, Ha coe..aMHeHMe c Kap11oM I. ITo ,o:pyrnM IICTO'IHIIKaM, pommCTbi IIOTepiDlll

6 TbiCH'I <J:eJIOBeK y6II1,5 TbiCH'III IIJieH-

TbiMII II paHeHbiMII,

HbiMII. IIapJiaMeHTCKaH apMIIH rroTepHJia y6IITbiMII II paHeHbiMII ):(0

1,5

TbiCWIII <J:eJioBeK. Ee TpocpeHMII oKa-

3AnAAHAs:l EBPOnA 3aJIOCb

opy)J;IIM II

TbiCH~ Mym-

KeTOB. B pe3yJihTaTe rro6e)J;hi rrpii MapCTOH-Mype Bech ceBep AHrJIIIII HaXO)J;IIJICH Terrepb BO BJiaCTII rrapnaMeHTa. Koponh rroTepHn He TOJihKO Tepp1ITOp1IIO, HO II

3Ha~IITeJihHYIO

~aCTb CBOIIX CIIJI. IJo6e)J;a rrapJiaMeHTa IIMeJia TaK)I{e 60JibillOe MOpaJihHOe

3Ha~eHIIe. 0Ha orrpe)J;eJIIIJia rrepenoM B XO)J;e BOMHbl.

«MaH~ecTepa 3Ta 61ITBa y61Ina, KpoMBeJIH rrpeB03Hecna II C)J;enana repoeM AHH». TaK oueHIIBaiOT 61Iorpacphi KpoMBeJIH era ponh B 3TOM 60IO. JleCJIII 3aHBIIJI: «EBporra HIIKOr)J;a He BM)J;ena HII~ero IIO)J;06Horo B IICKyccTBe BO)I{)J;eHIIH BOMCK». BoiicKa cpa)l{aJIIICh B JIIIHeiiHOM 6oeBOM IIOCTpOeHIIII, B KOTOpOM OIIOpoii HBJIHJiaCh IIeXOTa, IIOTepHBillaH crroco6HocTh K MaHeBpy. Ha none 6oH MaHeBp1IpoBana KOHHIIUa. Ha1I6onee )J;IICUIIIIJIIIHIIpOBaHHOM II CIIOC06HOM IIOCJie)J;OBaTeJihHO pemaTh B 60IO TaKTII~eCKIIe 3a)J;a~II (Ha JieBOM cpnaHre, 3aTeM Ha rrpaBoM II, HaKoHeu, B UeHTpe) OKa3aJiaCh KOHHIIUa KpoMBeJIH. HecMoTpH Ha )J;OCTIIrHyThiM ycrrex, KpoMBeJih OKOH~aTeJihHO y6e)J;IIJICH B He06XO)J;IIMOCTII KOpeHHOM peopraHII3aUIIII rrapJiaMeHTCKOM apMIIII II II3MeHeHMH CIIOC060B Be)J;eHIIH BOMHhi, ocymecTBJieHIIIO ~era rrpoTII-

acne,n,cTBI/Ie 4era aa3HI/1Kna yrpa3a anacT//1 Kapna I Ha,n, JOraM L..l,eHTpanbHai/7 AHrn//11/1 ( ceHTfl6pb-aKTfl6pb). 28 asrycTa 1644 r. - 13 ceHTS16pS1 1645 r. WOTnAH.O.CK~E KAMnAH~~ MOHTP03A. 28 aarycTa ,lJ,)f(eMMC /p3M, MapK//13 MaHTpa3, na,n,Hfln a 5n3p-ATane paflni/ICTcKMii1 wTaH,n,apT. ApMMfl era HaC41/1TbiBana acera 3 Tb1Cfl41/1 4enaaeK 1/1 cacTaflna 1/13 aT6apHaii1MpnaH,D,CKaii1 «MaK,D,aHHennaBCKai/7» 6pMra,D,bl na,n, KaMaH,n,aaaHMeM Ana3,D,33pa MaKKannbl, nexaTbl, Ha6paHHaii1M3 waTnaH,n,CKI/IX rapu,ea 1/1 Kpawe4Hara KaaanepMii1cKara aTpfl,n,a. B 6necTflw,eii1 KaMnaH//11/1, aTMe4eHHafi1 TaK//IM//1 cpa)f(eH//IflM//1, KaK TMnnepMyMpcKae ( 1 ceHTfl6pfl), A6ep,n,MHCKae ( 13 ceHTfl6pfl), MHaepnaxcKae (2 cpeapanfl 1645 r.}, On,n,M3pHcKae(9 Mafl}, Anbcpap,n,cKae (2 MJOnfl) 1/1 KMnCMTCKae ( 15 aarycTa}, MaHTpa3 pa36Mn HecKanbKa napnaMeHTCKI/IX 1/1 Cai03Hb/X //1M apMMM, a Ta/OKe MHa)f(eCTBa aTpfl,D,aB M//lfl//ILI,//11/1. B pe3ynbTaTe nacne,n,Heii1 - 1/1 HaM6anee ane4aTnflJOw,eii1 - era na6e,n,bl na,n, KMnCMTaM, Kar,n,a napnaMeHTCKafl apMMfl reHepana YMnbflMa 5aii1M naTepflna 6 TbiCf/4 4enaaeK 1/13 6 Tb1Cfl4 BOO, a naTepM paflnMcTaa cacTaaMn//1 acera HeCKaflbKa ,n,eCflTKaB, Ba3HI/1Kfla yrpa3a 3,n,MH6ypry. KaMaH,n,yJOw,Mii1

349 waTnaH,D,CK//IM//1 aaii1cKaMI/1 B AHrfl//11/1 rpacfJ flMBeH 6blfl BCTpeBa)f(eH 1/1 aTpfl,D,I/Ifl ,n,nfl 6apb6bl c MaHTpa3aM MaUJ,HyJO, npeMMyUJ,eCTBeHHa KaBanepMMCKYIO apM//110 na,n, KaMaH,n,aaaHI/IeM reHepana ,ll,3BM,n,a flecn//1. MaHTpa3 6blfl 3axaa4eH apacnnax y rPMnMnxa aa3ne CenKMpKa 1/1 nacne He,n,anrara canpaTManeHMfl 1/1 a6cy)/(,n,eHI/1fl ycnaBI/IM KanMTYflfll.l,//11/1 c,n,ancfl ( 13 ceHTfl6pfl 1645 r.). O,n,HaKa «Kpyrnaranaable» ycTpaMn//1 4y,D,aBI/1UJ,HYIO 6aii1HJO, He naw,a,D,//18 ,n,a)/(e a6a3HI/1Kaa. MaHTpa3 4y,n,aM cnaccfl, Ha ,n,eny paflnMcTaa a WaTnaH,D,//11/1 6blfl HaHeCeH CMepTeflbHb/M y,n,ap. 27 OKTS16pS1 1644 r. BTOPASI S~TBA nP~ Hbi06EP~. ApMMfl Kapna I HaC41/1TbiBana 10 Tb1Cfl4 4enaaeK, a rpacpa MaH4ecTepa, c3pa YMnbflMa Yannepa 1/1 OnMaepa KpaMaenfl- 22 Tb1Cfl41/1. HecMaTpfl Ha 4//ICneHHae npeaacxa,n,cTaa, napnaMeHTCKafl apMMfl cTpa,n,ana He,n,acTaTKaM Kaap,n,MHaU,//11/1, 1/1 Kapny I y,n,anaCb aTCTyni/ITb B 0KCC/Jap,n,. npecne,n,aaaTb era rpacp MaH4ecTep He cTan. SIHsapb-<:l>espanb 1645 r. AKCSP~.o.>KCK~ill .O.OrOBOP. Pe3ynbTaTaM era flBMnacb KpaTKae nepeMMpMe, npepaaHHae, Kar,n,a Kapn I aTaepr Ha6ap npe,n,na)f(eHI/IM, Bbi,D,BI/IHYTbiX napnaMeHTaM.

BIIJICH rnaBHOKOMaHAYIOIUIIM MaH~e cTep. ToJihKO 3TIIM rryTeM MO)I{HO 6bill0 )J;061ITbCH 3aKperrJieHIIH )J;OCTIIrHYTOrO ycrrexa II rro6e)J;OHOCHO 3aBepIDIITh BOMHy.

~IOnb-CeHTS16pb

1644 r. YCKAPnA HA lOrE. nacne Kpanpe,n,M-EpM,n,)f(a Kapn I nepexaaTI/In y CBai/IX npaTI/IBHI/IKaB I/IHI/IU,I/1aTI/1By. Hea)f(M,D,aHHa aH BbiCTynMn Ha 10ra-3ana,n,, r,n,e rpacp 3cceKc nbiTancfl ynpa41/1Tb anacTb napnaMeHTa. 3cceKc, 3anepTblii1 a KapHy3nne y flaCTYI/ITbena, 6e)f(afl C KaHH//IU,ei/7, aCTaB//18 8 Tb/Cf/4 nexaTI/IHU,eB 1/1 apT//Iflflep//110 KanMTYfll/lpaaaTb ( 2 CeHTfl6pfl). Paflni/ICTbl npa4Ha 3aKpenMfli/1Cb a 10ra-3ana,n,Haii1 AHrn//11/1. O,n,HaKa TeM apeMeHeM rpacp MaH4ecTep 1/1 OnMaep KpaMaenb npMcae,n,MHI/Ifli/ICb K c3py YMnbflMY Yannepy, nEX~

3BepCTB3«KaBanepOB»

350 3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: SIHsapb-MapT 1645 r.

APM~SI

«HOBO~ MO.O,EJl~». TeM apeMe-

11 KaaanepllliltCKIIIX nOf7KOB (6 Tb/CfiLJ

HanbHOilt perynflpHoilt apMIIIIII y,£J.a-

600

nocb npeO,£J.Of7eTb Tpa,ll.IIIU,IIIOHHOe

LJef70BeK) Ill 1 Tb/CfiLJI/1 ,ll.paryH.

HeM On111aep KpoMaenb, KOTOpbiilt

HeKoTopyJO peopraHIII3aU,fiiiO npe-

He>KenaHflle MeCTHOilt Mfllf7111U,fllfll BOe-

,£J.aBHO ow,yw,an Hy>K,ll.y B KOpeHHOilt peC/JOpMe apMIIIIII, HaCTOfl/1 Ha npiii-

Tepnena «na,£J.LJepiiiU,a aHrf7111MCKOilt apMIIII/1» - apTIIIflf7eplllfl, - rnaBHb/M

BaTb 3a npe,£J.enaMIII pO,ll.H0/0 rpacfJ-

HfiTI/1111 napnaMeHTOM nOCTaHOBf7e-

o6pa30M, C yLJeTOM KOHTIIIHeHTaf7b-

Hfllfl, KOTOpblM C03,£J.aBanaCb apMIIIfl «HOBOrO o6pa3U,a»; B fiHBape 6fllf7f7b

HOrO OnbJTa. 0CHOBOilt ,ll.f7fl apMIIII/1 «Hoaoro o6pa3u,a» nocny>Kfll/1111 «>Ke-

3 anpenH 1645 r . .O,EKPET 0 CJlO)I(EH~~ nOJlHOM0'-1~~.

o6-

ne3H060Kflle» KpoMaenfl; nOMIIIMO

«Bee LJf7eHbl napnaMeHTa, 3aHIIIMa10UJ,flle B apMIIII/1 KOMaH,ll.Hble ,ll.Of7>KHOCTfll, 06fl3aHbl HeMe,£J.neHHO CJ70>KI/1Tb

npowen yTaep>K,£J.eHflle a nanaTe UJ,IIIH, a a cpeapane -

CTBa.

0CHOBa era CBO,ll.fllf7aCb K Te3111Cy:

a nanaTe nop-

HeKOTOpblX HOBOBBe,£J.eHIIIM, Cf7e,£J.yeT

,ll.OB. PerynflpHafl apMIIIfl LJIIICneHHO-

OTMeTIIITb Ill Kap,£J,111Haf7bHOe ynyLJWe-

cTbiO 22 Tb/CfiLJI/1 LJef70BeK ,ll.Of7>KHa 6blf7a Ha6111paTbCfl Ha OCHOBe np1113bi-

Hflle opraHIII3aU,fiiOHHOilt CTPYKTYPbl. fiTMeHHO TOr,£J.a, KCTaTIII, 6blf7111 BBe,£J.e-

Ba, C/JIIIHaHCIIIpOBaTbCfl 3a CLJeT Haf70-

Hbl 3HaMeHIIITbJe KpacHbJe MYH,ll.lllpbi.

On111aepa KpoMaenfl. lnaaHOKOMaH-

r006f70>KeHfllfl Ill COCTOfiTb 1113 12 ne-

Ho, LJTO caMoe maaHoe, 6naro,£J.apfl

AYIOW.IIIM BMeCTO rpacfJa 3cceKCa

XOTHb/X nOf7KOB ( 14 Tb/CfiLJ LJef70BeK),

C03,£J.aHIIIIO M06fllflbHOilt npoC/JeCCI/10-

6blf7 Ha3HaLJeH ToMac ctJepcfJaKc, a KpoMaenb cTan era 3aMeCTIIITeneM.

.PAiKEHHE 200

npH

HER3BH 14 0

HJOH.ft

1645 r.

200

CBOI/1 nOf7HOMOLffllfl». fi1CKJ710LJeHflle 6blf70 C,£J.enaHO TOJ7bKO ,ll.f7fl CaMOrO

7 MaH 1645 r. PA3.0,0Pbl B CTAHE POSIJl~CTOB. ConepHIIILJeCTBO Me>K,£J.y npiiiHU,eM PynepTOM 111 l70p,ll.OM

Jl,>KOp,ll.>KeM

tOpiiiHrOM

Kapn I npeceK TeM, LJTO pa3,£J.enflln caoe 11-TbJCfiLJHOe aoiltcKo 111 nocnan

PynepTa Ha ceaep, a lopiiiHra Ha 3ana,£J.. napnaMeHT TeM apeMeHeM nocnan ToMaca ctJepcfJaKca oca>K,£J.aTb OKCC/JOp,£1..

31 MaH 1645 r. JlECTEPCKOE CPA)I(EH~E. HecMoTpfl Ha Tfi>Ke-

f7ble noTeplll, poflnfiiCTbl wTypMOM B3flf7111 f7eCTep (paCCLJIIITbiBafl TeM CaMb/M OTBf7eLJb ctJepC/JaKCa OT 0KCC/JOp,£J.a), nocne LJero Kapnl ,ll.BIIIHynCfl Ha OKCC/JOp,£1.. napnaMeHT np111Ka3af7 ToMacy ctJepcfJaKcy CHfiTb oca,£J.y 111 «BbJCTynfiiTb Ha 3aUJ,IIITY KoaeHaHTa»; eMy 6bJno nocnaHo KaaanepllliltCKoe nO,ll.KpenneHflle n0,£1. KOMaH,£1.0BaHflleM On111aepa KpoMaenfl ( 13 11110Hfl). np111 HeO>Kfll,ll.aHHOM nOfiBfleHIIII/1 «KpymoronoabJX» Kapnl pew111n cpa>KaTbCfl.

14 1.110HSI 1645 r. S~TBA n P~ H E~36~. BoiltcKo Kapna I HaCLJIIITblaano 7 TbJCfiLJ 500 LJenoaeK, napnaMeHTCKoe- 13 Tb/CfiLJ 500. POflf7111CTCKafl Kaaaneplllfl npiiiHu,a PynepTa 60HCK CTOpCH

nepeA

cpa:.eHHeM:

1l ,,,,,,,J,,,j I :!cal HanpasneHt-Hl yn.apos Ha nepE0'·1 ::nane

.......__Ct:: napnaMeHTCKOf1 apr•HH1

pa36111na neabJilt cpnaHr «KpymoronoKOpO!leBCKOH

apM1-H1

BOi'CK cTopoH:

LJTO npiiiHU. ocTaa111n none 6ofl pa,£1.111 rwponestKoi1 apMt-H1

Ha BTOpON ::OTane cpa>t<eHt151

!Z napnaMeHTCKCH apr-HH1 ...-a:::rnz:z d

pa36flln neabJilt cpnaHr poflnfiiCTOB, a nOTOM, BOCnOf7b30BaBWIIICb TeM,

cpaw.eH~t5l

z;z

BbJX» Ill nyCTfllf7aCb B npecne,£J.OBaHflle. 0,£J.HaKO KpOMBef7b KOHHOilt aTaKOilt

6e3paccy,£J.HOilt nOIOHIII, pa3rpOMIIIJ7 poflnfiiCTCKYIO nexoTy,

KOponeBCKOH apMJ.Hi

6onbwafl

LJaCTb KOTOpOilt C,£J.anaCb. Kor,£J.a >Ke aepHynacb KOHHIIIU,a npiiiHu,a Pynep-

3AnNJ,HA~

EB PO nA

351

Ta, K8B8nepMCTbt «K8 B8nepoa» OTK8-

OH 38Kf110~Mf1 c woT!18HALJ.8MM corn8-

3BOJ1V111 CBOeM 8pMV1V1 p8CTHHYTbCf/

3811V1Cb BHOBb Cp8)1(8TbCf/ C «)l(eJ1e3-

weHMe, no KOTOpOMy06f/3biB811Cfl H8

H8 M8pwe no~TM H8 80 KM.

H060KV1MW>. K8pnl6e)l(8f1 a flecTep.

TpVI ro,aa BBeCTVI B CTp8He npeCBV1Te-

«KpyrnorOf10Bble» 38XB8TV111V1 BCIO

pV18HCTBO B 06MeH H8 BOeHHYIO no-

17-19 asrycTa 1648r. nPECTOHCKOE CPA>KEH Iii E. 511M3

8pTV1!1!1epV110 npOTV1BHV1K8, BeCb 0603

MOI.J..Ib B OTBOeB8HV1V1 KOp0!1eBCTB8

npeCTOH8 011MBep KpoMBef1b 8T8KO-

VI ,a8)1(e nM~HbtM K86MHeT K8pf18

( 26 ,aeK86pH). 08pf18MeHT OTK83811Cfl

B811 8B8Hr8p,a repu,or8 t8MMf1bTOH8

era ceKpeTHOM nepenMcKoM. no6e-

OT npMCHrM H8 BepHOCTb KOp0/110

VI a Te~eHMe .aayx ,aHeM no o~epe,aM

A8 npM HeM36M He TOf1bKO npMaen8

( 15 f/HB8Pfl 1648 r.).

rpOMVI/1 WOTJ18HACKO-p0f/f1V1CTCKV1e

KOHe~HOM

K8p!18

VITOre K nop8)1(eHV110

a rp8)1(A8HCKOM BOMHe, HO VI

cnoco6cTBOB8118 Bbtxo,ayH8 nepabte

no,ap83,aeneHMH. 5MTB8 6btf18 npe-

BTOPAR rPA)I(JJ,AHCKAR BORHA, 1648-1651 rr.

ponM a n8pf18MeHTe 0nMaep8 KpoMaenH VI «VIH,aeneH,aeHTCKOrO» MeHb-

MMYI.J..IeCTBeHHo pyKon8wHoM; o6e cTopoHbt non8r811V1Cb rn8BHbtM

o6-

p830M H8 KOneMI.J..IVIKOB. POHJ1V1CTCK8f/ 8PMMH6btf18 yHM~TO)I(eH8; yu,e-

Csep)l(eHIIIe MOHapXIIIIII

WV1HCTB8.

neawMe OTPHAbt a nonHoM 6ecno-

li'ltoHb 1645 r. - 5 MaSI 1646 r. PA3rPOM POSUU1CTOB. H8 10ro38n8.ae ToM8C c1Jep¢8KC VI OnMaep KpoMaenb no6e,aMnM )J.)I(opA)I(8

lo-

K8K nMC811 cap YMHCTOH lfep-

PH.aKe p836e)l(8f1V1Cb.

~Mf111b BO BTOpOM TOMe «t1CTOpV1V1 8HrnoroaopH~.J..~ero

H8POA8», « ... p8c-

aBrycTa CIIJibi IIIOTJiaH):lU:eB,

Kf18A CVI/1 BO 8Topy10 rp8)1(A8HCKYIO

K KOTOpbiM B llaHKaiiiiipe ITpiiCOe):lll-

PMHr8 npM flaHrnopTe ( 10 M1011H).

BOMHy6btf1 npocT.aoHef1b3H. Koponb,

HIIJIOCb

O.aMH 38 .apyrMM n811M m8BHbte on-

n8118T8 nop.aoa VI n8118Ta o6~.J..~MH,

):lHJIHCb B Tpex rpyrriTax Ha 3HatiiiTeJib-

noTbt P0flf1V1CTOB ( necTep, 5pMC-

neH.anop,abt VI Toproau,bt, ropo.a VI

HOM paCCTOHHIIII ):(pyr OT ):(pyra II Ha-

TOJ1b, 5pMA)I(YOTep, YMH~ecTep). no-

KpeCTbf/HCTBO, enMCKOnbl VI npeCBVI-

C'IIITbiBaJIII B o6II(eM ):(0

cne Taro K8K nocne.aHHH .aeMCTBYIO-

Tepbl, WOTJ18HACK8f/8pMV1fl, H8Ce/1e-

tieJIOBeK ITO):( KOMaH):(OBaHIIeM faMIIJibTOHa.

f.J..I8H 8PMMH K8pf18

4 TbiC5Plli

pOHJiliCTOB, HaxO-

TbiCH'I

6btf18 p836MTa

HV1e Yanbc8 VI 5pMTaHCKMM r:PnoT-

npM CToy-oH-Te-Yon.ae 38n8,aHee

BCe BbiC'fY'nV111V1 npOTVIB 8pMV1V1 "HO-

0Kc¢op,a8, Koponb 6e)l(8f1 H8 ceaep

BOM Mo.aenM".

VI c,a811CH H8 MMf10CTb wom8H,au,ea -

cnp8 BV1118Cb».

TOHa (KOHHIIU:a), rpyrrrra llaH):(reHJIH

He n8p!18MeHT8 (5 M8H 1646 r.).

MapT-asrycT 1648 r. BOCCTAHIII~ B Y3nbCE Ill IO>KHO"' AHrnlillil. 88!111MMCKMe n8pf18MeH-

rpyiTITa MoHpo eru:e He ITpii6biJia

mpMM 06bf!BV111V1 0 CBOeM BepHOCTVI

IIIOTJiaH):(U:eB OKa3aJIIICb pa3o6ru:eH-

Kopo1110. OnMaep KpoMaenb oc8,aMn

HbiMII. Pa3Be):(Ka 6biJia opraHII3 0BaHa

nEPEPb/8 MDK,QY rPA)I(JJ,AHCKH MH BOlitHAMH, 1646-1648 rr.

8PMMH co aceMM

IOmHee IIpecToHa, 3a peKoil PII66Jib,HaxO):ll!JiacbrpyrriTa11II):(Jlb-

(ITexoTa) CTOHJia K ceBepy oT ropona, K IIpecToHy. KaBaJiepiiH II ITexoTa

VI 38XB8TV111 rf18BHbiM VIX Onf10T- 38-

ITJIOXO, II IT03TOMY faMIIJibTOH He

MOK 0eM6poK( V11011b). AH8110rM~Hble

IIMeJI CBe):leHIIH 0 MeCTe HaxOm):leHIIH

n8pf18MeHTY 38 400 Tb!Cfl~ cPYHTOB

6yHTbt a KeHTe VI 3cceKce 6blf1M no-

ITapJiaMeHTCKIIX BOHCK.

TpeTb TOM cyMMbt, ~To

A8Bf1eHbt ToM8COM c1Jep¢8KCOM, 68-

IIJiaH KpoMBeJIH 3aKJIIOIIaJicH B

AHmMH38AOf1)1(8f18 wom8HACKOM 8p-

poHOM K8MepoHoM; MHTe)I(HVIKM yK-

pa3rpoMe ITpOTIIBHIIKa ITO tiaCTHM

MMM(HHB8pb 1647 r.). TeM apeMeHeM

pblf1MCb B Kon~eCTepe, HO B KOHLJ,e

BHe3aiTHbiM Haiia):(eHIIeM.

H8npf!)l(eHMe a n8p!18MeHTe Me)l(.ay

KOHLJ,OB BbiHy;>K,aeHbl 6blf1V1 CA8TbCf/

npeCBV1TepV18HCKV1M 60J1bWV1HCTBOM VI

(8arycT).

a pMIIIO Ha 3aiia):( II

VIH,aeneH,aeHTCKVIM MeHbWVIHCTBOM

IIIeJI K IIpecroey, o IIeM ITpomBHIIK

( 38HV1M8 BWVIM BbiCWMe 8pMeMCKV1e

liltonb-asrycT 1648 r. WOTnAHACKOE BTOP>KEH Iii E. J])KeMMc,

nocTbt} nepepocno a OTKfJbiTbtM p8c-

repu,or t8MMf1bTOH, noaen a AHrf1MIO

Kon. 08p!18MeHT nporOf10COB811 38

24-Tb!Cf/~HYIO WOTJ18HACKYIO 8p-

TYMaH. IIapJiaMeHTCKIIe BoilcKa ITO):(

cPaKTM~eCKVIM pocnycK 8pMV1V1, KOTO-

MV110. 011MBep KpOMBef1b C BOMCKOM

ITpiiKpbimeM TYMaHa He3aMeTHo ):(JIH

poM y;>Ke HeCKOJ1bKO MeCHLJ,eB He nf18-

a 8500 ~enoaeK BbtcTynMn K YMr8HY

IIIOTJiaH):lU:eB BbiiiiJIII B XBOCT liX ITe-

TV111V1 )1(8f10B8Hbf/. 0,aH8KO p8cnyc-

VI 0peCTOHY- npM~eM CTOJ1b CTpe-

K8TbCH 8pMV1fl OTK838118Cb (M8pT).

MV1Tef1bHO,

c1J8KTM~eCKV1 no.a pyKOBOACTBOM 011V1-

He nocnea8n8;

woT-

3 aiiHo ee aTaKoBaJIII, 3aCTaBIIB pa3-

aep8 KpoMaenH 8PMMH CXB8TV1118 K8p-

f18HALJ.eB 8pTV1!1!1epMV1 He 6blf10.

BepHyTbCH B o6paTHYIO CTOpoHy.

WoT!18HAU.bt nepe,a811M K8pf18 cTepnMHroa -

f18

I VI 38Hf/f18 floH,aOH.

no.a A8 BJ1eHM-

~TO

8pTV1!1!1epV1f/ 38 HVIM anpo~eM,

XOTfl ~V1CJ1eHHO OHM npeBOCXOAV111V1 ~YTb

1!3

ll,oHKacTpa KpoMBeJib ITOBeJI

aBryCTa ITO):(O-

He 3HaJI.

aBrycTa c YTPa CTOHJI rycToil

XOTHOll KOJIOHHbi, HaXO):(IIBIIIeHCH Ha Mapiiie ceBepHee IIpecToHa, II BHe-

UloTJiaH):(CKaH ITexoTa llaH):(reilJIH

eM KpoMaenH Koponb corn8CV111CH

npOTV1BHV1K8

11M He TpOeKp8THO,

ITOTepiTeJia ITopameHIIe, ocTaTKII ee

npMHf/Tb 8pMeMCKMe Tpe60B8HMH; HO

CH8pf/)l(eHbl pOf/f1V1CTbl 6btf1V1 He-

ITaHIIIIeCKII 6emaJIII, ITpecJie):lyeMble

a TO )l(e apeMH K8pnl sen TaMHbte ne-

Cp8BHeHHO xy)l(e ( ,a8)1(e now8,aeM

«meJIe 3H060KIIMII» .

peroaopbt C WOTJ18HACKV1MV1 npeCBV1-

.anH nepeao3KM 6oenpMn8coa VIM

B HO-

npMXOAV1110Cb ,ao6b!B8Tb no nyrM);

BeJIH ITepeiTpaBIIJIIICb tiepe3 peKy

H6pe KOp0!1b 6e)l(8f1 H8 OCTpOB Y8MT.

6onee Taro, repu,or t8MMf1bTOH no-

PII66Jlb II ycTpeMIIJIIICb 3 a KOHHIIU:eil

TepV18H8MV1 (8arycT-OKTH6pb).

YTpoM

aBrycTa ITOJIKII KpoM-

352

3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: cppOHTa MIIJIIIIIIIeH lleHTpaJihHbiX rpacpCTB II aTaKOBaHHDie C ThiJia KOHHHIIeH KpoMBeJIH, KaiiHTYJIHPOBaJIH. illOTJiaH,IJ:IIhl IIOTepHJIH ,0:0 2 ThiC~ ~eJIOBeK y61ITbiMII II 8-9 ThiC~ IIJieHHDIMII, 5-ThiC~Ill: OTPM MoHpo 6e)l{aJI K rpann11e illoTJiaH,IJ:IIII. IIo6e,a:a rrapnaMeHTCKIIX BOHCK IIpii IJpeCTOHe peiiiiiJia IICXO,O: BTOpOro rrep1Io,a:a rpa)l{_a:aHcKoll: BOHHhi. 4 OKTH6pH KOHHHIIa KpOMBeJIH BCTyIIHJia B 3_a:IIH6ypr - CTOJIIIIIY illOTJiaH,IJ:IIII.POHJIHCThiJIIIIIIIIJIIIChOCHOBHOH CBOell: 6a3hl.

ABryCT-AeKa6pb 1648 r. nPOnAPJlAMEHTA. Y3H8B, '-ITO n8pn8MeHT

:::

·~' - :· ·- ~· ·- (

8pMI/1fl 38Hflfl8 f70H,ll,OH 1/1 CXB8TI/1fl8

:.~;/~///·/· d::fti'i '-'';/~~: .-·.::::::

,£J,p8ryH nonKOBHMK8 np8iii,£J,8 38Hfln

.....

T~BOCTOs:IH~E APM~~ ~

B0306HOBMn neperoaopbl c K8pnoM,

/~-/-/.:-:: ·_·

Koponfl, '-IT06bl cy,£J,MTb. Kor,£1,8 n8n8-

~'./

T8 06UJ,I/1H nOCT8HOBI/1fl8, '-ITO C,£J,efl8H-

o.·· ..·,.o

~-~///·;..:.

Hble KoponeM ycTynKI/1 anonHe ,£J,O-

2:({~i

CT8T0'-1Hbl ,ll,flfl ,ll,OCTI/1>KeHI/1fl C HI/1M com8weHMfl

..... ·-.:·

,£J,eK86pfl), oTpfl,£1,

ace no,£J,cTynbJ K BecTMMHCTepcKoMy

·; ":~:_::;

¥izD;.,,,

,ll,BOpu,y 1/1 no 38p8Hee COCT8BfleHHO-

Caymnopm

MY cnMcKy He nponycK8n H8 38Ce,£J,8HMe poflnMCTCKI/1 H8CTpoeHHbJX npeCBMTepM8H. l.l,l/11/1 -

pe3yflbT8Te 3TOM 8K-

T8K H83biB8eMOM «np8M,ll,OBOM

'-IMCTKI/1»

(6-7 ,£J,eK86pfl)-

1/13 n8n8-

Tbl o6w,MH 6blflO y,£J,8neHo 6onee CT8

napnaMeHTBpMeB, /11 60flbW/11HCTBO nony'-IMfll/1 I/1H,£J,eneH,£J,eHTbl.

28 ,£J,eK8-

6pfl n8pfl8MeHTCKOe «OXBOCTbe» npMHflflO nOCT8HOBfleHMe 0 Cy,ll,e Ha,£J,

Q~M • =

KOponeM 38 I/13MeHy 1/1 y'-lpe,ll,MflO ,ll,flfl 3TOIO BepxoBHblill cy,£1,.

pOHJlHCTOB

Hanpasne1-n1~

yJlapoB BOHCK napnaMeHTCKOH apMHH

30 SIHBapH 1649 r. KA3Hb KAPJlA I. nocne ynpow,eHHoro cy,£J,onpoM3BO,£J,CTB8 ( B «OXBOCTbe» TOH

HanpaBneHJ1e )'!\apa H OTXOLl BOHCK

apr11111

p0>1JlHCfOt3

38,£J,8B8n8 8pMMfl) Koponb 6blfl

o6e3-

m8aneH. KoponeacK8fl an8CTb 6blfl8 yHM'-ITO>KeH8, 1/1 npoao3m8weH8 pec-

MIIMhTOHa, KOTOpnlli:, ycJThiiiiaB o rroHBJieHHH rrpoTHBHHKa y IIpecToHa, rroBepeyn o6paTHO, HO HeO)I{H)J,aHHO HaTOJIKHYJICH Ha KOHHIIIJY rrapJiaMeHTCKOH apMIIII. BHe3aiiHo aTaKoBaHHaH IIIOTJiaH,IJ:CKaH KOHIIIIUa, He HMeH IIO,O:_a:ep)I{KH cBoell: rrexoTDI, 6nma pa36HTa. llyTh OTXO,O:a IIIOTJiaH,a:IIaM Ha CeBep 6hiJI OTpe3aH. 11M IIpHIIIJIOCh OTCTYIIHTh ~epe3 YIITaH Ha IOrroKCIITep. KoHIIIIUa KpoMBeJIH Bena HeoT-

CryiiHOe rrpecne,a:oBanne. «Harna KOHHHIIa, - IIHcan KpoMBeJTh, - yToMHnacn ,a:o II3HeMO)I{eHIIH, rrpecne,a:yH Bpara. Mni ~acTDIO rro6HJIH, ~acTDIO 3aXBaTHJIH II pacceHJIH BCIO ero rrexory, OCTaJiaCh JIIIIITh He60JThiiiaH ~aCTh KOHHIIIIhl, BMeCTe C KOTOpOH y6e)l{aJI repIIOr... EcJIH 61>1 Halllli KOHli MOrJIH 6e)l{aTh, MDI 61>1 3aXBaTHJIH IIX BCeX». B pall:oHe IOrroKCIITepa ocTaTKII apMIIII IIIOTJiaH,O:IIeB, CKOBaHHhie C

ny6nMK8, np8B,ll,8, 60flbWe H8nOMI/1H8BW8fl BOeHHYIO ,ll,I/1KT8Typy.

llfpnaH,ttCKaR KaMnaHVIR,

1649-1650 rr. B

1641-1649 IO,£J,8X,

noK8 H8 10re

aoea8nl/1 poflnMCTbl 1/1 «KpymoronoBble», a fl1pn8H,ll,l/11/1 He npeKp8w,8nMCb p83,ll,Opbl Me>K,ll,y 8Hifli/1MCKI/1MI/1 npoTeCT8HT8MM-pOflfli/1CT8MI/1, 38,£1,8888-

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA WMMM no,a Ha<!aflOM .[J;KeWMCa bamepa, repu.ora OpMoH,aa, TOH B )J,y6nvtHe, C O,aHOW CTOpOHbl, M vtpnaH,aCKMMM cenapaTMCTaMM, C ,apyrow. byHTOB~MKM, B CB0/0 O<!epe,ab, pa3,aenflflMCb Ha .aee <J>paKU.MM: Kamnvt<~ecKafl KOH</>e,aepaLJ.Mfl, B03maBnfln KOTOPYIO nancKMW HYHU.MW apxvtenvtcKon .[J;KoH PvtHY<~<~MHM, M aHmo-vtpnaH,acKoe MenKonoMeCTHOe ,aBOpflHCTBO; 3TOT paCKOfl OTp8)f(aflCfl BKOH</>flMKTe ,aByX apMMW- onbcTepcKow OysHa Poys O'Heii1na M newHcTepcKow Pvt<~ap.aa npeCTOHa, rpa<J>a)J,eCMOH,aa. B beH6ep6CKOM cp8)f(eHMM O'Heii1n pa36vtn apMM/0 «KpymoronOBbJX... no,a KOMaH.aoeaHvteM c9pa )J,)I(op,a)l(a MoHpo, a repu.or OpMoH.a c.aan )J,y6nvtH napnaMeHTCKOMY eowcKy nonKOBHMKa MawK!Ia .IJ;KoHca. AarycT 1649 r. POSIJU1CTCKOKATOJU.1YECKI!1~ COI03. Bo3maBvtBwvtw KOBnMU.M/0 )J,)I(eWMC bamep, repu.or OpMoH.a, no nopy<~eHM/0 KO-

pOHbl ycTaHOBMfl KOHTpOflb (XOTfl M ,aOBOflbHO WaTKMW) H8,ll, S1pnaH,avteW. npoTMBOCTOflflM eMy «KpymoronoBb/e» nonKoBHMKa MawK!Ia)J,)I(oHca. CeHTS16pb 1649 r. 8 lr1PJ1AHAlr110 OTnPABJlSIETCSI KPOMBEJlb. napnaMeHTnPMKa38n OnvtBepy KpOMBen/0 BOCCTaHOBMTb B S1pnaH,aMM BnaCTb bpMTaHCKOW pecny6flMKM. no,aaBMB apMeWCKMW MflTe)l(, KpoMBenb omnbm B S1pnaH,aMIO. CeHTS16pb 1649 r. PATMI!1HCKOE CPA)f(EHI!1E. PoflnvtcTbl repu.ora OpMoH.aa noTepnenvt nopa)l(eHvte OT «KpymoronOBbiX» nonKOBHMKa MawKna )J,)I(oHca. TamM o6pa30M, K npvt6bJTM/O Onvteepa KpoMBenfl poflnvtcTbl YKPbiBanvtcb B yKpenneHHbiX ropo.aax. CeHTS16pb 1649 r.- MaH 1650 r. TEPPOP KPOMBEJlSI. HeMe,aneHHo npvtcTynMB K nnaHoMepHow cepvtvt oca.a, Onvteep KpoMBenb 3aXBaTMfl maBHble onopHble U.eHTpbl

353 co/03a- )J,po9,ay ( ceHTf16pb), Y9KC<J>op.a ( OKm6pb), KnoHMen (MaW 1650 r.). 3a~MTHMKMKa;>K.aOW38XBa <ieHHOW KpenOCTM 6e3)1(aflOCTHO Bblpe3anvtcb; 9TO 6bma caMafl <~y.ao BM~Hafl, CaMafl M3yBepcKafl KaMnaHMfl 3a BC/0 6pvtTaHCK}'/O MCTOPM/0. MaH 1650 r. 803BPAll\EHir1E KPOMBEJlSI B AHrlllr110. npo.aon)l(aTb vtpnaH,acey/0 KaMnaHM/0 Onvteep K.poMBenb nopy<~Mn leHpvt AwpTOHY, 3,aMyH,ay fla.ll,JIOY M 4apnb3Y ct>nvtTBy,ay. )J,ByMfl ro,aaMM no3)1(e c.aancfl nocne,aHMW onnoT poflnvtcTOB B /sny9e (MaW 1652 r.). poflnvtcTcKo-KaTonvt<~ecKoro

Wornan,qcKoe soccraHHe, 1650-1651 rr.

1650-1651 rr. KOPOJlb lr1KOBEHAHT. nocne Ka3HM Kapna I WOTnaHQCKMenpeCBMTepvtaHe06bflBMflM KoponeM BenvtKo6pvtTaHMM ero CbJHa

Ka3Hb Kapna I 30 HH8aps~1649 roAa. 3To e.QHHCT8eHHbl"' cnY'fa"' 8 aHrnH"'CKO"' HCTOPHH, ~roma Koponb 6bln npe.QaH CYAY "ny6nH"4HO"' Ka3HH. rH6enb KoponH npH8ena 8 y}f(ac Aa}f(e MHOrHx ero 8paro8. Me}f(AY TeM OnH8ep KpoM8enb "APYrHe 80eHa'fanbHHKH-nypHTaHe C'fHTanH, 'fTO n>nbKO TaKHM cnoco6oM MOlKHO ycTaH08HTbb MHP 8 CTpaHe

354 Kapna 3HaTb

II.

3APO>K)J,EHli1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErlllllll/1 TAKTlllKl/1. 1600-1700 rr:

O,D,HaKo, npe)f(,ll,e 'leM np1!1-

ero MOHapxoM,

OH/11 noTpe6o-

weH 8 WOTflaH,D,/1110 111 KOpOH08aH ( 1 f/H8apfl 1651

I.).

TO 060pOHII1TeflbHYIO KaMnaH/1110; 11133a

ero

TaKT/tiK/11 8bJ)J()J(eHHOiii 3eMflfl1

1651 r. BTOP>KEHHE KPOMBEnSI B WOTnAHAHIO. ToMaC C/>epcjJaKC, 6apoH

naraTbCfl 111CKfli0'1111TeflbHO Ha ,ll,OCTa8-

HaeM-

KaMepoH, OTKa3ancR pyK080,ll,fi1Tb

weHI!1fl coKpaT/tlfl/11 apMMJO Onl!18epa

HbJM po>~nfl1cTcKII1M 8oiiicKoM. no-

WOTflaH,D,CK/11M nOXO,ll,OM. 0flfl18ep

KpOM8eflfl ,ll,O 11 Tb/Cf/'1 'lefl08eK, 111 OH

cKonbKY woTnaH,D,U,bl no,D,o3pe8anfl1

KpOM8enb, Ha3Ha'leHHbliii ma8HOKO-

OTCTyn111n cnep8a K Maccen6opo, a

8anfl1, 'IT06bl OH, 8 C8010 O'lepe,D,b, np1!13Han Top)J(eCT8eHHYJO fl111ry 111 Ko8eHaHT. TeM 8peMeHeM 1113 C/>paHU,/11111 np111nnblfl MapKII13 MOHTP03

l110Jlb-CeHTS16pb

«Kpyrnoron08bJM» np1!1XO,D,I!1nocb noKY np111naco8 MopeM. 5one3Hfl1 111 nf11-

8 HeM '1111CTOro po>~nfi1CTa, He no,ll,ll,ep-

MaH,D,YJOW,fi1M,

nepeceK rpaH111u,y

no TOM K Jl,aH6apy; womaH,D,CKafl ap-

)J(fl18aJOw,em Ko8eHaHT, OH/11 pa36111n111

C 16-Tb/Cf/'IHOiii apM1!1eiiJ (8 TOM '11!1C-

M/tlfl ou,enMna np111ner8JOW,1t1e xonMbl.

ero

ne no'IT/116 TbJCfl'l Ka8anep111111) 111 ,D,8111-

HO'Ib/0 woTn8H,ll,U,bl cnyCTII1fllt1Cb

Hync>~ K 3,D,fi1H6ypry. leHepan Jl,38111,ll,

XOflM08 Ha pa8Hit1Hy, paCC'Ifi1Tbl8afl,

6111T8e np111 Kap6111C,D,3iiine

(27 anpen>~

1650

cx8a'leH 111 Ka3HeH.

r.); A

MoHTpo3 6blfl

II,

3aKnJ0-

necn111, rpacjJ flfl18eH, no,D, Ha'lanoM

'ITO «Kpyrnorono8bJe» nonbJTaJOTCfl

co-

KOTOpOIO 6blfl/11 18 Tb/C>I'I neXOT111HU,e8

38aKy1!1p08aTbC>I MOpeM ( 2-3 CeH-

maCII18Wfi1Cb np1!13HaTb Top)J(eCT8eH-

1118 TbJCfl'l Ka8anepii1CT08, yMeno 111 oc-

Tfl6pfl).

HYJO fl111ry 111 Ko8eHaHT, 6bJn np111ma-

TOPO)J(HO MaHe8p1!1p08an, 8e,D,fl '1111C-

3 ceHTS16pSI 1650 r. AAHSAPCKOE CPA>KEHHE. KpOM8enb co-

'11118 C0/03

Kapn

npeC8111Tepll1aHaMII1 111

cpe,D,OTO'III1fl Ka8anep1!110 Ha ne8oM cjJnaHre 1t1 Ha pacc8eTe amKo8an. 3To HeO)J(fl1,ll,aHHOe Hana,D,eHII1e, 803ma8neHHOe Jl,)J(OHOM flaM6epTOM, OnpoK/tiHYflO 1t1 pa3Memno womaH,D,CKII1iii np88bliii cjJn8Hr. ( HO'Ib/0, ow11160'IHO nonarafl, 6y,D,TO 6111T8bl He 6y,D,eT, Jl,38111,ll, necn111 npii1Ka3an nRTepbiM 1113 K8)J(,ll,b/X WeCT/11 MYWKeTep08 nOTyWfi1Tb cjJII1Tfl1nlt1). «Kpyrnoron08ble» O,D,ep)J(afl/11 nonHy/0 /11 6e301080p0'1HYIO no6e,D,y: womaH,D,U,bl noTepRn/11

Tb/Cf/'1111 'lefl08eK y6111Tb/M/11 111

Tb/-

Cf/'1 6blfl/11 38X88'1eHbl 8 nneH, T0/,[1,8 K8K nOTepll1 KpOM8efl>l COCT88111flfl1 MeHbwe Tp1!1,D,U,aTII1 'leno8eK. leHep8n fleCn/11 OTCTyn111n K CTII1pfl1!1HIY. 00,D, 8nacTbJO Onl!18epa KpoM8enfl oKa3anacb 8Cfi/O)J(Hafl WoTnaH,D,fl1fl, 111 nyrb Ha 3,D,fi1H6ypr 6blfl OTKpbiT.

1650-1651

rr.

nEPEPbiB. no-

'IT/11 H8 ,[1,88 ro,D,8 80U,8pll1nCR x8oc, 8bl38aHHbliii, C O,ll,HOiii CTOpOHbl,

6o-

ne3Hbl0 0nM8epa KpoM8enfl, a

,D,pyroiii- pa3,D,OpaMII1 Me)J(,ll,y WOTfl8H,ll,CKII1Mfl1 cjJp8KU,fi1>1M/11. l110Hb-CeHTS16pb 1651 r. CTHPnHHr-BYCTEPCKASI KAMnAHHSI. Onlt18ep KpOM8eflb 8b/3,ll,O-

po8en 111 -

nocne pR,D,8 Hey,D,a'IHbJX

nOnbiTOK ,l1,01080p1!1TbC>I 0 Mlt1pHOM yperyn1!1p088Hfl1111 -

3ABOEBAHI1E YIPAAH,I\1111 AHf A11El1 B 1649-1652 rr.

MYHII1Kau,MRM

~ TioxoA KpoMBeAli B HpMHAHIO (15. VIII.1649-26. V. !650rr.)

Teppnoprm HpAaHAHH, -

K 1(6Hl!Y AeKa6pa 1649 r.

ITIIIIJ]

~eupa.11.10

---

rpaHH\&bl 06A3CTel:i

HO Ha-

Ha flOH,ll,OH. 00H8,D,efi8W/11Cb O,ll,Hfi1M

1652 r.

pewfi1TenbHbJM YA8POM 8epHyTb

li: cepCAHHe Ma11 1652 1'.

TPOH, Kapn II nonanc>~ 8 paccTa8neH-

fpaHnga TeppHTOpHH, BbJA:eAeKHOD 4A.9 DOCeJI.eHHft HpA3HAgeBt COI'A8CRO 3HI'AHiiCKOMY ,.AKTY 06 fCTpoeHHJI

J1pJI.3HAHH~ ' (aKT OT 26)):.J653r-)

co CTMpnMHmM,

MepeHHO OCTa8/118 OTKpbiTOiii ,ll,Opory

sasoeBaHHbie

no8en 8PMII110

K nepTy, yrpo)/(afl poRnfi1CTCKII1M KOM-

·30

60all

HYJO KpoM8eneM no8YWKY.

apMM-

eiii reHepana Jl,381!1,D,a necn111 OH 8bJ-

3AnA)J,HAs:l EBPOnA

355

orracHaH AJIH 6nara HapoAa». lfepe3

CO CBOHM OCHOBHblM TOprOBblM KOH-

ABa AHH ee cyAh6y pa3AeJIHJia rraJTaTa

KypeHTOM- rrpoTeCTaHTCKOH fOJI-

JIOpAOB.

19 MaH B TOp)f(eCTBeHHOH o6-

CTaHOBKe AHrJIHH 6hiJia o6nHBJieHa

1651

roJJ:y «Ha-

BHraUHOHHOrO aKTa», 3arrpemaBrnero

pecrry6JIHKOH.BCH3aKOHO):(aTeJibHaH

BB03 B AHrJIHIO HH03eMHbiX TOBapoB

BJiaCTb B CTPaHe rrpnHaJJ:Jie)f(aJTa Te-

HHa'Ie, KaK Ha aHrJIHHCKHX cyJJ:aX HJIH

rrepb OJJ:HOIIaJiaTHOMY rrapJiaMeHTY

cyJJ:aX TOM CTpaHhl, r):(e 3TH TOBaphi

B JIHU:e IIaJiaTbl o6mHH. <l>aKTWieCKH

IIpOH3BO):(HJIHCb, IIpHBeJIO K BOHHe

)f(e 3TO 6hiJI TOJibKO OCTaTOK rrapJia-

C fOJIJiaH):(HeH . .IJ:oporoCTOHil.laH MOp-

MeHTa, «OXBOCTbe», TaK KaK H3 COT-

CKaH BoliHa eme 6onee o6ocTpHJia He-

HH OCTaBaBIIIHXCH B HeM 'IJieHOB 3a-

AOBOJibCTBO B CTpaHe.

50-60

Epo)f(eHne B Maccax II orracHOCTb

"!eJIOBeK. l1CIIOJIHHTeJibHaH BJiaCTb

HapO):(HOrO BOCCTaHHH rro6y):(HJIH

Ce):(aHHH rrocemano He 6onee

AaH6apcKoe cpa>KeHI/Ie

JiaH):(HeH. l13JJ:aHHe B

6biJia <PopMaJibHO Bpy'IeHa H36paHHO-

KpoMBeJIH K pernnTeJihHbiM AelicTBH-

MY rrapnaMeHTOM cpoKoM Ha OJJ:HH roJJ:

HM.

focyJJ:apCTBeHHOMY COBeTy, HO H3

11 He HBJIHJIHCb 0):(-

20 arrpeJIH 1653 ro):(a OH C IIOMO-

Il.lbiO BOeHHOH CHJibi pa30rHaJI «OXBO-

cTymm BJJ.Oflb 3ana.D.HOIO no6epe-

ero 'IJieHa TOJTbKO

){(bR Ha 101 ( 31MJOnR). KpoMaenb npM-

HOBpeMeHHO 'IJieHaMH rrapJiaMeHTa.

rrycK

B focyJJ:apcTBeHHOM coBeTe BCIO

co6pamrn, y)f(e IIOJIHOCTbiO ll3)f(HBIIIero ce6H K 3TOMY BpeMeHH II rrpeBpa-

Ka3an flaM6epTy cneJJ.OBaTb

era

CTbe» «.IJ:onroro rrapnaMeHTa». Poc3HaMeHHTOrO

KOr)J,a-TO

ell.je

BJiaCTb ocymecTBJIHJia o<Pnn:epcKaH

BbtCTynMTb 1/13 Hb/0-

BepxyrnKa apMHH BO rJiaBe c KpoM-

THBIIIerOCH B HeHaBHCTHYIO ):(JIH BCeX

Kacna K YoppMHITOHy, a Ml/1fli/1LJ,I/11/1

BeJieM. TaKHM o6pa3oM, CTOJib Top-

OJIHrapXHIO, He Bhi3BaJI KaKHX-JIH60

KaaanepMeill 3a poRnMCTaM//1, OJJ.HOi!t apMM//1 -

CpeJJ.MHHbtX rpae/JCTB noToM,

Ha ceaep.

)f(eCTBeHHO rrpOB03r JiarneHHaH pec-

rrpoTeCTOB B CTpaHe; HapOA CO'IYBCT-

B3RB nepT (2 aarycTa),

rry6JIHKa Ha JJ:eJie 6hma JJ:HKTaTypoli

BOBaJI 3TOMY aKTY, Ha):(eHCb Ha C03biB

KpoMaenb cTpeMMTenbHbtM Map-

HH):(eiieH):(eHTCKHX reHepaJIOB, JIHllib

HOBoro, 6onee JJ:eMoKpaTH'IecKoro

weM ( OKOflO 35 KM B JJ.eHb) Bb/CTynMfl

IIpHKpbiTOH rrapJiaMeHTCKHM <Paca-

rrpeJJ:cTaBHTeJihHoro opraHa.

BJJ.Oflb BOCTO'-/H0/0 no6epe){(bfl, C0-

JJ:OM. fpa)KJJ:aHcKaH BORHa 3aKOH'IH-

6MpaR no nyT//1 JJ.06pOBOflbLJ,eB 1/13

nacb, HO rrpaBHTeJibCTBO II He JJ:yMa-

1653

MeCTHOM Ml/1fli/1Ll,l/11/1. BoeHHbte I/1H){(e-

JIO OTMeHHTb HH aKQH3HbiX c6opOB,

3BaHHbiH MaJihiM, HJIH Eep6oHCKHM

Hepbt KpoMaenR cpo'-IHO coopyJJ.Mfl//1

HH JJ:pyrHX BOeHHblX HaJIOrOB. 3a HC-

rrapnaMeHTOM 1 , He 6biJI H36paH o6bi'I-

MOCTbt '-lepe3 peK//1 TMM 1/1 CeaepH, 1/1

KJIIO'IeHHeM IIpOB03rJiaiiieHHH pec-

HbiM IIOpHJJ:KOM ITO rpa<PcTBaM II ro-

Co6paBrnnlicH B HIOJie Toro )f(e roJJ:a HOBhiH rrapnaMeHT, rrpo-

'-!eTbtpe aHmMiiiCKMe apMM//1 OKPY){(//1-

rry6JIHKH, He 6biJIO ocymecTBJieHO HH

pOJJ:aM. Ero 'IJieHbi <PaKTWieCKH 6hiJIH

n//1 womaHJJ.u.ea 6nM3 Bycmpa.

OJJ:HO H3 MHOrO•-IHCJieHHblX Tpe60Ba-

Ha3Ha'IeHbi focy):(apCTBeHHblM COBe-

3 ceHTS16pSI 1651 r. BYCTEPCKOE CPA>KEHIIIE. HecMOTPR Ha no-

HHH «HapoJJ:Horo cornarneHHH».

TOM H3 'IHCJia peKOMeH):(OBaHHbiX Me-

BcH IIOJIHTHKa HHAerreHAeHTCKOH

CTHblMH HH):(eiieH):(eHTCKHMH BJiaCTH-

JJ.aBnR/Oll.jl/1i7t '-IMCneHHbti!t nepeaec

pecrry6JIHKH HMeHHO K TOMY II CBO-

MH 'IJieHOB HH):(eiieH):(eHTCKHX KOH-

npOTI/1BHOi7t CTOpOHbl, 16 Tb/CR'-1 WOT-

):(HJiaCb, 'IT06bi BCeMepHO 06Jier'IHTb

rperaUHH.

naHJJ.LJ,eB JJ.06neCTHO 61/1fli/1Cb npOT//18

o6orameHne 3a c'IeT TPYJJ:OBhrx Mace

0JJ:HaKO II 3TOT «IIapJiaMeHT CBH-

30 Tb/CR'-1 aHm//1'-laH (20 Tb/CR'-11/13 KO-

JJ:OpBaBIIIHXCH ):(0 BJiaCTH rrpeJJ:CTaBH-

TbiX», KaK ero HpOHWieCKH Ha3hiBaJIH coBpeMeHHHKH, He YAOBJieTBopnn

TOpbtX COCTaBflRfla apMMR «HOBOill MO-

TeJieH 6yp)f(ya3HH II HOBOrO ):(BOpHH-

JJ.efl//1>> ). WomaHJJ.U.bt6btfll/1 yH//1'-fTO){(e-

CTBa. Pecrry6nnKa rroJIHOCTbiO rrpeHe-

HH):(eiieH):(eHTCKYIO BepxyrnKy apMHII.

Hbt '-IYTb nM He noronoaHo; a WoTnaH-

6perana HHTepecaMH KpecThHH, T. e.

BcJieACTBHe ycnJIHBrnerocH HeJJ:o-

Jl.//1/0 aepHyfli/1Cb 0'-/eHb HeMHO/I/1e -

Toro KJiacca, ycHJIHHM KOToporo oHa

BOJihCTBa B cTpaHe B MaJihiH rrapna-

60Jibllie BCero 6biJia 06H3aHa CBOHM

MeHT BOIIIJIO MHOrO pa):(HKaJibHbiX

a TOM '-IMCne Kapn

II,

npORBMBWMill

ce6R JJ.06necTHbtM BOMHOM. BcKope

cymecTBOBaHHeM. B TO caMoe BpeMH,

CeKTaHTOB, KOTOpbie IIpOBeJIH 'Iepe3

OH 6blfl BbtHy)f(Jl.eH 6e){(aTb BO ctJpaH-

KaK KpeCTbHHCTBO Ha rJia3aX y rrap-

Hero HeKOTOpbie ):(eMOKpaTH'IeCKHe

Ll,//110. 0TJJ.eflbHbte p0Rfli/1CTCKI/1e Kpe-

JiaMeHTa CrOHHJIOCb C 3eMJIH HOBbiMH

pe<PopMbi -

nOCT//1 JJ.ep){(afli/1Cb .£1.0 MaR 1652 IOJJ.a,

co6cTBeHHHKaMn, rrapnaMeHT pa3):(a-

CKyiO perHCTpaUHIO 6paKOB, C03):(aJIH

KOIJJ.a CJJ.ancR 3aMoK ,ll.JOHerrap. Ha

BaJI HMeHHH pOHJIHCTOB apMeHCKOH

KOMHTeT ):(JIH KOJJ:lllPHKaUHH aHrJIHH-

3TOM !p8)f(JJ.aHCKI/1e BOMHbl KOH'-II/1fli/1Cb.

BepxyiiiKe: ep<PaKcy 6biJIH «IIOJJ:ape-

CKOrO rrpaBa, IIbiTaJIHCb YHWITO)f(IITb

TbiCH'I

IIpOCJiaBHBIIIHHCH BOJIOKHTOH II B35f-

lPYHTOB CTepJIHHrOB ro):(OBOro JJ:OXO-

TO'IHH'IeCTBOM KaHQJiepCKHH cyJJ:,

Hhi» 3eMJIH, IIpHHOCHBIIIHe

PECnYSni!IKA, 1649-1660 rr.

ycTaHOBHJIH rpa)f():(aH-

):(a; KpoMBeJib B JJ:Ba rrpneMa rrony'IHJI AKTOM rrapnaMeHTa OT

1649

MapTa

roAa KoponeBcKaH BJiaCTb

HMeHHH C ):(OXO):(OM B

TbiCH'I lPYH-

TOB CTepJIHHrOB.

o6nHBJIHJiach YHM'ITO)f(eHHOH KaK

J1H):(eiieH):(eHTCKaH pecrry6JIHKa

«HeHy)f(HaH, o6peMeHIITeJibHaH II

BCTYIIHJia B O)f(eCTO'IeHHYIO 6opb6y

1 ITocJIC!lHCC aa3samtc )laHo 6biJIO CMY no liMCHII O)lHOrO II3 aKTIIBHblX 'IJICHOB napm!MCHTa -

BJia)lCJibl(a KOlKCBCHHOH MaCTCpCKOH

Ecp6oaa.

356 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: )'MeHbiiiHTb HaJIOrOBOe 6peMH, OTMeHIITb u:epKOBHYIO ,O:eCHTIIHy, COKpaTIITb 'lliCJieHHOCTb apMllll. Bee 3TD Ka3aJIOCb «rpaHnaM» CTOJib rn6eJibHbiM nJIH cy,o:e6 6ypmya3Holl: co6cTBeHHocrn, 'ITO HOBbiH napJiaMeHT 6biJI pacnyru:eH tiepe3 TIHTh MeCHIJ:eB nocJie era C03biBa. Ilo3nHee KpoMBeJib c ymacoM BcnoMIIHarr o nemeJibHocrn Eep6oHcKoro napJiaMeHTa: 3To co6paHIIe 3aiiiJIO, no era MHeHIIIO, B CBOIIX HananKaX Ha co6cTBeHHOCTb TaK ,o:aJieKo, 'lTD 6biJIO rOTDBO OTIDITb y TOrO, KTO BJia}J;eeT }J;BYMH KOpOBaMII, onHy, tJ:To6bi nepe,o:aTb ee He IIMeiOru:eMy HIItJ:ero. C pocnycKOM Marroro napJiaMeHTa pecny6JIIIKa cpaKTIItJ:eCKII 6biJia JIIIKBIIJJ:IIpOBaHa. KoMIICCIIH non pyKoBoncTBoM reHeparra JiaM6epTa coCTaBIIJia HOBYIO KOHCTIITyU:IIIO, TaK Ha3biBaeMoe Opyniie ynpaBJieHIIH. 3Ta KOHCTIITYU:IIH, ono6peHHaH 16 ,o:eKa6pH 1653 ro,o:a focynapcTBeHHbiM COBeTOM, pa3neJIIIJia BJiaCTb Mem,o:y Jiop,o:oM-npoTeKTopoM AHrJIIIII, illoTJiaH):(IIII II lipJiaHniiii (rnTyJI, npiiCBOeHHbiH KpoMBeJIIO), focynapcTBeHHbiM COBeTOM II napJiaMeHTOM. HoBaH KOHCTIIryU:liH, cpopMaJibHO 6oJibiiie Bcero 3a6ornBIIIaHCH o «pa3,o:eJieHIIII BJiacTell:», Ha ,o:eJie npiiBeJia K nOJIHOMY COCpe,O:OTOtJ:eHIIIO BJiaCTII B pyKax npoTeKTopa. KpoMBeJib 6biJI rJiaBHOKOMaHJJ:YIOII(IIM apMIIII II cpJIOTa, OH KOHTpOJIIIpOBaJI cpiiHaHCbi II cy,o:, PYKOBOJJ:IIJI BHeiiiHell: noJIIITIIKoll: II B nepepbiBax Memey cecciiHMll napJiaMeHTa II3,0:aBaJI Op,O:OHaHCbi, IIMeBIIIIIe CIIJIY 3aKOHa. Co3biBY nepBoro napJiaMeHTa npoTeKmpaTa npeniiieCTBoBaJIII }J;Ba Ba)f(HbiX co6blrnH: II3JJ:aHIIe op,o:oHaHca 0 nOJIHOM rocy,o:apCTBeHHOM CJIIIHHIIII IlloTJiaH}J;llll II lipJiaH}J;IIII c AHrJIIIell: II 3aKJIIOtJ:eHIIe BblronHoro MIIpa c foJIJiaH}J;IIell:. Co6paBIIIIIHCH 3 ceHTH6pH 1654 rona napJiaMeHT BKJIIOtJ:aJI HeMarrOe KOJIIItJ:eCTBO pecny6JIIIKaHU:eB (Epe,o:IIIoy, fe3Jibpiir, CKoTT II ,o:p. ), He meJiaBIIIIIX MIIpHTbCH c HeorpaHIItJ:eHHoll: no cyru:ecTBy BJiaCTbiO npoTeKmpa. Ilo,o: IIX BJiliHHIIeM napJiaMeHT HatJ:aJI CBOIO neHTeJibHOCTb C Taro, 'ITO no,o:Bepr CO-

MHeHIIIO KOHCTIITYIJ:IIOHHble nOJIHOMOtJ:liH npoTeKTopa. He c,o:eJiarrii era 6oJiee no,o:aTJIIIBbiM HII nOBTOpHbie yBeii(aHIIH KpoMBeJIH, HII HaCIIJibCTBeHHoe y,o:arreHIIe II3 era coCTaBa 6oJiee COTHII ,o:enyTaTOB, OTKa3aBIIIIIXCH no):(TIIICaTb 3aHBJieHIIe 0 npii3HaHIIII cyru:eCTBYIQII(ero nOJIHTIItJ:eCKOrO nopHJJ:Ka. 22 HHBapH 1655 ro,o:a napJiaMeHT 6biJI pacnyru:eH. Ho BCJien 3a 3TIIM npOTeKTDp OKa3aJIC5I JIIJUOM K JIIIU:Y c TpynHell:IIIell: 3anatJ:ell: II3biCKaHII5I cpencTB nJIH nonOJIHeHliH Ka3Hbl. HecMoTpH Ha TO 'ITO noxonHaH tJ:acTh 6IO):()f(eTa nocrnrJia B 1654 roey orpOMHOH U:IIcppbi B 1,5 MIIJIJIIIOHa cpyHTOB CTepJIIIHrOB, ,o:ecpiiU:IIT B Ka3HatJ:eHCTBe COCTaBJIHJI 6oJiee 500 TblCH'I clJYHTOB CTepJIIIHrOB B ro,o:. )J;JIH CTa6IIJIII3aU:IIII 6IOnmeTa Tpe6oBaJIOCb pe3KO COKpaTIITb pacxonbl Ha CO,O:epmaHIIe a pMIIII II cpJIOTa, HO KpoMBeJib II era ocpiiUepcKoe oKpymeHIIe nOJIHOCTbiO OTnaBaJIII ce6e OTtJ:eT B TOM, 'ITO apMIIH HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHOH onopoll: npoTeKTOpaTa . Il03TOMY, HeCMOTpH Ha HaCTYTIJieHIIe noJirom,o:aHHoro MIIpa, B cTpaHe u:eJIIIKOM COXpaHHJIOCb o6peMeHIITeJibHOe HaJIOrOBOe o6JIO)f(eHIIe BOeHHOro BpeMeHII - aKU:II3bi, TaK Ha3biBaeMoe nOMeCHtJ:HOe 06JIO)f(eHIIe II T. n . - Bee 3TD JJ:JIH mro, 'IT06bl coxpaHIITb nOCTOHHHYIO apMIIIO, tJ:IICJieHHOCTb Kompoll: B 50-e ro,o:bl ,o:oIIIJia yme no 60 TbiCHtJ: tJ:eJioBeK. PacTyru:ee HenoBOJibCTBO B CTpaHe nonbiTaJIIICb IICnOJib30BaTb B CBOIIX u:eJIHX «KaBaJiepbi» . B MapTe 1655 ro,o:a B pH}J;e ropo,o:oB 6biJIII pacKpbiTbi poHJIIICTCKIIe 3aroBopbi, a B ropone CoJic6epii BCTibiXHYJIO OTKpbiToe BOCCTaHIIe. C npyroll: CTOpOHbi, B CTpaHe aKTIIBII3IIpOBaJIIICb neMOKpaTIItJ:eCKIIe 3JieMeHTbi, 0 tJ:eM CBIIneTeJibCTBOBaJIO pacnpoCTpaHeHIIe HOBbiX peJIIIrii03HbiX CeKT. Jiopn-npoTeKTop 0JIIIBep KpoMBeJib BBeJI HenpiiKpbiTyiO BOeHHYIO niiKTaTypy. JieTOM 1655 rona BCH CTpaHa 6biJia pa3,o:eJieHa Ha 11 BOeHHO-aJJ:MIIHIICTparnBHbiX OKpyroB, BO rJiaBe KOTOpbiX 6biJIII nocTaBJieHbi reHepaJI-Mall:opbi . Kam,o:blll: II3 HIIX 6biJI KaK 6bl npoTeKTOpOM B MIIHIIaTIOpe. B IIX BeneHIIe nepenaBarrocb

a6COJIIOTHO BCe, Ha'lliHaH OT KOMaH):(OBaHIIH MIIJIIIUIIeH rpacpCTBa II c6opa HaJIOrOB II KOHtJ:aH Ha):(30pOM 3a HpaBCTBeHHOCTbiO HaceJieHIIH. Ee3 pa3peiiieHIIH reHepaJI-Mall:opoB HeJib35I 6biJIO Hli OTKpbiTb TaBepey, Hli npoii3Hecrn nponoBe}J;b. BcHKIIe c6opiiru:a Hapona pa3rOHHJIIICb, name 6e306IInHble TpaJJ:IIU:IIOHHble MaCCOBble YBeceJieHIIH (neryiiiiiHble 6oii, noKa3 npiipytieHHbiX Me}J;Benell:, BblcrynJieHIIH )f(OHrJiepoB, KaHaTHbiX nJIHCYHOB II T. n .) cTporo 3anperu:aJIHcb. Bmpoll: napJiaMeHT npoTeKTopaTa OTKpbiJICH 17 CeHTH6pH 1656 rona. HecMoTpH Ha KOHTpOJib reHepaJIMall:opoB 3a Bbi6opaMII, B HeM OKa3aJIOCb HeMaJIO pa):(IIKaJibHbiX 3JieMeHTOB, II focy,o:apcTBeHHOMY COBery npliiiiJIOCb c caMoro HatJ:aJia oTBecrn notJ:TII 100 nenYTaTDB-pecny6JIIIKaHu:eB, Heyro}J;HbiX npOTeKmpy. IlepBbiM aKTOM 3TOrO napJiaMeHTa 6biJIO YHIItJ:TomeHIIe pemiiMa reHeparr-Mall:opoB. )J;arree naJiamll: 6biJI noCTaBJieH Bonpoc o peopraHII3au:llll caMoll: BepXOBHOH BJiaCTII. C 3TDH U:eJibiO 25 MapTa 1657 rona napJiaMeHT cneu:IIaJibHbiM roJIOCOBaHIIeM ( 143 npoTIIB 63) npiiHHJI TaK Ha3biBaeMYIO CMIIpeHHYIO nernu:IIIO, B Kompoll: npe,o:JiaraJiocb «npociiTb KpoMBeJIH npiiHHTh TIITyJI KOpOJIH». «TIITyJI npOTeKTOpa,-apr)'MeHTIIpOBaJianarraTaCBOe npe):(JIO)KeHIJe,- COBepiiieHHO Heii3BeCTeH aHrJIIIllCKOMY npaBy, B TD BpeMH KaK CaH KOpOJIH cyru:eCTBOBaJI B TetJ:eHIIe MHOriiX CTOJieTIIH». Ilo,o: naBJieHIIeM ocpiiUepcKoll: BepXyiiiKII, He meJiaBIIIeH paCCTaBaTbCH CO CBOIIM BJIIIHHIIeM B rocynapcTBe, KpoMBeJib BbiHym,o:eH 6biJI oTKa3aThcH oT KopoJieBcKoro rnryJia. Ho 3TD He noMeiiiaJio napJiaMeHTy npiinaTb era BJiacrn xapaKTep cpaKrntJ:eCKII KOpoJieBCKIIH. TIITyJI npoTeKmpa 6biJI o6bHBJieH HaCJienCTBeHHbiM B CeMbe KpoMBeJIH. BocCTaHaBJIIIBarracb BepxH5I5I narraTa B cocTaBe He 6oJiee 70 II He MeHee 40 nO)f(ll3HeHHO Ha3HatJ:eHHbiX npoTeKTDpOM tJ:JieHOB. 26 IIIOHH 1657 ro,o:a HOBaH KOHCTIITYIJ:IIH 6biJia BBeneHa B nell:cTBIIe. Ho II BTopoll: napJiaMeHT npoTeKTopaTa He npoHBIIJI meJiaHIIH CTaTb nOCJIYIIIHbiM opy,o:IIeM KpoMBeJIH. BMecTo Taro tJ:T06bi BOTIIpOBaTb HOBble HaJIOrii,

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

357

,JJ,enyTaThi napJiaMeHTa 3aTe11JIH 6ecKOHe<JHhlit CIIOp 0 npaBOMO<JHliX BepxHeit rraJiaThi. KpoMBem> rrocneiiiHJI Bee Holt

1658 ro,JJ,a pacrrycTHTh H 3TOT

rrapJia.MeHT. K 3TOMY BpeMeHH AHrJIHJI HaxoAHJiacb y:>Ke B cocT011HHH BOitHhi c HcIIaHHeit. Ern:e B ,JJ,eKa6pe

1654 ro,JJ,a B

BecT-llHAHIO 6hiJia arnpaBJieHa aHrJIHitCKaJI BOeHHaJI 3KCIIe,JJ,HUHJI. 0,JJ,HaKO Ha)J,e:W.,r{hl Ha JierKyiO H rrpH6hiJihHYIO BOitHy B AMepHKe He c6hiJIHCb. BMecm HaMe<JeHHoro 3axBaTa 3crraHbOJibi (faHTH) aHrJIH<JaHe AOJI:lKHbi 6bmH YAOBOJibCTBOBanca 33XBaTOM Apyroro, MeHee BIDKHOro HcnaHcKoro OC1pOBa- HMaitKH. AAMHpaJI BJieitK 3axBaTHJI qacn HcnaHcKoro «cepe6pJIHoro q)JioTa», HO 3Ta A06hl<Ja oKa3aJiacb KanJieit B MOpe BOeHHhiX paCXO)J,OB. 4>HHaHCOBOe IIOJIO:>KeHHe IIpOTeKTOpaTaCTaJIO ern:e 6oJiee Hanp11:lKeHHhiM. focy,JJ,apCTBeHHhlit )J,OJir COCTaBJIJIJI He3a)J,OJIro AO cMepTH KpoMBeJIJI

2 MHJIJIHOHa

<}lyHTOB cTepJIHHroB. B pe3yJihTaTe BOitHhi, 3aKphiBIIIeit AJIJI aHmHitCKHX TOBapoB BHeiiiHHe phiHKH, CTpaHa CHOBa rrepe:>KHBaJia TII:lKeJihlit TOproBO-IIpOMbiiiiJieHHbiit KpH3HC. «BC11 TOproBJIJI 3ana)J,HOI'O 6epera AHrJIHH no,JJ,opBaHa,- nHcaJI OAHH coBpeMeHHHK. TepJIJI

250

BpHCTOJib no-

Kopa6Jieit, 3axBa<JeHHhiX

K. <S>a6pi11.\11YC. YcHyawHi'i ap~ee6ya11p. 1654 r.

BparoM. BhiB03 cyKHa B faM6ypr co

100 ThiC11'I

eycKOB B ro,JJ, yrraJI )1,0

ThiCJI<J, B 3cceKce H Ce<}l<j>oJI Ke pa3o-

yAep:>KaTbCJI Ha 3TOM nOC'I)'. He o6-

peHhl ThiCJI<JH ceMeit». CHTH, He Bepa

Jia)J,aJI HH IIOJIHTH<JeCKHMH, HH BOeH-

BOJIIO KpynHOit 6yp:lKYa3HH H pa360raTeBIIIHX 3aBpeMJI peBOJIIOUHH Kpy-

6oJiee B ycTOit<JHBOCTh HOBOI'O pe:>KH-

HhiMH ,JJ,apoBaHHJIMH, OH C CaM Oro Ha-

roB HOBOrO )J,BOpJIHCTBa, reHepaJI

Ma, OTKa3aJIO KpoMBeJIIO B KpeAHTe.

<JaJiaOKa3aJICJI MapHOHeTKOit B pyKax

MoHK, KOMaHAOBaBIIIHit aHrJIHitCKH-

XOT11 A06JieCTb KpoMBeJieBCKHX

apMeitcKoit KJIHKH. KaK TOJibKO oH

MH BOitCKaMH B lliOTJiaH)J,HH, npe,JJ,-

coJI,JJ,aT eiiie pa3 6hiJia npo,JJ,eMoH-

BCTYIIHJI C Heit B KOH<j>JIHKT, eMY IIpH-

IIpHHJIJI B KOHUe

cTpHpoBaHa B aHrJIO-HCilaHCKOit BOlt-

IIIJIOCb OTKa3aTbC11 OT 3BaHHJI npOTeK-

TioHAOH c UeJibiO IIOMep:>KaTb MO-

He H npHHecJia AHrJIHH Ba:>KHbiit

mpa (BecHoit

1659 r.).

HapxH<JeCKH HaCTpOeHHYIO JIOH)J,OH-

1659 I'O)J,a ilOXOA Ha

onopHhlit nyHKT Ha KOHTHHeHTe-

IIocJie,JJ,yiOll.laJI cMeHa HeCKOJib-

CKYIO 6yp:>KYa3HIO. BcKope MoHK

ropOA ,lJ;IOHKepK (Ha rro6epe:lKbe Tia-

KHX IIpaBHTeJibCTB, C B03Bparn:eHHeM

BcryrrHJI B rrpJIMbie rreperoBophl c KO-

MaHIIIa), O,JJ,HaKo HHKaKHe BOeHHhle

Ha HeKOTOpoe BpeMJI K BJiaCTH «OX-

poJieM-3MHrpaHTOM KapJioM II Hero

ycrrexH Y:>Ke He MOrJIH rrpeAOTBpaTHn

BOCThJI» «,Il;oJiroro napJia.MeHTa», H

ABopoM B ropo,JJ,e Bpe,JJ,e (foJIJiaHAHJI)

IIOJIHTH<JeCKOI'O KpH3HCa pecny6JIH-

O:lKHBHBIIIHeCJI HapO,JJ,Hhle )J,BH:>KeHH11

06 ycJIOBHJIX peCTaBpauHH MOHap-

KH. BcJI CHCTeMa rrparet..--ropaTa c He-

qacTbiO JieBeJIJiepcKoro, qacTbiO aHa-

XHH.

H36e'A<HOCTbiO BeJia K pecTaBpaUHH

6arrTHCTCKoro THIIa, B036y,JJ,HJIH B

HOBhlit

MOHapXHH.

cpe,JJ,e HMYIIIHX KJiaccoB c1pax rrepeA

MeHT- KOHBeHT, B KOTOpOM 60Jib-

CMepTb KpoMBeJIJI 3 ceHTJI6pa 1658 ro,JJ,a ycKopHJia KpyiiieHHe pe:>KH-

HOBoit cMyToit. B 3Toit cpe,JJ,e Bee

IIIHHCTBO COCTaBJIJIJIH npeCBHTepHa-

6oJiee 3peJI 3arOBOp B IIOJib3Y «3a-

He H «KaBaJiepbi». KoHBeHT caHKUH-

Ma rrpoTeKTopaTa. ChiH 0JIHBepa

KOHHOit AHHacTH H CTIOapTOB». Opy-

OHHpoBaJI B03Bparn:eHHe CTIOapmB,

KpoMBeJIJI PH<JapA, rrpoB03rJiaiiieH-

AHeM 3TOI'O 3aroBopa CTaJI peaKUH-

cnycT11 MeCJIU KapJI

Hhlit IIpOTeKTOpOM, He CMOr )J,OJirO

OHHbiit reHepaJIHTeT. BhlnOJIHJIJI

HO BCTYIIHJI B TIOHAOH.

25 anpeJIJI 1660 ro,JJ,a co6panc11 yqpe,JJ,HTeJibHhlit

rrapJia-

II Top:>KecTBeH-

358 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. 1649-1652r~ BOEHHOMOPCKASl PE <POPMA. rTpucrpac-

rue OnuBepa KpoMBenR K pecpopMupoBaHM/0 apMI111 OTpa311nOCb He TOnbKO Ha apMMI1 «HOBOTO o6pa3Ua», HO 11 Ha BOeHHOM cpnore. rloKa cy~e CTBOBana bpi1TaHCKaf/ pecny6nMKa, cpnOT nononHI1nCR 207 HOBb/MI1 KOpa6nRMM ( 40 113 KOTOpb!X 6b!flM BBe,aeHbl B crpo!li Me)l(,ay 1649 11 1651 Tr.). Ha cMeHy poRnucrcKoMy Ka611HeTy BepXOBHOTO nop,a-a,aMI1pana M C03,aaHHOMY ,aflfl Hy;K.£1. BOeHHOTO BpeMeHM MopCKOMY COBeTy napnaMeHra np11wen KoM11rer qaMI1panoB ( 1649 T.). KoMurer yny'lWI1n cHa6)1(eHI1e ¢nora npo.aoBonbcrBueM, a Ta/OKe CI1CTeMaTM311POBBn Bbmnary )l(anoBaHbR 11 BBen cneuuanbHble ,,npi130BbJe .aeHbTI1•' 3a noronneHue unu 3BXBaT cy,aoB npori1BHI1Ka, a KpOMe TOTO, Ha3Ha'lMn «MOpCKI1MM TeHepanaMM» rpex BOeHa'lanbHI1KOB, KOMaH,aOBaBWI1X B Tpa)l(.aaHCKYJO BOWHY cyxonyrHbiMM BollicKaMI1: 3.ayap.aa rToneMa, P114ap.aa ,£l11Ha 11 Po6epra bnelliKa ( Bnocne.aCTBMI1 6onbWe npO'li1X OTfll1411nCR bnelliK). KoM11rer 6bm npeo6pa3o-

BaH B A.o,Mupanre!liCK}'/0 KOMMCCI1/0

soopy:>KeHHble ycoseprneHCTBOBaH-

( 1652 r.); 3TOT opTaH u pa3pa6oran

Holt rmt,AKOCTBOJII>HOlt apTHJIJiepHelt,

nepBoHa'lanbHbllli Bapl1aHr BoeHHOMopcKoTo ycTaBa.

eHHO-TeXHH'IeCKOlt OCHOBOlt 3TOrO

9 OKTS16pSI 1651 r. nEPBbll/t cc3AKOH 0 MOPEnJlABAH~IIb.

a,z:I_MHpaJioB- roJIJiaH,AUeB MapTeHa

3ra aHTI1TOnnaH,aCKaf/ Mepa 38KOHO.aarenbHO Bocnpe~ana 11Mnopr roBapoB KaKMMM-nM60 cy,aaMM, KpOMe aHmMWCKMX 11n11 Henocpe,aCTBeHHO crpaHbi-3Kcnoprepa.

nepsaR aurno-ronnau.qcKaR BOHHa, 1652-1654rr. KoHcpnuKT- npei1My~ecTBeHHO BOeHHO-MOpCKOW- B03HI1K maBHb/M o6pa30M 113-3a CTOnKHOBeHI1fl ropTOBbiX MHTepecoB, oco6eHHO B OTHOWeHI1M KOnOHManbHb/X TOBapOB 113 Ocr-l1H.auu. B xo,Ae nepsolt aHmo-roJIJiaHAcKolt BOltHbl (1652-1654 rr.) CJIO:>KHJIHCb ycJIOBHH AJIH B03HHKHOBeHHH

61>1JIH He06XO,AHMOlt 06'bef..'THBHOlt BOpa3BHTHH. BoltHaBI>lABHHyJiaH HOBI>lX TpoMna H PJOltTepa, o6o6masrnHx 6oesy10 npaKTHKY H cnoco6cTBosaslliHX pa3BHTHIO TeOpHH BOeHHO-MOpCKOro HCKYCCTBa.

19 MaS11652r. CTOJlKHOBEy AYBPA (VInl'l y fy.QBHHOBbiX necKOB). BolliHa Ha'lanacb c TOTO, H~E

'lTO Po6epr bnelliK, c 3CKa.apo!li B .f1Bql1UaTb Bb/MnenOB narpynl1pOBaBWI1W fla-MaHW ( Bnocne,aCTBMM 'li1Cno Kopa6ne!li B03pocno .ao copoKa C ni1WHMM), aTaKOBan TOnnaH,aCKMW ¢nor a,aMI1pana MapreHa TpoMna, nocne TOTO KaK eMy He 6b!fl0 pa3peweHO OCMOTpeTb TOnnaH,aCKMW rpaHcnopr, cne.aoBaBWI111i 113 Ocrl1H,al111. rTorepRB ,aBa cy,aHa, TonnaH.aUbl orcryn11nu.

HOBOro nepHO,Aa B pa3BHTHH BOeHHO-

~~nb1652r.06bS1BJlEH~E

MOpCKOro HCKYCCTBa, CTpaTerHH H

801/tHbl. 28 ceHTS16pSI 1652 r. CP.A)I(EH~E Y KEHT~W -HOKA. C 3CKa.apo!li 113 60 Kopa6ne!li Po6epr GnelliK

TaKTHKH napycHoro <!>JioTa. CneuHaJihHI>le BOeHHO-MOpCKHe KOpa6JIH,

pa3611n TOIIJiaH,aCKMW cpnoT npi1MepHO raKolli )l(e 'll1cneHHocru. Hey,aa'le TonnaH.a~eB cnoco6cTBoBana nl1'lHaR Bpa)I(,D,a Me%,ay no,a'li1HeHHb/MM ux a.aMupana KopHen11yca Burre .ae Burra.

30 HOS16pSI 1652 r. 6~TBA nP~ AYHfEHECCE. AaMupan MapreH TpoMn, BOCCTaHOBneHHb/W B ponu noBen K JO)I(HOMY no6epe)l(bJO AHmuu yc11neHHbiW ¢nor 113 80 Kopa6ne!li ( B,aBoe 6onbwe, 'leM 6bmo y bnelliKa) 11 o.aep)l(an pew11renbHYJO no6e.ay. KOMaH,ayJO~eTO,

18 <t>eapanSI 1653 r. CTOJlKY nOPTJlEHAA. C 3C-

HOBEH~E

raneoH «6peAepoe» (ronnaHAHH, 1650 r.) c o6bl'fHoro THna napycaMH Ha TPex Ma'fTaX H6nHHAOM. CVAHO HMeno ronbKO OAHY 6aTape10 113ABeHaA"'aTH19-$yHTOBbiX OPYAH~, MIOC AB9H3A"'3Tb He6onbWI1X nyweK Ha rnaBHO~ nany6e. raneOH Gbln $narMaHCKHM CYAHOM MapTeHa TpoMna, KOTOpbl~ nor116 Ha ero GOPTY ao apeMH 6HTBbl np11 WeaeHHHreHe npoma aHrnH'faH a 1653 r. PaaMepbl: AnHHa -39M, Wl1pi1H3 no nany6e- 5,35 M, BOA0113Mei1(9HI1e- 1112 T, KOM3HA3366 'feJJOBeK

Ka,apo!li B 70 Kopa6ne!li Po6epr bnelliK CKPbJTHO npecne.aoBan KapaBaH TonnaH,acKux ropTOBbJ!Ii cy,aoB, 3CKopTMpyeMbJIIi cpnoroM MapreHa TpoMna. l13-3a TycroTo ryMaHa 3CKa,apa bnelliKa or.aenunacb or ocHOBHbJX Cl1n aHTni1WCKOTO cpnora 11 y rTopmeH,aa CTOnKHynacb C 80 KOpa6nRMI1 TpoMna. KoT.aa no.aown11 OCHOBHbJe aHTnMWCKI1e Cl1nbl, TOnnaH,a~bl OTCTynMnl1 ( 18 cpeBpanR).

3AnNJ,HA~ 20 <t»eBpanSI 1653 r. CPA>KEHII1E Y MbiCA 6111~111-XEA. ,aayxIJ.HeaHoe npecne/],oaaHMe paspewMnocb O>KeCTO'IeHHbiM cpa>KeHMeM. 0oTepf/B 17 BOeHHbiX KOpa6neiii M 6onbwe 50 TpaHcnopma, MapTeH TpoMn c TPYIJ.OM cyMen yaecTM To, 'ITO ocTanocb. AHrnMiiiCKMe noTepM cocTaaMnM OKano 10 Kopa6neiii. CaM Po6epT 5neiiiK 6bm Tf/>Keno paHeH B 3TOM 6010. MapT 1653 r. BblnYCK nEPBOrO BAPII1AHTA «60EBbiX 111HCTPYKU111~h. B HMX ocfJMJ4ManbHO npe/],nMCb!Banocb Menon bsoaaTb nMHeiiiHoe nocTpoeHMe, 'IT06bl onTMManbHeiii Sa/],eMCTBOBaTb OrHeBy/0 MOll.lb 6opToaoro sanna. 2-3 IIIIOHSI 1 653 r. 6111TBA Y rA66APA-6AHKII1. KoMaHAOBaBWMe aHrnMMCKMM rpnOTOM ,4MH M )J.>KopiJ.>K MoHKM (nocne/],HMiii f/Bnf!nCfl ell.je 0/],HMM reHepanoM, CTaBWMM a/],MMpanoM) npM CTOnKHOBeHMM C TpoMnoM cne/],oaanM «5oeab!M MHCTPYKJ4Mf/M». Kor11.a c 13 Kopa6nf!MM npM6bm Po6epT 5neiiiK, M rannaHAJ4bl noTepf/nM 20 CYIJ.OB, MapTeH TpoMn 6blfl BbiHY>KIJ.eH OTCTynMTb. AHrnMiiiCKMiii rpnoT npecne/1,oaan era 11.0 caMora no6epe>KbfllonnaHAMM. II110Hb-11110nl• 1653 r. 6110KAAA H111AEP11AHAOB. B KOHJ4eKoH/4DB, npe/1,npMHf/B OTBneKa/Oll.jMM MaHeap, aAMMpan MapTeH TpoMn cyMen aoane'lb ,4>KOPIJ.>Ka MoHKa a HeSHa'IMTenbHOe CTOnKHOBeHMe M Bb!Wen a Mope Ha coeAMHeHMe c KopHenMycoM BMTTe 11.e BMTTOM (25 M/Onf/). 31 11110nS1 1653 r. WBEHII1rEHCKOE (111n111 TeKcencKoe) CPA>KEHII1E. 06be1J.MHeHHbliii rannaHIJ.CKMiii rpnoT 'IMCneHHOCTb/0 OKano 100 KOpa6nefii nonb!Tancfl npopaaTb 6noKaAY. 0ocne npe/],BapMTenbHOrO CTOnKHOBeHMf/ HaKaHyHe, KOr/],a HM 0/],HOM MS CTOpOH /1,06MTbCf/ nepeaeca He y11.anocb, 31 M/Onfl cocTof/nacb o>KecTo'leHHafl /],BeHa/],J4aTM'IaCOBaf/ 6MTBa. 00/1, KOMaH/],OBaHMeM ,4>Kop/1,>Ka MoHKa no6e11.y OIJ.ep>Kan aHrnMiiiCKMiii rpnoT, 'IMCneHHOCTb KOTOporo npMMepHO COOTBeTCTBOBana ronnaHACKoiii.lonnaHA/4blnoTepf/nM 30 KOpa6neiii M 1 600 MOpf/KOB; nom6 M caM MapTeH TpoMn. AHrnMiii-

359

EB PO nA

CKMe noTepM 6blflM B/],BOe MeHbWe. 5onbWe B 3TY BOMHY SHa'IMTenbHbiX CTOnKHOBeHMfii He npOMCXO/],MnO.

5 anpenSI 1654 r. BECTMII1HCTEPCK111~AOrOBOP.IonnaHIJ.Mfl BbmnaTMna AHrnMM KOHTpM6YJ4MIO M cornacMnacb co6n1011.aTb «3aKoH o MopennaaaHMM». Oco6biH mrrepec 3TOT KOHcPJUIKT rrpe):(CTaBm:IeT He TOJibKO ITOTOMy, 'ITO 6biJIO BrrepBbie Y3aKOHeHo JIHHeilHoe 6oeBoe rrocTpoeHHe Kopa6Jieil c rrpoMemyrn:aMH B 100 MeTPOB, HO TaKme BBHAY mro, 'ITO aHrJIHilcKoe rrpaBHTeJibCTBO, na6bl 3apy'IHTbCH o6meCTBeHHOH ITOAAepmKOH, BrrepBbie rrpH6erJio K rrporraraHne (KoM. aBT. ).

MaH/],OBanM apMMf/MM reHepanMaiiiopbl. 1655 r. 3AXBAT ~MA~KII1. Bo apeMfl Heo6bf!BneHHoiii aoiiiHbl c 111cnaHMeiii paHee oTnpaaneHHafl Ha 5ap6a/1,oc (AeKa6pb 1654 r.) 3KcneIJ.MJ4Mfl MS 2 500 con/],aT no11. KOMaHIJ.OBaHMeM a/],MMpana YMnbf/Ma neHHa M reHepana Po6epTa BeHa6neca- nnoxo cHapf/>KeHHafl, He1J.MCJ4MnnMHMpoaaHHafl M cTpa/],a/Oll.jaf/ aT AMSeHTepMM - saxaaTMna flMaiiiKY(Maiii). B OTBeT 111cnaHMfl o6bf!BMna AHrnMM aoiiiHy.

1656-1659 rr. AHr110-111CnAHCKA~ BO~HA. AHrnMf/ npMCOe/],MHMnacb K QJpaH/4MM a nonbiTKe 6pOCMTb Bb!SOB MCnaHCKOM rereMO-

HMM B fi1H/1,Mf/X.

15op&6a apMHIIf llf napnaMeHTa, 1653-1660 rr.

20 anpenSI 1653 r. POCnYCK «OXBOCTbSh. Yrny6neHMe pacKona Me)I(IJ.y apMMeiii M napnaMeHTOM, KynbMMHaJ4Meiii KOToporo f/BMnocb Bbi/],BM>KeHMe napnaMeHTOM SaKOHOnpoeKTa 0 pa/],MKanbHOM COKpall.jeHMM apMMM, npMBeno K TOMy, 'ITO CTa BWMiii nop/],OM- npoTeKTOpOM OnMaep KpoMaenb, pacnycTMB napnaMeHT M rocy/],apCTBeHHbiM COBeT, y'lpe/],Mn HOBbliii coaeT M Manbliii, TaK HaSb!BaeMbliii 5ep6oHCKMiii napnaMeHT ( MnM «0apnaMeHT CBf/TbiX» ). 1654-1655 rr. 60EBbiEAE~ CTBII1~ nPOTII1B TYHII1CCKII1X KOPCAPOB. Po6epT}' 5neiiiKy 6bmo npMKasaHo oTnnb!Tb a CpeiJ.MSeMHOMOpbe BO maae 3CKa/],pbl MS 24 KOpa6nefii ( HOf/6pb). ,4o6MBWMCb OT BenMKOrO rep14ora TocKaHcKoro BbmnaTbl KOHTpM6YJ4MM, 5nefiiK SaTeM aTaKOBan Kopcapoa M OIJ.ep>Kan 6necrnll.lYID no6e11.y y nopm-QJapMHbl. MapT-Maiii 1655 r. M~TE>K nEHPAAOKA. nonKOBHMK ,4>KOH neHpa/],OK aosrnaaMn B YMnTWMpe pof/nMCTCKMiii Mf/Te>K, KOTOpb!M, 0/1,HaKO, acKope 6bm no/],aaneH. 1655 r. BOEHHA~ PEOPrAH1113AU111~. OnMaep KpoMaenb noAenMn AHrnM/0 M Y3nbc Ha 11 aoeHHbiX OKpyroa, Ka>K/],b!M MS KOTOpb!X CO/],ep>Kan apMM/0 (sa c'leT /1,eCf/TMnpoJ4eHTHoro Hanoroo6no>KeHMfl pof/nMCTCKOM C06CTBeHHOCTM); KO-

9 ceHTS16pSI 1656 r. 3AXBAT 111CnAHCKOrO JlOTA C COKPOBII1W,AMII1. OH 6bm ocyll.jecTaneH 6nMs KaAMCa KanMTaHoM PM'IapiJ.OM CT3iiiHepoM. 1656-1657 rr. nOC11EAH111E n06EAbl 611 E~ KA. 3MMoiii Po6epT 5neiiiK ycnewHo npoaen nepay10 B MCTOpMM 06WMPHYIO MOpCKY/0 6noKa/1,y McnaHcKoro no6epe>Kbf/. BecHoiii oH npMaen caoiii rpnoT a raaaHb CaHm-Kpyca ( Ha o-ae TeHepMrpe, KaHapcKMe ocTpoaa) M yHM'ITO>KMn 6 KapaaaHOB C COKpOBMll.jaMM, 10 3CKa1J.p conpoao)I(IJ.eHMfl M 6 rpopTOB (20 anpenfl 1657 r.); 3TO 6bmo HaM6onee 3rjJrjJeKTMBHoe cpa>KeHMe sa BC/0 BOMHY. Ha o6paTHOM nYTM B AHmM/0 Po6epT 5neiiiK yMep. 3 ceHTS16pSI 1658 r. K B11ACTII1 nPII1XOA111T PII1~APA KPOMBEJlb. nocne CMepTM OnMaepa KpoMaenfl nopiJ.OM-npoTeKTopoM 6bm npoaosmaweH era Cb!H PM'IapiJ.. 0THOWeHMfl Me>KAY apMMeiii M napnaMeHTOM ( COSBaHHbiM B f/HBape 1650 r.) npO/],On>KanM YXYIJ.WaTbCf/. nocne /],eMoHcTpaJ4MM cMnbl aoeHHbiMM PM'Iap/1, KpoMaenb pacnycTMn «KopoTKMiii napnaMeHT» (22 anpenf/). 7 MaSI 1659 r. HOBbl~ C03biB «OXBOCTb~» «AOJlroro nAPJlAMEHTA». 5YAY'IM He a cocTOf/HMM KOHTpOnMpOBaTb HM apMM/0, HM napnaMeHT, PM'Iap/1, KpoMaenb no11.an B OTCTaBK}f. ApMMfl, n0/1,aBMBpOflnMCTCKMe Mf/Te>KM, saxaaTMna anacTb M

360 3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. pacnyCTfllna Ill 3TOT napnaMBHT (OKTfl6pb). 7 HOS16pSI 1659 r. nMPEHEMCKMM .D.OrOBOP. 3 ct>espanSI 1660 r. K BJlACTL-1 nPMXOAMT MOHK. B Hapo,n,e W//1plllnOCb HB,ll,OBOnbCTBO nOnfiiT//1'-IBCKOM aKTIIIBHOCTb/0 apMIII//1. LfyacTBYfl 3TO, IBHepan /l,)f(Op,ll)K MOHK 3aXBaTflln BnaCTb, OnfiTb C03Ban «OXBOCTbB» Ill BOCCTaHOBflln npiiiOpiiiTBT ipa)f(,ll,aHCKI/IX anaCTHb/X CTPYKTYP Ha,£1, BOBHH~M//1 (¢eapanb-MapT 1660 1.).

PECTABPALI,HR CTIOAPTOB, 1660-1700 rr. Mali~

1660 r. PECTABPAU.MSI KAPJlA II. Ena,--o,n,apfl no,n,,n,ep)f(Ke leHepana /l,)f(Op,ll)Ka MoHKa Kapn II BBpHynCfl Ha npeCTOn. npiiiHLJ, /l,)f(BMMC, IBpU,OI J/topKCKIIIM, 6bln Ha3Ha'-IBH BBpXOBHb/M nop,n,-a,ll,MIIIpanOM ( BnOCnB,ll,CTB//11/1 nOMOUJ,HIIIKOM

y HB/0 Cn}/)Kflln TanaHTnfiiBBMWI/IM C3M/Oen neniiiC), a MOHK- IBHepanKanfiiTaHOM. ApMIII/0 coKpaTfllnfll ,n,o nfiT//1 Tb/Cfl'-1 LfBnOBBK ( OKTfl6pb). Lfepe3 HBCKOnbKO neT B WoTnaH,ll,//1111 npOIII30WnO -Ill BCKOpe 6bJnO C neiKOCTb/0 no,n,aaneHO - BOCCTaHIIIB np111aep)f(eHu,ea KoaeHaHTa ( 1666 1.).

BTopaR aHrno-ronnaH,qcKaR soiltHa, 1665-1667 rr.

HaXO):(HJIHCh ITO):( y):(apaMH aHrJIHHCKOro cpnoTa, pacrronaraBIIIero 6oJihiiiHM KOJIHqeCTBOM MOpCKHX 6a3. B

rrepBoli aHrJio-ronnaH):(CKOH

aHrJIHqaH HBJIHJIHCh MOpCKHe C006IQeHHH ronnaH):(u;eB. Bo BTopo:i1: BonHe CTpaTernqecKaH QeJih aHrJIHHCKO-

Top,--oaoe conepHIII'-IBCTBO cHoaa nepepocno B aHinO-IOnnaH,ll,CKy/0 aoiiTHy. B 1663 1o,n,y aHinfll'-laHe aTaKoaanfll lnaBHb/M IIICTO'-IHI/IK IOnnaH,£1,CKOM pa6oTop,--oanfll - 3ana,n,Hoa¢PIIIKaHCKflle nopTbl ( OKTfl6pb), a B cne,n,y10w,eM 1o,n,y 3axaaTfllnfll HoabJilt AMcTep,n,aM 111 nepe111MeHoaan111 e1o a Hb/0-J/topK. fJiaBHhiM TeaTJ)OM BOeHHhiX ,r:(eHCTBHH 6hiJIH CeBepHoe Mope, AHrJIHHCKHH KaHaJI H ,r_:(yBpCKHH rrpOJIHB.

St.P\\OE

6• nonbiTKa ronnaH.nuea BbiHf• parb Berep He y.nanacb H3· 3a nnoxoif MaHeapeHHOCTH HX Kopa6nei1

3• OrKpbiTHe aprHnnepHHCKoru orHR. Bnepable qlllOTbl aenH 6ol1 8 crpo10 KHJibBarepHbiX KOIIOHH. Kopa61111 aHrJtH'IaH, YJiepltiHBaR 60/lbWYIO .QHCT3H· UHIO, HCnOilb30BaJIH npeHMyutecrso csoeii 6onee MOU!HOH aprHnnepHH

10• AHrnHiiCHHe Kopa6JtH, noaepHyB ,.see anpyr," c6nH3HJtHCb C npoTHBHHKOM BnllOT- 10• HYIO H CHOBa OTKpbiJtH OfOHb

~~ AllMHPAR~ "' 6'1

lS• HoHeu 6oR. norepPB 32 KOpa6JtR ('laCTH'I·

RH05 Ofl,4AM

"".:::::..

HO 8 pe3yllbTaTe aTaHH 6paH,nepaMK), fOil• JJaH.ncKHe Kopa6nH orcrynKIIH K ocrpoay TeKcen qJnOTOB: aHrnJ1i1CKoro

COXpaHHTh 3,r:(eCh CBOe rOCIIO):(CTBO. MopcKHe coo6meHHH ronnaH):(U:eB

BOHHe OCHOBHhiM 06'heKTOM ,r:(eHCTBHH

OYCTOct>TCROE CPAffiEHHE 13HIOHJI1665r.

3TO 6hiJI y3eJI MOpCKHX TOprOBhiX rryTeH rOJIJiaH,r:(QeB, CTpeMHBIIIHXCH

<==¢:::Jt-

Y<JaCTKH cpa>KeHHA: aHrnHflcKoro ¢noTa I

ronnaH.ACKoro

ro cpnoTa 3aKmoqanach B 3aBoeBaHHH rOCIIO):(CTBa Ha MOpe rryTeM pa3rpoMa rOJIJiaH,r:(CKOrO cpJIOTa. Il03TOMY MOpCKHe 60H rrpeCJie,r:(OBaJIH peiiiHTeJihHhie u:enn. fOJIJiaH,r:(Qhl TaK)I{e CTpeMHJIHCh K yHnqTo)l{eHHIO cpnoTa rrpoTHBHHKa H pa3pyiiieHHIO ero Ba)I{HeHIIIHX MOpCKHX 6a3.

Mali~ 1665r. 06bSIBJ1EHME BOMHbl. 0Ho fiBfllnOcb cne,n,cTBflleM TOIO, '-ITO IOnnaH,ll,Ll,bl OTBOBBanfll3aXBa'-leHHb/B y HI/IX 3ana,n,Hoa¢piiiKaHCKIIIB nopTbJ, a M111x111en ,n,e PIOiiTTep Hanan Ha Eap6a,n,oc. 13 HIOHSI 1665 r. CPA>KEHME Y JlOYCTOc:bTA. A,n,MIIIpan f1Ko6 aaH BacceHap On,n,aM no a en 1onnaH,n,CKflliiT ¢noT 1113 100 Kopa6netlt Ha 3axaaT KapaBaHa aHinfiiMCKIIIX TpaHCnopTOB c np111nacaM111, B03Bpaw,aawe,--ocflfll3 /aM6yp1a. npOTIIIBOCTOfln eMy MOUJ,Hb/M aHiniiiMCKIIIM ¢noT 1113 150 KOpa6neilt n0,£1, KOMaH,ll,OBaHIIIBM npiiiHU,a /l,)f(BMMCa ( nOMOianfll BMY npiiiHU, PynepT; a,n,MIIIpan C3p YlllnbfiM neHH; 3,n,yap,n, MOHTBI/0, ipa¢ MaHLfBCTep 111 1pa¢ CaH,n,BIII'-1). B KpoaonponfiiTHoiiT 6//ITBB IOnnaH,ll,CKIIIM ¢nOT 6bJn pa36111T; no11116n111 caM On,n,aM, a,n,MIIIpan KopTeH3p 111 aHinflliiTCKflliiT a,n,MIIIpan /l,)f(OH floycoH. Eonee 30 IOnnaH,ll,CKI/IX KOpa6neilt 6blnfll nOTOnneHbl. KopHen111c TpoMn ( CbJH MapTeHa TpoMna) IIICKYCHO npiiiKpbln OTX0,£1, IOnnaH,ll,Ll,BB. 0TKa3 npiiiHU,a /l,)f(BMMca OT npecne,n,OBaHfllfl pa36111TOIO npOTI/IBHIIIKa npiiiBBn K OTCTpaHBH//110 B/0 OT KOMaH,ll,OBaHfllfl; Ha B/0 nOCT 6bJn Ha3Ha'-leH 1pa¢ CaH,n,Bfll'-1. AsrycT1665~ 6EPrEHCKOE CPA>KEHME./pa¢ CaH,n,BIII'-1 npecne-

,ll,OBan K8p8B8H f0flfl8H,ll,CKI/IX Tp8HC-

1 ronnaH.ACKHX :3CKa.np

nopTOB, WB,ll,WIIIM 1113 fiTH,ll,IIIM C Ll,BHHb/M

3AnA,ll,HAs:l EBPOnA rpy30M, M 3arHan

361

a raaaHb Eep-

reHa, HO nO/], OIHBM 6epBIOBb/X 6aTapei7t Bb/Hy>K,ll,BH 6btn OTCTynMTb. AHmMfl 06bfiBMna j},aHMM BOiJtHy; BCKOpe npM6btn /l,B PIOiJtTep V1 OTKOHBOMpoaan TpaHcnopT Ha oCTpoa TeKcen.

SIHsapb 1666 r. Cl>PAHLI,l'ISI BCTYnAET B BO~HY nPOTlJIB AHrJll'llJI. 1-4 i'IIOHSI 1666 r. '"IETbiPEXAHEBHOE CPA>KEHlJIE. leHepanKanMTaH jl,)f(Op/1,)/( MOHK, nO/], Ha'lanOM KOTOpOIO HaXO/],MnCfl C/JnOT B COCTaae 80 Bb/Mnenoa, OTp>l/l,Mn npMHu,a Pynepm c 3CKa/l,poi7t M3 25 Kopa6nei7t nepexaaTMTb ¢paHu,y3CKMi7t C/JnOT, KOTOpbtilt, KaK OWM60'IHO nonaran MOHK, /l,BM/8nCR Kfla-MaH-

wy M3 Cpe/l,M3BMHom

MOP>~ ( KOHeu,

MaR). jl,e P10iltTep BbtCTynMn npoTMB MOHKa, MMBfl nO/], KOMaH/],OBaHMBM 80 KOpa6nei7t.

lfBTbtpBX/l,HBBHOB

cpa)f(BHMB Ha'lanOCb aHrnMi7fCKOi7f amKoilt y CeaepHoilt Kocbt ( 1 MIOHR); KOI/l,a K mnnaH/l,LJ,aM npM6btnM no/1,KpenneHMR, MOHK 6btn BbiHY)f(!l.BH Ha'laTb OTCTynnBHMB (2 MIOH>I). 3aTBM aepHynacb 3CKa/l,pa npMHu,a Pynepm, 3a/l,ep)f(aHHaR He6namnpMRTHbtMM BBTpaMM ( BB'IBp 3 MIOH>I). nocne 0)f(BCTO'IBHHOIO CTOnKHOBBHMfl, B KOTOpOM aHmM'IaHe nOTBp>lnM 20 Kopa6nei7t, MoHK M PynepT OT-

(2-9ceHm6pR1666r.), aonpeKMKa-

Cf>paHLJ,MM HBCKOnbKO 8BCT-l1H/l,CKMX

(4 MIOHR},

TempM'IBCKMM B03pa)f(BHMRM MOHKa

OCTpOBOB, Cf>paHLJ,Mfl OT AHmMM -

Kompoe !l.B PIOiltTBp 3a6noKMpoaan.

nOCTaBMn C/JnOT Ha fiKOpR V1 pacnyc-

AKa/l,M/0 1•

25 ..,IOnS! 1666 r. CPA>KEHlJIE Y CEBEPHO~ KOCbl {illnill B AeHb CBSITOro SIKOBa). npoM3BB/l,fl pe-

TMn 3KMna)f(M. lonnaH/l,LJ,bt C/l,enanM BM/1,, 6y/l,TO TaK)f(B pa30py)f(MnMCb.

13 HHBapH 1668 r. TPO~ CTBEHHbl~ COI03. OH 6btn o6pa-

MOHT V1 nepeOCHalljBHMB C/JnOTa,

l'I10Hb1667r. MEAY3~CKlJI~ PE~A AE PIO~TEPA. lonnaH/l,CKMilt

WBB/l,bl V1 /l,aT'IaHe MCnb/Tb/BanM ona-

jl,)f(OP/1.)/( MoHK aTaKoaan, npopaan

C/JnOT HBO)f(M/l,aHHO BOWen B yCTbB

CBHMfl B CBf/3M C C/JpaHLJ,Y3CKMMM npM-

6noKa/l,y M pa36Mn 3CKa!l.PY !l.B Ptoilt-

TeM3bt, no/l,HRncR no MB!l.Y3to, nom-

Tf/3aHMRMM Ha McnaHCKMe HM!l.BP-

Tepa, KOTOpbtilt noTBpfln OKOnO 20

nMn nO nyTM MHO)f(BCTBO KOpa6neiJt,

naH/l,bt.

MoHK npocne/l,o-

B TOM 'IMCne HBCKOnbKO BOBHHbiX, V1

aan K ronnaH/l,CKOMY no6epe)f(b/O,

HB /],OWen /1,0 flOH/l,OHa KaKMX-HM-

MaV. 1670 r. AYBPCKlJI~ AOrOBOP. AHmMiltCKaR nonMTMKa npe-

CTynMnM B yCTbB TBM3bl

Kopa6nei7t.

3amM

30BaH M3-3a T0/0, 'ITO aHmM'IaHe,

1/l,B aTaKOBan TOpiOBbiB Cy/l,a, CTORB-

6y/l,b 30 KM. 8 CO'IBTaHMM C nOCnB/1,-

Tepnena pa3aopoT Ha 180 rpa/l,ycoa:

WMB Ha f/KOpe B KaHane Cf>nM, V1 YHM'I-

CTBMf/MM 'IYMbl V1 nO)f(apa 3TOT 'lpB3-

Kapn II 3aKniO'IMn c fliD!l.OBMKOM XIV

TQ)f(Mn 160 V13 HMX.

Bbt'lai7tHO 3C/JC/JBKTMBHbti7t y/l,ap

3acm-

TaiJtHbtilt /1,0/0BOp, nO ycnOBMf/M KOTO-

AsrycT 1666 r. - i'IIOHb 1667 r. MlJIPHbiE nEPErOBOPbl. Tenepb

BMn aHmM'IaH cepbB3HO 03a60TV1Tb-

pom EpMTaHMR o6R3btaanacb o6ec-

Cfl 3aKnto'IBHMBM MMpa.

ne'IMTb BOBHHO-MOpCKy/0 n0/1,/],Bp)f(-

mnnaH/l,LJ,aM MMP 6btn Heo6xo/l,MM

KY ¢paHu,y3CKMM KaMnaHMRM a HM-

HM'IYTb HB MBHbWB, 'IBM aHmM'IaHaM,

21 iiiiOnSI 1667 r. 5PEACKlJI~ MlJIP. 80i71Ha OKOH'IMnaCb C/JaKTM-

KOTOpbtB /1,0 CMX CTpa/l,anM OT CMnb-

'IBCKM BHM'Ib/0; anpO'IBM, ycnOBMR

y CB6R KaTOnMLJ,V13M}, 3a 'ITO Cf>paHLJ,Mfl

Heiltweilt 3nM/],BMMM 'IYMbl ( 1665-

/1,0/0BOpa 6btnM CC/JOpMynMpOBaHbl

/],On)f(Ha 6btna 8)1(810/l,HO Bbtnna'IM-

/l,epnaH/l,ax (a TaK)f(B BOCCTaHOBMTb

1666 11.). noKa wnM nepemaopbt,

'IYTb-'IYTb 6naronpMRTHei7t !l.fl>l ron-

Kapn II, )/(a)/(/],aawMilt nocKopee cnpa-

naH/l,u,ea, KOTOpbiB, npaB/],a, npM3Ha-

BMTbCR C nocne/l,CTBMRMM 3nM/l,BMMM

aanM npaao aHmM'IaH Ha Hoabtilt AM-

KaHa/lCKllX rrponHHI\HH Honall IlloTrraH/lHll 11

M BenMKoro flOH/l.OHCKoro no)f(apa

CTBp/l,aM.

HhiO-EpaHcyMK.

AHinMfl nony'lana

1 AKa/Ufll -

TcppMTOPllll conpcMCHHhiX

362

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

eaTb 200 TbJCfN nuepoe. Kopa6nu, nO'lTVI 'leTbJpe ro.aa CTOf/BWVJe 6e3 .aena, CpO'lHO BBO.ll.VlflVICb B CTPOW.

row .aep)l(aeow, - a Y?K TeM 6onee c o6eVJMVI O.tJ.HOBpeMeHHO.

TOPOMY npHcoeAHHHJIHCh lliBeU:HJI H

B pe3yJihTaTe BTopolt BOltHhl roJITper&R anrno-ronnan.qcKaR BOMHa, 1672-1674 rr. 3Ta arpeCCMBHaf/ BOWHa 6bma co3HaTenbHO cnpoBO/..IMPOBaHa AHrnMew M 4>paHL~Mew. lonnaH.tJ.Mfl He XOTena BOeBaTb HM C TOW, HVI C .ll.PY-

AHmHH AJIJI 6op1>6hl c foJIJiaHACKolt pecny6JIHKOlt 3aKJIIO'IHJIH COI03, K KOKHJI)KecTBa KeJihH H MIOHcTepH.

JiaHAU:hl IIOTepJIJIH CeBeporu.tepHKaH-

TIJiaH coi03HHKOB HaMe'IaJI Ha-

CKHe KOJIOHHH, HO B03BpaTHJIH CypH-

crynJieHHe IIpOTHB foJIJiaHAHH C Tpex

Hru.t (fBHaHY) H A06HJIHCh OTMeHhi

HanpaBJieHHlt; C MOp.si- aHmo-4>paH-

HeKOTOphlX cTaTelt HaBHran:HoHHoro

U:Y3CKHlt <}>JIOT, C IOra- <}>paHU:Y3CKaJI

aKTa. 0AHaKO aHrJIH'IaHe C1peMHJIHCh

apMH.si, C BOCTOKa- apMH.si HeMeU:-

K AOCTH)KeHHIO IIOJIHOlt no6eAhi Ha,LI.

KHX KH.si3elt.

foJIJiaHAHelt. KopoJIH paHU:HH H

foJIJialfAU:hl peiiiHJIH Ha cyiiie o6opoH.siThCJI, OIIHpaJICh Ha CHCTeMY Kpe-

«IJ.e 3eBeH npoBVIHceH» (HVIAePA8HAbl, 1665 r.)~narMaHCKVlj;i tropa6nb aAMVlpana AePIOib'epa

IIOCTelt, a Ha MOpe ah.'THBHhlMH AeJ;iCTBH.siMH He AOIIYCTHTh COeAHHeHHJI aHrJIHltcKoro H <}>paHU:Y3CKoro <}>JioTOB H HaHeCTH HM IIOpiDKeHHJI.

13 MapTa 1672 r. HAnAAEHIIIE AHf JliiiYAH HA fOJlJlAHACKIIIPI TPAHCnOPT 1113 CMIIIPHbl (coap. III3MHP a Typl.\HH). C9p Po6epT XonMc aTaKoean e J1a-MaHwe ronnaH.acKoe TOproeoe CY.ll.HO, O.tJ.HaKO TOMY y.aanocb YWTM.

MapT-MaH 1672 r. nOAfOTOBKA K BOPIHE. (CM. yxonyTHble 6oeebJe .aewcTBVJfl.) noKa ronnaH.aCKVJW a.aMupan .ae PIOWTep opraHM30BbJBan ceow lf;noT, aHmMWCKMW M l/JpaHI..IY3CKMW l/JnOTb/ (B o6~ew cno)I(HOCTVJ 98 BbJMnenoe) cocpe.tJ.OTO'lMnMcb B J1a-MaHWe no.a KOMaH.tJ.OBaHMeM npVIH/..Ia ~eWMCa M 3aeepwMnM no.aroTOBKY Heno.aaneKY oT 3anMea Coyn (Ha no6epe)l(be Cylf;lf;onKa).

arrpeJie <}>paHU:Y3CKaJI apMH.si

BTOpmach B foJIJiaHAHIO H IIOAOIIIJia K AMcTepAaMy. 3amHlllaJI cTpaHy, rOJIJiaHAU:hl OTKphlJIH IIIJII03hl H 3aTOIIHJIH 'IaCTh CBOelt TeppHTOpHH, OCTaHOBHB 3THM IIpOABH)KeHHe Bpara.

28 MaSI 1672 r. CPA)f(EHIIIE B 3AJ1111BE COYJl. A.aMMpan .ae PIOWTep CO CBOMMM 75 KOpa6nf!MM CyMen 3aCTaTb aHmM'laH M l/JpaHI..IY308 epacnnox. 4>paHL~Y3CKMW a.aMupan rpal/J .>KaH .a'3cTpe 6bJCTpo yeen CBOM 35 KOpa6new, 'lTO n03BOflMflO .ae PIOwTepy eceMM cunaMM HaeanMTbCfl Ha aHmMWCKYIO 9CKa.apy, 'lMcneHHO 'lYTb ycTynaewy/0 ronnaH.acKow. npu6bJTMe aHmMWCKMX no.aKpenneHMW 3acTaeMno .ae PlOwTepa OTOWTM- HO flMWb nocne TOTO,

3AnA)J.HA~

363

EBPOnA

....

K8K 8Hifl/17'18HB nOHBCfl/17 HVKBflb/B noTep/17.

lep~OIY t/iopKCKOMY /1.88){(-

/l,bl np117XO/l,/17fl0Cb MBH!i/Tb C/Jfl8/M8HCK/ITM KOp86nb; IP8C/J C8H/1.8117'1 nol/176.

1672-1673 rr.

3ATir1WbE B MOPCKir1X KAMnAHir1SIX. n8pn8MeHT 8bJCTYn8fl npOT/178 8/peCC/178HOM 80MHbl 8 COJ03e C cPp8H~/ITBM.

.. fJ :Vt:t ~

..~

~C)

"' ·

:.~ ~ffl=

~ ....

noK8 8 CTP8HB Wfl/17 nOfl/ITT/IT'IBCK/ITB /l,B68Tbl,

::-~·

:-~

IBP~OI t/iopKCK/ITM 1173-38

t:u=

C80B/O o6p8wBH/IT!il 8 K8T0fl/IT'IBCT80

a."

6blfl 8biHY){(,I],BH nOK/ITHYTb nOCT 8Bp-

X08HOIO nop/l,-8/l,M117p8fl8 . E10 MeGTO 38HRn np117H~ PynepT.

28 MaSI 1673 r. CPA)I{EHir1E B WOOHEBEJlbA-KAHAJlE. B p8MK8X npo,-p8MMbJ nOP.IOT08KII7 K 8Hmll7ilrCKOMY 8TOP){(BH117JO 8 HM/l,epfl8H/l.bl np/ITH~ PynepT 8T8K088n ¢noT 8 /l,MII7P8fl8 /l,B PJOJ1rTep8, CTO!i/8W/ITM H8 RKOpRX y 6epem. 0/l,H8KO 38CT8Tb ,-onn8H/l,~e8

8p8cnnox He Y/1.8flOCb;

TpeTbH

11.e PJOilrTep KOHTP8TaK088n, 117 Py-

Cpa:>KeHI!Ie y OCTPOBa TeKcen B 1673 r.

nepT, noHeCR T!il){(eflbJe noTepM, 6bJn OTO/H8H.

11 asrycTa 1673 r. CPA)I{EHir1E Y OCTPOBA TEKCE11. nocne o>Kec-

lr110Hb-asrycT 1673 r. AE PIO~TEP nEPEXOAir1T B HACTYn11EHir1E. B pe3yflbT8Te cep/17117 He-

HeCJIJI 0 TOM, 'ITO <j>JIOT IIpOTITBIDTKa BHII3 no TeM3e. CBeLJ,eHHH noLJ,TBep)I{-

TO'IeHHo£1 CTb/'IK/17 C/Jp8H~y3CK/ITB KO-

3 H8'1/ITTBflbHb/X CTOflKH08BH/ITM /Ofl-

AaJIII JI IIITIJIOHCKHe L(OHeCeHHH JI3 Jl OH-

p86flll7 OTOWfl/17, O/].H8KO 8CKOpe 8Bp-

fl8H/].CK/ITM 8/].M117p8fl 38CT88117fl 8HI-

L(OHa. ProtfTep rrpHKa3an cBoetf 3CKaD,-

HYflii7Cb, nocKOflbKY 8Hiflll71.faHe

fl/ITMCK/ITM C/JflOT OTCTyn/ITTb 8 YCTbe

pe 6biTb rOTOBOH K BbiXOJJ:Y B MOpe.

POH!ilflii7Cb 3H8'1117TenbHO 3C/JC/JeKTII7BHee; Tenepb npMwen 'lepe/l, oTcTy-

CHJlOH B

125

BbiMITeJlOB CITYCTHJlCH

o6o-

TeM3bJ; noTOM OH nonbJTanCR 386no-

BceM aL(MHpanaM oH o6bHBHJI, 'ITO

KII7P088Tb yCTbB peK/17, HO HBY/1.81.fHO -

aTaKa npOTHBHHKa COCTOliTCH Jll1lllb B

n8Tb mnn8H/1.~8M. Bnpol.feM, ace

H8 KOp86fl!iiX 8CnbJXHyna 'IYM8. 38-

TOM cnyqae, ecJlli roJIJiaHLJ,CK.I1H <j>noT

pa8HO cne/l,yeT C'1117T8Tb, 'ITO 11.e PJOJlr-

TBM, 8 C80/0 O'lepe/l,b, C/JflOT C0/03H/17-

3aHMeT HaBeTpeHHOe nOJIO)KeHHe.

Tep /1,06/ITflCR 6e3yCfl08HOM no6e-

K08 H8 '18fl MOPCK}'/0 6nOK8/1.Y Hll7/l,ep-

ProtfTep rrpHKa3aJI 3 CKaJJ:pe JJ:ep)J(aTh-

/].bl -

fl8H/].08 ; C/Jp8H~Y3bl TBM 8peMeHeM

cH COMKHYTO H BCeMli CHJlaMJI npo-

88H 117 copaan nnaHbJ coJ03HII7K08 8bJ-

IOT08117fl/17 cyxOnYTHOB 8T0p){(eH/17e.

pBaTb 6oeBOH nOpHJ.J:OK npOTHBHHKa B

C8/1.117Tb MOPCKOM /l,BC8HT.

OH 6n8mnonYlJHO np1178en K8P8-

ueHTpe, aTaKy Been! ::mepm4HO.

HIOIDI.

1673

roLJ,a P10.i1Tep Bbi-

qepe3 ABa LJ,HH amno-<j>paHl.I,yJ-

A.BaHrapL( COI03HHKOB COCTOHJlll3

cnan K ycThiO TeMJbT p a3BeD,biBaTeJib-

cKHH cpJIOT TIOHBHJICH Ha BHD,Y y roJI-

30 <j>paHIIY3CKHX KOpa6JieH, 3KHJia)J(JI

HbiH OTpHD,, ycTaHOBITBIIIHH TIOD,rOTOB-

JiaHL(CKOrO <j>JIOTa JI MaHeBpHpOBaHH-

KOTOpbiX He OTJIWiaJIHCb 6oeBOH Bbi-

KY aHrJIWiaH K BbiCaD,Ke KpyiiHoro

eM TibiTaJICH OTBJie% ero BHHMaHHe

Y'IKOH. no3TOMY ProHTep BbiL(eJIHJI

D,ecaHTa, ocymecTBJieHHe KOToporo

C lleJiblO BbiCa,[(KJI ,[(eCaHTa Ha TeppH-

rrpoTITB <j>paHIIyJoB Bcero

He06XOD,HMO 6blJIO COpB3Tb. IJepeD,

TOpHIO foJIJiaHAHII. PIOiiTep He noA-

Jieii. IJ,eHTpbl cpJIOTOB OKa3aJll1Cb OLJ,H-

rOJIJiaH):\CKHM <j>JIOTOM BCTaJia JI BTO-

AaJICH 06MaHy H 3aHHJl l.(eHTpaJlbHYIO

HaKOBOH CHJlbi (no

paH 60Jlbiii3ll. 3aD,a'Ja -

n03lli.UllO y ycTbH Maaca.

nepTa 11 PIOiiTepa) . A.Hrfll1iicK.I1H apb-

KOHBOllpOBa-

Hlle <j>JIOTIDIHH OCT-HH)J,CKI1X TOpro-

YcTaHOBHB, 'ITO cOI03Hl1KH

D,ep-

Kopa6-

30 Kopa6neii y

eprapp, (Cnparre) H3C'll1TbrBaJI

Py-

BbiX CYD,OB. IlOJIO)KJITeJlbHOrO peiiie-

)l{aTcH y oCTpoBa TeKceJI, ProiiTep

HJIH o6eHX 3aD,a'f MO)I{HO 6biJIO

peiiiHJI HX aTaKoBaTb, o6ecrre'IHB

(30 KOpa6JieH). ¢JIOTbi IIpOTITBHJIKOB

)J,OCTHrHyTb JIJIIIIb rryTeM 6opb6bl 3a

3 TI1M 6e30TiaCHOCTb KapaBaHa KOM-

nerJIH Ha rrapanneJibHhre Kypcbr B

rOCTIOD,CTBO Ha MOpe.

Mep'IeCKJIX cyJJ:oB H copBaB BbrcaD,KY

lO)J(HOM HarrpaBJieHHH.

,[(JIH Ha6JIIOLJ,eHI1H 3a npOTHBH11KOM P10tTTep BbiCJiaJI K ycTbiO TeM3bi OT-

npOT!1BHHKOM LJ,eCaHTa. IlpOTIIB 65 aHrJIHiiCKJIX l1 30 <j>paH-

PHA B COCTaBe 'JeTbrpex KOpa6JieH,

UY3CKHX Kopa6neii roJIJiaMUblHMeJlli

WITH cpperaTOB JI OLI,HOrO raJIHOTa.

Bcero

28 JIIOJIH rOJIJiaHD,CKHe pa3Be)J.'JJIKH ,[(0-

ranH 6oJibiiiHM rrepeBecoM CHJI.

70 cyJJ:oB.

Coro3HHKH pacnoJia-

Kopa6Jieii, npoTHB Hero 6hiJI TpoMII

IlepBaB cpa3a 6os -

)J,eWCTBHH

aBaHrapD,OB H apbeprapJJ:OB. ATaKa roJIJiaH):(CKI1M aBaHrapD,oM cppaHIIY30B, HMeBIIIHX TpexKpaTHOe rrpeBOCXOL(CTBO B CHJiaX, 3aCTaBHJia JIX

364

3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

npii6a.BHTb napyca, BCJie;c(CTBIIe '!ero OHII OTOpBaJIIICb OT CBOero [(eHTPa. HeKoTOpbie cppaHUY3CKIIe Kopa6JIII TibiTaJIIICb o6oMTII rOJIJiaH;c(CKIIM

JiaHACKIIe 9CKaApb! B 6oro y TeKceJia XOpOIIIO B3aiiMO;c(eMCTBOBaJIII II y;c(a'lHO ocymecTBJIHJili B3aiiMHYID Bb!py'IKy, BCJie;c(CTBIIe '!ero B peiiiaromeii

H>lfl BOCCTaHMe npoTeCTaHTOB M Bblca,aMflCR s ,IJ,opceTwMpe so mase OTPR.aa M3 82 4enoaeK. MecTHoe HaceneHMe oKa3ano eMy 3Ha4MTenb-

aBaHrap;c(, BbiMTII eMy Ha BeTep II noCTa.BIITb B ABa ormi. Ho YBeJIII'leHIIeM ;c(IICTaH[(IIII Mem~y Kopa6miMII BOCTIOJib30BaJIIICb rOJIJiaH;c([(bl, OHII

cpa3e 6oH COOTHOIIIeHIIe CIIJI II3MeHIIJIOCb B IIX noJib3y. AHrJio-cppaHUy3CKIIM cpJIOT pacnaJicH Ha TPII caMocromeJibHble 9CKa;c(pb!. <DpaH[(Y3b! Bbl-

npope3aJIII cTpoii npomBHIIKa, HaHecH eMy TI OB pem;c(eHIIH, II TIOIIIJIII Ha C0e):(IIHeHIIe c ProiiTepoM. <DpaHUY3b!

IIIJIII II3 6oH, a PynepT, Bb!pBa.BIIIIICb II3 OKpymeHIIH, C 3aTI03;c(aHIIeMTIOIIIeJI Ha TIOMOI[(b CBOeMy apbeprap;c(y.

HYIO no.a,aep)I(Ky, M, Ha6paB apMM/0, oH ,aBMHyncR K CeA)I(Mypy, r.ae oHaRHHo aTaKOBan PO>IflMCTCKY/0 apMM/0 no.a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM flyM ,ll,10pa, rpac{Ja QJMaepweMa (6 M/OnR), HO 6btfl OWMT, a BOCCT8HMe - pa3rpOMneHO. lepu,or MoHMYT 6btn cxaa4eH

3aHHJIIICb IIcnpaBJieHIIeM noBpem;c(eHIIM Ha CBOIIXKOpa6miX, cpaKTII'leCKII BbiMAH II3 6oH. CoornoiiieHIIe CIIJI II3MeHIIJIOCb B TIOJib3Y roJIJiaH;c([(eB. B 9TO BpeMH apbeprap;c(b! npomBHHKOB BeJIII 6oii B OTpb!Be OT CBOIIX [(eHTpOB. JIIHII[(IIaTIIBY aTaKII B3HJI

B ueJioM 9CKa;c(pb! coro3HIIKOB BeJIII 6oii pa3;c(eJibHO. 0TpiiUaTeJibHYID pOJib Cb!rpaJia II TIJIOXaH CTpeJib6a aHrJIII'laH . foJIJiaH;c(CKIIM apbeprap~ 3a BOCeMb '!aCOB 6oH He IIMeJI Hli O;c(HOro paHeHoro. MaJio noTepb 6b!JIO II y Promepa. ApTIIJIJiepiiH roJIJiaHACKo-

TpoMn. KoMaHAyroiUIIM aHrJIIIMCKIIM apbeprapAOM Cnparre HBJIHJICH JIII'lHb!M BparoM TpoMna II CTpeMIIJICH CKOpee CBeCTII C HIIM C'leTbi. B pe-

ro cpJIOTa HaHOCIIJia npOTIIBHIIKY 6oJibiiiOM ypoH. IIocJie 6oH ProiiTep 6ecnpenHTCTBeHHO npoBeJI B CBOII TIOpTbi OCT-

3YJibTaTe apbeprapA Cnparre oTopBaJicH oT PynepTa, npomB KOToporo Tenepb oKa3aJIOCb 40 Kopa6JieM Promepa II EaHKepca. BTOpaH <J>a3a 6oJI ~ ;c(eiicTBIIH rJiaBHb!X CliJI (UeHTpOB ). Kopa6JIII aHrJIIIMCKoro ueHTpa

IIH;c(CKIIM Kapa.BaH cyAoB.

6b!JIII ne perpymeHbl ;c(eCaHTHb!MII BOMcKaMII, II no9TOMY PynepT CTpeMIIJIcH Becm 6oii c ;c(aJibHeM ;c(liCTaH[(llli. ProiiTepy yAaJiocb OTpe3aTb 12 Kopa6Jieii oT aHrJIIIMCKoro ueHTpa II OKpymHTb 20 KOpa6JieM npOTliBHIIKa B ;c(Ba pa3a npeBOCXO;c(Hl[(IIMli CliJiaMII. 0;c(HaKo Pynepzy y;c(aJIOCb Bb!pBaTbCH II3 OKpymeHIIH, II B 14 '!aCOB OH C TIOTpeTiaHHb!MII KOpa6JIHMII HanpaBIIJICH K CBOeMy apbeprap;c(y. Ty;c(a me ABIIHYJICH II ProiiTep.

TpeTbH <J>a3a 6oJI ~ 3aBepiiieHIIe 6oH II nopameHIIe aHrJIII'laH. K 18 '!acaM ueHTpb! o6oiix cpJio-

19 <1Jespam1 1674r. BECTMIIIHCTEPCKIII~ AOrOBOP. nocKonbKY B CTpaHe poena He,aOBOflbCTBO BOMHOM, aHrnMMCKoe npaaMTenbCTBO 3aKn/04Mno MMp. Boi1Ha lonnaH,aMM c QJpaHu,Mei1 TeM apeMeHeM npo,aOfl)l(8fl8Cb. 1679 r. BOCCTAHIIIECTOPOHHIIIKOB KOBEHAHTA. ApMMR WOTnaH,aCKMX MRTe)I(HMKOB pa36Mna npM jJ,paMKnOre BOMCKO PO>IflMCTOB no,a KOMaH,aOB8HMeM jJ,)I(OHa lp3Ma, BMKOHTa ,lJ,aH,aM ( 1 M/OHR). jJ,)I(eMMC CKoTT, repu,or MoHMYT ( He3aKOHHOpo)l(,aeHHbtM CbtH Kapna II), pa3rpoMMn BOCCT8BWMX y 5oTyann-5pM_a)l(a (22 M/OHR), HO)I(eCTOKMX penpeCCMM npOTMB MRTe)I(HMKOB ycTpaMB8Tb He cTan.

TOB COe;c(liHIIJIIICb CO CBOIIMII apbeprap;c(aMII. Tenepb npomB 65 aHrJIIIMCKIIX KOpa6JieM OKa3aJIOCb 70 roJIJiaH;c(-

HaKos 11111 «CnasHaR peBORIOLJIIIR», 1685-1689 rr.

CKliX cy;c(oB. Eon B03o6HOBIIJICH II npo;c(oJimaJicH B Te'leHIIe '!aca. B 19 '!aCOB C 3axO;c(OM COJIH[(a TipOTliBHIIKII Bb!IIIJIII II3 6oH. Coro3HIIKII noTep-

6 <IJespanH 1685 r. BOU,APEHIIIE IIIAKOBA II. Ha cMepTHOM o,ape (6 cfJeapanR) Kapn If o,aep)l(an

neJIII nopameHIIe. Y aHrJIII'laH ABa Kopa6JIH noTOHYJIII II ceMb cropeJIII. BeJIIIKII 6b!JIII noTepii B JIII'IHOM co-

pe,aa4M npecTona caoeMy 6paTy VfaKOBy/1, K8TOflMKYM 6btBWeMyBepXOBHOMY nop,a-a,aMMpany

CTa.Be cpJIOTa. B npomBonoJiomHOCTb o6cTaHOBKe 6oH npii Hop;c(cpopeJieH;c(e roJI-

6 11110nH 1685 r. MSHE>K MOHMYTA. 3aRBMB co6cTBeHHbte npe-

nocne,aH/010 no6e.ay- .ao6MncR ne-

TeH3MM Ha TpoH, repu,or MoHMYTno.a-

M anocne.acTBMM o6e3rnaaneH.

1685-1688 rr. B AHrJlllllll BOJlHEHIII~. npoTeCTaHTbl He )l(e-

nanM CMMpMTbC>I C nonbiTK8MM VfaKOBa If ypaBHRTb K8TOflM4eCTBO C aHrflMK8HCTBOM.

HoH6pb 1688 r. - <IJespanb 1689 r. BOU,APEHIIIE BlllllbrEllbMA Ill. CeMepo nM,aepoa TOPM M aHrnMKaHcKoM u,epKBM o6paTMflMCb K WTaTraflbTepy Coe,aMHeHHbiX npoBMHLJ,MM BMnbrenbMY Ill OpaHcKoMy( MY?KY MapMM, ,ao4epM t1aKosa If) c xo.aami1CTBOM 06 OK838HMM BOeHHOM nOMOLljM npoTMB nonbiTOK t1aKoaa II no,a4MHMTb KOponeBCKOM Bfl8CTM aHrflMK8HCKYIO u,epKOBb. BMnbrenbM Ill comacMncR nOMO%, paCC4MTbiB8>1 npMBne4bAHrflM/O K y4aCTM/O s aHTMc{JpaHU.Y3CKOM Ayrc6yprCKOM flMre. 8 HOR6pe OH Bblca,aMflCR s AHmMM M,aBMHyncR Ha floH,aoH. VfaKOB If 6e)l(8fl BO QJpaHLJ,M/0

( 11 .aeKa6pR). BMnbrenbM Ill M MapMR 6btnM npOB03maweHbl COBMeCTH biMM npaBMTenRMM AHmMM ( 13 c{JeapanR

1689 r.). 3 an penH 1689 r. «3AKOH 0 5YHTAX». Era npMHRTMe cnoco6CTBoaano ycMneHM/0 napnaMeHTCKOro KOHTpOfl>l Ha,a apMMeM; B0306HOBfl>lflCR oH Ka)l(,[lbte nonro.aa, npe.aocTaBnRR apMeMCKMM KOMaH,aMpaM npa BO cy,aMTb con,aaT BOeHHbiM TpM6yHaflOM. KpoMe Taro, napnaMeHT npMHRn «3aKoH o6 apMMM», cornacHO KOTopoMy napnaMeHT e)l(ero,aHo accMrHoaan cpe,acTaa Ha co.aep)l(aHMe apMMM ( 1689 r.).

HpnaH.o,cKaR soi.fHa, 1689-1691 rr.

3m BOMHa npe,acTaBnRna co6oi1 6pMT8HCKYIO c{Ja3y KOHTMHeHT8flbHOM BOMHbt3a nc{JanbLJ,CKOe Hacne,aCTBO M RBMfl8Cb cne,aCTBMeM 06be-

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

365 MaK9~

caMb!X pa3HOPO.fl.Hb!X cvtn,

Anpenb-aBryCT 1689 r. OCA-

nvtWb npOTVf-

AA 3HH&.1CK&.1JlJlEHA &.1 JlOHAOH-

(27 Vi/On~), HO CBM 6bm y6vtT B cpa-

BOCTO~Hvte BvtnbrenbMY Ill: MaKoe II

AEPP&.-1. nepBb/e nonb!TKVI 8Hmvt'48H

)l(eHvtVf. B cne.tJ.YFOWeM Mec~~e HO-

PBCC'4VfTb/BBn BePHYTb BHrflVIWCKVIW

Bb!W mBBHOKOMBH.ll.YIOWVIW ~K06vtTOB

BvtnbrenbMa Ill oT lj>naH.tJ.PCKvtx KBM-

CH~Tb Vi pnBH.tJ.CKO -l/>p8HUY3CKYIO OC8.fl.Y38KOH'4Vfnvtcb Hey.tJ.8'4HO. no3)l(e KBnvtTBH ,£1)1(0H flvtK, npopBBB

nBHVIW, '4T06b! HVI'4TO He Mewano

MOPCKYIO 6nOK8.fl.Y, npvteen B floH-

ne O)l(eCT0'4eHHb/X ynvt'4Hb/X 6oeB

.tJ.vtHeHvt~

KOTOpb!e

CB~3b/BBnO

TpoH; flFO.tJ.OBvtK XIV- oTene%

reHepan-Mawopa XbFOro

nonKOBHvtK AneKCBH.ll.P KaHHOH noBen HBCTynneHvte HB nepT, HO noc-

lj>p8HLW3CKOW apMVIVf nony'4VfTb .11.0-

.tJ.OH.tJ.eppvtTpBHCnopTCnO.tJ.Kpenne-

6bm OCTBHOBneH B,£18HKen.tJ.e CBe)l(e-

CTyn K Hvt.tJ.epnBH.ll.BM; HBKOHe~, vtp-

HVI~MVI,

H86p8HHb/M neXOTHb/M nonKOM rpa-

nBH.ll.~bl

{9-1 0 aerycTa). BcKope nocne 9TO-

no.a.aep)l(vteanvt Kopon~-Ka

'4TO nonO)I(VfnO KOHeU OCB.tJ.e

lj>a 3Hryca ( 21 aerycTa; enocne.11.-

TonvtKa npOTVIB HeHBBVICTHb/X npo-

TeCTBHTOB.

B8HvteM nonKOBHvtKa Yvtnb~Ma Yonc-

KaMepoHCKvtw). 3To nopa)l(eHvte

MapT-anpenb 1689 r. &.1AK08 II 8 &.1PJ1AHA&.1&.1. C He6onb-

nvt Bb!HY.ll.vtna ~K06vtTOB CH~Tb OCB.ll.Y

OK838nOCb, no CYTVI, peWBIOWvtM;

MeCTHB~ Mvtnvt~Vf~

n0.11. KOM8H.tJ.O-

CTBVIVI 9TOT nonK CTBn Vf3BeCTeH KBK

ViC 3HHVICKvtnneH8.

OCTBTKVI apMVIVf AneKCBH.ll.PB KBHHOHB 6bmvt pa36vtTbl y KpoM.tJ.9Wna

II Bblca.n.vtnc~ e KuHcewne. He c'4vtTa~ HeCKOnbKVIX npOTeCTBHTCKVIX yKpen-

&.1toHb-VIIOnb 1689 r. S1K06&.1TCKOE 80CCTAH&.1E 8 WOTJlAHA&.-1&.1. noKa o6be.tJ.vtHeHHb/e vtpnaH.tJ.-

( 1 Ma~ 1690 r.). B Te'4eHvte HecKonb-

neHHb/X ~eHTPOB HB ceeepe CTPBHbl,

CKO-lj>paH~Y3CKVfe Cvtnbl 0C8)1(.tJ.8nvt

K!IBHOB ropHow WomaH.tJ.vtvt npvtc~r

BC/0 MpnBH.ll.Vf/0 KOHTponvtpoeana

3HHVICKvtnneH Vi flOH.tJ.OH.tJ.eppvt, ,£1)l(OH

Hynvt Ha eepHOCTb BvtnbrenbMY

40-Tb/C~'4H8~ ~K06vtTCK8~8PMVI~ Pvt-

fp9M Kneeepxayc, BVIKOHT,£1BH.ll.Vf (no

,aanbHewwee 3BMvtpeHvte WomaH-

48P.l1.8 Ton6oTa, rpalj>a TvtpKOHHena.

np03BVIWY bOHHVf ,£1BH.tJ.Vi), rflBBHb!W

.tJ.vtvt npovtCXO.tJ.VinO )l(eCTOKO Vi KPOBB-

npoTeCTBHTbl B 3HHVICKvtnneHe Vi

womaH.tJ.CKvtw cTopoHHvtK MaKoBa

II,

eo; oco6eHHO }')KBCHow 6bma pe3H~

flOH.tJ.OH.tJ.eppvt HeMe.tJ.neHHO nO.tJ.-

nonb!TBnC~ nO.tJ.H~Tb HB ~K06vtTCKOe

e rneHK09 ( 13lj>eepan~ 1692

TBep.tJ.vtnvt ceo10 eepHOCTb Bvtnb-

eoccTaHvte ropHyFO WoTnBH.tJ.vt/0.

38 9Toro e WomaH.tJ.vtvt ewe HeO.tJ.HO-

B 6vtTee npvt KvtnnvtKP9HKvt ,£1aH.tJ.vt

KPBTHO BCnbiXVIBBnvt ~K06vtTCKvte

pa3rpoMvtn opaH)I(VfCTCJ<YFO apMvt/0

BOCCT8HV1~(1715, 1719 Vi 1745 rr.).

WvtM lj>paH~Y3CKvtM OTP~.ll.OM MaKoe

renbMY

Ill.

MaKoe

II vt rpalj>

Hen Bb!CTynvtnvt Ha ceeep.

TvtpKoH-

Kvtx Mec~uee 6onbWvtHCTBO mae

r.).

Ill.

M3-

lil306palKeH&.1e Oa.1TBbl Ha peKe 60HH, CAenaHHoe no ropH'fHM cneAaM COObiTI-1H. lilaKOB II 33HHn 0031-1"1-110 Ha 6epery pe~rn, "conAaTaM Bl-1nbrenbMa Ill npa.1wnocb nepexOAI-1Tb ee B6poA, norpylKaHcb no noHc B BOAY· B pe3ynbTaTe Ani-1BWerOCH HecKOnbKO 'f3COB cpalKeHI-151 OHI-1 o6paTI-1nl-1 apMI-110 lilaKOBa B 6erCTBO. 8 0&.1TBe npa.1Ha.1ManH y'faCTI-19 BOI-1Hbl pa3Hb1X H3"&.10HanbHOCTeH. Ha CTOpOHe lilaKOBa cpalKana.1Cb npea.1MY'-"9CTB9HHO cl>paH"Y3CKVle OTPHAbl, a Bl-1nbrenbMa, KOTOpbiH Obln ronnaHACKVIM npi-1H"eM, OOAA9PlKI-1Bana.1 ronnaHA"bl

368 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. .ae MoHMopaHCM, HO 6bm pa36111r npu KacrenbHo,aapu MapwanoM 4>paH~MM AHpu-WapneM WoM6epoM { f CeHTfl6pfl), CXB84eH Ill K83HeH. 4 .QeKa6psw 1642 r. CMEPTb KAPAir1HA.nA Plr1WEJlbE. 14 MaSI 1643 r. CMEPTb Jli0AOBI!1KA XIII.

flEPBblfit 3TAn LJAPCTBOBAH!Afl f110/lOBIAKA XIV, 1643-1661 rr.

1643-1661 rr. nPABJlEHir1E KAPAir1HA.nA MA3API!1Hir1. KopoHoeaH J1JO,aOB!IIK 6bJn 5 neT OT po,ay. Ero MBTb, Koponeea AHHa Aecrpui!lcKafl, crae pereHrwei!l, ece~eno no-

naranacb Ha Kap,auHana 111 nepeoro MMHMcrpa ,!J,)I(ynuo Ma3apMHM. { B om1114111e or Puwenbe, uranbRHe~ Ma3apMHM6bm Kap,auHanoM-nonuTMKOM, 8 He CBflll..leHHOCflY')K!IITeneM.) PereHTCTBO Ha<JaJiocb, KaK 3TO 06bl'IHO 6biB3JIO H paHee B nepHO.Jl.hl HeCOBeprneHHOJieTIISI KOpOJidi, C llOBhlilleHHhlX npeTeH3HJ;i BbiCilleJ;i 3Ha-

·.--

TH, OC06eHHO «npHHUeB KpOBH» ~

nexontHQbl n 11Ka PAHHCKOro nonKa. Cepe.QI1Ha XVII B.

(ASIAH KopoJia -

facToHa OpJieaH-

cKoro, npHHUeB KoH,ll.e H KoHTH H ,ll.p.), Ha .Jl.OJIIO B ,ll.eJie)Ke rocy,ll.apcTBeHHoro A06pa. MasapHHH BbiHy)KAeH 6hlJI orpaHH"'HTb anneTHThi 3THX BeJibMO)K, a TaiOKe yMepHTb npOSIBJISIBillYIOCSI no OTHOilleHHIO K HHM me,ll.pOCTb AHHhl ABcTpHJ;icKoJ;i, TaK KaK yqacTHe B TpHAUaTHJieTHeJ;i BOJ;iHe H 6opb6a C BHyTpeHHeJ;i Ollll03HUHeJ;i HC<IepnaJIH <}>HHaHCOBbie pecypchl ¢paHUHH. ,[{BOpUOBhlH «3arOBOp BeJibMO)K» BO maBe c repuoroM Bo<J:>opoM, HMeBrnHJ;i ueJibiO yc1paHeHHe Ma3apHHH H npeKpameHHe BOJ;iHhl C HMnepHeJ;i, 6biJI JierKO llO,ll.aBJieH. BeJII>MO)KH Ha BpeMa npHTHXJIH. Ho B cTpaHe pocJia ropa.:3)J,o 6oJiee rpo3Haa onno3HUHSI. KpecTbSIHCKo-nJie6eJ;icKHe BOCCTaHHSI npHo6peJIH orpOMHbiJ;i pasMax eme npH PHilleJibe,

1635 ro,Jl.y. Ma3apHHH B 1643-1645 I'O,ll.ax npHillJIOCb HMeTh

oco6eHHO B

,ll.eJIO C HOBOJ;i BOJIHOJ;i BOCCTaHHlL B roro-3an3.Jl.Hhle npoBHHUHH ¢paHUHH, B qacTHOCTH B o6Jiacn PY3pr, npOTHB BOCCTaBIIIHX KpeCThSIH npHXO,ll.HJIOCb HanpaBJISITh KpynHhle BOeHHhle CHJihl. BMecTe c TeM MasapHHH, B3hlCKHBaSI HOBble HCTO"'HHKH ,ll.OXO,ll.OB,ll.JISI 3aBeprneHHSI BOJ;iHbJ, BBeJI paA HaJIOI'OB, Bhl3BaBillHX He,ll.OBOJibCTBO IllHpOKHX KpyroB 6yp~a3HH, OC06eHHO napH)KCKOH, H ompOCHBIIIHX ee B Jiarepb onno3HUHH. CBepx TOro, noTpe6oBaB c <JJieHoB napJiaMeHTa .Jl.OllOJIHHTeJibHhlH no6op 3a npH3HaHHe HaCJie,ll.CTBeHHOCTH HX ,ll.OJI)KHOCTeH, OH 33,ll.eJI npaBO C06CTBeHHOCTH «JIIO,ll.eJ;i MaHTHH» Ha HX ,ll.OJI)KHOCTH H TeM JIHIIIHJI a6COJIIOTH3M llOMep)KKH BJIHllTeJibHOI'O cy,ll.eJ;iCKOI'O "'HHOBHH<JeCTBa. ToJibKO «<}>HHaHCHCThl» npoUBeTaJIH eme 6oJiee, <JeM npe~e. «JliO,ll.H MaHTHH» BO rJiaBe C "'JJeHaMH napH)KCKoro napJiaMeHTa, pa.:3)J,p3)KeH-

3AnALJ.HAs:l EBPOnA

369

Hhre noJil1THKoii Ma3apl1Hl111 BP,OXHOBJieHHhre K TOM)' )f{e BeCTHMH 06 ycnexax aHrJIHiicKoro rrapnaMeHTa B BonHe C KOpOJieM, IIOIIIJIH BpeMeHHO Ha COI03 C Illl1p0Kl1MH KpyraMl1 He,D,OBOJlbHOH 6yp)f{ya3HH , H a nyT h pa3pb1Ba C a6COJITOTH3M OM, Ha rryTh 6 JIOKa C HapOP,HbiMH aHTI1cpeOP,aJibHbiMl1 Cl1JlaMl1.

CbpoH.o,a, 1648-1653 rr. Bo3MYIJ.feHue u apucToKpaTMM, u Hapo,[J,a Hafl0108b/M IHeTOM,

a T8K>Ke

COCp e ,[J,OTO'Ie HvteM 8flaCTM 8 pyKaX cnep8a Puwenbe,

a 3aTeM e,-o npe-

eMHMKa ( M npO,[J,Ofl>KaTefl'il nOflMTMKM) Ma3apMHM npvt8eflO K TOMy, 'ITO KaK TOflbKO KOH'IMflaCb Tpvt,[J,U,aTMfleTH'il'il 80MHa (XOT'i/ 80MHa C 1/TcnaHvteCf npo,[J,Ofl>Kan a Cb), 8CnblXHyflO nOflHOMaCW T86HOe BOCCT8Hvte .

12 l•11011SI 1648 r. HA'iAnO nEPBO~ <DPOHAb1 1 • Tpe6o8aHM'il napvt>KCKOIO napnaMeHm, a,[J,pecoaaHHble fl!O,ll,OBMKY

XIV M e,-o MaTe-

pvt, 6blflM OT8epiHYTbl AHHOM A8CTKOHAe CO CB011M WTa6oM

pvtMCKOM u M a 3 a pvtHM. ~tanb-AeKa6pb

1648 r. Yn~'i HbiE 6ECnOPSIAK~ B nAP~)KE. 8 SIHB3PSI 1649 r. MSITE)K nAPnAMEHTA. napnaMeHT CMeCTMfl

11 MapTa 1649 r. PI03~nb CK~~ M~P. napnaMeHTpacnyCTMfl

,[J,epCKOM apMMM, KOTOpa'il C06vtpa-

CB0/0 apMM/0 M 3aKfl/O'IMfl MMp C KO-

naCb BTOPIHYTbC'il 80 C!JpaHU,M/0 M3

Ma3apvtHM M npvtKa3an KOH<j>vtcKo-

pone8CKMM ,l1,8opoM. Ma3apvtHM 6blfl

ucnaHCKMX Hvt,ll,epnaH,£1,08.

8aTb 3eMnvt KopoHbl. Kopone8cKafl

80CCTaH08fleH Ha C80eM nOCTY. Ko-

c eMb fl u M a 3 a pvtHM 6e>Kanu a CeH-

p o neaa 0 6 bfi8Mfla BCe0 61J.fYIO a M HM-

)f(epMe H. Pa3pa 3 unacb ,-p a >K,[J,aH-

CTM/0 .

CKaR BOMHa ; Ha CTOpOHe 6 yHTOBIJ.fM-

AsrycT-AeKa6pb 1649 r. TPEH~SI ME)KAY KOHAE ~ MA3AP~ H ~. C'IMTafl, 'ITO 3a ycny,-u, oKa3aH-

KOB Bb/CTy n vtflM MHOI Me apvtCTOKpaTbl, 8 TOM 'lvtcne ApMaH ,ll,e 5yp6oH,

HMTbC'i/ K COBM eCTHOM MCnaHO-<j>pOH-

~10Hb-OKTS16pb HEBP~POBAH~E

1650 r. MAB CEBEPO-BO-

CTO'iHO~ <J)PAHL.t~~- B xo,[J,e em ,ll,06vtTbC'il n e p e a eca H e y,ll,a nocb HM O,ll,HOM M3 CTOPOH. ApMM'il B TOp>KeHM'il He CyMena 80CnOflb308aTbCfl 8bi,[J,a8-

npMHLI, KOHTM.

Hble MM KOpOHe, OH 3acny>KM8aeT

WMMCfl WaH COM M 8b/CT}tnMTb Ha CTO-

SIHBapb-cPespallb 1649 r. KOHAE nOAAEP>K~BAET KOPOnEBY. 0T'IaCTM M3 - 3a apa>K,ll,bl C

6onbwem y'laCTMfl 8 mcy,ll,apcT8eH-

flMU,y- ma8Hb/M o6pa30M, M3 - 3a

HbiX ,ll,ena x , BenvtKMM KoH,ll,e cTa n KOH<j>nvtKT08a Tb c M a3apvtHM,

no-

Mfla ,[J,WMM 6pa TOM, n p MHU,e M KOHTM,

TOM 3aTeflfl nepe10 8 0 pb! C 6 bi8WMMM

B e nvtKMM KOH,ll,e noaen cao10 apMM/0

M'i/Te>KHb/MM apvtCTOKp aTaMM.

B 3aMMHOIO He,[J,oaep vtfl T10peHHa u MCn a HCKMX 8 0 eHa 'la flb HMKOB .

15 OKTS16pSI 1650 r. WAMnsnAHKCKOE CPA)KEH~E. BuKoHT

Ha napvt>K, 3ax aaTMfl KpenOCTb Wa-

18 SIHBapSI 1650 r. APECT

,ll,e T10peHH, TIJ.feTHO nbiT88WMMCfl

paHTOH M OCa,[J,Mfl CTOflMU,y. KOI,[J,a

nP~HL.tA KOHAE. KpoMe TOm, Ma-

npMMTM Ha 8b!py'IKY CTOpOHHMKaM

npvtHU, KoHTM M APYIMe pyK080AMTe-

3apMHM apec m8an em Mna,ll,wem

QJpoH,ll,bl, o c a>K,[J,eHHbiM 8 PeTene,

nu B OCCT8HMfl o6pa TMflMCb 3a nOMO-

6pa m , npvtHu,a K o HTM, M w ypvtHa -

/J.f b/0 K 1/Tc n a HMM, n a pna MeHT c Ta n

AHpvt

MCKaTb Mvtpa .

flOHIBMfl'il .

H OM KOpone8CKOM a pMMeM no,£1, KO -

<J>espanb-anpenb 1650 r. HA'iAnO BTOPO~ <J)POHAbl. noKa

M a H,ll,0 8 a HMeM M apw a n a Ce3a p a ,ll,e

apMCTOKpaTbl nO,[J,HMMaflM 80CCT8HMf/

Ha . T!OpeHHY y,ll,anocb yaecTM c non'il

a HopMaHAMM, 5ypryHAMM u 5 op,ll,o,

flMWb Many/0 '18CTb C80eiO 80MCKa.

1 <PpOHAa -

:n o

npa111a, 3anp e 111e HHa H s

n apH)I{e. n oJJ b30BaHHe eJO 03H3 YaJJO Hapy w eHHe n OpHA Ka. n apJJaMeHT He Bbin0JlH11Jl KOpO-

II Opnea H cKom, 1e pu,om ,ll,e

6 b!n Ha mnoay p a36vtT mpa3,ll,O 6 onee MHOIO'IMCfle HHOM M n y'lwe o 6y'le H-

Wya3 e nfl, 1pa<j>a A/0 nneccu-npane-

JJe BCKOf O yKa3a 0 pOCnyc Ke, 11 60pb6a n pOTHB

M a pwa n C!Jpa HU,MM BMKOHT,[J,e T!OpeHH

<J>espanb-CeHTS16pb 1651 r.

Cyll1eCTBOBa BWI1 X n OpHAKO B n OJJYYI1Jl3 Ha3Ba-

B3'ilfl Ha c e6'i/ BOe HHOe p yKOBO,ll,CTBO

AMH~CT~SI ~ 3AT~WbE. noc n e

HI1e <llpOH):Ibl.

QJpoH,ll,OM M c o m a cunc'il npu coe,[J,vt-

06bfl8fleH Mfl 8 Ce061J.feM 8MHMCTMM

370 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

KOHAe BO apeMR 011TBbl 38 ropoA <l>neMHW

npi1H/..lb!6b!fll1 BblnYll.leHb/113 3aKJI/O~eH11fl( 15 cpeBpan!ii), 11 T10peHH BepHync!rl B napmK. Kap.ai1Han Ma3api1HI16e)l(an B fepMaHI1/0.

CeHTS16pb 1651 r. 80306HOBflEH~E fPA~AAHCKO~ BO~Hbl. npi1H/..lbl KoH.ae 11 KoHTI1,

a Ta/OKe ,apyr11e Bb/CWI1e BeflbM0)1(11 On!i/Tb B36yHTOBafli1Cb, 3aXBaTI1fll1 6op.ao 11 opraHI130Banl1 raM onopHY/0 6a3y. Beni1KI111i Ko /ia e 3aK!l/0~11n co103 c l1cnaH11etli. BI1KOHT .ae TFOpeHH OCTaflC!il BepHb!M KOpOHe, HO BOCCTaHI1e OXBaTI1flO BC/0 CTpaHy. flFO.aOBI1K XIV on!i/Tb npi13Ban B naPI1)1( Ma38pi1HI1 ( HO!i16pb).

MapT-VIIOnb 1652 r. 60EBbiE AE~CTB~SI ME)I(AY flYAPO~ ~ CEHO~. T10peHH 11 KoH.ae npe.anpi1-

H!ilnl1 l.lefly/0 cep1110 MaHeBpOB 11 CTOflKHOBeHI1W - B Bb/CWetli CTeneHI1 3aMb/CflOBaTy/O 11 Hl14bi1M nepeBeCOM He yBeH~aBWYIOCfl.

5 vnonS1165 2 r. CEHT-AHTYAHCKASI 6~TBA. HoBa!rl KoponeBcKaa apMI1fl, OT03BaHHa!rl CrpaHI1/..lbl, npl1coe,ai1HI1flaCb K TFOpeHHY, ~ro6 ycrPOI1Tb KoH.ae noBYWKY no.a creHaMI1 napl1)1(a (Tenepb CTOfll1l.la BbJ,aep)I(I1Bana no OTHOWeHI1/0 K pO!ilfli1CTaM 6naro)l(enarenbHb!tli Hetlirpan11rer). nocne O)l(eCTO~eHHOTO cpa)l(eHI1!il KoH.ae 6bm y)l(e Ha rpaHI1 pa3rpoMa, Kor.aa cnaBflll.lMWC!il HenOCTO!iiHCTBOM napl1)1( pacKpblfl eMy BOpOTa. 3aTeM Beni1KI111i KoH.ae 6e)l(an Ha coe.ai1HeHI1e C 11CnaHCKOW apM11etli 1111MnepCKI1MI1 BollicKaMI1 Kapna IV, repl.lora floTapi1HICKOTO, KOTOpb!e BTOPTni1Cb BO ct>paHl.li1/0 ~epe3 oroneHHY/0 ceBepo-Bocro~HY/0 rpaHI1/..lY. BI1KOHT .ae T10peHH HeMe.aneHHO BbJcryn11n Ha ceBep.

1652-1653rr. KAMnAH~~ K CEBEPY ~ BOCTOKY OT nAP~足 ~.MaHeBpl1py~ T10peHH.ao611nc!il

npei1MYll.leCTBa Ha.a npeBocxo.a!rll1.111MI1 cl1naMI111cnaHl.leB, 11Mnepl.leB 11 ct>poH,abJ, a BOCCTaHI1e TeM BpeMeHeM CXO,al1fl0 Ha HeT. B napl1)1( BepHync!rl cnepBa fl10.aoB11K XIV (21 oKTa6p!ii 1652 r.), noroM Ma3api1HI1 (6 cpeBpana 1653 r.). ct>poH.aa 3aKoH~I1nacb, xora BOtliHa c l1cnaH11etli npo.aon)l(anacb. TaKTI1~eCKOIO

~11cneHHO

flpo.qon)((eHHe soiiH&J cHcnaHHeii

1653-165 7 rr. KOHAE nPOTIOPEHHA. no cpaBHeHI110

T~B

c npe,abJ,aymetli KaMnaH11etli xapaKrep 6oeBb/X .aetliCTBI1W npaKTI1~eCKI1 He 113MeHI1nca. HecMOTP!il Ha npeBocxo.acTBo B )1(11Botli c11ne 11 rexHI1Ke, Beni1KI111i KoH.ae - renepb 11CnaHCKI111i reHepani1CCI1MYC- HI1KaK He MOTBT!iiHYTbMapwana.ae TFOpeH-

3AnNJ,HA~ Ha B 6MTB y npM HeBb/TOAHb/X,ll,.!1fl TOTO ycnoBMHX. TaKMM o6pa3oM, aoi4Ha a CeaepHoM ~paH~MM cao,aMnacb npeMMylljeCTBeHHO K MaHeBpMpOBaHM/0 M oca.aaM; T10peHH o.aep)l(an no6e.ay npM Appace (25 aaryCTa 1654 r.), HO 6blfl pa36MT npM 8anaHcbeHe ( 16 M/Onfl 1656 r.). TaKTWieCKoe npeMMylljeCTBO 6blfl0, CKOpee, ace-TaKM Ha cTopoHe TIOpeHHa, TaK KaK KoH,ae, npM acex ero TanaHTax, cepbe3HO MewanM no,ao3pMTenbHOCTb M OTCYTCTBMe nOMOLljM CO CTOpOHbl MCnaH~eB.

1657 r. PAHK0-5PiiiTAHCKiillfi COI03. nocKOnbKy~paH~Mfl M AHrnMf/ no OT,aenbHOCTM BOeaanM c 1!1cnaHMei4, OnMaep KpoMaenb M Kap,aMHan Ma3apMHM 3aKn/O'IMnM .aoroaop, comaCHO KOTOPOMY 06be,aMHeHHbiM aHmo-rppaH~Y3CKMM rpnoT aTaKoaan 6b! npM6pe)I(Hble ropo.aa lpaanMH, J].IOHKepK M Map,aMK. J].IOHKepK npM 9TOM ,aOn)l(eH 6bln OTOMTM KAHmMM.

OceHb 1657 r. B3SITIIIE MAPAIIIKA. MaH-H~Hb 1658r. OCAAA AIOH KEPKA. T10peHH cTpeMMTenbHO BbiCTYnMn M3 Map,aMKa K)J.IOHKepKy, HeCMOTpf/ Ha TO 'ITO MCnaH~bl OTKpblflM wn/03bl. Kor.aa oH oca,aMn ropo.a, r,ae CTOf/n 3-Tb/Cf/'IHb/M rapHM30H, K T10peHHY npMcoe,aMHMnacb 3-Tb/Cf/'IHaf/ aHmMMCKaf/ apMMfl no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM capa YMnbHMa floKxapTa. 3aTeM npM6bln aHmMMCKMM rpnoT, M 'IMCneHHOCTb C0/03HOM apMMM .aocTMma 21 Tb/Cfi'IM 'lenoaeK; Tor.aa oca.aa Ha'lanacb no-HaCTOHLljeMy J].oH X yaH Xoce AacTpMMCKMM, no6o'IHbiM Cb!H KoponH ~MnMnna IV, C06Mpaf/Cb Bb/CTynMTb Ha nOMOLljb oca)l(,aeHHbiM, co6pan no.a 111npoM 16-Tb/Cf/'IHY/0 apMMIO, KOTOPOM KOMaH,aoaan BMecTe c npMH~eM KoH.ae; B ee COCTa B BXO,aMnM 6 Tb/Cf/ 'I 'lenoBeK KaaanepMM, 8 Tb/Cf/'1 nexoTbl, a TaK%e 2 Tb/Cf/'IM aHrnM'IaH-f/K06MTOB no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM )J.)I(eMMCa, rep~ora JllopKcKoro (6y,aylljero KOponH 111aKoaa II), npMcnaHHble npeTeH,aeHTOM Ha aHrnMMCKMM npeCTOn KapnoM II.

7-13 H~HSI 1658 r. HACTYnJlEHIIIE HA AIOHKEPK. J].oH XyaH AacTpMMCKMM M npMH~ KoH,ae

scm-

EB PO nA

nM na rep eM a ,aiOHax- Me)J(Ay 6eperoM M nacT6MlljHbiMM nyraMM, K ceaepo-aocToKy oT J].IOHKepKa. DHTBB B ,QIOHBX,

14 HIOHfl 1658 r.

T10peHH pewMn HeO)I(M,aaHHOM aTaKOM nepexaaTMTb MHM~MaTMBY, )J.HeM 13 M/OHfl OH C06pan ,ll,.!1fl 6MTBbl 9 Tb/Cf/'1 KaBanepMCTOB M 6 Tb/Cf/'1 neXOTMH~eB , OCTaBMB 6Tb/Cf/'l 'lenoBeK,aep)l(aTb oca.ay J].o HaCTYnneHMH TeMHOTbl npOM30WnO HeCKOnbKO MenKMX CTb/'leK. PaHo YTPOM, nepe.a caMbiM oTnMBOM, apMMfl TIOpeHHa, Bb/CTpOeHHaf/ ABYMH nMHMf/MM M C pe3epBOM B Tblfly, Ha'lana HacTynneHMe 'lepe3 ,aiOHbl. AHrnMMCKaH nexom Haxo.aMnacb Ha neaoM rpnaHre; KaaanepMH 6bma no.aeneHa Me)l(.aycfJnaHraMMnonoBMHa y 6epera M nonoBMHa Ha nacroMLljHbiX nyrax no ,apyry10 cmpoHy ,a!OH. HacTynan T10peHH Me.aneHHo, .aaaaH McnaH~aM apeMH npMroTOBMTbCH K o6opoHe. HecnewHOCTb am 6b!na anonHe co3HaTenbHoi4: BeCb nnaH TIOpeHHa OCHOBb/aanCH Ha TOM, 'ITO npMnMB BOT-BOT ,aOn)l(eH CMeHMTbCf/ OTnMBOM. 1!1cnaHcKaH nexom 3aHHna no3M~M/O Ha ,a10Hax; npaBbiM rpnaHr 6blfl Bb/CTasneH y CaMOM BOAbl. 1!1cnaHCKaf/ KaaanepMH npe6b!Bana a pe3epae M K ao.ae He npM6nM)I(anacb M3 onaceHMH, 'ITO 6y,aeT o6cTpenHHa c MaHeapMpy!OlljMX 6nM3 6epera aHrnMMCKMX Kopa6nei4. J].oH XyaH Xoce AacTpMMCKMM KOMaH,aoaan npaBbiM rpnaHroM, npMH~ KoH.ae - neBbiM. npeHe6perwM COBeTOM KoH.ae, .aoH XyaH TaK 6b!CTpo noaen caoi4 rpnaHr a aTaKy, 'ITO npaaorpnaHroaaH apTMnnepMH OCTanacb B TblflY, nepaoeconpMKOCHOBeHMeBOMCK npOM30WnO Ha npaBOM MCnaHCKOM rpnaHre, r.ae aHrnM'IaHe aTaKoaanM npM no.a.aep)I(Ke Kopa6enbHOM apTMnnepMM. fl1cnaHCKMM KOHHbiM pe3epa 3ano3,aano nonb!TancH no.a.aep)l(aTb nexoTy, HO 6bln pa36MT rppaH~y3cKoi4 neaorpnaHroaoi4 Ka sanepMeM, KOTOpOM KOMaH,aoaan MapKM3 )f(aK .ae KacTenbHO. 8 ~eHTpe rppaH~Y3CKaf/ neXOTa Me,ll,.!1eHHO OTTeCHHna McnaHcKy/0. Ha neaoM rpnaHre McnaH~ea KaaanepMMCKaH

371 aTaKa npMH~a KoH.ae npoTMB MapKM3a ~paHcya .ae KpeKM 3axne6Hynacb M3-3a npM6b!TMH c neaoro rppaH~y3cKoro rpnaHra KaaanepMM no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM TIOpeHHa. 8oeHHaH XMTpocTb T10peHHa 3aKn/O'Ianacb B TOM, 'IT06bl, BOCnonb30BaBWMCb OTnMBOM, npe,anpMHf/Tb rpnaHrOBb/M KOHHb/M 06xo,aHOM MaHeap; no,ao6Haf/ TaKTM'IeCKaf/ M306peTaTenbHOCTb 6b!fla B TO BpeMf/ CKOpee MCKn/O'IeHMeM, He)l(enM npaBMnOM. 8 6MTBe, ,ll,.!1MBWeMCf/ c 8 'lacoa YTPa .ao nony,aHH, TIOpeHH o.aep)l(an 6e3ycnoaHy/O no6e.ay; noTepM era cocTaBMnM acero400 'lenoaeK, a TO apeMH KaK ,aoH XyaH noTepHn 1 TbiCH'IY 'lenoaeK y6MTbiMM, a ellje 5 Tb/Cf/'1 nonanM a nneH. fl1cnaHCKMe «Tep~MO» 6blflM onpOKMHYTbl M o6palljeHbl a 6ercTao. He CHM)I(afl Hanopa, T10peHH npo.aon)l(an npecne.aoaaHMe, noKa He cTeMHeno. nocne aToro J].IOHKepK c.aancH, oTowen K OnMaepy KpoMaen/0 M ocTaaancH a pyKax aHmM'IaH .ao 1662 ro.aa, Kor.aa Kapn II npo.aan nopT fliO,aOBMKY XIV

7 HOH6pH 1659 r. nlil PEH ElfiCKiillfi MIIIP .1!1cnaHMH oT.aana 6onbwy/O 'laCTb ~naH,apMM M .apyrMe norpaHM'IHble c ~paH~MeM 3eMnM. 1!1cnaHcKaH MMnepMH Mcnb!Tana cepbe3Hb/M y,aap, rppaH~Y3CKaf/ MOHapXMfl OKpenna. fliO,aOBMKXIV)I(eHMnCf/ Ha MapMM- Tepe3e, ,ao'lepM McnaHCKoro KoponH ~MnMnna IV 8 cne.ay/OlljeM ro.ay npMH~ KoH.ae o6paTMnCH KfliO,aOBMKY XIV c noBMHHOM M 6blfl npolljeH.

PEAnbHOEnPABflEHHE nJOP,OBHKA XIV, 1661-1700 rr. 1 PeanbHoe npasneHMe fl10,aoaMKa XIV Ha'lanocb nMWb nocne cMepTM Kap,aMHana Ma3apMHM, KOTOpb!M npaBMn OTero MMeHM nO'ITM 18 neT. TeopMH ~apcTaoaaHMH fliO,aoBMKa XIV ocHOBb!Banacb Ha Tpy,aax PMwenbe, noy'leHMHX Ma3apMHM M co6CTBeHHOM On biTe. 0H He 6blfl HaMe1 0 rrocne~ 15 ro)'l;ax ero npaBJieHHJI ( 1700-1715 rr.) eM. B cnep;yJO!Il;e:it rnaBe (npiD.W-1. 3. M T. f);JOII!OH).

372 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. peH ,aem1Tb KOpOJieBCK}'/0 BJiaCTb C

HOMM'{eCKY/0 BOiiiHy. npaKTM'{eCKM

eHHbliii MMHMCTpJ110,aoeMKa XIV, M8p-

KeM 6b! TO HM 6b/JIO; ,aeBM30M ero

TOJibKO .4flfl 3aWMTbl KOJIOHMW 6blfl

KM3 ,ae J1yey8, 6blfl onnopryHMCTOM,

npaeneHM~ CT8JIO « 1..: etat, c' est moi»

Bb!CTpOeH HOBbiW BOeHHbiW cp!IOT, a

MTP8BWMM H8 CJI860CTM J110,aOBM-

( «locy,aapcTeo- 9TO ~»). CTpaHa,

Ce6aCTbeH Jle npeTp .ae Bo6aH

B CB0/0 O'{epe,ab, TO)I(e OTO)I(ll.eCTB-

B03B0.4Mfl MOWHb/e yKpenneHHb/e

K8 XIV K eoeHHbiM noxo,a8M. Bo3HMK KOHcpfiMKT Me)l(ll.y np8KTM'{Hb!M Konb-

Jif/Jia ce6~ C KOPOfleM. MMHMCTP cpM-

cpfiOTCKMe 6a3b/ B bpecTe, ,il,IOHKep-

6epoM, He,aOBOJibCTBO KOTOporo Bbl-

HaHCOB J110,aoeMKa XIV )l(aH-5amcT

Ke, laepe, Powcpope M TynoHe.

3b/B8JIM .aoporo o6xo.a~mMecf! K83He

Konb6ep nb!T8JIC~ c68JlaHcMpoeaTb

BOeHHb/e 9KCne,aM~MM, M J1yey8, KO-

CO CTa6MJIM38~Meiii M pOCTOM 6naro-

B 1661 ro.ay Konb6ep pacnonaran 20 KOpa6JI~MM; B 1671 ro,ay MX 6b/JIO )l)l(e 196, a e 1677 ro.ay- 270. YcM-

COCTO~HMfl. bep~ npMMep C TOJIJiaH,a-

fiMfiMM BOeHHOTO MMHMCTp8 MapKM-

~ee, Konb6ep BCfl'{eCKM noompfln MopennaeaHMe M Toproen/0, nono-

pecpopM8 8PMMM.

Heo6xo,aMMOCTb B CMJibHOW apMMM

38 .ae Jlyeya M Bo68H8 npoeo,aMfi8Cb

TOpb!W Bb/MCKMB811 CJI86b!e MeCT8 B ToproebJX H8'{MH8HM~x Konb6ep8.

<l>paH~Y3CK3SI apMVISI so BTopoH nonosv.He XVII aeKa

)I(MB, TaKMM o6pa30M, Ha'{aJIO 9K-

3KCn8HCMOHMCTCKMe YCTpeMJie-

CTeHCMBHOW cppaH~Y3CKOW KOJIOHM-

HMflf110,aOBMK8XIV M erO)I(8)1(l1.8 Cf18-

aJibHOW nonMTMKe. Konb6ep npe.a-

Bbl no,acTerHynM 8pMeiiiCKYIO peop-

.L~,apcTBeHHoro

cTaen~n

KOPOJI/0 KOJIOHMaflbHb/e

raHM38UMIO, CTpOMTeflbCTBO cpfiOTa M

MHHHCTepcTBa, T. e. BOeHHOro MHHH-

KOMnaHMM KaK apMMM, ee,aymMe 9KO-

poeT 6n8rococTo~HM~ e cTpaHe. Bo-

B 1667 ro.LJ,y Ha.LJ,OJDKHOCTb rocyceKpeTapa BOeHHoro

XIV Ha3Ha<JHJI Map(1639-1693), no.LJ, py-

C1pa, JliOAOBHK KH3a JlyBya

KOBO.Ll,CTBOM KOTOporo ocymecTBJIJIJiaCb peopraHH3a!{Hli <}>paHUY3CKHX

BO~CK H <}>opMHpOBaHHe peryJIJipHO~ KOpOJieBCKO~ apMHH.

OcHOBHhlM cnoco6oM KOMnJieKTOBaHHJI BO~CK npO.Ll,OJiiKaJia OCTaBaTbCJI Bep60BKaHHOC1paHHblX HaeMHHKOB. 0.LJ,HaKO OHa Tenepb 6h1Jla.LJ,OnOJIHeHa Ha6opoM coJI.LJ,aT cpeAH HaceJieHHJI ~paHUHH. KopoJieBCKH~ yKa3 B03JiaraJI Ha KIDf<Abl~ npHXOA o6JI3aHHOCTh nOCTaBJIJITb H CHa6iKaTh HeCKOJibKHX COJI.LJ,aT, qTo JIBJIJIJIOCb HaqaJIOM C03.Ll,aHHJI nOC10JIHHO~ HauHO-

HaJibHO~ <}>paHuy3CKO~ apMHH, HaC<JHThlBaBllie~ 30 neXOTHblX nOJIKOB (OKOJIO

25 ThlCJI<J <JeJIOBeK). B 1672 ro.LJ,y

qHcJieHHOCTb BCe~ apMHH .Ll,OCTHraJia

112 ThlCJI<J, a B 1701 ro.LJ,y .LJ,OXO.LJ,HJia 300 ThlCJI<J <JeJIOBeK.

0.LJ,Ha H3 maBHblX 3a,rr,aq peopraHH3a!lHH apMHH 3aKJIIOqaJiaCb B YJIY<JrneHHH Ka<JecTBao<}>HuepcKoro cocTaBa nyTeM orpaHH<JeHHJI npO.Ll,aiKH O<}>HUepCKHX qHHOB H ycTaHOBJieHHJI

C1pOro~ BOHHCKO~.Ll,HCUHnJIHHbl. JlyBya n01pe60BaJI OT o<}>HUepoB 3HaTHOro npoHcxow.,qeHHJI, KOTOpbie npe,n.no<JHTaJIH npe6h1BaHHe npH KopoJieBCKOM .Ll,BOpe, nOCTOJIHHO HaxO.LJ,HTbCJI B CBOHX qacTJIX H HeCTH CJiyiK6y.

C UeJibiO UeH1paJIH3a!{HH KOMaH.Ll,OBaHHJI apMH~ 6h1Jla pa3pa60TaHaCHCTeMa BOeHHO~ HepapXHH, "'TO yKpenJIJIJIO BOHHCF.'YIO .Ll,HCUHnJIHHy. ~paHUY3CKHe reHepaJihl, CJIYiKHBlliHe B O.Ll,HO~ apMHH, KOMaH.LJ,OBaJIH eiO no

noplPeT J110AOBJ.1Ka XIV

O<Jepe.L~,H

no O.Ll,HOMY .Ll,HIO, "'TO HCKJIIOqaJIO B03-

374

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. HceriOp, TPe6oBaJIH, 'IT06bi o<t>Huepbl CaMH o6yqaJIH CBOHX COJI,LJ,aT, He ITepeKJia):{blBall

3'J'Y 06ll3aHHOCTb Ha Ka-

ITpaJIOB. BoitcKa o6y'IaJIHCb yMeHHIO BJia.D,eTb opy)£<HeM B 6010. 0,LJ,HaKO cKopo cTpoeBoe o6y'IeHHe Ha'IaJio ITpHHHMan IIJiauiTapa.D,Hoe HaiTpaBJieHHe, KOTOpoe HaCIDKAaJIOCb ITpe)f(.D,e Bcero B rnap.D,eitcKHX ITOJIKax. Ho ITOArOTOBKa K ITapa.D,a!vf B TO BpeMSI HMeJia H ITOJIOJKHTeJibHOe CO.D,epiKaHHe, oiTpe.D,eJiliBIIIeecll oco6eHHOCTIIMH JIHHeHHoit TaKTHKH. Bo BTopoit ITOJIOBHHe

XVII

BeKa

ITOliBHJIHCb ,LJ,Ba BaJKHblX H306peTeHHll, ycoBepiiieHCTBOBaBIIIHX py'IHoe orHeCTPeJibHoe opyJKHe. 3To 6hiJIH IIITblK H KpeMHeBblit 3aMOK. B 1646 I'OAY <l>PaHI.IY3CKHit MYIIIKeTep BMeCTO ca6JIH )J,Jlll JIH'IHOit o6op0Hbl ITOJIY'IHJI 6arHHeT- KOpOTKOe KOITbe C KJIHHKOM B 30 CM H TaKOH JKe AJIHHhl pyKoliTKoit, BCTaBJiliBIIIeitcll B CTBOJI MYIIIKeTa. EarHHeT ITpeBpalllaJI OrHeCTpeJibHOe opyA<He B XOJIO,LJ,HOe, HO OHH ITpO.D,OJIJKaJIH OCTaBaTbCll pa3)J,eJieHHblMH, XOTll H HaxO,LJ,HJIHCb Teiiepb B pyKax O,LJ,HOI'O 6oj;tua. B 1684 ro,LJ,y MHOrHe 4>PaHI.IY3cKHe ITOJIKH ITOJIY'IHJIH Ha BOOpYJKeHHe KJIHHOK c ITycTOj;t py'IKoj;t, Ha):{eBaBIIIej;tclJ HacTBoJI MYIIIKeTa. TeiTepb MOJKHO 6b1JIO CTPeJiliTh, He CHHMaH co CTBOJia 3'1'0 ITO,LJ,06He IIITbiKa, MeiiiaBIIIee, OAHaKo, 3apliJKaHHIO MYIIIKeTa.

<J>paHl-'Y3CKHe rpeHaAepb11670-x rr.

B 1699 ro,LJ,y YAaJIOCb H3o6pecTH Tpy61\'Y C ropH30HTaJibHOit IIIeitKoj;t,

B 1660 ro,LJ,y <PpaHI.IY3CKHit KO-

ro K~all poTa HMeJia CBOIO 4>opMY.

ITpeBpaTHBIIIHX 6arnHeT B IIIThiK, Jier-

poJib YTBep.D,HJI IIITaTbl BoitcKOBblX

TeiTepb pOTbl OAHOro ITOJIKa pa3JIH'Ia-

KO ITpHMhiKaBIIIHitCll K CTBOJIY Myiii-

qacTej;t, KOTOpble 3aKpeiTJiliJIH HX OIT-

JIHCb ITO l.IBery 'IYJIOK, 60THHOK HJIH

KeTa. B pyKax ITeXOTHHI.Ia OKa3aJIOCb

pe.D,eJieHHble <PopMbi opraHH3al.IHH.

OTBOpOTOB CaiTOr. 3TH pa3JIH'IHll B

e,LJ,HHOe OrHeCTpellbHOe H XOJIO,LJ,HOe

IlexoTa cocTaBJiliJia 75% Bceit ap-

O,LJ,eJK)J.e ITOMOraJIH COJI,LJ,aTaM 6blCTPee

opyJKHe.

MHH. Bhlciiieit a):{MHHHCTpaTHBHo-xo-

CTpOHTbCll. B 1670 I'OAY O,LJ,Hoo6pa3-

B 1666 ro,LJ,y TIOpeHH A06HJICll

3llj;tcTBeHHoit e,LJ,HHHI.Ieit 6hiJI ITOJIK,

HYIO <PoPMY Ha.D,eJia Bell ITexoTa, a B

BBe,LJ,eHHll BO <l>paHI.IY3CKOit apMHH

KOTOpblit COCTOliJI H3 8-12 poT ITO

1690 I'OAY- BCll KOHHHI.Ia. 0,LJ,HOBpe-

e,LJ,HHoro KaJIH6pa MYIIIKeTa, 'ITO

50 'IeJIOBeK B KIDKAOit.

MeHHO Ha'IaJIH Bb1pa6aTh!BaTb O,LJ,HO-

HMeJIO BaJKHoe 3Ha'IeHHe. B 3TO JKe

o6pa3Hble ITpHeMbl HOIIIeHHll opyJKHlll.

BpeMll 6b1JI H306peTeH KpeMHeBblit

Bhl)J,eJiliJIHCb rBap.D,eitCKHit ITOJIK H 4, a 3aTeM 6 TaK Ha3biBaeMbiX CTapbiX

B 60-x ro,LJ,ax XVII BeKa BO 4>paH-

ITpouecc 3apliJKaHHll MYIIIKeTa H 3a-

HaH60Jibiiieit 6oeciToco6HOCTbiO

3aMOK, KOTOpblit CHJibHO COKpaTHJI

ITOJIKOB. ITo <PpaHI.IY3CKOMY o6pa3l.IY

l.IY3CKoit apMHH BBO,LJ,HJIOCb peryJillp-

lllHlllaJI ITOpOXOBYIO ITOJli\'Y OT,LJ,O)f(.D,ll.

rBap.D,HIO <PopMHpOBaJIH ITpaBHTeJIH

HOe o6y'IeHHe BOitCK. JlyBya H TaKHe

Ilpouecc 3apll)KaHHll MYIIIKeTa CHJib-

ApyrHx eBpoiTeitcKHX rocy.D,apcTB,

reHepaJibi, KaK MoHTeK)'KOJIH H IliO-

B TOM 'IHCJie H HH.D,epJiaHACKaH pecITy6JIHKa. B 1667 ro,LJ,y B rBap.D,ej;tcKHX, a 3a-

HO yiTpOCTHJICll H BKJIIO'IaJI TOJibKO 12 ITpHeMoB. YBeJIH'IHJiacb cKopocT-

B IlpyccHH OI{Hoo6pa3HaJI q>opMa 6biJia 1666 rol{y, B AacTpHH- B 1690

peJibHOCTh opyA<Hll. Ho Bee JKe oHa

BBel{eHa B

6hiJia MaJia, H coJI,LJ,aT B 6oiO pacxo-

TeM H B OCTaJibHhiX ITOJIKax 6biJia BBe-

rol{y, HO OKOmaTeJibHO B aBCTpHJ;iCKHX BOJ;i-

AOBaJI He 6oJiee 24-36 ITaTpOHOB.

,LJ,eHa o6maH BOeHHaH <PopMa. ,ll;o 3'1'0-

CKaX yTaepi{HJiacb B

1720 rol{y.

1681 ITO 1700 I'O)J, BO ¢paHI.IHH ITpO-

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

375

HCXO,.[\HJIO rrepeBoopy)KeHHe apMHH

Hhle H ycTOlt<JHBbie <t>opMbl opraHH3a-

MYIIIKeToM c KpeMHeBhlM 3aMKOM.

U:HH rrexOThl. Tru.'TH<JecKolt e,AHHHn:elt

roJIJiaH,AU:eB cymecTBOBaJI poA Jier-

B CBll3H c pa3pa6oTKolt 6oJiee coBep-

6h1Jl 6aTaJibOH, KOTOphlit HMeJI OT 500

Kott IIeXOThl, HO 31'0 6hlJIH HpperyJillp-

IIIeHHhlX ycTaBOB YJIY<JIIIHJIOCb o6y-

<JeHHe neXOThl, KOTOpall Y<JHJiaCb XO-

U:eJieit 6aTaJibOHhl IIO,Apa:3)J,eJISIJIHCb Ha

KasanepHll BO Bcex apMHllX npH-

,AHTb B Hory. Bee 3TO II03BOJIHJIO AO-

poThl, a HeCKOJlbKO 6aTaJibOHOB CBO-

6JIH)KaJiacb K THIIY JierKOlt KOHHHU:hl.

BeCTH cKopocTpeJibHOCTh MYIIIKeTa

AHJIOCb B rroJIK. BhmH co~aHhl IIOA-

3amHTHOe BOOp~eHHe 6hlJloynpa3):1,-

3-5 BhlCTpeJIOB B MHHY1Y· C 1680 ro,AaBbiCKa3hlBaJIHCb MHe-

pa:3)J,eJieHHll (pOTbi) oT6opHolt rrexo-

HeHO. Bo3pociiiaJI,AeltcTBHTeJibHOCTb

700

<JeJIOBeK. .Il:Jill crren:HaJibHhlX

<JaJie rpaHaTaMH ,.[\Jill MeTaHHll HX

HH)KeHep ManJie roBopHJI, <JTO rrH-

rrepeA pyKorraiiiHhlM 6oeM. Ho BCKO-

KHHepbi COBepiiieHHO 6eCIIOJie3Hhl

pe Ha Boopy)KeHHH rpeHa,AepoB oc-

B 6010, ,.[\Jill HeCeHHll CTOpO)KeBOlt

TaJICll JIHIIIb OAHH MYIIIKeT. B HeKo-

cJiy)K6hl H rrpH aTaKe KperrocTelt. 3a-

TopbiX HeMeU:KHX apMHllX 6hlJIH

TeM HaJIH<JHe IIHKHHepoB Ha3hlBaJIH

c<t>opMHpOBaHbl <JaCTH Kapa6HHe-

IIHKHHep COKpaiiiaeT KOJIH<JeCTBO «rroJie3HhlX» coJI,AaT, T. e. MYIIIKeTepoB. B 6mo Ha Mecro Bhl6hlBIIIero MYIIIKeTepa o6bi<JHO CTaHOBHJICll rrHKHHep, 6pocaBIIIHlt CBOIO IIHKY H 6paBIIIHltcll 3a MYIIIKeT.

1671

ro,Ay BO paHU:HH 6biJI

c<t>opMHpOBaH <l>Y3HJiepHhllt IIOJIK, rrpe,AHa3Ha<JaBIIIHltCll,.[\JISI apTHJIJiepHltCKOlt H HH)KeHepHOlt CJI~6, <l>aKTH<JeCKH HMeBIIIHlt 3a,Aaqy IIpHKphlBaTb BO BpeMll OCa,Ahl KpeiiOCTelt apTHJIJiepHitCKHe 6aTapeH H HH)KeHepHhle pa-

1693 ro,Ay ero Ha3biBaJIH KO-

60Thl. B

poJieBCKHM apTHJIJiepHltCKHM IIOJIKOM H B COCTaBe ero He 6hlJIO IIHKHHepoB. MyiiiKeTephl HMeJIH MYIIIKeT c KpeMHeBhlM 3aMKOM H 6arnHeTOM. B

1689 ro,Ay B HMrrepcKolt apMHH

IIHKa 6hJJia IIOJIHOCTbiO CHllTa C BOopy)KeHHll. 3a aBCTpHltU:aMH IIOCJie,.[\OBaJIH npyccaKH. Bo paHU:HH oTMeHbi IIHKH OC06eHHO HaCTOlt<JHBO A06HBaJicll Bo6aH. 0,AHaKo TOJibKO B

1703

ro,Ay IIOCJie,AOBaJI KOpOJieBC-

KHlt yKa3 o6 yrrpa:3)J,HeHHH IIHK. BocCTaHOBHJiacb 0,.[\HOpO,AHOCTb IIeXOThl, COCTOllBIIIelt Terrepb TOJlbKO H3 O,AHHX MYIIIKeTepoB, IIOJIY<JHBIIIHX Ha Boopy)KeHHe MYIIIKeT c KpeMHeBhlM 3aMKOM H co IIITbiKOM.

YHH<JTO)Ke-

HHeM IIHKHHepoB HC<Je3JIH BCe BH,Ahl o6opOHHTeJibHOrO CHapll)KeHHll neXOThl. YcoBepiiieHCTBOBaHHe HHAHBHAYaJibHoro

op~Hll

H H3MeHeHHe CTpyK-

'I)'phl IIeXOTbl IIOTpe60BaJIO H HOBbiX 4>opM ee opraHH3aU:HH, KOTOpbie ,.[\OJI)KHhl 6hlJIH OTBe<JaTb Tpe60BaHHllM HOBOit orHeBOlt TaKTHKH. K KOHU:Y

XVII BeKa Bhlpa60TaJIHCb orrpe,AeJieH-

Hbie <JaCTH.

Tbi (rpeHa,Aephl), Boopy)KeHHbie BHa-

HHll 0 He06XO,AHMOCTH OTMeHbl IIHK.

Bpe,AHbiM <Pru.'TOpOM, TaK KaK KaJKAbllt

poB. Y aBCTpHitU:eB, 4>paHU:Y30B H

ConAaTbl OaepHctroro nonKa B CHapSI>KeHHH 3nOXH TpHA!43THneTHeH BOHHbl (cneaa)" act>opMe apeMeN niOAOBHKa XIV

376 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. raap.tU1S1

n 10AOBI'IK3 XIV

MacTepaMH. HoBI>Ilt po,q BoltcK HMeJI Tenepi> BCe ycJIOBH.ll ,[J,JI.ll HOpMaJII>HOro H 6hlCTporo pa3BHTH.ll, HaqHHa.ll c <J:>opM opraHH331.1HH. Tai-.--rHqecKHMH e,qHHHI.IaMH .liBJI.liJIHCI> apTHJIJiepHltCKHe poThl H 6aTaJII>OHI>I. O<J:>Huepi>I apTHJIJiepHH 61>1JIH npHqHcJieHI>I K BOeHHOlt HepapXHH, a aPTHJIJiepHltCKa.ll npHcJiyra npeBpaTHJiacl> B nocmSIHHI>IX COJI,[J,aT. M3MeHeHHe KaqecTB coJI,qaT H o<J:>HuepoB, a TaK)f(e ycoBepiiieHCTBOBaHHe pyqHoro orHecTpeJII>Horo opy)f(H.ll H apTHJIJiepHH, Bhl3BaBIIIHe yBeJIHqeHHe ,qeltCTBHTeJII>HOCTH OrH.ll, onpe,qeJIHJIH cTpet'vmeHHe ycosepIIIeHCTBOBaTI> B03HHKIIIHlt JIHHeltHi>Ilt 6oeBolt nopSIAOK, npeBpaTHTI> ero B llO,[J,BH)f(HYIO JIHHHIO orH.ll. IIpe)f(HHlt pa30MKHYThllt cTpolt 6hlJI OCTaRJieH, TaK KaK npHMeHeHHe HOBoro KpeMHeBoro MYIIIKeTa Tpe6oBa.JIO MeHI>IIIe MeCTa, qeM npHMeHeHHe cTaporo <J:>HTHJII>Horo PY*I>H. ,[{JI.ll Toro 'IT061>1 yBenHqHTI> qHcJio cTpenKOB Ha AaHHOM yqacTKe, pSIAhl 61>1JIH COMKHYThi BllJIOTHyiO. MHTepBaJihi MeJK,ll.Y 6aTaJII>OHaMH 6i>IJIH COKpameHI>I, H BeCI> <J:>poHT npe,qcTaBJI.liJI OAHY HerH6~x-yro HenpephlBHYIO JIHHHIO. B ueHTpe 6oeBoro nopH,qKa pa3MemaJiacl> nexoTa BABe JIHHHH, Ha $JiaHrax BhlCTpaHBaJiaCI>

•,

( r-

KOHHHI.Ia. TaK KaK B nepBolt JIHHHH He 6hlJIO HHTepBaJIOB, TO BTOpa.ll JIHHH.ll llO'ITH He HMeJia B03MO)f(HOCTH OKa3aTI> noMOll.ll> nepBolt. IIexoTa cTpo-

6 TOJII>KO B 4 IIIepeHrH.

orHH MYIIIKeTa 3acTaBHJia MHOrHX

B aTacy. Bo <J:>paHI.IY3CKolt KaBaJiepHH

HJiacl> BMeCTO

llOCTaBHTh llO,!J, BOnpoc npHMeHeHHe

ca6JISI 61>ma BBe,qeHa Ha soopy*eHHe

fJiy6oKHe llOCTpOeHH.ll OKOHqaTeJII>HO

KaBaJiepHH B 6oro. MHorHe noJiara-

BMecTo naJiaiiia B KOHI.Ie

XVII BeKa.

6hlJIH ynpa3,[1,HeHhl.

JIH, 'ITO KaBaJiepH.ll ,[J,OmKHa 60JII>IIIe

B :no *e BpeMSI yJiyqiiiHJIHCI> TaK-

CTpen1>6a Benacl> B3Bo,qaMH HJIH

,qeltCTBOBaTI> Kapa6HHOM, qeM llaJia-

THKO-TeXHHqecKHe ,qaHHhle MaTepH-

poTaMH Tpex nepe,qHHX IIIepeHr no

IIIOM. 3TOT B3rJI.liA npeo6Jia,qaJI BO

aJII>HOlt qacTH apTHJIJiepHH nyTeM

o6mett KOMaH,qe. KaJKAI>Ilt 6aTaJII>OH

<l>paHI.IHH, IIpyccHH H ABC1pHH. Bep-

yMeHI>IIIeHH.ll Beca opy)f(H.ll, BBe,qeHH.ll

Mor Tenepi> noMeP*HBaTI> Henpe-

xoBolt e3,qott CTaJIH npeHe6peraTI>, H

Kapry30B ,[J,JI.ll 6oeBhlX 3ap.li,[J,OB H npH-

pi>IBHhllt oroHI>. BaTaJII>OH HMeJI cBoe

o6yqeHHe npOHCXO,[J,HJIO B 60JII>IIIHH-

MeHeHH.ll KapTeqH. Heo6xo,qHMOCTh

cTporo onpe,qeJieHHoe MecTo B

CTBe CJiyqaeB B neiiieM CTpOIO.

C,[J,eJiaTh nyiiiKH JierKHMH 3aCTaBHJia

cTporo. PacnoJio)f(eHHe B Jiarepe H

llOCTeneHHO yMeHI>IIIHTh 3ap.sJA, KOTO-

llOXO,[J,Hhllt nop.li,[J,OK C1pOHJIHCI> Te-

XVIII BeKa cocTaBJI.liJI

nepi> c TaKHM pacqeToM, 'IT06hl Bce-

C1pen1>6ac JIOIII3AH Benacl> pH,qaMH, B3BO,[J,aMH H IIIepeHraMH. fJiy6H-

phllt K HaqaJiy

Ha C1pO.ll KaBaJiepHH 6hiJia yMeHI>IIIe-

JIHIIII> llOJIOBHHY Beca CHapSI,qa.

Ha c qeThlpex ,qo 1pex IIIepeHr. ,[{JI.ll npOH3BO,[J,CTBa BhlCTpeJia ABH)f(eHHe npHocTaHaBJIHBaJIOCI>. C6JIH)f(eHHe

B KOHI.Ie

XVII

BeKa apTHJIJiepHSI

OKOHqaTeJII>HO 61>ma BBe,qeHa B COCTaB

r,qa MO)f(HO 6i>IJIO JierKO nepeltTH K 6oeBOM)' nopHAKY·

<J:>paHI.IY3CKOlt apMHH KaK HOBhllt po,q

Ho JIHHeltHhllt 6oeBolt nopSIAOK OTJIHqaJIC.ll HerH6KOCThiO H HeyKJIIO-

AJI.ll aTaKH BhlllOJIH.liJIOCI> pi>ICI>IO.

BoltcK. Mcqe3 cpe,qHeBeKOBhllt uexo-

)f(eCTI>IO. Bo3MO)f(HOCTI> npHMeHeHH.ll

20 MOT npoTHBHHKa KaBaJiepHSI oc-

Bolt ee xapai-.--rep, KOIJJ,a apTHJIJiepHSI

3TOro nopSI,qKa TOJII>KO Ha oqeHI> poE-

TaHaBJIHBaJiacl>, AaBaJia 3aJin, BhlHH-

paccMa1pHBaJiacl> KaK peMecJio, a ee

Holt MeCTHOCTH CHJII>HO COKpamaJia

MaJia ca6JIH H Ha phiC.liX nepeXO,[J,HJia

o<J:>HI.Iephl cqHTaJIHCI> He 60JII>IIIe KaK

B1>16op MeCTaAJISI6oSI. ,[{opora, KaHa-

3AnNJ,H A~

377

EB PO nA

Ba, 3a6op, ):(epeBHH, KYCTbi H ):(pyrn:e

OrHH, C IIOMOII(biO KOTOporo IIpOTIIB-

He06XO):(HMbie ):(JIH Q.:JJIOTa BOeHHO-

MeCTHbie npe):(MeTbi paccMaTpHBa-

HHK nopa)KaJicH 3a YKPbiTHHMH. )J;nH

MOpCKHe IIpHIIaCbi . 3CKa):(pbi B03rJiaB-

JIHCb KaK npeiiHTCTBHH H HBJIHJIHCb

IIpOH3BO):(CTBa pHKOIIIeTHOll CTpeJib-

JIHJIH OTBeTCTBeHHbie 3a HX 6oeBYIQ

):(JIH IIeXOTbi 3anpeTHbiMH MeCTaMH .

6bi opy):(HHM npH):(aBaJICH onpe):(eJieH-

IIO):(rOTOBKY Q.:JnarMaHbi. )J;JIH KOMIIJieKTOBaHHH Q.:JJIOTa MaTpOCaMH BBO-

B KOHI."(e XVII BeKa ):(JIH 3all(HTbi

HbiH yron B03BbiiiieHHH. Enaro):(apH

M)'lllKeTepOB OT KaBaJiepHHCKHX aTaK

Bo6aHy 6oJibiiioe 3HatieHHe nonyiiH-

):(HJICH HHCTHTYT MopcKoil 3anHcH, op-

IIpHMeHHJIHCb poraTKH, IIpe):(CTaB-

na HaBeCHaH CTPeJ!b6a H3 MOpTIIp.

raHH 3 0BbiBaJiacb IIO):(rOTOBKa MOp-

JIHBIIIHe co6ofi 3,5-4,5-MeTpOBbie

)Ke HBHJICH C03):(aTeJieM TeOpHH HCKyc-

CKHX YHTep-oQ.:JHI."(epoB H KOMeH):(OpOB,

6peBHa c ):(blpaMH no oKpy)KHOCTH, B

CTBa MHHHOH BOHHbi, o6o6Il(HB BeCb

):(JIH 06YtieHHH oQ.:JHUepCKOrO COCTaBa

KOTOpbie BTbiKaJIHCb IIaJIKH ):(JIHHOll

IIpe):(bl):(yll(HH OIIbiT.

oKoJio MeTpa. PoraTKH ycTaHaBJIHBa-

B KOHI."(e XVII BeKa IIOHBHJICH no-

6biJIO oTKpbiTO MopcKoe yiiHJIHrn:e. EoJ!biiiOe BHHMaHHe y):(eJIHJiocb opra-

JIHCb B 4,5-5,5 M BIIepe):(H CTpOH

CTOHHHbiH BOeHHO-MOpCKOll Q.:JJIOT.

HH3aU:HH KOpa6eJibHOll CJiy)K6bi -

MyrnKeTepoB, a TaK)Ke Ha qmaHrax HX

)J;o 3TOrO BpeMeHH BOOp~aJICH TOp-

Be):(eHHIO BaxTeHHbiX )KypHaJIOB, cy-

pacnoJIO)KeHHH. Bcn e):(CTBHe CJIO)K-

rOBbill Q.:Jn oT, KOTOpbiH BbiiiOJIHHJI ):(Be

):(OBbiX paCIIHCaHHH H BCeX OCTaJibHbiX

HOCTH nepecTpOeHHH BOliCK C poraT-

Q.:JyHKU:HH : TOproByiO H BOeHHyiO.

ee 3JieMeHToB.

KaMH, TPY):(HOCTeil nepexo):(a B aTa-

B KOHU:e XVII BeKa Q.:JnoT cTaJI ):(e-

B nepHo):( poH):(bi Q.:JpaHU:Y3CKHil

KY, a TaK)Ke o6peMeHHTeJibHOCTH

JIHThCH Ha TOprOBbill H IIOCTOHHHbill

Q.:JJIOT OKa3 aJICH CHJibHO OCJia6JieH-

CHapH)KeHHH CO JI):( a T , HOCHBIIIHX

BOeHHbill. «Te )Ke IIpHIIHHbi, KOTOpbie

HbiM. 0):(HaKO BO Bp eMH aHrJio-Q.:JpaH-

6peBHa H naJIKH, ~e B Hatiane XVIII

Bbi3BaJIH IIOHBJieHHe IIOCTOHHHbiX ap-

U:Y3CKOll BOHHbi 1688-1697 rO):(OB

BeKa apMHH OT IIpHMeHeHHH poraTOK

MHH Ha cyiiie, o6ycJIOBHJIH B0 3HHK-

Q.:JpaHU:Y3CKOe KOMaH):(OBaHHe B 1691

OTKa3 aJIHCb.

HOBeHHe IIOCTOHHHbiX BOeHHbiX Q.:JJio-

ro):(y cocpe):(OTOIIHJIO B EpecTe 120

3HatiHTeJibHO B03pOCJia pOJib IIO-

TOB Ha MOpe, H TOJibKO C 3TOro Bpe-

cy):(oB. A):(MHpan y

JieBOll Q.:JopTIIQ.:JHKaiiHH. BoilcKa yiiH-

MeHH Mbi C06CTBeHHO H MO)KeM

nocTaBJieHa 3 a):(atia 3 axBaTIITh 6oJib-

TypBHJIIO 6biJia

IIIOH KapaBaH aHrJIHHCKHX mproBbiX

JIHCb B03BO):(HTb 3eMJIHHbie IIOJieBbie

rOBOpHTb 0 BOeHHO-MOpCKOM Q.:JJIOTe

o6opoHHTeJibHbie coopy)KeHHH -

KaK TaKOBOM. 3pa KOJIOHHaJibHbiX

cy):(OB, KOTOpbiH IIJibiJI H3 CMHpHbi.

CIIJIOIIIHbie pBbi H BaJibi IIepe):( Q.:JpoH-

IIpe):(IIpHHTHll, KOTOpaH Teiiepb OT-

B HHCTPYKU:HH, ):(aHHOH Q.:JpaHU:Y3 -

TOM CBOero IIOCTpOeHHH ):(JIH Be):(eHHH

KpbiJiaCb ):(JIH BCeX MOpCKHX HaU:Hll,

CKOMY a):(MHpany, 6biJIO cKa3aHo:

orHeBoro o6opoHHTeJibHoro 6oH HJIH

TaK)Ke HBHJiaCb 3IIOXOH o6pa3 0BaHHH

«0BJia):(eHHe 3 THM 6oraTbiM KapaBa-

)Ke YKPeiiJieHHbie narepH B KatiecTBe

KpyiiHbiX BOeHHbiX Q.:JJIOTOB ):(JIH 3a-

HOM KOpOJib C'IHTaeT Ba)KHee, tieM

onopHbiX IIYHKTOB c u:eJibiO YKJIOHe-

Il(HTbi TOJibKO 'ITO OCHOBaHHbiX KO-

BTopyiO 60JibiiiYIO MOpCKYIO no6e-

HHH oT noneBoro 6oH. Y)Ke B XVII

JIOHHH H TOprOBJIH C HHMH. C 3TOrO

AY». IIepByiO 6oJibiiiYIO no6eAy HaA

BeKe B «COJI):( aTCKOll My):(pOCT H»

BpeMeHH HatiHHaeTcH nepHo):(, 6onee

COI03HbiM aHrJio-roJIJiaH):(CKHM Q.:Jno-

6biJIO CKa3aHO: «IlOT 3KOHOMHT

6oraTbiH MOpCKHMH cpa)KeHHHMH H

TOM Q.:JpaHU:Y3CKHe 3CKa):(pbi IIO):( KO-

KpOBb. ,IJ;ecHTb MeTpoB TPaHIIIeH JIYII-

6oJiee IIJIO):(OTBOpHbill ):(JIH pa3BHTHH

MaH):(OBaHHeM TypBHJIH OAep)KaJIH B

IIIe, tieM O):(HH MeTp MOrHJibi» .

MOpCKHX BOopy)KeHHll, tieM JII060H

HIOJie 1690 ro):(a OKOJIO EHIIH-Xe):(a.

Bo BTopoil IIOJIOBHHe XVII BeKa 6biCTPO pa3BHBaJIOCb HCKYCCTBO ):(OJI-

H 3 npe):(bi):(yll(HX». B KOHU:e XVII BeKa Q.:JpaHUy3cKoe

3axBaTHTb KapaBaH TypBHJIIO He yAaJIOCb.

roBpeMeHHOll Q.:JopTHQ.:JHKaiiHH, tieMy

npaBHTeJibCTBO pacnonarano He TOJib-

)J;JIH 6opb6bi 3a rOCIIO):(CTBO Ha

HeMaJIO CIIOC06CTBOBaJI H3BeCTHbill

Ko MHOrOIIHCJieHHOll apMHell, HO H

MOpe Q.:JpaHU:Y3 CKOe npaBHTeJibCTBO

Q.:JpaHU:Y3CKHH

Bo6aH

CHJibHbiM BOeHHO-MOpCKHM Q.:JJIOTOM,

pacnonarano Heo6xo):(HMbiMH CHJia-

(1633-1707). 0H IIOCTpOHJI 33 HO-

CTpOHTeJibCTBO KOTOporo 6biJIO pa3-

MH H cpe):(CTBaMH.

Bble KpeiiOCTH, HCIIpaBHJI 300 CTa-

BepHyTo ern:e B nepBOll IIOJIOBHHe

pbiX. OH yiiaCTBoBaJI B 53 noxo):(ax H

XVII BeKa. Kap ):(HHaJI PHIIIeJibe

B 104 6oeBbiX CTOJIKHOBeHHHX.

(1585-1642), B03rJiaBJIHBIIIHll npa-

HH)KeHe p

Bo6aH 6pan B 10-15 ):(Hen Kpe-

BHTeJibCTBO C 1624 IIO 164 2 ro):(, HeO-

nocTH, KOTOpbie paHbiiie oca)K):(aJIHCb

):(HOKpaTHO rOBOpHJI 0 He06XO):(HMO-

ro):(aMH. IlpH oca):(e MaccTpHxa

CTH ycHJieHHH <!>paHU:HH Ha MOpe H

(1676 r.) OHIIpHMeHHJIIIapaJIJieJIH-

pa3BepHyJI ):(eHTeJibHOCTb IIO C0 3):(a-

TPH onopHbie JIHHHH TpaHIIIeil ):(JIH

HHIO nepBoro B MHpe IIOCTOHHHOrO

IIeXOTbi, KOTOpbie O):(HOBpeMeHHO HB-

BOeHHO-MOpCKOro Q.:JJIOTa.

JIHJIHCb II03HU:HHMH TpaHIIIeilHoro Ka-

OcHOBHbiMH 3a):(atiaMH PHIIIeJibe

payJia. C noMOII(biO napanneneil aTa-

C'IHTaJI CTpOHTeJibCTBO 6oeBbiX 3C-

KyiOrn:He BOHCKa c6JIH)KaJIHCb C yK-

Ka):(p H BOeHHO-MOpCKHX IIOpTOB, Ha

penJi eHHHMH

KOTOpbie ):(OJI)KHbi 6biJIH 6a3HpOBaTb-

o6opOHHIOII(HXCH.

Bmpoe KpyiiHoe H3o6peTeHHe Bo6a-

CH 3CKa):(pbi. IIopTbi 6biJIH nocTpoe-

Ha B ):(eJie oca):(bi KpenocTeil 3aKJIIO-

Hbi B TynoHe H EpecTe, r):(e cTpoH-

IIanocb B npHMeHeHHH pHKOIIIeTHoro

JIHcb BOeHHbie KOpa6JIH H HaxO):(HJIHCb

1664-1669 rr. KAMnAH~~ nPOT~B 5EP5EP~~CK~X n~PA TOB. l13-38 yw.ep68 , H8HocvrMoro M8pcenbcKoi1I Toproane, flto/l,OBMK XIV OTPRIJ.Mfl acK81J.PY c 14enbto o6cTpenf/Tb 8fl)I(MpCKMM nopT jJ,)I(M/1,)I(ennvr vr coaepw8Tb peiiiAbt H8 npvr6pe)I(Hbte ropo/1,8, noK8 He YIJ.8CTCfl 1J.OCTM4b corn8weHvrfl c 11.eeM An)I(Mp8. 1666 r. BO~HA C AHrJl~E~. no com8weHvrto 1662 ro/1,8, fltoAOBMK o6R38flCfl OK838Tb noMOW.b Coe/l,vrHeHHbtM npoBMH/4MfiM B MX BTOpoi1J aoiiiHe c AHmvreiii.

378

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

/leBOJliO~HOHHafl BOMHa,

COXpaHeHHe rereMOHHH B 3aii3,l1.HOJ;I

1667-1668 rr.

EBporre, KOTopru~ oKa3aJiacb IIOA y.LI.a-

nocne cMepn1 ceoero recn:1, ucnaHcKoro KoponR <t>ununna IV ( 1665 r.), fllo.aoBMK XIV no.aHRn eonpoc o .aeeonJOL.lMM 1 u norpe6oean nepe.aarb <t>paH~MM ece ucnaHCKMe Hu.aepnaHJJ,bl. VfcnaHMR orKa3anacb. Ha ucnaHCKMIIi npecron B3owen CbiH <t>ununna IV- Kapn II. 24 MaSI 1667 r. BTOP)I(EH~E B H~AEPJlAHAbl. T10peHH 6bJcrpo nOKOpMn 48CTb <1>nBH.ll,pMM M 3HO. SIHaapb 1668 r. TPOPICTBEHHbiPI C0103. Coe.auHeHHble npoBMH~MM, AHmMR u Wee~MR 38Kn/04Mnu .ll,OTOBOp C ~eflb/0 OCTBHOBMTb cppaH~Y3CKYIO 9KCnBHCMIO. 4>eapanb 1668 r. BTOP>KEH~E SO $PAHW-KOHTE. <1>paH~Y3CKMe BOWCK8 no.a KOM8H.ll,OB8HMeM npMH~8 KoH.ae OKK}'nupoeanu o6nacrb 38 14 .aHelli. MapT-anpenb 1668 r. TPOPICTBEHHbiPI COI03 TPEEiYET M~PA. JIJOJJ,OBMK XIV ecrynun B neperoeopbJ. 2 MaSI 1668 r. M~PHbiPI AOrOBOP B 3-JlA-WAnEJlb. no ero YCflOBMRM, <1>paHW-KOHTe BepHyfl8Cb K VfcnaHMM, HO 38 <1>paH~Metli OCT8flCR pR.ll, yKpenneHHbiX ropO.lJ,OB Ha rpaHu~e c ucnaHCKMMM Hu.aepnaH.aaMM MHeCKOflbKO Kpenocretli BO <t>naH.apuu. PeweHue eonpoca o Hacne.aoeaHMM 6bmo omo)l(eHo.

IIpHBJieKJia Ha CBOIO CTOpOHY COI03-

poM UeJIOJ;I KOaJIHUHH. foJIJiaH,l1.H.ll HHKOB: aBCTpHJ;ICKHX H HCIIaHCKHX fa6c6yproB, ,[(aHHIO, BpaH,l1.eH6ypr H HeKOTOpbiX HeMeUKHX KHSI3eJ;I.

CBSI3H c H3MeHHBIIIeJ;Ic.si Me)K-

AYHapo.LI.HOJ;I o6cTaHOBKoJ;I TIOpeHH C'IHTaJI, 'ITO rJiaBHhlMTeaTpOM BOeHHhlX ,l1.eJ;ICTBHJ;I ,l1.0JI)KHa Terrepb .siBJISITbC.si TeppHTOpH.si IIO cpe,l1.HeMy Te'IeHHIO PeJ;!Ha, a He foJIJiaH,l1.H.si, me <}>paHUy3aM IIpHIIIJIOCb O'IHCTHTb BCe KpeiiOCTH, B3.siTble HMH B 16721673 ro,l1.ax.

MaH-H~nb1672r.BTOP>KE足 H~E

MapKH3 Ae nyaya, BOeHHbiH MHHHCTp n10AOBHK3 XIV 0,l1.HaKO <}>paHUY3CKHJ;I KOpOJib

/ 0/l/laH.D,CKafl BOilHa,

JliOAOBHK

XIV H ero MHHHCTp JlyBya

1672-1678 rr.

B KalvtiiaHHH 1674 I'O,l1.a paCIIhlJIHJIH

JIJOJJ,OBMK38.ll,8flCR ~eflb/0 pa3pyWMTb TPOWCTBeHHbiW C0/03, 4TO M 6bmo c.aenaHo nocpe.acreoM ralliHoro ,ll,yepcKoro .aoroeopa c AHmuetli (22 MaR 1670 r.). AHanorM4HbJtli .aoroeop 6bm 3aKnJ04eH co Wee~uetli ( 1672 r.), a raJOKe c KenbHOM u MJOHcrepoM.

JIH B IlHpeHeH, rJiaBHbie CHJihl-

CBOH BoJ;IcKa: OAHY apMHIO HanpaBHB <DpaHIII-KOHTe (rrpOBHHUH.ll B BepXOBbSIX peKH PoHbl ), apMHIO KoHAe B HCIIaHCKHe HH.LI.epJiaHAhl: 12-ThlCSI'IHhlJ;I OTPHA TIOpeHHa rroJiy'IHJI 33,l1.a-

o6opoHSITb 3Jib3ac H Cpe.LI.HHJ;I

PeJ;IH OT Ba3eJISI AO MaJ;!Hua (oKoJio

200

KM).

Tperb.si aHmo-roJIJHIHACKllll BOJ;!Ha

MapT1672r.06bSIBJ1EH~E

3aKOH'IHJiaCb, HO <}>paHUY3CKOe rrpa-

BOP!Hbl. <1>paH~Y3CKBR apMMR 4MCneHHOCTb/O n04TM 130 Tb!CR4 4enoBeK no.a KOM8H.ll,OB8HMeM CBMOTO JIJOJJ,OBMKa XIV BbJcrynuna BHM3 e.aonb Maaca, B o6xo.a ronnaH.acKolli KpenocrM MaacrpMXT, 4T06bJ opra-

BHTeJibCTBO IIpO,l1.0JI)KaJI0 6opb6y 3a 1

}:(eBOJIIOUMOHHOe rrpaBO- rrpaBO .!(eTeJ;t

Ha 0611.lee MMyllleCTBO pO.!(MTeJieJ;t l!OCJie CMepTM O.!(HOrO M3 HMX.

Hl130B8Tb onopHy/0 6a3y H8 C0/03HOW reppMTOPMM, B,il,JOccenb.aopcf>e. ApMMR JIJOJJ,OBMKa XIV 6bma xopowo BOOp'Y)KeHa l1 CHBPR)I(eHa. Pacry~MIIi cppaH~}'3CKM IIi cpflOT no.a.a ep)I(MB8flCR BHmMWCKMM. l0flfl8H.ll,CKMW cpnoT H8C4MTbiB8fl 130 KOpa6netli, HOB C}t.l(OnyTHOW apMMM, no COCTORHM/0 HB 1671 ro.a, cny)I(Mno ecero 27 TbJCR4 4eflOBeK, npM4eM l1 BOOp'Y)KeHMe, l1 KOM8H.ll,OB8HMe OCT8Bflflfll1 )l(efl8Tb MHoro ny4wero. Kor.aa B cpeepane ( 1672 r.) yrpo3a eolliHbl BM.aenacb KBK HeMMHyeMaR, BMnbrenbM Ill OpaHCKMIIi Ha4an co6Mparb 80-TbJCR4HYJO apMM/0.

B H~AEPJlAHAbl. <1>paH~Y3cKaR apMMR eropmacb B Coe.aMHeHHble npoBMH~MM TpeMR KOflOHHBMM.' Mapwan BMKOHT .ae T10peHH c 50 TbJCR4BMM con.aar cnycKancR noneeoMY 6epery PelliHa; npuH~ KoH.aec eollicKoM raKolli )l(e 4McneHHOCTM no npaeoMy; rep~or JIJOKCeM6yprcKMIIi, C BPMMetli, Ha6paHHOW B OCHOBHOM repMBHCKMMM C0/03HMK8MM JIJO.aoeMKa XIV( KenbHOM 11 MJOHcrepoM), Hacrynan M3 BecrcpannMM no HanpaeneHM/0 K Oeepetlice u lpoHMHreHy. Bo maee ceoetli cna6otli .aetlicreyJO~etli apMMM BMnbrenbM Ill OpaHCKM IIi nonbJTancR y.aep)I(BTb nMHM/0 o6opOHbl HB ypOBHe 3/liccen PelliH, HO cf>paH~Y3bl, 6bJcrpo npeo.aonee ronnaH.acKoe conporueneHMe, nepenpaBMnMcb y TonryR( 12 M/0HR). nanM HelliMeHreH, lopMHrxelliM u .apyrue ropo.aa. leHepan rpacf> AHpM Powcpop npoeen KaeanepMIIicKMIIi petli.a B L(eHTpanbHbJe HM.aepnaHJJ,bJ; oH B3Rn AMepccpopr MHaap.aeH, 6blfl OCTBHOBfleH y MetliJJ,eHa, noroM 3BXBBTMn Yrpexr. <1>paH~Y3cKoe HacrynneHMe yrpo)l(ano AMcrep.aaMy. Bnpo4eM, cronM~Y ronnaHJJ,~bJ cnacnM- orKpbmM wnJ03bJ u 3aronMnM npuneraJO~YJO MecrHOCTb. TeM epeMeHeM rep~or JIJOKceM6yprcKMIIi 6blfl OCTBHOBfleH y /pOHMHTeHB. AaryCT 1672 r. PEBOJliOf.t~SI B H~AEPJlAHAAX. B pe3ynbrare ee eo maee npaeMrenbcrea 6bm nocraeneH BMnbrenbM Ill OpaHCKMIIi. AarycT-ceHTS16pb 1672 r. nOAAEP)I(KA H~AEPJlAHAOB.

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA Onaca~cb aM6u~uii1

fl10.aoeuKa XIV,

ucnaHCKMii1KoponbK8pnl~6paH.aeH-

6yprcKuii1 KYPcf>IOPCT ct>pu.apux BunbrenbM u MMnepaTOpfleononb.a I o6pa3oeanu aHrucf>paH~Y3CKYIO Koanu~MIO.

AorycT-ceHTS16pb 1672 r. <PPAHI...\Y3CK0171 APM!f11f1. BonpeKu coeeraM npocf>eccuoHanoe- BMKOHTa.ae TIOpeHHa u npuH~a KoH.ae, - fl10.aoeuK XIV pa3.aenun apMMIO Ha MHO)I(ecreo He60flbWMX OTP~/1.08, paCC4MTbJBa~ eoeearb Ha ecex cf>poHrax o.aHoepeMeHHO. T10peHH )l(e Hacrauean, 4TO cnepea He06XO/l.MMO maBHbJMM CMnaMUpa36MTbHeM~eB. BMecrosroro OH 6bm ompaeneH B Becrcf>annuiO, npuH~ KoH.ae- e 3nb3ac, .apyrue no.apa3.aeneHu~- Ha rpaHu~y c ucnaHCKMMM Hu.aepnaH.aaMu, a OCTaTOK cf>paH~Y3CKOii1 apMMM BbJ)I(M.aan e Hu.aepnaH.aax, noKa 3aMep3HYT pa3nMBWMeC~ BO/l.bl. CeHTS16pb-.QeKa6pb 1 672 r. fOJ1JlAHACKif1171 PEIIIA HA WAPJlEPYA. BunbrenbM Ill OpaHcKuii1 paCC4MTbJBan BOCnOflb30BaTbC~ TeM, 4TO cf>paH~Y3bl paccpeJJ.OT04MflM CMnbJ, HO 6bJn OT6MT. CeHTS16pb 1672 r. - SIHBapb 1673 r. TIOPEHH HA CPEAHEM PEIIIHE. C eoii1cKoM, He npeBbJwaeWMM 20 TbJC~4 4enoeeK, T10peHH, PACCPEAOTO~EH!f1E

pe.a MCKYCCTBOM Bo6aHa ronnaHJJ.CKaR KpenOCTb He YCTO~na, Moca.aa BbJWna He.aonroii1. 3areM fl10.aoeuK XIV eroprcR e florapuHrMIO, a raiOKe noKopun Kypcj>10pwecreo TpupcKoe. lf1tollb-HOS16pb 1673 r. TIOPEHH lf1 MOHTEKYKOJllf1. no coeery MapKM3a .ae flyeya, fl10.aoeuK XIV npuKa3an Mapwany T10peHHY ( apMMR KOTOPOTO COCTaBnRna 23 Tb/CR41-1 4enoeeK) eocnpen~rcreoearb rpacf>y MoHTeK}IKonu c ero 25- TbJC~4Hoii1 apMueii1 coe.auHMTbCR c ronna/ia~aMu. B TO )l(e epeMR T10peHH /l.Ofl)l(eH 6bJn o6opOH5'/Tb 3flb3aC M HMKOMM o6pa30M He nporHeBMTb Heii1rpanbHbJe rocy.aapcrea. Mapwan nbJTanCR npoTeCTOBaTb, 4TO npuKa3bJ sru nporueope4aT .apyr .ll.PYTY, HO TJ.l..leTHO. 0H CTapanc~ KaK Mor, o.aHaKo rpacf> MoHreK}IKonu TanaHTnMBblii1 nonKOBOJJ.e~ - YKIIOHMflC~ OT cpa)l(eHM~ M COeJJ.MHMnCR

MaHeepupy~.ao6unc~raKTM4ecKo足

ro nepeeeca Ha.a ropa3.ao 6onee MHOT04MCfleHHOii1 06beJJ.MHeHHOii1 MMnepcKo-6paH.aeH6yprcKoii1 apMueii1 no.a KOMaH.aoeaHueM rpacf>a Paii1MYH.aa MoHTeK}'Konu u KYPcf>IOpcra ct>pu.apuxa BunbrenbMa. nocne.aHuii1 6blfl HaCTOnbKO pa304apoBaH MTOTaMM KaMnaHMM, 4TO CTan JJ.06MBaTbC~ MMpa (Ba3eHCKMii1JJ.OTOBOp, 6 MIOH~ 1673 r.). 1672-1673 rr. 31f1MH!f1E KAMnAHif11f1 B Hlf1AEPJ1AHAAX. /ep~or fliOKCeM6yprCKMii1, yrpO)I(aBWMii1 flet/i.aeHy M /aare, BbiHY)I(JJ.eH 6bm M3-3a BHe3anHoii1 oTTenenu orcrynuTb K Yrpexry. npuH~ KoH.ae ecrperunc~ c roii1 )l(e npo6neMoii1 npu nonbJTKe HacrynneHu~ Ha AMcrep.aaM. 29 HIOHSI 1673 r. B351Tif1E MAACTP!f1XTA. fliOJJ.OBMK XIV flM4HO B03maeun 40-Tb/C5'/4HYIO apMMIO; ne-

3HaMeHOCe'-' 4JpaH'-'Y3CKOiii neXOTbl. 1670-e rr.

379 c BunbrenbMOM Ill OpaHCKMM 6nu3 bOHHa, KOTOpbJii1 OHM BMeCTe OCE(aMnu u 3axearunu ( 12 Ho~6pR). TaKMM o6pa30M, KeflbHCKMe M MIOHCTepCKMe COI03HMKM fliOJJ.OBMKa OKa3anMCb 6nOKMPOBaHbl M 3aKni04MflM MMp. 51Hoapb 1674 r. POCT KOA1llf1l...\lf11f1. K Koanu~uu npucoe.auHunacb Jl,aHM~; MHOTMe repMaHCKMe KH5'/3b5'/ TaK)I(e npMCOeJJ.MHMnMCb K MMnepaTOpy, M B BOii1Hy CHOBa BCTynun BeflMKMii1 KYPcf>IOpcr (ct>pu.apux BunbrenbM 6paH.aeH6yprcKuii1); KTOMy)l(e aHmM4aHe 3aKni04MflM C COI03HMKaMM MMP (BeCTMMHCTepCKMii1JJ.OTOBOp- 19 cf>eepanR). fl10.aoeuK XIV BbJBen eoii1cKa M3 Hu.aepnaH.aoe, 4T06bJ cocpe.aoro4MTb ycunuR Ha ucnaHcKux Hu.aepnaH.aax u ct>paHwKoHre, a TaiOKe 3al.l..IMTMTb or HeM~ee 3nb3ac. 1674 r. nPO~If1E KAMnAHif11f1 . ct>paH~Y3bJ ompaeunu sKcne.au~uiO Ha Cu~unu10, K 4eMy ucnaH~bJ 6bmu He TOTOBbl MOKa38Tb conpOTMBfleHM~ He cMomu. B PyccunboHe He6onbwaR cf>paH~Y3CKa~ apMMR Mapwana WoM6epa o6opoHRnacb or Hacrynaewux ucnaH~ee. MaH-HtoHb1674r.KAMnAHif151 BO <l>PAHW-KOHTE. npu aKTMBHOM co.aeii1CTBMM Bo6aHa fliOJJ.OBMK XIV 3a wecTb He.aenb oreoeean ct>paHw -KoHTe. 6e3aHcoH nan nocne BCeTO JJ.eBRTMJJ.HeBHOii1 OCaJJ.bl. MaH-aorycT 1674 r. KAMnAHif151 B lf1CnAHCKif1X Hlf1AEPJ1AHjJ.AX. C apMMeii14MCfleHHOCTbiO npuMepHO 45 Tb/C~4 4eflOBeK npMH~ KoH.ae .aep)l(an o6opoHy Ha Me3e (Maace); Ha Hero c 65-TbJCR4Hoii1 apMueii1 Hacrynan BunbrenbM Ill OpaHcKuii1, nnaHupoeaewuii1 erop)l(eHue BO cJ>paH~MIO. 11 aorycTa 167 4 r. CEHE<P<PCKOE CPA>KEH!f1E. Kor.aa npe.acraeunacb B03MO)I(HOCTb aTaKOBaTb apMMIO COI03HMKOB Ha Mapwe, npuH~ KoH.ae HeMe.aneHHO nowen e HacrynneHue ( c nonoeuHoii1 ceoero BOii1CKa M6e3 apTMnnepuu). nocne nepeoHa4anbHoro 3aMewarenbcrea BunbrenbM Ill OpaHcKuii1 cyMen M06MflM30BaTb ropa3JJ.O 6onee MHOT04MCfleHHOe COI03HOe BOii1CKO Ha 6opb6y M JJ.a)l(e 4aCTM4HO BepHyTb

380 3APO>K,Ll.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEn1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. yTep'i/HHOe TaKTVI'·IeCKOe npelt1MyW,eCTBO. H0'1b/O o6e apM/11/11 OTCTynlt1fllt1. Ha cne,IJ,y/Ow,MIIi ,IJ,eHb K npMHU.Y KoH.D.e nplt1COe,[J,It1Hit1flaCb OCTaflbHa'i/ 1.1aCTb era apM!t11t1, 1t1 OH pew1t1n B0306HOB!t1Tb 61t1TBY. Ho C0/03Hit1Kit1 y>Ke OTCTynan/11 o6paTHo a ronnaH.D.M/0; TaK 'ITO KOH,[J,e MOT C nOflHb/M npaBOM 3aHeCT/11 B CBOM aKT/118 no6e,IJ,y /11 TaKT/11'IeCKy/0, 1t1 CTpaTerM'IeCKy/0, noCKOflbKY nnaH BTOp>KeH/11>1 C0/03Hit1KOB so c:t>paHU,/1110 6btn copaaH. noTeplt1 BMnbrenbMa Ill OpaHcKoro cocmBMn/11 10 Tb/C'i/'1 'leflOBeK y6MTb/MM, 15 Tb/C'i/4 paHeHb/M/11/115 Tb/C'i/'1 nneHHb/M/11 (60flbW/11HCTBO /113 HMX TaK>Ke 6btnM paHeHbt). 4>paHU,Y3CKit1e noTePit1 npw6nlt1>Kanlt1Cb K 10 TbtCR'1aM 4enoaeK. PeiiHCKaR KaMnaHvrR TIOpeHHa,

1674-1675 rr. Mapwany T!OpeHHY CHOBa 6btno nopy4eHo o6opoHRTb 3nb3ac. K 3TOMY apeMeHM a aoi1Hy c c:t>paHL~Melli BCTynMfl/11 KypqJ!OpCT 5paH,[J,eH6yprCKMM /11 pR,[J, .D.PYTMX repMaHCKMX KHR3eM. rnaBHb/M/11 npOT/11BH/11KaM/11 TIOpeHHa BbtCTynanlt11t1MnepcKMe reHepanbt 3Hei1 CMnbB/110 Kanpapa 1t1 AneKcaH.D.P fllnnonMT, npMHU. EypHOHBMnb , a TaK>Ke aBCTplt1MCKMM

cpenb,IJ,Mapwan Kapn fleononb.D., repu,or flompMHrcKMM; ace OH/11 co6wpanlt1 apMM/11 K ceaepy 1t1 10ry OT reu,[J,enb6epra . 14 HIOHSI 1674 r. TIOPEHH nEPEnPABJlSIETCSI '-IEPE3 PEHH. PewMB y,IJ,aplt1Tb, noKa MMnepcKMe aollicKa ew,e paccpe,IJ,oTo4eHbt, Mapwan nepenpaaMncR 4epe3 PelliH y 4>Mnlt1nnc6ypra. 16 1-110HSI 1674 r. 31!1HU,rEf'IMCKOE CPA>KEHI!1E. Ha nepexaaT T!OpeHHa BbtCTynwnw reHepan Kanpapa 111 cpenb,IJ,Mapwan Kapn fleononb.D. C 9- Tb/C'i/4HOM apMMeM ( n04Tit1 Ha 80% KaaanepMIIicKolli). Kanpapa 6btn yaepeH, 4TO era no31t1U,MM 3a peKolli 3nb3eHu, coaepweHHO HenpwcTynHbt; O.D.HaKo T10peHH C41t1Tan MHa4e . OH nepenpaaMncR 4epe3 peKy, Bbt6Mn 1113 3MHu,rei1Ma MMnepCKit1e aaaHnOCTbt, a 3aTeM no Clt1flbHO nepeCe4eHHOM MeCTHOCT/11 nO,[J,H'ilflC'il Ha nnaTO, r,D,e CTO'i/fl/11 rnaBHbte cwnbt Kanpapbt. 8 O>KeCT04eHHOM cpa>KeH/11/11 T10peHH o,[J,ep>Kan 6e3oroaopo4HYIO no6e,D,y. 4>paHU,Y3bt noTepRn/11 y61t1Tb/Mit1 1 Tb/CR4Y 200 4enoBeK, 8 MMnepU,bl - 2 Tb/C'i/4/11; KpOMe mro, 600 lt1Mnepu,ea 6btfllt13axaa4eHbt a nneH. BcKope nocne 3Toro TIOpeHH no nplt1Ka3y /113 naplt1>Ka OTCT}'nMn o6paTHO 3a PelliH.

MacwTa6

.? Cpa}l{eHMe y 3111HI..IreiiiMa B 1674 r.

Cpa)KeHne y 3nHIJ.I'eiiMa He noMernano HMnepuaM coe,IJ.HHHTbCH c npH6hTBlllHMH llO.[(KpenJieHJHfMH, HO 06peKJIO HX Ha .[(JIIITeJibHOe 6e3_n:eiiCTBI1e. fl03TOMY T!opeHH Ha3Ba.Jl 3TOT 6oii «BeJIHKHM .[(eJIOM». Maprn TIOpeHHa 3a Peilli HanoneoH oueHHJI KaK npeKpacHo ocymecTBneHHblii. Xoporno 6hTJIO npose_n:eHo <}JopcHposaHHe peKn 3Jib3eHu Ha rna3ax y npoTHBHHKa, HO o6ecne'!eHHoe orHeM apTHIInepiiii. TIOpeHH y.n:a'lHO IICITOJib30BaJI CBOTO neXOTY, 'laCTbTO ycn.mrn eTO KOHHnuy, 'laCThiO pacnoJIO)f(f!B Ha <}JnaHrax 6oesoro nopH)J.Ka. 11110nb-CeHTS16pb 1674 r. JlETHEE MAHEBPio1POBAHio1E. nony41t1BnO,[J,KpenneH1t1R, T10peHHC 16-TbtCR'1HO!Ii apMit1eM CHOB8 nepenpaBJIIflCR 4epe3 PelliH y 4>Mnlt1nnc6ypra (3 /11/0flR). nocne CTOflKHOBeH/11>1 y /elli,[J,enb6epra (7 /11/0fl'il) C0/03Hit1Kit1 OTCTynlt1fllt13a MalliH. no nplt1Ka3y /113 napM>Ka T10peHH pa3oplt1n 111 onycmWVIn MeCTHOCTb Me>K.D.Y MaMHOM VI HeKKapoM; noTOM aepHync'il 3a PelliH - oTpa3VITb yrpo3y amp>KeHVI'il M3-3a Mo3enR . ApMM'il ero, KOr,D,a no,IJ,ownVI no,D,KpenneHVIR, yaenVI4VInacb .D.O 20 TbtC'i/4 4enoaeK. TeM apeMeHeM C0/03HOe BOMCKO, KOTOpbtM Tenepb KOMaH,D,oaan npVIHU. EypHoHBVIflb, nepenpaaVInOCb 1.1epe3 PelliH ao3ne Wneuepa, 3aTeM nepenpaaVInocb o6paTHO 111, noKa T10peHH 6btn 3aHRT Ha ceaepo-3ana,[J,e, 3axaaTVIno HelliTpanbHbtM CTpac6ypr (24 ceHT'i16p'il). T10peHH HeMe,IJ,fleHHo BbiCT}'nVIfl K CTpac6ypry, BbiMCKVIBaR B03MO>KHOCTb aTaKOBaTb CB0/11X 6onee MHOT04VICfleHHb/X VI OCTOpO>KHb/X npOTVIBHVIKOB. 40KTS16pS11674 r. 61!1TBAnPII1 3HL-I,)<AHME. C 22 TbtCR4aMVI 4enoaeK Vl30 nywKaMVI T10peHH amKoaan noneabte yKpenneHVIR npVIHU,a EypHOHBMn'il, B pacnopR>KeHMVI KOTOpOTO 6btnM 38 TbtC'il4 4enoaeK VI 50 nyweK(KPOMe TOTO, np/11 HeM HaXO,ll,VIflC'i/ aHrnMMCKVIM nOflK nO,D, KOMaH,D,OaaHVIeM ,4>KOHa '-fep'IMflfl'il, 6y,D,yw,ero repu,ora Manb6opo). XoTR apMVIR T!OpeHHa HaXO,D,VIflaCb Ha Mapwe ,D,aoe cyToK no,D,pR,D,, lt1HMU,VIaTVIBa nO'ITVI aecb ,D,eHb ocTaaanacb Ha era CTOpOHe; O,D,HaKO Bbt6VITb C0/03HVI-

3AnNJ,HA~ KOB C MX o6opOHMTeflbHbiX n03M/4MM OH ace pa BHO He cyMen. K KOH/4Y AHH ,ao6MTbCH nepeaeca HMKOMyTaK M He y.aanocb, M TtopeHH oTc-rynMn. O.aHoapeMeHHO OTCTynMflM M COI03HMKM. 0oTepM MX COCTaBMflM OKOflO 3 TbiCH 4 LfenoaeK, rppaH/4Y3CKMe - 3 TbiCHLfM

500. 0KTS16pb-HOS16pb 1674 r. OCTOPO>KHOE Bbi>K~AAH~E. Kor.aa

a 3nb3ac npM6btn KyprptopcT C!JpM.aPMX BMnbrenbM 5paH.aeH6yprcKMM, apMMH COI03HMKOB Bbtpocna ,ao 57 TbtCHLf LfenoaeK. Ha 3MMHMe KaapTMpbt OHM acTanM ao acex ropo.aax- oT 5enbrpopa .ao CTpac6ypra; TtopeHH pacnOflO)I(MflCH B )J.eTTBei4nepe. l!T06bt C6MTb C TOflKynpOTMBHMKa, OH pa3BepHyn 6ypHyto aKTMBHOCTb B Cpe.aHeM 3nb3ace, aTaKyH o.aHy KpenocTb 3a .apyro£4, a TeM apeMeHeM He3aMeTHO nepe6a3Mpoaan CBOIO apMMIO (28 TbiCHLf LfeflOBeK) B JloTa pMHrMto.

29 HOS16pSI- 29 ,QeKa6pSI 1674 r. HACTYnnEH~E B 3nb3AC. no.a npMKPbiTMeM Bore3CKMX rop TtopeHH cKpbtTHO BbtcTynMn Ha tor; 6flM)I(e K KOH/4Y Mapwa, CTpeMHCb BBeCTM B 3a6ny)l(,aeHMe WnMOHOB npOTMBHMKa, OH pa36Mn apMMIO Ha MHO)I(eCTBO ManeHbKMX OTPHAOB. 3aTeM, nepeM,aH 4epe3 noKpbtTbte CHeraMM 8ore3bl, rppaH/4Y3bl BOCCOe,aMHMflMCb y 5enbrpopa M c tora ycrpeMMnMcb a 3nb3ac. 0pMH/4 5ypHOHBMflb 6e3ycneWHO nonbiTaflCH OCTaHOBMTb MX y MtoflbXay3eHa (29.aeKa6pH). Paccpe.aomLfeHHbtM MMnepCKMM OTpH,aaM HMLfero He OCTaBaflOCb, KpOMe KaK OTCTynaTb K CTpac6ypry. TtopeHH HacTynan .ao KonbMapa, r.ae 3aHHfl o6opoHMTenbHyto n03M/4MIO KyprptopCT C!JpM,apMX BMnbrenbM 5paH.aeH6yprcKMM capMMe£4, LfMCfleHHO LfYTb npeBOCXOAMBWeM rppaH/4Y3CKyto.

5 SIHBSPSI 1675 r. Ei~TBA nP~ TYPKXA171ME. Cpa)l(eHMeamHanoMMHano 3H14XaMMCKoe: HeCMOTPH Ha TO LfTO aoi4cKa 6btnM yroMneHbt nocne .aonroro Mapwa, TtopeHH aHeprMLfHO aTaKOBan. 0Ka3aB BHflOe COnpOTMBfleHMe M noHeCH He3Ha4MTeflbHbte noTepM, COI03HMKM OTCTynMnM; none 6oH ocmnocb 3a TtopeHHOM. TaK 3aaepwMnacb o.aHa M3 ca-

MbiX 6neCTf/W,MX KaMnaHMM B aHHanax MMPOBOM BOeHHOM MCTOPMM.

1675 r.

381

EB PO nA

nPO'-I~E KAMnAH~~

C!JpaH14Y3bt OTBOeaanM HeCKOflbKO KpenocTei4 a.aonMHe Maaca (Me3a), a TaK%eB3HnMJ1be)l( Mf1MM6ypr. CM14MflMMcKoMy 3KCne.aM/4MOHHOMY Kopnycy no-npe)I(HeMy conyrcTaoaan ycnex, a WoM6ep amprcH aKamnoHMto. ~IOHb-HIOnb 1675 r. EiOEBbiE AE171CTB~s:l B rEPMAH~~- KyprptopcT C!JpM,apMx BMnbrenbM aepHyncH B CBOM 5paH,aeH6ypr, a KOMaH,aOBaHMe MMnepCKOM apMMeM CHOBa npMHHfl rparp MOHTeKyKOflM. MaHeapMpyH aocTOLfHee Pei4Ha Me)l(.ay C!JMnMnnc6yproM M CTpac6yproM, TtopeHH aocnpenHTCTaoaan eMy 3axaaTMTb CTpac6ypr. 27 HIOnSI 1675 r. CMEPTb TIOPEHHA. 0TCTynaawMi4 no.a y.aapaMM TtopeHHa rparp MoHTeKyKonM 3aHHn o6opoHMTenbHYto no3M/4Mto y HM.aep-Cac6axa; TtopeHH roTOBMflCH a CBOeM Tpa.aM/4MOHHOM MaHepe aTaKOBaTb, KOr,aa 6btn y6MT nyweLfHbiM HAPOM ( 27 MIOflH); nocne amra MoHTeKyKOflM rHafl rppaH/4Y30B no,aOflMHe Pei4Ha LfYTb nM He .ao Bore3oa.

MaHAOBaHHeM TIOpeHHa He 6b!JIO ca-

Y 3Ha.B o cMepTII TIOpeHHa, MoH-

MaHeBpoM TIOpeHH CTapancH B03-

• r. .

MaHeBpl1poBaHI1e cJ>paH4Y3CKI1X 11 11MnepCKI1X BOiiiCK Ha PeiiiHe B

1675 r.

MaHeBpHpoBaHHe BolicK rro):l KO-

MOQeJibiO, OHO He llCKJIIO'IaJIO 6oH. TeKYKOJIH CKa3 aJI: «CorneJI co Cl(eHbl

ne:HcTBOBaTb Ha KOMMYHHKal(HIO

MHpa '!eJIOBeK, ):leJiaBliiHH '!eCTb '!e-

IIpOTIIBHHKa ll llCTOil(llTb ero CllJibl.

JIOBe'!eCTBY». Bb!coKo oQeHHBaJIH

Kor):la rrpoTHBHHK oKa3b!BaJicH Ha

rroJIKOBO):l'!ecKoe ncKyccTBo TIOpeH-

KOMMYHHKal(Hll cppaHl(Y3 CKOH a p-

Ha HarroneoH n CyBopoB. HarroneoH

Mllll, TO TIOpeHH aTaKOBb!BaJI ero n

OTMe'!aJI Bbl):lep)Kl(y TIOpeHHa, B CBH-

3TIIM BOCCTaHaBJIHBaJI CBOll coo6me-

3ll c '!eM 3aMeTHJI: «Y TIOpeHHa cepn-

HllH. 0):(HaKO CJie):lyeT OTMeTIITb B03-

l(e 6b!JIO B ronoBe».

paCTaBliiYIO TeH):leHQHIO rrpeo6n a ):la-

TIOpeHH cMeJio rropBaJI c Tpa):lll-

HHH MaHeBpa HaA 6oeM. TIOpeHH n

l(HHMH 6opb6bl 3 a o6na):laHHe Kperro-

MoHTeKyKoJIH MaHeBpnpoBaJIH Ha

CTHMH ll yKpeiiJieHHb!Mll IIYHKTaMH.

rrpoCTpaHCTBe Bcero B

OH pa3BHJI TO HOBoe B

B Te'IeHHe

cTpaTernH, 'ITO

2,5

40-50

KM H

MeCHl(eB H36eraJIH

):laJI rnBe):lCKHH rrepno):l Tpn):ll(aTHJieT-

6oH. Ho B 3TOM MaHeBpnpoBaHHH

He:H BOHHb!, To, '!eM xapaKTepHb! ne:H-

TIOpeHH, HecMOTpH Ha rrpeBocxo):lcT-

CTBHH apMHllliiBe):lOB Ha 0):lepe. 0):(HaKO TIOpeHHY rrpnxo):lllJIOCb

BO IIpOTIIBHHKa, ):lepmaJI llHlll(HaTIIBY B cBonx pyKax, 3 acTaBJIHH MoH-

rrpeo):loJieBaTh corrpoTHBJieHHH BOeH-

TeKYKOJIH rrepeABnraThcH KPY1KHb!MH

flYBy a, rrpHHl(a KoH-

IIYTHMH, a caM rroJib30BaJicH KpaT-

Horo MHHHCTpa

ne ll KOpOM, KOTOpb!e He IIOHHMaJill

TialirnHMH HarrpaBJieHHHMll, '!eM Bbl-

oco6eHHOCTeH HOBOH CTpaTerHH. 3Ta

Hrpb!BaJI BpeMH.

CTpaTerHH orrpe):leJIHJiaCb OTHOCll-

TIOpeHHa Ha3b!BaJIH poAOHa'IaJibHH-

TeJibHOH IIO):(BlllKHOCTbiO HaeMHb!X

KOM MaHeBpeHHOH CTpaTerHll, KOpHH

apMHli

XVII

BeKa, 6a3npoBa.BliiHXCH

KOTOpOH yxo):(HTK MaHeBpHpOBaHHIO

Ha Mara3HHbl ll 3Ha'!HTeJibHO COKpa-

rnBe):lcKo:H a pMHH B xo):le Tpll):ll(aTHJieT-

TIIBllillX orpOMHble o603bl.

He:H BOHHbl. Bo BTopo:H rron oBHHe

382 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

AparyHbl KOHI..Ia XVII B. B 6010

XVII

BeKa B xapaKTepe MaHeBpupo-

HIOCb, HO 5I npHKa)l{y 0Tpy6HTb BaM

BaHHH cTaJT rrpeo6na):(aTb MaHeBp HaJJ:

rOJTOBbi B TOT MOMeHT, KOr):(a Bbl MeHH

6oeM.

fycTaBa AJJ:OITb<jla uenbro

ocnyrnaeTeCh», -

cKa3aJT TropeHH

MaHeBpa B KOHe'lHOM C'leTe 6bTJT 6otf.

lliBeHQapCKHM O<jlHU:epaM, KOTOpbie

Y TropeHHa 6oii HBIT5!JTCH OJJ:HMM H3

OTKa3biBaJJHCh HATH 3a PeliH .

MOMeHTOB MaHeBpa, cpe):(CTBOM Ma-

MHoro C,ll,eJJaJJ TropeHH B pa3pa-

HeBpa. Y)l{e HaMe'lanocb pa3BHTHe

6oTKe HOBOH Mara3HHHOH CHCTeMbi

MaHeBpeHHOH CTpaTerHH B CTOpOHY

cHa6)KeHHH BORCK H cnoco6oB o6ec-

JTO)KHOrO MeTO):(H3Ma.

ne'leHHH KOMMYHHKaQHR MaHeBpOM,

B TaKTHKe HaJJ:o OTMeTHTh yMenoe

paCITOJTO)KeHHeM BORCK H 6oeM.

npHMeHeHHe pO):(OB BOHCK H MaHeBpHpOBaHHe HX Ha none 6mr. Ka)KJJ:hili pO):( BORCK HMeJT CBOIO onpe):(eJTeHHYIO TaKTH'lecKyro 3a,ll,a'ly, '!eM onpe,ll,eJTHJTOCh B 6010 ero MeCTO. 0,1.\HaKO 6oif y)l{e He HOCHJJ pelllHTeJJbHOrO xapaKTepa. 3To onpeJJ:eJTHJTOCh oco6eHHOCTHMH HaeMHhiX apMHR. Eonbnroe BHHMaHHe TropeHH yJJ:eJJHJJ BOnpocaM opraHH3aQHH BOHCK, BOHHCKOH ,1.\HCUHITJJHHe ll o6y'leHHIO. CoBpeMeHHMKH OTMe'laJJu ero A06poTY H MHrKOCTb B o6pameHHH c ITOJJ:'lHHeHHhiMH. HapHAY c 3THM OH npoHBJJHJJ Heo6xOAHMyro TBep,ll,OCTh . «focno,1.1,a, eCTeCTBeHHO, 'ITO 5I HllKOr,ll,a He 6pa-

AsrycT-OKTS16pb 1675 r. 60EBbiE AEIIICTBI.1SI B J10TAPI.1Hrl.11.1. ABCTpMiliCKMill cfJenb,D.Mapwan Kapn Jleononb,D., repu,or JlompMHrCKMill, B 6MTBe y KOHU,8 H8 M03ene ( 11 8BtyCT8) pa36Mn M 38XB8TMfl B nneH cppaHu,y3cKoro Mapwana ct>paHcya ,D.e KpeKM. 3aTeM co/03HMKM OTBOeB8flM TpMp (6 CeHm6pR) M npMIOTOBMflMCb K BTOp)l(eHM/0 80 cJ:>paHU,M/0. npMHU, KOH,D.e OCT88Mfl ct>naH,D.pMIO Ha noneLJeHMe repu,ora fliOKCeM6ypiCKOIO M npMHRfl KOM8H,D.OB8HMe apMMRMM TIOpeHHa M ,D.e KpeKM, nocne LJero 3acmaMn rpacpa MoHTeKyKonM OTOiliTM 3a PeiliH . K

KOHU,Y IO,D.8 M npMHU, KOH,D.e, M rpacfJ MoHTeKYKOnM - nyLJwMe nocne TIOpeHHa aoeHaLJanbHMKM caoeilt ::moXM - nO,D.8flM B OTCT8BKy.

SIHsapb-anpenb 1676 r. 60EBb1EAEIIICTBI.1SI HACHU.I.-1111.11.1 1.1 B nPI.1J1ErAIOW,I.1X BO.QAX. nocne Toro KaK a,D.MMpan MapKM3 A6paaM Jl,IOKeH oT6Mn Hana,D.eHMe Ha MeccMHY McnaHo-mnnaH,D.CKom cpnom no,D. KoMaH,D.oaaHMeM ,D.e P10iltTepa ( RHaapb), cppaHU,Y3CKMill Mapwan flyMBMKTOp BMBOHH, rpacfJ ,D.e Powewyap, a MeccMHCKOM cpa)/(eHMM pa36Mn MCnBHCKy/0 CMU,MflMMCKy/0 apMM/0 ( 25 M8pT8) M 6btfl TMTYflOB8H BMu,e-KoponeM CMu,MnMM. B MopcKOM cpa)/(eHMM y MeccMHbt ,D.e P!OiliTep 6btfl OT6MT Jl,IOKeHOM M nonyLJMfl CMepTenbHOe paHeHMe ( 22 anpenR).

Anpenb-asrycT 1676 r. 60EBbiE AEiiiCTBHSI HA CEBEPE. KaMnaHM/0 onRTb aenM fliO,D.OBMK XIV M Bo6aH. OHM 3axaaTMnM KoH,D.e-ciOpflecKo (26 anpenR), nocne LJero, MaHeapMpyR, npM06penM T8KTMLJeCKMill nepeaec HB,D. BMnbteflbMOM Ill OpaH-

3AnNJ,HA~ CKMM y BanaHcbeHa. OT MaacTpMXTa BMnbren bM lll6btf1 oT6MT WoM6epoM (aarycT). /pa¢ Powrpop npo/],omKan yiJ.ep)J(MBaTb IJ.OfTMHY Me3a. 1676 r. PE~HCKII1E KAMnAHii1111. Mapwan QJpaHcya 11.e KpeKM, KOTOporo rppaHLJ,Y3bl BbtMeHHfTM 113 nneHa, y/1,ep)J(af1 florapMHrMIO, OIJ.HaKO MMnepu,aM y/1,afTOCb 3aXBaTMTb C1JMnMnnc6ypr ( 17 ceHrn6pH). Tor11.a rppaHLJ,Y3bl CTafTM BO M36e)J(aHMe BTOp)J(eHMH pa30pHTb M onyCTOWaTb 3eMnM Me)J(IJ.Y Me3oM M Mo3eneM. B KOHLJ,e ro11.a repu,or floTapMHrCKMiii Kapn fleononb,IJ. M repu,or fliOKCeM6yprcKMi1I MaHeBpMpOBafTM /1,pyr npoTMB/1,pyra Ha BepxHeM PeiiiHe. 1677 r. 50EBbiE AE~CTBII1SI

HA CEBEPE. BonpeKM MHeHMIO 60flbWMHCTBa CBOMX MapwafTOB, fliOIJ.OBMK XIV npMHHfT cMefTbtiii nnaH Bo6aHa aTaKoaaTb aoi1IcKa, oca)J(/],aIOI.J.IMe BanaHcbeH, - M aTaKa yaeHLfanacb nonHbtM ycnexoM ( 17 MapTa). 3aTeM rppaHLJ,Y3bl OCa/],MfTM CeHT-0Mep. ApMMH, nocnaHHaH BMnbrenbMOM Ill OpaHCKMM Ha noMOI.J.Ib OCa)J(/],eHHbiM, 6blfla pa36MTa npM MoHT-Kaccene C1JMnMnnoM, repu,oroM OpneaHCKMM ( 11 anpenH), M CeHT-0Mep BCKOpe C/],afTCH. fleTOM BMnbrenbM Ill 0paHCKMi1I M repu,or fliOKCeM6yprCKMM MaHeBpMpOBafTM 11.pyr npoTMB 11.pyra, HO pewa101.11ero nepeaeca He y/1,anocbA06MTbCH HMKoMy; 0/],HaKO TaKTMLfeCKOM MHMLJ,MaTMBOM Bfla/],efTM CKOpee BCe-TaKM rppaHU.Y3bl. 1677 r. PE~HCKII1E KAMnAHii1111. Mapwan QJpaHcya 11.e KpeKM oTorHan Kapna fleononb,IJ.a, repu,ora florapMHrcKoro, K PeiiiHy. )J.pyroe MMnepcKoe aoi1IcKo, nonbtTaaweecH nepenpaaMTbCH Lfepe3 Pei1IH, 6bmo 3a6fJOKMpOBaHO Ha peLfHOM OCTpoae y C1JMfTMnnc6ypra. /epu,or floTapMHrCKMiii nocnan K HMM Ha BbtpyLfKy60flbWYIO apMMIO, KOTOPYIOIJ.e KpeKM Haronoay pa3rpoMMfT npM Koxepc6epre 6nM3 CTpac6ypra ( 17 OKTH6pH), nocne Lfero apMMH, 3a6fJOKMpOBaHHaH Ha OCTpoae, 6blfla BbiHY)J(IJ.eHa KanMTYfTMpoaaTb. 8 /],OBepweHMe KO seeM npoLfMM ycnexaM, 11.e KpeKM B3Hf1 C1Jpei1J6ypr( 14 HOH6pH).

1678 r. PAHUY3CKII1E YCnEXIi1 HA CEBEPE. fliOIJ.OBMK XIV B3Hf1

EB PO nA

leHT M l1np (MapT). ApMMHM ero nonpe)J(HeMy, KaK npaaMno, conyrcTaoaan ycnex, OIJ.HaKo a aoiiiHy Ha cTopoHe KoafTMLJ.MM yrpo)J(ana acrynMTb AHmMH. A KOr/1,8 Konb6ep K TOMY )J(e AOfTO)J(MfT, LfTO, ecnM He npeKpaTMTb aoi1IHy, C1JpaHLJ,MIO )1(/],eT cPMHaHCOBbiM JqJaX, fliOIJ.OBMKXIV peWMfT 3aKn10LfMTb MMp. HecMOTPH Ha ao3pa)J(eHMH BMflbrenbMa Ill OpaHcKoro, leHepanbHbte WraTbt acrynMfTM a neperoaopbt.

6 r.uonSI 1678 r. PE~HE11b AEHCKOECPA>KEHII1E. Beroxo11.e Mapwan 11.e KpeKM OIJ.ep)J(afl no6e11.y Ha/], MMnepCKMMM BOMCKaMM.

23 llltonSI 1678 r. rEHrEH5AXCKOE CPA>KEHII1E. 3AeCbll.e KpeKM CHOBa 0/],ep)J(afl no6e/1,y M 3aXBaTMfT Kenb.

10 aBrycTa 1678 r. HE~ME rEHCKii1~ AOrOBOP C Hli1AEP11AHAAM111. B o6MeHHa ao3apa~.J.~e HMe 3axaaLfeHHbtX 3eMefTb HMIJ.epnaHIJ.bt o6H3afTMCb coxpaHHTb HeiiiTpanMTeT.

14 aBrycTa 1678 r. 5111TBA nPii1 CEH-AEHII1 (y MoHca). BMflbrenbM Ill 0paHCKMi1I HK06bt (a MO)J(eT, M B/],eMCTBMTefTbHOCTM) He 3HaH, LfTO 3aKfTIOLfeH MMp, aTaKOBafT repu,ora fliOKCeM6yprcKoro, HO nocne O)J(ecTOLfeHHoro cpa)J(eHMH 6blf1 OT6MT. 17 ceHTS16pSI 1678 r. HE~ME rEHCKii1~ AOroBoP li1CnAHii1E~. 3a C1JpaHu,Mei1I ocTaaanMcb QJpaHw-KoHTe, BanaHcbeH, KaM6-

pe, KaM6pe3M, 9p, CeHT-OMep, l1np, KoHAe, 5yweH, Mo6e)J( M APYrMe npMrpaHMLfHbte KpenocTM. l1cna-

383 fliOP,OBIIIK B 3eHIIITe cnaBhl,

1679-1700 rr.

1680-1684 rr. K01111Erli1111 BOCCOEA111HEHII1SI. Bocnonb30aaawMcb CBOMM 6onee BbtrO/],HbiM nono)J(eHMeM M cna6ocTbiO MMnePMM, fliOIJ.OBMK XIV yLfpeiJ.MfT cneu,ManbHbte CY/l.bl ( KOflflerMM BOCCOe/],MHeHMH) , B IOpMC/],MKLJ,MIO KOTOpbiX BXO/],MfTO onpe/],efJeHMe, KaKMe 3eMfTM npMHaAfle)J(afTM ropo/1,aM, npMo6peTeHHbtM C1JpaHLJ,Mei1J no MTOraM He/],aBHero neperoaopHoro npou,ecca. Ha OCHOBaHMM peweHMM, BbtHeCeHHbiX 3TMMM TpM6yHafJaMM, OH aHHeKCMpOBafT e1.11e MHoro ropOIJ.OB (HanpMMep, CTpac6ypr). K ami1I )J(e nofTMTMKeaoccoe/1,MHeHMHOTHOCMfTOCb BTOp)J(eHMe B MCnaHCKMe HM/1,epnaHIJ.bl M OKKynaLJ,MH fliOKCeM6ypra M TpMpa ( 1684 r.). obtna aHHeKcMpoaaHa - M anpeiJ.b ocra aanacb rppaHU.Y3CKOM- floTapMHrMH. 1684 r. PErEHC5YPrCKii1~ AOroBoP. fl!OAOBMKXIV 3aKJ110LfMn c MMnepaTopoM fleonoflb/l.OM I MMP cpoKoM Ha 20 neT; no ero ycnoBMHM fliOIJ.OBMK XIV coxpaHMfT ace TeppMTOPMM, «BOCCOe/],MHeHHbte» C C1JpaHLJ,Mei1J paHee 1 a arycTa 1681 r.

18 OKTS16pSI 1685 r. OTMEHA HAHTCKOrO 3Aii1KTA. 0TMeHa CB060/1,bl npoTeCTaHTCKOrO aepOMCnoBe/],aHMH Bbi3Bafla 3MMrpaU,MIO nHTM/],eCHTM C fTMWHMM TbiCHLf CeMei1J. 1688-1697 rr. BO~HA 3A

n<J>A11bUCKOEHAC11EACTBO.

HMM B03Bpai.J.IafTMCb Wapnepya , 5MHW, YAeHap, AT, KopTpeiii, flMM6ypr, JeHT M IJ.p. 6 ct>eBpanSI 1679 r. HE~ME

rEPMAHIHI

rEHCKii1~ AOroBoP c HMnEPATOPOM. QJpaHLJ,MH nonyLfana C1Jpei1I-

1576-1612 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E PYAOJlbA II. OHO 6btf10 OT-

6ypr M OTKa3b!BafJaCb OT npaaa /],ep:>KaTbrapHM30HB C1JMnMnnc6ypre. Kap-

MeLfeHO HenpepbtBHbtMM aoiiiHaMM c TypKaMM a /Oro-BocTOLfHoiii Eapone M pacnpHMM KaTOfTMKOB C npoTeCTaHTaMM.

ny fleonoflb/l.Y, repu,ory florapMHrcKoMy, 6btno no3aoneHo aepHyrb caoe repu,orCTBO, HO OH OTKa3afTCH npMHf/Tb rppaHU.Y3CKMe ycnoaMH.

29 llltoHSI 1679 r. CEH->KEPMEHCKII1~ AOrOBOP C 5PAHAEH 5YProM. Kyp¢10pcT C1JpM1J.pMx BMnbrenbM paccraaancH noLfTM co BCeMM CBOMMM noMepaHCKMMM 3aaoeaaHMHMM a nonb3Y Waeu,MM.

1612-1619 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E MATBESI. PocTHanpH)J(eHHocTM Me)J(IJ.Y npoTeCTaHTaMM M KaTOfTMKaMM.

1618-1648 rr. TP111AUAT11111ETHSISI BO~HA. 1619-1637 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E EPA111HAHAA II WTII1Pii1~-

3AnNJ,HA~

EB PO nA

385

MM, npeapaTMfl KOpOflfl B Hacne,aHOro M a6COfliOTHOTO MOHapxa.

eTBo oKoH'!aTeJibHO 6biJIO OTPe3aHo

apTHJIJiepHH. B IIIBe~J;eKoli apMHH

oT 6eperoB EaJITHlieKoro Mop H. B pe-

6biJI BBeiJ;eH o6Jier'!eHHbiH MymKeT,

1656-1680 rr. AAH~Sl Y'-IACTBYET B nEPBO~ CEBEPHO~

3YJibTaTe 6opb6bi e IloJibiiieli IIIBeiJ:bi

eTpeJib6a H3 KOTOporo ITpOH3BOIJ;H-

3axBaTHJIH BeiO JllicpJIHHIJ;HIO e ropo-

Jiaeb 6 e3 eoiiieK, a TaKme 6yMamHbie

BO~HE.

IJ;OM PHroli, KypnHHAHIO, '!aeTb

ITaTpOHbi (HX HOeHJIH B eiTel"(HaJibHbiX

IIonbeKoli IIpyeeHH H '!aCTb llHTBbi.

KomaHbiX eyMKax). lliBe~J;eKHH MYIII-

1670-1699 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E KP~CT~AHAV.

PoeT 3KOHOMH'!eeKoro H ITOJIHTH-

K eTep )J;eJiaJI IJ;Ba-TpH BbieTpena 3a

1675-1679rr. ronnAHACKAS1 BO~HA.,llaT'IaHe- coi03HM-

'!eeKoro MorymeeTBa IIIBe)J;eKoli a6eo-

BpeMH, B KOTopoe MYIIIKeTepbi APY-

JIIOTHOH MOHapXHH ITOenymHJI OeHOBOH

rHx eBpOITelieKHX eTpaH IJ;eJiaJIH

KM ronnaH.af4eB - pewMnM aocnonb30BaTbCH cny'laeM M aepHYTb TeppMTOpMM, paHee3axaa'leHHbte Wae!4Mei1 (BbtcTynaawe£1 a /onnaH,acKo£1 aoi1He coi03HMKOM r:tJpaHf4MM). XoTH Ha Mope ,aaT'IaHaM conYTCTaoaan ycnex, oH 6btn cae.aeH Ha HeT wae.aCKMMM cyxonYTHbiMM no6e,aaMM B 6MTBe npM flyH,ae ( 1676 r.) M B ,apyTMX cpa)l(eHMf/X.

YKPeiiJieHHH H pmBHTHH BoopymeHHbiX

OIJ;HH BbieTpeJI.

CHJI lliBe)J;eKoro roey~J;apCTBa. CTPaHa,

IIIBe)J;eKaH apTHJIJiepHH OTJIH'!a-

Hae'!HTbiBaBIIIaH Beero OKOJIO MHJIJIH-

naeb eBOeH MaHeBpeHHOeThiO H HaJIH-

OHa mHTeneli, eo31J;aJia 6oJibiiiYJO ITO

'!HeM 60JibiiiOrO KOJIH'!eeTBa JierKHX,

TOMY BpeMeHH ITOeTOHHHYJO peryJIHp-

TaK Ha3biBaeMbiX KOmaHbiX ITyiiieK

HYIO apMHIO, '!HeJieHHOeTb KOTopoli

( o6THHYT biX Komeli H eTpeJIHBIIIHX

fyCTaB AAOJibcp AOBeJI AO 70 Th!e.H'l

ITpeHMymeeTBeHHO KapTe'lbiO ), BeKO-

'!eJIOBeK.

pe 3aMeHeHHbiX JIHTbiMH 'lyryHHbiMH 4-cpyHTOBbiMH ITYIIIKaMH. fycTaB AAOJibcp ITO ITpHMepy llBaHa fpo3HO-

WBe,QcKaH apMIIIH

ro BITepBbie B 3aiTa}J.Holi EBpoiTe BBeJI IIIBe)J;eKaH a pMHH B paeeMaTpHBa-

ITOJIKOBYJO apTHJIJiepHIO; Ka)KIJ:biH ITe-

eMb!ll ITepHOIJ: 6biJia HaH6onee eoBep-

XOTHbiH ITOJIK HMeJI Ha BOopymeHHH

WBEL.lHR B KOHI."(e

XVI

BeKa B lliBeUHH

IIIeHHoli apMHeli 3aiTa}J.HOH EBpOITbi.

2 ITYIIIKH. lliBeiJ;eKaH apMHH IIIHpOKO

6biJIH oTKpbiThl HOBbie 6oraTh!e me-

0Ha eoeTOHJia H 3 IIIBeiJ;OB, Ha6Hpae-

HeiTOJib30BaJia apTHJIJiepHIO B ITOJie-

Jie3Hbie PYIJ.HHKH, B03poen o MeTaJI-

MbiX ITO OKpyraM, H3 ITOeeJieHHbiX paT-

BbiX epameHHHX: B HeKOTOpbiX H3 HHX

nyprw-reeKoe ITpOH3BO)J;eTBO H pa3BH-

HHKOB H HHOeTpaHHbiX HaeMHHKOB.

y'!aeTBOBaJIO 1:"(0 200 opy~J;HH.

BaJiaeb JieeHaH ITpOMbiiiiJieHHOeTb,

B MHpHOe H B BOeHHOe BpeMH Ka)KIJ:blll

BeH ITexoTa ITOApa31J;eJIHJiaeb Ha

TaK KaK Ha JieeOITHJibHHX Ha'!aJia He-

OKpyr HMeJI OITpe)J;eJieHHOe KOJIH'!eeT-

MYIIIKeTepoB H ITHKHHepoB. MHorne

ITOJib30BaTbeH eHJia BOIJ:OITaAOB. Ebie-

BO eoJIIJ;aT-OITOJI'leHl"(eB (ITocen eHHbie

H3 IIHKHHepoB 6biJIH BoopymeHbi ane-

Tpo pa3BHBaJiaeb IIIBeiJ;eKaH MaHycpa-

BOHeKa), KOTOpbie 6biJIH BOopymeHbi

6ap~J;aMH AJIHHOH AO 3,5 M. MyiiiKe-

Krypa. Co31J;aBaJIHeb 6naroiTpHHTHble

H ITpOXOIJ;HJIH B yeTaHOBJieHHbie epo-

Tepbi H ITHKHHepbi HMeJIH Ha BOopymeHHH, ITOMHMO eBoero OeHOBHOrO

yeJIOBHH IJ;JIH pa3BHTHH T eXHHKH,

KH BOeHHOe o6Y'!eHHe. Bee OHH BJia-

B TOM '!HeJie H BOeHHOH. PoeJia Mem-

)J;eJIH 3eMeJibHbiMH Y'!aCTKaMH H ITOJib-

opymHH, IJ;JIHHHbie ITaJiaiiiH; KpOMe

~J;yHapOIJ.HaH TOproBJIH

30BaJIHeb pa3JIH'!HbiMH JibrOTaMH.

TOrO, ITHKHHepbi HOeHJIH Ha rpyiJ:H

Enaro~J;apH TaKoli eHCTeMe ~J;elieTBy

JiaTh!.

H YKPeiiJIHJiaeb

3KOHOMH'!eeKaH MOll"(b eTpaHbi. C 1611 ro~J;a KoponeM lliBel"(HH

IOll"(aH apMHH BO BpeMH BOHHbi ITOITOJI-

qHeJIO MymKeTepOB B IIIBe)J;eKOH

6biJI fyeTaB AAOJibcp (1594- 1632) ,

HHJiaeb o6y'!eHHbiMH eOJIIJ;aTaMH.

apMHH B ITepBoli ITOJIOBHHe XVII BeKa

BHYK fyeTaBa Ba3bi. YKpeiTJIHH a6eo-

lliHpOKO ITpaKTHKOBaJiaeb H 1:"(06-

6biJIO yBeJIH'!eHo AO ABYX TpeTeli

JIIOTHYJO MOHapXHIO, OH B0306HOBHJI

poBOJibHaH Bep6oBKa- HaeM. Kpee-

Been ITeXOThl, a B 1631 ro)J;y, KpOMe

H paeiiiHpHJI ITpHBHJierHH IJ;BOpHH.

ThHHe H ropomaHe coeTaBJIHJIH

B Ha'!ane

XVII

BeKa yeHJIHJiaeb

H~J;po

IIIBe~J;eKoli apMHH. OcpHUepeKHH Kop-

TOr o, 6biJIH ITOJIKH, eOCTOHBIIIHe l"(eJIHKOM H3 MymKeTepOB.

HaeTYIIaTeJibHaH ITOJIHTHKa IIIBeiJ;eKOH

rrye eoeToHJI H 3 ABOpHH. Ho ITpoueHT

IIpoH30IIIJIH 6oJibiiiHe H3MeHeHHH

a6eOJIIOTHOH MOHapXHH Ha BOCTOKe H

IIIBe)J;OB B IIIBe)J;eKOH apMHH 6biJI He

H B KaBaJiepHH, KOTOpaH B Ha'!aJibHblll

IOre, 'ITO ITpHBeno K PMY 3axBaTHH-

BeJIHK. ApMHH lliBeUHH B 3Ha'!HTeJib-

ITepHOIJ: TpHAUaTHJieTHeli BOHHbi eo-

'!eeKHX BOHH.

HOH '!aeTH eoeTOHJia H 3 HHOeTPaHHbiX

eTaBJIHJia ITO'!TH ITOJIOBHHY Beex

HaeMHHKOB- HeMl"(eB, aHrJIH'laH,

BOHeK. Ilo3me ee '!HeJieHHOeTh ITO OT-

IIIOTJiaHIJ:l"(eB, cppaHUY30B.

HOIIIeHHIO K ITeXOTe 3Ha'!HTeJibHO

B 1617 roey Me)KIJ:y lliBeuHeli H PyeeKHM roemapCTBOM 6biJI 3aKJIIO'!eH CTOJI60BeKHH MHp, ITO KOTOpo-

B pe3yJibTaTe poeTa A06bi'!H me-

yMeHbiiiHJiaeb. lliBeiJ;eKaH KOHHHI."(a

MY IIIBeAbi o6eeiTe'!HJIH ee6e ITpaBo

Jie 3a H pa3BHTHH

meJie 3 o~J;eJiaTeJib

eoeTOHJia H3 KHpaeHpOB H IJ:paryH, ITpH-

TOproBJIH Ha EanTHlieKoM Mope. Pye-

Holi ITpOMbiiiiJi eHHOeTH B eTpaHe

'!eM IToeJie)J;HHe ITO'!TH Beer)J;a epama-

eKHe Kyrrl"(bi 6biJIH BbiTeeHeHbi H3 Been

IIIBe)J;eKaH apMHH B ITepBOH ITOJIOBH-

JllicpJIHH~J;HH, a pyeeKHe TOBapbi IJ;OJI)K-

XVII

BeKa HMeJia ITO epaBHeHHIO

JIHeb B KOHHOM eTpOIO. C BoopymeHHH KOHHHl"(bi 6biJIH eHHTbi ITHKH H JIYKH.

Hbi 6biJIH eB03HTbeH H3 IleKOBa B

e ApyrHMH eTpaHaMH 3aiTaAHOH EB-

KHpaeHpbi HMeJIH Ha BoopymeHHH ITa-

IIIBe)J;eKyro HapBy, a H 3 HoBropo)J;a-

poiTbi 6onee eoBepiiieHHoe Boopyme-

n aiiiH H ITHeTOJieThl, a IJ;paryHbi-

B A6o, Bbi6opr H PeBeJib. IlpHeoe-

HHe. Ha BoopymeHHH apMHH HMe-

MymKeTh! H ITaJiaiiiH. lliBeiJ;eKaH KaBa-

AHHeHHeM K lliBel"(HH llHrepMaHJiaH-

noeb B 3Ha'!HTeJibHOM KOJIH'!eeTBe

JiepHH, B OTJIH'!He oT KaBanepHH APY-

IJ;HH H KeKeroJibMa PyeeKoe roey~J;ap-

py'!Ho e orHeeTpeJibHoe opymHe H

rHX CTpaH 3aiTa}J.Holi EBpoiTbi, 6biJia

386 3APO>K,ll.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. CI<AHAHHABCKHE fOCY AAPCTBA B

XVH B.

. .. . . . . .. Tepp11TOP>lll Wse!!llll a Ha'laAe

XVll

np!;fCOeAHHeHHH no PocKHAbACKOMY ,IIOrosopy 1658 r. c .4aHHelS npHCOeAIIHeRIIH no o~~orosopy B AAbTMapl(e B 1629r. II OAIIBCKOI\IY AOroaopy 1660 r. c: Pe'fi>IO nocnOI\HTOll

3aaoeaaHIIJI Wae!!nll a, XVII npncoeAnHeHnJI no CToA60BCKOMY Aorosopy 1617r. c PyccKIIM rocyAapCTBOM npiiCOeAUHeHHJI no MHpy B 6poMCe6po 1645 r, c ,4aTCKO- Hopae:t~CKHM KopoAeBCTBOM npHcOeA>!lleHIIH no BecTI!JaAbCKjlMy MHPY 1648r.

1645

AaTbl 3asoeaaHult fpaRII!!bl Waeynn B 1699r. fpaHII!,!bl 11pyrnx rocyAapcTa a

l699ro,

3AnA)J.HAs:l EBPOnA

387

6oJiee JierKOH H IIO.[(BH)KHOH H B 60IO

IlOJIK 6hiJI opraHH3aiiHOHHOH e,[(Il-

He TepHJia BpeMeHH Ha CTpeJib6y,

H11IIeH. B TaKTnqeCKOM OTHOIIIei-11111

A.[(OJib<lJa COCTOHJI II3

a cpa3y aTaKOBaJia IIpOTHBHIIKa «Ha

nexon rro.D:pa3.[(eJIHJiaCb na 6pnra.[(bi

JIHHHii

II q:mp<!JenJieHHbl (6aTaJibOHbl), Ka)K-

B uenTPe 1-ii JIHHHII pa3MelllaJIHCb ne-

.[(blll II3 KOTOpbiX IIMeJI 4 pOTbl. Epii-

XOTJ-Ibie 6pHra.[(bi, HMeH O.[(IIH 6aTaJib-

BCeM CKaKy C IIaJiaiiiOM B pyKe». illBe.[(CKHe BOHCKa IIO.[(pa3.[(eJIH-

EoeBoii rropH.[(OK BolicK fycTaBa

.D:Byx

.[(JlllliHbiX

rny6IIHOH B 3 IIJIH 6 IIIepenr.

JIHCb Ha IIOJIKII H pOTbJ (B KOHHHI.J;e -

ra.[(a COCTOHJia HJIII II3 O.[(HOrO 12-pOT-

OH Brrepe.[(Il II .[(Ba II033.[(Il. Epnra.[(bi 2-H:

3CKa.[(p0Hbl). POTbl B CBOIO oqepe.[(b ,[(e-

HOrO IIOJIKa (3 6aTaJibOHa) IIJIII II3

JIHHHII CTaHOBIIJIHCb Ha OIIpe.[(eJieHHOH

JIHJIHCb Ha 6oJiee MeJIKHe opnlHII3aiiii-

.D:BYX IIOJIKOB 8-pOTHOrO COCTaBa,

.[(IICTaHIIHH IIpOTHB HHTepBaJIOB IIeXOT-

OHHbie e.[(IIHIIIU>I -

B3BO.[(bl H OT.[(eJie-

a TaK)Ke 113 60JibiiiOrO qiicJia IIOJIKOB,

HbiX 6pnrM 1-ii JillliHH. KpbiJibH 1-ii II

HIIH. illeCTb 60HuOB, COCTaBJIHBIIIHe

eCJIII qiiCJieHHOCTb 11X 6biJia HII)J(e yc-

2-H JIHHHll COCTaBJIHJIHCb II3 KOHHIIIU>I,

B 6oeBoM cTporo O.[(Irn pM, .[(eiicTBO-

TaHOBJieHHOH HOpMbi.

a IrnOr.[(a MYIIIKeTepoB, noCTpoeHHhiX

BaJIH ITO.[( KOMaR.[( OM Karrpana. KOHHbie

fycTaB A.D:OJib<lJ ycoBepiiieHCTBO-

Me)J(.[(y 3CKMponaMH. HecKOJibKO 3CKa-

3CKa.[(p0Hbl COCTOHJIII Ka)J(.[(blll II3

BaJI CIICTeMY o6yqeHHH CBOeH aptviHH,

APOHOB KOHHIIllbl (B Ka)J(.[(OM IIpHMep-

4 KopneTOB (B3BO.[(OB ). IIexoTI-IhiH

HO IIOpH.[(OK B Hell IIO.[(.[(ep)l{liBaJICH

HO ITO 200 KaBaJiepHCTOB) pa3Mellla-

IIOJIK HMeJI 8 poT; C 1629 ro,[(a 6hiJIII

cTpaxoM nepe.D: naKa3aHIIeM. illBe.[(-

JIOCb II033.[(Il IIeXOTJ-IbiX 6pHra.[( Ka)J(.[(OH

BBe,[(eHbi IIOJIKII 12-pOTHOrO COCTaBa.

cKHii IIOJIKOBO.[(ell BBeJI HaKa3aHHe COJI-

JIHHHII. KoHHIIIIa CTPOHJiach B 3 , Irnor-

B K3)K.[(Oii pore, no .[(aHHbiM 1630 ro.[(a,

.[(aT IIIIIHIIPYTeHaMH ( «CKB03h CTPOii» ).

.[(a B 6 IIIepenr my6IInoii. T5J)KeJihie

HacqnTbiBaJIOCb 120 qeJIOBeK, II3 HIIX

HaKa3aHHe IIIIIHIIPYTeHaMH qaCTo KOH-

opy.[(HH pa3MelllaJIHCh Bnepe.[(Il 1-ii JIH-

102 pH.[(OBbiX ( 48 IIHKHHepOB 11 54

qanocb cMepThiO naKa3aHHoro.

HHH, B HHTepBaJiaX IIeXOTHbiX 6pHra.[(

M)'IIIKeTepa). Bcero B rroJIKy 12-pOTHOro COCTaBa 6biJIO 1440 qeJIOBeK, B TOM qncJie 576 IIHKllliepoB 11 648

MYIII-

II B .D:PyrHX MeCTaX 6oeBOro IIOpH.[(Ka B

Ocj>opMneHio1e ni.1HeHHOH TaKTio1Kio1

3aBIICHMOCTH OT 06CTaHOBKH. Ka)K.[(aH 6pnra.[(a 3aHIIMaJia no

KeTepoB. lfucJieHHOCTh IIOJIKa 11 pOT B

0.[(HHM II3 CaMbiX CyllleCTBeHHbiX

<!Jponry .[(0 180 M, 3CKa.[(p0Hbl KOHHII-

xo.[(e Tp11.D:U:aTI1JieTneii BOHHbi ne-

npeo6pa3oBaHHii B BOeHHoM 11cKyccT-

U:bl -

CKOJibKO pa3 MeHHJiaCb, pOTbl COCTOH-

Be IIIBe.[(CKOH apMHII 6hiJI IIepeXO.[( BO

ro IIOpH.[(Ka, BKJIIOqaH IIHTepBaJibl

60 M. <l>ponT )Ke Bcero 6oeBo-

JIH 11 113 150 qeJIOBeK 11 113 80-

90 qe-

BpeMH Tpii.[(IlaTHJieTneii BOHHbi K JIH-

Me)J(.[(y IIeXOTHbiMII 6piira.[(aMII II KOH-

JIOBeK. MYIIIKeTepcKHe rroJIKH B cp3)J(e-

neiiHoii TaKTHKe. illBe.D:CKaH JilllieiiHaH

HIIIIeii, .[(OXO.[(HJI .[(0 2 KM II ,[(a)J(e He-

HHH qaCTO .[(eHCTBOBaJIH COBMeCTHO C

TaKTHKa HBHJiaCb .[(aJibHeHIIIHM pa3BII-

CKOJibKO 6oJiee -

KOHHIIIIeii, CJIY)Ka eii IIO.[(KpeiiJieHIIeM.

TIIeM TaKTHKH Hll.[(epJiaH.[(CKOH apMHH.

06IIleH qncJieHHOCTII apMIIII.

B 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT

-- ---

----:::::::-

,....,

~·

------~==

--------

388 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. BoeBoi:t rrop.si,LI.OK, cocTO.SJ:BIIIMi:t M3

JIM JIMIIII> cpe,LI.CTBOM o6opOHhl, H HX

paBHOMepHO paCIIOJIO:IKeHHblX BOi:tCK B

Ha3HaqeHHeM 6hlJIO IIpHKpi>IBaTh 1\-I)'III-

PY:IKI>SIMH co IIIThlKaMH, rrpoH30IIIJIH

rnepeHr

KeTepOB OT aTa.KM KaBaJiepHH; 3'I'Ol\'l)'

HeKOTOpi>Ie H3MeHeHMSI H B Be,LI.eHHM

B my6MHY H HMeBIIIHi:t B UeH1pe rre-

IIOCJie,LI.HeMy po,LI.y BOiiCK CHOBa IIpH-

6oSI IIpH JIHHeiiHblX IIOC1pOeHMSIX.

xory,

IIIJIOCI> BhliiOJIHSITh BCIO pa6ory ITO Ha-

,LI.Be-TpH JIMHMM B

HJIH

aHa <}>JiaHrax KOHHHUy, Ha3hl-

HOpO,LI.HOi:t IIeXOThl, BOopy:IKeHHOii

BaJIC.SJ: JIHHei:tHhlM 6oeBhlM IIOp.sJAKOM.

cryrrJieHHIO. PyKorrarnHhlii 6oii IIHKM-

Boas&JWeHHe Wses.«HH,

Ero rrpeHMymecTBa 3aKmoqaJIHCJ>

HepoB CTaJI oqeHJ> pe,LI.KMM SIBJieHMeM.

1600-1655 rr.

B B03MO:IKHOCTH HaH60JIJ>IIIero HC-

MyrnKeTephl, pacrroJio:IKeHHJ>Ie

IIOJII>30BaHH.SJ: OrH.SJ: H ca6eJib. IlpH JIH-

B TpexrnepeHO:IKHOM CTpOIO, BeJIH

Hei:tHOM rroc1poeHMM MYIIIKeTepi>I OA-

oroHJ> y:IKe He crroco6oM KapaKoJIHpo-

H&IIE KAPJlA IX. B

HOBpeMeHHO MOrJIH ,LI.aTh 3aJIII M3 He-

BaHMSI. Bce1pM rnepeHrn OAHOBpeMeH-

Kapfl

CKOJII>KHX ThlC.SJ:q py:IKei:t. fJiaBHI>Ii:t

HO ,LI.aBaJIM 3aJIII, IIpH 3TOM rrepe,LI.HSISI

B PoccVJIO. Ero nonbJTKM no,a'lMHMTb

He,LI.OCTa.TOK JIMH eiiH oro 6oeBoro rrop.sJ,LI.-

rnepeHra cTpeJISIJia c KOJieHa. BhlJI OT-

3eMJIVI K CeBepy OT <1>MHM8PK8 npMBeJIM K BOWHe C .[laHVJeW.

1599-1611 rr. UAPCTBOBACMyTHOe epeM>I

IX npe.anpMH>Ifl MHTepeeHLtMIO

Ka COCTO.SJ:JI BTOM, qm OH CKOBhlBaJI Ma-

MeHeH KapaKOJIHpOBaHHhlii CIIOC06 H

HeBpeHHOCTI> BOiiCK, He II03BOJI.SJ:JI,LI.eii-

B KaBaJiepHH; 6oJiee TOro, IIMCTOJieT

CTBOBaTh Ha rrepeceqeHHOi:t MeCTHOC-

CTaJI BCIIOMOraTeJII>HhlM opy:IKMeM, a

CKASI BOPIHA.

TH H, KpOMe TOro, He HMeJI o6mero

rraJiarn -

pe3epBa, TaK KaK Bh1,Ll.eJieHHe ern ocJia-

Uhl, Ta.KMM o6pa30M, CBeJiaCJ> K CTpe-

1611-1632 rr. UAPCTBOBAH&IIE fYCTABA II .AAOJ1b$A. 0Ho

6HJIO 61>1 OCHOBHhle 6oeBhle JIHHHH.

rJiaBHJ>IM. TaKTMKa KOHHM-

1611-1613rr. KAJlbMAP-

MMTeJII>HhlM aTa.KaM H ,LI.eiiCTBMIO rrpe-

03H8MeHOB8JIO C060W 3eHVJT WBe,a-

Tai.'THKa rrpH TaKOM rrocTpoeHHH

MMyiUeCTBeHHO XOJIO,LI.HhlM opy:IKMeM.

CKOTO MOryll..leCTB8.

BOiiCK CBO,LI.HJiaCb B OCHOBHOM K <}>poH-

KoHHMUa rrpH JIMHeiiHOM rrocTpoeHHH

TaJII>HOMY CTOJIKHOBeHHIO paBHOMep-

rrpeBpaTMJiaCJ> B HacryrraTeJII>HYIO

HO paCIIOJIO:IKeHHI>IX BOiiCK, IIpHBO-

CHJIY H IIpOH3BO,LI.MJia peiiiMTeJII>HJ>Ie

,LI.HBIIIeMy HHOr,LI.a K OXBary <}>JiaHrOB

aTa.KM BOiiCK IIpOTHBHMKa.

IIpOTHBHHKa.

1613-1617rr. BOPIHA C POCC&IIEPI.

1617-1629rr. BOP!Hbl C nOJlbWEPI.

OHM >IBMJIMCb Cfle.a-

Cpa:~KeHMSI rrpH JIMHeiiHoii TaKTH-

CTBMeM cnopa 0 npeCTOJIOH8CJie,aVJM

B rrexOTe rrepBoe MecTo 3aHHMa-

Ke CBO,LI.MJIHCI> K Be,LI.eHMIO 1\-I)'IIIKeTHO-

c noflbCKMM KopofleM CMrM3MYH.aoM.

JIH MYIIIKeTephl, poJII> :IKe IIMKMHepoB

ro M apTHJIJiepHiiCKOro OrHSI H aTaKe

CBO,LI.HJiaCI>, C06CTBeHHO, K IIO,Mep:IK-

KOHHHUhl. PyKonarnHblX 6oeB rrexOThl

1630-1648 rr. WBEU&IISIYlfACTBYET B TP&ii.O.~AT&i!Jl ETH EPI BOP! HE. 1644-1654 rr. UAPCTBOBAH&IIE KP&iiCT&iiHbiABfYCTbl. Ha He-

Ke CTpeJIKOB. IlMKMHepi>I, KOTOphle B

XVI

rroqTH He 6J>mo. Cpa:~KeHMe Ha<JMHa-

BeKe rrpe,LI.cTaBJISIJIH co6oii

JIOCJ> rrpH c6JIM:IKeHHH Ha MYIIIKeTHhlii

60JII>IIIYIO HacryrraTeJII>HYIO CHJIY, CTa-

BhlCTpeJI. Il03:1Ke, C IIO.SJ:BJieHHeM O,LI.-

<1>. Xanbc. rpynnoao~ nopTpeTOcf>l-1!4epoa. 1616 r.

3AnNJ,HA~ ro npVIwencH yna.aoK wae.acKoro MOry~.J..~ecTaa.

1654-1660 rr. LI,APCTBOBAKAPJlAX rYCTABA.

H~E

B nepBoll noJIOBIIHe XVII BeKa liiBeLvrn nocTIIrJia cBoell naBHell 3aBeTIIoll QeJIII- yTEepAIIJia 3a co6oll rocnoncTEo Ha EaJITIIKe (TaK Ha3biBaeMblll EaJITIIHCKIIH noMIIHaT). B 1617 rony OHa OKOH~aTeJibHO OTpe3aJi a Poccmo oT EaJITIIll:cKoro MopH; B20-x ronax oHa OTIIHJia y IIoJibiiiii JIII<PJIHHniiiO (KpOMe ee lO)I{HOll ~aCTII, JiarraJillli); B 1645 rony K Hell oToIIIeJI 3CTOHCKIIll OCTpOB 33eJib (CaapeMaa), paHee npiiHanJie)KaBIIIIIll )J,aHIIII. EoJibiiie Bcero oHa nony~II Jia no BecT<iJaJibCKOMY MIIPY 1648 rona: OTIIbiHe II IOMHbie 6epera EanTIIllCKoro MOpH JIII60 noJIHOCTblO BOIIIJIII B COCTaB BJia):(eHIIll illBeQIIII, JIII6o nepeiiiJIII non ee KOHTpOJib. EaJITIIllCKoe Mope nellCTEIITeJibHO npeBpaTIIJIOCb B «IIIBencKOe 03epa>>. TaKIIM o6pa30M, BCeBepHoll EBpone nocJie TpiiAQaTIIJieTHell BollHb! B03HIIKJia BeJIIIKaH ne p)KaBa. B Hell Hac~ TbiBaJIOCb no 3 MliJIJiliOHOB HaCeJieHliH, COCTOHBIIIero II3 IIIBenoB, <lJliHHOB, KapeJI, pyccKIIX, 3CTOHQeB, JiaTbiiiiell, HeMQeB, na~aH. BeJIIIKonep)KaBHaH nOJIIITIIKa illBeQllll HapyiiiaJia )Kll3HeHHble IIHTepecbi Pocciiii, IIoJiblllli, fepMaHIIII, )J,aHIIII II npyriiX CTpaH, 3aiiHTepeCOBaHHbiX B 6aJITIIll:CKOll roproBJie. IIwroMy Heii36eMHbi 6biJIII HOBbie BOeHHbie CTDJIKHOBeHliH illBeQllll C3THMil rocynapCTBaMII. nepBafl cesepHafl BOHHa,

1655-1660rr. JJ.a6b! pacwVIpVITb wae.acKVIe ana-

EB PO nA

389

JleTo 1655 r. BTOP>KEH~E B nOJlbWY. lpa¢ Ap¢aVI.a ¢oH BVITTeH6epr c 17-TbiCH4HOM a pMVIeM OKKynVIpOBa/1 3ana,aHyiO nof1b11lY,

npof/BVIB Bbl,aaiOI.J..IVIeCH OTBary VI nonKOBO,a4eCKVIM mnaHT, Kapn X lycma npopaa/1 OKpy)l(eHVIe VI OTCTynVI/1 B npyCCVIIO, 6e3)1(af10CTHO npecne,aye-

BcKope c no.aKpenneHVIHMVI npV16blf1 caM Kapn X lycTaa, .aoae.aH 4VIcneHHocTb wae,aCKOM apMVIVIAO 32 Tb!Cf/4 4enoaeK, VI ,aBVIHyncH a LteHTpanb-

MbiM KaaanepVIei1 reTMaHa CTe¢aHa L{apHe!4KOTO VI J1eCHbiMVI napTV13aHaMVI Vl3 KpecTbf/H. Kor.aa oH .aowen .ao npyCCVIVI, apMVIfl ero COKpaTVIJ1aCbAO

HYIO nonbWY.

4 Tb!Cf/4 con.aaT. npo4VIe wae.acKVIe CVIJ1bl OCTaf1VICb paccpe,aOT04eHbl B BVI,ae rapHV130HOB no wae.acKVIM ro-

8 ceHTH6pH 1655 r. B3SIT~E WBEAAM~ BAPWABbl. BcKOpe nocne amra nan KpaKoa. Koponb fiH Ka3VIMVIP 6e)l(af1 a CVIne3VIIO. B fTVITBY )l(e o.aHoapeMeHHO BToprnVIcb wae,abl VI pyCCKVIe; f1VITOBCKVIM KHf/3b fiHyW Pa,a3VIBVI!1!1 c.aan fTVITBY wae.aaM.

0KTH6pb 1655r.- HHBapb 1656 r. 5PAHAEH5YPrCKASI ~H TEP BEH Ll,~ Sl. Bocnonb3oaa BWVICb nopa)l(eHVIeM nonbWVI, KYP¢10PCT ctJpVI,apVIx BVInbrenbM 3axaaTVIf1 3ana.aHYIO npycCVIIO, f/Bf1f/BWYIOCH nonbCKVIM ¢be¢oM. Kapn X lyCTaa HeMe,aneHHO BTOprCH B 5paH,aeH6ypr, oca,aVI/1 5ep!1VIH VI BbiHYAVI/1 BenVIKoro KYP¢10pcTa no,anVIcaTb KeHVIrc6eprcKVIM .aoroaop, no ycnoBVIHM KOTOporo 80CT04Haf/ npyCCVIf/ CTaHOBVIJ1aCb nOf1bCKVIM rpberpoM, a KYP¢10PCT- aaccanoM Kapna ( KaK «3ai.J..IVITHVIKa nonbWVI » ).

1655-1656 rr. nOAbEM nOJlbCKOrO HALI,~OHAJlbHOrO AB~>KEH~SJ conPoT~BllEH~SJ.

i..{VIHVIMble WBe,aaMVI 3BepCTBa, OCKaepHeHVIe 14epKaei1 VI pa3rpa6neHVIe C06CTBeHHOCTVI, KaK06~.J..~eCTBeHHOM, TaK VI f1VI4HOM, npVIBef1VI K TOMY, 4TO nOf1bCKVIM Hapo,a no,aHf/f1Cf/ Ha 6opb6y. MenKonoMeCTHoe .aaopHHCTBO opraHVI3oaano no acei1 cTpaHe aoeHHble OTPHAbl; wae.aaM He .aaaanVI )I(VITbfl napTV13aHbl. B nonbwy aepHyncH KOp0!1b fiH Ka3VIMV1p VI BCTa/1

po.aaM VI KpenOCTf/M. ~IOHb 1656 r. SIH KA3~M~P OTBOEBbiBAET BAPWABY. OH

3aXBaTVIJ1 B nneH WBe,aCKVIM rapHV130H no.a KOMaH,aOBaHVIeM 8VITTeH6epra. npaa.aa, B KOH14eMeCH14a Kapn X lyeTaB , nony4VIBWVIM no,aKpenneHVIH a BVI,ae 18-Tb!Cf/4HOM apMVIVI CBOero HOBOro aaccana VI COI03HVIKa Kyprp!OpCTa 5paH,aeH6yprCKOTO, Onf/Tb BTOpTCfl B nonbWY ~IOnb 1656 r. 5~TBA 3A BAPWABY. Cpa)l(eHVIe,anVInocb TPVIAHH;

50-TbiCH4HaH apMVIH fiHa Ka3VIMV1pa VI reTMaHa CTe¢aHa L{apHe!4KOronoTepnena nopa)l(eHVIe. Oco6eHHO oTf1VI4VIf1CH B 6VITBe 6paH,aeH6yprCKVIM reHepan leopr ¢oH JJ.ep¢¢nVIHrep. Kapn X lycma cHoaa 3aHHf1 Bapwaay, HO ABVIraTb CBOIO apMVIIO B rny6b OXBa4eHHOM OCB060,aVITef1bHbiM BOCCTaHVIeM nonbWVI ero COI03HVIK KYP¢10PCT ctJpVI,apVIx BVInbrenbM oTKa3ancH.

<t>eBpanb-IIIIOnb 1657 r. TPAHC~JlbBAHCKASI ~HTEPBEHLI,~SI.

j},pyroM WBe,aCKVIM COI03HVIK, TpaHCVIf1bBaHCKVIM KHH3b j],bep,ab II PaKo14VI, nepewen 4epe3 KapnaTbl VI c 30-Tb!Cf/4HOM apMVIeM BTOprcH B nonbWY, Ho K f1eJY OH 6b!f1 OKpYJKeH nOf1bCKVIMVI BOMCKaMVI VI KanVIJY!1VIpOBaf1. BepHyncH a TpaHCVIf1bBaHVIIO oH f1V111Jb C 400 KOHHVIKaMVI - OCTaf1bHaf/ ero apMVIfl 6b!J1a npVI OTCTynneHVIVI YHVI4TO)I(eHa TaTapaMVI.

.aeHVIH Ha 10re 5anTVIKVI, Kapn X lyeTaB o6bf!BVIJ1 BOMHY nonbwe. PeweHVIIO 3TOMY cnoco6CTBOBaf10 Ha4aBweeCH Tor.aa pyccKoe BTOp)l(eHVIe a nonbwy, a TaK)I(e ee BHYTPeHHee 6po)l(eHVIe VI cna60CTb. nnaH Kapna X lycm a a npe.aycMaTpVIaan.aaoi1Hoe HaCTynneHVIe: Vl3 noMepaHVIVI B 3ana,aHy!OnOJ1bWYVI Vl3f1VIBOHVIVI BfTVITBY, npe,anorOM nOCf1Y)I(VIf1 OTKa3

CTOJ1KHOBeHVIf/X eMy COnYTCTBOBa/1 yen ex, HO 3aTeM OH 6blf1 OWVIT OT JqJenOCTVI3aMOCTbe, a y CaH,aOMVIpa 3a-

3aK!1104VIf1 co103 c fiHoM Ka3VIMVIPOM

nonbcKoro KoponH fiHa Ka3VIMV1pa npV13HaTb 3a KapnoM X lycm aoM oco6b!M CTaJYC «3ai.J..IVITHVIKa nonbWW>.

6noKVIpoaaH npeaocxo.aHI.J..IVIMVI nOf1bCKVIMVI CVIJ1aMVI B TpeyrOf1bHVIKe, o6pa3oaaHHOM peKaMVI BVIcna VI CaH.

VI nocnan 12-TbiCH4HYIO apMVIIO noMO% nOf1f/KaM OTBOeBaTb KpaKOB. Wae14V1V1 o6bHBVIna aoi1Hy jJ,aHVIH

ao maae 6opb6b!. BecHa 1656 r. B03BPALUEH~E B nOJlbWY KAPJlA X rYCTABA. Y3Haa o ao3apa~.J..~eHVIVI fiHa Ka3VIMVIpa, Kapn X lycma ao maae 10 Tb!Cf/4 4ef10BeK nocneWHO BbiCTynVI/1 Vl3 npycCVIVI. B nepBbiX He3Ha 4VITef1bHbiX

BecHa 1657 r. B B0171HY BCTYnAET POCC~SI. PyccKaHapMVIH BTOprnacb B fTVIBOHVIIO VI oca,aVIJ1a PVIry

BecHa 1657 r. nOMOLUb nOJlbWE. 111Mnepamp JleononbJ]. I

390 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: ( 1 MIOHH), K KOTOpOM BCKOpe npMCOe,aMHMnCf/ 5paH.aeH6ypr ( KYP¢10PCT HBHO pewMn npMnOMHMTb WBeJ4MM 6blf1bte o6M,abt}. WBe,aaM He xBaTano pecypcoB y.aep)I(MBaTb cTonb o6WMPHbte TeppMTOPMM, M OHM OTCT}'nMnM M3 nonbWM, 'IT06bt 3alljMTMTb CBOM npM6anTMMCKMe 3eMnM.

TepeCbl, KaCaiOLljMeCf/ 6anTMMCKMX nponMBOB,nepennenMCbTenepbTaKMM o6pa30M, 'IT06bt He n03BOnMTb Kapny X lycTaBy KOHTponMpoBaTb 3yH,a.

29 OKTH6pH 1658 r. r01111AHACKO-AHr11lii~CKAs:l IIIHTEPBEHUIIIs:l. QJnoT M3 35 Kopa6nei4 no.a KO-

):(06bi'!H IIOIIpaBHJI cpHHaHCbi H II03BO-

l-'honb 1657 r. WBEACKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE B MATEPIIIKOBYIO AAHIIIIO. KapnXIycTaBc6-TbtCH'IHOM

Ma HAOBaHMeM ronnaH,aCKOrO a,aMMpana flKo6a BaH BacceHapa On.aaMa npMcoe,aMHMncH K,aaT'IaHaM MHeHa.aonro CHHn oca.ay c KoneHrareHa.

iliBeQHH ):(OCTHrJia 3eHHTa BOeHHOH

apMMei4 nepewen rpaHM/4Y lonwTMHMM M M3rHan,aaT'IaH M3 5peMeHa.

24 OKTH6pH 1657 r. EiiiiTBA nPIII PEAEPIIIKCOAAE. WBe.aCKMM rpa¢ Kapn lycraB BpaHrenb C 4-Tb!Cf/'IHOM apMMeM B3f/n ropo.a WTYPMOM. B 6010 norM6 .aaTCKMM Mapwan 5Mnb,ae; 3 TbtCH'IM ero con.aaT c.aanMcb. nocne aToro no.a KOHTponeM WBeJ4MM OKa3anaCb BCf/ MaTepMKOBaf/ )J.aHMf/.

s:IHBapb 1658 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE B OCTPOBHYIO AAHIIIIO. Kapn noBen apMMIO B .aep3Koe HacTynneHMe no nb,ay M3 /OTnaH,aMM Ha OCTpOB C1JIOH, M .aanee- Ha 3enaH,aMIO. )J.aHMH 3anpocMna MMpa.

27 cl>eBpanH 1658 r. AOrOBOP B POCKIII1111E. )J.aHMH OTKa3anacb OT CBOMX Bna,aeHMM Ha WBe,aCKOM no6epe)l(be. 06e cTpaHbt cornacMnMcb COTPYAHM'IaTb B TOM, 'IT06bt He nponycKaTb 'lepe3 3yH,aCKMM nponMB Bpa)l(eCKMe ¢noTbt.

llltoHb 1658 r. B0306HOB11EHIIIE AATCKO~ BO~Hbl. npoBono'IKM .aaT'IaH c BbtnonHeHMeM ycnoBMM PocKMnnbcKoro MMpHoro .aoroBopa M aKTMBM3aJ4Mfl B )J.aHMM ronnaH.a!4eB Bbt3BanM onaceHMH Kapna X lycTaBa, 'ITO roTOBHTCH HOBbte 6oeBbte .aei4cTBMH, M oH pewMn HaHeCTM no )J.aHMM COKPYWMTenbHbiM ynpe)l(,aaiOLljMM y.aap.

llltonb 1658 r. OTnOP Y KOnEHrArEHA. Kapn X lycTaB npMKa3an rpa¢yKapny lycraBy BpaHreniO HanacTb Ha KoneHrareH, KpoH6epr ( 9n bCMHop) M XpMCTMaHMIO. Ha J4MOHanbHoe naTpMOTM'IeCKOe ABM)I(eHMe noMorno KoneHrareHy oTpa3MTb wBe.acKMM npMcryn, M Kapny X npMwnocb BeCTM .aonry10 KpoBonponMTHYIO oca.ay.

CeHTH6pb 1658 r. nAAEH Ill E KPOHEiEPrA. Me)l(.ayHapo,aHbte MH-

11 cl>eBpanH 1659 r. r01111AHACKAs:IIIIHTEPBEHUIIIs:l. Kor.aa wBeAbt B0306HOBMnM 6noKa.ay KoneHrareHa, no.aowen ronnaH.acKMM ¢noT M OTOrHan WBe,aCKMM.

HoH6pb 1659 r. HIOEiOPrCKOE CPA>KEH IIIE. lonnaH,aCKMM a,aMM-

CJIO)KHBIII)'IOCH MemJzyHapOJJ:H)'IO o6CTaHOBKy, eme OJJ:ep)KHBaJiaKpyiiHbie rro6e):(bl. KoJibQO IIIBe):(CKHX BJia):(eHHH, oKpymaBIIIHX EaJITHilcKoe Mope, CTaJIO eme IIIHpe. IlpHTOK BOeHHOH JIHJI ):lame IIpHOCTaHOBHTb peJJ:YKQHIO. 0):(HaKO yme B 3TOT rrepHO):(, KOr):(a CJiaBbi, Ha ee IIOJIHTH'!eCKOM ropH30HTe crymaJIHCb ryTIH. BbicryiiHBIIIaH

rrpornB Hee 6oJibiiiaH BpamJJ:e6HaH KOaJIHQHH B COCTaBe IlOJibiiiH, )J;aHHH, ABcTpHH, EpaH):(eH6ypra, K KOTopoll: cpaKTH'leCKH rrpHMKHyJia H PoccHH, HecMoTpH Ha Bee rrpornBope'IHH cpe-

JJ:H COI03HHKOB, rrpe):(CTaBJIHJia cepbe3H)'IO OIIaCHOCTb.

pan MMxMen .ae PIOMTep nepeBe3 M3 /OTnaH,aMM Ha OCTpOB C1JIOH 9-Tb!Cf/'1HYIO .aaTCKYIO apMMIO. Y H106opra OHM pa36MnM 6-Tb!Cf/'IHYIO WBe,acKYIO apMMIO C1JMnMnna 3ynbJ46axa.

1672-1679 rr. r01111AHACKAs:l BO~ HA. 8 xo.ae ee WBe!4Mfl

13 cl>eBpanH 1660 r. CMEPTb KAPJlA X rYCTABA. K BnacTM npM-

BbiCTynana B COI03e C rppaHJ4Y3CKMM KoponeM fl10,aoBMKOM XIV

wen apMcToKpaTM'IeCKMM pereHTCKMM COBeT M HeMe,aneHHO CTan,ao6MBaTbCf/ 3aKniO'IeHMf/ MMpa.

28 IIIIOHH 1675 r. EP6E1111111HCKOE CPA>KEHIIIE. 12-TbtCH'I-

Malli 1660 r. AOrOBOP B 011111BE. WBeJ4Mfl M nonbwa no.anMcanM MMp. Q6e CTOpOHbl B3aMMHO OTKa3anMCb OT MOHapXM'IeCKO-AMHaCTM'IeCKMX npeTeH3MM. 5btnM no.aTBep)l(.aeHbt wBe,acKMe npaBa Ha flMBOHMIO. Kyp¢10pcT 5paH,aeH6yprcKMM cTan nonHonpaBHbtM Bna.aeTeneM BocTO'IHOM npycCMM.

llltoHb 1660 r. KOnEHrArEHCKIII~ AOrOBOP. )J.aHMfl ¢opManbHO OTKa3anacb OT CKOHe- CeBepHOM 'laCTM no6epe)l(bfl CKaH,aMHaBMM. BMecTe co WBeJ4Mei4 OHM,aoroBOpMnMcb rapaHTMpOBaTb MHOCTpaHHbiM cy.aaM npoxo.a 'lepe3 3yH.aCKMM nponMB. 1661 r. KAPAIIICCKIII~ AOrOBOP. OH no.aTBep.aMn status quo ante bellum 1 Me)l(.ay WBe!4Mei4, nonbwei4 M PoccMeM. TaKHM o6pa30M, lliBeQmi, HeCMOTIJH Ha He6Jiarorrpmrrno MH Hee

Status quo ante bellum (naT.) - rrono-

l!ceHHe, cym;ecTBOBaBII!ee /10 BOHHhl (T. e. B liaRHOM cnyqae B03BpaT Tepp}f!'OpHH K /IOBOeHHLIM

rpaHIII.laM).

l.lapcTBOBaHHe Kapna XI,

1660-1697rr.

HaH WBe,acKaf/ apMMfl, BTOprWaf/Cf/ B 5paH.aeH6ypr, 6btna pa36MTa Tenepb }?Ke ¢enb,aMapwanoM leoproM ¢oH )J.ep¢¢nMHrepoM. 3aTeM 6paH,aeH6yp)I(J4bt nepewnM B HacTynneHMe M BTOprnMCb B WBe,aCKYIO noMepaHMIO, 3axBaTMB WTeTTMH, WTpanb3YHA M lpM¢cBanb,a.

25 MaH 1676 r. EiiiiTBA nPIII s:ICMYHAE. WBe,acKMM ¢noT 6btn pa36MT ,aaTCKMM, KOTOpbtM KOMaH,aoBan a,aMMpan HMnbc /Oanb.

1676-1679 rr. KAMnAHIIIIII KAP11AXI. Mono.aou Koponb B3Hn Ha ce6H KOMaH,aOBaHMe ,aeMCTBYIOLljeM apMMeM M o.aep)l(an PH.a Bne'laTnf/10Ll.jMX no6e.a Ha.a .aaT'IaHaMM M 6paH.aeH6yp)I(J4aMM; 6naro.aapH eMy WBe!4Mfl ocranacb nM,aepoM cpe,aM ceBepoeBponei4cKMX .aep)l(a B. B KaMnaHMHX 1677 M 1678 ro.aoB oH HaHec pewaiOLljMe nopa)l(eHMH .aaT'IaHaM. npa a,a.a, ,aaTCKMM a,aMMpan/Oanb CHOBa pa36Mn wBe.acKMM ¢noT, KOMaH.aoBan KOTOpbtM 9BepT lopH, y Kere-5yrTa, 6nM3 KoneHrareHa (30 MIOHH 1677 r.).

29 IIIIOHH 1679 r. CEH ->KEPMEHCKIII~ Mill P. Kyp¢10pcT 5paH-

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

391

,aeH6yprcKufii eo3epaTun Wee~uu no4Tl1 ece 3eMJm, 3aeoeeaHHbJe UM B noMep8Hl1l1.

1697-1718 rr. L.I.APCTBOBAKAPJlA XII.

H~E

1609-1621 rr. ABEHAAL.I.AT~JlETHEE nEPEM~P~E.

4epe.aa cnopa,au4ecKux 6eccucTeMHbJX CTbJ4eK c t1cnaHuefii epeMeHHO npeKpaTunacb; ceeepHbJe npoeuH~uu yKpenunu ceo10 He3aeucuMOCTb.

9 aaryCTa 1621 r. B0306HOBJ1EH~E BOU!Hbl C ~CnAH~EUI. KaKTOflbKO ucTeK cpoK .aeeHa,a~aTu neTHero nepeMupuf!, 6oeBbJe .aefiiCTBMfl B0306HOBl1Jil1Cb- }I)Ke B paMKBX Tpu.a~aTUJieTHefii BOWHbl. ronJI8HACKl1Ml1 BOfiiCK8Ml1 KOM8HAOB8JI Mopm.t HaccaycKufii; ucnaHCKMMMonf!Tb MBPKl13 AM6pocuo .au ct>ununno CnuHona.

«3MHnHa» (ro1U1aHAI-1fl, 1630 r.)- cf>narMaHcm"' KOpa6nb MapTeHa TpoMna B 6HTBe y AayHca 21 OKTfl6pfl 1639 r.

<1>. Xanbc. rpynnoao"' nopTPeTOcf>l-11.\epoB CTPenKOBO"' rHnbAI-11-1 rapneMa. 1633 r.

392 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. 28 aaryCTa 1624 r. - 5 IIIIOHSI 1625 r. Cm1HOJ1A OCJUKAAET ~ 3AXBATbiBAET 6PEAY. Bee no-

4BnMCb MMPHble neperOBOpbl, OCT8BWMeC51, 0.0.H8KO, 6e3pe3yflbT8THbiMM.

.O.bl ( 1644 r.). B cne.n,y/Oll.leM ro.n.y ron.naH.n,~bl B3Rnu Xanbcr.

1635 r. fOJ1JlAHACKO-<f>PAH-

nb!TKM Mopu~a HaccaycKoro npu£:1™ Ha noMOll.lb oca>K.aeHHbiM 6bmu OT6MTbl.

U,Y3CK~~ COI03.

1648 r. MIOHCTEPCK~~ AOfOBOP (~acTb BecTanbcKoro

23 anpenSI 1625 r. CMEPTb MOP~~. WTaTranbTepoM cTan ero

6paT (/)pu.n,pMX reHpMX.

1 626-1 629 rr. YCnEX~ fOJlJlAHAU.EB. ronnaH.n,~bl B351flM On.n.eHcaan ( 1626 r.), rponno ( 1627 r.), XepmreH6oc u Be3enb( 1629 r.). ,[J,ea nocne.n.Hux ropo.n.a 6bmu Kn/04eBbiMM B ~en04Ke MCnaHCKMX M MMnepCKMX KOMMYHMK8~MW B.O.Oflb Pe£1Ha.

1637 r. fOJlJlAHAU,bl OTBOEBbiBAIOT 6PEAY. 21 OKTS16pSI 1639 r. CPA>KEH~E Y AAYH CA. AaMupan MapTeH TpoMn ycnewHo aTaKoBan cMewaHHbiW TOprOBO -BOeHHbiW ucnaHCKMW cpnoT no.n, KOM8H.O.OB8HMeM AHTOHMO .n.e OKeH.n.o. nocne 9Toro ronnaH.n,~bl 6e3pa3.n,enbHO ena.n,bl4eCTBOBanu B npunera/Oll.lMX eo.n.ax.

1643 r.

6~TBA nP~

POKPYA.

1631 r. MOPCKOE CPA>KEH~E Y WJlAAKA. 3.n.ecb ronnaH.n,cKu£1

BcKope nocne Hee BHOBb Ha4anucb MMPHble neperOBOPbl.

cpnoT o.n.ep)l(an no6e.n.y Ha.n. ucnaHCKMM cpnOTOM BTOp)l(eHMR.

CK~E YCnEX~.

1632 r.

B3S1T~E fOJlJlAHA~

M~ MAACTP~XTA.

nocne 9Toro Ha-

1644-1645r~

fOJlJlAHA-

Co B351TMeM CacBaH-reHTa (/)pu.n,pMX reHpMX o6pen nna~apM Ha /0)/(HOM 6epery Wenb-

Ml!lpa). 0H nOflO)I(Mfl KOHe~ BOCbMM.n,eCRTMfleTHe£1 eowHe c VfcnaHue£1. VIM ocpu~uanbHO npu3Haeanucb ycTaHoeuewuecR Ha TOT MOMeHT rpaHM~bl, a TBK)I(e He3aBMCMMOCTb Coe.n.uHeHHbiX npoBMH~MW.

1647-1650 rr. WTATfAJlbTEP B~JlbfEJlbMIIOPAHCK~~.OH

BbiCTynan npoTMB ycnoeuw MIOHcmpcKoro MMpa. nocKOflbKY c:t>paH~MR MVfcnaHMff OCT8BBnMCb B COCTORHMM BOWHbl, OH BCTYnMn B CeKpeTHble neperoeopbl c ct>paH~ue£1, HaMepeBaRcb BHOBb BTffHYTb ronnaH.O.M/0 B BOWHY H8 ee CTOPOHe, HO BHe38nHO yMep OT OCnbl ( 6 H0516pR 1650 r.).

1650-1672 rr. fOJ1JlAHA~S1 6E3WTATfAJlbTEPA. rnaeow.n,oMa

PeM6paHAT. 8biCTpoeHHe OTPHAa («HO'IHO~ A030p»). 1644 r.

3AnAAHA~

roAAAHll.l15I s XVII

EBPOnA

393 "

fpaHHJ!N foAAaHACKOD pecny6AH~H ( CoeAHHeHHNX npOBHIIJ!iUI CeaepHNX HHAepAaHAOB ) no BecTiflaAbCKOMy MHpy 1648 r.

. .... . ..... ... . .. . ..

... ... . ....

fpaHHJ!N OTAeAbHbiX npOBHHj!Hli fpaHHj!bl 3eMeAb, DOA'IHHeHHbiX HenocpeACTBeHHO feHepaAbHNM lllTaTaM(feHepaAHTeTHble 3eMAH)

OpaHCKMX Tenepb

CTan

60KM

BMnb-

renbM Ill - CbtH BMnbrenbMa II, po.D.MBWMtlicR y>t<e nocne era cMepTM. BepxoBHbtM neHCMOHapMeM 6btn Ha -

n111na B Hee HB CTOpOHe ,il,BHMM, 'IT06bt aocnpen!iiTCTBOBaTb 3axaaTy WaeU,Metli Bb/X0/1,8 K 5anTMMCKOMY MOp/0 .

.a.epnaH,IJ,bl, CTOflMU,Y KOTOpoill, HoBbttli AMCTep,IJ,aM, nepeMMeHOBBflM B HbtO-tltopK.

1657-1661 rr. BOHHA C nOPTYrAnHEH. npM'IMHOtli .D.fl!il ee

1665-1667 rr. BTOPASI AHfno-ronnAHACKASI BOHHA. 13 SIHBapH 1668r. TPOHCTBEHHbiH COI03. 1672-1678 rr. BOHHA C Cl>PAHL.tHEH H AHrJlHEH. 27 asrycTa 1672 r. CBEP>KEHHE H Y5HHCTBO SIHA AE BHTTA. 8 pe3yflbTaTe HBPO.D.H0/0 BOC-

3Ha'!eH fiH .a.e B11rr ( 1653 r.), 111 ace 20 neT era npaaneHMR lonnaH,IJ,MR COXpaHRfla Bb/COKMtli npeCTM>K Ha

Ha'lana !iiBMnocb M3rHaHMe ronnaH.a.u,ea 113 5pa3MflMM ( 1654 r.). lonnaH-

Me)((JJ.yHapO,IJ,HOill apeHe.

.D.U.bt 6btnM no6e)((JJ.eHbt.

Ma" 1652 r. - 5 an penH 1654 r. nEPBASI AHrJlO-ronnAHACKASI BOHHA. 1657-1660 rr. nEPBASI CEBEPHASI BOHHA. lonnaH.D.M!il BCTy-

1664 r. HE05bSIBnEHHASI BOHHACAHr11HEH.AHrnMR3axaaTMna ronnaH.D.CKMe nopTbt Ha 3ana.a.HOM no6epe>Kbe AcfJpMKM, a TaK>Ke 3aoKeaHcKytO KOnOHM/0 Hoabte HM-

CTaHM!il CTaTXBy,IJ,epOM CTafl MOflO,IJ,OM

394

3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

CbtH BMnbrenbMa II- BMnbrenbM Ill OpaHCKMiii.

o6naCTb, HBJ1HBWYIOCH COI03HOM no OTHOWeHMIO K LUaeiif~apMM 3eMneiif, npoXOJJ.Mn caMbtiil YJJ.06Hbtii1 nYTbJJ.!1H CBH3M Me)J(JJ.Y anaJ],eHMHMM MCnaHCKMX /a6c6yproa B MTanbHHCKOM KOponeBCTBe MMnaH M McnaHCKMMM HMJJ.epnaHJJ.aMM (a TaK)J(e ra6c6yprcKoii1 AacTpMeiii). LUaeiii~apcKMe ycM-

e3HO ocna6na. B Heanone npoJJ.on)J(anM npaaMTb McnaH~bt. BeHe~MH COXpaHHna He3aBMCMMOCTb M, HeCMOTPH Ha aoiiiHbt c TypKaMM, cmpanacb nOJJ.aep)J(MBaTb MMp M HeiifTpanMTeT. 0MpeHeMCKMM MMp ( 1659 r.) BOCCTaHOBMn B VfmnMM status quo3a VfcnaHMeiif OCTanMCb ee TpaJ],M~M

rppaHLJ.Y30B M no ycnoaMHM Heii!MereHcKoro JJ.Oroaopa ( 1678 r.) He noTepHTb HMKaKMX 3eMenb.

nMH Bbt6MTb MCnaH~eB OTTyJ],a ycneXOM He yaeH'IanMCb ( 1621 r. ).

OHHbte anaJ],eHMH, a 3a QJpaH~Meiif -

MapT 1678 r. AHf110-f01111AHACKIII171 060POHIIITE11bHbl171 COI03. 1686 r. AYfC6YPfCKASI11111fA.

TbiBAIOT BAJ1bTE1111111HY. LUaeiii-

1672-1702 rr. WTATrAJlbTEP BIIIJlbfEJlbM Ill. 5naroJ],apflnOMOW.M MMnepampa JleononbJJ.a I M KypcPIDPCTa 5paHJJ.eH6yprcKoro, a TaK)J(eoTcTynneHMIOaHmwlaH( 1674 r.), BMnbrenbM Ill cyMen oTpa3MTb

0Ha 6btna opraHM3oaaHa BMnbrenbMOM Ill OpaHCKMM.

5 HOH6pH 1688 r. «CllABHASI PEBOJliOLI,IIISI». B OTBeTHa npM3btB npoTMBHMKOB 0aKoaa II o noMOW.M BMn brenbM Ill ( )J(eHoiii KoTOporo 6btna MapMH CTIOapT, JJ.O'Ib 0aKoaa II) oTnnblf1 a AHrnMIO M BbtCaJJ.MncH a Top6ee. BMnbrenbM M MapMH cTanM npaaMTenHMM AHrnMM.

1688-1697 rr. B0171HA 3A n~A11bli,CKOEHAC11EACTBO.

._______

IIIBEHQAPHH

LUaeiii~apcKaH KoHr:PeJJ.epa~MH

npeJ],CTaBf1Hna C060iif B BbiCWeiif CTeneHM aMop¢Hoe o6pa3oaaHMe; Me)J(JJ.Y KaHTOHaMM cyw.eCTBOBanM pa3HOmaCMH no aonpocaM aepoMcnoaeJJ.aHMH. lnaaHbtM JJ.enoM waeiii~ap~ea 6btna aoii!Ha; waeiii~apcKMe HaeMHMKM npoJJ.On)J(anM nonb3oaaTbCH a Eapone

1625 r. WBE171LJ,APLI,bl 3AXBA~pcKoiii apMMeiif B 3TOM KaMnaHMM KOMaHJ],OBan ¢paH~Y3 MapKM3 J],e Keap.

1626 r. MOHCOHCKIII171 AOfOBOP. 0pM nocpeJJ.HM'IecTae nanbt pMMCKoro Yp6aHa VIII QJpaH~MH M VfcnaHMH JJ.OTOBOpMnMCb 0 npaaax Ha BanbTennMHY, KOTOpaH OCTanacb 3a 0cnaHMeii1.

1637 r. WBE171U,APLI,bl BHOBb

HMeii1 CaBOM~bl 6blf1M OTpa)J(eHbl OT )f(eHeBbt.

1618-1648 rr. TPIIIALI,ATIIIJlETHSISI B0171HA. Or:PM~ManbHO LUaeiii~apcKaH KoHr:PeJJ.epa~MH coxpaHHna HeiifTpanMTeT, 'ITO C MCTOpM'IeCKOM TO'IKM 3peHMH BeCbMa npMMe'laTenbHO- o6e BOIOIOW,Me CTOpOHbl npM6eranM K ycnyraM waeiii~apcKMX HaeMHMKOB. KpoMe Taro, LUaeiii~apMH 6oraTena Ha Toproane

co aceMM y'laCTHMKaMM KoHr:PnMKTa.

1620 r. IIICnAHLI,bi3AXBATbiBAIOT BAJ1bTE1111111HY. LJepe3 3T'f

TIHPEHEHCKHH TIOJIYOCfPOB HCnAHHfl

1598-1621 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE ~11111111nnA 111. 9mro KoponH

3AXBATbiBAIOT BAJ1bTE1111111HY.

0cnaHMM,00pT'jranMM, HeanonH, CM-

no ycnoBMHM 3aKniO'IeHHoro anocneJJ.CTBMM JJ.Oroaopa c 0cnaHMeii1 ( 1639 r.), nepeaan OTKpbtBanCH JJ.!1H nponycKa MCnaHCKMX BOMCK, HO CaMa J],OnMHa C'IMTanacb cyaepeHHbiM anaJ],eHMeM /pay6MHJ],eHa. 1648 r. BECT~AJ1bCKIII171 MIIIP.

~MnMM M CapJJ.MHMM ropa3JJ.O 6onee

3aHMManM HY)J(JJ.bt ~epKBM, He)J(enM CTpaHbl. 0pM HeM B VfcnaHMM Ha'lanCH nepMOJJ. ynaJ],Ka M pa3nO)J(eHMH.

9 anpenH 1609 r. ABEHAALI,ATIIIJlETHEE nEPEMIIIPIIIE C HIIIAEPJlAHAAMIII. 5blf10 3aKniO'IeHo

B 'laCTHOCTM, oH 3aKniO'Ian a ce6e npM3HaHMe Eaponoiii He3aBMCMMocTM LUaeiif~apCKOM KOHcPeJJ.epa~MM OT CaHw,eHHoiii PMMCKoiii MMnepMM.

nocne 45 neT BOMHbl, TH)J(eno CKa3a BweiifCH Ha MCnaHCKOM3KOHOMMKe .

24 HHBapH 1656 r. nEPBASI BIIIJlbMEPfEHCKASI B0171HA. 0oJJ.

1618-1648 rr. TPIIIALI,ATIIIJlETHSISI B0171HA. 1621-1665 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE ~11111111nnA IV. BoeHHbtiil MaKo-

npeJJ.BOJJ.MTenbcTBOM KpMcTo¢epa 0¢aiif¢¢epa KaTOnM'IeCKMe KaHTOHbl OJJ.ep)J(anM no6eJJ.y HaJJ. npoTecTaHTaMM 5epHa M L.i!OpMXa.

cnpocoM - oco6eHHO ao QJpaH~MM.

1602 r. CAB0171CKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE. 00JJ.JJ.ep)J(MBaeMbte 0cna-

0MHepono(M,cneJ],OBaTenbH~KOHT

ponb HaJJ. Caaoiiieiii).

HTAJIHH

1609-1614 rr. 1113fHAHIIIE MOPIIICKOB.

HOMM'IecKMiii ynaJ],OK VfcnaHMM YCKOpMnCH.

1640 r. HE3ABIIICIIIMOCTb nOPTYfAJlllllll. (CM. HM)J(e.) 1648 r. MIOHCTEPCKIII171 AOfOBOP. 0M 6btn nono)J(eH KOHe~ TpMJJ.~aTMneTHeiii aoii!He M JJ.Onroiii

Ha npom)J(eHMM onMcbtaaeMoro nepMOJJ.a 0TanMH no-npe)J(HeMy acTaaanacb pa3J],eneHHOM Ha MHO)J(eCTBO He3aBMCMMbiX KHH)J(eCTB, MHOrMe M3 KOTOpbiX npe6btBanM nOJ], MH03eMHOM B!1aCTbiO. Ha6niOJ],ancH o6w,Mii1 ynaJJ.OK6narococToHHMH. 0anbl pMMCKMe CTapanMCb co6niOJ],aTb HeiifTpanMTeT B KOHcPnMKTaX Me)J(JJ.Y 5yp6oHaMM M /a6c6ypraMM. B Caaoiiie nepMOJJ.M'IeCKM npOMCXOJ],MnM CTOnKHOBeHMH MCnaHCKOM M ¢paH~Y3CKOM ¢paK~M, M3-3a 'lero rep~orcKaH B!1aCTb cepb-

aoii!He 0cnaHMM c CoeJJ.MHeHHbtMM npoBMH~MHMM; OJ],HaKO BOMHa c QJpaH~Meiif npOJ],On)J(anacb.

7 HOH6pH 1659 r. niiiPEHE171CKIII171 MIIIP. 0H03HaMeHoaanco6oii1 OKOH'IaHMe MCnaHCKOTO M Ha'lano ¢paH~Y3CKoro ma aeHcTaa a Eapone. Bnepabte 3a nocneJJ.HMe copoK neT VfcnaHMH He aena BOMH 3a py6e)J(OM.

1665-1700 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE KAPJlA II. 9TDTnony6e3yMHbiM MOHapx cmn nocneJJ.HMM M3 McnaHCKMX /a6c6yproa.

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

395

1667-1668 rr. AEBOJliOU.VIOHHASI BO~HA.

1672-1678 rr. fOJlJlAHACKASI BO~HA,VIJlVInEPBASIKOAJlVI~SI

nPOTVIB JliOAOBVIKA XIV. Jl,nfl t1cnaHVIVI OHa VIMena Kcrracrpolj>w~ecKVIe nocne.acrBVIfl.

flOPTYIARitfl Host6pb-.QeKa6pb 1640 r. HE3ABVICVIMOCTb nOPTYfAJlVIVI. 0H8 f/BVIfl8Cb pe3yflbT8TOM BOCCT8HVIfl npOTVIB VICnBHCKOIO Bfl8.ll,b/lleCTB8. Bee nonb/TKVI VfcnaHVIVI BOCCT8HOBVITb B nopryranVIVI CB0/0 Bfl8CTb ycnexoM He yeeH<.JanVIcb ( 16401688 rr:).

1640-1656 rr. LJ.APCTBOBAHVIE :>KYAHA IV. OH cran nepebJM nopryranbCKVIM KoponeM Vl3 .aoMa 6paraHca. Ero npV13HanVI <PpaHLtVIfl VI ronnaH.ll,VIfl, o.aHaKo t1cnaHVIfl epeMfl or epeMeHVI 3areeana 6oeebJe .aei1CTBVIfl.

SIHaapb 1641 r. MAJlAKKA CAAETCSifOJlJlAHALJ.AM. 26 Mast 1644 r. 6VITBA nPVI MOHTVIXO. npVI COBMeCTHOi1 8HIno-lj>p8Hl.lY3CKOi1 no.a.aep)I(Ke nopryranbcKafl apMVIfl no.a KOM8H.ll,OB8HVIeM Mcrrbf/Wa .a'Anb6yKepKVI ycnewHO eropmacb e VfcnaHVI/0. nocne 3Toi1 no6e.abJ, o.aep)I(8HHoi1 .a'Anb6yKepKVI 6nVI3 6a.aaxoca, t1cnaHVIfl H8 HeCKOflbKO neT OCT8BVIfl8 nopryIBnVI/0 e noKoe.

1657-1661 rr. BO~HACfOJl足 JlAHAVIE~. ronnaH.ll,l.lbl He cyMenVI BepHyTb KOflOHVIBnbHb/0 lj>opnOCT B 6p83VIflVIVI, OTKY.l1,8 6blflVI VI31H8Hb/ nopryranbl.lBMVI ( 1654 r:).

1661-1663 rr. VICnAHCKOE BTOP)f(EHVIE. Koponb t1cnaHVIVI <PVInVInn IV nonbJTancfl eepHyrb norepf/HHb/e .ll,flfl VICn8HCKOi1 KOpOHb/ nopryranbCKVIe ena.aeHVIfl. ,aoH XyaH Xoce AecrpVIi1CKVIi1 c 20-TbJCfi<.JHbJM eoi1cKOM nepewen rpaHVII..W e 3crpeMa.aype, 8 BTOp8fl, HeCKOflbKO MeHbW8fl apMVIfl BTOpmacb B nopryranVI/0 c ceeepa. npVI co.aei1cTBVIVI aHmVIi1cKoro ecnoMorarenbHoro Kopnyca no.a KOMaH.aoeaHVIeM WoM6epa nopryraflbl.lbl OTp83VIflVI BTOp)l(eHVIe. npae.aa, B 1662-1663 IO.l1,8X .ll,OHY

nopTpeT <1>11mmna IV s naTax

XyaHy y.aanocb noKOPVITb npoBVIHl.lVI/0 AneHTe:>Ky.

1664-1665 rr. YCnEXVI nOPTYfAJlbU.EB. Cnopa.aVI<.JecKVIe, 6e3

1662r. AHfJlVI~CKASI noMOLJ..tb. AHmVIi1CKVIi1 Koponb Kapn II )l(eHVIflCfl Ha .ao<.JepVI )l(yaHa II EKare-

onpe.aeneHHoro nnaHa 6oeebJe .aei1CTBVIfl.

PVIHe VI, B 06MeH H8 npVI.l1,8HOe, npe.ll,OCT8BVIfl BOi1CK8 VI BOOp}l)l(eHVIe /lflfl BOi1Hb/ C VfcnaHVIei1.

8 HIOHSI 1663 r. 6VITBA nPVI AMAPEJlbE)f(E. 3.aecb CaH<.JO .ae BV~ra <Pnop o.aep)l(an no6e.ay Ha.a eoi1cKaMVI .aoHa XyaHa Xoce AecrPVIi1cKoro.

17 HIOHSI 1663 r. 6VITBA Y MOHTE -KJlAPbl. B 3TOM cpa)l(eHVIVI AHTOHVIO .ae MapVIanbea pa3rpoMVIn VICnBHLteB.

VltoHb 1665 r. 6VITBA nPVI BVIJ1A-BVIC03E. AHTOHVIO .ae MapVIanbea VI WoM6ep e O)l(ecro<.JeHHoi1 BOCbMVIli8COBOi1 pyKOn8WHOi1 0.[1,0nenVI VICnBHLteB no.a KOM8H.ll,OB8HVIeM rpalj>a KapacVIHbJ. 3TVIM 6bm nono)l(eH KOHel.l VICnBHCKVIM nonb/TK8M BepHyrb nopryranVI/0.

13 <t>eapanst 1668 r. MVIP C VICnAHVIE~. npVI nocpe.aHVI<.Jecree aHmVIi1cKoro Koponfl Kapna II t1cnaHVIfl B KOHLte KOHl.lOB npV13H8fl8 He38BVICVIMOCTb nopryranVIVI.

BOCTO~ HAs:l

EBPOnA

397

PeM6paHAT. nonbCKHiii BC3AHHK

20 ceHTS16pSI 1620 r. 6l4TBA nPl-1 SICCAX. leTMBH CTBHMCJIBB

Tb/Cf/4 4e-

Xo.aKeBM4a M CraHucnaea flJ06o-

JIOBeK apMMR 6b/JIM npBKTM4eCKM

MMpcKoro cp8)1(8fi8Cb HB)J.Hecrpe co

)f(OJIKeBCKMW C npM6JIM3MTeflbHO

YHM4TO)I(eHbl.

f 0- Tb/CfNHOW apMMeW HBHeC peWMrenbHoe nopa)l(eHMe ropa3.ao 6onee MHOTO'-lMCJieHHOMY

Type~KO

TBTBPCKOMY BOWCJ<Y. B pe3yflbTare

II BbJcrynun

ero COKpBTMBWBRCfl/1,0

100-TbJCR4HowapMuew cynraHa Oc-

IIo6eAa rypoK B 3TOM cpiDKeHHH scenHJia Ha)l.e~y cyJITaHY OcMaey

MaHa

II; pewa101.1.1ew no6e.abJ He y.aa-

nocb .ll,06MTbCR HM O.ll,HOW M3 CTOPOH, MHM~MBTMBY

Ha 3asoeBaHHe YKpaHHhi H IIoJihiiiH.

HO T8KTM4eCK}I/O

B 1621

roAy, Ha)l.eJich Ha co103 c Poc-

no)l(anyw, ycrynunu. BcKope 6bmo

TYPKM,

c 6onb-

cHej;t H IliBeUHej;t, OH opra.HH30BaJI HO-

no.anMCBHO nepeMMpMe, 38KpenMB-

wow apMuew M3 KoHcraHTMHononR

Bhlit noxoAnpOTHB Pe<JH IIocnoJIHTOj;t.

wee

HB ceeep. )f(onKeBCKMW H848JI OT-

IliBe,L\hi OTBJieKJIH <JaCTh llOJlhCKHX CHJI

3B%M pew.abJ B Typ~M/0 M rarapcKMe

CTynBTb.

B JlHBOHHH, HO PoccHJI OTKa3aJiach Bhi-

B nonbWY npO.ll,OJI)I(8JIMCb 1•

AeKa6pb 1620 r. CPA>KEHl4E nOA L.J,YKOP0~ 1 • )f(onKeBCKMW M

crynHTh npOTHB Pe<JH IIocnoJIHTOit.

cynraH OcMaH

1 }:(pyrHe HCTO<JHHKH ,!{aTHpyiOT cpalKeHHe y cena ~yKopa

19 ceHTl!6pl! 1620 r.

status

quo. TeM He MeHee Ka-

ITo l{pyrHM HCTO<JHHKaM, ITOJ!bCKHX

OceHb 1621 r. 6l4TBAnPl4 XOTl4HE. 46-TbJCR4HBR nonbcKaR ap-

yKpaHHCKHX Ka3aKOB BO rJiaBe C reTMaHOM

MMR no.a KOMBH.ll,OBBHMeM reTM8H8

II. Carai'tl{a<JHblM.

BOi'tCK 6b!JIO

Tb!Cli<JH <JeJIOBeK H

Tb!Cli<J

398 3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErllllll 111 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. BropaR non&cKo-wsetlCKaR BOHHa, 1617-1629 rr. /yCTBB II A,il.OflbC/J BOCnOflb30B8fl-

nneH 4 Tb/CHLfM HeMeL(KVIX C0fl,L!8T, 3aaep60B8HHb/X B /epMaHvt/11 ,L!flH /yCT8B8 .

Mai1

1627 r.

rYCTAB

II 1.13

CH TeM, LfTO nonbW8 Cp8>K8eTCH H8

AAOnb~ B03BPA~AETCSI

,L!a8 cppoHTa - c Poccvtei1 vt TypL(vtei1, - V7 CHOB8 OTBOeB8fl BOCTOLfHOe no6epe>Kbe 5anTvti1CKOIO MOpH.

WBEUI.11.1. OH npvtaen no,L!KpenneHMH M a pe3ynbT8Te pacnonaran 14 Tb/CHLfaMM C0fl,L!8T npOTvta 9 Tb/CHLf y KoHeL(nOnbCKoro. 8 cpa)f(eHvtvt y TLteaa KoHeL(nOnbCKvti1 noTepnen nopa>KeHvte V7 6btn abtHY>K,L!eH OTCTynvtTb; a 3TOM 6010 lycma II A,D.onbC/J nonylfvtn paHeHvte. Bnepabte wae,L!cKaR vt nonbcKaR Kaaanepvtvt cpa>Kanvtcb Ha p8aHbtX. Koponb Cvtrvt3MYH.L! Ill opraHvt3oaan He6onbwoi1 KanepCKvti1 C/JflOT; O,L!HaKO, XOTR nOflbCKvte Kanepbt V73p>t,L!HO ,L!OCa>K,L!anvt wae,L!CKOMY Cy,L!OXO,L!CTBy, H8 MOpe ace paaHO npO,L!On)f(ana TOCnO,L!CTaOa8Tb WaeL(vtH.

1617r. rYCTAB IIAAOnb~ OAEP>KI.1BAET nOSEAY B ni.1BOHI.11.1. OH 38XB8Tvtn HeCKOnbKO nvtaoHCKvtX nopTOa H8 6epery 58flTV7KV7 vt abtHYAvtn reTMaHa Kwvtwmcpa P8,L!3vtBvtnn8 38KfliOLfvtTb nepeMvtpvte CpOKOM ,L!O 1620 10,£!8.

1621r. rYCTAB IIAAOnb~ BTOPrAETCSI B ni.1BOHI.110. K em 12-Tb/CHLfH0£1 WBe,L!CK0£1 8pMV7V7 npvt6aavtnV7Cb 4 Tb/CHLf/11 MeCTHbiX OnOnLfeHL(ea. OH OC8,L!vtn vt a3Hn Pvtry, nonvtTvtLfeCKI-1i1 V7 TOprOBb/M L(eHTp flvtBOHI-11-1 ( 15 CeHm6pH).

1622-1625 rr. nEPEMI.1PI.1E. KwvtwToC/J Pa,L!3vtavtnn onHTb 6btn BbtHy>K,lJ,eH 38KniOLfvtTb nepeMt-fpvte.

1628 r. WBEACKOE HACTYnnEHI.1E. OnpaBvtBWV7Cb OT P8HeHV7H, /ycma II A,L!OflbC/J yaenvtLfMn

,L!vtBwvtcb B Pvtre, OH 3aTeM nOKOpvtn aGIO flvtaOH/1110 V7 KypnHH,L!VI/0, acTpeTVIB OLfeHb cna6oe conpoTvtaneHvte.

apMvt/0 ,L!O 32 Tb/CHLf LfeflOBeK V7 Bb/HY,L!VIfl reTM8H8 AneKcaH,L!pa KoHeL(nonbCKoro OTCTynvtTb Ha 10r. nonHKvt nepewnvt K napTV73aHCKOi1 aoi1He. K 3MMe lycma II A,L!OflbC/J OTCTynvtn a WaeL(vt/0.

1626 r. WBEACKOE BTOP>KEHI.1E B nPYCCI.110. lyCT8B II

1629 r. 1.1MnEPCKASI nOAAEP>KKA 1.13 rEPMAHI.11.1. ,ll,86bt

A,L!OnbC/J c 15-TbtCHLfHOi1 apMvtei1 abtca,L!vtncH a n1-1nnay ( coap. 5anmi1cK Kani-1HvtHrpa,L!CKOi1 o6n.) vt 6btCTpo OKKynvtpoaan ceaepHy/0 LfaCTb aaccanbHOi1 no OTHoweHvt/0 K nonbwe 80CTOLfHOi1 npyCCV7V7, TeM C8Mb/M yrpO>K8H flV7WV7Tb nonbWY Bb/X0,£!8 K 5anTV7MCKOMY MOp/0. 0TK83anCH K8 nwrynvtpoa8Tb TOnbKO t,L!aHbCK(HeM. ,lJ,aHL(vtr). 0cTaavta LfaCTb aoi1cKa oca>K,L!aTb t,L!aHbCK, lycma II A,L!OflbC/J aepHyncH a WaeL(M/0.

npe,L!OTap8TV7Tb nnaHvtpoaaawvti1CR lycTaaoM II A,L!OnbC/JOM Mapw vt3 npyccMvt a lepMaHvtiO .L!flH yLtacTvtH a Tpvt,L!L(aTvtneTHei1 aoi1He, vtMnep8TOP nocnan a noMOlll,b Kopon/0 Cvtrvt3MYH.L!Y Ill KOpnyc a COCTaae 7 Tb/CRLf LfenoaeK. leTM8H AneKcaHAP KoHeL(nonbCKMi1 HeMe,L!fleHHO H8Lf8fl H8CTynneHvte vt cyMen 3acTaTb apacnnox Ha Mapwe /ycmaa II A,D.onbC/Ja c Kaaanepvti1CKvtM coe,L!vtHeHvteM.

1625r. rYCTAB IIAAOnb~ OKKYni.1PYET ni.1BOHI.110. BbtCa-

1626-1627 rr. nonbCKOE KOHTPHACTYnnEHI.1E. not! KOM8H,L!OaaHMeM reTMaHa AneKcaH,L!pa KoHeL(nOnbCKoro nonHKvt nonbtTanvtcb pa36noKvtpoaaTb Bvtcny vt npvti1TV7 Ha nOMOllf,b OC8>K,L!eHHOMy t,L!aHbCKY. KoHeL(nOnbCKvti1 B3Hn 3axaaLteHHbti1 paHee wae,L!aMvt nopT naK - KpenOCTb H8 Bvtcne IO>KHee TLteaa (HeM. ,ll,vtpway) V7 3ana,L!Hee t,L!aHbCKa, - HO He CMOT nepepe3aTb wae,L!CKVIX KOMMYHV7KaL(vti1 C nMnnay. OH nepexaaTvtn Ha Mapwe vt B3Hn a

1629 r. WTYMCKOE CPA>KEHI.1E. Pew810lll,em nepeaec8 a K8B8-

Taay II A,D.onbC/JY 6btno Heo6xo,L!vtMo pa3a>t3aTb pyKvt, LfT06bt acTynvtTb a BOMHY B /epMaHvt/11. no yCflOBMHM ,L!omaop8, nonbwa nvtwan8Cb LfaCTvt flvtaoHvtvt ceaepHee ,ll,avtHbt. WaeL(vtR nonylfana npaao a TeLfeHvte wecTvt neT nOflb30BaTbCR BCeMM npyCCKMM/11 nopmMvt, KpoMe KeHMrc6epra, t,L!aHbCKa V7 naKa. nopTbl Ha Hvt)f(Hei1 Bvtcne ( MapvteH6ypr, WryM, /noaa) apeMeHHO OCT8BflHflV7Cb B pyK8X KypC/JIOPCT8 5p8H,L!eH6yprCKOIO.

1632-1634 rr. PYCCKOnOnbCKASI BOHHA. 1632-1648 rr. UAPCTBOBAHI.1E BnAAI.1CnABA IV. 1634-1653 rr. tt6ECKPOBHASI BOHHA» CO WBEUI.1EH. Bocnonb30a8awvtcb TeM, LfTO WaeL(vtH ya>t3na a Tpvt,L!L(8TvtneTHei1 aoi1He, Bna,L!vtCn8B IV co6pan Ha Hvt>KHei1 BMcne 24-TbtCHLfHYIO apMvt/0 vt, yrpo)f(8H WBe,L!CKVIM nopTaM B npyCCV7V7, Halfan neperoaopbt OTHOCvtTenbHO BOCTOLfHOTO no6epe>KbH 58flTV7KV7. 3m npvtaeno K 38KniOLfeHvtiO WTyMC.L!OPC/JCK0/0 ,L!OIOBOpa, no ycnOBV7RM KOTOpOrO yCTaHaBflvtBaflOCb nepeMvtpvte CpOKOM Ha 26 neT, a BCH npyCCVIH V7 60flbWaH LfaCTb flMBOHVIM IO)f(Hee ,ll,BV7Hbl B03Bp8llf,8nV7Cb nonbwe.

1648-1668 rr. UAPCTBOBAHI.1E SIHA II KA31.1MI.1PA. Ka3a'l&e BOCCTaHtlle Ha YKpaMHe, 1648-1654 rr. MRTe>KHb/X K838KOB B03Tfl8Bfl>lfl 5or,L!aH XMenbHV7L(Kvti1. C o6evtx cmpoH Ha6niO,L!anocb Lfpe3Bbtlfai1Hoe O>KeCTOLfeHvte; K KOHL(y onvtCbtBaeM0/0 nepvto,L!a YKpavtHa oKa3anacb coaepweHHO pa3opeHa, H8ceneHMe

nepvti1CKOi1 6vtTae He YA8nocb A06vtTbCH HVIKOMy, O,L!H8KO T8KTV7LfeCKYIO MHVIL(MaTvtBy WBe,L!bl nOTepHflM. /yc Taa II A,D.onbC/J, paHeHHbti1 a cnMHy, e,L!aa vt36e)f(an nneHeHvtR. fl13-3a ,L!BYX paH, nonyLfe HHb/X B XO,L!e 3TOM BOMHbl, OH HVIKOT,L!a 60flbWe He CMOT HOCV7Tb ,L!OCnexoa. BnpoLfeM, KOHTpOnR HB.L! 6anTvti1CKvtM no6epe>KbeM wae,L!bt He yrpaTvtnvt.

1629 r. AnbTMAPKCKI.1H MI.1P. nonbwa H}')K,L!anacb a Mvtpe, a lye-

Ka3aK (CTapiiiHHbiH piiiCYHOK)

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA ee Clt1flbHO coKpaTft1nocb. ApMit1JO

399

EO:l1 y ./REJITbiX BO,ll; 5-6 (15-16) MaJI 1648 r.

CB0/0 XMeflbHft1L(Kft1i71 H861t1pan He TOflbKO ft13 K838KOB, HO TBK>Ke ft1 cpe,ll,ft1 6yHTYJOlll,ei71 KpeCTbRHCKOM MBCCbl. OH 38Kfl/O'/ft1fl C0/03

c KpbtMCK/t1M

X8HOM, ft1 eMy OK83b/B8fl8 CO,D,ef71CTBft1e TaTapCKBR apMit1R.

1648 r. KA3A'"Ibll1 nOSEAbl. 5btnft1 O,D,ep>K8Hbl B cpa>KeHft1RX nplt1 )f(enTbtx Bo,D,ax 1t1 no,D, KopcyHeM.

IJOJI)"IHB II3BeCTIIH 0 BOCCTaHIIII 3anopmKcKoro Ka3a'lbero BOHCKa (HHBapb 1648 r.) IIpOTHB IIOJibCKOro BJia-

TIOJI01KEHME n .UE:ACTBHJI BOfiCK

CTOPOH

AITPEJIE-HA'IAJIE MAJI

):(bJ<IeCTBa II rrpoBo3r.rrameHHII XMe.Jib-

80KM

IIHIJ,Koro reTMaHoM, KopoHHblli reTMaH Ilo.rrbmii Ha YKpaiiHe

IloTOUKIIH

co6pa.rr KapaTe.JibHYIO 30-TbiCWIHYIO apMIIIO. Cocpe.n:oTO'liiB K BecHe 1648 ro.n:a r.rraBHbie CIIJibi B YepKaccax II KopcyHII, OH HanpaBIIJI rrpoTIIB BOCCTaBIIIIIX ):(Ba OTpH.n:a: 6-TbiCH'!Hblll rro.rrhCKIIH OTPH.D: rrpii

27 opy.D:IIHX rro.n:

KOMaH):(OBaHIIeM C. IloTOUKOro (CEOera CbiHa) II R. llleM6epra no cyme II oTpH.D: B 4-5 ThiCH'l peecTpOBhiX Ka3aKoB II

1 TbiCH'IY HeMel(KIIX HaeMHII-

KOB Ha 6ail.o:apax no )J,Herrpy. OTpH.n:aM 6bma rrocTaB.rreHa 3a.D:a<Ja coe.n:II-

ATiiKa

nonbCKHe BOACKa

H OTXO.II. nonbCKOfO OTpl'l.lla

M3>1:

Depexon peecrpoablx K333KOB Ha cropoHy BoficKa

B. XMellhHHUKoro

S.XMenbHHt.tKoro

HanpaeneHIHI YAapos nottcKa 6.XMenbHHQ.Koro

~ Peecrpoeble Ka3aKH:

0TCTynneHHe flOI1bCK0f0 BOI1CK3

Ta rapbl

TyraA-6e>~

YHH"'T0/1\eHHe nonbCKOro soHcKa, soAcKOp.f '

HHTbCH y KperrocTII Ko.n:aK, 3aXBaTIITb

6XMe 1l bHHUKOfO

rarapaMH

3arropmKcKyiO Ce<Jb II pacrrpaBIITbCH c 3a'fiiHll1IIKaMII BOCCTaHHH. XMeJTh-

y.n:apa KpbiMCKOrO BOHCKa B TbiJl BOC-

HHUKIIH IIOHIIMa.JI BmKHOCTb rrepBOH

CTaBilliiM. IlO):(rOTOBIIB TaKIIM o6pa-

AY rrepenpaBIITbCH qepe3 peKy )l{eJITaH. B O)l{II):(aHIIII rro.n:KperrJieHIIH C.

rro6e):(bi B Boopy)l{eHHoil 6opb6e. YTo-

30M cpa)l{eHIIe ):(IIIIJlOMaTII'feCKII II

IlOTOI.(KIIH paCIIOJIO)l{IIJl BOHCKO B yK-

6bi ):(06IITbCH pemiiTe.JibHOH rro6e):(bl

OIIHpaHCb Ha BOeHHbie <jJaKTOpbi, B 'Ia-

perrJieHIIII (BareH6ypre ). 5 (15) MaH

Ha):( IIpOTIIBHIIKOM, OH pemiiJI IIpii-

CTHOCTII Ha XOpOillO HaJia)l{eHHYIO

IIOBCTaHI(bl IIOIIbiTaJIIICb mTypMOM

BJie'lb B COI03HIIKII II3Be'IHbiX BparOB

pa3Be.D:KY, XMeJihHIII.(KIIH rrpiiHHJI pe-

OBJla,[(eTb BareH6yprOM, BOpBaJIIICb

Ka3aKOB -

meHIIe pa36IITb rrpOTIIBHIIKa ITO '!aC-

B Hero, HO II3-3a rrpeBOCXO):(CTBa IIO-

KpbiMCKIIX TaTap -

IIIIC-

K 22

THM.

BOHCKOM

JlHKOB B apTIIJIJiepiiii OTCTYIIIIJIII.

HOH IIOJThCKOH KaBa.rrepiiii. C 3TOH l(e-

B 8-10 TbiCH'f Ka3aKOB IIpii 4 opyAII-

B HO'lh Ha 6 (16) MaH C. IloTOI.(KIIH

JlblO OH IIOBe.JI rreperOBOpbl C KpbiMC-

HX II COI03HbiM OTPH.D:OM KpbiMCKIIX

pemiiJI rrpopBaTbCH Ha COe):(IIHeHIIe

III

anpeJIH

(2 MaH) c

IIOJTh30BaTb llX KOHHHI.(y rrpOTIIB CHJTh-

II c

TaTap Tyrail-6eH (4-5 TbiCH'f qeJio-

c r JiaBHbiMII CIIJiaMII. XMeJibHIII.(KIIH

TPYAOM ( OCTaBIIB 3a.JIO)l{HHKOM y xaHa

BeK) XMeJibHHI.(KIIH BhiABIIHYJICH Ha-

He rrpeiiHTCTBOBaJI 3TOMY, HO Bbi-

cBoero CbiHa TIIMo<jJeH) .n:oroBopii.rr-

BCTpe'JY rroJibCKOMY OTPHAY路 Pacrro-

CJlaJI K ypo'IIIIIIY KHH)l{bii EailpaKII

CH 0 Bbl):(e.JieHIIII B IIOMOIIIb Ka3aKaM

JIO)l{IIBmiich yKperrJieHHbiM JiarepeM

KOHHOrO OTpH):(a rrepeKOIICKOrO Myp-

B paHOHe 60JIOTIICTOrO ypO'IIIIIIa

KIIM xaHOM Mc.rraM-fiipeeM

3bl Tyrail-6eH. 3HaH, 'ITO TaTapbi MO-

)l{eJITbiX BOA (y IICTOKOB peKII )l{eJI-

ryT II3MeHIITb .n:e.rry BOCCTaBIIIHX, 'ITO,

TaH, JieBoro rrpiiTOKa peKII I1Hry.rreu:),

BbiCTYIIIIB B IIOXO):( IIpOTIIB IIO.JIHKOB,

OH K 3 (13) MaH C 'IaCTblO CIIJl IIpii-

OHII, B03MO)l{H0, ITO rryTII CTaeyT rpa-

6hiJI K KaMeHHOMY 3aToey (B 40 KM

6IITb II yKpaiiHCKIIe 3eMJIII, XMe.Jih-

ceBepHee )l{eJIThie BoAhi ), r.n:e cK.rro-

IIHIJ,KHH Bee )l{e rrome.rr Ha 3aKJIIO'IeHHe

HIIJI Ha CBOIO CTOpoey peecTpOBbiX

BpeMeHHoro cor.rrameHHH c TaTapaMII

Ka3aKOB II Ha .rroma.n:Hx TaTap rrepe-

0 COI03e. 0HO ,[(a.JIO eMy ):(OIIOJIHII-

6pociiJI IIX K CBOeMy yKperrJieHHO-

Te.JibHbie CII.Jlbl II Ha KaKOe-TO BpeMH

MY JiarepiO. BoccTaBmiie oTpa3IIJIII

CHHJIO yrpo3y (no KpailHeil Mepe Ha

IIOIIbiTKY IIO):(Ome.n:mero K IICXOAY

6JIII)l{aHmiie MeCHI.(bl) B03MO)l{HOrO

4 (14) MaH OTPMa C. IlOTol(Koro c

xo-

Kaaa~KIIIe

nywKIII

400 (B 7 -

3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

8 KM oT )l{eJIThiX BoJJ:) 3acaJJ:y.

crroco6HOCTb rro6eMJJ:aTb 6onee CHJib-

B 3TOM panoHe soncKo XMeJibHHIIKO-

Horo B TeXHH'leCKOM H TaKTH'leCKOM

ro u: coJ03HhiX TaTap oKpy-MnJio rroJlb-

OTHOilleHHII npOTHBHHKa.

CKMH OTPHJJ: H HaHeCJlO eMy COKpymu:-

BecHon 1648 roJJ:a OTPHJJ: XMeJib-

TeJibHOe rropaMeHIIe . 0KOJ10 3 TbiCH'I

HHIIKOro BbiJJ:BIIHYJICH HaBCTpeqy rre-

'leJIOBeK, B TOM 'IIICJie CMepTeJibHO paHeHhiii

IloTOIIKMH, rrorraJlo B

peJJ:OBbiM OTpHJJ:aM HOJibCKHX BOHCK, rJlaBHhie CU:Jlbl KOTOpbiX ( OKOJlO 30

Rae a

TbiCH'I 'leJIOBeK) COCpeJJ:OTO'IHBaJIHCb

ITJieH. Ilo6eJJ:a rroJJ: )l{eJITbiMII BoJJ:aMII

B qepKaccax H KopcyHII. Y )l{eJITbiX

IIOJIO)f(HJia Ha'laJlO HaiiiiOHaJibHO-OC-

BoJJ:5-

B060JJ:MTeJibHOH sonHe yKpanncKoro

panHCKHe Ka3aKn HaHeCJlH nopa)f(e-

6(15-

HapoJJ:a rrponrn wa rrancKon IloJibiiiH.

HHe noJibCKOMY soncKy. IlepsaH

B cpaMeHHH y )l{eJ1ThiX BoJJ: XMeJlh-

KpynHaH rro6e):(a HaL( HOJlHKaMH HMe-

HHIIKllli IIOKa3aJI ce6H HCKYCHbiM BOe-

Jla orpOMHOe MOpaJibHO-IIOJlliTHl.feC-

Ha'laJibHIIKOM u: rroJIKOBOJJ:IIeM. Bon-

KOe 3HatieHHe. 0Ha cnoco6cTBOBaJia

cKo BOCCTaBIIIHX IIpOHBHJIO BbiCOKYJO

aKTU:BU:3aiiU:H

IIO):(BIDKHOCTb, opraHH30BaHHOCTb H

6oph6hi y-KpanncKoro HapoJJ:a.

OCB060JJ:U:TeJibHOH

A3rPOM llOJIJIIWB 110,1. ROPCYHEM 15-16 (25-26) MaR 1648 r. 10

RocmpoeHue 8AR ofiopoH&t

16)MaH 1648roJJ:ayK-

20 KM

{}

.......................... .........................

l·--·1·--·1· ..... ·1·--·1• .....,1 ocmpoeHue e mpu paseepHfmble AUHUU

A ~

••• • ·••• •••• ''1/.~ .,

.. ··········1'1,~

..:: ~ ::

... -,

4/::..

TA50P :: ~ . ~ ::

:: Y'

:~ ~'* Y' /~ ••• ••••••••••.*.~/

' / / •••••••••••••• >" ....... .._ __ / I

t I

6oeBble nopSIAKiil aanopO>K4eB IlocJle HeCKOJibKHX ):(Heli UO):(roTOBKU: K ):(aJibHeHIIIU:M ):(eHCTBHHM XMeJibHIIIIKllli HanpaBHJI CBOe BOHCKO (15 TbiCH'I 'leJlOBeK, 26 opyJJ:Hli) II TaTapCKHH OTPHJJ: ( 4 ThiCHl.fll 'leJloBeK) Tyrali-6eH npoTIIB maBHbiX noJibCKHX CHJl. 15-

16(25-

26)MaH 1648ro):(a

pa3BepHynacb KopcyHhCKaH 6HTBa, 3aKOH'IIIBIIIaHCH J10JIHbiM pa3rpOMOM soncK reTMaHOB

Ma~

llBHlf< e tnte soflcK HH L!K OrO

pOJJ:OM B Ha'laJie BOHHbl, KpeCTbHH-

Ot>xonHOft Ma He sp H Jaca.aa KOHH Or O OTpH.aa KpHBOHOCa Hanpa s neHH<l .aeMOHCTpaTHBH htx y nap o s BOHCK 6. XMellbHHL(KOr o 06 o p cJHa y KpenneHHor o narepR OOilbCKHMH BOHCKaMH II 11X OTXOI!

•·-·-·~

CKHe BOCCTaHHH pa3BepHyJlHCb J10 sceli Jieso6epeMHoli YKpanHe u: JJ:OKaTHJIIICh JJ:O KapnaT. B ceHTH6pe 1648 rO):(a OCB060):(HTeJlhHaH apMHH HaC'IHTbiBaJia OKOJlO 70 TbiCH'I 'leJlO-

Ma~

Pos 11 Jace KH orp sl.la KpHBOHoca Hanp aa n eHHR rnaBHbiX y napos ......__••• BOfiCK 6. XMellbHHUKO r o, pa3rp o r.< OOil bCKIIX BOHCK oercT BO OCTaTK O ~ OOJlbCKHX BOHCK

IloTOIIKOro n

no6e):(, OJJ:epMaHHbiX y-KpaHHCKHM Ha-

XMenb-

KaJlHHOBCKoro. IloJJ: BJlHHHMeM

BeK.

1649 r. liHTBA no,Q nH11SIBYMGHb 0

LI,AMH.

3.D.eCb K838Kit1 pa31POM1t1nlt1

36-Tb/C>I'IHY/0 nOflbCKY/0 8pMit1/0.

401

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA

J\OHCT3HTHHOB

CPAffiEHME no]l TIMJIJIBU:AMM· 11-13 (21-23) ceHTJIOpJI 16j8 r. 4 I

Q I

8 KM

o0o

~.:;:__

0 0

C<-..

c,.....J

1651r.

AT3KH BOHCK CTOPOH 11 HX

OTXOJ<

SEnO~EPKOBCKOE

COrnAWEHHE. CeHTS16pS1

K838K1t138KIII0'-11t1111t1

Mltlp. Bnpo'-leM, 5or.a8H XMeflbHit1L(Kit1i!t lt1 HeCKOflbKO

13 CeHTS16pS1:

IIHhi. Ilepnhre ):(Ba AHH 6oen He ITpiiHecnii ycrrexa HII O):(HOH II3 CTOpOH, XOTH IIHIIIIIIaTIIBOH BJia):(eJIII BOHCKa XMeJihHIIIIKOro. Ha TpeTIIH: ):(eHh TaTaphr 6e~a.JIII c rroJIH 6oH, ormriiB neBhiH <PnaHr. XMeJ1bHIIIIKIIH IIhiTa.JicH OCTaHOBIITh IIX OTCryiiJieHIIe, HO 6bm cxna'IeH II HaciiJihHO yne3eH xaHOM. 06oll):(H Jiarepb Ka3aKOB II aTaKOBaB C <!Jpoma, IIOJIHKII rrp~arm YKPaiiHcKoe BOHCKO K HeiipOXO):(IIMb!M 60JIOTaM B ITOHMe peKII IlnHrnynKa. B Te'IeHIIe 10 AHeii oca~eHHbre yciTeiTIHO OTpa~aTIII yAaphr ITpenocXOAIDIIIIX crm ITpoTIIBHHKa. B 3TII AHII Ka3aiiKOe noH:cKo ITOCJie):(OBaTeJibHO B03rJiaBJIHJIII ITOJIKOBHIIKII <1>. ,l..J:~a.Jia.JIIIH, A. XMCJICIIKIIH, M. fnaAKIIHII II. EoryH. IloA pyKOBOACTBOM II. EoryHa 6wiii ITOcTpoeHbr TPII ITepeiTpanhr <Iepe3 6onoTa, ITO KOTOpbiM YAa.JIOCh BhiBeCTII 6onhrnyro <IacTh noiicK c apTIIJITiepiieii. CIIJibHbrH apbeprap):( (20 Tb!CH'I KOHHIIIIhl) BO rnane c II. EoryHoM ITpeceK ITOIThiTKII ITPOTIIBHHKa pa3nepeyTh ITpecne):(oBaHIIc OTCTyiTaJOII[IIX. flopa~CHIIC yKpaIIHCKIIX noi1cKa ITOA EcpccTc'llio ITpiineno K OTMeHe 36oponcKoro ):(Oronopa 1649 ro):(a II ITO):(ITIIcaHIIJO T~enoro AJIH YKpaiiHhi EeJIOIIepKoBcKoro ):(Oronopa 1651 ro):(a.

,[J;eMOHCTp3TI1BHble )leACTBHSI BOACK

E. XMenbHHl{KOro

.::~:::·::··:::·::t•:t:•-=:..-;,.,~-

HanpasneHHSI

YA3p08 nonbCKHX BOHCK

.-,·----======.

HanpaaneHHSI

ynap_os soAcK

era

COp8TH/t1KOB

npo.aofl)/(8/11!1 aoi!tHy

1654 r. nEPESICnABCKHVI AOrOBOP. K838Kit1 OT/],8111!1 YKp81t1HY no.a 38UJ,It1TY pOCCitiMCKOIO L(8pR AfleKCeR

0T~OllH 6erCTBO nonbCKHX soAcKaMH

E. XMenbHHl.IKOro BOHCK, npecnenosaHHe HX

XMenbHHl.IKOro

Mlt1X8MfiOBit1'-18, '-!eM cnpoBOL(It1POB8fllt1 pyccKo-nOflbCKy/0 BOMHY

1654-1656 rr.

PYCCKO-

nOnbCKASI BOVIHA.

1648-1649 rr. nonbWA nEPEXOAHT K OSOPOHE. noi1RK1t1

p8 H8HeCfllt1 pewlt1TeflbHoe nop8)f(e-

OT61t1JIIt1 K838'1blt1 H8n8/l,eHit1R H8 CTp8-

CKOM 8PM1t11t1 5or.a8H8 XMeflbHitiL(KO-

Tellt1'-/eCK/t1 88)f(Hbte KpenOCTitl flbBOB

m ( 1 1!1/0IIR).

( 1648 I.), 38MOCTbe ( 1648 I.) lt1 368p83 ( 1649 1.). 1649 r. 350POBCKHVI AOrOBOP. BpeMeHHoe nepeMit1plt1e Me)f(,ay nOIIRK8Mit1/t1 K838K8Mit1.

1651~ B0306HOBnEHir1E 60EBbiXAEVICTBir1171. Bcp8)f(eH1t11t1 nO/], 5epeCTe'-/KO

34 Tb/CR'-11!1 nOIIRKOB

no.a KOM8H/l.OB8Hit1eM !ilH8

II K831t1Mit1-

Hit1e 200-Tb/CR'-IHOM K838L(KO-TaTap-

B pH)J,e IICTO'IHHKOB 'IIICJieHHOCTh noiicK Ha3biBaeTcH ApyraH. 100-TbiCH'IHoe noiicKo Eor):(aHa XMeJihHIIIJ;Jmro II 50 TbiCH'I TilTapCKOH KOHHIIIIhl KpbiMCKOrO xaHa IIcJiaM-fiipeH III IThiTaJIIICh OCTaHOBIITb ITpO):(BII~eHIIe 150-TbiCH'IHOH ITOJibCKO-IILTIHXeTCKOH apMIIII oT peKII CTbipb B my6h YKpa-

PaiJa fiOUCHil

OpraHIII3aU,IIIH 3anopo)I(CKoro Boi'icKa

402 3APO>K)J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErVlVl V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. Hee ,ll.Henpa omwn11 Pocc1111, 3ana,D,-

Koponb M11xa11n 811wHe8ef4KI1i1. Y3-

Hee- nonbWe . neTp ,lJ.opoweHKO,

Ha8 o6 aTOM, fiH Co6ecKI1i1 ocTaH0-

ma8a 3ana,D,Hb/X Ka3aK08, OTKa3an-

811n HacTynaTenbHbte onepa141111 11

Cfl nO,D,Lfi1HI1TbCfl nOflbCKOM 8flaCTI1 11

pa3MeCTI1n 80MCKa no rpaHI1f4aM,

8MeCTO 3TO/O npi13Han Typef4KI1M

nocne Lfero nocnew11n 8 8apwa8y,

CI03epeHI1TeT ( 1668 I . ) . nonbtTKI1

r,D,e 6btn 1136paH KoponeM ( 21 Mafl

no,D,a811Tb «Ka3aLfbe 80CCTaHI1e» -

1674r.).

KaK 3TO npe,D,CT88flflfl0Cb nOflfiKaM -

Kaaa1..1K111e 'fa iii Kill 111 Typei..IKllliil Kopa6nb (rpaa10pa 1622 r.)

1674-1696 rr. ~APCTBOBA SIHA Ill COSECKOrO. 8 CTpa-

npl18efll1 K TOMy, LfTO Typf411fl noTpe-

H~E

6o8ana

He npO,D,Ofl>Kafli1Cb pa3,D,Opbt 11 11H-

ycTyni1Tb

YKpai1HY

ei1 .

nonbWa, XOTb 11 He IOT08afl 80e8aTb,

Tpl1111 .

1675 r.

OTKa3anaCb.

TYPE~KOE

BTOP>KE-

H~E. npi1MepHo 60 TbtCRLf TypoK 11

9 AeKa6pSI 1671 r. 05bSIBnEH~E BOiiiHbl CYnTAHOM MOXAMMEAOM IV. neTo 1672 r. BTOP>KEH~E B nOnbWY. 8eni1KI1M811311pbAxMe,D,

fll110 11 Ha YKpai1HY. 0HI1 CH08a 83flfll1

BTOP>KEH~E.

no8en 8 IOro-8ocTOLfHYIO nonbwyor-

8 aToM cpa>KeHI111 fiH Co6ecKI1i1

1658 r. X.AA3SIKCK~Iil AOrOBOP. 8cTpe80>KeHHbti1 nonbCKo-pyc-

poMHY/0

Lfi1CfleHHOCTbiO

O,D,ep>Kan Ha,D, TypKaMI1 no6e,D,y. no-

6onbwe 200 TbtCRLf Lfeno8eK. 8MeCTe

CTeneHHO OH 8b/T8CHI1fl 3aX8aTLfi1K08

CKI1M anbfiHCOM, CflO>KI18WI1MCfl 8

co C80I1MI1 8accanaMI1-TaTapaMI1 11

113 cTpaHbt 11, no6e,D,I18 8 pR,D,e He3Ha-

Ce8epHyiO 80i1Hy, yKpai1HCKI1i1 pe-

coi03HI1KaMI1-Ka3aKaMI1 TYPKI1 oca-

Lfi1TenbHbtX CTOflKH088HI1M, OC8060-

reHT reTMaH fiH 8btX08CKI1M3aKniOLfl1fl

,D,I1fll1 11 3aX8aTI1fll1 CTpaT8111Lf8CKI1

,D,I1fl 8CIO nonbwy, KPOMe KaM8Hf4a.

1655-1660 rr. nEPBASI CEBEPHASI BOiiiHA. 8oi1Ha co W8ef411ei1 . 1657r.TPAHC~nbBAHCKOE

apMI110

100 Tb/Cf/Lf TaTap 8TOplfli1Cb 8 no,D,OXoTI1H 11 cmn11 yrpo>KaTb flb808Y.

1675 r. nbBOBCKASI

5~TBA.

C nonbWei1 /],0/080p, 8 KOTOpOM npo-

8a>KHYIO KpenocTb KaMeHef4 . Sonb-

8HYTPeHHI1e pa3,D,Opbt 8ocnpenRTCT-

803/flaWaflOCb pa8eHCT80 yKpai1H-

waRLfaCTb rapHI130Ha Lfi1CfleHHOCTbiO

808anl1 eMy Ha6paTb apMI110 ,D,nfl 8TOP>K8HI1fl 8 Typ/41110.

CKoro, nOflbCK0/0 11 fli1T08CKOIO Ha-

1100 Lfeno8eK nor116na no,D, o6noM-

p0/],08 11 C03,D,aHI1e a8TOHOMHOIO

KaMI1 3aMKa, KOTOpbtM OHI1 830p8afll1

reTMaHCT8a YKpai1HCKoro, r,D,e npa-

Ha ,D,8eH8/],f4aTb/M ,D,eHb OCa,D,bl. noc-

BTOP>KEH~E. 200-TbtCRLfHaR ap-

811n 6bt reTMaH, Lfbe Ha3HaLfeHI1e yT-

ne 3Toro TYPKI1, nOLfTI1 He 8CTpeTI18

MI1fl nO/], KOMaH,D,08aHI18M /116pari1M-

8ep>K,D,an 6bt nonbCKI1i1 Koponb. Kpo-

COnpOTI18fl8HI1fl, 83flfll1 fl106n11H.

naWI1 onRTb 8Topmacb 8 IOro-8oc-

Me TOIO, reTMaHCT80 11Meno 6bt npa-

TOLfHYIO nonbWY.

80 nocbtnaTb ceHaTopo8 11 npe,D,cTa-

0KTS16pb 1672 r. SYI..IAI..ICK~i/1 AOrOBOP. He 8 cocTORHI111 opraHI1-

3m 8bt3-

308aTb Ha 6opb6y C80e pacna,D,a/0-

CeHTS16pb-OKTS16pb 1676 r. 30PABHCKOE CPA>KEH~E. 0Ho

8ano H08YIO 80i1Hy c MocK8oi1 8 TO

Ll.leecR Kopone8CT80, M11xa11n 811w-

,D,nl1nocb ,D,8e He,D,enl1, 11 nepe8eca

8peMfl, KO/,D,a Ha nonbWY 0/],HO 3a

He8ef4KI1i1 ycTynl1n TypKaM no,D,Oflb-

He y,D,a8anocb ,D,0611TbCfl HI1KOMy; 8

APYII1M HaKaTbt8afll1 W8e,D,CKI1e 8TOp-

CKY/0 npo811Hf41110 . 3ana,D,Hafl YKpai1-

KOHf4e KOH/408 fiH Co6ecKI1i1 c

>KeHI1fl .

Ha 80 ma8e c reTMaHoM neTpoM ,ll.o-

16-Tb/Cf/LfHOM apMI1ei1 OT611n TypoK

nonbCKO-

poweHKO nonyLfl1fla H83a811CI1MOCTb.

OT C8oero yKpenneHHoro narepR Ha

PYCCKASI BOIIIHA. 1668 r. OTPE"'EH~E SIHA II

KpoMe Toro, nonbwa comac11nacb

,lJ.HeCTpe.

e>Kero,D,HO 8btnnaLfl18aTb Typ141111

16 OKTS16pSI 1676 r. 30PABH-

KA3~M~PA. Pa3ropenacb o>Kecm-

,D,aHb. nonbCKI1M cei1M ,D,0/080p He

CK~i/l AOrOBOP. TypKI1 comacl1-

LfeHHafl 6opb6a 3a npecmn.

paTI1iPI1f411P08an .

nl1cb 8epHyTb nonbwe 3ana,D,HYIO ,D,Ofll1fl - 8 TOM Lfi1Cne KaMeHe/4 11 Xo-

811Tenei1 8 nonbCKI1i1 cei1M.

1658-1666r~

~APCTBOBA

CeHTS16pb 1676 r.

TYPE~KOE

OHO f/8flflfl0 co6oi1 nepi10,1J, CMy-

1672-1673 rr. SIH COSECK~Iil nOAH~MAET nonbWY HA 50Pb5Y. nepe,D, fli1/40M CMepTenb-

Tbl 11 60pb6bt Me>K,D,y CTOpOHHI1KaMI1

HO onacHoi1 Typef4KOi1 yrpo3bt 8eni1-

1676-1681 rr. nPOAOn>KE-

11 npOTI18HI1KaMI1 3TOIO 6e3,D,apHOIO

KI1i1 reTMaH fiH Co6eCKI1i1, 3HaMeHI1-

H~E BOiiiHbl HA YKPA~HE. TeM

1669-1673 rr.

H~E M~XA~nA B~WHEBE~KO

ro.

YKpai1Hy; HO 3a HI1MI1 OCTaflaCb noTI1H.

MOHapxa; cpe,D,I1 npOTI18HI1K08 Ca-

Tbti1 C8011MI1 no6e,D,aMI1 Ha,D, T8Tapa-

8p8M8H8M MOCK8a, KOTOpaR TOI,D,a

Mb/M 8bt,D,aiOLl.l11MCfl 113 fli1,D,ep08 6btn

MI1, C06pan 40-Tb/Cf/LfHYIO apMI110 11

>Ke He3a811CI1MO OT nonbwl1 80e8a-

fiH Co6ecKI1i1.

8btcTynl1n npoTI18 TypoK.

non&CKO-Type1..4Kafl BOVIHa,

1671-1677 rr.

na c Typf411ei1, LfacTO Hapywana AH-

11 HOS16pSI 1673 r. BTOPASI

,D,pyco8CKI1i1 Ml1pHb/M ,D,OI080p 11

5~TBA nP~ XOT~HE. Co6eCKI1i1 8

8TOpranacb Ha nOflbCKYIO YKpai1Hy,

nyx 11 npax pa31POMI1fl 30- Tb/Cf/LfHY/0

onycTowaR 11 pa3opRR ee, a TaK>Ke

Typef4KYIO apMI110, a 3aTeM 83Rn Xo-

nO,D,CTpeKaf/ Ka3aK08 6yHT08aTb npo-

nocne ,D,onroi1 80i1Hbt YKpai1Ha

TI1HCKYIO KpenOCTb . 0CTaflbHbte Ty-

TI18 nonbWI1. PyccKo-Typef4Kaf/ 80M-

6btfla nO,D,eneHa Me>K,D,y nonbWeM 11

P8f4KI18 apMI111 6e3 6oR OTCTyn11n11

Ha, W8,D,Wafl, KaK npa811fl0, 8 80CTOLf-

Pocc11ei1 ( 1667 1.): 3eMnl1 80CTOLf-

113 nonbWI1 . HaKaHyHe 611T8bl yMep

HOMLfaCTI1 nonbCKOi1 ( 3ana,D,Hoi1) YK-

BOCTO~ HAs:l paVIHbl, npeepaTVIfla l..lBeTYWY/0 3eMfliO B nyCTb/H/0.

31 MapTa 1683 r. C0103 CO CBSI[UEHHOII'I PII'IMCKOII'I II'IMnEPII'IEII'I. nocne BOWH c PoccVIeW VI nonbWeW, B KOTOpbJX HVI OJtHOW Vl3 CTOPOH ,ao6VITbC51 peWVITeflbHOrO nepeeeca He y,aanocb, TypJ..lV15/ Hanana Ha ABCTPVIIO. >lH Co6ecKVIi1 C'IVITan, 'ITO, ecnVI ABCTPVI51 He YCTOVIT, cne,ayiOWVIW TypeJ..lKVIW y,aap 6y,aeT HanpaeneH Ha KpaKoB- B cep.aJ..le nonbWVI. OH 3aKfl/O'IVIfl c VIMnepVIeW 060pOHVITeflbHO-HaCTynaTeflbHb/W C0/03 VI npVIrOTOBVIflC51 K eoi1He.

EBPOnA

)l(eCTO'Iai1wee conpOTVIBfleHVIe He BOWCKa, a WVIPOKVIX Mace Hapo,aHOro onon<~eHVI51. K cepe,aVIHe BeKa 6bma eee,aeHa HOBa51 CVICTeMa peKpyT!rlpOBaHVI51, OCHOBaHHa51 Ha BCeo6wei1 BOVIHCKOW nOBVIHHOCTVI KaKKpeCTb51H, TaKVI ropO)KaH; npe)I(Hee lj>eo.aanbHOe onon<~eHVIe 3aMeHVInVI nonKVI peryn51pHoi1 nexoTbJ VI KaeanepVIVI. B .aononHeHVIe K 3TVIM nonynpolj>eCCVIOHaflbHb/M eowcKaM PoccVI51 pacnonarana no'ITVI 150 Tb/C5/'IaMVI Ka38KOB, BCer,aa

403 TepBeHl.lVI5/MVI COBepweHHO pa30PVIflVI cTpaHy VI npVIeenVI K noTepe 3Ha'IVITenbHbJX TeppVITOPVIW. Bnpo<~eM, K cepe,aVIHe cToneTVI51 J..lapV13M BHOBb o6pen yTpa<~eHHYIO 6bmo noflVITVI'IeCKY/0 VI 3KOHOMVI'IeCKYIO MOWb; 6naro,aap51 TOMY 'ITO ,an51 nonbWVI HaCTynVIflVI T5/)l(eflb/e BpeMeHa, eo BTopow nonoBVIHe BeKa MocKBa OTBoeeana y non5~KOB 6onbWYIO <~aCTb Ceeepo-BocTO'IHOW YKpaVIHbJ.

CMYTHOE BPEMfl, 1604-1613 rr. 0Ho Ha<~anocb c no5/BneHVI51 f1)1(e,aMVITPVI51 - npeTeH,aeHTa Ha npecron, KOTOpbJW 3a5/Bfl51fl, 6y,aTO 5/Bfl5/eTC51 y6VITbJM CbJHOM VfeaHa IV /po3Horo; ero no.a.aep)l(anVI Ka3aKVI VI non5~KVI. nocne CMepTVI J..lap51 bOPVICa /o,ayHOBa ( 1605 r.) 6opb68 3a BflaCTb Me)l(ay pa3nVI'IHbJMVI6o5~pcKVIMVI rpynnVIpoBKaMVI noeepma cTpaHy B ny<~VIHY xaoca VI noeneKna 38 co6oi1 nonbCKYIO VI WBettCKYIO VIHTepBeHl.lVIVI.

l!'ltonb-ceHTS16pb 1683 r. OCAAA BEHbl. 3To 5/BVInocb BbJcwew TO<~Kow KapbepbJ >lHa Co6ecKoro.

1683-1699 rr. cnOPAAII'IliECCII'ICTEMHbiE liOEBbiE AEII'ICTBI!'ISI. Boi1Ha c TYPKa~ECKII'IE

MVI npo,aomKana mHyTbC51 c nepeMeHHb/M ycneXOM. He B COCT05/HVIVI ,aOCTVI% HVIKaKOW ,aorOBOpeHHOCTVI C PYCCKVIMVI VI He nOflY'/a51 nOMOWVI oT VIMneparopa J1eononb,aa I, onacaeweroc51 ero eoeHHbJX ycnexoe, >lH Co6eCKVIW HeC OCHOBHYIO T51)l(eCTb BOWHbJ VI e.aea y,aep)I(VIBan YKpaVIHY. TeM BpeMeHeM nonbWY npo,aomKaflVI COTp51C8Tb VIHTpVIrVI VI pa3,aopbl.

1605 r. KOPOTKOE nPABJlEHII'IE ~EAOPA liOPII'ICOBII'I~A (cbtHa liopHca fo.QyHosa). OH 6bm y6VIT Bpa)l(ae6Hb/MVI eMy 605/paMVI. HeHa,aonro TPOH 3aH5~n f1)1(e,aMVITPVIW I, HO Ta/OKe BCKope 6bm y6VIT 605/paMVI.

17 HIOHSI 1696 r. CMEPTb SIHA COiiECKOfO.

21 SIHBapS11605 ro.Qa. Cpa)KeHHe no.Q Ao6pbiHHI.faMH

POCCHH

0KoJio CeseKa rrpoH30WJIO cpa:lKeHHe Me)f()J,y uapCKHMH BOltCKaMH H

3BOfl/Ol.lVI51 BOeHHOW MOWVI MocKBbl npOVICXO!tVIfla B HeKOTOpOW Vl30fl5/l.lVIVI OT 3ana,aa VI OTpa)l(afla 06WYIO OTCTaflOCTb CTpaHbl. B Ha'lane XVII BeKa pyccKa5~ apMV151, cocT05/Bwa51 maBHbJM o6pa3oM Vl3 cpaBHVITenbHO nnoxo eoopy)l(eHHbJX VI o6y<~eHHbJX lj>eo.aanbHbJX onon<~eHl.leB,足 <~acTo Tepnena nop8)1(eHVI51 oT 3Ha'IVITenbHO ycrynaBWVIX 'IVICfleHHOCTVI WBe,aCKVIX VI nOflbCKVIX BOWCK. Bnpo<~eM, npVI o6opoHe Kpenocrew PYCCKVIe np051Bfl5/flVI CTOWKOCTb, npe,anpVIVIM'IVIBOCTb VI OTBary. B 1612 ro,ay npVI BTOp)l(eHVIVI B MocKOBVI/0 WBe,acKa51 VI nOflbCKa51 apMVIVI 6blflVI BbJHy)l(,aeHbl OTCTynVITb, BCTpeTVIB

BOltCKaMH Jl:lKe.!{MHTpHH

cpaiKeHHH no.!{ ,[(o6phiHHqa.MH

uapCKHX BOltCK HacqHThiBaJIOCh OKOJIO

ThiCJiq, a BOltCK Jl:lKe.!{MHT-

pHH- IIpH6JIH3HTeJihHO

Konb'lyra. POCCJ.1SI. XVII B.

ThlCJiqH

qeJioBeK. 06e CTOpOHhl, IIOMHMO JierKHX rrymeK, HMeJIH TH:lKeJihle opy.!{Hll.

rOTOBb/X OTnpaBVITbC51 BOeBaTb. K KOHLlY BeKa B CflY4ae He06XO!tVIMOCTVI MocKBa Morna M06VInVI30BaTb 6onbwe 300 TbJC5/'I <~enoeeK - npae.aa, B Macce ceoew nnoxo o6y<~eH足 HbJX. B Ha<~ane XVII BeKa MocKBa nepe)I(VIna CMyTHoe epeM51. Q)l(ecTo<~eHHbJe BHyrpeHHVIe pacnpVI B CO'IeTaHVIVI C nOflbCKOW VI WBe,aCKOW VIH-

KoMaH.!{OBaBmHtt uapcKHMH sottcKaMH KHll3h McTHCJiaBCKHtt rrexory pacrroJIO:lKHJI B ueHrpe, nepe.!{ .!{epeBHett ,[(o6p1>1HHqH, aKOHHHUY- Ha<}>JiaHrax no o6eHM cTopoHaM .!{epeBHH . PyccKM rrexara, soopJ)KeHHM rrHmaJillMH, qHcJieHHOCThiO IIpHMepHO B 18ThlCJiq qenoseK, 6J>ma rrocrpoeHa B JIHHHIO B

4-6 mepeHr B my6HHY.

IlpH rnecTHmepeHQ)f(HOM crpoe IIH-

404

3APO>KAEH V1 E COBPEM EH HbiX CTPATErVl V1 V1 TAKTV1 KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

IIJ:aJThHIIKII Bemi OrOHh CJie,a:yiOIIJ:IIM o6pa3oM: ,a:Be rrepBnie rnepeHrii orrycKaJIIICh Ha rrpaBOe KOJieHO, B 3TO Bpe-

,a:M1ITp1Ill: 6pociiJI B aTaKy KOHHIIIIY CBOero JieBOrO qmaHra, COCTOHBIIIYIO 60JThiiieH ~aCThiO II3 IIOJIHKOB, HO OHa

,O:aBIIIaH TaKOrO CIIJihHOrO OrHH, KOHHHIIa rrpOTIIBHHKa OTXJThiHyJia Ha3a,O:. B 3TO )l{e BpeMH 6poc1Inacn B 6ercTBO II rrpaBOcpJiaHrOBaH KOHHIIIIa J1)Ke,O:M1ITp1IH, COCTOHBIIIaH II3 3aiiOp0)1{11eB; 6 ThiCH~ pyCCKIIX BCa,O:HIIKOB rrpecne,a:oBami KOHHHIIY rrpoTIIBHIIKa Ha paccTOHHHII 8 KM. IIexoTa CaM03BaHIIa, OCTaBJieHHaH KOHHIIIIeH, 6nma oKpy)l{eHa II pa3rpoMneHa. Boll:cKo JI)I{e_a:MIITPIIH rroTepHJio ,0:0 6 ThiC~ y61ITbiMII II MHOrO IIJieHHhiMII, a TaK)I{e 13 opy,a:IIH:. IIoTepii 11apCKIIX BOHCK IIC~IICJIHJIIICh B 500 ~eJIOBeK paHeHhiMII II y61ITbiMII. B IICTOpiiii BOeHHOrO IICKYCCTBa cpa)l{enne rro,a: ,I:(o6pniHH~aMII 3HaMeHaTeJThHO TeM, ~0 HBJIHeTCH IIpiiMepOM rrpiiMeHeHHH pyccKIIMII Boll:cKaMII miHell:Holl: TaKTHKII. IIexoTa, BOopy)l{eHHaH or He cTp eJihHhiM opy)I{HeM, B 060pOHHTeJThHOM 60IO C KOHHHIIeH rrpOTIIBHHKa IIpiiBO,O:IIT ee B IIOJIHOe paCCTpOHCTBO CIIJihHhiM orHeM CBOIIX rriiro:anell: II opy,a:IIH:. Cpa)l{enne rro,a: ,I:(o6pniHWiaMII Bornno B IICTOpiiiO BOeHHOrO IICKYCCTBa TaK )l{e KaK cpaKT yMeJIOrO IICIIOJTh30BaHHH py)l{ell:Horo orHH. PyccKaH rrexoTa, paCIIOJIO)I{eHHaH B JlliHHIO, He TOJThKO BeJia o6opOHHTeJThHDIH 6oll:, HO II IIpiiHHMaJia y~aCTHe B OKpy)l{eHHII II pa3rpOMe rrerniix BOHCK ]J)I{e,O:MHTPIIH. Cpa)l{eHIIe rro,a: ,I:(o6pniHII~aMII,

MH ,a:aBaJIII 3aJITI 3-H II 4-H rnepeHrii II

Ha rro,a:cryrrax K pacrronmKeHIIIO pyc-

3aKOIJqiiBIIIeeCH IIOJllibiM IIOpa)l{eHII-

cpa3y )l{e CTaHOBIIJlliCh Ha rrpaBOe KOJieHO, IIOCJie ~ero ,O:aBaJIII 3aJIII 5-H II 6-H rnepeHrii. 1-H II 2-H rnepeHrii ,O:OJI)I{Hbl 6niJlli CTpeJIHTh B KOHHHIIY rrpoTIIBHIIKa B yrrop. I1p1I IIIeCTIIIIIepeHO)I{HOM IIOCTpOeHIIII MOrJIII O,O:HOBpeMeHHO ,a:aTh 3aJIII rrepBnie ~eTDipe rnepeHrii (1-2-H C KOJieHa II 3-4-H CTOH). IIocne Hey,a:aBrnell:cH rrorrhiTKII HaHeCTII BHe3aiiHhiH HO~HOH y_a:ap, ]1)1{e,a:M1ITp1IH IIOCTPOIIJI Ha paCCBeTe CBOe BOHCKO B 6oeBOH IIOpH,O:OK rrexory B 11eHTpe, KOHHHIIY Ha qmaHrax. OH xoTeJI oT6pociiTh 11apcK1Ie Boll:cKa K peKe CeBe y,a:apoM rro IIX rrpaBoMy qmaHry. 3To cpa)l{enne MO)I{HO pa3,a:emiTh Ha ,a:Ba 3Tarra. IIepBnill: 3Tarr - 6oll: KOHHHIIhL IIocne 3aBH3KII cpa)l{eHHH He6oJThiiiHMH rrepe,a:OBhiMH OTPHAaMH II apTIIJIJiepiiHCKoro o6cTpena ]J)I{e-

CKHX BOHCK 6niJia BCTPe~eHa rrpaBOqmaHrOBOH KOHHHIIell: McTHcnaBcKoro. KoHHDrn 6oll: rrpo_a:oJI)I{aJICH He,a:onro. Haxo,a:HBIIIHecH Brrepe,a:II pyccKoll: KOHHHIIhi ,a:Ba nnmeMHDIX OTPHAa, o,a:HHM II3 KOTOpbiX KOMaH,a:OBaJI cppaHIIY3 Map)l{epeT, BCKope 6pociiJIIICh B 6ercTBo, yBneKaH 3a co6oll: II ,a:pyrne KOHHDie IIOJIKII. B TO BpeMH KaK rrpaBhrn cpnaHr 11apcKHX BOHCK oTcryrran, KOHHHIIa JI)I{e,a:HMHTPHH IIOBepeyna HarrpaBo, B HarrpaBnennii ,a:epeBnn, r,a:e Haxo,a:Hnacn pyccKaH rrexoTa. BTopoll: 3Tarr - pa3rpoM pycCKIIM BOHCKOM KOHHIIIIhl ]1)1{e,O:MIITp1IH II oKpy)l{eHIIe II YHII~TO)I{eHIIe ero rrexoThi. PyccKIIe rrexoTHI>Ie rronKII, rro,a:rrycTIIB KOHHHIIY ]1)1{e_a:MIITp1IH Ha 6Jlli3KOe paCCTOHHHe, ,O:aJIII 3anrr, KaK OTMe~aiOT Map)l{epeT II IIaepne, II3 rryrneK II 1 0-12 IIJIII _a:a)l{e 16 ThiCH~ rriiro:anell:. He O)I{H-

eM IIpOTHBHHKa, HBJIHeTCH TaK)I{e IIpiiMepOM 60JThiiiOrO TaKTH~eCKOrO ycrrexa, He IICIIOJTh30BaHHOrO, O,O:HaKO, cTpaTerii~eCKII. TaKTII~ecKoe rrpecne,a:oBanne He rrepepocno B CTPaTerii~ecKoe, ~TO ,O:aJIO B03MO)I{HOCTh J1)Ke,O:HM1ITp1IIO BCKOpe BHOBh Ha~aTh BOeHHDie ,O:eHCTBIIH.

CPA.iREHHE no,n ,l(OBPhiHHqAMH 21(31) JIHBapJI 1605r. 0

HanpasneHH~

y.napos BOHCK nlKe.nMHTpH~ I

PyCCKHC BOACKa

BoAcKa nlKe.nMHTPJ.Hl I

2KM

•

HanpasneHH~

y.napos

pycCKHX BOHCK

1605-1609 rr. nOJlbCKASI 14HTEPBEHL.I,i4SI. HecKOflbKO nOflbCKI/1X M8/H8TOB nO,D,,ll,Bp>KBfll/1 npeTeH31/11/1 f7>Ke,D,MMTPMfl

II. LfeM

CMflbHee HapacTan xaoc a MocKOBCKOM u,apCTBB, TBM HBCTblpHBM CT8HOBI/1fl0Cb nOflbCKOB BMBWBTBflbCTBO.

1606-1610 rr. L.I,APCTBOBAHi4E BACI41114SI IV WY~CKOrO. EMy npMXO,ll,l/1flOCb BBCTI/1 O>KBCTOLJBHHYIO 60pb6y KBK C BHYTPBHHBM onn031/1Ll,I/1BM, TBK 1/1 C nOflfiKBMI/1.

BOCTO~ HAs:l

405

EBPOnA

KpeCTbSIHCKoe aocCTaHMe no.Q npe.QBO.QMTeJJbCTBOM VI. VI. 6onoTHMKoaa

pe BOCCTaJI OpeJI, a 3a HHM MueHcK.

HOil, npOH30IIIJIO ycneiiiHOe cpa.JKe-

3aTeM EoJIOTHHKOB nocJiaJI CBOHX

HHe oTp.siAOB llcTOMhi IlaiiiKOBa H

JIIO,LJ,eil B KaJiyry, H KaJIY)KaHe He Bny-

p.s!3aHUeB, HacrynasiiiHX Ha Moe Key

(1606-1607 rr.)

CTHJIH B ropOA nO,LJ,OIIIe,LJ,IIIHe uapCKHe

no KoJioMeHcKoil ,L~,opore, c uapcKH-

BOiiCKa.

MH BOilCKaMH.

B uapcTBoBaHHe BacHJIHSI IllyilcKoro no BCeil CTpaHe npOHCXO,LJ,HJIH

1606

KpecThSIHCKHe BOCCTaHHSI. B

CeHT.s!6pSI IIpOH30IIIJIO cpaJKe-

HHe Me'.t19J,Y BoilcKoM EoJIOTHHKOBa H uapCKHMH BOilCKatviH no,LJ, npe,L~,BO,LJ,H足

7 KM

Oca)J.a MocKBhl -

BTOpoil 3Tan

BOeHHhiX,LJ,eilCTBHj;j BOCCTaBIIIHX KpeCThSIH, nepBaSI rpynna KoTOphiX noAOIIIJia K MocKBe

OKT.s~6p.s~

1606

ro,LJ,y Ha'laJIOCh O,Ll,HO H3 CaMhlX Kpyn-

TeJihCTBOM llBaHa IllyilcKOro, B

HhlX,Ll,BIDKeHHil- KpeCThSIHCKOe BOC-

oT KaJiyrH, npH BIIa)J.eHHH Yrphl B

ro,LJ,a. Oca)J.a MocKBhl npo,L~,OJI)KaJiaCh

CTIIHHe no,L~,npe,LJ,BO,Ll,HTeJlhCTBOM llBa-

Ocy, KoTOpoe 3aKOH'lHJIOCh nopa.JKe-

2 Mec.s~ua.

Ha llcaeBH'la EoJIOTHHKOBa.

HHeM uapCKHX BOilCK.

lfHcJieHHOCTh BoilcK EoJIOTHHKO-

BoilcKo EoJIOTHHKOBa cocTO.siJio

KpecThSIHCKoe BoncKo npo,L~,OJI)Ka足

H3 KpeCThSIH, XOJIOnOB, MeJIKHX no-

JIO ABHraThC.si K MocKBe. B 3TO Bpe-

Ca)J.CKHX JIIO,LJ,eil, Ka3aKOB, CTpeJihUOB

MSI eme HeCKOJihKO ropO,Ll,OB, B KOTO-

IllyilcKHil TaK*e pacnoJiaraJI Kpyn-

H ,LJ,a.JKe ,Ll,BOpSIH, He,LJ,OBOJII>HhlX 6o.s~p足

phle 6b1JIH HanpaBJieHhl IIOCJiaHUhl

HhlMH CHJiaMH, OnHpaBIIIHMHCSI Ha

CKHM uapeM IllyilcKHM. KpynHI>Ie oT-

EoJIOTHHKOBa, nepeiiiJIH Ha cTOpoHy

MOIUHhie yKpenJieHHSI MocKBhl.

PSIAhl, BKJIIO'laBIIIHe 6oJihiiioe KOJIH-

BOCCTaBIIIHX. K BOCCTaBIIIHM IIpHCO-

fJiaBHhle CHJihl EoJIOTHHKOBa Ha-

qecTBOABOp.siH, npHMhlKaJIH K EoJioT-

e,LJ,HHHJIHCh OTPSJA pSI3aHCKHXABOpSIH-

XOAHJIHCh B cene KoJioMeHCKOM, npe-

Ba, oca)J.HBIIIHX MocKBY ,AOXOAHJia,LJ,o ThiC.si'l 'leJIOBeK. l(ap1> BacHJIHil

HHKOBY Ha nepBhlX 3Ta.IIax BOCCTaHHSI,

noMeiUHKOB BO maBe c IIpoKonHeM

BpameHHOM B CHJlhHhlil yKpenJieHHhlj;j

HO IIOCKOJII>KY HHTepecbl BOCCTaBIIIHX

JISinyHoBhlM H oTp.siA, no,LJ,oiiieAIIIHil

nareph. CoBpeMeHHHK llcaaK Mace a

KpeCThSIH H XOJIOIIOB 6h1JIH HM qy)K-

H3 TyJihl H npHMhlKaiOIUHX K Hell ye3-

OnHChlBaeT, KaK crpOHJIHCh BOCCTaB-

,Ll,hl, OHH H3MeHSIJIH H nepeXO,LJ,HJIH Ha

AOB, BO rJiaBe C llcTOMOil IlaiiiKOBhiM,

IIIHMH IIOJieBhle JiarepH. Ilo,LJ,OIIIe,LJ,-

OTCTaHBaBIIIHM HHTepecbl MeJIKHX

IIIHj;j K MocKBe nept')l.oBon OTPSJA Boc-

CTOpOHY npOTHBHHKa. BoccTaHHe

1606-1607

ro,LJ,oB,

OXBaTHBIIIee 60JihiiiHe JIIO,LJ,CKHe MaC-

noMeiUHKOB.

CTaBIIIHX, C006IUaeT OH, 3aHSIJI CeJie-

BoncKo EoJioTHHKOBa nocJie no-

HHe 3arophe (3a6ophe ), KOTopoe

Chi H orpOMHYIO TeppHTOpHIO, conpo-

6e,LJ,hi Ha peKe JionacHe BCTpeTHJIOCh

TOT'laC yKpeiiHJIH lllaHUaMH, y HHX

BO)K,Ll,aJIOCh MHOrHMH KpynHhlMH noJieBhlMH cpa)KeHHSIMH, OCa,LJ,Oil H

C uapCKHMH BOilCh'"aMH, KOTOphlMH KOMaH,LJ,OBaJI TaJiaHTJIHBhJj;j BOeBO,LJ,a

BHJIH HX B ,LJ,Ba H TpH pSJAa O,Ll,HH Ha

IIITYPMOM KpenocTeH. BoeHHI>Ie ,LJ,efi-

CKonHH-IllyilcKHil. Cpa.JKeHHe npo-

,L~,pyrHe, H nJIOTHO Ha6HJIH CeHOM H

CTBHSI BOCCTaBIIIHX OTJIH'laJIHCh 3Ha-

HCXOAHJIO Ha peKe Ilaxpe H OTIIH'la-

COJIOMOil, H HeCKOJlhKO pa3 nOJIHJIH

'lHTeJII>HhlMH MaCIIITa6aMH H SIBJISIIOT-

JIOCh 60JihiiiOil KpOBOIIpOJIHTHOCThiO,

BO,LJ,Oil, TaK 'ITO BCe CMep3JIOCh, KaK

CSI CBH,LJ,eTeJihCTBOM My)KeCTBeHHOH

HO peiiiaiOIUeil no6e,LJ,hl He o,L~,ep)KaJia

KatvteHh.

6op1>6h1 KpeCThSIH H XOJIOIIOB H 60Jih-

HH O,LJ,Ha H3 cTOpoH. TeM He MeHee

Eop1>6a OTJIH'laJiach 6oJihiiiOil Ha-

IIIOro IIOJIKOBO,LJ,'leCKOro MaCTepCTBa

CKonHHy-IllyiicKoM)' YAaJIOCh Ha He-

np.s~)KeHHOCThiO, 6oH npOHCXO,LJ,HJIH no'ITH KaJKAhln ,LJ,eHh. Oca)K,Ll,eHHhle

6hlJIO HeCKOJlhKO COT CaHeil, H IIOCTa-

opraHH3aTOpa H pyKoBOAHTeJISI Boc-

KOTOpoe BpeM.si 33)1.ep)KaTh HacryiiJie-

CTaHHSillBaHa llcaeBH'la EoJIOTHHKO-

HHe BOCCTaBIIIHX Ha MocKBy. BcKo-

OTBe'laJIH Ha aKTHBHhle ,LJ,eilCTBHSI

Ba (BoeHHoro xoJiona KHSI3SI TeJISITeB-

pe y ceJia TpoHUKoro, IIOA KoJioM-

BOCCTaBIIIHX 'laCThlMH BhlJia3KaMH,

cKoro). B TO BpeM.si KaK BoilcKo EoJIOTHHKOBa ,LJ,eilCTBOBaJIO, KpeCThSIHe )KrJIH yca)J.h6hl noMeiUHKOB H ,LJ,eJIHJIH HX 3eMJIH. Iloxo,LJ, Ha MocKBY cocTaBJISieT nepBhlH 3Taii BOeHHhlX ,LJ,eilCTBHH BOCCTaBIIIHX, COIIpOBO)K,Ll,aBIIIHilCSI IIO'ITH HenpephiBHhlMH 6o.siMH. IIepBoe KpynHOe cpa.JKeHHe IIpOH30IIIJIO no,LJ, KpoMaMH B aBrycTe

1606

ro,LJ,a H

OKOH'lHJIOCh nOJIHOH no6e,LJ,Oil BOCCTaBIIIHX. B 3TOM )Ke MecSiue OHH

o,L~,ep)KaJIH no6e,LJ,y noA EJII>UOM. Ilo6e,LJ,a noA KpoMarvm, me uapcKHe BoilcKa IIOTepSIJIH TOJII>KO y6HTI>IMH

8 Thl-

CSI'l 'leJIOBeK, H no6e,LJ,a IIOA EJII>UOM H3MeHHJIH CTpaTerH'leccyiO o6cTaHOBKY B IIOJih3Y BOCCTaBIIIHX. BcKo-

KpeMHeBbiH 33MOKCTPOeaoro PYlKbSI. Ha'fanoXVII B.

~ C>+ nJKS.AMMTPHH II: oCS~ee Han_paaneHHe ero ·noxoAa K Moc.Kae (nepaoHa.4anbHbli1 noxoA K Tyne H-6ercrl BO K nyntBntO H8 OOKa3_at1~)

o<?-~

(;'~~-

•••••••• Pai:\QH XJJbiHos(B.RTHa)

... .."' ••• • ,.. 1t"' 11

•••.

rapoAeu, •

••• )" ··~·~v cbl~ : \.d.E. :

"'--

"'y p T bl Y p. Of RH H) \.B

<$> +..-.f,

*-Q..Ma

4e0oKca;bl HaaaHb

~ noxop, OOJJRHOB H CMOJJ6HCKY ·11 .ero OCaA"8:

noxop, }HonKeacKoro p.nR 3a.x:aara MoCKBbt

c;:;:;::'l>

nox·op,

r::-::~:-:

o-~[!}!~~ #&

If -!3 .<'P'fl'

.// !J'« ~

H 0~ A H 60Ab'<'UJiHE

nme)\MHTpHi1

ero nyTb K MoC.KBe H

ABHl-KeHHB K H9My Ka3a4bMX

KpecTbRHCKOe soccTaHHe

OTP.R·AOB

1-1.1-1. 5on,OTHHKOBa

....._...,._ noxoA r r..asHbiX CI1Il 5onOTKHKOBa K MoC<{Be

+ +-

>-+-

H OTXOJl. HX H

Ka.nyre H

,D.BHlH.6HI18 Ha OOMOW,b 50.JJO.TIHHKiOBy Ka3a4bHX OTP.RAOB

nepBOHa4a:nbHblti pa,Jt·oH BOCCTaHHR 50)10T HHH:Osa

noxog wse,tt.CKHx HaeM'HHK'os Ha Hosropop, TeppHTopH.R, ~aKTHlfeCKH aax:a.a,4eHHa.R 'W'R@;ABMH K HB"'tany 1613 r.

8alHHei1WH6 Ol.fant BOCCTBHHH H napTH38HCKo,j;i 6opbiS·bl MBCTHOrO HaceneHI·N'I OPO!HB nOJtbCKO·iY' WHHCKHX 38XB8Tl..!HHOB (1608-1609

b:::r:L:Li=

100 i

200 =-::J -

300 HM

r·r.)

HosropOAa")

~ W,epeMeTesa (Ha-no,D, A-crpaxaHH) K MocK.BO B 1608-16.10rr.npOTHB TYWH"H 4 6B

~ :%'

p ~

rnaaHei1'wHe ropop;a, nocnaswHe orp.R,Abl B JlnnyHOBCHOe onOJJ'ieHHe B 1611 r. AJlR OCBO.fSo'.>K• AeHHfl MocKBW CT nonnHoa

OnonlfeHHO MH'HH.Ha H nomapCHoro H >e:ro n_Q!J:CO;A

B .1.612

r. AilR

oc·aol5oH<A9HHR MocKBbl

C1"c<lnHI.\bl

rocyJI,apcTBeHHble rpaHHl\bl a Ha4ane XVII s (1601r.) ~~

r:pa.HHU,a PyccKoro rocyp,apcTsa

~-~:~

rp.aH,Hu,a P.elfH nocnomnotl

rJ?aHHU,a Ben. HH, Jh-:TOBCt-{OrO c Kopo-neB,CTBON nonbcKH:M nocne JlJOCi'JJHHCKOii YH:HH {t669 r,) ·

Bn. BnaAHMHP

A·

Co~tpaJlleHHR: M. Mom·a~cK

AoOpbiHHliH•

A.op. Aoporo6ym AM.

AMHTpOB

Kac. KacHMOB MacwTaO

1'00

s 1610-1612 r r.

Wse'ACKaR HH,Tep,seHl\HH

noxO"J\bl CKOO.HHa- Wyi1CKOro KH'3

Tyne

flmaneTpa -

~ )J.BHJ-HeHHe ABOPflHCKHX OTPRAOB nawrtosa " 11nnyHOBbiX K OonOTHHKosy

--~

nonfiKaMH

'i%

t:'t1

a MocK-se nonbcKoro rapHHaoHa (nero·M 1612 rj

b0pb6a C nonbCKOH HHT8pB_8H:l\Hei\

W 6

Ij;

c:::::=:::t>

Xop,KeBH1.(8 ,D,J:.R nOJJ.A6"P}f{KH oca·Ht,D;eHHoro

fopoJJ,a B·He 3aH.RTO~ nOJJAKBMH Tep'pHT0PHK 1 llOAsepra-BWH6C.R HRIT.S,ACHiof.RM. nonb.CKO.·.TYWHHCK.HX OTP.RAOB

YcnoBHble o6o3Ha'leHHH

(neTOM 1610 r~

TepplnopHfl 1 aaRJ:ITaR

t;;;.:;!

Haw. KawH.pa Kp, KPOMbl

:::::::i

KpeCTbSIHCKaSI BO~Ha Ill 6opb6a C nOJlbCKO~ Ill WBeACKO~ IIIHTepBeHI..IIIISIMIII B PyccKOM rocyAapCTBe

H.- C,

HoaropoJ]..~CeBepcKHH

n.- 3.

nepe.Rcnaanb-3ruJ&CCKHh

C. Ces. Tp.

Cepnyxoa

n- P.Ra. nepe·Hcnaanb ~·PflaaH-cKMA CeacK Tpmtl.4e-CeprH&llCKHA MQHaCTblpb

B m

BOCCTaHHH

nonbCKaR HHTepseHl\HR

T_A TAp 61

"'ffto(:>AsHmeHHe nonbCKHx -~TPHAOB CanerH Ha coeAH'H HHe c RmeJI,MKTPHe M II

Hal\HOHanbHbJe eoccTaHHR B Cpei\H8"1 nosoMHbe (1606 -1608rr,) ,COJJb ~ faJJI1U,Ka11 KoTenbHH4

()

(JJ

m ~ m

I I 0"'

()

-I "U

m --,

s s s

~ ~

s A s

---L

CJ)

---'-

-....)

0 0

..., :-1

407

BOCTO'-IHAs:l EBPOnA KOTOpble rrpOH3BO):(TTJTTT TTHOr):(a ):(0-

He ):(O)f{TT):(aHCb TTOJJ:XO):(a rrpOTTTBHHKa,

3aTeM OHO rrepepOCJTO paMKTT '-lTTCTO

llOJTbHO 60J!billTTMTT CTTJTaMTT.

llbllleJT llORCKa H rrpHHHJT cpaJKeHHe,

Ka3ai[KOrO L(llHJKeHHH H C.TIHJTOCb C

IlnaH EoJIOTHTTKOBa -

BoccTaHHeM EonoTHHKOBa. BoRcKo

TTOJJ:HHTb

KoTopoe 3aKOH'-lHJTOCh rro6enoR l[ap-

BOCCTaHTTC B MOCKBC TT TCM CaMbiM

CKHX BORCK. BoccTaBmnc oTcryrrKTIH

«l[apcBH'-la» IIcTpa rrpniiiJTo B Tyny

TTOCTaBTTTb 6oHpCKOe rrpaBTTTeJTbCT-

B CBOH yKpermeHHblli .Tiarepb. Tpl! AHH

li OTCIO)J,a OKa3biBaJTO IIOMOll\b BOC-

BO ITO):( JJ:BOHHOH yJJ:ap, TT3BHe H TT3-

IIIJTH HarrpH)f{eHHbie 60H Me)f{AY l[ap-

CTaBIIIHM, oca)f{)J,eHHbiM B Kanyre.

HyTpTT, -

HC 6biJT OCYII[CCTBJTCH.

CKHMH BOHCKaMH H BOHCKOM BOCCTaB-

BoccTaBmnc KpccTbHHc, oTcTy-

JliOJJ:TT EonoTHTTKona, crrei[TTaJTbHO

IIIHX n KonoMeHCKOM. HeonHoKpaT-

rrnn TT3-TTOA MocKnbr n Kanyry, o6o-

TTOCJTaHHbie B CTOJTTTI[Y TTOJJ:HHTb BOC-

Hbie TTOTTbiTKH 3aXBaTHTb mTypMOM

poHHJTH ropon 6o.Tiee Tpex MeCHI[eB.

CTaHTTC, JJ:06TTJTTTCb 3Ha'-lTTTCJTbHbiX

KonoMCHCKHR ocTpor 6bLTIH oT6HTbi.

0Hn oncpJKanH pHA rro6cn HaA l[ap-

ycrrexoB, HO B TO BpeMH, Korna

OnHaKo apTTTJTnepHii:CKllii oroHb Ha-

CKl!Mll BOHCKaMl! ll, HaKOHel[, rrpl!Hy-

«MOCKOBTTTHHe rOTOBbl 6biJTTT rrpe-

HOCHJT 60JTbillHe TTOTepn, H BORCKO

L(HJTH OCTaTKH OCU)f{)J,aBIIIHX BORCK TTO-

)J,aTbCH», Ha'-laJTHCb 60JTbillHe H3Me-

EonoTHl!KOBa, o6ecKpOBJTeHHOe cpa-

crremHO OTCTYIIliTb K MocKBe. 3To-

Hbl B JTarepe BOCCTaBillTTX, CKa3aB-

)f{eHTTHMH 27 HOH6pH TT 2 )J,eKa6pH, OT-

MY crroco6cTBonana 6o.TihiiiaH rro6ena

illHCCH Ha 06II[CM XOL(C llOCHHbiX

CTYIIHJTO K Kanyrc. QapcKHMH noil-

y cc.Tia ll'-lCJTbHC, HCAaJTcKo oT Kany-

):(eHCTBHH. Ilo Mepe pa3BepTbTBaHTTH

cKaMH 6bTJT B3HT H yKperrJTeHHbTH JTa-

rTT, OJJ:ep)f{aHHaH oTpHAaMTT «l[apeBTT-

6oeBhlx nellcTBHH EonoTHHKOB

repb B 3a6opbe.

CTpeMTTJTCH OCyll[eCTBHTb TTJTaH TTOJT-

qa» IIeTpa, BbrcryrrnBmero H3 Tynbi

IIocne cpaJKeHHH 2 neKa6pH n oT-

Ha IIOMOII[b DOJTOTHHKOBy.

HOH 6JTOKa)..(bl CTOJIHI[bl, '-lT06bi «HC-

CI)'ILTieHHH BOCCTaBmHX B Kanyry CTPa-

Ilocne pa3rpoMa BORCK, oca)f{L(aB-

TOMHTb ropOA, He rrporryCTHTb TTOL(-

TerH'-leCKUH 06CTaHOBKa H3MeHHJTaCb B

mnx Kanyry, BOCCTaBmne coBepmn-

B03a rrplmacoB».

TTOJTb3Y 6oHpCKOro rrpaBl!TeJTbCTBa.

.Till rrepexon B Tyny. IIepHOA 6opb6bi

EoeBbie nellcTBHH BOCCTammrx OTJTH'-laJTHCb 60JibillOH aKTHBHOCTbiO H yrropcTBOM. OTpHL\bi BOCCTaBIIIHX He

no OCa)..(hi Tynbi BORCKaMTT ![apH IIIyR-

Tynbt ( 1607 r.)

cKoro rrpOJJ.OJTJKaJTCH TTO'-ITH TTOJTTOpa

Ill T8KTIII'IeCKII/e c/JOpMbl cpa)l(eH/1/M

MeCHI[a (JJ.o cpaJKeHHH Ha peKe Bopo-

06opoHa KanyrJII

111

pa3 mrypMOBaJTH OTL(eJTbHbie yqaCTKH

HbeR 12 HIOHH 1607 r. ).

MOII[Hb!X CTeH ropona. 0):(HaKO, He-

TpeTHil, rrocneAHllil :nan BOeH-

II.rmH EonoTHliKOBa 6brJT rrocTpo-

CMOTJJH Ha HCKJTIO'-lTTTeJTbHbTH repOH3M

HbTX )J,eHCTBTTH BOCCTaBIIITTX KpeCTbHH

eH Ha aKTTTBHbTX HaCTyrraTeJTbHbTX

KpeCTbHH H XOJTOTTOB, COCTaBJTHBIIIHX

CBH3aH c o6opoHoii: Kanyrll li Tynhi.

neii:cTBliHX. IIpeABOAHTeJTb BOCCTaB-

ocHOBHoe HAPO BollcKa EonoTHHKOBa,

06opoHa KaTiym H Ty.Tihi xapaKTepn-

mnx KpeCTbHH CHOBa pemHJT OBJTa-

H Ha 60JTbillOC TTOJTKOBOL('-ICCKOC MaC-

30Banacb 60JTbillOH aKTHBHOCThiO BOC-

)J.CTb MocKBon. B I[C.TIHX ocymccTB-

TepCTBO HX rrpe)..(BOL(HTeJTH, ycTaHO-

CTallillHX. EonoTHHKon, HaXOAHCh n

.TieHTTH cnoero 3aMhiCJTa OH rronen noR-

BHTb TTQ}IHYIO 6JTOKa)..(y H OBJTa)..(eTb

Kanyre, pa3Bepey.TI 3HepmqeyiO neH-

CKO H3 Tynbr no rrpHMOR )lopore B

MocKBOR He ynanocb. IIpn'-IHHhi He-

TeJTbHOCTh ITO ycHJTeHHIO CBOHX BORCK.

HarrpaB.TieHHH Ha CeprryxoB. 0)lHaKo

ycrrexa HYJKHO HCKaTh B xapaKTepe

K HeMY Ha rroMOII[h rrpnmen, HapHAy

Y3HaB, '-ITO K CeprryxoBy c 6onhmH-

CaMoro KpeCThHHCKOrO BOCCTaHTTH, B

c npyrnMH OTJJHAaMH, cKTibHblli OTPHA

MH CTTJTaMTT rrpH6biJT CaM l[apb (IIIytJ-

COI[HaTibHOR HeO)J,HOpOAHOCTH COCTa-

ITO)..( rrpeABOL(HTe.TibCTBOM CaM03BaHI[a

CKHR BhiCTyrrnn H3 MocKBhi 21 MaH),

Ba BOHCKa, OCaJK):(aBmero CTO.TIHI[y.

«IIapeBTT'-la» ITeTJJa. ,lJ,BTT)f{eHTTe Ka3a-

EonoTHHKOB peiiiHJT rroBepeyTb K Ka-

IIIytr-

KOB BO r.TiaBe C TTX CaM03BaHI[eM Ha'-la-

IIITTpe, '-lT06bT pa3rpOMHTb HaXO)lHB-

cKoro rrepemen OTPHA «pH3aHI[eB»

JTOCb ell[e 3HMOR 1605-1606 rona, HO

illHeCH TaM BOHCKa TT 3aTeM )J.BTTraTb-

B cepeATTHe HOH6pH Ha cTopoey

CYM6y.TioBa TT JlHrryHOBa. 27 HOH6pH B pa3rap 6onbmoro cpaJKCHHH, Korna c o6eTTX CTOpOH yqacTBOBaJTII rJTaBHbie CTTJTbT, Ha cTopoHy 11apH rrcpcmcn IIamKon. XoTH IIamKony H He ynanocb yBeCTH c co6oR 6oJTbmyiO qacTh cBocro 30-TbiCH'-lHOrO OTJJHL(a, HO H3MCHa He MOrJTa He IIORTIHHTb Ha HCXOA cpaJKeHHH, a TaKJKe n Ha xon naTibHeRmeR 6opb6br. 2 neKa6pH rrpoH3om.rio rrocnenHee, pemTTTeJTbHOe cpaJKeHTTe TTOJJ: MocKBOR.QapcKTTeBORCKa,rronyqTTB )..(0 :noro 3Ha'-lHTeJTbHOe TTOIIOJTHeHTTe, rrepeiiiJTH n HacTyTTJTeHTTe rrpoTHn noccTaBmTTx KpeCTbHH, OTOille):(IIIHX TTOCJTe cpaJKeHTTH 27 HOH6pH B CBOR JTarepb B KonoMeHCKOM. EonoTHl!KOB,

PyccKaH mllll.!anb Ha'lana XVII B. c BBIIIH'lliiBaiOII.IIIIMCH aaTeopoM

408 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. BeJIH 6oJ:t C pe3epBOM. 3aBll3aBIJ1HeC.ll B 3TO BpeM.ll Ha,.u_pyrnx yqacTKax 6oH TaiOKe 6hiJIH ycrrelllHblMH ,AJill BOCCTaBillHX. BoeBo,.u_a, KOMaHAOBaBillHl:t pe3epBOM n:apCKHX BOl:tCK, IIpHHliJI CMeJIOe pellleHHe OCTaBHTb II popBaBIJlHXCll Ka3aKOB B ThiJIY, a CaMOMY 6pOCHTbCll Ha IIOMOII.Ib OCHOBHblM CHJiaM. Y,.u_ap pe3epBa H rrepexo,.u_ B 3TOT MOMeHT 4-ThiClJqHoro 01pll,Aa H3 KpecTbliHCKOrO BOl:tCKa Ha CTOpOHY rrpoTHBHHKa pelllHJIH HCXOA CpiDKeHHll B IIOJib3Y n:apCKHX BOl:tCK. TiocJie OTCTYIIJieHHll OCHOBHblX CHJI BOCCTaBIJlHX n:apCKHe BOl:tCKa B TeqeHHe ABYX ,D,Hel:t rrpo,.u_oJIJKaJIH 6oH C Ka3aKaMH, yKpeiiHBillHMHC.ll Ha JieBOM 6epery peKH. ,[(ByX,D,HeBHhle 6oH 1 700 Ka3aKOB, OKpyJKeHHhiX MHoroqHcJieHHhiM IIpOTHBHHKOM,o6pa3eU: 6e33aBeTHol:t xpa6pocTH H BOHHCKOJ:t ,A06JieCTH BOCCTaBillHX. Ha rrpe,AJIOJKeHHe C,AaThCll Ka3aKH OTBeqaJIH, qTOJiyqrne HM «IIOMepeTb, a He c,.u_aTbCll». 12 HIOHll IIpOH30IllJIO BTOpoe 60JibIllOe cpiDKeHHe Ha peKe BopoHbel:t, B 7 KM oTTyJihl. CpiDKeHHe 6h!JIO rrpoAOJIJKHTeJibHhiM H OJKecTOqeHHblM, HO TaiOKe 3aKoHqHJIOCb rro6e,.u_ol:t n:apcKHX BOl:tCK, HMeBIJlHX 60JiblllOe qHcJieHHOe rrpeBocxo,.u_cTBO. BoJIOTHHKOB C1peMHJICll BOCIIOJIHHTb He,AOCTaTOK B CHJiax B03Be,AeHHeM yKperrJieHHJ:t Ha 6epery peKH. Co cpiDKeHHll Ha peKe BopoHbel:t HaqHHaerca 4-MecaqHalJ repoHqecKaH o6opoHa TyJibl (12 HIOHll-1 0 OKTll6pa). TyJiaHMeJiacpaBHHTeJibHoxopoIllHe yKperrJieHHll. BHelllHHl:t ropo,.u_cKol:t IIOliC 6h!JI 06HeCeH ,.u_epeBliHHOJ:t CTeHol:t, a BHy1peHHHl:t (KpeMJib)KaMeHHOJ:t. C 30 HIOHll OCa:JK,!J,aBIJlHe TyJiy Bol:tcKa B03rJiaBHJI caM n:apb

napaAHble ca6nH c HOlKH3MH. nepaast nonoBHHa XVII a.

IIIyl:tcKHl:t. CHJihl BOCCTaBillHX coBpeMeHHHKH orrpe,AeJiliiOT IIpHMepHO B 20

ca Ha KoJIOMHY H no KOJIOMeHcKol:t

CTpOHJIHCb ITO rrpaBOMY IOJKHOMY 6e-

Thlcaq qeJioBeK. 06opoHa TyJihl, TaK

,.u_opore- K MocKBe.

pery peKH BocMhl; B ThiJIY, 3a peKol:t,

JKe KaK H KaJiyrn, 6hiJiaaKTHBHol:t.l13

pacrroJIOJKHJICll pe3epBHhll:t oTpa,.u_,

TyJihl «BhiJia3KH 6hiJIH Ha Bee cTOpo-

He,.u_aneKo oT Kaumphl, Ha peKe BocMe, 5-7 HIOHll rrpoH30lllJIO 6oJib-

COCTOliBIJlHJ:t H3 pll3aHU:eB.

Hhl Ha BCliKHJ:t ,AeHb ITO 1pH)K)J,hl H ITO

Illoe cpiDKeHHe. CooTHollleHHe CHJI

qeThlpe'A<,ll.hl». Oca:JK,LJ,eHHble oT6HJIH

61>mo B IIOJib3Y n:apcKHX BOeBo,.u_. Bol:t-

CpiDKeHHe HaqaJiocb «orHeHHblM 6oeM» H MeJIKHMH CThJqKaMH KOHHH-

cKo BoJIOTHHKOBa HacqHThiBaJIO rrpH-

U:hl. 3aTeM BoJIOTHHKOB BBeJI B cpa-

o6opoHllll TyJiy, ycHJieHHO CTllrHBaJI

MepHo 30 Thlcaq qenoBeK. B cpiDKe-

JKeHHe rrelllHe Bol:tcKa Ka3aKOB. OHM

HHH C o6eHX CTOpOH yqacTBOBaJia

rrpopBaJIHCb B ThiJI IIpOTHBHHKa, rre-

CThliH H3 BOCCTaBillHX pal:toHoB. Ba-

apTHJIJiepHll. [(apCKHe BOl:tCKa Bhl-

pelllJIH BocMY H, 3aHliB II03HU:HH, no-

CHJIHIO IIIyl:tcKoMy Heo,.u_HoKpaTHO

HeCKOJibKO IllTYPMOB. BoJIOTHHKOB, OC~eHHOMY

ropo,.u_y OTpli)J,hl Kpe-

409

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA 'IT06bi BeCTII 60II C OTpH)laMII Kpec-

1609-1611 rr. OCAAA CMOJlEHCKA. KOM8H.D.YIOW,I/IM12-Tb/Cf/Lf-

1608

TbHH 11 XOJIOnOB, nhiTaBllliiMIICH npo-

Hb/M rapHM30HOM CMoneHcKa aoe-

'li1BilliiiiCH B 6010 nO)l ,lJ;o6pbiHII'laMII,

ao.n.a 60>IpMH MMX8//Ifl WeMH CTOMKO

BCKOpe nOCJie 3TOrO Ha3Ha'leHHbiii

npiiXO)JJIJIOCb Bbl,[(emiTb lJ:aCTb BOliCK,

pBaTbCH K TyJie.

fJiaBHbiM BOeBO)lOII ropo)la C ro)la 6bm M. E. illeiiH, OTJIII-

Oca)la TyJihi 3aTHriiBaJiacb. MHo-

1/1 yMeno o6opoHRn KpenocTb, oT6M-

BOeBO)lOII nepe)lOBOrO nOJIKa, a 3a-

ro'IIICJieHHhTe nonhTTKH B35ITb Kpe-

B8>1 npMCTyn 38 npMCTynOM; 18pHM-

TeM nocnaHHhTii B CMoJieHcK. OH

nOCTb lllTYPMOM OKaH'mBaJII1Cb Kpa-

30H 6bln ycMneH 70 TbiCRLf8MM onon-

11MeJI 6oraTbiii 6oeBOII OnhiT, Bhi)le-

XOM. nhmo pellleHo 3aToniiTh TyJiy

LfeHu,ea 1/13 MMpHoro HaceneHM>I.

JlHJlCH ynopCTBOM II HaCTOII'IIIBOCTb10 II yMeJI OKa3hiBaTh MOpaJihHOe

nocpe)lCTBOM 3anpyJlhi Ha peKe Yne. fl poeKT «nOTOnJieHIIH» npe)lJIQ)KIIJI

CMoJieHCK 6hm xopolllo yKpen-

ChiH 6oHpcKIIII l1BaH KpoBKOB. Ilpo-

JieH. KpenocTHaH cTeHa B03BO)liiJiacb

B03)leiiCTBIIe Ha rapHII30H II HaCeJleHIIe ropo)la.

eKT OTJIII'IaJICH CMeJibiM 3aMbiCJIOM.

nO)l pyKOBO)lCTBOM II3BeCTHOrO CTpO-

B nepBoli noJIOBIIHe II10JIH illeiiH

Ilpii Bna)leHIIII B Yny peKII BopoHb-

IITeJIH pyccKIIX KpenocTeli ropo)lo-

nOJlYlJ:IIJl CBe)leHIIH 0 TOM, 'ITO «KO-

eU: 6hTJia COopy)KeHa BbTCOKaH nJIOTII-

Boro MacTepa $e)lopa CaBeJiheBa

Ha, THHYBlllaHCH Ha nOJIKIIJIOMeTpa.

(KoHH) B Te'IeHIIe

K nocTPOIIKe nJIOTIIHhi «II3 IICTPy6oB,

1602 rr.).

Ha6IITbiX 3eMJie10», npiiCTyniiJIII, noBI1)liiMOMy, B CaMOM Ha'laJie aBrycTa,

JieT

(1586-

6oThi no no)lrOTOBKe KpenOCTII K 0-

06rrree npoTH)KeHIIe KpenocTHoli CTeHbl )lOCTIIraeT

6,5

KM, BbiCOTa -

a B )leiiCTBIIe OHa 6biJia BBe)leHa qe-

13-19

pe3 )lBa MecHrra.

)laMeHT 3aJIO)KeH llliipiiHOII )lO

flOJIO)KeHIIe OCa)K)leHHbTX B CB5I3II C Ha'IaBllliiMCH rOJIO)lOM II «nOTOn-

M, llliipiiHa-

II Ha rJiy6IIHY CBhTllle

5-6 M.

«C )lBOpHHCKIIX II )leTeii 6oHpCK11X noMeCTIIII II C BOT'IIIH II C rrepKOBHbiX

4 M, 'ITO ycJIO)K-

lJ,OKOJih 06JIIII!OBaH KpynHhiM 6eJihiM KaMHeM Ha BbiCOTY OT CTeHa IIMeJia

9 Ha)lBopoTHhTX.

KOBa, KOTOpbiii 6hTJI CXBa'IeH, 3aTeM

TIIraJia

1 )lO 3 M.

6allleH, II3 HIIX

BhrcoTa 6allleH JlOC-

BhiCJiaH B KapronOJih 11 qepe3 llleCTh

y ,Il;Henpa-

MecHrreB nocJie na)leHIIH TyJihi Ka3-

IIMeJIIICh )KeJie3Hhre onycKaBllliiecH

HeH.

pellleTKII -

M. B Tpex BopoTax

repchr.

6biJIII ycTpOeHbi «CJIYXII» IIJIII «nO)lCJIYXII» )lJIH CBOeBpeMeHHOrO o6Ha-

CocTaB rapHII30Ha CMoJieHcKa

)laHHbiX: floca)lCKIIX Jl10)leii ....

2500 'IeJlOBeK

,lJ;aTO'IHbiX JI10)leii (KpeCTbHH) ..........

1500 'leJIOBeK

,lJ;BOpHH II )leTeii

900 'IeJIOBeK

CTpeJlhl!OB

500 'IenoBeK 5400 'IeJioBeK

II nyrnKapeU: .......... Bcero .......................

OT 5onxoaa pyccKaR apMM>I no.n. KO-

py)KeHIIH MIIHHbiX pa60T npOTIIBHII-

M8H/l,OB8HMeM BOeBO/l,bl 60>ipMH8

Ka. «CJiyXII» npe)lCTaBJIHJII1 co6oli

Ha OCa)lHY10 ( OKOJIO

)J.MMTPMR WyillcKom nompnena no-

o6JIIIUOBaHHY10 HaKaTHIIKOM TpaH-

BeK) II BbiJia3HY10 ( OKOJIO

pa)f(eHMe OT nOflbCKOilf apMM//1, B CO-

llle10 rey6IIHOII 6oJiee

1 MeTpa

2 M, llliipiiHOII C 'IeTBepTb10. VI3 Ha-

CT8B KOTOpOilf BX0/1,//IflO T8K)f(e 45-Tb/-

OKOJIO

Cf/LfHOe BOMCKO Mf/Te)f(Hb/X K838KOB.

KaTHIIKa COOpy)l{aJICH 11 nOTOJIOK, 3a-

BcKope nocne 3Toro nonRKM

c Ka3a-

CbinaHHbiii 3eMJieti CJlOeM )lO

KaMM CHOB8 pa36Mfll/l apMM/0 BaC//1-

«Cnyxm> ycTpaiiBaJliiCh B

fl//1>1 IV WyillcKom Ha peKe Xo.D.biHKe,

rneH II CTeHhi.

CM.

8 MOT 6a-

1/1 K Bfl8CTI/I npMwen fl)f(e/1,//IM//ITpMilf/1.

K Ha'laJiy oca)lhi nomiKaMI1 CMo-

3a 3TMM nocne.n.oaano aoccTaHMe

neHcKa Ha BOopy)KeHIIH KpenOCTHOII

K838KOB 1/1 KpeCTb>IH H8 BOCTOKe 1/1 H8 101e B no.n..n.ep)f(KY fl)/(e/l,MMMTP//1>1

CTeHhi HaXO)liiJlOCb

170 rryrneK, KOTO-

II.

pbie 6hTJIII ycTaHOBJleHhl B aM6pa3y-

BacMnMiiiiV o6paTMflC>I 38 noMOW,b/0

pax «nO)lOillBeHHOrO 60H», «Cpe)lHe-

K Waeu,MM, noo6ew,aa OT/1.8Tb Kape-

ro 6om>, «Jlpyroro cpe)lHero 6om> II

nM/0.

B «BepxHeM 6010» (Me)K)ly 3y6rraMII cTeHhr). B

'IeJlOBeK,

C niiiiiaJlhMII II C TOnOpbi».

6oHpCKIIX ......... . ....

CHapy)KII KpenocTHoli cTeHhT

1608 r. 6011XOBCKOE CPA>KEHHE. Y.n.epeBH//1 KaMeHK8 B 10 KM

3eMeJlh» ... «C COX II no

K Ha'laJiy oca)lhi BII)leH 113 cJieJly10ll\IIX

M, a $poJIOBCKOII 6alllHII

aBrycTa UJeiiH

¢yH-

10 OKTH6pH TyJia naJia.

eM CB513aH KOHeii KpeCTbHHCKOrO BOC-

18-20

6,5

HHJIO npoTIIBHIIKY MIIHHY10 aTaKy.

CTaHIIH no)l pyKoBOJlCTBOM EoJIOTHII-

6opoHe.

npiiKa3aJI co6IIpaTh )laTO'lHhiX JI10)leli

JieHIIeM» ropO)la CTaJIO KpiiTII'IeCKIIM. C ee na)leHII-

pOJlH 'Ia10T no)l CMoJleHCK K CnacoBY JlHII». Cpa3y )Ke pa3BepHyJIIICh pa-

KpenocTII 6biJIII 3anachr

B0111HA C nOflbWEI1t, 1609-1618 rr.

opyJliiii, py'IHoro orHecTpeJlhHoro

1609 r. CHrH3MYHA Ill 06bSIBJ1SIET BOHHY. npoao3ma-

II npO)lOBOJlbCTBIIe, KOTOporo, O)lHa-

opy)KIIH II 60JihillOe KOJlii'IeCTBO 6oenp11naCOB. Ha CKJia)lax HaXO)liiJIOCh

KO, OKa3aJIOCb He)lOCTaTO'IHO. Y Jly-

CMB, LfTO C8M npeTeH/l,yeT H8 MOC-

XOBeHCTBa II KynrroB 6hTJIO MHoro

KOBCKI/IM TpOH, OH BTOp!C>I B POCC//110.

npOJlYKTOB.

Bech rapHII30H UJeiiH pa3)leJliiJl

TbiCH'l 'leJIO-

3,5

TbiCH-

410 3APO)I()J.EHlt1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEilt1lt1lt1 TAKTlt1Klt1. 1600-1700 rr.

OcaAa CMo/leHcKa aoi'icKOM no/lbCKIIIX 4JeoAa110B B 1609-1610 rr. 'IH qenoBeK) rpyrrrrbT. Oca,o:HaH

pa3 cna6ee HapH,o:a KpenocTH. B

Bo 'ITO 6hi TO HH cTano B35!Th CMo-

rpyrrrra COCTOHJTa H3

CJTO)f{HBllleHCH 06CTaHOBKe He IIpH-

neHCK.

•mcny 6arneH),

38 OTpH,ll,OB (no npnMepHo no 50

XO)..(HJTOCb paCC'-IHTbiB3Tb Ha npeBOC-

KoMaH)..IOBaHHe nOJ1bCKoro solicKa

paTHHKOB B Ka)f{,ll,OH rpynne, nony-

XO)..\CTBO OfHH OC3)..(bl H3)..( OrHeM 060-

npe)f{)J,e BCero npeAnpHHHJ10 nOnbiT-

'IHBrneli ,ll,JTH o6opOHbi 6aiiiHIO II

pOHbi.

KY BHe3arrHo BopBaTbcH B KperrocTb,

rrpHnerarorrnn'l K Heli yqacTOK cTe-

feTM3H )J(oJTKOBCKHH H BbiClllHe

pa3pyiiiHB IIeTap)..(aMH (IIO)..(pbTBHbiMH

Hbl. BhrJTa3HaH rpynna cocTaBHJTa

H3'13JlbHHKH IIOJ1bCKOfO BOHCKa ITO

cHapH,ll,aMH) KoiibiTeQKHe H ABpaaMH-

06IIIHH pe3epB, HMeBlllHH O'-leHb

IIpHKa3aHHIO KOpOJ1H OCMOTpeJTH yK-

eBCKHe BOpOT3.

60JTblllOe 3H3'-leHHe )J,JTH 060p0Hbl

perrneHHH CMoneHcKa. 3aTeM Ha so-

0)1,HaKo IIIeHH cBoeBpeMeHHo rrpe-

CTOJTb o6rnupHoi1 KpenocTH. Pe3eps

eHHOM COBeTe 06Cy)f{)..I3J1H BOnpoc

AYCMOTpeJ1 B03MO)f{HOCTb TaKOH no-

6hm B nonTopa pa3a CHJTbHee oca,ll,-

o crroco6ax OBJ1a)..(eHHH KperrocTbiO.

IlbiTKH CO CTOpOHbl Bpara. Eme )..\0 IIO)J,-

Holi rpyrrrrbr.

HHKTO H3 rrpncyTcTBOBaBIIIHX Ha co-

X0)1,3 rronbcKoro BOHCKa K CMorreHcKy

B xo,ll,e o6opOHbi CMoneHcKa rap-

BeTe He MOr rrpeAJTO)f{HTb KOHKpeT-

rrpOTHB K3)f{)J,biX BOpOT KperrOCTH CO

HH30H IIOIIOJTHHJ1CH H3 HaCeJTeHMH ro-

HbJX peaJTbHblX MeporrpHHTHH, KOTO-

CTOpOHbl IIOJTH 6bJJTH IIOCT3BJTeHbl )..(e-

po,o:a.

pbre o6ecrre'-IHJTH 6br ycrrex B KopoT-

peB5!HHbie cpy6bl, HaiiOJTHeHHble 3eM-

KHH cpoK .

JTeH H KaMHHMH. Me)f{AY cpy6aMH n

CeHTH6pH

1609

rO)J,a J1ffTOB-

CKHH KaHurrep JleB Carrera c He-

PacrrycTHB BOeHHbiH coBeT, reT-

KpeiiOCTHOH CTeHOH OCTaBHJTH J1Hlllb

CKOJ1bKHMH xopyrBHMH KOHHHl.l,bl H

MaH )..(0J10)f{HJT KOpOJ1IO, '-ITO nOJ1bCKOe

He60J1blll0H npOXO)..( K BOpOTaM, no KOTOPOMY Mor rrpotlTn TOJTbKO O,ll,HH

K CMo-

BOHCKO He pacrronaraeT Heo6xo)..(H-

neHcKy, a qepe3 ,ll,Ba ,ll,HH rro.o: cTeHa-

poTaMH nexoTbi rro,ll,ornen

MbiMH cpe,li,CTBaMH JJ:JT5! OBJT3)1,eHHH

'leJTOBeK C JTOIIIa,ll,biO. 3TH cpy6bi npH-

MH ropo,o:a 6hiJTO y)f{e BCe IIOJTbCKOe

MOIIIHOH KpeiiOCTbiO. no3TOMY OH

KpbTBaJTH BOpOTa OT OrH5! OCa,ll,Hb!X 6a-

BOHCKO, HMeBlllee )J,JTH OCa)J,bl BCero

COBeTOBaJT 6JTOKHpOB3Tb ropO,ll,, a C

Tapei1 H JllllllMH IIpOTHBHHKa B03MO)f{-

opy,ll,HH. ApTHJTJ1epHH oca)..IHOro

fJ1aBHblMH CHJ1aMH )..(BHHYTbCH Ha

HOCTH BeCTH Henocpe)..ICTBeHHOe Ha-

BOHCKa OK333J1aCb IIO'lTH B llleCTb

MocKBy. 0AHaKo CnrH3MYHA peiiiHJ1

6JTIO)J,eHHe 3a o6cTaHOBKOH B BOpOTaX.

BOCTO'-IHA~

EBPOnA

411

)J;.mr HO'ffiOrO mrypMa TIOJlbCKOe

K 60JlblliOMY o6rn:eMy IllTYPMY, JJ:JTH

'lerme B xoue 6opb6hr pyccKoro Ha-

KOMaH):IOBaHHe Bbi):IeJUiJIO JIY'llliHe

qero TPe6osaJT pa3sepHyTh MHHHbie

po):la C HHTepBeHTaMH.

KOHHbie xopyrBH H rreXOTHble pOTbl.

pa60Tbl H Ha'laTb CliCTeMaTH'leCKyiO

B pe3yJThTaTe AJIHTeJibHbiX 6oM-

Pa3pymvrTb sopoTa rreTapAaMH B3H-

6oM6apJJ:HpOBKY KperrOCTH C Tpex

6apJJ:vrposoK 6oJTbmaH 'laCTb opyJJ:vrti llOJlbCKOH apTHJIJiepHH Bb!lllJia H3

JIHCb HeMeu, Ba.iiep H mJIHXT11'r Ho-

rryHKTOB co CTOpOHbi CnaccKo.ii ropbi,

BO):IBOpCKHH. OroHb H3 opyAH.ii 11

li3-3a )l,Henpa li CO CTOpOHbl pe'IKH

CTpOll. feTMaH )l{oJIKeBCKHH ,LJ,OKJia-

MYlllKeTOB ):IOJDKeH 6bUI OTBJie'lb BHll-

lfypHJIOBKH.

,[l,blBaJI KOpOJIIO, 'ITO ,!J,Jlll OBJia,LJ,eHHll

MaHlle o6opOHliBlllHXCR OT HaMe'leH-

flo)..!, pyKOBO):ICTBOM )..l,Byx HHOCT-

KpenOCTblO He06XO)..l,HMO HMeTb 60Jib-

HblX K B3pbTBY BOpOT. 06 ycrremHOM

paHHbTX HHJKeHepOB TIOJTliKH H3 lfypvr-

lliOe KOJIH'leCTBO OCa):(HOH apTHJIJie-

BbiTIOJIHeHHH 3a):la'IH MHHepbl 06H-

JTOBCKOrO psa BeJTH MHHHbre ranepevr

pvrvr KpyrrHbiX KaJTH6pOB H MHOrO rre-

3aHbl 6bUIH TIO):IaTb CHrHaJI 3BYKOM

B HeCKOJibKHX HanpaBneHHHX. Bhi-

XOTbl. Hu Toro, HH Apyroro y CvrrH3-

Tpy6, ):(Jill 'lero HM Bbl):leJIHJIH Tpy6a-

liBHB HarrpaBJieHlle no)..l,Kona, o6opo-

MYHAa He 6blno. He,LJ,ocTasano vr

qe.i1. BeqepoM 24 ceHTll6pll

HHBlillleCll pa3BepHyJIH KOHTpMllHHble

,LJ,eHer ,!J,Jlll CO,LJ,epJKaHHll 60JiblllOrO

pa6oThi.

BOiicKa.

1609 ro):la

TIOJlbCKOe BOHCKO paCTIOJIO)KHJIOCb B 6oeBOM IIOpli.JJ:Ke, HMell rJiaBHbie

liHBapll

1610

KIIe

MHeBCKHMH sopoTaMH. ApTHnnepvrH

ITOJlbCKOH ranepeH, ycTaHOBHJTH ITH-

3aJT BhmHcaTh H3 PvrrH xopowero Ma-

H MYWKeTepbl Ha'laJm o6cTPeJ1 Kpe-

ll(aJTb, BCTpeTHJTH rrpOTHBHHKa Or-

CTepa. Ho 3TO He yAanocb, TaK KaK

MvrHepbi c Tpy6a'laMH WJIH K csoHM o6beKTaM B TeMHOTe. HecMOTPll Ha Tll(aTeJihHOe o6ecrre'leHHe vrx ):leti-

):(OKOTiaJIIICb

):(0

)],Jill rrepeJIIIBKII II3HOCIIBIIliiXCll

CHJlbi rrepe.JJ: Koi1biTeliKHMH H ABpaa-

rrocTHOH CTeHbl.

MIIHepbl

ro):(a CMOJieHC-

opyJJ:IIHHbiX CTBOJIOB KOpOJib IIpiiKa-

HeM, a 3aTeM B30pBaJTH ITO):IKOIT.

MaCTep 6biJT y6HT. flepe.JJ:eJTKa opyAHH

MoJKHO nonaraTh, 'ITO 3TO 6biJI nep-

He COCTOHJiaCb.

BhiH IT0):13eMHb!H 6oti .

liHBapH rrpOH30WJTa ITO):( 3eM-

PHre oKa3aJTHCh roTOBhiMH

OCaJlHble opyJlHH KpynHOro KaJTH6pa.

CTBH.ii, TOJlbKO HoBOABopcKOMY yAa-

JieH HOBall BCTpe'Ia C BparoM. CMO-

CIIrn3MYHJJ: rrpiiKa3aJI IIX JJ:OCTaBIITb

nocb rrpo6paThcll K ABpaaMHeBCKHM

JieHCKIIe MIIHepbl Terrepb ycTaHOBII-

TIO peKe )J;BIIHe. 3TH opyJJ:IIll CTaJIII npvr6biBaTb K CMoJTeHcKy JTHWb c

sopoTaM y3KHM rrpoxo):IOM, HH3KO

JTH B ranepee ITOJTKOBYJO ITHll(aJib H

Harn6allcb non nynaMH opynH.ii, Ha-

3apll.lliiJIH ee liJJ:pOM CO CMpa.llHbiM

19 Mall 1610 roJJ:a.

XOAIIBIIliiXCll B TIO):(OlllBeHHOM 6oe.

cocTaBoM (ceJIIITpa, rropox, cepa,

TIOJIHKH B0306HOBIIJ11I OCa):(Hbie pa6o-

MIIHep rrpiiKpeTIHJl rreTapJJ:bi K Bopo-

BO.IlKa II .llpyriie Bell(eCTBa). 3aTeM

Tbl. nhma 3aJioJKeHa napannenh, II

TaM, H B3pb!B Bb!JTOMaJT HX. 0):1HaKO

ITO):IKOIT 6hiJT B30pBaH. 3apOlK)..l,aJTaCb

Ha'laJTOCb C6JTHlKeHHe ITOLlCTynaMH K

Tpy6a'lei1 rrpii IllJlliXTII'le He OKa3a-

TIOJJ:3eMHall XIIMH'lecKall soi1Ha. Oca-

'leThipexyroJibHOH 6alllHe, HaXO):(IIB-

Jl0Cb, II CIIffiaJT ):(Jill IllrypMa He 6bUI

JJ:a CMoneHcKa 3aTHHYJiacb. KperrocTh

IIleHCH BJieBo oT KorrhlTIIHCKIIX BO-

ITO):IaH.

CKOBaJTa KpyrrHbie CHJTbl H cpeJlCTBa

poT. OcaJKAeHHble rroseJTH KOHTpa-

npOTHBHHKa, 'ITO HMeJIO BalKHOe 3Ha-

npomHbJe pa60Tbl H B30pBaJTH 'laCTb

Ha'laJibHHKH rrexoThi H KOHHH-

ToJlbKO

IIJOJill

l.I,hi, Bbi):IeJieHHOH ):IJTH WTypMa, ITOJTaraJTH, 'ITO rreTap):lbi He pa3pywH JTH BOpOTa, TaK KaK 3a B3pb!BOM He ITOCJTe):IOBaJl ycTaHOBJTeHHb!H 3BYK

CMOJIEH CRAJI OEOPOHA 21 C€ HT1l fi pn (1 OJCrRO pil) 1609 r.- 3 (13 ) 500

5(}Q

lHOHJi if) I! r .

~ K p enocTHbl e 6awH u

---........._ K penocTHbJe 6al!JHH c &o p oT aMH

JOQQ M

Y ,.-.penncH Hble narepH nonb-

Tpy6bi. 3aW:IITHIIKII BOpOT 3aJKrJIII

Ha 6alllHe II Ha CTeHe cpaKeJlbi. Oc-

~ ,

sern:eHHbTR rrpOTHBHHK OKa3aJICH

Cf-:11XB 0 i'ICK

WaH ubi c 63Tape~ M H noru•.

CIO!X SO ~ CK

xopollleti ueJihJO .JJ:JIH rrylllKapeti ,

OTKpblBlllHX OrOHb. fl03 TOMY rrexo-

no.uKonbl H r anepe5t noaKon a n OJl bCIOlJI: 60HCK

H a npa sneHHSI WTypMOB n onhC KH X BOA CK

Ta H KOHHHl.I,a, HeCH TIOTepvr, OTCTy-

..........:::

K OHTpar aHH oc a>K.n.eHHWX

IlliJTli OT BOpOT. Ha cneAyiOI.I.\HH ):leHb o6opoHliB-

py CC K HX BOfi CK , 11 ,\,,... Ba w1H1

o6opOHliTeJibHb!X coopyJKeH.HH l1 K ycHJieHHIO oxpaHbi. BopoTa, He Tpe6oBasmHeCll ):IJTR coo6ll(eHHR c BHelliHHM MHpOM, 6hTJTH 3aBaJTeHbl KaMHeM 11 necKOM. Ha cpy6ax APYrHx BOpOT TIOCTaBHJTli naJTHCa):lbl li 3a HHMH paCITOJIOlKHJIH CHJlbHbTe KaceHTH6pH K CMoJieHcKy npH-

I J/ Ill IV V

Cvrm3MYHA

25- 27 ce;-nq6pq 1609 19- 20 HICM! 1610 11 asrycra 16 10

21 H 0>!6 p~ 1610

H JO H H

U Hc!lpaM!1

1611

~a Kapre <J60::! Ha'leHbl

sopora: I llH enpOBCKiiC

2 n a3apeSCKf1 e 3 KpbJnoweac KHe 6 M ~naxoBC KHe 7

6hiJTO HeCKOJTbKO Tb!CH'l 3arropOlKl.I,eB.

III rrpHKa3aJT roTOBHThCH

cre Hh! ,

PHMC IU1M!1 UH qJ p aMH 060JHa'-!eHu llJf)'pMbl n011bC!i.H X DOilCK

4 Aapaa MHeBCKHe 5 E n eH HHCKI1 e

payJihl.

~ y'taC TOK

pa3pyweHHbfe n onbCKOH apTHJl.'"l epue H

IIlHecH rrpvrcTyrrvrnvr K yny'lllleHHJO

8 9 10

Koil bi'TH U KH e nHTHHLIKH e n HT HHUKH e BO.J~H U e Y c n e H CK HH co6op

412 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. no,AcTyna. IIpoTHBHHKY yAaJIOCh

HY npHXOAHJIOCh He o6opoHJITh, a

BeqepoM 2 HIOHJI 1611 ro,Aa qe-

,AOitTH AO nO,AOIIIBhl 6aiiiHH, HO npo-

<}>aKTH'leCKH TOJihKO Ha6JIIO,AaTh 20-

Thlpe 01pJI,Aa IIOJihCKOro BOitCKa 3aHJI-

6HTh 6peiiih OH He cyMeJI, TaK KaK OC-

30-MeTpOBhlit yqacTOK CTeHhl. B Ta-

JIH HCXO,AHhle AJIJI IIIrypMa n03HUHH.

HOBaHHe 6h1JIO CJIOJKeHO H3 TeCaHO-

Koit o6CTaHOBKe He MOrJIO 6h1Th HH-

KaJK,!J,hlit H3 3THX 01pJIAOB cBoeit 'lHC-

ro KaMHJI.

KaKHX pe3epBOB.

JieHHOCThiO npeBOCXO,AHJI 3aiUHTHH-

18 HIOJIJI OCa)J,Hhle opy,AHJI C,AeJia-

IlOJihCKOe KOMaH,AOBaHHe 3HaJIO

KOB CrvtoJieHcKa B HeCKOJihKO pa3.

JIH 6peiiih B 3TOit 6aiiiHe, a Ha pac-

0 COCTOJIHHH rapHH30Ha H BCe JKe

TaK, HanpHMep, B poTax HeMeUKHX

cBeTe 19 HIOJIJI HacrynaBIIIHe Hanpa-

onacanoch Hey,Aa<JHoro IIIrypMa.

JiaHACKHeXTOB HaC'lHThlBaJIOCh AO

BHJIH CIOAa IIITYPMOBYIO KOJIOHHY

ITHIIIh Tor,Aa 61>mo peiiieHo IIIrypMo-

600 'leJIOBeK.

JiaHACKHeXTOB, npoH3BOAJI Ha APY-

BaTh KpenOCTh,

H3MeHHHK-ne-

PoBHO B noJIHO'lh, B TeMHOTe,

rHx yqacTKax ,AetvtoHCTpaUHH. 3a-

pe6eJK'lHK YKa3aJI cna6oe MecTo B

co6JIIOAaJI nOJIHY IO THIIIHHY, OCaJK-

IUHTHHKH CMOJieHCKa ycneiiiHO OT-

3ana,D,HOit 'laCTH KpeiiOCTHOit CTeHhl,

,AaBIIIHe nO,AOIIIJIH K Kpen OCTHOH

pa3HJIH IIITYPM npeBOCXOAJIIUHX CHJI

IIOCTpOeHHOit BO BpeMJI OCeHHHX

cTeHe B paitoHe ABpaaMoBcKoit 3a-

npOTHBHHKa. 24 HIOJIJI Bpar B0306HO-

,AO:W.):\eit. 3,AeCh B CTeHe HaxO,AHJICJI

cTaBh1, npHCTaBHJIH JieCTHHUhl, He-

BHJI IIIrypM, HO pe3yJihTaT 6h1JI TOT

He60JihiiiOit CBOA B OBpare, no KO-

3aMe'leHHh1MH B306paJIHCh Ha CTe-

JKe. HaH6onee ynopHhlM 6h1JI IIITYPM

TOpOMY H3 ropo,Aa CTeKaJIH He'lHC-

HY H Ha'la.JIH pacxo,AHThCJI no HeR,

11 aBryCTa, BO BpeMJI KOTOporo Ha-

TOThl. 0AHH H3 phluapett MaJihTHit-

3aHHMaJI H 6JIH3JieJKaiUHe 6aiiiHH.

crynaBIIIHe noTepJIJIH OKOJIO ThlCJI'lH

cKoro Op,AeHa B3JIJICJI nO,AJIOJKHTh

B 3TO JKe BpeMJI HeMeUKaJI nexoTa

'leJIOBeK (no HX CBe,AeHHJIM), HO

no,A 3TOT CBOA nopox H B30pBaTh

npo6HpaJiach qepe3 6peiiih, npo6H-

OnJITh He HMeJIH HHKaKoro ycnexa.

CTeHy.

TYIO apTHJIJiepHeit Ho 3)l.ech JiaHA-

KO~a

CBhliiie 20 MeCJIUeB CMOJIJIHe

3a nocJie,AHHe AHH OCa)J,hl apTHJI-

MyJKeCTBeHHO o6opOHJIJIH CBOit ro-

JiepHJI npOTHBHHKa CMOrJia npo6HTh

CKHeXTOB BCTpeTHJIH HeCKOJihKO ,AeCJITKOB 3aiUHTHHKOB KpenOCTH BO

po,A. foJIOA H 3nH,AeMHH He MOrJIH

B KpenocTHott CTeHe Bcero OAHY He-

mase c IlleHHhlM. 3aBJI3aJiach nepe-

noKone6aTh HX cToitKOCTH. OcHoB-

6oJihiiiYIO 6peiiih.

cTpeJIKa.

HYIO CHJIY o6opOHh1 COCTaBJIJIJIH no-

0,AHaKO HacrynaBIIIHe He noJiara-

Phluaph MaJihTHitcKoro op,AeHa,

Ca,D,CKOe HaceJieHHe H yKphlBIIIHecJI

JIHCh Ha npOJIOMhl B CTeHe. 0HH pe-

ycJihliiiaB nepec1peJIKY, 3aJKer nopox, no,AJIOJKeHHhlH HM noA CTeHY. B3ph1B

B ropo,Ae KpeCThJIHe OKpeCTHhlX ,Ae-

IIIHJIH IIITYPMOBan Kpenocn c 'leThl-

peBeHh. MHorHe JKe cMoJieHCKHe

pex CTOpOH, BhlHYAHB o6opOHJIBIIIHX-

o6pyiiiHJI 'laCTh CTeHhl. 06pa30Ba.JI-

ABOpJIHe 6h1JIH CTOpOHHHKaMH CO-

CJI pacnhlJIHTh CBOH H 6e3 TOrO

CJI 3Ha'lHTeJihHhlfi npOXO,A, qepe3 KO-

rJiaiiieHHJI C nOJihCKHM KOpOJieM H

He3Ha'lHTeJihHhie CHJihl. Ha cTeHy

TOphiH npoHHK B KpenocTh OTPJIA

opraHH30Bh1BaJIH 3arOBOph1 C UeJihiO

npe,AnonaraJIOCh 3a6pancJI no IIIryp-

Jli>Ba Can ern.

KanHryJIJIUHH.

MOBhlM JieCTHHUaM, KOTOphlX 3aroTO-

fopcTO'lKa 3aiUHTHHKOB CrvtoJieH-

K Ha'la.JIY HIOHJI 1611 ro,Aa B rap-

BHJIH AO 80 IIIryK. JieCTHHUhl 61>IJIH

cKa OKa3hiBaJia repoH<JecKoe conpo-

HH30He CMoJieHcKa ocTaBaJIOCh 200

<<TaKOH IIIHpHHhl, 'lT06h1 nJITh H IIIeCTh

THBJieHHe MHOro'lHCJieHHOMY Bpary,

qeJioBeK, cnoco6Hh1X c paJKaThCJI.

qeJioBeK MorJIH BCXOAHTh PJIAOM,

BOpBaBIIIetvtyCJI B KpenOCTh CO BCeX

3roro KOJIH'leCTBa paTHHKOB 6h1JIO

a,AJIHHOit, KaK CaMhle BhlCOKHe B

cropoH. IIocJieAHHM onopHhiM nyHK-

JIBHO He,AocTaTO'lHO. KaJK,!J,oMy BOH-

necy ,AepeBhJI».

TOM 6h1Jla ropa, Ha KOTOpOH H3XO,AHJICJI co6op. B no,ABaJiax co6opa xpaHHJIHCh 3anach1 nopoxa. )l{HTeJIH CMoJieHcKa, He JKeJiaBIIIHe CAaBaThcJI Bpary, yKphiJIHCh B co6ope, no,AoJKrJIH nopox H Bee norH6JIH. PaHeHoro llieHHa nOJihCKHe naHhl B3JIJIH B nJieH, nO,ABeprJIH nhlTKe, a 3aTeM OTnpaBHJIH B ITHTBy. 3aHJIB CMoJieHcK, CHrn3rvtyHA He nOIIIeJI HaMOCKBy, a, pacnycTHB BOfiCKO, BepHyJicJI B Bapiiiaey. CeHTS16pb 161 0 r. 61ATBA nPIA KJ1YWIAH0 1• 30-Tb/CW-IHBf/ PYCCK8fl apMMfl ,£1MMTPMH WytlicKoro (B coCTBB KOTOpot/i BXO.ll.VlflO 8-Tb/Cf/4HOe 1

B pl!~e poccHi'tCKHX HCTO'lHHKOB yKa3bl-

BaeTCll, 'lTO 6HTBa npH KJiywHHO npoHcxo~H

np~-tK118A n~-t~.~.tan~-t c K:peMHeBbiM 38MKOM. CepeA~-tHa

XVII B.

Jia B HlOHe

1610 ro~a.

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA

413

WB8,D,CKOe BOMCKO), W8,D,Wa!il Ha noMOW,b OCa)I(,D,8HHOMY CMoneHCKy, 6&/fla H80)1(111,D,aHHO aTaKOBaHa 4-Tb/C!i/LfHb/M non&CKII1M KopnycoM ( 3

BOO

KOHHII1KOB, 200 neXOT111HU,8B 1112 MenKOKanll16epHb/8 nyWK111) /8TMaHa CmcjJaHa ){(onKeBCK0/0 111 pa31pOMneHa a nyx 111 npax. nomp!i!B y6111Tbt-

MII1

Tb/C!i/Lf Lf8fl0B8K, /l,MII1Tpll1i71

MacwTa6

Wyi71CKII1i716e)l(an a MocKay. nonyLfii1B

()

12KM

no,D,KpenneHII1!il, CmcjJaH ){(onKeacKII1i71 C 23 Tb/C!i/LfaMII1 COfl,D,aT Bb/CTynll1fl Ha MocKBY. B cepe,D,II1He cne,D,y-

IOw,em m,D,a c,D,anc!il CMoneHCK. 8 OKTH6pH 1610 r. 1 B3SITHE MOCKBbl. non&cKa!il apMII1!il3aHHna MocKBY 111 KpeMn&. 5o!i!pe caepm111 u,ap!il Bac111n111!il WyillcKom.

1610-1611 rr. AllHTEJlbHbiE nEPErOBOPbl. 5o!i!pe 6&1f1111 IOTOBbl 11136paTb Ha pOCCII1MCKII1M

Cpa>KeHI!Ie np111 Knyw111Ho

TpoH Bna,D,II1cnaaa ( c&tHa CII111113MYH,D,a

Ill),

HO nepemaop&t copaanii1Cb,

KOI,D,a CII111113MYH,D,

Ill

cmn HaCTall1-

CTOJibi M JiaBKII.

I1 JIIIIIIb

TOJibKO 3a-

rrpeKJIOHHOH BOJiell:, IIOKa3aJI IIpii op-

aaT&, LfT06&t TPOH HenpeMeHHO ,D,OC-

MeTHT, Y.TO Mbl HaMepeBaeMCH o6pa-

raHM3al(MM OIIOJIY.eHMH M B XO):(e Ca-

TanC!il flii1LfHO eMy.

TIITbCH K 6oro, HeMe):(JieHHO 3aBaJIII-

MIIX 6oeB C IIOJIHKaMII BbiCOKIIe Ka'Je-

1611 r. HAPOAHOE BOCCTAHHE. B MocKae acn&txHyno aoc-

BaiOT YJIIIIJ,y II ITO):( 3aiiJ,IITOH CBOIIX

CTBa IIOJIKOBO):(U:a.

3aropO):(OK CTpeJIHIOT ITO HaC II3 py-

)J,pyriiM Bbi):(aiOIIJ,IIMCH ):(eHTeJieM

CTaHII1e

3aXBaTLfii1KOB.

)f{eH, a JJ:pyrMe, 6yJJ:yY.M B r0TOBHOC-

HapOJJ:HOrO OIIOJIY.eHMH 6biJI KHH3b

npOTII1B

non&CKII1M tapHII130H 6&/fl OCa)I(,D,8H

TM, C KpOBeJib M 3a6opoB, M3 OKOH

)J,MMTpMll: IIo)f{apcKMn, M36paHHbrll:

8 KpeMne . M!i!Te)l(, 803ma8neHH&ti71

6biOT ITO HaC M3 CaMOIIaJIOB, KM):(aiOT

JJ:JIH BOeHHoro pyKoBOJJ:CTBa. IIo-

KH!i/38M no)l(apCKII1M, OX8aTII1fl Ce-

KaMHHMM, JJ:peKOJibeM ... )i{eCTOKO

)f{apcKMH Bbi):(eJIHJICH cpeJJ:M JJ:pyrMX

88p 111 80CTOK CTpaHbl. fl)l(8,ll,II1MII1T-

rropa)f{aJIII Hac II3 rryrrreK co Bcex

BOeBO):( CBOeH 'JeCTHOCTbiO, Herrpii-

II yMep. 1612 r. nOllbCKOE OTCTYnJlEHHE. He 8 c111nax npll1i71TII1 Ha no-

pa3):(eJIHJIMCb Ha

pll1i71

MOW,& OCa)I(,D,8HHOMy 8 KpeMne tap-

cTopoH, II6o, no TecHoTe yniiU:, Mbi

4 MJIM 6 oTpHJJ:OB

MIIpiiMOCTbiO K BparaM II IIOJIKOBO):('IeCKMMM crroco6HOCTHMM. OH 6bTJI

Ka)f{JJ:OMY II3 HaC 6biJIO )f{apKO».

«My)f{ 'lecTeH, KOMY paTHoe ):(eno 3a

BoccTaHMe rroca):(CKMX JIIO):(ell: B

06bi'IaH, KOTOpbiH B TaKOM ):(eJie MC-

HII130Hy, nOflbCKa!il apMII1!il nOKII1Hyna

MocKBe -

MoCK8Y. Ha 1paH111u,ax cnopa,D,II1LfeCKII1

'IeHHbiX ynii'IHbiX 6oeB, IICKycHoro

npOII1CXO,D,II1flll1 CTOflKH088HII1!il. 3a-

IICIIOJib30BaHIIH

OpraHII3aTopbi II pyKoBOJJ:IITeJIII

C88WII18 8 KpeMne non!iiKII1 c,D,anii1Cb

ynii'IHbiX 6oHx II ycTpoll:cTBa 6appii-

6opb6br pyccKoro Hapo):(a 3a HaU:IIO-

111 6btflll1 nOIOfl08HO nepe6111Tbl.

KaJJ:.

HpKIIH rrpiiMep O)f{eCTOapTIIJIJiepiiii

KyceH II KOTOpbiH B M3MeHe He HBIIJICH».

HaJibHyro He3aBIICIIMOCTb MIIHIIH II IIo)f{apcKMH BOlllJIM B MCTOpMro KaK

06 y;nr'IHbiX 6appMKaJJ:HbiX 6mrx

OpraHi113a~iiiH ill

cocTaB HapOAHOrO ononLieHiiiSI MiiiHHHa ill no>KapCKOrO

rroJibCKMH IIIJIHXTM'I MacKeBM'I rrMcan: « PyccKMe cBe3JIM c 6arrreH rro-

KpyrrHeHIIIMe ITOJIJITH'IeCKMe ):(eHTeJIM II IIOJIKOBO):(U:bl. Ha'lano opraHM3aU:MM HapoJJ:HOro OIIOJIY.eHJIH -

neBbie opyJJ:MH M, paCCTaBMB MX ITO ynmJ,aM, o6):(aBaJIM Hac orHeM. Mbr

IJ,eHTpOM C03):(aHMH BCeHapO):(HO-

KMHeMCH Ha HMX C KOIIbHMM, a OHM

ro orron'leHIIH cTaJI HII)f{HIIH HoBro-

MMM -

OCB060):(MTeJibHOH ap-

OTHOCMTCH K CeHTH6pro

1611

ro):(a. OrromeHIIe cocToHJio II3 rroca):(-

TOT'Iac 3aropoJJ:HT ynMU:Y CTOJiaMM,

poJJ: -

KpyrrHbiH ropoJJ: CpeJJ:Hero

CKMX, 3eMCKMX JIIO):(eH, CTOHBIIIMX BO

JiaBKaMM, JJ:pOBaMM; Mbl OTCTYIIMM,

IloBOJI)f{bH. Bo rnaBe HapoJJ:Horo

rJiaBe OCB060):(IITeJibHOrO ):(BII)f{eHHH,

'IT06br BbiMaHMTb MX M3-3a orpaJJ:bi,

orromeHMH cTan Ky3bMa MMHMH-

M M3 KpeCTbHH, ):(BOpHH, CJIY)f{MJibiX

OHM rrpecJie):(yiOT HaC, HeCH B pyKaX

3eMCKMH (rroca):(CKMH) CTapOCTa, «pe-

JIIO):(eH ( CTpeJibU:OB, ropOJJ:OBbiX Ka3a-

MeCTBOM rOBH):(apb», «My)f{ po):(a He

KOB, rryrrrKapell:) II Ka3aKoB. Orrome-

1 ITo 1"\pynrM JICTO'IHJIKaM, rronhcKJic Boli-

cnaBHoro, HO CMbiCJIOM MyJJ:p». Ky3b-

HMe HerrpepblBHO IIOIIOJIHHJIOCb paT-

cKa BOIIIJIJI B MocKBY B ceHTl!6pe, KpeMJih 3a-

Ma MIIHIIH, o6na):(aBrrriill: 6oJibiiiiiM

HbiMM JIIO):(bMM, IIpMCbiJiaeMbiMM M3

opraHM3aTOpCKMM TaJiaHTOM M He-

pa3JIJI'IHbiX pall:oHoB cTpaHbr. B orr on-

Hl!JIJI B OKTl!6pe

1610 rol"(a.

414

3APO>K)J,EHl!1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEil!ll!ll!l TAKTl!1Kl!1. 1600-1700 rr. CTpaTerlll'-leCKIIIiii nnaH eoeHHbiX AeiiicTBIIIiii MIIIHIIIHa Ill no}l{apCKOrO flOJI11T111feCKall nporpaMMa onoJI'IeH11ll, 113JIO>KeHHaH B KOHIIe

1611

ro)..(a B cne1111aJibHOH rpaMOTe, 3aKJIIO'Ianacb

TOM,

'IT06bi

113rHaTb

«nOJibCK11X 11 JI11TOBCK11X» JIIO)..\ell, He np113HaBaTb pyccK11M 11apeM KoponeB111fa Bna)..(11CJiaBa, a TaK>Ke ChTHa Jl>KeA11M11Yp11H

II,

KOToporo noMep-

>K11BaJia He6oJihiiiaH lfaCTh Ka3alfeCTBa, pyccKoro >Ke rocyAapH Bbi6paTb «BceiO 3eMJieiO». Cne)..(oBaTeJibHO, rJiaBHall nOJI11T111feCKall lleJib CB0)..\11JiaCh K 113rHaH1110 11HTepBeHTOB 113 cTpaHbi. nhmo o6pa3oBaHo BpeMeHHOe 3eMCKOe npaB11TeJibCTBO -

«CO-

BeT BCell 3eMJI11», B KOTOpblll BX0)..(11JI11 1136paHH11K11 ye3)..(0B ( «113 BCHK11X 1f11HOB no )..(Ba lfeJIOBeKa») 11 npe)..(CTaB11TeJI11 OnOJI1feH11ll. CTpaTerH'!eCKHH nnaH BO>KAeii OnOJI1feH11ll npeAyCMaTpMBaJI HaHeCeH11e rnaBHoro yAapa no nonHKaM, 3aceBIII11M B MocKBe. 0cBo6o>K)..(eH11IO CTOJI1111bl )..\OJI>KHa 6hTJia npe)..(IIIeCTBOBaTb III11pOKaH nOJillTH'!eCKaH 11 MaTep11aJibHall no)..\rOTOBKa nOXO)..\a. )J,o noxo)..(a B MapTe 113 H11>KHero HoBro-

AMIIITplillt no>KapCKIIIH Ill KyabMa MIIIHIIIH 1feH1111 np11H11MaJI11 ylfaCT11e 11 OTpH-

MO>KHO Clf11TaTh, 'ITO Ka3aKOB, np11CO-

)..\bl BX0)..\11BIII11X B pyCCKOe rocy)..(ap-

e)..\11H11BIII11XCH K OnOJI1feH1110, 6biJIO

CTBO HapO)..(OB (TaTapbi, Map11HIIhl,

2-3

1JYBaiii11 11 AP- ).

IIOB -

Tb1Clllf11 lfeJIOBeK, a CTpeJib-

1 TbiCHlfa '!eJIOBeK.

fJiaBHOll BOeHHOll C11JIOll onoJI1fe-

lf11CJIO KpeCTbliH 11 nOCa)..\CK11X JIIO-

H11ll 6hiJI11 KpeCTbliHe, noca)..(CK11e

)..(ell, COCTaBJiliBIII11X 60Jibiii11HCTBO

JIIO.l-\11 11 xononhi. B Halfane BOeHHO-

ononlfeH11H, He ycTaHOBJieHo. PyKo-

o6ylfeHHoe H)..(pO OnOJI1feH11ll COCTaB-

BOiJ:11TeJI11 onoJI1feH11ll He np116eran11

JlliJI11 CTpeJibllhl, nyiiiKap11 11 Apyr11e

K HaMMY 11HOCTpaHHbiX OTpll)..(OB. Ha

cny>K11Jibie JIIO.l-\11.

npe)..(JIO>KeH11e 0)..\HOrO 11HOCTpaHHOrO

OpraH113a1111H

OnOJI'!eHMH npOB0)..(11JiaCb no np11H1111-

OTPHAa cny>K11Th 3a AeHe>KHYIO nna-

ny nocTOHHHoii apM1111. ohmo BBe)..(e-

TY pyKoBOA11TeJI11 onoJilfeHTIH OTBeT11-

HO )..(eHe>KHOe >KaJIOBaHbe )..(Jill BCeX

JI11: «06opOH11MCll OT nOJibCK11X JIIO-

OnOJilfeHIIeB no lfeTbipeXOKJia)..\HOll

)..\ell caM11 ... 6e3 HaeMHhrx JIIO)..(eii».

C11CTeMe.

Onon'!eH11e pacnonarano KpoMe

OnonlfeHlfecKaH apM11H 11Mena

neXOTbi KOHHbiM11 nOJIKaM11 11 11MeJIO

lfeTKYIO BHYTpeHHIOIO opraH113aii11IO

)..\OCTaTO'IHOe BOopy>KeH11e, B 1faCTHO-

(1faCT11 11 noApa3AeJieH11H). KoMaHA-

CT11, opy.l-\1151 C He06X0)..\11MbiM 3anaCOM

HhTii COCTaB no)..(611paJICll 113 OC060

nopoxa.

Ha)..(e>KHhiX JIIO)..(eii. MHoro 3Hepr1111 11

BhiCOK11e MopanhHhre KalfeCTBa

TPYAa 6hrno ynOTpe6neHo Ha o6ylfe-

HapO)..(HO-OCB060)..(11TeJibHOll apM1111

nne onoJilfeHIIeB.

liBMJI11Cb OCHOBOll CTpO>KaHIIIell B011H-

06TTTall 1f11CJieHHOCTb OnOJilfeHMH He113BeCTHa. flo HeKOTOpbiM )..\aHHbiM,

poAa K HpocnaBJIIO 11113 HpocnaBJIH B

CKOH )..(11CII11nJI11Hbi OnOJI'IeHIIeB, 11X rep0113Ma 11 CTOHKOCT11.

noArOTOBKa HoeropoAa K o6opoHe B

1611 r.

BOCTOLJHA~

EBPOnA

415

KOHI.\e HIOJJH K MocKBe 6hiJJH ocy we-

cTyrriiTh c ueJihiO He naTh B03MO)I(-

poT AO MocKBhi-peKH. fJiaBHhie

CTBneHhi Ba:>KHbie MeporrpHHTHH. Co

HOCTII Xo,nKeBII'lY COeL(TIHIITbCH C IIO-

CIIJihi CTOHJIII y Ap6aTCKIIX sopoT.

wBeL(aMH, 3axBaTHBWHMH HoBropoJJ:

JIHKaMH, HaxoJJ:HBWIIMHCH B MocKBe,

l1 HaCTaHBaBWliMll Ha IIpi13HaHHI1

II pa36IITb IIX IIOp03Hb.

MOCKOBCKIIM uapeM WBeL(CKOrO KOpO-

rnaBHbie CIIJlbi ononqeHIIH, rrpllMep-

rrpiixona onoJI'leHFIH) pacrroJiara-

JleBWTa Kapna <l>HJJHrrna (6paTa ryc-

JIFICb B 3aMOCKBOpe'lbe, B paHOHe

TaBa AJJ:OJlb<Pa), BO)I(L(li OIIOJl'leHIIH

10 TblCH'l 'leJJOBeK, BblCTYIIHJIH H3 RpocnaBJIH n 20 aBrycTa y)l(e CTO-

Ha'lann: MHpHhTe rreperoBophL J1x

HJIH no)], MocKBOH, nperpaL(HB JJ,opo-

BH'l paCIIOJIO)KHJI CBOe BOHCKO, CO-

L(aJlbHOBIIL(HaH IIOJliiTHKa Ha BpeMH

ry rro)l,owenweMy qepe3 neHb soiicKy

CTOHBWee II3 IIOJIHKOB, JliiTOBUeB II

OCJJa6HJJa L(eHCTBliH WBeL(OB, 'ITO

XoL(KeBwm.

pa3JIII'iHbiX HaeMHIIKOB, B TOM 'iiiC-

6biJ10 O'leHb Ba)I(HO L(JlH 6opb6bi C rJJaBHblM IIpOTHBHIIKOM.

IIIOJIH

noxon H3 RpocnaBJIH non MoeKEY 6hiJI 6necTHIUe opraHH30BaH HOT-

2500

Ka3aKoB Tpy6euKoro (3apyu-

KIIH yweJI c qacThiO Ka3aKOB ewe JJ:O

KpbiMCKoro ABOpa. feTMaH XonKe-

Jie HeMeUKIIX, CTaHOM Ha llOKJIOHHOH rope.

OnonqeHIIe, HaXOJJ:IIBweecH no~11

Jill'lancH rropHDKOM II nllCUIIIIJIHHOH.

OKOJJO 'leTbipex MecHUeB B HpocnaBne,

Bnepen11 cJienoBaJI OTPHJJ: Typemma.

He MeHee

pacchmano B pa3Hhie cTopoHhi OTPH-

Ewe AO BbiCTyrrneHIIH rnaBHhiX CIIJI

TOrO, B XO)l,e CpU)I(eHIIH C HIIM B3aii-

JJ:hT, KOTOpbie, L(eHCTBYH COBMeCTHO C

H3 HpocnaBJIH noD: MocKBoii y)l(e cTo-

MOL(eHCTBOBaJJ IIOJlbCKHH OTPHJJ: (3 Tbl-

HaceneHHeM, ocso60)I(JJ:aJJH ropoJJ:a H

HJI rrepeL(OBOH OTpHL( OIIOJI'IeHHH IIOL(

CH'il1 'leJIOBeK ), HaXOJJ:I1BWHHCH B KH-

ycTaHaBJlliBaJlll B HliX aL(MliHHCTpa-

Ha'laJJbCTBOM ,lJ,MIITpiieBa 11 Jlesawe-

raM:-ropoAe II KpeMJie.

UHIO HapOL(HOrO OIIOJl'leHHH. MHHHH

Ba. 3aTeM Tyna )l(e 6biJI IIOCJiaH l1 BTO-

H flO)I(apCKHH IIOCJlaJJH cnermanhHbTH

pOH OTpHn JTorraThT-flO)I(a pCKOrO

OTpHJJ: B ApxaHreJJbCK, 'lT06bi npeJJ:OT-

('lllCJleHHOCTbiO B

700 BCanHllKOB ) .

spaTHTh fOTOBliBWYIOCH IIOIIbiTKY aHr JJH'laH BTopmyThCH Ha pyccKyiO 3eM-

BoilcKo XoAKeBnqa HaC'liiTbiBano

TbTCH'l 'leJIOBeK, KpOMe

Cpa)l(eHHe

asrycTa Ha'laJJOCb

HaCTYIIJieHFieM rrpOTHBHHKa, KOTOpblll nepenpaBHJICH qepe3 MocKBypeKy B03Jie HosoL(eBIIY:hero MOHacTbipH II yTpoM aTaKosan orroJIY:eHTie.

Cpa>KeHIIISI 22 111 24 asrycTa. W-rypM K111Tai1-ropo.Qa 111 ocso6o>K.QeHIIIe KpeMnst

npo6IITbCH c BOHCKOM qepe3 Ap6aT-

OrrOJI'leHlle, rrpii6hiB K MocKBe,

KIIHCKIIe) BOpOTa B KpeMJih, pa3rpO-

K HpocnasniO, rL(e npOJJ:OJJ)I(aJJfl noL(-

paCIIOJlo:lKfiJIOCb BL(OJlb CTeH «DeJIO-

MfiB Ha 3TOM rryTII OTpHL(bl OIIOJI'le-

roTOBKY K peWIITeJlbHOMY IIOXOJJ:y.

ro ropona» -

HIIH.

JJIO qepe3 3TOT OTL(aJleHHbTH IIOpT: MllHIIH II Tio)l(apcKIIH He nosen11 onon'!eHHe ll3 Hl!)I(Hero HoBropo,na cpa3y )l(e Ha MocKBY, a HanpaBHJJHCh

feTMaH XoJJ:KeBH'l pacc'lHThTBaJI CKI1e II Y.epTOJibCKIIe (HbiHe KponoT-

OT lleTpOBCKHX BO-

TioxoL( 113 HH)I(Hero Hosropo,na Ha MocKBY B TO speMH, KOrL(a on on'leHHe eiUe He HMeJIO He06XO,UHMOH 'lllCJieHHOCTII II MaTepllaJlbHhlX cpe,ll,CTB, a RpocnaBJih xoTeJill 3axsaTI1Th Ka3aUKHe OTPHJJ:hi 3apyuKoro H Tpy6euKoro, 6hTJI 6hT npe)I(L(espeMeHHhiM. Tipe6biBaHIIe orronqeHIIH B

Rpo-

cnasne AMO B03MO)I(HOCTb co6paTb CHJibi 11 o6ecrre'lHTb HX seeM Heo6xoJJ:IIMhiM -

rrpOllOBOJlbCTBIIeM, BOOpy-

)l(eHIIeM, nopoxoM II T. n. B 3TO )l(e BpeMH OIIOJI'IeHI1e OCB060L(I1JIO MHOrue ropoJJ:a OT HHTepBeHTOB, 6e3 qero HeB03MO)I(HO 6biJ10 pa3BepHyTh IIIHpOKl!e soeHHhie neiicTBliH.

B Rpo-

cnaBJie 6biJia nposeneHa nonHTH'IecKaH 11 MaTepn:anhHaH nonroTOBKa noxo)l,a K MocKBe. 06paii.\aeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHIIe Bbl6op MOMeHTa L(JIH COBepweHHH IIOXOL(a Ha MocKBy. B KOHUe HIOJIH 6biJ1II IIOJiyqeHbl CBeneHIIH 0 llBll)l(e-

HIIll B MocKBY soilcK HHTepseHTOB TIOL( KOMaHL(OBaHHeM JlHTOBCKOrO reTMaHa XonKeBH'la. MHHHH H Tio)l(apcKHH peiiiHJIII HeMenneHHO Bbl-

C6op Ill nyTb ABIII>KeHIIISI onon'leHIIISI MIIIHHHa 1.1 no>KapCKOrO K MOCKBe B

1612 r.

100KM

416 3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIVIL!l VI TAKTVIKL!l. 1600-1700 rr: Ilocne CT0.11KHOBCH11H rrepeLJ,OBbiX KOHHbiX OTpHLI,OB cpa)I{CHIIC npiiHHJIO BCCbMa O)I{CCTO'iCHHbiH xapaKTep 11 rrpOLI,OJI)f{aJIOCb B TC'iCH11e

qaCOB. IlpOTIIBHIIKY yiJ.aJIOCb He-

CKOJibKO llOTCCHIITb OllOJI'iCHl.l,CB . BeLJ,H 6oli B npeLJ,enax 3eMJIHHoro ropoLJ,a (palioH KponoTKIIHCKoli YJI11llhi 11 Ap6aTa) cpeL1,11 cropeBrn11x yn11I1, Ilo)f{apcK11li rrp11Ka3arr crrelliiiTb KOHHIIl.l,y. Oco6eHHO )l{apKIIli II npoLJ,OJI)I{11TeJ1bRhlli 6oli pa3ropenca Ha neBOM rpnaHre ononqeHIIH, Ra 6epery MocKBhr-peKII, 6JIII3 AneKceeBcKoif 6arnHII. Tpy6el.l,Koli 6e3LJ,eifcTBOBarr. OH 3aLJ,ep)I{IIBan II JTHTb COTCH OITO.Il'iCHl.l,CB, ITOCJiaHHblX eMy Ha ITOMOU\b HaKaHyHe cpa)I{CHllH. Ycnex npoTHBHHKa Ha JleBOM rj)Ji aHre , Ha BlliJ.Y y CTOHBlllllX Ka3aKOB Tpy6euKoro, cTaJI Bbi3 biBaTb B wx pHLI,aX B03MYU\CHHC. IlepBbiMll 6po-

Cprut<eHMe B MocKse Ha nOACTynax K KpeMmo 22 asrycTa 1612 r.

CIIJIIICb Ha JTOMOilib JTHTb COTCH OllOJI'ICHIICB, a 3a HIIMII II HCKOTO-

)I{CHIIH. IloJIHKII, HaXOL(IIBlliiiCCH B

pbiC Ka3a'-lbH oTpHLI,bi. <Dopcwposas

KpeMne, npeLJ,npwHHJlH CH.IlbHYIO

6b1Jl BbiHY)f{LJ,CH CITCliiHO OTBCCTll

peKy, OTIOJI'ICHllhl ll Ka3aKII HaHeC-

BhlJia3KY, HO 6hlJIII OT6IITbl C 60Jib-

CBOII TIOTperraHHbie BOHCKa 3a peKy,

JIII rpnaHrOBbiH yLJ,ap, 'ITO OKa3aJIO

lliiiMII rroTepHMII . B

Ha Bopo6beBbi ropbr.

3Hal!IITCJ1bHOe BJIIIHHIIC Ha XOL( Cpa-

O)I{CCT O'ICHHOrO Cpa)I{CHIIH OIIO.Il'Ie-

pe3yJibTaTe

Hne o,IJ,ep)l{aJio rro6eLJ,y. XoLJ,KeBH'I

HO'Ih c

aBrycm XoLJ,-

KeBH'-IY y ,IJ,a.llOCb npll ITOMOU\ll OLJ,HOro H3MeHHIIKa rrepe6pocnTh LJ,o

600

l!eJioBeK B KpeMJib L(JIH ycnneHHH ITO.IlbCKOrO rapHH30Ha.

asryCTa BOHCKO XOAKCBH'-la

3aHH.IlO )l,oHcKoti MoHaCTbrpb.

B 3 TOT

)f{C )J,CHb 6biJla OT6HTa Bbi.Ila3Ka npoT llBHHKa H3 Kwmti-ropona.

24 asry-

CTa npOH30lll.llO BTOpOe 60./lbliiOC cpa)l{eHHe. B CBH3H c 3aHHTHeM )J;oRcKoro MOHaCTblpH 3Hal!IITCJibHaH qacTh orrowrenna rreperrpammacb Ha rrpaBbiJi: 6eper MocKBhr-peK11- B 3aM OCKBope'Ibe. YTpOM XoLJ,KeBwr 113 )J;OHCKOrO MOHaCTbipH JTOBCJI CBOe BOHCKO B 3aMOCKBOpe<lbe, r ,JJ,e II pa3BepHyJIOCb cpa)I{CHIIC. IJOC.Ile llHTIIqacOBOfO 60H OTpHLI,bi OJTOJiqeHl.l,CB Haqa.llll OTXOAIITb. Ka3aKI1 Tpy6euKoro TaK)I{C 6biJIII llOTCCHCHbl. IJpOTIIBHIIK 3aHH.Il r opOACKIIC Ba.llbl II pBbl. O LJ,HH ero oTpHLI,, oTopBaBlli11Cb OT r n aBHbiX CII.Il, 3aXBaTIIJI KneMeHTOBCKHH

OCTpO)I{CK, paCITO.JlO)I{CHHbrH B

rny6nne 3 aMOCKBOpellbH, HO BCKOpe CTpeM11TeJibHOH KOHTpaTaKOH 6biJI Bbi6HT 113 OCTpO)f{Ka, TIOHeCH rrp11 3 TOM 60./lblllllC ITOTCpll. lifCTO'-IHllKll nt~cToneT

c KpeMHeBbiM 3aMKOM. PocCMSI. XVII B.

C00611\aiOT, '-ITO BO B351TI1ll OCTpO)f{Ka

BOCT0'-1 HA~ EBPOnA OTTOJl'-leHU,aMM y'-laCTBOBaJlO rpa)I{)J,aHCKOe HaceneHHe. Pa3rpOMOM OTpH)J,a rrpOTIIBHHKa B OCTpO)J{l{e 33KOH'IMJlCH rrepBhlH ::JTarr cpa)J(ernur. :VbiTepBeHTbi, 3aXB3Tl1B He3H3'li:lTeJlbHY!O reppHTOpH!O 3aMOCKBOpe'lbH, He MOrJIM pa3BI1Tb ycnexa 11 6hiJl11 ocTaHoBneHbT pyccKMMI1, 3aHHBlllMMII HOBble TT03III(llll. B 3TO BpeMH MIIIDTH H ITo)J(apcKrrll: rrpoii3BeJlii rrepeMeiiJ,eHHe CBOIIX CMJl, COCpe)J,OTO'lMB CMJlbHbiH ynapHbiH KyJlaK B CeBepHOH 'laCTI1 3aMOCKBOpe'lbH.. Bo)J(nM OnOJI'leHMH. TaK)J(e pacrronaranw cBe)f{lfMlf, He 6bTBllliTMH B cpa)J(eHllll clTJlaMH (pe3epB).

BTopoi1 3Tan cpa)J(eHHH Ha'laJlcH pellliiTeJTbHOH KOHTpaTaKOH orrowremur. CIIrHaJT K o6mell: KOHTpaTaKe rroAaJT MIIHIIH. OH BO rnaBe Tpex coTeH nepenpaBMJICH 'lepe3 peKy M HaHec ycnernHbiH ynap no <j>JlaHry Boi1cKa XonKeBH'la: onHoBpeMeHHo c 3TIIM rrexoTa Ha'lana 6biCTpoe rrpO)J,BII)J(eHIIe Brrepe)J,, TeCHH rrpOTIIBHIIKa ITO BCeMy <l>poHTy. BcKope B neno BCTynwna KOHHI11.1a, noBepwaH pa3rpOM npOTHBHIIKa. 3a 22 II 24 aBryCTa rrpOTIIBHI1K TTOTepHJI 60Jibllle IIOJIOBIIHbi BOHCKa II o6o3 (400 Bo3oB). «nonHKII no-

417 HeCJl11 TaKytO 3H3'li1TeJlbHYIO TTOTep!O, - rriican o rro6e)J,e orrowreHIIH rroJTbCKIIH IICTopiiK XVI I BeKa Ko6ep)J(HU:KIIH,- 'ITO ee HII'leM HeJib3H 6biJIO B03HarpanHTb. Koneco OPTYHbi nOBepHyJIOCb, M Hane)l(na oBnaneTh u,enhiM MocKOBCKMM rocyAapcTBOM pyrniinach HeB03BpaTHO» . TaKoBo rroJIIITH'lecKoe II cTpaTerii'lecKoe 3Ha'leHIIe pa3rpoMa noJIHKOB non MocKBOi1:. 22 OKTH6pH 1612 rona pyccKHe BOMCKa rnTypMOM B3HJIM KHTai1-ropon, a 'lepe3 HeCKOJlbKO )J,HeH TTOJIHKII c)J,aJIII KpeMJib. Eopb6a pyccKoro HapoAa rrpoTIIB MHTepBeHTOB 33KOH'lliJiaCb 6JieCTHIIJ,eH rro6eAOH, OAep)f{aHHoll: non: MocKBOH HaponHo-ocBo6on:wreJlbHOi1 apMnell: IIOA p)'KOBOD:CTBOM MIIHIIHa II Ilo)l(apcKoro. HaponHo-ocBo6oniiTeJTbHaH Boihra Benacb c llHTepBeHTaMM, a TaK)I(e C 11X TTOC06HHKaMI1 60HpaMM-II3MeHHIIK3MM, KOTOpbie C opy)[{MeM B pyKaX BhlCTynaJIII Ha CTOpOHe IIpOTIIBHHKa IIpOTHB HaponHbiX Mace.

WBEJJ.CKAR H nOflbCKAR BOHHbl, 1613-1667 rr. 1613-1645 rr. U,APCTBOBAHit1E Mlt1XAII1J1A POMAHOBA. 3TOT cna6bll1 npaBI!ITeflb RBI!IflCR OCHOB8TeneM aenwmiltweilt ,JJ,I!IHacTI!II!I a I!ICTOpl!ll!l Poccl!ll!l. PyccKo-wse~cKa!il soifHa,

1613-1617rr. 1613 r. HOBrOPOACKit1H noXOA. MocKaa nocnana aoiltcKa K 3a HRTOMY wae,JJ,aMI!I Hoaropo,JJ,y. Wae ,JJ,bl nepexaaTI!Ifll!ll!l Halonoay pa36111nl!l PYCCKI!IM :3KCne,JJ,I!ILJ,I!IOHHbiM KOpnyc.

1614 r. BT0P)f(EHII1E B MOCKOBII110. /ycma II A,JJ,onbC/J nepeHec BOeHHble ,JJ,eMCTBI!IR Ha Teppi!ITOpi!IIO u,apCTBa MocKOBCK0/0. ncKOB MOLLJ,HeiltwaR pyCCK8R nOip8HI!I'IH8R KpenocTb - ceMb MecRu,ea ycnewHO COnpOTI!IBflflflCR WBe,JJ,CKOM OCa,JJ,e, 111 lycTaB II A,JJ,onbc/J OTCTyn111n B W aeU,/1110. nocKOflbKY MOCKB8 0)1(1!1,JJ,ana nonbcKo/o BTOp)J(eHI!IR, a lye-

Cpa>KeHIIIe B MocKBe Ha noAcrynax K KpeMJIIO 24 asrycTa 1612 r.

TaB If A,JJ,onbc/J IOTOBI!Ifl H8na,JJ,eHI!Ie H8

BOCTOYHA~

EBPOnA

419 TaK)f{e HH03eMIJ:hi, rrepeceJIHBrnrrecH B pa3Hoe speMa Ha Pycb, HO 11x 'lHCJieHHOCTh 6hiJia He3Ha'fHTeJibHOH.

B AaJibHeJI:rneM

rrpaBHTeJibCTBO rro-

CTeneHHo rrepelliJIO K KOMTTJieKTOBaHHIO IIOJIKOB HOB OrO CTpOH, rJiaBHbiM o6pa30M rryTeM rrpHHYAHTeJibHOrO Ha6opa AaTO'fHbiX JIIOAeH ( COJIAaTCKHe IIOJIKH) H rrpHHYAHTeJihHOH 3al1HCH MeJIKOTTOMeCTHbiX H 6eCITOMeCTHbiX ABOpHH H ):leTeH 6oHpCKHX (peilTapcKaH cJiy)f{6a ). 0l}lM1lepcKHi1 COCTaB TTOJIKOB KaK HOBOrO, TaK ll CTaporo CTpOa ( CTpeJibl10B, ropOAOBblX Ka3aKOB) KOMIIJieKTOBaJICH ll3 ABOpHH. PeilTapbl 3a csoiO cJiy)l{6y noJiy'faJIH ;r:(eHe)f{HOe )f{aJTOBaHbe, a MHOrHe H3 HHX H TTOMeCThH. noMeCTHble pei1.T apbi npHpaBHHBaJIHCb K ropO;r:(OBbiM ;o:sopHHaM. B

MHpHoe speMH OHM

)I{HJIH B CBOHX ITOMeCTbHX, HO o6a3aHbl 6b!JIH rrpHMepHO Ha OAMH MeC5lll B rOAY C06MpaTbCH AJIH paTHOro o6yL\t!DKOBI>

'feHHH B o6JiaCTHbre ropoAa ( o6h!'fHo

1103 HH8

oceHbiO nocJie y6opKH xJie6a). Boopy)f{eHne pei1Tapos, KaK n scex IIIHDO>KCt<HR

APY-

rux KaTeropMH BOHCK HOBOrO CTpOH,

MnHaCTbtPb """"'-"ll\1:~1

CTJJOrO perJiaMeHTHpOBaJIOCb H BbJAaBaJIOCb rocyAapcTBOM. PeilTap HMeJI Ha BOopy)f{eHHH Kapa6HH, ABa TTHCTOJieTa, umary H JiaTbL CpeAH pei1Tapos 6hlJIH 3CKa;o:pOHbi H ;r:(a)f{e TTOJIKH KOITeHlllllKOB, BOOpy)l{eHHbiX KOllbHMJl H llHCTOJieTaMJI. 0

rycapax AOlliJIO Ma.JIO CBe):le-

HHH. Ha soopy)l{eHHH OHM MMemi 060pOH3 ncKOB3 B

KOITbe M ABa IlHCTOJieTa. 0rJIM'laJIMCb

1615 1".

rycapbl OT KOnefuuHKOB CBOMM BOOpy)l{eHHeM: MeHblllHMH pa3MepaMH H 6oecnoco6H)'JO apMHTO.

MffpHoe

cTe co CTpe.!Thl1aMH B 60-

80- x ro;o:ax

KOIIHH (KOIIeH1lbi) H JiaTaMH. fycapbi

BpeMH CT{JeJThU:bJ COBMell.(aJUI BOeH-

XVII

cToJieTHH CTaJIH caMoJI: MHOro-

COCTaBJIHJIH KOHHHU:Y 6oJiee JierKO-

H)'JO CJiy)f{6y C MeJIKOH TOprOBJieH H

'fHCJieHHoJI: H OCHOBHOH BOeHHOH CH-

ro THlla. ,lJ,paryHhi KOMITJieKTOBaJIHCb

npOMbJCJiaMH, TaK KaK TTOJiy<raJIH He-

JIOH.

CHa'faJia TaK)f{e H3 BOJibHbiX JIIO):IeH,

):\OCTaTO'lHOe XJie6HOe H ):\eHe)I{HOe

PaTHbie JIIOAM rroJIKOB HOBoro

a II03)1{e ll3 KpeCTbHH (AaTO'lHbie

)f{aJIOBaHbe. OHM 6blJ111 TeCHO csa3a-

CTpOH IIOApa3AeJIHJIHCb Ha peihapOB,

JIIOAH), BO BpeMH CJiy)l{6bl IIOJiy'la-

Hhi C IIOCaACKHM HaCeJieHHeM 11 IIpH-

rycap, AparyH (B KOHHM1le) 11 Ha COJI-

JIH JIOllla):leM, opy)I{He, KOpMOBOe )l{a-

HHMaJIH yqaCTHe B ropOACKHX BOJIHe-

):IaT (s rrexoTe). BHa'faJie soH:cKa Ho-

JIOBaHhe (KopMOBhre AparyHhr) , cJiy-

soro CTpOH Ha6MpaJIHCb M3 «06e):I-

)I{HJIH 06bl'lHO JieTOM, aHa 3MMY pacrrycKaJIHCb AOMOJI:. Ha AparyHcKyiO

HHH:X

XVII seKa. XVII seKa, npHu:ape

HeBlllHX ):leTeH 6oHpCKHX», a TaK)f{e

MHxmme <DeAoposTT'le, 6hJJIH Ha'fa-

B 30-x

H 3 ):leTeH, 6paTheB H IIJieMHHHHKOB

cJiy)f{6y 3arrHChiBaJIHCh u:eJihre rroce-

Thi soeHHh!e pel)lopMbi c u:eJibiO yse-

CTpeJibl10B, Ka3aKOB 11 BCHKHX BOJib-

JieHHH (noceJieHHbie AparyHhi). TaKHe BOeHHble ITOCeJieHHH 6biJIH Ha

roAax

JIM'lMTh JIOCT05lHH.ble BOeHHble CHJibl

HblX «OXO'lMX» JIIOAeil. B H11X 3a'l11C-

rocyAapcTsa l1 YJIY'llllHTb oprann3a-

JIHJI11Cb «OXO'l11e» JIIOA11 He TOJibKO

rpaHl1llax co illBel1Hei1. B MHpHoe

U:11IO M 6oeByiO JIOArOTOBKy BOHCK.

pyccKoro HapoAa, HO 11 Apyr11x Ha-

BpeMH AparyHhl 11pOXOAHJIM o6yqe-

B pe3y.!ThTaTe pel)lopM 6hJJIH C03AaHhr

POAOB, BXOAHBllJHX B COCTaB pyccKO-

HHe. OHM HMeJIH Ha soopy)f{eHHH o6-

BOHCKa HOBOrO CTJJOH, KOTOpble BMe-

ro rocyAapcTsa; CJIY)KHJIH B rroJIKax

Jier'feHHhlH MyrnKeT HJIH Kapa6HH H

420 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. nmary. KpoMe Toro, 6bi.JlH H Apary-

nHCaHhl). EcJIH coJI,AaT norH6aJI HJIH

yTsep:w-,AaJIH HeKOTOphle ,AopesoJiro-

Hhl-Koneliill.IHKH.

noJiyqaJI yseqhe, TO Ha ero Mecm no-

[(HOHHhle BOeHHhle HCTOpHKH.

CoJI,AaTJ>I (nernee soliicKo) Ha6H-

ChlJiaJIHCI> ero ,AeTH HJIH poACTBeH-

lJHCJieHHOCTI> pyccKHX BOJ!iCK

paJIHCI> rJiaBHhlM o6pa30M H3 ,AaToq-

HHKH HJIH ,Apyme KpeCTI>liHe, npH-

HhlX JIIO,Ael!i Ha nOCTO.siHHYIO (nmKH3-

f'O,AHhle K cJiy:>K6e. BhlJIH H coJI,AaT-

HOBOfO CTpOSI 6h1Jia B 1632 fOAY OKOJIO 9 ThlC.sJ:q 500 qeJIOBeK (5 HJIH

HeHHYIO) CJiy:>K6y OT Tpex 6paTJ>eB

CKHe

no OAHOMY H oT qeThlpex- no ABa

rocy,AapcTBa.

nHcy HJIH 6ep,Ahllll. 3amHTHh1M soo-

1663 fOAY- 77 Thl1681 fOAY- 90 ThlCJiq qeJioBeK, B TOM qHcJie 33 nelllHX COJI,AaTCKHX nOJIKa (61 ThlC.sJ:qa qeJIOBeK) H 25 nOJIKOB KOHHhlX (29 TI>ICJiq qeJIOBeK); CTpeJIJ>[(OB B 1681 fOAY HacqHThlBaJIOCI> 6oJiee 20 Tbi-

rHM ropo,AaM B Ka3eHHh1X AOMax H

py:>KeHHeM HM cJiy:>KHJIH JiaThl. CTa.p-

C.sJ:q qeJioBeK.

oco6biX cJio6o,Aax, Ha3h1BaBrnHXC.si

rnHe o<PH[(ephl 6h1JIH soopy:>KeHhl

COJI,AaTCKHMH. 3a COJI,AaTaMH COXpa-

npoTa3aHaMH (IIJIOCKOe KOnJ>e Ha

HliJIHCb HX 3eMeJIJ>Hhle Ha,AeJibl ,AJI.si

AJIHHHOM ,ApesKe), a MJia,AlllHe-

cJiq qeJIOBeK (KpOMe Ka3aKOB AOHC-

co,Aep:>KaHH.si ceMelii. CoJI,AaTcKoe

aJie6ap,AaJ~;tH. IIpoTa3aHJ>I yKparna-

KHX, TepcKHX, .siH[(KHX H npoqHx). K

BOJ!iCKO qaCTI>IO 6h1JIO nOCTO.siHHhlM,

JIHCI> cepe6poM, 6h1JIH npeKpacHo

HaqaJiy [(apcTBOBaHHSI IleTpa I noJI-

qacTbiO :>Ke Ha6HpaJIOCI> Ha BpeM.si

OT,AeJiaHhl H CTOHJIH oqeHJ> ,AOporo.

KH HOBOfO CTpO.si COCTaBJI.siJIH 60JII>-

BOJ!iHhl. 0,AHaKO COJI,AaTbi, pacnyc-

B coJI,AaTCKHX noJIKax 6bi.Jlo no He-

llle IIOJIOBHHhl BCero BOJ!iCKa. lJHCJieHHOCTb ABOp.siHCKOJ!i noMeCTHOJ!i

HJIH :>Ke C BO~HH H noMeCTHJ!i- CO

100 KpeCTI>liHCKHX ABOpOB

noceJieHH.si

rpaHH[(ax

CoJI,AaTCKHe noJIKH cocTO.siJIH H3

no O,AHO-

MYlllKeTepos H nHKHHepos. MyrnKe-

MY coJI,Aary. CoJI,AaThl HaxOAHJIHCI>

Tep HMeJI Ha soopyA<eHHH MYlllKeT H

Ha nOJIHOM rocy,AapCTBeHHOM o6ec-

rnnary, a nHKHHep- MyrnKeT H

neqeHHH, :>KHJIH B MocKBe H no APY-

nOJIKOB), B

C.sJ:q qeJIOBeK, B

Bc.s~ apMHSI, no ,AaHHhlM ro,Aa, HacqHThlBaJia 6oJiee

1681 180 Thl-

KaBlllHeC.si B MHpHoe BpeJI;t.si no ,AO-

CKOJII>KY qeJIOBeK, BOopy:>KeHHhlX

MaM, o6SI3aHh1 6h1JIH no nepBOMY

rpaHaTaMH. 06MyHAHpOBaHHe COJI-

KOHHH[(hl C BBe,AeHHeM BOJ!iCK HOBO-

30BY .siBJiliThCli Ha BOeHHYIO CJiy:>K6y

,AaT HMeJIO o6J>JqHhllii pyccKHJ!i IIO-

ro cTpo.si CHJII>HO na,AaeT. Bo smpoM

B CBOH nOJIKH (K KOTOpbiM 6J>mH npH-

Kpol!i, a OTHIO,Ab He HH03eMHhllii, KaK

KphlMCKOM IIOXO,Ae

nl1croneTbl c K:peMHeBbiMI138MK3MI1. POCCI1H, XVII B.

1689

fO,Aa noJI-

BOCTO~ HAs:l

EBPOnA

421

KM HOBOfO CTpO.ll HacqMThiB3JIM 6oJiee 78 ThlC.lJ:q qeJioBeK, a nOJIKM CTaporo CTpO.ll- 17 ThlC.lJ:q qeJIOBeK, M3 BCero COCTaBa ,ABOp.llH M ,geTeit 6o.llpCKMX qMcJIMJIOCh ,go 8 Thlc.llq qeJIOBeK. IloJIKM HOB0£'0 CTpO.ll COCTO.llJIM M3 pyccKMX JIIO,Aeit, <xj:muepCKMH COCTaB TaJOKe KOMnJieKTOBaJIC.ll M3 pyccKMX. MHOCTPaHUhi, B oco6eHHOCTM M3 JIMBOHMM, CJI)')KMJIM B pyccKMX BOHCKax, HeKOTOphle M3 HMX KOMaH,AOBaJIM ,Aa:JKe nOJIK31YIM, HO B 06IUeM qi{CJIO MH03eMUeB B pyccKMX BOHCKax 6hlJIO oqeHh He6oJihiiiMM. TaK, nocJie 6oph6hi C nOJihCKOH MHTepBeHUMeit B 1617 ro,gy MH03eMues «cTaporo Bhle3,Aa» HacqMThlBaJIOCh 137 qeJioBeK. B AaJihHeitiiieM MX 6hlJIO HeCKOJihKO 60Jihiiie, HO OHM HMKOIJI.a He MCqMCJI.llJIMCh ThlC.lJ:qaMM. HeKoTophle cJiy:>KMJihle

noconbCTBO Bbi60pHbiX OT BceX COcnOBH~ SIBnSieTCSI B KOCTpOMCKO~

JIIO,AM, qi{CJIMBIIIMeC.ll KaK MH03eMUhl,

lt1naTbeBCKH~ MOH3CTblpb OT 3eMCKOrO co6opa H H3Bel1\3eT MHX3Hna

y:>Ke no MHory JieT JKMJIM Ha PycM, o6-

<l>eAopoaH-.a PoMaHoaa o6 Ha6paHHH ero Ha ~.tapCTao. CTapHHHoe H306pa>KeHHe H3 <<KHHrH 06 H36paHHH H3 1(3pCTBO 1(3pSI MHX3Hna»

3aBeJIMCh noMeCTh.llMM, M CJiy-'.tK6a MX B BOHCKax perJiaMeHTMpOBaJiaCh o6IUMMM, pacnpOCTPaHeHHhlMM Ha BCIO

_geitCTBM.ll BeJIMCh no ycMOTpeHMIO ca-

Teparypy M B CBOeM «YCTaBe» OCBe-

apMHIO nOJIO:>KeHM.llMM.

M OrO BOeBO,Ahl, OH TOJihKO 6hlJI 06.ll-

TMTh B3fJill,Ahl no HeKOTOphlM BOeH-

XVII BeKe

3aH KaK MOJKHO qame ,AOHOCMTh 0 XO-

HhlM sonpocru.t, Haxo,gMBIIIMe pacnpo-

B CB.ll3M c OTMeHoit

MeCTHMqecTBa (1682 r.) 61>m0 yJiyq-

_ge MX rocy,gap10.

cTpaHeHMe BO ~paHUMM, foJIJiaH,AMM,

C 3TO-

BoitcKa HOBoro cTpoH OTJIMqa-

ro BpeMeHM BOeBOAhl CTaJIM CJIY:>KMTh

JIMCh OT CTapol!i noMeCTHOJ:t BOeHHOH

«YcTas» 0HMCMMa MMxaitJioBa

«6e3 MeCT»: He no pO,AOCJIOBHOMY

CMCTeMhl Jiyqiiiel:t opraHM3aUMeit,

COCTaBJilleT UeJihlH 3Tan B pa3BMTMM

IIIeHO ynpasJieHMe BOHCK31YIM.

McnaHMM M fepMaHMM.

CTapiiiHHCTBy, a no yKa3aHMIO rocy-

AMCUMnJIMHOit,BOOpy:>KeHMeM.BoJiee

pyccKOH BOeHHO-TeopeTnqecKOJ:t

_gapel!i. BhlJia TaJOKe yJiyqiiieHa opra-

TOro, qaCTh nOJIKOB HOB0£'0 CTpO.ll

MhiCJIM. B ocHoBe ero Jie:>KMT 6oesol!l

HM3aUM.ll soitcK. BhlciiieH opraHM3a-

(cOJI,AaTCKMe nOJIKH) H3XO,AMJiaCh Ha

OnhlT pyccKOJ:t apMHM.

UMOHHOH e,AMHMUeit .llBJI.llJIC.ll nOJIK.

nOCTO.llHHOJ:t CJI)')K6e, TO eCTh .llBJI.ll-

qMCJieHHOCTh nOJIKa,AOCTMraJia 1 Thl-

JiaCh, HapHAY co CTPeJihUaMM, nocTo-

C.lJ:qM - 1 ThiC.lJ:qM 500qeJIOBeK. IloJIK

llHHhlM BOHCKOM.

no,gpa3AeJI.llJIC.ll Ha pOThl. BhlJIM ynopH,goqeHhi o<PMuepCKMe (nOJIKOB-

Pa3BHTHe aoeHHO-

HMK, no_gnOJIKOBHMK,KanMTaH,nopy-

TeopeTHI.feCKOH MbiCnH

qi{K, npanopiUHK) M reHepaJihCKMe qi{Hhl. ,[{eJieHMe BCeX BOHCK Ha noJIKM -

XVII BeKe pyccKaH soeHHO-Te-

nepe,gosol!l, 6oJihiiiOI!i, Jiesoit M

opeTMqecKaH MhlCJih npo,goJI:>KaeT

npasol!l pyKM M T. ,g.- 61>mo ynpaSA-

csoe,gaJihHel:tiiieepasBMTMe. B 1607-

HeHo. IIocJieAHMit pas 3TO ,geJieHMe

1621 ro,gax 0HMCMM MMxal:tJioB Ha-

ynoMMHaeTC.ll B 1629 ro,gy.

nMcaJI «YCTaB paTHhlX, nyiiieqHhlX M

fJiaBHhlH BOeBO,Aa, MJIM reHepaJI

,gpymx AeJI, KaCaiOIUMXCll ,go BOMH-

(c 70-x ro,gos), pacnoJiaraJI oqeHh

cKol:t HayKM». AsTop 3Toit 3aMeqa-

6oJihiiiMMM npasaMM. OH noJiyqaJI oT

TeJihHOl:t KHMrM 6hlJI IIIHpOKO o6pa30-

rocy,gap.ll HaKa3, B KOTopoM 6 hlJI o yKa-

BaHHhlM qeJioBeKOM M MMeJI 60JihiiiOJ:t

3aHO, 3a qro Be,AeTC.ll BOHHa, KaK no-

6oesol:t onhlT. OH xopoiiio 3HaJI so-

crynaTh C JKMTeJI.llMM npOTMBHOH CTO-

eHHoe ,AeJIO M BOeHHYIO TeXHMKY, B qa-

pOHhl, onpe,geJIHJIOCh MecTo c6opa

CTHOCTM apTHJIJiepHitCKYIO, KpOMe

BOHCKa M KOJIMqecTBO neXOThl, KOH-

TOro, 3H3Jl HeCKOJihKO MHOCTpaHHhlX

HMUhl M apTHJIJiepHH, Ha1vteqaJIC.ll npH-

ll3hlKOB, qm ,gaJio eMy B03MOJKHOCTh

MepHhlH nJiaH noxo,ga. BoeHHhle :>Ke

M3yqnTh BOeHHYIO MHOCTpaHHYIO JIM-

424

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. KaenHlteKolt BOeHHolt ~JIOTHJIHH.

Kopa6nb «Open»

B 1668

ro,.qy 6J>IJI errymeH Ha Bo,.qy

BMeeTe e ,.qpyrHMH KOpa6JIJIMH 60JIJ>liiOlt BOeHHhllt KOpa6Jih «Open», rrpe,.qHa3HaqeHHhllt,LJ.JIJI KaerrHlteKoro MopJI. Ha Kopa6Jie «Open» 6hlJIH HanHeaHhi «ilHeJ>MaKopa6enJ>HOrO e1p011», HJIH «ApTHKYJihHJ>I e eTaTJ>H», JIBJIJIBliiHeeJI rrepBI>IM H3BeeTHhlM HaM BOeHHOMOpeKHM yeTaBOM.

B yeTaBe, eoeTo34 eTaTelt,

JIBrneM H3 BBe,.qeHHJI H

YKa3hlBaJIHeJ> oeHOBHhle rrpaBHJia KOpa6enhHOlt eJIY:>K6hl (rrpasa H o6JI3aHHOeTH KaiiHTaHa H ,.qpyrHX,LJ.OJI:>KHOeTHhlX JIHU, KaK rroeryrraTJ> BO BpeMJI JIKOpHOlt eTOJIHKH, Ha xo,.qy, B 6010 H T. rr.). MJ>IeJIH, 3aJIO:>KeHHhle B «eTaThJIX», 6hlJIH HeiiOJII>30BaHhl II03:>Ke IleTpOM IIpH eoeTaBJieHHH HM eBOero MOpeKOro yeTaBa. MeporrpHJITHJI pyeeKoro rrpasHTenheTBa ITO eTpOHTenJ>eTBY KOpa6Jielt JIBHJIHeJ> IIOIIhlTKOlt eo3,.qaHHJI IIOeTOJIHHOrO ~JIOTa B PoeeHH H eBH,.qeTeJIJ>eTBOBaJIH o AaJIJ>HeltrneM pa3BHTHH 3KOHOI'YtHqeeKOlt H IIOJIHTHqeeKOlt MOI.l.IH PyeeKoro roey,.qapeTBa. :>KeT «AOJiro eTOJITH». Me:>K,!1.oyeo6-

HHJI paTHOMY e1p010 uenhllt p11,.q He-

Hhle BOltHJ>I «Beex eTpauJHee H II030p-

TOpHqeeKHX IIpHMepoB. «YqeHHe» 1pe6yeT, qro6hl eoJI-

Hee». ,[{pyraJI KaTeropHJI BOltH -

«JIB-

Boopy:lKeHHe pyccKoro BOHCKa a XVII aeKe

,.qaT npaB,LJ.HBO eJiy:>KHJI roey,.qapiO,

Hhle BOltHhl», OHH «errpaBe,LJ.JIHBI>I H

yMen o6parnane11 e opy:>KHeM, 3HaJI

Ha3hlBaiOT HX 3aKOHHO, KOTOphlil

eBOe MeeTO B eTpOIO H B 6010, He :>Ka-

eHHolt eHeTeMhl H yqeTa eJiy:>KHJihlX

pe3yJIJ>TaTe yrropJI,.qoqeHHJI BO-

IIpaB,LI.OIO H ,.qenOM OeHOBaHhl H IIpJI-

Jien «TeJia eBoero». BoJihliiHe Tpe6o-

JIIO,.qelt K KOHUY

MOIO npHqHHOIO rroqHTaiOTCJI». TaKHe

BaHHJI rrpe,.q'bJIBJIJIIOTCJI H K KOMaH,LJ.H-

qHeJieHHOeTh pyeeKoro BolteKa.

BOltHhl, ITO MHeHHIO eoeTaBHTeJielt

paM.

xo,.q Terreph BhleryrraJIH He ,.qeeJITKH

XVII BeKa B03poeJia B rro-

«YqeHHJI», Be,.qyTCJI IIpOTHB TeX, «h'TO

«YqeHHe» rro,.qpo6Ho pa36HpaeT

ThieJiq, a eBhlliie eTa ThieJiq paTHhiX

eeTJ> BparH HMeHH XpHeTOBY ... ryp-

BHyTpeHHIOIO opraHH3auHIO BOlteKa,

JIIO,.qelt. YeJIO:>KHHJiaeJ> opraHH3auHJI

KH, TaTapOBJI JI31>IKH H BapBapeKHe

IIOJIKa, pOThl, IIpaBHJia o6pameHHJI

IIOXO,LJ.HOro BOlteKa.

JIIO,LJ.H», H IIpOTHB TOro rocy,.qapJI, KO-

e MYliiKeTaMH H IIHKolt, KapaKoJIHpo-

M3MeHeHHJI B eoeTaBe BolteKa 3a-

TOphllt OTHJITh xoqeT 3eMJIIO. Tor,.qa

BaHH)'IO e1pen1>6y, pa3JIH~hle rroxo,.q-

KJiroqaJIHeJ> B TOM, qTo pHAOBhle paT-

«Be1peqHolt eynoeTaT HMeeT errpa-

Hhle H 6oeBhle rropJIAKH, opraHH3auHIO

H hie JIIOAH Bee 6oJIJ>rne H 6oJihrne

Be,.qJIHBYIO BOltHy BeeTH IIpHqHHY

H 3a,.qaqH KapayJihHOlt eJiy:>K6hl H T. II.

KOMIIJieKTOBaJIHeJ> H3 IIO,LJ.aTHhlX eo-

ee6JI o6opoHJITH».

PyeeKHlt Hapo,.q B TeqeHHe ,.qoJiro-

eJIOBHlt, a HaqaJIJ>eTeyiOI.l.IHlt eoeTaB

Ilo,.qo6Hoe rro,.qpa3,.qeneHHe H xa-

ro BpeMeHH BeJI 6op1>6y 3a BhlXOA

TOJIJ>Ko H3 p11,.qoB roeno,.qeTBYIOI.l.IHX

paKTepHeTHKa BOltH BeTpeqaiOTeJI

K BanTHlteKOMY, llepHOMY H KaerrHlt-

KJiaeeoB. CoKpaTHJieJI B Bolt eKe y,.qenh-

BIIepBhle H eBH,LJ.eTeJIJ>eTBYIOT 0 epaB-

eKOMY MopJIM. PyeeKHe, 01pe3aHHJ>Ie

Hhllt Bee ,LJ.BOpJIH H ,.qeTelt 6oJipeKHX,

HHTenJ>HO BhleOKOM pa3BHTHH TOr-

OT 3THX MOpelt, IIJlaBaJIH ITO MHOro-

6hlJIH HeKJiroqeHhl PJIAOBhle HH03eM-

,.qamHelt BOeHHOlt TeOpHH.

qHeJieHHhlM peKaM H no BeJIOMY H

Hhle HaeMHHKH, pe3KO yMeHJ>liiHJIOeJ>

«YqeHHH» OTBOAHTeJI MHoro

BapeHueBoMy MopJIM, HM 61>IJIH H3Be-

KOJI~eeTBO

MeeTa o6yqeHHIO BOlteK H orrpe,.qenJI-

eTHhl MopeKHe rryTH no CeBepHOMY

HHKOB.

HHOe1paHHhlX BOeHaqaJih-

eTCJI ero 3HaqHMOCTh B ,.qene ,.qoeTH-

Jie,.qOBHTOMY OKeaHy Ha BOeTOK, K 6e-

OTeyTCTBHe e,.qHHhlX ~opM opra-

:>KeHHJI rro6e,.qhl H~ IIpOTHBHHKOM.

peraM CH6HpH.

B XVII BeKe pyeeKHe

HH3auHH pyeeKoro BOlteKa(IIOJIKOBaJI

CoeTaBHTeJIH o6pyrnHBaiOTCJI Ha Tex,

Mopexo,.qhl rrpoHHKJIH K THxoiYty oKe-

H eOTeHHaJI eJiy:>K6hl, IIpHKa31>I e1penh-

h'TO He,LJ.OOUeHHBaeT Ba:>KHOeTh eHeTe-

aHY, Ka~aTKe. IloeJie 3aBOeBaHHJI

UOB H T. II.) JIBJIJIJIOeJ> eymeeTBeHHhlM

MaTHqeeKOro o6yqeHHJI, H IIpHBO,LJ.JIT

Ka3aHH pyeeKoe rrpaBHTeJIJ>eTBO

He,.qoqeTOM a,LJ.MHHHe1paTHBHOro ye-

B ,LJ.OKa3aTeJIJ>eTBO IIOJie3HOCTH yqe-

npe,.qrrpHHJIJIO IIOIIhlTKH IIOeTpOltKH

TpolteTBa.

BOCTO~ HAs:l

EBPOnA

425

Pa3BMTMe rrpoMhJIIIJieHHOCTM B

Hapli,LI.a. B 1678 ro,LI.y, rro ,LI.aHHhJM Pa3-

80 opy,LI.HJ;I. B HOBhlX rroJIKax (coJI,LI.aT-

PoccMM liBJiliJIOCh 6a3oJ;I ycoBepiiieH-

Pli.Jl.HOro npMKa3a, B 150 ropo,LI.ax M

CKHX, a 3aTeM M B CTpeJiel.IKHX) Ha-

CTBOBaHMll M IIpOM3BO,LI.CTBa B IIO-

IIpMropo,LI.ax 'JHCJIMJIOCh 3 ThlCli'JH 575

cqJiThlBaJIOCh OT 6 ,LI.O 12 opy,LI.MJ;I IIOJI-

Tpe6HOM KOJIM'JeCTBe OrHeC1peJihHO-

KOBOro Hapli,LI.a. B ,LI.paryHcKHX noJI-

ro opy~ll. C>,LI.HaKo oTeqecTBeHHoe

opy,LI.MJ;I. PyccKoe BoJ;IcKo B CMoJieHCKOM IIOXO,LI.e (qHcJieHHOCThiO 32 Thl-

rrpoM3BO.Jl.CTBO B XVII BeKe He Momo

Cli'JM 500 qeJioBeK) MMeJIO 158 opy-

crroco6HM corrpoBo)K.Jl.aTh ,LI.paryH He

IIOJIHOCThiO o6ecrreqHTh IIOTpe6HOCTh

,LI.HJ;I, H3 HHX 151 IIMll.laJih M 7 Bepxo-

TOJlhKO B IIOXO,LI.e, HOM B 6010. B 80-X

qJicJieHHO pacrymero BoJ;IcKa, M rrpa-

BhlX rryiiieK (MopTHp ).

BeKa

ro,LI.ax MHOrHe HOBble IIOJIKM MMeJIH

BMTeJihCTBO BhJHy)K.Jl.eHO 6hlJIO o6pa-

IIOXO,LI.HOe BOJ;ICKO 06hl'JHO paCIIOJia-

.Jl.O 20 opy,LI.MJ;I. KaJIM6p rroJIKOBoro

ll.laThCll K 3aKYIIK<Thf Op)')KHll 3a rpa-

raJIO 300-350 opy,LI.HliMH. YBeJIM-

Hapli,LI.a

HHUeJ;I. TaK, HarrpMMep, B 1631 ro,LI.y

tJeHMe KOJIM'JeCTBa M KaqecTBa opy-

1 0-<}>yHTOBhlX rryiiieK Ha BOopy)Ke-

CTOJihHMK IlJieMliHHHKOB M .Jl.hliK ApM-

,LI.MJ;I CIIOC06CTBOBaJIO IIOBhlllleHHIO

HHe IIOJIKOB IIOC'I)'IIaJIM 1-3-<)>yH-

CTOB OTIIpaBMJIHCh 3a rpaHMI.IY )J)lll 3a-

pOJIM Hapli,LI.a B IIOJieBOM 6010, "'TO B

TOBhle opy,LI.Hll. IIoJIKOBoJ;I Hapli.Jl. cTa-

K KOHI.IY

Kax IIOliBHJiaCh KOHHall apTMJIJiepMll,

yMeHhlllMJICll: BMeCTO 5 -

f..)'IIKH 10 ThJcllq MYIIIKeTOB M 5 Thl-

CBOIO oqepe,LI.h BJIMliJIO Ha CTpyKry-

HOBMJICll 6oJiee IIO,LI.BM)KHhlM, qTo

cgq IIIrrar. CBoH *e 'I)'JihCKHe opy-

py BOJ;ICKa.

IIOBhllllaJIO B03MO)KHOCTH ero IIpMMe-

)KeJ;IHMKM B KOHI.Ie BeKa IIpOM3BO,LI.MJIM e)KerO,LI.HO TOJlhKO 2 ThlClJqH IIHll.la-

uapcKHJ;I IIOJIK06hJ'JHO MMeJI 200 opy-

KaqecTBO opy,LI.MJ;I M cHapli,LI.OB

JieJ;I. CTaHOBMJiach oqeBM.Jl.HOJ;I Heo6-

,LI.MJ;I, a BOeBO,LI.CKHe IIOJIKH- OT 50 ,LI.O

rrpo,LI.OJI)KaJIO YJIYtiiiiaThCll, oco6eHHO

ITo coo6meHMIO KaTOIIIHXMHa,

HeHMll B 6010.

XO.Jl.MMOCTh pa3BHTHll BOeHHOJ;I rrpoMhliiiJieHHOCTH. llpe)K.Jl.e Bcero 1pe6oBaJIOCh pacIIIMpHTh C06CTBeHHYIO MeTaJIJiyprHqeceyiO 6a3y. Ba)KHOe 3HaqeHHe liMeJIM OTKphlTMll HOBhlX MeCTOpO)f(,Ll.eHMJ;I PY.Jl.hl. CTpoMJIMCh Ka3eHHhle Me,LI.Hhle M )KeJie30,LI.eJiaTeJihHhle MaHy<}>ah-ryphl B CMoJieHcKe, Ka3aHM H ,LI.pyrnx MecTax. C>,LI.HaKO Ka3eHHhle MaHy<}>aKryphl He MOrJIH KOHh)'p!ipOBaTh C qacTHhlMM )KeJie30,LI.eJiaTeJihHhlMH MaHy<}>aKrypaMM, KOTOphlX B 30-X ro,LI.ax

XVII

BeKa HacqHThlBaJioch .Jl.O 15

rrpe,LI.IIpHliTHJ;I ('I)'JihCKHe, KaiiiMpCKHe, aneKCMHCKHe MAP·). B 1668-1673 ro,LI.ax y 'I)'JlhCKHX M KaiiiMpCKHX )KeJie30,LI.eJiaTeJihHhlX rrpe,LI.rrpMliTMJ;I 6hlJIO 3aeyrrJieHO B Ka3Hy: )l{eJie3a M qyryHa ........ OKOJIO 655 T Jl,LI.ep ................................... 42 718 fpaHaT rryiiieqHhJX ............... 25 313 fpaHaT pyqHhJX .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. 154 169 Pa3BMBaJIOCh TaK*e qacTHorrpe,LI.rrpMHMMaTeJihCKoe IIpOM3BO,LI.CTBO IIOpoxa, KOTOporo TaK)Ke He XBaTaJIO. He,LI.OCTaiOll.lee KOJIMqecTBo 3af..)'IIaJIOCh 3a rpaHMUeJ;I. ()cHOBHhlM UeHTpOM opy,LI.HJ;IHOro rrpoM3BO.Jl.CTBa liBJiliJICll MocKoBCKHJ;I rryiiieqHhJJ;I ,LI.Bop. B KOHI.Ie XVII BeKa 6hlJI B MocKBe nocTpoeH HOBhlJ;I rryiiie'JHhJJ;I ,LI.BOp. ()py,LI.Mll OTJIMBaJIMCh TaK)Ke B «MaJihlX» rryiiie'JHhlX ,LI.Bopax B IIcKoBe, Hosropo,LI.e, YcTIOre, BoJior,LI.e, To6oJihCKe M ,LI.pyrMx ropo,LI.ax. CJie,LI.CTBHeM paciiiHpeHMll rrpoM3BO.Jl.CTBa 6h1Jl KOJIM'JeCTBeHHhJJ;I poeT

npi1K113Abl

n11t14ane~. OpylKe~HaH

nanaTa MocKOacKOro KpeMnH. XVII a.

426 3APO>K)J.EHlt1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEilt1lt1lt1 TAKTlt1Klt1. 1600-1700 rr. K 6oro Ha,n:e)I{Hbre, y CTPeJibU:OB, con,n:aT JI y IIHbiX 'IIIHOB IIeXOTHOrO CTpOH nro,n:ell: MYIIIKeTbi II 6ep,n:biiiiii 6hiJIII ,n:o6pbre». Cnc,n:onaTCJibHO, py'IHOC opy)KIIC COCTOHJIO II3 MYIIIKeTOB, Kapa6IIHOB, IIIICTOJiell:, KOIIIIH, 6ep):(biiiiell: II mar, OT KOTOpbiX OTKa3aJIIICh BO BTOpoii: rrorroBIIHe neKa. MyiiiKeT cpiiTIIJihHhrH 6biJI TH)KeJI, JI CTpeJIHJIJI JI3 Hero C BJIJIK006pa3HOH COIIIKJI. ,iJ;JIH rrpOII3BOJJ:CTBa BbiCTpena Tpe6oBaJIOCb IIpOH3neCTII 80 ycnnHbiX rrpiieMon. Kapa6uH HMeJI 6onee KOpOTKllll CTBOJI ll oKaJhmancH ner'le MyrnKeTa. Eon MYIIIKeToB rrponepHrrcH B crreu:IIarrhHo ycTpOeHHbiX THpax. OcHOBHoe yconeprneHcTnonaHIIe PY'!HOro orHeCTPeJibHOro opy)KJIH 3aKliiO'IaJIOCb B II3MeHeHIIII ycTpOHCTBa PyccKaH 6poH30BaH ra<j>yHIIII..Ia XVII B.

B CBH3H C H3MeHeHHeM TeXHHKH npo-

BepXOBbie, HJIH MOpTHpbi, H TIOcpHKH

II3BOJJ:CTBa. JliiTbie 'l)'ryHHhie opyJJ:IIH K KOHU:Y BeKa BhiTeCHIIJIII KOBaHbie )l{erre3Hhre rryrnKII. ConcprncHCTBOBaJiach KOHCTpyK-

L(JIH CTpe.Jib6bi ,n:po6oM). 3cpcpeKTIIBHOCTh ):(eilcTBIIil noll:cKonoro HapHJJ:a rronhrrnaJiaCb n cnH3II C rrpOII3BOL(CTBOM rryiiiC'IHbiX rpaHaT (pa3pbiBHbrx). YconeprneHCTBO-

u:rm opyJJ:Hit Eorrhrne rrpoH3BOJJ:JI.liOCb Ka3H03apHJJ:HbiX rryrneK. IlOHBIIJUICh BIIHTOBaJihHbie (Hape3Hbie) II opraHHbie (MHOr03apHJJ:Hbre) opy,n:JIH. CoxpaHH.liOCb MCL(HOC HapC3HOC opy,n:IIC, 3apH)I{arorrreecH c Ka3eHHoii: 'laCTII, pyccKoro rrpoii3BOJJ:CTBa Ha'larra XVII BeKa. 0CHOBHOH He):(OCTaTOK BOopy)l{eHIIH pyccKoro noll:cKa n XVII neKe 3aKJIIO'IaJICH B MHOrOKaJIJI6epHOCTJI HapH,n:a, xoTH y)l{e HaMe'larrach KrracCIIcpuKaU:IIH opy,n:ull: (rrurrrarru, rryrnKH

BaHIIe opyJJ:IIllHhiX KOJieCHhiX rracpeTOB yneJIII'IIIBaJIO TaKTII'IeCKYIO MaHeBpeHHOCTb HapH):(a. )J;JIH 06CCIIC'ICHIIH OL(H006pa3IIH II Ka'leCTBa BOopy)l{eHIIH IIeXOThi II KOHHIIU:hl perrraMeHTIIpOBaJIOCh opy)I{IIe D:JIH Ka}I{JJ:oro IIX BII,n:a II TPe6ona.JIOCb, 'IT06bi «y rycap 6biJIO ITO rycapCKOMY ,n:penKy JJ:a rro nape )K IIJICTonett, a y pell:Tapon rro Kapa6IIHY ):(a rro nape )I{ IIHCTOJieH, y BCeX CBOH ,n:o6pble ll

3aMKa. K KOHIJ:Y neKa y MYIIIKeToB 6hm CKOHCTpyiiponaH y,n:apHo-KpeMHenhlli 3aMOK, IIOBbiCHBWHH CKOpOCTpeJibHOCTh py)l{bH II yMeHhiiiiiBIIIIIii: 3aBIICIIMOCTh Be,n:eHIIH OrHH OT COCTOHHIIH rroro,n:hr. Py'IHoe ornecTpenhHOe opy)I{IIC OKa3aliOCb 60JICC Ha):(C)I{HbiM, II rro3TOMY no3poc.11a ero poJib n 6oro. Ilexon rrorry'IIIrra Ha noopy)KeHIIe py'IHhre rpaHaThi necoM 0,52 Kr. B pyccKOM BOHCKC IIOCTCIICHHO BBOL(IIJIOCh O):(H006pa3HOe 06MyHJJ:IIpoBaHIIe. CTperrhU:hi HOCIIJIII ,n:rriiHHbre cyKOHHbie KacpTaHbl C OTJIO)I{HbiMII nopoTHIIKaMII II carrorii. TaKoe )l{e 06l\fYHD:HpOBaHJie HOCJIJIJI HOBbie IIOJIKII. IlpiiKa3bi (IIOJIKII) pa3JIII'IaJIIICh U:BeTOM BOpOTHHKOB, rnaiiOK ll carr or. Ka}I{JJ:biH rronK BbiCTyrrarr n rroxo,n: co CBOHM 3HaMeHeM. CurHarrbi rro,n:aBaJIIICh y,n:apaMII ll He60JihiiiOH 6y6eH, IIpiiBH3aHHblll K Ce):(.JIY. 06y'leHIIIO IIOJIKOB yJJ:eJIHJIOCh cepbe3Hoe BHIIMaHIIe. PaTHhre rrro,n:II o6yqaJIHCb COJI):(aTCKOMY CTpOIO ll cTpe.Jih6e II3 MyrnKeTa. Ha cTpenKonoe o6y'leHJie oTrrycKaJIJICb rropox, CBIIHeU: L(JIH rryneK II cpiiTIIJih. B 1653 ro,n:y 6brna rrpe,n:cnnneHa «CKaJKa rro.JIKOBHIIKOn AneKcaH,n:pa KpacpcpTa c TonapiirrraMII o KoJIII'leCTne rropoxy, CBIIHu:y, cpiiTIIJiell: II pa3HhiX JJ:pyriix 3arracon, Heo6xo,n:IIMbiX L(JIH 'leTbipex COJI):(aTCKIIX IIOJIKOB». CorrracHo 3Toll: «CKa3Ke», Ha 'le.JioBeKa Tpe6onaJICH cpyHT rropoxy,

BOCTO~ HAs:l

EBPOnA

KaK Be,JJ,eTCJI 6biTb KpeiiKOMY Kapay-

427 IIO,ll,BO,ll,bl, a BCero 1500 IIO,ll,BO,ll, (Ha

JIY no,JJ, He,JJ,pyroM 6y,JJ,yqu», Tpe6y-

K~blit noJIK no 375 IIOABOA). IIe-

eTCH 3,5 TOHHbl rropoxy, 1,5 TOHHbl

peA BblCTYIIJieHHeM B IIOXO,JJ, npOBO-

4lHTHJIJI H 35,5 TOHHbl rryJieK CBHHUOBhlX. B 3Tol!l )Ke «CKa3Ke» HMeeTcJI

,JJ,HJICH BOl!ICKOBOl!l CMOTp.

pacqeT 6oerrpunacoB AJIJI 6oJI Ha qe-

06opoHa rpaHHl-' pyccKoro rocy.QapCTsa

Tbipe nOJIKa: «a yqHHHTCJI 6ol!l, H XOTJI nepeMeHHO BCJIKHl!l COJI,JJ,aT BblCTpe-

B XVI BeKe ycrrelllHO 3aBepllleH-

JIHT BblCTPeJia 3 HJIH 4», Ha 8 ThiCHq 700 qeJioBeK 6y,JJ,eT H3paCXO,ll,OBaHO

HblMH IIOXO,JJ,aMH IIpOTHB Ka3aHCKHX TaTap 6blJia Ha,z:J,e)KHO o6ecrreqeHa

6oJiee 800 Kr rropoxy . .il:JIJI 6oJiblllOro )Ke 6oJI qeTblpex IIOJIKOB Ha UeJiblit

TeppHTOpHJI KOTOporo 6blCTpO pac-

,JJ,eHb IIOTpe6yeTCJI 3,5 TOHHbl rropoxy H COOTBeTCTBeHHOe KOJIHqecTBO

lllHpJIJiaCb B cTopoHy Tuxoro oKeaHa. OcHOBHol!l ueHTp TJI)KeCTH BO BHelll-

4lHTHJIJI H rryJieK. .il:JIJI JIHTbH MYIIIKeTHblX rryJieK

Heit IIOJIHTHKe MOCKOBCKOe npaBHTeJlbCTBO nepeHecJio Ha CeBepo-3a-

«Ha,IJ,06Ho 80 4>YPM (4lopM) ,JJ,OJirHX», B KOTOphlX OTJIHBaJIOCb Cpa3y ITO ~

rra,q (B IIpu6amuey) H 3ana,q.

BOCTOqHaJI rpaHHUa rocy,JJ,apCTBa,

3aiia,ll,HOit rpaHHUbl, rrpe,JJ,CTaBJIJIBlllHe

6 nyJieK. qeTblpeM IIOJIKaM IIOTpe6HO «AJIJI 3eMJIJIHbiX KperrocTeit ropo,JJ,-

co6oit orropHble rryHI-'Tbl B BH,JJ,e KperrocTel!l pa3Horo 3HaqeHHJI H pa3Jluq-

KOB H IIIaHUOB» 2 TbiC.!IqH <<3acryrroB

Hh1X MOll.IHOCTeit. HaCeBepo-3ana,qe

ropO,ll,OBhlX no o6pa3Uy», 3 TbiCJiqH

rocy,JJ,apCTBa TaKOBblMH HBJIJIJIHCb

JIOIIaT, 80 JIO?vfOB, 200 KHpOK, 400

IIcKoB H HoBropo,JJ,. Ha3ana,z:J,e 6b1Jla

TorropoB . .il:JIJI rrepeB03KH 6oerrpurracoB H lllaHUeBoro HHCTpyMeHTa «Ha-

IIOCTpOeHa MOll.IHeitlllaJI KpeiiOCTb TOro BpeMeHH- CMoJieHcK, KOTO-

,JJ,06HO B IIOXO,JJ,e no CMeTe 906 IIO,JJ,BO,ll, C TeJieraMH» . .lJ:JIJI HaqaJibHblX

PYIO OAHH Ha3b1BaJIH Henpeo,JJ,OJIHMol!l rrperpa,qoit Ha rro,JJ,cryrrax K MocKBe,

JIIO,JJ,eit, 60JibHblX COJI,JJ,aT, «nO,JJ, py-

Apyrue- BopoTaMH B CTOJIHUY Pyc-

)Kbe, KOTOpble COJI,JJ,aTbl rro6eryT, a

cKoro rocy,JJ,apcTBa. TaKHe rrpoTHBO-

py)Kbe rroMeqyn>, rroTpe6yeTcJI 594

rroJIO)KHbie oueHKH CTPaTeruqecKol!l

6ynasa. BTopaSI nonoBHHa XVII B. H3 KOTOporo BhlXO,JJ,HJIO «12 IIpHMblX MYlllKeTHhlX 3apHAOB», «a cTpeJIHTh Ha BCHKYIO He,JJ,eJIIO BCHKOMY qeJioBeKY II0 3 BblCTPeJIID>. .il:JIJI 8 700 c OJI,JJ,aTqeTblpex nOJIKOB «,JJ,JIJI BCHKO-,JJ,eHHOro yqeHbJI, H ,JJ,eHHOro H HOqHoro KapayJia, ,JJ,JIJI HaBbJqKH COJI,JJ,aTOM,

B CBJI-

3H C 3THM yKpeiiJIJIJIHCb ropo,JJ,a

KpeMHeBbl~ 38MOK mnuanH.

BTopaSI nonoBHHa XVII B.

428

3APO)I()J,EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

YKpenneHIIISI ropoAa KocTpOMbl B XVII B. poJII1 CMoJieHcKa BbiTeKaJII1 113 Toro,

BHHHbiX KpenOCTeH 6hiJIO CO)l{)l{eHO,

B 'lbllX pyKaX OH OKa3biBaJICH: B py-

oco6eHHO Ha roro-3ana,~:~Hoil rpannu:e.

no COCTOHHI1IO o6opOHI1TeJibHbiX COopy)l{eHHH, TaK n no HaJIH'lHIO rapHn-

KaX pyccKI1X- 3aiiii1Ta MocKBhr,

fOTOBHCb K 6oph6e 3a B03BparrreHI1e

30HOB 11 cpe,~:~cTB MaHeBpa. MHor11e

B pyKaX nOJibCKO-JIHTOBCKHX <j:>eo,~:~a

CMoJieHcKa, npaBnTeJibCTBO PoMaHo-

coopy)l{eHHH «qepTbi» 6biJIH pa3py-

JIOB -

Bhrx OCHOBHOe BHI1MaHI1e COCpe,I:IOTO-

rneHhr TaTapaMI1 (

11CXO):IHbiH nyHKT arpeCCI111. KOHU:e

XVI -

Ha'laJie

XVII

BeKa cncTeMa KpenocTeil 3ana,~:~Hoil rpaHHU:hi 6biJia pa3pyrneHa. )J,a)l{e Ta-

'lllJIO Ha yKpenJieHHH ropoD,OB

3ana,~:~

Hoil rpaHHU:hL

nepBoil 'leTBepTH

1607-1617 rr. ),

BTOpraBlllllMHCH BO BpeMH nOJibCKOlllBe):ICKOH llHTepBeHI(llll. IJepHOD,

XVII

BeKa

cna,~:~a TaTapCKHX Ha6eroB

1630 rr.)

(1618-

KI1e MOIIIHhie KpenOCTI1, KaK IlCKOB 11

«qepTa» Ha JO)l{HOH rpaH11U:e, no cy-

cnoco6cTBOBaJI ocJia6Jie-

CMoJieHcK, no,~:~BeprJIHCb 'laCTH'lHbiM

rrrecTBY, JiaTaJiaCb ll <j:>aKTH'leCKll Te-

HHIO BHHMaHHH K o6ecne'leHHIO IO)l{-

pa3pyrneHI1HM. ooJihllli1HCTBO ,~:~epe-

pHJia xapaKTep MOIIIHOro py6e)l{a KaK

HOH rpaHI1I(bi 11 noTepe 6):111TeJibHOCTll Jill'lHbiM COCTaBOM CTOpO)l{eBOH CJiy)l{6bi, '!eM yMeJIO H nOJib30BaJIHCb TaTaphr.

B 1622 ro,~:~y OHH npoH3BeJIH BHe3anHhrH Ha6er B npe,l:leJibi )J,aHKOBCKOro, En11<j:>aHcKoro, )J,e,~:~I1JIOBCKoro, O,~:~oeBCKOro ll oeJieBCKoro ye3,[IOB 1. YKpanHHbiX BOeBOJ:I TaTapbi 3acTaJIH BpacnJiox. IlpOTHBHHK ):I06biJI 3Ha'lHTeJibHbiH no 'lHCJieHHOCTH «nOJIOH» (TIJieHHbiX, KOTOpbiX 3aTeM npO,I:IaBaJill B pa6CTBO B BOCTO'lHbie CTpaHbi), HBJIHBlllllllCH O):IHOH 113 OCHOBHbiX U:eJieH Ha6erOB. 3a «,~:~ypocTb n Hepa,~:~enne», «npocTo-

TY H rJiynoCTh» yKpaHHHbiM BOeBo,~:~aM 6biJI o6bHBJieH BbiroBop H3 Pa3pHD,HOro npHKa3a.

1Bccro Ha TcppHTOpmt PyccKoro rocy/lap-

XVII BCKa HaC'!HTbiBaJrocb 250 YC3/IOB.

CTBa B ccpC/IHHC

06opOHIIITeJlbHble COOp\')KeHIIISI «'iepTbl»

60JICC

BOCTOLJHA~ BocrroJib30BaBIIIIICh OTBJie'IeHIIeM

EBPOnA

429

CIIJI C lO)J{HOH pyccKOH rpaHIIIU>J JJ:JIH

BaJl IIJIII 60JIOTO, JJ:O 40-60 KM. flo « qepTe» coxpaHHJlJJCb 3arroBe.UHhie

BeJJ:eHIIH CMoneHcKoif BOifHhi, TaTaphi

neca, B KOTOphrx YKPhiBaJIOCh Hace-

(HarrpMMep, B KpoMax 6hiJIO 4, JIIIx-

c 1631 ro11:a e)J{eroJJ:HO Ha'IaJIII ocy-

neHIIe BO BpeMH TaTapCKIIX Ha6erOB.

BIIHe- 6, EeneBe -

mecTBJIHTh 6oJihiiiiie Ha6enr. B 1635

«qepTa» oxpaHHnach cTaHRu.aMJJ

3 7 opy.urrif II T. 11:. ). B 163 5 ro11:y lJJJC-

ro11:y, yqTH ypoKII BOHHhl, rrpaBIITeJib-

( OTpHJJ:aMH ), BhiChiJiaBIIIJJMll OT ce6H

neHHOCTh IIOCTOHHHhiX rapHII30HOB

CTBO PyccKoro rocyJJ:apcTBa rrpncTy-

«CTOpO)I{H» (pa3he3,[Lbi). C03.UaBaJIIICh

rrnno K pa3BepThiBaHHIO KpyrrHhiX

TaK)I{e IIOCTOHHHhie yKperrJieHHhie

TOJihKO 11 lO)I{HbiX ropO.llOB 1 .llOCTJJrana 13 ThiCH'I 991 qenoBeKa.

BOopy)l{aJIIICh HapHJJ:OM, COCTOHBIIIllM JJ3 pa3JIJJlJHOrO KOJTHlJeCTBa opyJJ:JJH 25, Ph1JlhCKe -

o6opoHIITeJihHhJX pa6oT c u.enhlO yK-

orropHhie nyHKThl- ropoAa.

penneHI1H IO)J{HOH rpaH11U.bi. 06opo-

roAax

HIITemHoe CTpOIITeJibCTBO 3aTHHy-

BJJ:OJih Hee HaClJIIThiBaJIOCh 6onee

ecH B 30-x ro11:ax

JIOCh Ha HeCKOJihKO JJ:ecanmentii.

40 TaKMXropo,LJ,OB (IlyTMBJih, PblJihCK,

)J{e 0JJ:OeB, Tyna, PH3aHb c rrepe,LJ,OBhiM

XVII

30-x

JleTOM Ka)J{AOrO rOAa C0611paJ10Ch

seKa 3a peKoti 0Koti 11

nonesoe soticKo, cocpeAOTO'II1Baswe-

Il pe)J{,[Le BCero BOCCTaHaBJII1Ba-

CeBCK, KpoHhi, Open, JlHBHbi, HoBo-

JiaCh H COBepiiieHCTBOB3J13Ch «1fep-

CIIJih II .Up. ) C rapHII30HaMII OT He-

Ta», coopy)J{eHHaH Ha IIOJJ:CTyrrax K

CKOJihKIIX COTeH JJ:O IIOJIYTOpa ThiCH'I

peKe 0Ke II COCTOHBIIIaH H3 12 «3a-

lJeJloBeK. TaKJJe ropoJJ:a-Kperrocnr

XVII BeKa Ha py6e-

' 3m ropo~~:a - KypcK, OcKon, Ba.rryiiKH, BopoHelK, Enel\, JlHBHhi, EpaHCK, PhiJihCK, ITyrHBJih, CescK, Eenropol\.

CeK»: EeneBCKI1e, K03eJlhCKI1e, IlepeMbiWJlHHCKaH, Jli1XBI1HCKI1e, 0 JJ:OeB-

MacwTaO

CKHe, KpaiiHBrrHCKHe, TyJThcKrre, BeHeBcKaa, KaumpCK11e , PH3aHCK11e ,

1'20 KM

PH)J{CKI1e 11 Wau.KaH. 06mee npoTH)J{eHI1e « qepTbi» npeBbiW3JlO Tb!CH'IY KMJlOMeTpOB. « Y:epTa» 6hiJla co6paHa 113 yqacTKOB IIJIII IIOJIOC ecTeCTBeHHhiX 3arp3)J{AeHI1H: peK,JleCOB,60JlOT, 03ep II OBparoB, KOTOphie B OIIaCHbiX MeCT3X 6hiJI11 .llOIIOJIHeHbi 11 CU.eiiJieHhl Me)J{AY C060ti HCKyCCTBeHHbiMI1 COopy)J{eHRHMM -

necHhiM11 3aBanaMM

IIJIII 3aCeKaMII, BaJiaMII, pBaMII, Ha-

i" f

..•...:··..

AOJ163MR, 'I3CTOKOJ13MH, OCTpOr3MI1,

TaMI5oa

HbiMll 6peBHaMH c rB03AheM Ay6oBhiM lJ3CThiM, orrymeHHhiM11 B BO.llY Ha 4 IIMII». Ha IIIJIHxax (6omiiillx .uoporax) «coopy)J{aJlllCh AepeB5JHHble 11 3eMJIHHbie cpopThl C 6aiiiHHMII, IIO.llbeMHhiMII MOCTaMII, OCTporaMIIII qacTOKOJiaMII, BOopy)J{eHHbie, KaK rrpaBIIJIO, HeCKOJihKHMH apTHJIJiepHHCKHMH opyAI15JMI1, llHIII,aJ15JMH H TIO¢HKaMI1 , c pHAaMH HNJ.on6, o6pa3y!OIII11MH KaK 6bi BOpOHKY IIpii IIpii6JIII:)J{eHIIII K maBHOMY o6opOHIITeJlhHOMY coopy)l{eHIIIO, B KOTOpyro Heii36e)I{H0 .UOJI)J{Ha 6biJla ycTpeMJlSITbCSI KOHHaSI aTaKa HeiipiiHTeJIH, BCTpeqaBIIIaH 3.lleCh o6cTpeJI JJ:p060BhiMII TIOcl>HKaMII, T. e. 3aJlllbl KapTe'IH». 06opOHHTeJlbHbie COopy)J{eHHH B BOpOTaX 6hJJll1 HanpaBJleHbl ¢poHTaM11 Ha 10r 11 Ha ceBep .LVIH OTpa)l{eHIIH KaK BTOpraBIIIeroca, TaK II yxo.uiiBwero Bpara. ill11pllli3

« LJ:epTbl»

6hUia BeChMa

MeTpOB TaM, r11:e 6hJJll1 TOJihKO poB II

1<031108

KOJibeM, H3611Tb!M B JJ:HO peKH, «ITJlaB-

pa3JllllJHO:it OT HeCKOJihKIIX JJ:eCHTKOB

Wa4K

CKonHH

TynbcKaR 11 SenropoACKaR <<'"lepTbl» B XVII B. Ha IO)I(HO~ rpaHI1._.,e PyccKoro rocyAapcTBa

430

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. 8 OCTPOlKKOB H c<Pop-

3To BoltcKo HMe-

ro KOJIHqecTBa TaTapCKHX BTOplKe-

eHbl 3 ropoAKa,

Jio pa.3JIHqHyiO qHcJieHHOCTb B 3aBH-

HHlt. TaKOBhlMH 6b1JIH MypaBCKHlt,

MHpoBaHO H3 KpeCThJIH 3 AparyHCKHX

CHMOCTH oT o6cTaHOBKH. B

l13IOMCKHlt H WMHYCCKHlt ll!JIJIXH.

rroJIKOM B MueHcKe.

1631

Tpex IIOJIKaX

5 TblC.SJ:<l

«liepTbl» 6b1JIO 3aBepll!eHO K KOHI.IY

BottcKo HOBott «liePThl» HMeJIO e.L{H-

TblCJlq qeJioBeK.

40-x ro.L{OB. IlpOABHHYBll!HltC.Sl B CTeiib

Hoe KOMaH.L{OBaHHe.

CTpoHTeJihCTBO BenropoACKolt

IIOJIKa ITO 6 poT B K~OM (Bcero B

ro.L{y, HaiipHMep, OHO HacqHTblBaJIO OKOJIO 5 TblC.SJ:q, a B 1636 ro.L{y- 17

100 qeJioBeK).

KOHI.Ie 1630 ro.L{a HaqaJiocb

HOBbllt py6eJK o6opOHbl IOlKHOlt rpa-

,[{JIH 6opb6bi c Ha6eraMH TaTap

cTpoHTeJihCTBO HOBolt BeJiropoACKolt

HHI.Ibl HaqHHaJICJl OT AXTblpKH H llleJI

YBeJIHqHBaJiacb qHcJieHHOCTh AOHCKOro Ka3aqecTBa H opraHH30Bh1BaJIHCh

«'4:epTbi», CBH.L{eTeJibCTBYIOI.Uee 0

AaJiee Ha BeJiropoA, HoBbltt OcKoJI,

IIpOABHlKeHHH pyccKOro HaCeJieHHJl B

YcepA, OJiblllaHCK H AaJiee Ha Bopo-

ero Haiia)l.eHHJl Ha HOrattCKHe H KpbiM-

cTerrh H 3aKperrJieHHH ee 3a co6ott.

HelK, Ko3JIOB, Ta.M6oB. fycmHaceJieH-

CKHe yJiychl.

OqepeAHOCTh pa60T rroKa3b1BaeT, qro

HaJI KoMapHI.IKaH BOJIOCTh B 1646 roAy

0.L{HaKO aBTOHOMHOe ,[{OHCKOe

yKperrJieHHJI rrpe)K.L{e Bcero cTpoH-

npeBpaTHJiaCb B CHJibHbltt yKpeiiJieH-

BOttCKO ocymecTBJIJIJIO MHOrHe BOeH-

JIHCh Ha HarrpaBJieHHJIX HaH60Jibll!e-

Hbllt pattoH, B KOTOpOM 6b1JIH IIOCTpO-

Hbie MeporrpHHTH.Sl He3aBHCHMO OT MOCKOBCKOro rrpaBHTeJibCTBa, BJIHJIBll!He Ha OTHOll!eHHJI MocKBhl He TOJihKO c KpbiMOM, Ho TaKJKe c TypuHett H IlepcHett.

PyccKo-non&cKaR BOHHa, 1632-1634 rr.

WneM- «wanKa epi1XOHCK3SI». Opy:>KeiiiHaSI nanaTa Moctroactroro KPeMnSI. Mactep H11KI1Ta AaBbiAOB. 1621 r.

CeHTS16pb 1632 r. PYCCKOE BTOP)I(EHI!1E B nOJlbWY. Boeeo.aa 6oRp!AH MMxa!An We!AH c 30 TbJCR'IBM!A con.aaT BbiCTynMn, 'IT06b! oca,a!ATb CMoneHcK, r.ae cToRn ecero 3-Tb/CR'IHb/W nOflbCK!AW rapH!A30H. 1632-1633 rr. OCAIJ.A CMOJlEHCKA. 3a O,l11AHH8,l1,~8Tb MeCR~eB ,ao6neCTHOW o6opOHb/ y 38ll.l!ATH!AKOB npaKT!A'IeCK!A KOH'I!AflCR npOB!A8HT. CeHTS16pb 1633 r. CMOJlEHCKASI 61!1TBA. Bo maee 40-Tb/CR'IHoro eotlicKa Bna,a!Acnae IV HaHec pyccK!AM pew!ATenbHoe nop8)t(eHue, 8 38TeM OKPYJK!Afl pa36!A1}'10 apM!A/0 MMxauna We!AHa !A nonro.aa oca)l(.aan, noKa TOT He c.aancR ( cpeepanb 1634 r.). C OCT8TK8M!A CBO!AX fl/O,aet/i We!AHY 6bmo no3eoneHo orcrynurb B MocKBY, r.ae OH 6bm Hecnpaee,an!Aeo 06B!AHeH B !A3MeHe !A K83HeH. 1634 r. AOfOBOP B nOJlSIH080. no,aTBep)l(a8fl YCflOB!AR)J,eynMHCKOTO Mupa. Bna.aucnae 1VoTKa3anCR OT npeTeH31AW H8 MOCKOBCK!AW TPOH u npu3Han uapeM MMxaMna. 1637 r. B3SITI!1E A30BA. Ka3aK1A 38XB8T!Afl!A y KPbiMCKMX TaTap yKpenneHHbJtli nopr A3oB !A npe.ano)I(Mnu ero MMxauny, HO uapb, onacaRcb KOHcpfl!AKT8 C TYPK8MIA, OTKflOHMfl npe.ano)l(eHue. CooTBeTcreeHHO, A3oB 6bm B03BPBll.leH rarapaM. 1645-1676 rr. u,APCTBOBAHI!1E AJlEKCESI MI!1X~JlOBI!1lfA.

BOCT04HA$l EBPOnA

431

PyccKo-nonbcKaR sonHa, 1654-1656 rr. ){(enafl oroMCT/IITb 3a nopa)l(eH/IIfl, npe)/(/J,e noHeceHHble

or nonf!-

KOB, pyCCK/IIe BOCn0!1b30B8!1/IICb reM, '-ITO 00J1bW8 my60KO YBf/3!18 B KOH(/)!1/IIKTe c YKP8/IIHCK/IIM/II K83aK8M/II. ln8B8 nocne,D,H/IIX, reTM8H 5or,D,8H XMenbH/II~K/IIilr, npe,D,f10)I(/IIf1 OTA8Tb

YKp81!1HY ~ap10.

ll'ltonb-OKTS16pb 1654 r. Jlii'ITQBCKII'IE KAMnAHII'III'I. AneKceilr M1!1X8Mf10B/II'-I !1/11'-IHO noeen B Jl/IITBY 8pM1!110 '-I/IICJ1eHHOCTbiO 60J1bWe 100 Tb/Cfl'-1 '-lenoeeK. nocne rpexMeCfi'-1Hoilr oc8,D,bl ( 2 /1110!1fl-

ceHTf/6-

Pfl) OH B3flf1 CMOJ1eHcK; 38TeM B

b0-

p1!1COBCKOM Cp8)1(eH/II/II O,D,ep)l(8f1 no6e,D,y H8,D, He60J1bW/IIM n0!1bCK/IIM KOpnyCOM /II 38Hflf1 6e33811{/IITHYIO Jl/IITBY ,D,O peK/11 5epe3/IIH8- H8crynneH/IIe OCT8HOB/IIf1/ll TOJ1bKO X0!10,D,8.

1654 r. SOEBbiE AELIICTBII'ISI HA YKPAII'IHE. O,D,HOBpeMeHHO MeHbW8fl, 40-Tb/Cfi'-IH8fl pyCCK8fl apM/IIfl BTOprf18Cb Ha YKp81!1HY /II 3axear/llna K/lleB. Me)I(,D,Y ABYMfl pyccK/IIM/11 8pM1!1fiM/II H8crynano co103Hoe MOCKBe K838'-/be BOMCKO reTM8Ha

3onorapeHKo;

pailroH

0p/llnf!TCK/IIX 60J10T 6blf1 n0!1HOCTbiO onycroweH /II p83opeH, MecrHoe H8ceneH/IIe 6e3)1(8f10CTHO yH/II'-IT0)1(8f10Cb.

SIHsapb 1655 r. nOJlbCKOE KOHTPHACTYnJlEHII'IE HA YKPAII'IHE. HeCMOTpfl H8 )l(eCTOK/IIe X0!10,D,8, reTM8H CraH/IIC!18B f78HKopoHCK/IIilr no6e,D,/11!1 np/11 OX8M8TOBe ropa3-

Uapb AneKcel'i Mlllxal'inoBIII'路I

AO 6onee MHOIO'-I/IICJ1eHHOe 06be,D,/IIHeHHOe pyCCKO-K838'-/be BOMCKO.

,D,e!1bHble K838'-lb/ll peilr,D,bl npoH/IIK8-

ryr )l(e orcryn/11!1/11.

f1/ll ,ll,8)1(e B l..leHTp8!7bHYIO 00J1bWY.

rpeX!1erHee nepeM1!1p1!1e /II pyccKo-

Malii-OKTS16pb 1655 r. PYCCKII'IE B0305HOBJ1SIIOT HACTYnJlEHII'IE. B Jl/llrBe pyccKoMy

0paB,D,a , B3f!Tb yKpenneHHb/e ropo-

nonbCK/IIilr co103 npor/IIB Wee~/11/11.

PyccK/IIe

H8crynneH/IIIO cnoco6crBoB8!10 OAHOBpeMeHHoe WBe,D,CKOe BTOp)l(e-

HbiX neperoeopoB 6blf1/ll 38Kf110'-leHbl

,D,8 K8MeHe~ /II JlbBOB /liM He YA8nocb.

HoS16pb 1655 r. TATAPCKASI II'IHTEPBEHLI,II'ISI. COI03H/IIK nonbW/11

PyccKo-wsep,cKaR sonHa, 1656-1658 rr. BcrpeBO)I(eHHblilr

3KCn8HC/IIeilr

H/IIe B nonbWY/113 Jl/IIBOH/11/11. AneKceilr

KpbiMCK/IIM X8H MexMeT-1/IIpeilr BTOpr-

M/IIX8ilrnoB/II'-I Bblwen K HeM8HY /II

Cfl Ha YKp81!1HY co 150-TbiCfi'-IHOilr 8P-

Wee~/11/11 Ha 5anri!1Ke, ~8Pb AneKceilr

M/IIX8Mf10B/II'-I, OTBeprHyB WBe,D,CKOe

npOB03ff18C/11!1 ce6f! Be!1/IIK/IIM KHfl-

M/IIeilr. Y38!70)I(bfl oH no6e,D,/IIf1 /1138X-

3eM Jl/IITOBCK/IIM. Ho eoilrcK8M era

B8T/IIf1 B nneH 5or,D,8H8 XMenbH/II~Ko颅

npe,D,f10)I(eH/IIe

cepbe3HO ,D,OCB)/(/1,8!1/11 Bb/!183K/II Me-

ro; pyCCK/IIe BOMCK8 6blf1/ll Bb/Hy)/(/J,e-

00J1bW/II, 38Kf110'-l/llf1 BMeCTO 3TOIO C0-

Hbl OTK8T/IITbCfl H8 CeBep.

103bl C 00J1bWeilr /II ,[l8H/IIei/r npOT/IIB

3 HoS16pSI 1656 r. AOrOBOP B HII'IMII'ILI,E. nocne npo,D,Of1)1(/11Tenb-

nepeoilr Be!7/IIKOM CeeepHoilr BOMHbl.

CTHbiX napT1!138H.

TO )l(e BpeMfl

pyCCKO-K838~K/IIe BOMCK8 CHOB8 38-

Hf/!1/11 60!7bWYIO '-18CTb YKp81!1Hbl; OT-

co103e

npor/IIB

Wee~/11/11. 3rorKoH(/)f1/IIKTCran '-18CTbiO

432

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. PyccKo-non&cKaR sonHa,

1658-1666rr.

HarpyAHHK 3ePL\311bHoro AOcne:xa. BTopaSI nonoBHHa XVII B.

1656 r. PYCCKOE CEBEPHOE HACTYnJlEHI!'IE. Hacrynaa K <1>111HCKOMY 3aflii1BY, pyCCKIIie 3aXBaTII1flll1 MOll.lHbJe Kpenocrlli Wn111ccenb6yp1 (y IIICTOKa) 111 HMeHwaHu. (e HIII)I(HeM Te4eHII1111 peK/11 HeBbl). l!'ltonb-asrycT 1656 r. PI!'I)I(CKOE CPA)I(EHI!'IE. L(apb AneKceiii MllixaiiinOB/114 Bb/CTynllln 1113 nonou.Ka BH/113 no /1,BII1He, 38XBaTII1fl /1,111Ha6ypr, 3all.lii1THIIIKII1 KOTOPOIO 6blflM nepe6MTbl ( coep. )J,aylaBnMnc e f1aTB111111), a 3areM B3fln Kpenocrb KoKeHxyu.eH. P1111a, HeMHOI04McneHHbiM lapHII130HOM KOTOpoiii KOMaH.tJ,OBan MaiHYC )J,enalap.tJ,/11, 6bma OCa)l(.ll,eHa. nony4MB KpynHbJe no.aKpenneHIIIfl, )J,enalap.alll ycTpOMfl Bblfla3Ky Vi pa36Mn oKonaeweeca no eceM npaeMnaM IOpa3.ao 6onee MHOI04McneHHoe pyccKoe eoiiicKo. AneKceiii MMxaiiinoBM4, noTepaewMiii 8 Tb/Cf/4 4enoeeK y6MrbJMII1, a 14 Tb/Cf/4 paHeHb/MM Vi nneHHbiMM, orcryn111n, 3Hepiii14HO npecne.ayeMbliii JJ,ena1ap.a111.

1657 r. WBEACKOE KOHTPHACTYnJlEHI!'IE. Wee.tJ,bJpa3opllinM Kapenmo. O.aHoepeMeHHO wee.aCKIIie BOWCKa BbJCrynMnM no cywe M3 <1>111Hnf!H.ll,MM Ha PMIY, 4T06bJ yKpenMTb o6opoHy maeHolo 1opo.aa f1MBOHMM. 1658~ B0306HOBJ1EHI!'IE PYCCKOfO HACTYnJlEHI!'ISI. He6onbwaa pyccKaf/ apMMfl B3f/fla s:IM6ypl ( COBp. KMHIMCenn f1eHMHip8.ll,CKOW o6n.) 111 OCa.tJ,Mna Hapey, HO BCKOpe 6bma OTTeCHeHa WBe.tJ,aMM OT baflTMWCKOIO no6epe)l(bfl Vi <1JMHCKOIO 3anMea; Weeu.111a eepHyna ece paHee 3aXBa4eHHb/e pyCCKMMM 10po.tJ,a. 1658 r. TPEXJlETHEE nEPEMI!'IPI!'IE. AneKceiii MMxaiiinoB/114 npM3Han nopa)l(eHMe M pew111n 3aK!I/04MTb MMp, 4T06bl MO)I(HO 6blfl0 B0306HOBMTb BOWHY c nonbweiii. 3a WBe.tJ,aM/11 OCTBnMCb BCe IOpO.tJ,a Ha 6epe1ax <1>MHCKOIO 3BnMBa Vi [;anTMWCKOIO MOpfl.

CpoK nepeMMPMfl, no.anMcaHHOIO B HIIIMIIIU.e (CM. Bb/We), IIICTeK. MocKea eo3o6HOBMna 6oeebJe .aeiiiCTBMfl. 1658-1659 rr. BTOP)I(EHI!'IE B Jli!'ITBY. KHfl3b leopmiii)J,onropyKIIIiii HeO)I(Yf.ll,aHHO aTaKOBan 111 38XBaTMfl e nneH np111 BepK/11 1erMaHa BMHceHTMfl /oceecKoro 111 3aHan BMnbHO ( coep. BMnbHIOC), KOTOPbliii npe.aan OIH/0 Vi Me4y. BoeBO.tJ,a KHf/3bXOBaHCKIIIW 3axearMn lpo.aHo, Hoeo1po.aeK ( 1659 1.) M oca.a111n KpenocTb flaxoBMU.e. 1658-1659 rr. BTOP)I(EHI!'IE HAYKPAI!'IHY. noHa4anyKHfl310 Tpy6eu.KoMy CO 150-Tb/Cf/4HOW apMMeiii COnyrCTBOBan ycnex, HOB 6MTBe npM KoHorone oH norepnen Tfl)l(enoe nopa)l(eHMe oT yKpaMHCKOIO leTMaHa s:!Ha BbiXOBCKOio; pyccKMe norepM COCTaBMflM 30 Tb/Cf/4 4eflOBeKy6111TbiMM ( 1659 r.). 1660 r. 60EBbiE AE~CTBI!'ISI B Jli!'ITBE. nepBOHa4anbHO IIIHIIIU.IIiaT/11Ba 6bma Ha CTOPOHe pyCCKMX, HO nOTOM B f1111TBY npi116blflll1 BOWCKa, OCB060.tJ,MBWMeCf/ nocne 3aKJI/04eHMfl nOflbCKO-WBe.tJ,CKOIO MMpa, Vi nonf!KM B3flnll1 eepx. lerMaHbl Crelj>aH 4apHeU.KMiii 111 naeen Canela pa36111n111 BOWCKa KHf/3eiii/1,0fliOPYKOIO M XoeaHCKOIO, BbiHY.tJ,IIIB rex orcrynMTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO B nonOU.KVi CMoneHCK. nonf!KM He TOflbKO OCB060.tJ,IIiflMf1111TBY, HOMBTOpmMCbBBMTe6CKy/O, nonOU.Ky/0 Vi BenMKonyKCKy/0 o6naCTM. 1660 r. 60EBbiE AE~CTBI!'ISI HA YKPAI!'IHE. PyccKIIIiii eoeeo.aa WepeMeree noeen Ha J1beoe xopowo o6yqeHHYIO Vi CHapf/)l(eHHY/0 60-TbiCf/4HYIO apMIII/0. B J1106apcKOM cpa)l(eHIIIM ( 1660 I.) OH 6bJn pa36MT Vi B3f/T B nneH 40-Tb/Cf/4HOW apMMeiii(HanoflOBMHY nOflbCKOW, HanonOBMHY C0/03HOW TaTapCKOW) no.tJ, KOMaH.tJ,OBaHMeM leTMaHOB Crelj>aHa 1../apHelJ,K010 Vi /eopmfl f71060MMPCKOIO. npoMOCKOBCKaf/ Ka3alJ,Kaf/ apMIIIfl, HaC4MTb/BaBWaf/ 40 Tb/Cf/4 4eflOBeK Vi B03maBflf/BWaf/Cfl 1erMaHOM IOpMeM XMenbHMU.KMM ( CbiHOM 6o1.aaHa XMenbHMU.KOIO), nbJranacb Bb/WT/11 Ha

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA COe/]./1/HeH/1/e C WepeMeTeBbiM, HO 6btna pa36/I/Ta /eoprHeM flJ060MlllpcK/IIM np111 Cno6o.n.MI.l..le. /Op/1/ilt XMenbH/1/~K/1/ilt np/1/CR/Hyn Ha BepHOCTb nOflbCKOMy KOpOn/0. 1661-1667 rr. HHHLI,HATl-1BOiil BnAAEIOT nonSIKH. HeCKOnbKO neT npo.n.omKan/1/Cb cnopa/1.111'-JecK/1/e nplllrpaH/11'-IHbte CTbt'-IK/11. 1664 r. KA3A'"IHIII PEIIIA B nEPCl-110. 1667 r. AHAPYCOBCKl-1111 AOrOBOP. YKpaliiHa 6btna no.n.eneHa Me)/(/].y nonbweilt /II Pocc/1/eilt; pa3.n.efl/I/TenbHBH fl/1/H/1/R npOX0/]./1/flB no Jl,Henpy. K/1/eB, XOTb Ill HBXO/].RI.l..l/1/MCR HB /O)f(HQM (nOflbCKOM) 6epery, 6btfl Ha .n.aa ro.n.a nepe.n.aH Pacelli Ill ( 111 H/11Kor.n.a y)/(e K nonbwe He aepHync>~). KpoMe mro, K Pocc/11/11 omwen CMoneHcK. KpecTbSIHCKaSI so~Ha nOA npeABOAIIITenbCTBOM C.~Pa3111Ha,

1667-1671

B Hell yqacTBOBanu rroca)..(CKHe fllO)..(ll (HH3bl), XOflOllbl, BOflbHOe Ka3aqecTBO (L\OHCKOe, BOfl)f{CKOe, Hlll(KOe ), CflY)f{llflbie fliO)..(H «ITO rrpu6opy» ( CTpeflbl(bi, CflY)f{llflbie Ka3aKH, rryrnKapHH Ap. ), COCTaBflHBIIIHe rapHH30Hbl KperrOCTell ll ropO)..(OB lO)f{HbiX ll IOrO-BOCTOqHbiX OKpaHH, HapO)..(bl Cpe)..(Hero IloBOfl)f{bH H JleBo6epe)f{HOll YKpaiiHbi. IlpiiqiiHbr BOHHbi KopeHIIfliiCb B yciineHIIII <jleo)..(aflhHoro rHeTa, HerroMepHOM pocTe rrpHMbiX rocy)..(apCTBeHHbiX HanorOB ll llOBHHHOCTell, yxy)..(IIIeHIIII MaTepHaflbHOrO llOflO)f{eHHH MaCC B XO)..(e pyCCKOllOflbCKOll BOllHbl 1654-1667 rD)..(OB ll pycCKO-IIIBe)..(CKOll 1656-1658 ro)..(OB. Eonbrnoe 3HaqeHIIe IIMeno pacIIIIIpeHHe MaCIIITa60B KperrOCTHnqeCKOrO rHeTa, pacnpocTpaHHBrnerocH Ha lO)f{Hbie H IOrO-BOCTO'IHbie OKpaHHbl CTpaHbl, r)..(e yCKOpeHHbiMH TeMrraMH pa3BHBaflOCb <jleo)..(aflbHOe 3eMneBna)..(eHHe, B pe3ynbTaTe qero Haqanocb MaCCOBOe 6erCTBO KpeCTbHH H rroca)..(CKIIX nroLI,ell Ha oKpaHHbi rocyAapcTBa. C KOHU:a 50-x ro)..(OB XVII BeKa rrpaBIITeflbCTBO, ocyru:eCTBflHH Tpe6oBaHHH Co6opHoro yno)f{eHIIH 1649 ro)..(a, B u:enHx rrpecetJ:eHIIH MacCOBbiX rro6eroB KpecTbHH rrpiicryrrii-

flO K opraHII3al(Hll rocyLI,apCTBeHHOrO

CbiCKa 6erflbiX Ha TeppHTOpiiii eBpOrrellCKOll tJ:aCTII PoccHII. 3To rrpiiBeno K BOopy)f{eHHbiM <jlopMaM COllpOTIIBneHHH Bcex cnoeB 3KcrrnyaTupyeMoro HaceneHHH. Hatiano KpecThHHCKOll BOllHhi 6bill0 llOflO)f{eHO Ha )J,oHy. fonyTBeHHbie Ka3aKH rrpe)..(rrpiiHHnll llOXO)..( K 6eperaM KpbrMa H TypU:IIH. Ho AOMOBIIToe Ka3a'IeCTBO llOMeiiiaflO liM rrpopBaTbCH K MOpiO, 60HCb BOeHHOrO CTOflKHOBeHHH c TypKaMII. Ka3aKII Bo rnaBe c aTaMaHOM CTenaHOM THMO<jleeBuqeM Pa3HHbiM rrepe6panHCb Ha Bomy H rro6nH30CTH oT QapiiU:hiHa 3aXBaTIIflH KapaBaH CYL\OB, IIIe)..(IIIIIll B AcTpaxaHb. EecrrperrHTCTBeHHO rrporrnhiB MIIMO QapiiU:biHa II ACTpaxaHII, Ka3aKII BornnH B KacrriillCKoe MOpe II HarrpaBHflHCb K YCTbiO peKII .HIIKa (Ypana). Pa3IIH 3aHHn .HIIU:KIIll ropo)..(OK ( 1667 r. ), K ero BOllCKy rrpucoe)..(HHllflHCh MHOriie HHU:KHe Ka3aKH. Ha cne)..(yroru:Hll ro)..( OTPHA Pa3HHa Ha 24 cyLI,ax HanpaBllflCH K 6eperaM MpaHa. Pa3opHB KacrrHllCKoe rro6epe)f{be OT ,JJ,ep6eHTa AO EaKy, Ka3aKH AOCTHrflii PernTa. Bo BpeMH rreperoBopoB rrepCbi BHe3allHO Hallaflii Ha HIIX II y6Hnii 400 tJ:enoBeK. B OTBeT Ka3aKII pa3rpOMHflH ropoA <Depaxa6aLI,. Ha o6paTHOM rryTH y CBHHOro ocTpoBa, 6nH3 ycTbH Kypbi, Ha Ka3a%H cyAa Hanan HpaHCKIIll <jlflOT, HO llOTeprren rronHhill pa3rpoM. Ka3aKH BepHyniicb B AcTpaxaHb II pacrrpo)..(ann 3)..(eCb 3axBatJ:eHHYIO )..(06bitJ:Y.

CTenaH Pa3111H. C aHmllliiicKoiii rpaBIOpbl 1672 r.

433 YAaqHbill MopcKOll rroxoA Ha .HuK II K 6eperaM 11paHa pe3KO llOBbiCllfl aBTOpHTeT Pa3IIHa cpeAH HaceneHIIH ,lJ,oHa II IloBOfl)f{hH. BecHoii 1670 ro)..(a Pa3HH BHOBb rrOHBllflCH Ha Bonre C 5-TbiCHqHbJM Ka3aU:KHM BOllCKOM. AcTpaxaHh OTKphma eMy BopoTa; CTpMbU:bl ll llOCa)..(CKHe fliO)..(II BCIOLI.Y rrepexo)..(llflii Ha cTopoey Ka3aKoB. Ha 3TOM 3Tarre )..(Bll)f{eHIIe Pa3IIHa rrepepocno paMKII rroxo)..(a 1667-1669 rO)..(OB II BblflllflOCb B MOII(HYIO KpecTbHHCKYIO BOllHy. Pa3HH c OCHOBHbiMH CllflaMH nowen BBepx no Bome. CapaTOB H CaMapa BCTPeTHflll BOCCTaBIIIHX C KOflOKOflbHbiM 3BOHOM, xne60M H COflbiO. Ho no)..( yKperrneHHbiM CIIM6HpCKOM BOllCKO 3a)..(ep)f{anocb Ha)..(onro. K ceBepy II K 3arraAy oT 3Toro ropoAa y)f{e 6yrneBana KpecThHHCKaH Boll:Ha. EonhrnoH: OTpHL\ BOCCTaBIIIIIX ITO)..( KOMaH)..(Oll MIIXaHna XapHTOHOBa B3Hfl KopcyHh, CapaHcK, oBna)..(en IleH30H. 06be)..(IIHHBIIIHCh c OTPMOM BacllflHH <l>e)..(OpOBa, OH HanpaBllflCH K lllau:Ky. PyccKue KpecTbHHe, MOPABa, qyBaIIIH, TaTapbr rrOAHHMaflHCb Ha BOllHY rrotiTII rroronoBHO, )..(a)f{e He )..(O)f{II)..(aHCb rrpiiXO)..(a OTPMOB Pa3IIHa. KpecTbHHCKaH BoiiHa Bee 6flll)f{e rro)..(cryrrana K MocKBe. K BOCCTaHHIO rrpHMKHyflll Ko3bMO)..(eMbHHCK H rrpOMbrcnoBoe ceno JlhiCKOBO Ha Bonre. Ka3aKII H flbiCKOBl(bi 3aHHflll yKperrneHHbiH MaKapbeB MOHaCTbipb B HerrocpeACTBeHHOH 6flii30CTII OT HH)f{Hero HoBropo)..(a. Ha BepxHeM TeqeHIIII ,lJ,oHa BOeHHhiMII )..(ell:cTBIIHMII BoccTaBIIIIIX pyKoBOL\Hfl 6paT CTerraHa Pa3IIHa <Dpon. BoccTaHHe pacnpocTpaHunocb Ha 3eMflH K rory OT EenropoLI,a, HaceneHHbre yKpaiiHl(aMII II HOCHBIIIIIe Ha3BaHIIe Cno6o)..(CKOll YKpaiiHbi. KpecTbHHCKaH BOllHa 3acTaBnna u:apCKOe rrpaBIITeflbCTBO M06Hflll30BaTb BCe CBOH CHflbl )..(flH ee llO)..(aBfleHIIH. IloA MocKBoii B TetJ:eHIIe 8 )..(Hell rrpoH3BOL\HflCH CMOTP 60-TbiCHqHoro ABOpHHCKoro BOllCKa. B caMOll MocKBe 6bm ycTaHOBneH CTporiiii llOflHU:eHCKHH pe)f{IIM, TaK KaK 60HflliCb BOflHeHIIH cpe)..(H ropO)..(CKIIX HH30B. PeiiiiiTeflbHoe CTOnKHoBeHIIe Me)f{AY BOCCTaBIIIIIMII II u:apcKIIMH BOlle-

434

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. neps&Je Type~KMe BOHHbl,

1667-1700rr.

1667-1678 rr. TPEHllls:l ME>KAY POCCliiElillll TYPUliiElil. npvto6pem Ceeepo-Bocro4HYIO YKpavtHY, Poccvtfl oKa3anacb B Henocpe.acreeHHOM coce.acree c rype/..lKVIMVI Bn8,lJ.eHvtf/MVI; BCKOpe Ha4anvtCb norpaHVI4Hb/e KOH<f>nvtKTb/.

1676-1682 rr. UAPCTBOBAHliiE EAOPA Ill AJlEKCEEBllllfA. 1678-1681 rr. nEPBAs:l PYCCKO-TYPEUKAs:l BOPIHA. Ka3al..l-

1,4apb <l>eAOP AneKceeBVI'f (16611682). KopoHoaancH a 1676 rOAY· npVI ero npaaneHVIVI 6bln ocyll\eCTBneH PHA pect>opM: npoaQAeHa o6114aH nepenVIcb HaceneHVIR; aaeAeHo noABOpHoe o6nO>KQHVIe; YHVI'fTO>KQHO MeCTHVI'fQCTBO VI B CBR3VI C 9TVIM CO>K>KQHbl paapHAHble KHVIrVI. TeM caMbiM 6bln nono>KeH KOHe"' onacHoMy o6bl'fal0 ABOpRH VI OORp C'fVIT3TbCH aacnyraMVI npQAKOB npVI 33HRTVIVI AOn>KHOCTVI. Am coxpaHeHVIR naMRTVI npQAKOB 6blnVI BBQAQHbl POAOCnOBHble KHVIrVI. B "'emx "'eHTpanVIaa "'VI VI rocyAapcTaeHHoro npaaneHVIR HetroTopble CMe>KHble npVIK33bl 6blnVI o6'bQAVIHeHbl OOA pyKOBOACTBOM OAHOro nVI"'a

KOTO reTMaHa nerpa j],opoweHKO He ycrpavteanvt ycnoBvtfl Mvtpa, no.anvtcaHHoro B 3opaeHo, vt oH nonpocvtn pyccKotli noMo~vt nporvte nonbwvt vt TYPI..lvtvt. B ro )l(e epeMf! cynraH MoxaMMe.a IV 3af!Bvtn npereH3Vfvt Ha YKpavtHY VI nocnan 6onbWYIO apMVI/0 BO maee c Bvt3vtpeM Kapa-Mycra<f>otli, 4T06bJ BbJ6VITb OTTy,aa nonf!KOB VI pyCCKVIX. bOeBb/e ,aetliCTBVffl npovtcxo,avtnvt maBHb/M o6pa30M Ha BOCTOKe nonbcKotli (3ana.aHotli) YKpavtHbJ, VI 3TVI 3eMnvt OKa3anvtCb nonHOCTb/0 pa3opeHbl vt onycroweHbJ. PyccKoKa3a%R apMvtfl KHfi3R PoMo.aaHoBcKoro orcrynvtna, npaKTvt4eCKVI He oKa3aB conporvteneHvtR. TypKvt 3axearvtnvt VI pa3pywvtnvt pR,a yKpavtHCKVIX ropo.aoe vt Kpenocretli.

SIHBapSI

1681

PAA3liiH-

CKllllil AOfOBOP. TYPI..lVffl OTKa3anacb OT npereH3VIW Ha YKpavtHY, O,aHa-

KO nvtWb npvt ycnOBVIVI, 4TO BCe HaceneHvte noKvtHer 3eMnvt Me)l(ll.y t;yroM VI,/J,HeCTpOM, VI patliOH 3TOT OCTaHeTCfl He38ceneHHb/M. no.aonvtfl BepHynacb K nonbwe. Ka38KaM Ha BCetli YKpavtHe 6bmvt npe.aocraeneHbl oco6b1e npaea.

1682-1689 rr. COBMECTHOE UAPCTBOBAHliiE liiBAHAV lll nETPA I. t1eaH V 6bm6paroM 4>e.aopa Ill; Ha npecron OH 6bm B03Be.aeH coBMecrHo CO CBOVIM Mn8,lJ.WVIM 6paTOM, HOB 1689 ro,ay yMep.

1689-1725 rr. UAPCTBOBAHliiE nETPAI BEJlliiKOfO. npvtHeM Poccvtfl Ha4ana 6opb6y 3a BbJxo.a K MOP/0 - nepBOHa4anbHO K 1../epHOMY.

1695-1700 rr. PYCCKO-TYPEUKAs:l BOPIHA 3A A30B. 3ro 6b/fla nepBaf/ KaMnaHvtfl, B03maBneHHaf/ nerpoM I; pyccKaf/ apMVffl B 1695 ro.ay cnycrvtnacb e.aonb Bonrvt vt ,/J,oHa K A3oey, HO, noHecR Tf!)/(enbJe norepvt, 6bma or6vtra. He vtMef! ¢nora, pyccKvte oKa38nvtcb He B cocroRHvtvt 6nOKVIPOBaTb BO.l1Hb/e no.aXO.f1bl K Kpenocrvt.

1695-1696 rr. nETP I CTPOliiT JlOT. Ceotli ¢nor OH nocrpovtn eo3ne BopoHe)l(a, a eecHotli ornpaBvtn ero BHVI3 no ,/J,OHY, K A30By.

28 HI011SI 1696 r. 83s:ITliiE A30BA. PyccKoe eotlicKo, yeenvt4vtBweecf! .ao 75 Tb/Cf/4 qenoeeK, Hacrynano OT4aCTVI no cywe, OT4aCTVI no peKe. Ha 3Tor pa3 Kpenocrb 6bma B3f/Ta B pe3ynbTaTe COBMeCTHb/X

KaMH rrpoH30lllJIO IIO.LJ. CHM6HpcKoM.

B oTpli.LJ.hl K Pa3HHY cTeKa.JIHCJ> 6oJIJ>lllHe IIO.LJ.KperrJieHHll H3 TaTap, 'I)'Ballleit H MOP.LJ.Bhl, HO oc3.LJ.a ropo.LJ.a 3aTHHyJiacJ> Ha ueJihlJ:i Mec.au, H 3TO II03BOJIHJIO uapCKHM BOeBO.LJ.aM C06paTb 6oJiblllHe CHJihl. Ilo.D. CHM6HpCKOM BOitCKa Pa3HHa IIOTepiieJIH IIOpiDKeHHe OT IIOJIKOB HH03eMHOrO CTPOH (oKT.a6pJ>

1670 r.).

Pacc<JHThl-

BaH Ha6paTb HOBoe soitcKo, Pa3HH OTIIpaBHJICll Ha ,[(oH, HO 6J>m rrpe.LJ.aTeJibCKH CXBa<JeH.LJ.OMOBHThlMH Ka3aKaMH H oTBe3eH B MocKBY, rAe ero IIO.LJ.BepmH B HIOHe

1671

TeJIJ>Hoit Ka3HH -

<JeTBepTOBaHHIO.

ro.LJ.a MY'IH-

Ho soccTaHHe npo.LJ.OJiiKaJiocJ> H rrocJie ero cMepTH. ,[(oJIJ>llle scex .LJ.epiKaJiacJ> AcTpaxaHJ>. 0Ha C.LJ.aJiacJ> uapCKHM BOitCKaM TOJIJ>KO B KOHUe

1671

ro.LJ.a.

BeH'f3HVIe Ha "'apCTBO "'apeiii lr1BaHa VI neTPa I AneKOeeBVI'feiii 25 VIIOHR 1682 r.

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA ' A30BCKH E noXOJJ:hi n ETP A 1 150

300 KM

435 /1,8MCTBII1ill apMIII/11 Ill C/JnOTa ( C/JnOT OT6111n Typel.I,KIIIe Kopa6nll1 111 3a6noKII1poaan A3oa c MOPR).

06na):(aHHe A30BOM, pacrronomeHHbiM Ha A3oBCKOM Mope, KOTopoe oTJJ:eJIHJI OT qepHoro Ha):(emHo rrepeKpbiTbiH TypKaMIT Kep'leHCKITii rrpoJIITB, He MOrJIO pellliTTb rrpo6JieMbl BbiXO):(a PoccTITI K qepHoMy Mopro. Bbr6op A3oBa B Ka'IeCTBe cTpaTerTI'IecKoii IJ,eJITI 06b5ICHTIM JITIIITb HeXBaTKOH CTIJI ):(JIH KpbiMCKOM KaMIIaHTITI. TioTepii, rroHeceHHbre rrpii B35ITITH A3oBa, oKa3aJITICb HerrporropU,IIOHaJibHO BeJITIKTI no cpaBHeHHIO c ero CTpaTeriT'leCKoii 3Ha'ITIMOCTbiO ):(JI5I PoccTITI (KoM. aBT).

A30 BCK H H

noxon

1696 r.

~ Ll,e~crm1.11 pyccKHX

.,. ___ _

BOCiCK H

¢nora

1698 r. MSITE>K B MOCKBE. neTp /, IIIHKOIHIIITO nYTeWeCTBOBaBWIIIill no 3ana/1,Hoill Eapone ( 16971698 11.}, aepHynCR B POCC/1110 nO/],aBIIITb B08HHb/M MRT8)f( ( CTpenel.I,KIIIill 6yHT) 111 Ha'-/aTb pec!JopMbl pyccKom npaB/11T8nbCTBa Ill BCeill CTpaHbl. 1700 r. nEPEMI!1PI!1E C TYPLI,I!1E171. 0Ho 6bmo 3aKniO'-IeHo cpoKOM Ha 30 neT.

;;:. :.:;;. lle i1C TBJ.1 5l ry p eUf0.1X ~- BOi-iCK H cjlnOra

:I,;

K opa6eflbHbr e se p¢H

T ep pH ropH 5l, np Hcoe-

BEHrPIDI

,U HHeH Ha>l. K P o ccHH

no Ko HcraHn H!Ononb·

CKOMY AOros op y 1700 !"" Ha Ka pre o6o3 Ha" eHo UH <jlpo >< I r ocyna pCT BO P e'-l b n oc n VJHiTafl

no'-IT/11 aecb XVII aeK HeCKOH'-IaeMaR (Ho cnopa/1,111'-leCKaR) 6opb6a /a6c6ypma Ill OCMaHCKOill Typl./,111111 npo1!1CX0/1.1!1na 1naBHbJM o6pa3oM MMeHHO Ha TeppvJTOP/11111 BeHIP/11111. Y'-laCTIIIe /a6c6ypma a Tp1!1/1.l.l,aTI!1neTHeill BOiliHe Ill /J.PYIIIIX KOHC/JnliiKTaX B Ll,eHTpanbHoill 111 3ana/],Hoill Eapone /l,Onloe apeMR Mewano 111M aocnonb30BaTbCR nocTeneHHbJM yna/],KOM OcMaHCKOill IIIMnepllllll. Ha npOTfl)f(8Hllllll nO'-ITIII BC810 OniiiCbJBaeM0/0 neplii0/1, TpaHCIIInbBaHIIIR HOMIIIHanbHO C/Jbee/J OcMaHcKoiliMMnep1!11!1 1 - 6bma npaKT/11'-18CK/11 He3aBIIICIIIMOMIII yMeno 1111pana Ha pa3HOmaCIIIRX/1,BYX IIIMneplllill/11 nonbwlll. K KOHLI,Y aeKa Typl.I,IIIR IIICnbJTana He/l,Onllllill nO/l,beM, '-ITO no3BOnMno eill CHOBa nOKOpiiiTb TpaH1 CornacHo 11pynrM IICTO'IHIIKaM, TpaHCHJihnaHcKoe KHH)!{eCTIJO XOTH H rrpH3HaJIO cro3epeHIITeT OcMaHcKoil IIMrrepiiii, O/IHaKo

83SITHe A30Ba. nepsoe y'laCTHe pyccKoro <JlllOTa B BOeHHbiX AeHCTBHSIX

tPhetPOM IIOCJie).IHeii He llllJ!liJIOCb.

436 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

HarpyAHHK KHpacbl. XVII B.

ClllflbBaH/1110 Ill npaKT!II'4eCKIII BC/0 ra6c6yprCK}'/O BeHrp11110 - K}'flbM!IIHa~!ll足 ew 9Toro no.n.beMa RB!IInacb oca.n.a BeHbJ. Kor.n.a aecrp!IIW~bJ 111 eeHrpbJ nplll nOMOW/11 nOflbCKOTO KOPOflR >lHa Co6ecKoro or6111n111 rypoK or BeHbJ, B 0cMaHCKOW 11/Mnep!lllll CHOBa Ha'4anCR yna.n.oK, np!11'4eM ropa3.n.o 6onee pe3KIIIW, '4eM paHbWe. K KOHLW eeKa la6c6ypm KOHTPOfliiiPOBan/11 npaKT!II'4eCKIII BCJO BeHrp!IIJO.

83ner H na.qeHHe TpaHcHn&saHHH, 1593-1662 rr. 1593-1606 rr. AOJlfASI 80171HA. 1599-1601 rr. 60Pb6A 3A TPAH Clf1Jl bBAH 1.110. HeHa.n. onro CTpaHa OKa38nacb no.n. BflaCTb/0 MIIIXaR Xpa6poro, rocno.n.apR Banaxu111

111 PYMbJHCKoro Ha~!lloHanbHoro repoR. l13rHaHHbJW 1113 TpaHcunbBaHUIII B pe3yflbTaTe BeHrepCKOTO BOCCTaHIIIR ( 1601 r.), Muxaw Ha KOPOTKUW cpoK eepHyn ce6e enacrb, o.n.ep)l(aB npu noMowu ra6c6yprcKoro reHepana leopra 6acTbJ no6e.n.y np!11/oP9Cfl9Y. npae.n.a, BCKOpe nocne 9TOTO 6acra opraHU30Ban y6!11WCTBO MuxaR 111 Y'4111HIIIn B TpaHcunbBaH!IIU KPOBaBb/W Teppop, '4TO np!IIBeno K nORBfleHU/0 Ha IIICTOPIII'4eCKOW apeHe Cre<f>aHa b0'4KaU Ill ycneWHOMY C0/03Y nocne.n.Hero C rypKaMIII. 23 IIIIOHSI 1606 r. BEHCKif1171 AOfOBOP. l1Mneparop Py.n.onb</> II npU3Han Cre<f>aHa b0'4Kalll cyeepeHHb/M KHR3eM TpaHclllnbBaH!IIU, a raK)I(e rapaHrupoean npaea rpaHc!llnbBaHcKux (U UHbiX) npoTeCTaHTOB B ra6c6yprcKow BeHrp111111.

11 HOS16pS11606 r. Clf1TBA-TOPOKCKif1171 AOfOBOP. OH 03HaMeHOBan co6ow KoHe~ ,IJ,onrow eowHbJ. TeppuropuanbHbJW craryc BeHrpu!ll OCTanCR HeU3MeHHbJM, O.O.HaKO UMneparop OTHbJHe He o6R3aH 6bm nnaT!IITb.O.aHb cynraHy. HoM!IIHanbHO TpaHclllnbBaHUR no-npe)I(HeMy npiii3Haeana OCMaHCKIIIW C/03epeHUTeT. 29 .QeKa6pSI 1606 r. CMEPTb 60lfKAif1. He IIICKfl/0'4eHO, '4TO OH 6bm orpaeneH; Ha'4anacb 6opb6a 3a BflaCTb. 1608-1613 rr. nPABJlEHif1E KHSI3SI r ABPif11f1JlA (fA60PA) 6ATOPif1SI TPAHCif1JlbBAHCKOfO (cbtHa CTe<l>aHa 6aTOPIIISI). OH npORB!IIfl ce6R )l(eCTOKIIIM T!llpaHOM, ecne.n.creue '4ero 6bm ceeprHyT 111 y6111T Ha nRTOM TO.ll.Y npaeneHUR. 1613-1629 rr. nPABJlEHif1E KHSI3SI fA60PA (fABPif11f1JlA) 6ETJlEHATPAHCif1JlbBAHCKOrO. OH 6bm MY.ll.PbJM KHR3eM 111 yMenbJM BOeHa'4aflbHUKOM. 161 8-1629 rr. YlfACTif1E TPAHCif1JlbBAHif11f1 B TPif1AUATif1JlETHE171 B0171HE. 6erneH HeHa.n.onro oca.n.un BeHy( 1619 r.); oraecrplllwcKow CTOflU~b/ OH 6b/fl OT6111T, HO BCe paBHO noKopun 60flbWYIO '4aCTb ra6c6yprCKOWBeHrp!IIU( 1620 r.).la6c6ypr!ll np!113Han!ll ero KHR3eM TpaHcunbBaHuu, u- no ycnoBURM H111Konc6yprcKoro .n.oroeopa (21 .n.eKa6pR 1621 r.) - K 6emeHy orowna 3Ha'4!11TeflbHaR '4aCTb TeppiiiTOPUIII ra6c6yprcKow BeHrp111111. B nocne.n.oBaBWUX KaMnaH!IIRX pewaJOwero nepeeeca He y.n.anocb .n.o6uTbCR HIIIKOMY 1113 Yf4aCTHIIIKOB. 1630-1648 rr. nPABJlEHif1E KHSI3SI AbEPASI PAKOUif11 TPAHCif1JlbBAHCKOrO. np111 HeM TpaHclllnbeaHuR crana ewe c!llnbHee, o6wupHew u He3aB!IIcuMew. 1645~ B0306HOBJlEHif1E B0171Hbl C fA6C6YPfAM!f1.,1J,bep.n.b PaKo~!ll pa36111n la6c6yproe, 111 (no YCflOBIIIRM flUH~CKOTO .O.OTOBOpa ( 16 .n.eKa6pR 1645 r.), .n.o6111ncR noeropHoro npe.n.ocraeneHIIIR ceo6o.O.bJ eepo111cnoee.n.aHUR B ra6c6yprcKow BeHrpUIII - paBHOW KaK )JflR KaTOfl/11KOB, TaK Ill )JflR npoTeCTaHTOB. 1648-1660 rr. nPABJlEHif1E KHSI3SI AbtPASI PAKOUif111 TPAH-

BOCTOLJHA~ CHJlbBAHCKOrO. 8 Heo6bHBneHHoiii norpaHII1'1Hoiii aacTpo-T}'peu.Koiii aoiiiHe oH no,lJ,IJ.ep)I(II1Ban caoero CI03epeHa, cynTaHa Typ1.1,111111 ( 16481652 rr.).

1657r.TPAHCH11bBAHCKOE BTOP>KEHHE B nOJlbWY. Ha,lleHcb aocnonb30BaTbCH nopa)l(eHII1HMII1 nonbWII1 B Ha'lane nepaoiii CeaepHoiii aoiiiHbl, /l.bBPAb PaKOU.111 II aToprcH B /O)I(HYIO nonbwy; OH paCC'III1Tb!Ban 3aXBaTII1Tb nonbCKII1fii npeCTOn. 9TOT war, c,llenaHHbliii 6e3 no3aoneHII1H cynraHa, pa3bf/pll1n nocne,llHero- TOT no-npe)I(HeMy 111Men Bll1,llbl Ha YKpaii1HY. Kpb!MCKoMyxaHy- aaccany OrroMaHcKoiii 111Mnep111111- 6bmonpii1Ka3aHo Bb!6111Tb /l.bBPAH PaKOU.111 II 1113 nonbWII1. PaKOI..J,II1 HeHa,llonro 3aHHn Bapwaay, HO, nOKII1HYTbiM WBe,llaMII1, 6blfl BbiHy>K,lleH OTCT}'nii1Tb. np111 OTCTynneHII1111 era apbeprap,ll 6bm pa3rpoMneH mmpaMII1 a 6111TBe np111 TpeM6oane (6nll13 TepHononH; 31 11110nH); KOMaH,llOBa BWII1M apbeprap,[lOM flHOW KeMeHII1 nonan a nneH. /l.bep,llb PaKo1.1,111 II aepHyncH a TpaHcll1nbaaHII110 n111wb c Manoiii 'laCTbiO caoeiii apMII1111. 1657-1662 rr. BO~HA C TYPLI,HE~. Benii1KII1iii BII13111Pb OcMaHcKoiii 111Mnep111111 Kenp10n10 MexMeT-nawa npe,[lnpii1HHn nonb!TKY caeprHyTb /l.bepAfl PaKOU.111 II, O,llHaKo ycnexoM aHa He yaeH'Ianacb. CHa'lana PaKol.l,lll pa36111n apMII110 amp)l(eHII1H Kenp10n10 B 6111TBe np111 fl111nne ( Mafii 1658 r. ), HO, Kor,lla T}'peu.KaH apMII1H coe,llii1HII1nacb c apMII1eiii KPbiMCKoro xaHa, 6bln BbiTecHeH 1113 TpaHcll1nbaaHII1111 a cao111 ana,[leHII1H a ra6c6yprcKoiii BeHrp111111. KHH3eM TpaHcll1nbaaHII1111 Kenp10n10 npoao3mac111n AKowa 5ap'lall1 (HoH6pb 1658 r.). PaKOI.l,lll BCKOpell13rHan 5ap'lall11113 CTpaHbl ( 1659 r.), O,llHaKO, B CBOIO O'lepe,llb, nO,llBeprCH HaCTOnbKO cll1nbHOMY TYPeU.KOMY ,ll8BneHII110, 'ITO 6b!n BbiH}?K,lleH B033BaTb 3a nOMOUI,biO K la6c6ypraM -a o6MeH Ha HecKonbKO norpaHII1'1HbiX npOBII1HI..J,l!1M.

1660 r. 5HTBA nPH EHEWE. np111 nonbiTKe OCTaHOBII1Tb BT0p)l(eHII1e AxMe,lla C111A111, naw111 5yAbl, /l.bep,llb PaKOU.111 II noTepnen nopa)l(eHII1e 111 6b!n CMepTenbHO paHeH. YMep OH B Ha,lly,llaape, r,lle apMII110 era oca)l(,llano Typeu.Koe aoiiicKo. nocne 'leTblpexMeCH'IHoiii oca,llbl TYPKII1 B3Hnll1 ro-

EBPOnA

POA WT}'PMOM ( 27 aarycm); a BCTpll1iiiCKaf/ apMII1fl npii19TOM CTOHna no6nii130CTII11116e3,[lefiicTBOBana.

1661 r. SIHOW KEMEHH H35PAH KHSI3EM TPAHCHJlbBAHHH. OH He,llaBHO ao3apaTII1nCH 1113 Kpb!MCKoro nneHa. HecMOTPH Ha HeKOTopoe CO,lleMCTBII1e ManeHbKOM a BCTpii1MCKOM apMII1111 no,ll KOMaH,llOBaHII1eM rpacfJa PaiiiMYHAa MoHTeKyKonll1, KeMeHII1 He cMor oTpa3111Tb Typeu.Koro BTOp)l(eHII1H.

22 SIHBapSI 1662 r. 5HTBA nPH HAA3WE. Typeu.KaH apMII1H MexKy'lyKa pa3rpoM111na TpaHcll1nbaaHcKy10; RHow KeMeHII1 nan a 6010. B TpaHcll1nbaaHII1111 6bma aoccTaHoaneHa anacTb OcMaHcKoiii 111Mnep111111; KHH3eM TYPKII1 npoao3mac111n111 Mll1xaH Ana¢111 I.

Me,lla

80306HOBneHHeOCM8HCKOra6c6yprcKOift 6op&6&1 3a BeHrpHJO, 1662-1683 rr.

1663-1664 rr. TYPELI,KOE BTOP>KEHHE B rA5C5YPrCKYIO BEHrPHIO. Hoabliii aenii1KII1iii Bll13111pb Kenp10n10 r:!Ja3blfl AxMeT-nawa ( Cb!H Kenp10n10 MexMeT-naw111) BToprcH a BeHrpll110 c HaMepeHII1eM HacT}'naTb Ha BeHy. TypKII1 6bmll1 ocmHoaneHbl y Heiiixay3eHa; ropo,ll ,llo6necTHo o6opoHHn AAaM r:!Jopra'l. B KOHU.e KoHu.oa Heiiixay3eH c,[lancH ( ceHrn6pb 1663 r.), HO AxMeT-nawa peWII1n oTnO)I(II1Tb HacTynneHII1e Ha BeHy AO cne,lly!Ow,eiii aecHbl. npaa,lla, KorA8 OH CHOBa ,llBII1Hyn BOMCKa Ha ceaep, aacTp111iiiU.bl ny'lwe no,llrOTOBII1nll1cb, 111 T}'peu.Koe HacT}'nneHII1e 6b!no cll1nbHo 3aMe,llneHo conpoTII1BneHII1eM KpenocTeiii. B KOHLJ,e neTa a Bawaape Ha'lanll1cb MII1PHble neperoaopbl.

1 aBrycTa 1664 r. 5HTBA HA PEKEPA5(111nlllyCeHT-roTap.QcKoro a66aTCTBa). AxMe,ll nonb!TancH BbiHYA111Tb aBCTpll1iiiLJ,eB npii1Hf/Tb Mll1p Ha era ycnoBII1HX 111, nepenpa BII1BWII1Cb 'lepe3 peKy, aTaKoaan apMII110 MoHTeKYKOnll1. HecMOTPH Ha no,llaBnHIOW.111iii nepeaec a )1(111Boiii c111ne, TYPKII1 6blflll1 oT6111Tblll1 OTCT}'nll1nll1 K5y,lle; npecneAOBaTb 111X aBCTpii1MI..J,bl He CTanll1.

437 TpaHcll1nbaaHII1H, coxpaHII1B aaToHOMHOCTb, CHOBa npii13Hana OCMaHCKII1M CI03epeHII1TeT. KpoMe Taro, 3a TypKaMII1 ocmn111cb 3axaa'leHHble 111MII1 norpaHII1'1Hble KpenocTII1.

1664-1673 rr. 5ECnOPSIAKH B rA5C5YPrCKO~ BEHrPHH. 0T'IaCTII11113-3a He,llOBOnbCTBa HeBblrO,llHbiMII1 ycnoBII1HMII1 BawaapcKoro Mll1pa, OT'IaCTII1 1113-3a npecne,[loaaHII1iii Ha penll1rii103Hoiii no'lae, no aceiii BeHrp111111 Ma,llbHPbl ycTpa111aan111 aHTII1ra6c6yprcKII1e 3aroaopb!- ,lla)l(e BnnOTb,llO Taro, 'ITO 111CKanll1 TypeLJ,KOM noMOW,111. AacTpll1iiiLJ,bl nerKo cnpaall1nii1Cb c 6ecnopH,llKaMII1111 no,llaa111n111 PHA He6onbWII1X MHTe)l(efii, nocne 'lero penpecc111111 TonbKO yc111n111n111cb.

1678-1682 rr. AHTHABCTPH~CKOE BOCCTAHHE. MHTe)I(HII1-

KII1, KOTOpb!X B03rnaBII1n rpacfJ fi1Mpe TeKenll1, ycmHoa111n111 KOHTponb no'ITII1 HaA aceiii CeaepHoiii 111 3ana,llHoiii BeHrp111eiii. Hofleononb,llnowen aeHrpaM Ha ycTynKII1, 111 Mf/Te)I(HII1KII1 noCTeneHHO nepecTanll1 nonb3oaaTbCH no,lJ,IJ.ep)I(Koiii a Hapo,lle; TeKenll1o6paTII1nCH3a co,[leiiicTall1eM K TYPKaM. Typeu.KaH apMII1H, nocnaHHaH aenii1KII1M Bll13111peM Kapa-Mycmc{Joiii, noMoma MHTe)I(HOMyrpa¢ynoKopii1Tb ceaepoaocToK cTpaHbl. TeKenll1 npii13Han CI03epeHII1TeT cynTaHa 111 6bm npoao3maweH KoponeM BeHrp111111. He cyMea ,ll06111TbCf/ OT ABCTPII1111 ycTynoK, TypKII1 CTanll1 rOTOBII1Tb Ha cne,lly10W,111M ro,ll BTOp)l(eHII1e. fleononb,ll nocnewH03aKn10'1111n MII1P c TeKenll1, npii13Haa Taro c{JaKTII1'1ecKII1 noaenii1TeneM aceiii BeHrp111111, KpoMe TpaHcll1nbaaHII1111.

31 MapTa 1683 r. nOJlbCKO111 AacT-

ABCTPH~CKH~ COI03.

PII1H, 111 nonbwa aoeaan111 c Typ1.1,111eiii; 111 fleononb,ll I, 111 RH Co6ecKII1iii 3Hanll1, 'ITO Kapa-MycTac{Ja co6111paeT apMII1111B~pll1aHonone(coap.9A111P

He a Typ1.1,111111) 1115enrpa,[le. Co103 6bm 3aKniO'IeH, 'IT06bl OKa3aTb COBMeCTHbiM OTnop TypeLJ,KOMY BT0p)l(eHII110. BeHcKaR KaMnaHHR, 1683 r.

11 aBrycTa 1664 r. BAWBAP-

MapT-Malli 1683 r. TYPELI,KOE HACTYnllEHHE. CynTaH MoxaMMe,ll IV nii1'1HO noaen Typeu.KyiO ap-

CKH~ MHP. 5b!no AOCTII1rHYTO comaweHII1e o 20-neTHeM nepeMII1PII1111.

MII110 aT AAp111aHononH K 5enrpa,lly (31 Mapm). HacTynaH aT 5enrpa,[la

438

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

Type~Kast

apMHH, oca>KA31011.13SI BeHy a 1683 rOAY

H8 CeBep (peanbHO KOM8H/l.OB8fl eoiiicKaMM Kapa-Mycralj>a), rypKM coe.aMHMnMcb c rpaHcMnbBBHCKoiii apMMeiii MMxaa Analj>M I, M o6beJJ.MHeHHoe BOWCKO /l.OCTMmO •mcneHHOCTM B 200 Tb!Cfl'l 'lenoeeK. TeM epeMeHeM BeHrepCK8fl apMMfl, KOMBH/l.OBan Koropoiii TeKenM, BbJcrynMna nporMB aecrpMiiil.leB B CnoeaKMM, HO 6b!fl8 OT6MT8 y npecc6ypra. VltoHb 1683 r. BTOP)f(EHVIE B ABCTPVIIO. OcraBMB 'lBCTb apMMM OC8)1(J1.8Tb Jlpep, 150-Tb/Cf/'lHOe rypel_lKOe BOWCKO BBepx no )J,yHB/0 /l.BMHyflOCb B AecrpMJO. VfMneparop fleononb/1. I c .aeopoM 6e)l(8nM B naccay. Kapn, repJ.lor florapMHrCKMiii, c npM6nM3MTenbHO 30-Tb/Cf/'lHOW 8BCTPMWCKOW apMMeiii orcrynMn or BeHbl KflMHLlY. B pacnopfDKeHVIM KOMBHJJ.YJOI.l..lero BeHCKVIM rapHM30HOM rpalj>a PJOJJ.VIrepa lj>oH WrapeM6epra ocraeanMcb flMWb OKOflO 15 Tb/Cf/'4 'leflOBeK. 14 Htonst1683 r. TYPKVI AOXOASIT AO BEHbl. ropo.a 6bm He38Me.aflMTeflbHO 06flO)I(eH CO BCeX CTOpOH. 17 HIOflSI -12 CeHTS16pst1683 r. OCAAA BEHbl. Y rypoK 6bmo o'leHb Mano KpynHoKanM6epHoiii aprVInnePVIM: nMWbHecKonbKO 6onbWW< nyweK y.aanocb cnnaBMTb 6ap)l(eiii no)J,yHa/0. ropOJJ.CK8fi8PTMnnepMfi3H84MTeflbHO npeBOCXO/l.Mfl8 rypeJ..lK}'/0 - M KB'leCTBeHHO, M KOflM'leCTBeHHO. KpoMe

TOro, OC8)1(JJ.eHHbJe '48CTO ycrpaMBanVI 3HeprM'4HbJe Bblfl83KVI, .aoporo o6xo/l.VIBWMeca rypKaM. TeM epeMeHeM Kapn florapMHrCKMiii, .aep)l(aBwMiii CBfl3b c BeHoiii no peKe, npeceKBn Bee rypeJ.lKVIe nonb!TKM npOJJ.BMHYTbCfl BBepxnOJJ.OflMHe)J,yHaf/. npaB/1.8, rypKBM y.aanocb npo.aenarb B ropo.acKVIX CTeHax Pfl/1. 6peweiii VI npopB8TbCfl B OKPBVIHHbJe KB8pTanbJ rop0/1.8, OJJ.H8KO npOJJ.BM)I(eHVIe MX 6b!fl0 OCT8HOBneHO HOBbiMM, H8 CKOPYIO PYKY B03BeJJ.eHHbiMVI yKpenneHMf/MM ( 1 CeHTf/6Pfl). K 9TOMY epeMeHVI rapHV130H BeHbl COKp8TMflCfl nO'lTM HanonOBMHY, 8 npMnBCbl y OC8)1(JJ.eHHbiX nOJJ.XO/l.MflVI KKOHl.lY. AarycT-ceHTS16pb 1683 r. nPVI6biTVIE S1HA C06ECKOfO. BepHbliii 38KnJO'leHHOMY c aecrpMiiil.lBMM JJ.OrOBOpy, 8 T810Ke B OTBeT H8 npM3biB nanbl PMMCKOrO VfHHOKeHTVIfl XI, >lH Co6ecKMiii noeen 30-TbJCfl'lHYJO apMVI/0 Ha noMOI.l..lb BeHe. C maBHb/MVI CMfl8MVI OH npeo.aonen 350 KM, or.aenfl/0/.l..IVIX BeHy or BapwaBbJ, 38 15 JJ.Heiii -no MepKaM roro BpeMeHM He06bJ'48WHO 6bJCTpO. npM6bJTVIe nonaKoB, 38na.aHee BeHbJ coe.aMHVIBWMXCfl C 8BCTPMWJ.l8MM M HeMLlBMM, fiBVInocb .ana Kapa-Mycral/>bl nonHOW HeO)I(VIJJ.BHHOCTb/0. ApMMfl C0/03HMKOB /l.BMHYfl8Cb H8 rypel_lKMW narepb ( 11 ceHm6pa).

12 ceHTS16pst1683 r. BEHCKAS1 6VITBA. KoMBH/l.OBBHMe eceMM cMnaMM C0/03HVIKOB(30Tb!Cf/'4 nOflf/KOB, 46 Tb/Cf/'4 8BCTPMiiiJ..leB MHeMI_leB) npMHflfl >lH Co6ecKVIiii. nonf!KVI 6bmM nocrpoeHbJ H8 npaBOM lj>naHre; 8BCTPMWLlbl eo maee c KapnoM, repl_loroM floraPMHrCKVIM - Ha neeoM; pa3nM'4HbJe repJ\11aHCKVIe orpfiJJ.bJ38HflnM no3MLlMJO B LleHTpe. V13-3a cno)I(Horo penbelj>a MeCTHOCTVI H8CTynanM C0/03HVIKM Me.aneHHo; araKoearb >lH Co6ecKVIiii nnaHMpoean Ha cne.ayJOI.l..IMiii .aeHb. 0JJ.H8KO, 38MeTMB cna60CTb rypeJ.lKOW o6opOHbl, B 5 '48COB Be'lepa OH npMK83an Hacrynarb no BCeMy lj>poHTy. O.aHoepeMeHHO no3Ml.lVIM oc8)1(JJ.aBWW< 8T8KOB8fl VI ropOJJ.CKOW rapHM30H. B re'leHMe l.laca Me.>KJJ.y peKoiii M rypeJ.lKVIM narepeM 6yweeano cpa)l(eHMe; HVI rypel_lKOW, HM XPMCTM8HCKOW nexore He y.aaeanocb.ao6VITbCfl nepeeeca. 3areM >lH Co6ecKMiii noeen CB0/0 KBBBnepM/0 H8 warep Kapa-MyCT8l/>bl. BenMKMiii BM3Mpb Mero apMMfl y.aapMnMcb B naHVI'lecKoe 6ercreo; rypKM noHecnM orpoMHbJe norepM. Onacaacb B reMHore yro.aMTb B 3aca.ay, >lH Co6ecKVIiii BCKope npeKparMn npecne.aoeaHMe, M nonHoro pa3rpoMa rypeLlKBfl apMMfl M36e)l(ana. 3axea4eHHoe 3H8Mfl npopoKa Co6eCKVIiii orocnan nane pMMCKOMY. CeHTS16pb-.QeKa6pb 1683 r. nPE CJlEAOBAHVIE TYPOK. VfMneparop fleononb/1. I, peBHVIBO orHecWMiiica K no6e.ae >lHa Co6ecKoro, npof!BMn K cnacMrenJO AecrpMM 'lpe3BbNaiiiHyJO xono.aHocrb. TeM He MeHee nOflbCKMW KOPOflb B03rfl8BVIfl npecne.aoeaHVIe orcryna/0/.J..IVIX rypoK VI nOMOr OCB060JJ.MTb rpay (OKTfl6pb) M MHOrMe 3eMJIM B Ceeepo3ana,aHOW BeHrpMVI.

3asoesaHHe BeHrpHH ra6c6ypraMn, 1683-1688 rr. 31 MapTa 1684 r. JlVIHUCKVI"' AOfOBOP. no HBCTOf/HVI/0 nanbl pMMCKoro VfHHOKeHTMfl XI, nporMB TYPLlVIVI 6bma co3.aaHa CBf!l.l..leHHBfl flVIrB. nepBOH8'48flbHO OH8 BKn/0'48na B CBOW COCTBB CBf//.J..IeHHY/0 PVIMCKY/0 MMnepVIIO, nonbWY M BeHel..lM/0. no3)1(e K Heiii npMCOeJJ.VIHVIfl8Cb M PoccMa(anpenb 1686 r.).

BOCTO~ HAs:l 1684-1685 rr. norPAHL"'l!HbiE CTOJlKHOBEHL"'SI. nepeeeca He y.aanocb.ao6MTbCR HMKOMY, HO MHMLU18TMBOM ena.aenu cKopee la6c6ypru. 2 ceHTst6pst 1686 r. B3SITL1E 6YAbl. nocne no4TM ,aByxMeCR4HOM oca,abJ Kapn, repuor floTapuHrcKulrl, 3BXBBTMn cronucy rypeuKolrl BeHrpuu. 1687 r. 6L1TBAnPL1 HAAbXAPWAHE (HnH XapKaHe). 5nu3 9TMX .aeyx ropo.aKoB, pacnono)l(eHHbJX4YTb 3ana.aHee Moxa~.:~a, r.ae B 1526 ro.ay xpucTuaHe noTepnenu coKpywuTenbHOe nopa)l(eHue, Kapn, repuor floTapuHrcKulrl, pa3rpoMun TypoK u TBKMM o6p830M pacnpOCTPBHVffl KOHTponb la6c6yproe Ha BC/0 /O)I(HY/0 BeHrpu/0 u MHo rue TpaHcunbBBHcKue 3eM!Iu. Ma.o.bRPbl 6bmu BbJHy)l(.aeHbJ npM3HBTb B la6c6yprax Hacne,aHb/X MOHBPXOB BeHrpMM. 6 ceHTst6pst 1688 r. B3SITL1E 6EJlfPAAA. nocne OC8JJ.bl KpenocTb 6bma 3axea~.:~eHa. AecTpMirll.lbl noKopunu 6onbWYIO ~.:~acTb Cep6uu.

EBPOnA

.aoeanu KoTopbJM l1Mpe TeKenu u MycTacf>a-nawa. noru6nu 20 Tb/CR4 TYPOK, B TOM 4MCne l1 CBM BenMKVftrl BM3MPb Kenp10n10 ct>a3bm MycTacj>anawa. /a6c6ypru np04HO YCT8HOBMfll1 ceo10 enacTb B TpaHcMnbBBHMM. 1691-1696 rr. nPL"'fPAHL"'liHbiE KAMnAHL"'L"'. )J.o6MTbCR nepeeeca B HMX HM OJ1HOMM3 CTOPOH TBK u He y.aanocb. 1697 r. CPA:>KEHL"'E nPL"' CEHTE (HnH 3eHTe; B cosp. Cep6HH). KHR3b EereHulrl CaeolrlcKulrl BbJcrynun Ha nepexear 6onbwolrl TypeuKolrl apMMM, .aeuraewelrlcR M3 5enrpa.aa B /O)I(HY/0 BeHrpu/0 no.a KOMaH.aoeaHMeM caMoro cynTaHa MycTacj>bJ II. ApMMM ecTpeTunucb B03ne peKM Tuc-

439 CbJ; EereHulrl CaeolrlcKulrlaraKoean u B nyx u npax pa3rpoMWI TypeuKoe eolrlcKo. 3To 6bm nocne.aHulrl pa3, Kor.aa rypKu cepbe3HO yrpo)l(anM BeHrpuu. 26 stHBapst 1699 r. KAPJlOBL"'UKL-1171 ML"'P. no ero ycnOBMRM ABCTPMR nony~.:~ana BC/0 BeHrpu/0 u TpaHcunbBBHM/0, KpoMe 5aHara. K BeHeuuu oTxo.aWI nenonoHHec u MHorue 3eM!Iu )J.anMBl.lMM. nonbWe B03BP811.18fl8Cb no.aonbCKBR o6naCTb. 3a Typuuelrl ocTaeancR 5enrpa.a. TenepbABcTpMR RBflRfl8Cb CBMOM MOryll.leCTBeHHOM .aep)l(aBolrliOro-BocTo4HOM EeponbJ - HecMoTpR Ha TO 4TO B BeHrpuu He CTMXBnO He,aOBOflbCTBO H8Bfi38HHOM ra6c6yprcKolrl MOHapxuelrlu noCTORHHO B03HMKBnl1 6ecnop>~.aKM.

TypeJ..lKHe nonbiTKH orsoesaTb BeHrpHIO, 1688-1699rr.

1690 r. TYPEUKOE BTOP:>KEHL"'E B TPAHCL"'JlbBAHL-110. Ha3Ha4MB nocne cMepTu MuxaR Anaqm I TpaHcunbBBHCKMM KHR3eM l1Mpe TeKenu, CynTaH CynelrlMaH II nocnan ero B TpaHcMnbBBHM/0. B 6MTBe npu 4epHaue TeKenu o.aep)l(an no6e.ay Ha.a o6be,auHeHHolrl ra6c6yprcKoTpaHcunbBBHCKolrl apMuelrl ( aerycT). Tor.aa M3 5enrpa.aa c maBHbJMMMMnepcKMMM cunaMu BbJCTynun J1yu ( VfflM f110J10BMK) 5a,aeHCKVftrll1 nOKOpun MHOTMe Tp8HCVfflbB8HCKMe 3eMfll1, Cep6u10 u ~.:~acTb MaKe.aoHuu. Asryc:r-OKTst6pb 1690 r. TYPKL"' OTBOEBbiBAIOT CEP6L110. Bocnonb3oeaewucb noxo.aoM J1yu ba.o.eHCKOIO, HOBbltrl BenMKVftrl Bl13Mpb KenPIOfl/0 ct>a3bm MycTacj>a-nawa npoeen MOflHMeHOCHY/0 KBMnBHM/0 l1 CHOB8 3axBaTun Huw, CMe.aepeeo, Bu.auH u 5enrpa.o.. Tb!CR4M cep6cKux 6e)l(eHuee xnbJHynu B /O)I(HY/0 BeHrpu/0. 19 asrycTa 1691 r. 6L1TBA nPL"' WAJlAHKEMEHE. J1yu 5a.aeHcKulrl HaHec pewuTenbHoe nop8)1(eHMe o6be,auHeHHOMY TypeuKoTpaHcunbBBHCKOMY BOMCKY, KOMBH-

noHO)I(I/1-<<0yrypnbiKH». 1664 r.

440

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

EBPA3IDI M JiJIIDKllliH BOCTOK OCMAHCKMI MMIIEPMH B OcMaHcKoiii MMnepm1 npo.aon)l(ancfl Me.aneHHbJiii yna.aoK. Bnpo'leM, e cepe.aMHe onMCbJBaeMoro BeKa OCMaHCKMe Bna,aeHMfl paCKMHyflMCb Ha Tpex KOHTMHeHTax; eeponeiiicKafl rpaHM~a npoxo.aMna ecero B 130 KM OT BeHbJ; rypKaM npMHa.ane)l(ana BCfl CeeepHafl Acf>pMKa, 3a MCK!IJO'leHMeM MapoKKo; 4epHoe M /(paCHOe MOpfl6bJnM ,anfl 0cMaHCKOiii MMnepMM BHyTpeHHMMM 03epaMM, a Ha BOCTOKe Type~KMe ena,aeHMfl .aoxo.aMnM .ao KacnMiiicKoro MOPfl M nepcM,aCKOT03anMBa.4eHTpanbHafl 'laCTb MMnepMM BKfl/O'lana B ce6fl npOBMH~MM PyMeflMfl ( eeponeiiiCKMe 3eMnM nopTb/ 1) M AHaTOflMfl ( ee Manoa3MMCKMe 3eMnM), a Ta/OKe 3eMnM e.aonb 6eperoe 3reiiicKoro MCpe.aM3eMHoro MOpeiii. )(pMCTMaHCKMe KHff)l(eCTBa Mon.aaeMfl, BanaxMfl M TpaHcMnbeaHMfl COXpaHflflM aBTOHOMHOCTb; rype~KMe rapHM30Hb/ TaM He CTOflflM, M BnaCTb 6bma MeCTHOiii, HO

rocno.aapb Ha3Ha'lancfl noproiii M .aon)l(eH 6bm nocraenfiTb rype~Koiii apMMM KYKYPY3Y M oee~, a raK)I(e Bbmna'lMBaTb .aaHb. AHanorM'lHbJM CTaTyCOM o6na.aano KpbJMCKOeXaHCTBO- aBTOHOMHOe MYCYflbMaHCKOe rocy.aapcreo; .aaHM KPbJMCKMe XaHb/ He nnaTMflM, HO ,aOfl)I(Hb/ 6bJnM y'laCTBOBaTb B rype~KMX KaMnaHMfiX, Bb/CTaBflflfl no 20-30 Tb/Cf/4 KOHHMKOB, a Ta/OKe 3ai.J.mmaTb MMnepM/0 OT Ka3a%MX Ha6eroe. 6ep6epMiiiCKMe rocy.aapcrea(TpMnonM, TyHMCMAn)I(Mp) 6bJnM 6onee MflM MeHee aBTOHOMHb/MM- o6na.aanM CaMoynpaeneHMeM M .aep)l(anM co6creeHHbJe apMMM. nMpaTCTBOM OHM 3aHMMaflMCb, HeB3Mpafl HM Ha KaKMe C0/03b/ MnM nonMTM'leCKMe warM, npe.anpMHMMaeMbJe 0cMaHCKOiii MMnepMeiii. Type~Kafl eoeHHafl Momb cna6ena. 0CHOBY perynflpHOiii apMMM CO-

CTaBnflnM f/HbNapbl- nepBOHa'lanbHO pa6bJ cynraHa, craewMe renepb npMBMnerMpOBaHHb/M KnaCCOM 06mecrea; e XVII eeKe MX }')Ke Ha6MpanM M3 MycynbMaHcKoro HaceneHMfl MMnepMM. K 06f/3aHHOCTf/M CBOMM OHM OTHOCMflMCb cnyCTfl pyKaBa M 'laCTO npOflBflflflM HenOKOpCTBO, HO nOflb30BanMCb WMPOKOiii no.a.aep)I(KOiii e Hapo.ae, M no9TOMY o pocnycKe flHbJ'lapcKoro Kopnyca pe'lM He Momo M.arM. Tfl)l(enafl KOHHafl reap.aMfl cynraHa, a ra/OKe nerKafl cf>eo.aanbHafl KaeanepMfl 'leM .aanbwe, reM 6onbwe npMxo.aMnM e yna.aoKM KOflM'leCTBeHHO, M Ka'leCTBeHHO. B pe3ynbrare nopre npMxo.aMnOCb ece 6onbwe nonararbcfl Ha KaeanePMJO KPbJMCKMX rarap, Heo6y'leHHOe onon'leHMe M He,aMC~MnnMHMPOBaH足 Hb/X .ao6poeonb~ee. Bee 9TM cf>aKTopbJ npMeenM K TOMY, 'lTO K KOH~Y BeKa yna.aoK OcMaHCKOiii MMnepMM YCKOPMflCfl.

1 OTioMaHcKoi't (!!Jill :SJJ!ICTaTeJJbHoi't) IIopToi't OcMaHcKal! l!Mrrep!!ll l!MeHoBaJJacb B eBporrei'tCKOi't HCTOp!!orpa<}>HH.

1595-1606 rr. BO!itHA CABCTP""EIIt. TaK Ha3bJeaeMafl )J,onrafl BOiiiHa.

1602-1612 rr. BO!itHACnEPC""EIIt.

1603-1606 rr. BOCCTAH""E KYPAOB"" APY30B. B peeonJO~M足 OHHbliii co103 ecrynMnM )J,)I(aH6yna.a, eyp.acKMiii npaeMrenb KnMca, M.apy3CKMiii KHfl3b fPaxp-a,a -)J,MH. )J,)I(aH6yna.a norepnen nopa)l(eHMe or ocMaHcKoro BOMCKa M 6e)l(afl K fPaxp-a.a)J,MHY e f1MBaH. Orpa3MB ece nonbJTKM BbJ6MTb ero M3 ropHoro KHfl)l(ecrea, .apy3CKMiii npaeMrenb 3aKnJ04Mn C noproiii BpeMeHHOe nepeMMpMe M BbJnflaTMfl ,aaHb.

1603-1617 rr. nPABJlEH""E CYJlTAHA AXMEAA I (Ha npecTon BCl)'nV1111411eT OT po.Qy). npM HeM MMnepM/0 COTpflcanM MHOTO'lMCneHHb/e pacnpM.

1606 r. C""TBA-TOPOKCK""IIt AOfOBOP. Typ~Mf/3aKJI/04MnaMMP

nopoxosHHf.4a. XVII s.

c AecrpMeiii, KoropyJO BbJHy)l(,ll,eHa 6bJna npM3HaTb paBHOiii He3aBMCMMOiii,aep)l(aBoiii(a He ,aaHHMKOM-BaCCanOM).

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK

441

1610-1613 rr. B0306HOBJ1EH&.1E APY3CKOfO BOCCTAH&.1St ct>axp-ap,-Jl,MH eowen B croeop

S1Hbl'l3pbl H l)'pei.\KHH BOHH KOHL\3

XVII B.

C eeponeWCKIAMIA XPIACT/AaHCKIAMIA KH513b51MIA, BK!I/04a51 nany p!AMCKOTO lA mae Ces:~meHHow PMMCKow IAMnePIAIA, l1cnaHIAIA lA TocKaHbJ, lA noo6eman OKa3aTb lAM CO,aeWCTB/Ae B 803BpameH/A/A Ces:~ro/4 3eM!IIA. OH B3fln [;aanb6eK; eowcKa ero yrpo)l(an!A Jl,aMacey. KoM61AH!ApoeaHHoe cyxonyTHo-MopcKoe Type~Koe BTOp)l(eH!Ae np!Aeeno Kpa3rpoMy lA ceep)l(eHIA/0 ct>axp-ap,-)J,!AHa, KOTOpbJW 6e)I(Bfl B l1ran!AIO.

1614-1621 rr.

BO~HA

nOJlbWE~.

1616-1618 rr. BO~HACnEP足 C&.1E~. Bee Mrore TYPKIA noTeps:~nM

A3ep6ai1.n)KaH 1t1 lpy31AIO.

1617-1621 rr. nPABJ1EH&.1E CYJlTAHA OCMAHA II. 1621-1622 rr. MS1TE)I( S1HbiYAPOB. OcMaH II nonbJTancf! npoeeCTIA pelj>opM!ApOBaH/Ae KOpnyca f!HbJ4apOB, HO Te B36yHTOBan!ACb, CBeprfl/A ero lA B03Ben!A Ha rpoH ero cna6oyMHoro 6paTa MycTalj>y I. BcKope MycTalj>a I oTpeKcs:~ or npecTona B nonb3Y nf!Toro CbJHa AxMe.aa I Mypa,aa IV.

1623-1640 rr. nPABJ1EH&.1E CYJlTAHA MYPAAA IV. Ha TPOH oH ecTynMn 11 neT oT po,ay, 1t1 nepBbJe 9 ner pereHrwew 6bma ero MaTb, KoceM-cynraHwa. ct>aKTIA4ecKIA )l(e B IAMnep!AIA eceM 3anpaens:~n!A Ms:/Te)I(HbJe s:/HbNapbJ.

1623-1638 rr. BO~HACnEP足 C&.1E~.

1631-1635 rr. B0306HOBJ1EH&.1E APY3CKOfO BOCCTAH&.1S1. ct>axp-ap,-Jl,MH B03BparMncs:~M3 l1ran!AIA lA CTan pa3,ayBaTb B f11ABaHe nnaM51 aHTIAOCMaHCKOTO Ms:/Te)l(a ( 1618 r.). Bo BpeM51 nepc!A,aCKOW BOWHbl OH nOKOp!An MHOTO CIAPIAWCKIAX3eMenb, a Ta/OKe pa36Mn Type~足 KY/0 apMIAIO, nbJTaBWYIOC51 Me)l(,ay nepCIA,4CKIAMIA KaMnaH/Af!MIA BCTaTb Ha 3/AMH!Ae KBapT!ApbJ B C!Ap!AIA ( 1631 r.). TypKIACHoeaopraHIA30BanM KOM61AHIAPOBaHHOe cyxonyTHOMOpCKOe BTOp)l(eH!Ae( 1633 r.); BpeWa/Ome/4 6/ATBe ceeepHee Jl,aMacKa norepnen nop8)1(eH!Ae lA nor1t16 CbJH ct>axp-a,a-)J,MHa. CaM ct>axp-ap,-Jl,MH

onf!Tb yKpbmcs:~ B nMBaHCKIAX ropax, HO 6bJn CXBa4eH, OTBe3eH B KOHCTaHTIAHOnOnb lA o6e3maeneH ( 13 anpens:~ 1633 r.).

1645-1670 rr.

BO~HA

C BE-

HEU.111E~ &.13-3A KP&.1TA. noeo,aoM .ans:~

IA3 cynTaHOB-nOnKOBO,a~eB, OH 6bJn npaB/ATeneM ,40CTaT04HO CIAnbHb/M ,ans:~ TOTO, 4T06bJ Ha4aTb ,aaBHO Ha3peBWYIO peopraH/A3a~/AIO 51Hb/4apCKOTO Kopnyca. Co cMepTb/0 ero pelj>opMbJ npeKpaT!An!Acb ( 1640 r.).

Hee nocny)I(!An 3axBaT )l(eH l16pamMa I ManbTIAWCKIAMIA KopcapaMIA, IACnOnb30BaBWIAMIA B Ka4eCTBe 6a3 BeHe~/AaHCK/Ae nopTbl. 50-Tb/C514Hb/W Type~KIAW 9KCne,a!A~IAOHHb/W KOpnyc np!A nOMOmiA MeCTHb/X rpeKOB, KOTOPble HeHaB!A,aen!A BeHe~/AaH~eB, 3aXBaT!An KPIATCK!Ae ropo.aa XaHbfi ( aerycr 1645 r.), a 3aTeM Per!AMHOH (1646r.).

1640-1648 rr. nPABJlEH &.1E CYJlTAHA &.16PAf&.1MA I. OH TaiOKe 6bm CbJHOM AxMe.aa I; B ero npaene-

1648-1669 rr. OCAAA KAHA111111 (IIITanbSIHCKoe Ha3BaHI!Ie r. &.1paKnl!loH Ha Kpi!ITe). 06opo-

H!Ae ,40MIAHIAPOBana peW/ATenbHaf! KoceM-cynTaHwa. B OcMaHcKow IAMnep!AIA npo.aon)l(ancs:~ yna.aoK.

H5151 KOMMYHIAKa~/AIA Me)I(Ay 6n!A)I(a/4WIAMIA CBOIAMIA 6a3aM/A /A Kp!ATOM OT Hana.aeHIAW 6onee coepeMeHHbJX

1638-1640 rr. BOEHHbiE PEOPMbl MYPAAA IV. nocne,aHIAW

442 3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

TeppnTopuu, npuHaAAell<aswHe O cMaHcKoil IIMOepHII K 1683 r, H OTOWeA WIIe DO

KapAOBH!,!KOMy· ,1,orosopy 1699 r,

~ K AscTpnll ~ K Peqn nocnoAHTOii

IIIIIIIII!WJ[IIIIIII!I

Bene !,!lilt /1

TeppnTopun 3anopoll<bH 11 A3o oa , ~ o cTa BwHeCR 33 PoccHeit no K o Hc:Ta>rTtt. HODOAbCKOMY AOroaopy 1700 r.

- - - rpaHH\&3 pcMaHCKOii HMnepnu B1700r.

-·-·-· TpaHII\lbl

Apyru" ~ocyAapcTB a

1700r.

c ts~o==~do~~~15;o==_==3~ oo====~450•M

A 20

EBPA3V1~ V1 6Jll!l>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK

443 OCMAHCKAH HMnEPHa

BO BTOPOA nOAOBHHE

....J ....r路路路路

XVII B.

444

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

eeHe~MaHCKMX Kopa6nei!t, TYPKM ecrperMnMcb c 6onbWMMM rpy,aHoCTRMM. no 3TOi!t npwmHe 9cpcpeKTMBHO 6nOKMPOBaTb OCTPOB TypKaM He y,aanocb, M npMnacbJ c no,aKpenneHMfiMM npo.aomKanM e KaH,aM/0 nocrynarb. KpoMe roro, eeHe~MaH~bl 38XBaTMflM KnMCCY ( B ,lJ.anMa~MM), a raK)I(e ocrpoea fleMHoc M TeHe,aoc, nepeKpbJB TaKMM o6pa30M ,IJ.ap,aaHennbl ( 1648 r.).

pBaTb 6nOKB.aY, 6bm pa36MT BeHe~M aH~aMM.

1651 r. CMEPTb KOCEM -CYJlTAHW~.

0Ha 6bma 3a,ayweHa no Hayll..leHM/0 MarepM MoxaMMe,aa IV, TypraH-cynraHwM, Koropafl M crana pereHrwei!t.

1656 r. BEJl~K~M

CTAHOB~TCSI KEnPIOJliO MEXMET -nAWA. TypraH-cynraHwa Ha-

1648 r. MSITE)I( B KOHCTAHH1HOnOJ1E. Or4acrM oH 6bm ebJ3BaH rono,aoM, Ha'laBWMMCR nocne YCTaHOBneHMR BeHe~MaHCKOi!t 6noKa.[1bl. l16pamM I 6bm ceeprHyT M y6MT. Ha npecron 6bm eo3ee,aeH ero ceMMneTHMi!t CbJH MoxaMMe.a IV, a npaeMTb npM HeM npo.aon)l(ana KoceM-cynraHwa.

1649 r. nEPBOE AAPAAHEJlJlbCKOE MOPCKOE CPA>KEH~E. Type~KMi!t cpnor, nbJTaewMi!tcR npo-

B~3~PEM

3Ha4Mna BenMKMM BM3MpeM an6aHCKOTO nawy Kenp10n10. 6naro.aapR ero 3HeprM4HOCTM, TBep,aoCTM M 6naropa3yMMIO yna,aoK OcMaHcKoi!t MMnepMM y,aanocb npMocraHOBMTb.

MexMer -nawa pa3eepHyn 6onbWYIO nporpaMMY nepecrpoi!tKM rype~Ko ro ¢nora ( 1656-1657 rr. ).

1656-1661 rr. PEOPfAH~3A I...l~SI C~CTEMbl nPABJlEH~SI

OC-

MAHCKO~ ~MnEP~E~. Kenp10n10

MexMer-nawe y,aanocb 3Ha4MTenbHO pecpopMMPOBaTb KaK BOeHHbJe, raK M rocy,aapcreeHHbJe crpyKTypbJ. OH 6e3)1(anocrHo no.aaeMn MRTe)l( M Ka3HVffl BCeX, KTO eMy npOTMBOCTORfl. norM6nM, no MeHbWei!t Mepe, 50 Tb/Cf/4 'leflOBeK- B OCHOBHOM, MRTe)I(HVfKM.

1657 r.

BOCCTAH~E

BTPAH-

C~JlbBAH~~.

1656 r. BTOPOE AAPAAHEJlJlbCKOE MOPCKOE CPA)I(EH~E.

1657 r. TPETbE AAPAAHEJlJlbCKOE MOPCKOE CPA)I(EH~E.

BeHe~MaH~bl onRTb o,aep)l(anM no6e,ay, M 6noKa,aa npo.aon)l(anacb. HeHa,aonro eeHe~MaHCKMi!t ¢nor ,aa)l(e noRBMncR e onacHoi!t 6nM3ocTM or CraM6yna. B Mrore Kenp10n10

TypKM o,aep)l(anM no6e,ay M cHoea 3axearMnM ocrpoea TeHe,aoc Vi fleMHoc, a 3aTeM e11..1e HeCKOflbKO BeHe~MaHCKMX OCTPOBOB B 3rei!tCKOM Mope ( 1657-1658 rr.). BoccraHo-

nHcwneTbl c K:peMHeBbiMH 33MK3MH.

XVII B .

446 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. )l(aH M Kyp,aMcraH, ropo.aa 6ar.aa.a, Mocyn M /1,11ap6ex. 1612 r. M'-iP CTYPL.l'-iE~. TypLlMfl BbJHy)l(,aeHa 6b/Jia OTKa3aTbCfl OTO BCeX 3eMeflb, 3aBOeBaHHbJX HeKOr,aa cynraHaMM Mypa,aoM M MoxaMMe,aoM 1/1. l1CKJIIO'll1TeflbHO pa,aM COXpaHeHMfl OCMaHCKMM CYJITaHOM fiMI.la 6bmo oroeopeHo, 'lTO wax A66ac 16y,aer e)l(ero,aHo nocbmarb MMnepMM B Ka'leCTBe ,aaHM 200 Bep6JIIO,l10B, rpy)l(eHHb/X WeJIKOM.

1613-1615 rr. noXOA nPOT'-18 rPY3'-1'-1. rpy3Mfl npl13Hana

800pY>f<eHHe nepCHACKHX BOHHOB XVII B.

,l1bl KanviTYliMPOBafl (21 OKTfl6pfl 1603 r.).

1603-1604 rr. OTBOEBAH'-iE IO)I(HOro KABKA3A. nocne wecTMMecfl'lHoi1 oca,abJ A66ac I B3flfl 3pueaHb, a 3aTeM 3axearun WupeaH 11 Kapc. MeHbwe 'leM 3a ro.a oH eepHyn 3eMJil1, ,aeCf/TMJieTMeM paHbWe orowe,aw11e K TYPI.lMM.

1605-1606 rr. KOHC011'-1AAl..l'-1s:l '-1 nOArOTOBKA. noKa A66ac I YTBep)I(Jl.aJI CBOIO BJiaCTb Ha,a B03BpalJ..IeHHbJMM TeppMTOPMfiMM, MOJIO,l10W M 3HeprM'lHbJW Typel.lKMW cynraH AxMe.a I roroBMJICfl BHOBb npMCOe,aMHMTb MX K 0cMaHCKOWl1MnepMM.

1606 r. 6'-iTBA HA 03EPE PE3A~E (coup. 03. YpMr.tSJ). 100-TbJ-

Cfl'lHafl apMMfl cynraHa AxMe.aa I BCTpeTMJia 62-Tb/Cfl'lHYIO apMMIO

waxa A66aca l6n113 coneHoro o3epa Pe3ai1e. TypKM,aei1creoeanu comacHo rpa.aMI.lMOHHO npMHfiTOMY .[1)1fi6MTB C nepcaMM nnaHy: Ha'laB C KaBanepMWCKOTO CTOJIKHOBe HMfl, BbJMaHMTb npeMMYJ.l..leCTBeHHO KOHHYIO nepcM,aCKYIO apMMIO no,a ,ayna MYWKeTOB CBOeW neXOTbJ M nyweK noneeoi1 apr11nnepuu. O,aHaKo A66ac I npOM3Befl OTBJieKalOJ.l..IMW MaHeBp- OH nocnan B Tb/JI npOTMBHMKa KaBanepMWCKMW OTpfl,a, M TYPKM, nonarafl, 6y,aro ux o6ownu ocHoBHbJe nepcM,aCKMe CMflbJ, pa3BepHynu 60JibWYIO 'laCTb apMMM Ha 180 rpa.aycoe. Tor.aa- ro A66ac M araKoean - Kaeanepuei1, nexoroi1 M apTMnnepuei1. TypKM 6bmM Haronoey pa36!1Tb/ M norepf/JIM y6MTbJMM 20 TbJCfl'l 'lenoeeK. nocne 3Toi1 no6e,abJ nepcbJ 3aHflfiM eecb A3ep6ai1,a-

Cl03epeHMTeT A66aca I. nocKOJibK}' paWOH 3TOT, KaK C'lMTaJIM B 0CMaHCKOW MMnepMM, BXO,l1MJI B c<J>epy Typel.lKMX MHTepeCOB, ,aa l1 Bep6JIFO,aOB c wenKoM A66ac I raK 11 He npMcnan, TYPI.lMfl crana roroBMTbCfl K eoi1He. 1616-1618 rr. BO~HACTYP l..l'-iE~. MowHafl rypel.lKafl apMMfl OCa,aMJia 3pMBaHb, HO 6b/Jia OT6MTa. 3MMHflfl noro,aa BbiHY.L1l1Jia rypoK 0 TCTynMTb; Ha o6paTHOM nyrM OHM noHeCJIM Tfl)l(eflbJe no repu or xono.aoe, a TaJOKe BO MHOTO'lMCJieHHbJX MeJIKMX CTbJ'lKax ( 1616-1617 rr.). nocne ro,aM'lHoro 3aTMWbfl rypKM onf!Tb BTOprfiMCb B nepCMIO M 6bJCTpbJM MapweM ,aBMHYfiMCb Ha Te6pM3. '-lacrb MX apMMM nonana B ycrpoeHHYFO nepcaMM 3aca.ay 11 noHecna Tff)l(eflbJe norepM, o,aHaKo rnaBHbJe CMJibJ npo,aOJI)I(aJIM HaCTynaTb, XOTfl l1 He CTOJib CTpeMMTeflbHO. bb/JIM Ha'laTbJ MMPHbJe neperOBOpbJ; YCJIOBMfl 3aKJIFO'leHHOTO MMpa no,aTBep)l(,aanM .aoroeop 1612 ro.aa, ronbKO 'lMcno Bep6JIIO,l10B C WeJIKOM COKpalJ..IaJIOCb e.aeoe - .ao 100 B ro.a. 1622-1623 rr. BO~HA C '-iMnEP'-iE~ BEJ1'-1K'-1X MOrOJlOB. ApMMfl, B03maeneHHafl A66acoM I, 3axearuna KaH,aarap. 1623-1638 rr. BO~HA C TYPl..l'-iE~. Typel.lKafl apMMfl BHOBb BTOpmacb B 3eMJil1, paHee OTBOeBaHHbJe A66acoM I; Ha 3TOT pa3 I.leflb£0 fiBflflfiCfl 6ar.aa.a. nocne wecTM MeCf/I.leB oca,abJ Ha nOMOJ.l..lb oca)l(,aeHHbJM npvt6bm A66ac I ( 1625 r.). npoM30WJIO HeCKOJibKO O)l(eCTO'leHHbJX cpa)l(eHMW, O,aHaKO pewa101.1..1ero nepeeeca HM o,aHoi1 M3 CTOpOH ,ao6!1TbCfl HMKaK He y,aa-

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK eanocb - .ao rex nop, noKa M~Te)l( He BbiHY.L1l1fl OCMaHCKY/0 apMM/0 OTcrynMTb ( 1626 r.). Ha o6paTHOM nyr11 rypKM noHecnM m)l(eflble norepM. 3aTeM B Te'leHMe HeCKOflbKMX neT 3Ha'll1TeflbHb/X KaMnaHMW He BeflOCb- TOflbKO Ha rpaHMUaX Henpepb!BHO npOl1CXO,l1l1fll1 CTb/'lKM. KpynHoMacwra6Hble 6oeBble .aeiiiCTBM~ B0306HOBMn cynraH Mypa.a IV, nocnae apMM/0 erop)l(eHM~ 'lepe3 Kyp,a11craH ( 1630 r. ). 3axeaTMB no nyr11 Mocyn, rypKM pa36MnM nepCl1,l1CKYIO apMM/0, nOTOM oca.aMnMM B3~nl1 XaMa,aaH. )J.anee OHM Bb/CTynl1fll1 Ha bar,aa,a, HO 6bml1 orpa)l(eHb/11 orcryn11n11 K Mocyny ( 1630 r.). norOM BHyrpeHHMe 6ecnop~,L1Kl1 B 0cMaHCKOW l1MnePl1l1l1 'lepe,aa apMeWCKMX M~Te)l(eW o6ecne'll1fll1 nepCl1l1 nepe,ab/WKY ( 1631-1634 rr.). B 1635 ro.ay Mypa.a IV nM'lHO noeen apMM/0 erop)l(eHM~ Ha 3axear 3pMBaHM 11 Te6PM3a ( 1635 r.). 3areM oH eepHync~ e CraM6yn, a Ceqm-wax (eM. HM)I(e) oca.a11n 11 nocne .aonroiii 3l1MHeiii oca,abl WTYPMOM B3~fl 3pMeaHb ( 1636 r.). nocne o'lepe.aHoro 3aTMWb~ Mypa.a IV on~rb B03rnaBMfl ,aeiiiCTBYIOmy/0 apMM/0 11, noKa3aB ce6~ yMenbiM 11 9HeprM'lHbiM BOeHa'laflbHMKOM, WTYPMOM B3~fl bar,aa,a ( 1638 r.). B KOHUe KOH UO B 6b!fl n o,an11CaH M MPHbl W,a0 roeop, no KoropoMy 6ar.aa.a ocraeanc~ no.a enacTb/0 rypoK, a 3pMeaHb- nepcoe.

1659 r. BOCCTAH '-1E B fPY3'-1'-1. A66ac II no.aae11n M~Te)l( TaxMypar-xaHa.

3Ha'll1TeflbHbiWymep6, HOB KOHUe KOHUOB 6b!fll1 OT6l1Tbl. 3TO 6bma nepea~ pyccKa~ arpeCCM~ npOTMB nepCl1l1.

1664 r. KA3All'-1lil HA6Ef B MA3EHAEPAH. np11 noreopcree ( ecn11

1667-1694 rr. nPABJlEH'-1E WAXA CYJlEiiiMAHA. B npaeneHMe

He CKa38TbnO HaymeHMIO) MOCKOBCKOTO uap~ AneKce~ MMxaWioBM'la Ka38Kl1 npoeen11 peiii.a or KacnMiiicKoro MOP~ l1 my6oKO B nepCM/0, nPJ1'll1Hl1B

9TOTO nb~Hl1Ubl nepCM~ CTpeMMTeflbHO CKaTMflaCb K yna,aKy. ronnaH,l1Ubl 3axearMnl1 nopr KMWM, a y36eKM eo,aMnM 'laCTble Ha6em e XopacaH.

1629-1642 rr. nPABJlEH'-1E CE<t>'-1-WAXA (BHyKa A66aca). OH 6b!fl cna6b!M l1 )l(eCTOKMM npaBMTeneM. np11 HeM y36eKl1 3aBOeBafll1 KaH.aarap.

1638 r. BOiiiHA C BEJl'-1K'-1M'-1 MOf0JlAM'-1.ApMM~)J.)I(axaH-waxa

oreoeeana KaH.aarap.

1642-1667 rr. nPABJlEH'-1E WAXA A66ACA II. OH ocraHOBMn yna.aoK ,aMHaCTMM Cecpee11,aoe.

1649-1653 rr. BOiiiHA C BEJl'-1K'-1M'-1 MOfOJlAM'-1. Wax A66ac II nM'lHO noeen apMM/0, 'lT06b! eepHyTb e O'lepe,aHoiii pa3 yrpa'leHHbiW KaH.aarap( 1649 r.). no roM ero BOWCKa orpa3l1fll1 MHOTOKpaTHble nonb!TKM AypaHr3e6a oreoeearb ropo.a.

447

IIIHA11~CKO- nepC11ACK11e AOCneXI1 11 opy)f(l1e

IO)f(HAs:l A3V1 S1

449

Ha K)'CKH, KaK 3TO 6biBaJIO, KOr.LJ,aXOTeJIH ChlrpaTh C HHMH KaK)'IO-HH6y.LJ,h CKBepHyiO lliTYK)'». ,[(mi TOro 'IT06hl .D,epw-aTh pa,u.w.el:t B IIO.ll,"'HHeHHH H BeCTH BHelliHHe BOJ:tHhl, MoroJI pacnoJiaraJI KpynHhiMH CHJiat.IH «<Jy)f(eCTpaHHOrO BOl:tCKa». «qT06hi YCTOS!Th npOTHB CTOJihKHX MorymecTBeHHhiX BHyTpeHHHX BparoB, a TaKw-e npoTHB CBOHX coce.LJ,el:t -

nepCOB H y36eKOB, OH .ll,OJIW.eH

nOCTOSIHHO CO.D,ep)f(aTh 60JihlliHe apMHH KaK BO BpeMSI BOl:tHhi, TaK H BO BpeJI;UI MHpa, B6JIH3H CBOel:t OC06hl H B noJie. 3TH apMHH COCTaBJieHhl <JaCThiO H3 MeCTHhlX W.HTeJiel:t, KaK pa,u.W.H H naTaHhi, HO npeHMyli.IeCTBeHHO H3 MOroJIOB, KaK OH CaM, HJIH no Kpal:tHel:t Mepe npH3HaBaeMhiX 3aMoroJioB, Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, 'ITO y HHX CBeTJlaSI KOW.a, "'TO OHH HHOCTpaHl.lhi H MarOMeTaHe ...». 3To 6hma nOCTOSIHHaSI apMHSI, yKoMnJieKTOBaHHM HaeMHHKaMH H3 nepcoB, apa6oB, rypoK, a TaK*e eBponel:tueB: noPTYraJihUeB, aHrJIH<JaH, roJIJiaH.LJ,UeB, HeMueB H <l>paHUY30B, y6eraBlliHX H3 nopryraJihCKHX, roJIJiaH.LJ,CKHX H aHrJIHJ:tCKHX Kat.IIIaHHJ:t. HaeMHoe (qyw.ecTpaHHoe) Bol:tcKo .LJ,eJIHJIOCh Ha.LJ,Be <JaCTH, O.LJ,Ha H3 KoTOphiX HaxO.LJ,HJiach npH MoroJie, ApyrM 6hiJia.LJ,HCJIOUHpoBaHa no npoBHHUHSIM C 3a.LJ,a<Jel:t .D,ep)f(aTh B no.LJ,<JHHeHHH pa.LJ,)f(el;t H naTaHOB (MeCT-

6oeBo~ cnoH HMnep&nl BenHKHX MoronoB

(XVII B.)

H 3H3THbl~ HHAH~CKH~ BOHH

HhlX 3MHpOB, HJIH ry6epHaTOpOB).

XVIII

bOJihlliYIO <JaCTh HaeMHOro BOl:tCKa KOMnJieKTOBaJIH 3MHphi, <JHCJIO KOTO-

TaK KaK BCa.LJ,HHKH HMeJIH 3aBO.ll,HhlX

.D,ap o6SI3aH 6hm HMeTh oT ABYX AO

pbiX B apMHH npH MoroJie, Ha noxo-

JIOllia)l.el:t. 06bl<JHO 3MHphl CO.D,ep)f(a-

llieCTH JIOllia)l.el:t.

Ae H B npOBHHUHSIX 6hmO O<JeHh BeBepHhe OTMeTHJI, "'TO npH

JIH B HeCKOJihKO pa3 MeHhllie nOJIO)f(eHHOro KOJIH<JeCTBaJIOllia)l.el:t, a CJie-

BCa.LJ,HHKH, noJiy<JaBIIlHe no.LJ,eHHYIO

.ll,BOpe OH HHKOI)J.a He BH.ll,eJI MeHee

.ll,OBaTeJihHO, H BCa)l.HHKOB, YBeJIH<JHBaSI

nJiary H 3aHHMaBlliHe MeJIKHe .ll,OJI)K-

25-303MHpOB. «3TH 3MHphi nOJIY<Ja-

TeM CaMhiM CBOH .ll,OXO.ll,hl. 3MHp-

HOCTH: nHCUOB, HX nOMOII.IHHKOB,

IOT ry6epHaTOpCTBa H rJiaBHhle .ll,OJI)K-

3TO cBoero po.D,a KOHAOThep BocTOKa,

JIHU, HaKJla,L\hlBaBlliHX ne<JaTh Ha 6a-

HOCTHnpH.D,BOpeH BapMHSIX;OHH, KaK

Bep60BaBlliHl:t HaeMHHKOB H KOMaH.LJ,O-

paThi ( op.D,epa) AJISI noJiy<JeHHSI .LJ,eHer

rOBOpHTCSI, SIBJISIIOTCSI CTOJinaMH ro-

BaBlliHl:t HMH.

H 6paBlliHX B3SITKH 3a ycKopeHHe Bhl-

JIHKO.

<l>.

,[(aJiee cJie.LJ,OBaJIH py3HH.D,aphl -

cy.D,apCTBa H nOMepW.HBaiOT 6JieCK

HH*e 3MHpoB CTOSIJIH MaHce6.LJ,a-

ABOpa>>. 3MHphi pa3JIH<JaJIHCh 3BaHH-

phi, noJiyqasrnHe MaHce6- oco6y10

.LJ,a<JH. IlpOCThle BCa)l.HHKH nO.LJ,<JHHSIJIHCh

SIMH, 0603Ha<JaBIIlHMH KOJIH<JeCTBO

nJiary, 3Ha<JHTeJihHYIO H no<JeTHyiO.

3MHpaM H .LJ,eJIHJIHCh Ha .LJ,Be KaTero-

JIOllia.LJ,el:t, Ha CO.D,epW.aHHe KOTOphiX

Mx paccMaTpHBaJIH «KaK MaJieHhKHX

pHH: C 3aBO.ll,HOJ:t JIOllia)l.hiO H 6e3 Hee.

OHH noJiy<JaJIH onpe.D,eJieHHhle cyM-

3MHpOB, paBHhiX no paHry TeM, KO-

BoJI ee BhiC Ot.)'IO nJiary noJiyqaJI Bca,u.-

Mhi. 3BaHHe Xa3apH 03Ha<Ja.JIO ThiCSI-

TOphle CTaHOBSITCSI BnOCJie.LJ,CTBHH

HHK nepBOJ:t KaTeropHH.

qy JIOllia)l.el:t,.LJ,O-Xa3apH- 2 ThiCSI<JH,

3MHpaMH, TeM 6oJiee "'TO OHH He

KoHHHUa SIBJISIJiach maBHhiM H

npH3HaiOT Ha)l. co6oJ:t HHKaKHX Ha-

HaH60Jiee MHOro<JHCJieHHhiM pO.D,OM

.LJ,ac- 10 H Aya:3)J,ac-xa3apH- 20

<JaJihHHKOB, KpOMe CaMoro na.LJ,Hllia-

Bol:tcK apMHH MoroJia. AK6ap npH.D,a-

ThiCSI<J JIOllia.LJ,el:t. OnJia<JHBaJIOCh co-

xa, H HeCYT 06hiKHOBeHHO Te )f(e o6SI-

BaJI 60JihlllOe 3Ha<JeHHe 6oeBhiM CJIO-

.D,ep)f(aHHe JIOllia)l.H, a He BCa.LJ,HHKa,

3aHHOCTH, "'TO H 3MHphi». MaHce6-

HaM, COCTaBJIS!BlliHM Baw.HyiO <JaCTh

naH<J-Xa3apH-

5 ThlCSI<J,

arHT-

450 3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. 0

qiicJTeHHOCTII apMlrn Morona

HeT nOJIHbiX ):(aHHbiX, XOTH HeKOTOpbie cse):(eHHH coo6IL\aeT

Cll.

EepHbe.

TaK, B )],eKaHe co):(ep)f{aJTOCh OT 20 AO

30 TbiC5fq BCaAHIIKOB. Ha TeppiiTopnn Ka6yna ,!l;JIH 3a:ruiiTbi oT nepcoB, acpraHueB, 6anymeli II npoqiix ropueB HaXO):(MJIOCb

12-15

KOB, B KalllMIIpe -

Tb!CH'f BCa):(HII6onee

ThiCHlf,

a B EeHraJTIIII- «MHoro 6oJTbiiie». Bcero HaClfiiTbiBanocb 40-

60 TbiCHlf

BCa):(HIIKOB. 06 apMIIII, HaXO):(IIBIIIeHCH HerrocpeACTBeHHO npll Morone,

Cll.

EepHbe rriican: «0CTaBJTHH B CTO-

poHe nexoTy, He HMeiOIUYIO 60JiblllOro 3HalfeHIIH... ):(eHCTBHTenhHOe lfiiCJTO JTOIIIa):(eH, COCTOHJUHX 06biKHOBeHHO np11 rocyAape, BKniOlfaH CIOAa KaBanepmo paA)f(eli II rraTaHOB, MO)l{eT ):(OXO):(llTb ):(0

35 TbiCHlf, a C TeMH,

KOTOpbie HaXO):(HTCH B none, 3TO COCTaBHT

200 TbiC5fq II, TJO)Kanyli, ):(a)f(e

HeCKOJibKO 6onee». MyiiiKeTepoB, TTeiiiHX KaHOHIIpOB, HX TTOMOJUHHKOB H scex Tex, KTO o6cJTy)f(HBaeT apTIIJT-

nepHIO, T. e. neXOTllHUeB l1 apTHnne-

15 200-

p11CTOB, HaC'fllTbiBaJIOCb He 6onee ThiCHlf. B noxoA BhiCTynano

300

liiHA11i'iCKOe opy>KI1e

TbiCHq «HaCTOHIUHX BOeHHbiX

JTIOAeli» . B 3TO qiicJTo He BKJTIOqaJIIICb ero apMHH. MeHbiiie Bcero BHHMaHIIH

BOMY opyAIIIO BeJIIIlfMHOH c ABOliHoli

yAemrnocb nexoTe.

MY!llKeT; ux np11BH3biBaiOT K 3THM

CTaBIL\HKll npOAOBOJibCTBllH ll <j>ypa-

)f(llBOTHhiM BPOAe Toro, KaK Mhi npH-

)l{a l1 )l{eHIL\llHb!, 'faCTO cne):(OBaBUllle

HM3K35!, M IIOTOMY cpe):(M HMX nona-

BH3hiBanH K nO):(KaM KaMHeMeTHbie

3a apMMeli.

):(aiOTCH o~reHb y6or1Ie MyrnKeTepbi,

Maiiilffibi». 3):(ecb . EepHbe OTMeTIIJI

OC06eHHO eCJIII OHM CTpenHIOT, He

Hanwme nerKoli, csoero poAa «KOH-

ce6e B )],emr II B Arpe oT

CM):(H Ha 3eMne II He yiiiipaH MYIIIKeTa

HOH» apTIIJTJTepiiii -

cHq npeKpaCHbiX BepXOBbiX JTOIIIa-

«OnnaTa nexonmues Ha116onee

Ha Bep6JTIO):(aX,

CJiyrll, TOpfOBI(bi, HOCHnhiUHKll, no-

BenMKHli Moron co):(ep)f(aJI rrpii

2 AO 3 Tbi-

800-900 CnOHOB, 6onb!llOe KO-

Ha nO).l,BemeHHyiO K HeMy MaJieHbKYIO

T. e. TpeTllll BIIA noneBOll apnmne-

):(eH,

ll3HIIIHYIO ):(epeBHHnyiO BII.Jll{y; ):(a II TO

pmr.

JTHlfeCTBO Bep6JTIO):(OB, JTOma.n:eli,

OHll O'feHb 60HTCH OTiaJillTb CBOll 6onbiiiiie 6opOAbi II ma3a; oco6eHHO

«CTpeMHHHaH apniJIJiepllH,IIIICaJI EepHbe, -

rroKa3aBrnaHcH MHe

6biKOB, MYJIOB H HOCllJibiL\HKOB AJIH rrepeB03KII II rrepeHOCKI1 orpOMHOfO

)f(e OHII 60HTCH, qTo KaKOH- HII6YAb

oqeHb II3HJUHOH II xopomo o6yqeH-

IIMym:ecTBa, nanaToK, KYXOHb. EoJTb-

"):()f(eH", MJIM 3noli Ayx, pa3opBeT wx

HOH, COCTOHna II3

50 HnM 60 ManeHb-

IllOH 0603 CHII)f{an nO):(BM)f{HOCTb

MYillKeT». Bee :no yKa3biBaeT Ha HI13-

KllX noneBbiX 6poH30BbiX opyAui1,

Koe Ka'!eCTBO pyworo OrHeCTpenbHO-

nOMeiUeHHbiX Ka)l{):(Oe Ha MaJieHbKYIO

fO opy)l{IIH B apMHM Moronos 11 nno-

TeJie)l{KY, xopomo C):(enaHHYIO II xo-

xyro TIO):(fOTOBKY MYlllKeTepOB. Ilexo-

po!llo oKpallleHHyiO, c cyHAYlfKOM

CTBa, O):(MH II3 KOTOpbiX Bb!ChinanCH

Ta He):(ooueHIIBanacb.

crrepe):(II II C3a):(II ):(JIH CHapH):(OB; ee

Bnepe.n: Ha paCCTOHHIIe CyTO'fHOro TTe-

ApTIIJTJTepiiH 6bTJTa HeBeJTIIKa II

BOHCK.

)],JIH

noxo):(a Moron MMen scer):(a

ABa KOMnneKTa narepHoro MMyiL\e-

Be3JTII ):(Be npeKpaCHbie JTOIIIaAII; Ky-

peXO):(a OT apMliii, II K ee rrpH6biTIIIO

'!ep ynpaBnHn ero KaK KOJIHCKOH . . . »

narepb OKa3biBancH y)l{e o6opyAOBaH-

3TO KpynHaH IIJTII TH)f(eJTaH apTIIJTJTe-

IlOMOJUHIIK Kyqepa-KaHOHHpa, T. e .

HbiM. )],JTH rrepeB03KH O):(HOfO KOMTI-

p11H, BTOpOH -

apTHnnepucn, sen noA Y3AL\bi 3aBOA-

JieKTa narepHoro HMymecTBa Tpe6o-

nyro apTIIJTJiepiiHCKYIO JTOIIIa):(b.

BaJTOCh

):(enHnacb Ha ABa BH):(a: « Ilepshrli JierKaH, llJill, KaK OHll

apTIIJTJTepiiH «COCTOHJTa ll3 70 nyiiieK,

lfepe3 peKII solicKa neperrpaBJTH-

60 CJTOHOB, 200 Bep6JTIO):(OB, I 00 MYJTOB, CBbiiiie 100 HOCHJThJUIIKOB.

Jlarepb ycTpawsancH Beer):Ia no orrpe-

ee Ha3biBaroT, cTpeMHHHaH» . TH)l{eJTaH 6onblllell lfaCTbiO lfYfYHHhiX, He Clfll-

nHCh no TIOHTOHHbiM MOCTaM. Cne):(O-

TaH 200-300 JiefKllX Bep6JIIO):(OB, KO-

BaTeJibHO, B nonesoi1 apMllll Morona

AeJieHHOMY nJiaHy, 06bi'fHO B BH):(e

TOpbie HeCnii no He6onblllOMY none-

HaXO):(HnaCb l1 IIH)l{eHepHaH lfaCTb.

Kpyra.

)],JIH 060p0Hbl BOpOT ycTaHaB-

IO>KHA~ A3l!1~ JTHBaJIOCb

50-60

IIOJTeBbiX rryrneK

Ilo-BH)J,HMOMY, ORa COCTOHJTa H3 OT-

cTpeMRHHoii apTHJTJlep11I1. Ho'lhiO so-

pH)J,OB pa3JTI1':1HOH ':111CJTeHHOCTI1 IIO)J,

Kpyr narepH xoJJ,HJTa cTpa)J{a, aHa pac-

KOM3H)J,OB3HHeM 3MHpOB. LfeTKaH BO-

CTOHHI1l1

350

M CTOHJTH KapayJTbHbJe,

eHH3H 11epapx11H B BOHCK3X eme He

KOTOphle pa3BO)J,l1Jll1 orOHb. Ha':laJib-

CJTO)l{HJTacb .

HHK IIOJTeBOH )J{aH,!lapMepHii BbiCbiJlaJI

3aTb, 3TO 6biJTa 60JTbiii3H IIOCTOHHHaH,

uenoM, MO)l{HO cKa-

BO BCe CTOpOHbl IIaTpymT, KpH'I3BIIIHe

HO He peryJTHpHaH apMHH, TeXHH'leCKH CJTa6o OCH3ll\eHHaH IT He OTJTH'I3B-

n Tpy6nsrnne B TPY6bi. 06maH lfHCJTeHHOCTb H3XO)J,HB-

III3HCH yCTOH':IHBOCTbiO B 6010.

IIIeHCH B IIOXO)J,e apMHH, ITO C006meHHIO <1>. EepHbe, )J,OCTHraJia 300-

400

TbiCH'I <IeJTOBeK, BKJTIO'IaH CJIYr, TOprQBl.(eB 11 rrp0':111X HeBOeHHblX JIIO)J,eii.

TaKoii apMHH HaC':IHTbiBaJiocb He

MeHee

150

100

TbiCH'I BCa)J,HilKOB, 6oJTee

Tb!CH':I JTOIIIaJJ,eii, CJTOHOB, Bep-

6JTIO)J,OB, OKOJTO

TbiCH'I 6biKOB H

MYJTOB. «TpyAHO rroHHTb, Hhe, -

3aMe'laJI Eep-

K3K MO)J{eT cymeCTBOB3Tb B

IIOXO)J,e TaKaH OrpOMHaH apMHH, C TaK11M KOJTJ1':1eCTBOM JTIOJJ,eii 11 )l{lfBOTHbiX. Ho AJTH 3Toro HaAO rrpHHHTb so BH11MaHHe, ':ITO 11H)J,HHL(bl O':!eHb y MepeHHbi H HeiipHTH3aTeJTbHbi B IIHll\e H 'ITO Ii3 BCeii 3 TOH orpOMHOH MaCChi BCa)J,HilKOB eJJ,Ba Jlll JJ,eCHTaH 11Jll1 JJ,aJKe JJ,BaJJ,uaTaH ':13CTh ecT MRco. HM Hy)J{HO TOJlbKO 11X Kl1':1ep11, CMeCb puca C OBOil(aMH, KOTOpyiO OHH IIOJTHBaiOT coycoM H3 JKapeHoii MYKH c MacnoM; 3THM OHM BIIOJTHe )J,OBOJlbCTBYIOTCH. KpoMe TOrO, Ha)J,O HMeTb B BHAy, t{TO Bep6JTIO)J,bi <Ipe3Bbi'laHHO Bb!HOCJTHBbl B pa60Te H JTerKO rrepeHOCHT rOJTO)J, H JKa'IK,!l,y; 11M H3)J,O HeMHOrO lllfll\lf, 11 OHI1 e)J,HT BCe ':ITO yrO)J,HO». CneJJ,oBaTeJTbHO, 6oJTbiiiaH apMHH Morona He HMeJTa opraHH30BaHHoro CH36)KeHHH BOHCK, IIOJTY'I3BIIIHX TOJTbKO )J,eHe)J{HOe CO)J,eplKaHHe K3)l()J,bie )J,Ba MeCH1.(3. «)l{aJIOB3Hbe, KOTOpoe )J,3eT rocyJJ,apb, HBJTHeTCH e)J,HHCTBeHHbiM HCTO"'HHKOM )J,OXO)J,a, II03TOMY HeJJ,orrycTHMbi KaKHe-nn6o 3aJJ,ep)KKH B ero BbmJTaTe ... » BoHHbi rroKy naJin see Heo6xOAHMOe Ha 6a3apax, AJTH KOTOpblX B JTarepHX OTBO)J,HJTOCb OIIpeJJ,eJTeHHOe MeCTO. ApMHIO conpoBO)K)J,aJIO 60JTbiiiOe KOJTH'IeCTBO Kyrrl.(OB (MapKHT3HTOB) C TOBapaMJ1 . 06bi'IHO B IIOXO)J, BbiCTYIIaJIO IIO"'TH see HaceneHHe CTOJTHU -

genH rtJTH

Arpbi, KOTopoe )KHJTO HCKJTro'IHTeJTbHO 33 C':leT apMHH.

<1>.

EepHbe He coo6m aeT o rpop-

M ax opraHH3aUHH apMHH Morona.

1605 r. CMEPTb AKEiAPA. He 11CKfliO'IeHO, 'ITO OH 6blfl OTpaaneH co6cTBeHHbiM Cb/HOM Ceni1MOM, KOTOP&Iill 38TeM 830Wen HB npeCTOfl no.a 11MeHeM ,ll,)f(axaHrl1pa ( ro,a&l npaaneHw1- 1605-1627). 1606 r. BOCCTAHI.1E B nEHA>KAEiE. KaK paHee Cen11M 6yHmaan npoTI1B AK6apa, TaK Tenepb npoTI1B Hero B36yHT088flC>I C06CTBeHHb/M Cb/H Xycpy, KOTOpbiM 38XB8TI1fl flaxop. ,ll,)f(8X8Hrl1p HeMe,aneHHO Bb/CTynl1fl 8 neH,a)f(86. Y,lJ,)f(8flflyH,aypa Xycpy 6&Jn no6e)f(,aeH 11 3axaa'leH a nneH; 3aTeM '18CTI1'1HO ocnenneH 11 noca)f(eH B TIOpbMY 1607-1612 rr. BOCCTAHI.1E B EiEHrA111.11.1. no.acny,aHoe a(/JraHCKoe npOTI1BOCTORHI1e Beni1KI1M Moron aM Bblnl1nocb B EeHranMM B nonHOMacwTa6Hoe aoccTaHMe, no.aaaneHHOe ,ll,)f(axaHrl1pDM. 1610-1629 rr. B0171HA C AXMAAHArAPOM. no'ITI1 ace csoe npaaneHI1e ,ll,)f(axaHrl1p nepi10,aM'IeCKI1 aoeaan Ha nnaTo ,ll,eKaH c AxMB,aHarapoM. AxMa,aHarapCKI1ilT

451 npeMbep-M11HI1CTp 11 rfl8BHOKOM8HAYIOll.lMM a611CCI1Heu, Meni1K-AM6ap nOHI1Man, '-ITO a reHepan&HOM cpa)f(eHMI1 era MBfleHbKOM apMI111 He Bb/CTO>!Tb, 11 nepewen K napTM38HCKOM BOii!He, npM'-IeM BeCbM8 ycneWHO. 1622-1623 rr. B0171HA C nEPCI.1E171. nepcM,D,CKI1ill wax A66ac I 3axaaTMn KaH,aarap ( 1622 r.) . BocCTaHMe BTOporo Cb/H8 ,lJ,)f(8X8Hr11p8 XyppaMa noMewano Maron&CKOMY u,apCTBY OTBeTMTb y,aapOM H8 y,aap. 1623 r. BOCCTAHI.1E XYPPAMA. OH 6&/n pa36MT B cpa)f(eHMI1 no.a EenoLJnypoM 11 6e)f(an ( 1623 r.). 1 625 r. MSITE>K. Hey,aa'-IHblill 6yHT 6blfl B03rfl8BfleH rfl8BHOKOM8HAY10ll.li1M ,ll,)f(aXaHmpa Maxa6aT-xaHOM. 1627-1658 rr. nPAB11EHI.1E WAX-A>KAXAHA. npl1 HeM 6blfl noCTpOeH Ta.a)/(-Maxan- yc&lnan&HI1u,a era npeKpacHoill )f(eHbl, MyMTa3Maxan. 1629-1636 rr. 3ABOEBAHI.1E nllATO AEKAH. Wax-,ll,)f(8X8H B0306HOBI1fl nOnbiTKI1 CB011X npe,aweCTBeHHI1KOB pacnpOCTpBHMTb MOrOflbCKYIO BflaCTb Ha nnaTO ,lJ,eKaH. nocne CMepTI1 Meni1K-AM6apa OH 38BOeaan 11 8HHeKCMp088fl AxMa,aHarap ( 1633-1636 rr.). lonKoH,aa 11 EM,a)f(anyp 6&1fll1 no6e)f(,aeHbl 11 BbJHy)f(,aeH&I npi13H8Tb CI03epeHI1TeT u,apcTaa B enMKMX Moronoa ( 16351636 rr.).

IO>KHA~ A3V1~

453

nMKMX Morono8 Ha 3a8oe8aHHbJX

3,L!8fl <./JflOT(1659r.), LJTO n0380fl/11flO

mppMTOPMHx He Y.L!88anocb. flMwb

nepeHeCT/11 80MHY 8 MOrOflbCKMe

LJeCK/11 >Ke 38fl0>KH/11KOM. npo8e,L!H

6n810.L!8PH He8epOHTHOM fl/11LJHOM

seMnM Ha 6eperax Apa8Mi1CKoro

8 ,ll,en111 6onbwe 10.£!8, WM88,L!>KI!1

3HeprMM 111 LJY.L!081111.L(HbJM yc111n111HM

MOpH. MapaTxCKMi1 ¢noT nocny)J(Mfl

8epwMn 3<./J<./JeKTHbJM no6er 111 8ep-

80fl/11 AypaHr3e6 ,L!O C8MOM CMepT111

LJpe38b/LJ8MHO 3<./J<./JeKT/118HbiM 38Cfl0-

HyncH Ha nnaTo ,ll,eKaH.

He ,L!888fl ~apCT8Y pacnaCTbCH.

HOM npOT/118 nOpTyr8flbCKOIO /11 8Hr-

1670-1674 rr. B0305HOBnEHHE MAPATXCKO-MOrOnbCKOH BOHHbl. 8 KOHeLJHOM cLJeTe

fl/11MCKOrO, a T8K)J(e OK838flCH 8eCbM8 KCT8T/11.L!flfl TOpr08fl/11 Me>K,JJ.y V1H,L!I!1ei:f 111 Apa8Mei1.

IO)KHAH MH)],IUI MU:EMJIOH

M/11H8flbHO 8 K8LJeCT8e nocna, <./J8KT/11-

co-

no6e,L!8 OCT8fl8Cb 38 W1!188.£!>KI!1, /11 OH

1664 r. PA3PYWEHHE CYPATA. WM88.L!>KII138X88TMn 111 C>Ker ma8-

CT8fl np88/11TefleM He388/11C/11MOIO M8paTXCKOIO

~apCTB8.

---~

Hbli1 MOIOflbCK/11M nopT. nocne 3TOIO

1610-1629 rr. B03PO>KAEHHE AXMAAHArAPA.

HoM/11HanbHo

f/8flflf/Cb TOflbKO npeMbep-MMH/11-

1674-1680 rr. 3KCnAHCHSI

OH noTepnen nopa>KeHMe OT MOIOnb-

MAPATXCKOrO U,APCTBA.

c Ko i1 apM/11/11 nO,L! KOM8H,L!088H/11eM

8 8 .L!)J(II1 6blfl nep80Kfl8CCHb/M 80eHa-

WM-

pa,L!)J(nym ,ll,)J(afl CMHrxa, 38Kfl/OLJMn

LJ8flbH/11KOM /11 yMeflb/M np88/11TeneM;

MMP 111 6blfl Hanpa8neH 8 ,ll,en111 -

.L!O C8MOM era 8He3anHOM KOHLJ/11Hbl

HO-

CTpOM, peanbHO 8 AXM8,L!H818pe 60nee .L!8YX ,L!eCHTMfleTMM np88/11fl 80e-

H8LJ8flbH/11K-86111CCII1He~ MenMK-AM6ap. OH pas6111n MOmno8, a 3aTeM 8 p esynbTa Te npo,L!Ofl)J(I!1TeflbHOi1 cePMM napTM38HCKMX 80i1H cyMen xpaHMTb C80e

~apCT80

co-

He388/11C/11-

Mb/M.

1636 r. MOrOnbl OTBOEBbiBAIOT AXMAAHArAP. nocne CMepT/11 Meflii1K-AM6apa MOIOflbCK8fl apM/11fl CH088 n OKOp1!1fl8 CTp a Hy.

1646-1680 rr. nOAbEM MAPATXOB; nPABnEHHE WHBAA>KH. MapaTX/11- HenpMXOTn/1180e, 8biHOCfl/1180e 111H.L!YCCK08 nneMH, 06111T88W88

npeii1MYI.L(8 C T88HHO

8 6ecnnO.L!HbJX ropax Ha sana,L!e Ll,eHTp 8 flbHOIO,fl,eK8H8 , 80CTOLJHee /11 /Or0-80CTOLJHee

C08peMeHHOrO

DOM6eH, f/8flflfl/11Cb, lfl88Hb/M o6pa30M, nOTOMK8MII16bi8W8rO f/88,L!CKOIO ~apCTB8 (.L!111H8CT/11fl ,fl,e88r1!1p1!1); OCH08Hb/M /11X 38HHT/118M 6blfl8 Cfly>K6a H8eMHb/M/11 C0fl,L!8T8M/11. V1CKp8 penMr/1103HOIO /11

H8~/110H8flbHOrO

C8 -

MOC03H8 H/11fl 6blfl8 p as,L!yTa 8 nna MH MOflO.L!biM H 88.£!CKMM KHH3 eM WM88.L!)J(/11.

803 pacTe 19 neT oH no,L!-

HHn C80M H8pO,lJ, H8 60pb6y npOT/118 MycynbM8HCKOm cynTaHaTa 5M.L!>Kanyp /11 OCH088fl 8 38n8,L!HOM LJ8CT/11 lX8TCK/11X rap H e 3 88/11C/11MOe M8p8TXCKOe KHf/)J(eCT80.

1646-1664 rr. MAPATXCKASI 3KCnAHCHSI.

noCTeneHHO WM-

88.£!)1(111 Hapai.L(M8an MOI.L(b C8oero KHH>K8CT88 -

nep80H8LJ8flbH O 3 8

CLJeT D/11,L!>Kanypa, a nOTOM CT8 fl OT80e8b/88 Tb 3eMfl/11 H8 /O)J(HOi:frpaH/11~e MOIOflbCKOM ,L!ep)J(88bl. 0H C O-

~~~"i~ ~)686'~

MapaTXCIUIX BABA;eHHii

~ r::~~f67:;;,HJI a~raayeB ·a PaJ:ioHbJ noccTaauif

lllllliDim

A.ii:3 TOB B

CHKX OS B

____ ..

f p a HH \!bl M apaTX CKHX BAB.I;e H MJl K 1738r. {_aa ~pesK:e)

1671-1672 rr. 1675-170!) rr.

454

3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

( 1680 r.) u,apCTBO MapaTXOB HeyKJ70HHO Ha6111pano MOryw,eCTBO 111 npeCTl!l)l(. B oeHH btM ycnex conYTCTaoaan WMBa/1,)1(1!1 6naro/],apH ToMy, LfTO rj)opTbl, l!1CnOJ7b30BaBWl!1eCH 111M B KaLfecTae onopHbtX 6a3 11.f7H napT1!13aHcKoi1 BOMHbl, CTaBl!1J71!1Cb Ha He/],0CTynHbiX B03BbtWeHHOCTRX, a TaJOKe noToMy, LfTO apMMH ero 6bma Lfpe3Bbtlfai1Ho xopowo o6yLfeHa; To ecTb 6pan OH He Lfl!1CJ70M, a yMeHl!leM. noCKOJ7bKY PO/l.Hbte 6ecnf70/1,Hble ropbt He MornM o6ecnelfl!1Tb nponMTaHMeM perynHpHyto apMMto, WMBaiJ.)I(M npMXOIJ.l!1!70Cb COBepwaTb nOCTOHHHbte Ha6em Ha coceAHMe MycynbMaHCKMe 3eMJ71!1 111!7111 BbiMOraTb /],aHb 3a «3aW,l!1TY» y TeX, KTO )l(eJ7aJ7 3aCTpaXOBaTbCH OT BTOp)l(eHl!IH MapaTXOB. OcHoay MapaTXcKoi1 apMMM cocTaaf7Hna KaaanepMH, KOTopaH e31J.l!1!7a MCKf7toLfl!1TenbHO HanerKe- 6e3 KaKl!IX 6bt TO Hl!l 6btf70 pOCKOWeCTB, TH)I(ef7oro cHapH)I(eHMH, 6ara)l(a MIJ.a)l(e noXOIJ.HbtX waTpoa. Be~J.H KaMnaHMM, WMBa/1,)1(1!1 cne/],oaan TpaiJ.MU.MHM MHAYCCKoro 6narop0/1,CTBa - BO BCeM, LfTO KaCaJ70Cb o6paw,eHl!1H C no6e)l(/],eHHbiM npOTl!IBHl!IKOM 111 Ml!lpHbiM HaceneHMeM.

1683-1689 rr. B0306HOB11EHIIIE MAPATXCKO-MOrOllbCKO~ BO~Hbl.

1 689-1707 rr. MAPATXCKOE B03PO>KAEHIIIE. B OTLfaHHHoi1 napT1!13aHCKOM BOMHe MapaTXl!l nocTeneHHO n0/1,TOLfl!1J71!1 MOW,b MoronbcKoi1 «BenMKoi1 apMMM». Ha noMOW.b MapaTxaM np111wna caMa npl!lpO/],a: 60J7bWaH LfaCTb «Benl!IKOM apMMM» nor1116na np111 pa3!71!1Be peKl!15Xl!1Ma ( 1695 r.). 5J71!1)1(e KCTapOCTl!l AypaHr3e6 f71!1LfHO acTan ao rnaae MOrOJ7bCKOM apM1!11!1, HO yMep a AxMaAHarape (1707r.). nocne 3Toro «8eJ71!1KaH apMl!IH» OTCTynMJ7a Ha ceaep, MIJ.OMMHMpytow,eJ;i cMnoJ;i Ha nnaTO /l.eKaH CHOBa CTaf71!1 MapaTXl!l. Esponeifq&l s 14HAMM M Ha 14H.QMHCKOM OKeaHe

1601-1603 rr. nPIIIEibiTIIIE r01111AHAUEB. noHaneHMe ronnaHACKMX KOpa6neJ;i Ha f"'y/1,)1(apaTCKOM 111 KopoMaH/],ef7bCKOM no6epe-

)l(bHX nof70)I(l!1f70 KOHeu, nopTyranbcKoi1 MOHOnOJ71!11!1 Ha TOprOBJ710 C OCT111H/1,111ei1.

1621 r. MOrOJlbl nPIII3HAIOT AHrlliii'-IAH. jl,)KaxaHrMp npeiJ.OCTa-

1602 r. YTPATA nOPTYrAll bUAMIII EiAXPE~HA. OcTpoa 3axaa-

mproabte npaaa; rj)aKTMLfeCKM 0cTii1HACKaH KOMnaHl!IH CTaJ7a BOeHHOMOpCKl!IM npMIJ.aTKOM u,apcTaa BenMKl!IX Moronoa.

Tl!1f71!1 apa6CKI!1e BaCCaJ7bl nepC1!11!1.

1608 r. no~BJlEHIIIE AHrlliii'-IAH. npe/],CTaBl!1TeJ7b 5pl!1TaHCKOM 0cT-ii1HACKoi1 KOMnaHMM YMnbHM XoYKMHc npl!16bm a CypaT Ha lyiJ.)I(apaTCKOM no6epe)l(be 111 nonbtTancH 3aKf7tolfl!1Tb C /l.)l(aXaHrl!lpOM /],OrOBOp 0 TOprOBbiX KOHLJ,eCCl!IHX.

1612-1630 rr. AHrllO-nOPTYrAll bCKIII~ KOHJliiiKT. ToproBbte npaaa a CypaTe 6btf71!1 nonylfeHbt, KOrAa ToMac 5ecT pa36Mn ropa31J.O 6onee MHoroLfMcneHHbtM nopTyranbCKl!IM ¢noT( 1612 r.). 5oeabte /],eMCTBl!IH np0/1,0J7)1(aJ71!1Cb, HOB XO/],e 111x nopTyranbCKMM rj)noT onHTb noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe - Ha a ToT pa 3 oT HMKonaca /l.aYTOHa ( 1614 r.). B nocne/1,ytow,Me rO/],bl tOJ7J7aH/],CKaH 111 5pl!1TaHCKaH 0cT-fi1H/1,CKl!1e KOMnaHl!ll!l OCHOBaJ71!1 no BCeMy no6epe)l(bf0 TOprOBbte rj)aKTOpl!11!1. ii1H/1,1!1MLJ,bl npl!1aeTCTBOBaJ71!1 l!IX nOHBJ7eHl!1e, TaK KaK npe/],Bl!1/],ef71!1 B03MO)I(HOCTb MrpaTb Ha pa3HornacMHXTpex eaponei1cKMX /],ep)l(aB.

1616 r. AHrlllll~ HA'-IIIIHAET TOPrOBJliO C nEPCIIIE~. nepabti1

BMn aHrf71!1LfaHaM /],OnOJ7Hl!1TeJ7bHble

1621-1622rr. AHrlliii'-IAHE 3AXBATbiBAIOT OPMY3CKIII~ nPOJliiiB. /l.eMCTBYH COBMeCTHO c nepCl!IIJ.CKOM cyxonyTHOM apMl!leM, aHml!IMCKl!IM rj)J70T 3aXBaTl!1!7 MOW.HYIO nopTyranbcKyto 6a3y Ha 6epery OpMy3cKoro np0!71!1Ba. nocne 3TOrO KamcTporj)MLfecKoro nopa)l(eHMH nopTyranbLJ,bt c/1,enanl!1 caoei1 maaHoi1 6a30M B nepCl!I/],CKOM 3af71!1Be nopT MycKaT.

1624-1630 rr. AHr11o-ro1111AHACKOE COTPYAHIII'-IECTBO nPOTIIIB nOPTYrAllbUEB. nop-ryranbU,bt, co6paaw111cb c cMnaMM ( 111 HeManbtMM), nonbtTaf71!1Cb aepHYTb ce6e BJ7a/1,b!LfeCTBO B fi1H/1,1!1MCKOM OKeaHe, LfTO BbiHY/1.111!70 aHrf71!1LfaH 111 ronnaH/1,u,ea K coTPYIJ.HMLfecTay nocne PHIJ.a CTOJ7KHOBeHl!1M B ApaBl!IMCKOM MOpe 111 nepCl!I/],CKOM 3af71!1Be, Hl!l K LfbeMy pewatow,eMy nepeaecy He npMBeAWMX ( 1624-1625 rr.), nop-ryranbcKoe Moryw.ecTao npo1J.Of7)1(ano nocTeneHHO y6btBaTb. nonbtTKa nop-ryranbu,ea aepHYTb 0pMy3cKMM npo-

TOproBbiM KOpa6!7b 0CT-ii1H/1,CKOM KOMnaHMM l!136e)l(af7 nop-ryranbCKMX naTpynbHbtX CYIJ.OB 111 npl!16bm a nep-

f71!1B nOJ7HOCTbiO npOBaf71!1J7aCb.

Cl!l/l.CKMM nopT /l.)l(aCK.

COI03 6biJI rrpoHrHOpHpOBaH- EO BCeM, 'ITO KaCaJIOCb BbiHCHeHHH KOJIO-

1618 r. AHrllO-nOPTYrAllbCKIII~ KOHJliiiKT B nEPCIIIA-

lJ,aBHHll aHr JIO-IIOpTyraJibCKHll

HHaJibHbiX OTHOIIIeHHll.

CKOM 3A11111BE. He6onbWaH aHr!7111MCKaH 3CKa/1,pa, 6a31!1poaaawaHCH a CypaTe (a 3a/],a LfY ee BXOIJ.l!1!70 o6ecneLfeHMe 6ecnpenHTCTBeHHoro npoxo11.a 6pMTaHCKMX CY/l.OB Lfepe3 nepC1!1/1,CKl!1M 3af71!1B), B /l.BYX cpa)l(eHl!IHX y /l.)l(aCKa pa361!1!7a 6onee MHOrOLfl!1CJ7eHHbiM nopTyraf7bCKl!1M rj)noT. B pe3yf7bTaTe ami1 no6e/1,bt aHmMLfaHe CTaf71!11J.OMl!1Hl!1poaaTb a ApaaMi1cKOMMope.

1620 r. KAHAIII~CKO-r01111AHACKIII~ COI03. nocne/1,onrMx

1633 r. r01111AHAUbl Ill KAHAIII~CKIIIECIIIHrA11E3Ub13AXBA

TbiBAIOT TPIIIHKOMAJllll. 1640 r. nEPBbl~ AH rlliii~ CKIII~ YKPEnllEHHbl~ nOCT. Wm6-KaapTMpoi1 5pMTaHcKoi1 0cTii1HIJ.CKoi1 KOMnaHMM Ha KopoMaH/1,ef7bCKOM no6epe)l(be CTaJ7 OCHOBaHHbiM Ha MeCTe COBpeMeHHOrO Ma11.paca rj)opT CeHT-/l.)I(OPIJ.)I(.

neT neperoaopoa CeHepaT, npaaMTenb CMHranbcKoro u,apcTaa KaH/1,111

1641-1643 rr. r01111AHACKIIIE nPIIIT~3AHIII~ HA nOPTYrAllbCKIIIE KOJlOHIIIAJlbHbiE BllAAEH ~~~~. lonnaHIJ.LJ,bt nonbtTa-

( HacneAHMK BMManbt ), 3aKntoLfl!1f7 c ronnaHAU.aMM coto3 npoTMB nop-ryranbu,ea.

f71!1Cb BbtTeCHMTb nopTyranbu,ea 1113 fi1H/1,1!1MCKOrO OKeaHa, 3aXBaTl!1B 6a3bl a ManaKKe ( 1641 r.), KonoM6o

IO>KHA~ A3V1~ (1656 r.), HeranamMe(1658 r.)vrKo'-IMHe ( 1663 r. ). nopryranbCKa>l rj)aKTOPM>I B loa orovrna HeCKOflbKO OJKeCTO'-/eHHbiX ronnaHIJ.CKvrx Hana/],eHvrill.

1650 r. YTPATA nOPTYrAJlbLI,AMII1 MYCKATA. 9Ty nopTyranbcKyto 6asy saxaaTvrn vrMaM OMaHa. 1651 r. AHrilW路IAHE B 5EHrA11111111. Ha peKe Xymvr 6btna ocHoaaHa rj)aKTOPM>I - BnOCfle/],CTBMM, nepe/],flMLJ,OM MOTOflbCKMX yrpo3, CTaBWa>l rj)opTOM. 1656-1658 rr. LI,E~JlOHCKMI 1113011~LI,Ii1~. nocne no6e/1,bt ronnaH/],LJ,ea Hall. nopTyranbu,aMvr a u,ap-

CTBe KaH/],M OC03Hanvr, '-ITO OHM, CMHrane3LJ,bl, acero nvrwb npoMeHRnvr 0/],HO MHOCTpa HHOe BflM>IHMe Ha IJ.pyroe, vr ywnvr a rny6b ocTpoaa, a ropbt, ycTynvra npvr6peJKHbte pailloHbt ronnaHAU.aM.

1666 r. no~B11EHII1E PAHLI,Y30B. C!JpaHLJ,Y3bl 3aH>IflMCb OCTMH/l.CKOill Toproaneill nosJKe, '-/eM vrx 6pvrTaHcKvre vr ronnaHIJ.CKvre conepHvrKvr, HO - nyCTb C On03/],aHvreM OCHOBanvr LJ,eflbiM P>l/1. rj)aKTOpvrfll , maBHbte M3 KOTOpbtX 6btnM nOCTaBneHbl a LfaH/],epHarope ( 1670 r.)a /],enbTe laHra, aosne Xyrnvr; vr a

455 noH/],MWepvr ( 1673 r.)- Ha KopoMaH/],eflbCKOM no6epeJKbe, HenoAaneKy oT rj)opm CeHT-j],JKopiJ.)I(.

1667 r. OCHOBAHII1E 50M5E~.

Ha ocTpoae 5oM6eill aHmvr'-laHe aosaenvr 垄opT vr nocTpovrnvr rj)aKTopvrto. 1686 r. BO~HA B 5EHrAJ1111111. MeJKAY aHmvr'-laHaMvr vrs Xymvr vr MOronbcKvrM npaavrTeneM 5eHranvrvr npOMCXO/],MflM cnopa/],M'-/eCKMe CTOflKHOBeHM>I. 9TO npvraeno K TOMY, '-ITO HvrJKe no Te'-/eHvrto 6btn nocTpoeH C!JopT-8Mflb)IM ( Ha MeCTe COBpeMeHHOM KanbKyrrbt).

456 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

BOCTOqHAH II QEHTPAJihHAH A3IDI BHYTPEHHHH A3MH B Ha4aneXVII aeKa BH}'TpeHHIOIO A3MIO HacenRnM TPM maBHbte rpynnbt npeMMy1.1.1,eCTBeHHO K04eBbiX Hapo,aoa: TIOPKM, TaTapO-MOHrOflbl M TM6eT!4bl. /113 TIOpKCKMX Hapo,aoa HaM6onee 3aMeTHbtMM 6btnM y36eKM /O)I(HoroM U.eHTpanbHoro TypKecTaHa MKa3aXM CeaepHoro TypKecTaHa. Y36eKM no,a4MHMnM TYPKMeHCKMe nneMeHa, o6MTaawMe a nycTbtHfiX Me)l(.ay KacnMiiicKMM M ApanbCKMM MOpf/MM, M Ta,a)I(MKOB, )I(MBWMX a npe.aropbf/XceaepHee IMH,ayKywa. /113 MOHron bCKMX nneMeH oco6o cne.ayeT OTMeTMTb nneMf/ xanxa, )I(MBwee ceaepHee nycTbtHM 1o6M; KanMbtKOB, HaCeflf/BWMX 3ana,aHyiO MoHronMIO M AnTaill; M KMprM30B, o6MTaawMx a ropHbtx,aonMHax TRHbWaHR. B XVII aeKe Ha4ancR npo14ecc, KOTOpbtM B cne,ay101.1.1,eM CTOfleTMM npMae,aeT K YTPaTe 3TMMM BOMHCTaeHHbtMM Hapo.aaMM BHyTpeHHeill A3MM caoeill Tpa.aMI4MOHHoi11 He3aBMCMMocTvr: nnaHOMepHaf/ BOCT04Haf/ 3KcnaHCMfl 14apcKoi11 PoccMM M 3ana.aHafl - MaHb4)1(ypcKoro KMTafl (,aMHaCTMfl U.MH). To o6cTORTenbcTao, 4TO MOHrOflbiM TIOpKM, BCer,aa 6btBWMe 3aaoeaaTenRMM, Tenepb caMM oKa)I(}'TCR3aaoeaaHbt, HM a KOeill Mepe He 6btn0 CBf/3aHO CO CHM)I(eHMeM MX BOMHCTBeHHOCTM (,aa HMKaKOro CHM)I(eHMf/M He 6btfl0)- npoCTO 3BOfli014Mfl BOeHHOrO MCKYCCTBa .aocTMrna TaKara 3Tana, Kor.aa K04eBbte nneMeHa He 6btnM B COCTOf/HMM BbiCTOf/Tb npOTMB 3KOHOMM4eCKM 6onee pa3BMTOrO npOTMBHMKa. l1MeBWMeCf/ B MX pacnOpf/)l(eHMM pecypCbl He n03BOflflflM npOM3BOAMTb MflM 3aKynaTb MYWKeTbl M nyWKM, a KaaanepMR He Morna Ha paBHbtX cpa)l(aTbCfl C MYWKeTepaMM M apTMflnepMCTaMM. /113 coo6pa)l(eHMi11 y.ao6cTaa aa)I(HeillwMe co6btTMfl, npoMcxo,aMBWMe a XVII a eKe so BH}'TpeHHeill A3MM, Mbt

pa3HeceM no.a TpeMR no,a3aronoaKaMM: «Y36eKW>, «MOHrOflbl» M «PycCKaf/ 3KcnaHCMfl». KMTaillcKafl 3KCnaHCMfl 6y,aeT paCCMOTpeHa B pa3,aene «KMTaill».

TMfl a TM6eTe rnaaeHcTaoaanM MOHronbt.

1623-1633 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE BHYTPEHHE"' MOHfOJlHH MAHb"'>KYPAMH. KMTai11!4bt npaKTM4eCKM accMMMnMpoaanM MOHronoa-op.ao-

coa. 1636 r.

1599 r. HE3ABHCHMOCTb EiYXAPbl. 5yxapa, r.ae npaaMnM acTapKaHM,abt, ocao6o,aMnacb M3-no.a rHeTa npMwe.aweill a yna,aoK wei116aHMACKOM AMHaCTMM M Onf/Tb CTana maBHbiM !4eHTpOM y36eKCKOM BnacTM, XOTf/ KOHTpOflb Ha,a /O)I(HbiM TypKeCTaHOM 6yxapcKMe 3MMpbt,aenMnM c xaHaMM XMBbt (npeeMHMKaMM wei116aHM,aoa).

1608-1646 rr. U,APCTBOBAHHE EiYXAPCKOfO 3MHPA HMAH-KYJlH. 5yxapcKMe y36eKM apeMR aT apeMeHM ycTpaMaanM Ha6ervr a nepcM,acKMe XopacaH M ArpraHMCTaH. Cnopa,aM4eCKM npe.anpMHMManMcb nonbtTKM nOKOpMTb KMprM30B, o,aHaKo ace no.ao6Hbte nonon3HOBeHMfl HeM3MeHHO OTpa)l(aflMCb ropHbiMM MOHrOflbCKMMM nneMeHaMM.

1630-1634 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE KAHAAfAPA. 5yxapa 3axaaTMna y nepcoa KaH.aarap, HO acKope y36eKoa orry.aa M3rHan MoronbCKMill npaaMTenb Wax-)1.)/(axaH ( 1638 r.).

1688 r. 3ABOEBAHHEnEPCAMH XHBbl. XMBMHCKoexaHcTao coxpaHMno aBTOHOMMIO, HO XaH OTHbiHe npM3Haaan CI03epeHMTeT nepcM,acKoro waxa.

MoHron&l 8oi11H Me)l(,ay KpynHbiMM MOHrOflbCKMMM nneMeHHbiMM rpynnMpOBKaMM, BH}'TPM rpynnMpOBOK, a TaK)I(e c coce,aHMMM TM6eT!4aMM, KMTai11!4aMM, TaTapaMM, TIOpKaMM M pyccKMMM aenocb TaK MHoro M HaCTOflbKO 3an}'TaHHbiX, 4TO npOCTbiM KnaCCMcPMKa!4MM M CMCTeMaTM3a!4MM OHM He noJJAaiOTCf/. Ha npoTfl)l(eHMM no4TM acero onMcbtaaeMoro cTone-

MHfPAU,H~ 3AnAAHbiXKA11MbiKOB. 0HMnpo6MnMcb

4epe3 KMprM3CKMe M Ka3aXCKMe 3eMflM, nepenpaaMnMcb 4epe3 peKy 9M6a, 3acenMnM 3aBOfl)I(CKYIO cTenb M 3aHRnMcb Ha6eraMM Ha pyccKMe noceneHMfl no o6e cTopoHbt BonrM. no,a4MHMB11JMCb PocCMM ( 1646 r.), KanMbtKCKoe xaHcTao coxpaHMno aaTOHOMMIO. Coe,aMHeHMfl npeaocxo,aHoill KanMbtKCKoill nerKoill Ka aanePMM axo,aMnM a cocTaa pyccKoill apMMM M Bnocne,aCTBMM y4aCTBOBaflM B pOCCMMCKMX !4eHTpanbHOa3MaTCKMX KaMnaHMf/X, a TaK)I(e B BOMHaX npOTMB Kpb!MCKMX TaTap.

1672 r. HA6Er MOHfOJlOBTOPfYTOB. XaH A10Ka ompaaMncR a Ha6er- 4epe3 3ana,aHyiO CM6Mpb, 3a Ypan M Bonry, M .aowen .ao Ka3aHM. nocne 3Toro oH 3aKni04Mn c PoccMeill MMp, 6naro.aapR 4eMy .ao KOH!4a aeKa Ha 3eMnRx mpr}'TOB 14a pMno OTHOCMTeflbHOe CnOKOMCTBMe.

0Kono 1680-1688 rr. 3KCA>KYHfAPCKOfO nPABHTEJl~ (ollipaTcKoro xaHa) fAJlAAHA. no.a npe.aao,aMTeflbCTBOM nAHCH~

lan,aaHa A%YHrap!4bt ( oillpaTbt) - KanMbtKCKoe nneMR, o6Mmawee a paiiiOHe o3epa 5anxaw, - 3aaoeaanM y KMprM30B 6onbWYIO 4aCTb Kawrapa , flpKeH,aa M XoTaHa; KpOMe Taro, OHM noKywanMcb- M He6e3ycnewHoHa HeKOTOpbte Ka3aXCKMe 3eMflM.

1688-1689 rr. fA11AAH HAnAAAET HA XAJlXACU,EB. nneMR xanxa o6paTMnocb 3a noMOW.biO K MaHb4)1(ypaM, M MaHb4)1(ypcKaf/ apMMfl npMwna Ha noMOW.b.

1689 r. A0110H-HYPCKH"' CbE3A. 1690-1695 rr. fA11AAH BOAHT HA6ErH B XAJlXACCKHE H KHTA"'CKHE 3EM11H.

BOCTOLJHA~ 1696 r. 6111TBA nPII1 ~>KAOMO AO (111n111, II'IHa~e. Ypre- coBp. YnaH-EiaTop). 1697 r. CMEPTb rAllAAHA. PyccKaR 3KCnaHCIIIR

B KOHI4e

XVI

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

457

1653-1685 rr. CT011KHOBEHII1S1 C KII1TA~LJ,AMII1. MaHbLf)l(ypoa,

nOJ].CT}'n!Afl/A K MyKJJ.eHy ropOJJ. KanJA-

B 06Ll.jeM lA 14eflOM He Cfl/AWKOM 3a-

30HHble BOMCKa, Bb!CflaHHble Ha-

IAHTepeCOBaHHbiX

a JJ.OflJAHe

TynJApoaan, KOrJJ.a MJAHCKJAe rapHJA-

AMypa,

BCTpeLfy Hypxa14JA, oKa3anJAcb 3a6no-

o6ecnoKoJAno npecneJJ.oBaHJAe pyc-

KJApoaaHbl BCfleJ].CTBJAe Taro, LfTO

a caMoM MyKJJ.eHe yHMLf-

CKJAMJA KJATaMCKIAX lA MaHbLf)l(ypCKIAX

npeJJ.aTenJA

noceneH14ea. nepMOJJ.MLfeCKJAe MaHb-

TO)I(JAflJA eJ].JAHCTBeHHbiM MOCT Lfepe3

aeKa npOJJ.BJA)I(eHJAe

Lf)/(ypcKJAe Ha6erJA CJJ.enanJA nono)l(e-

KpenoCTHOM poa.

pyCCKIAX Ha BOCTOK OT Ypana WflO

HJAe pyCCKIAX B perJAOHe J].OCTaTOLfHO

B Bb!COKIAX W!ApOTax: l.J.eHTpanbHYIO

WaTKIAM.

1623 r. MAH b~>KYPCKOE HACTYnllEH 111E OCTAHOBJlEHO.

CM6Mpb , rJ].e o6JATanJA no-npe)I(HeMy

1660 r. MAHb~>KYPbl BbiTECHSIIOT PYCCKII1X 1113 A011111Hbl AMYPA. 1683-1685 rr. BO~HA C MAHb~>KYPAMII1. PyccKJAeonHTb

HOCTb J].JAHaCTIAIA MMH; apTMnnepMH,

Bb!TecHeHbiJA3 JJ.OflJAHbl AMypa.

nocTaaneHHaH MIAHCKOMY npaBJA-

1689 r. HEP~II1HCKII1~ AOrOBOP.

HepaMJA-JAe3yJATaMJA, no COBOKyn-

rpo3Hble KanMbiKCKJAe nneMeHa, pyCCKJAe CTapaTeflbHO 06XOJ]./Afl/A CTOPOHOM.

1604 r. OCHOBAHII1E TOMCKA. Kpai11Hei1I aocTOLfHOiii TOLfKOiii pyccKoiii aKcnaHCJAJA cmn EHJAceiii (B cpeJ].HeM TeLfeHJAIA).

Bo3ne BenJAKoiii KMTai1IcKoi1I cTeHbl Hypxa14JA noTepnen nopa)l(eHJAe aT IOaHa

L{)l(yHxyaHH- npaaJATenH

npoaJAH14MM, coxpaHJAawero aep-

TeflbCTBY eaponei1JCKIAMIA MIACCJAO-

1618 r. PYCCKII1E AOCTII1rAIOT BEPXOBII1~ EHII1CESL OcHo-

HOM y6oi1JHOM MOLl.j/A HaMHOrO npe-

aaH ¢opT EHMcei1IcK.

WJAenyKJA. TorJ].a MaHbLf)I(YPbl OTBep-

BOCXOJ].JAfla MaHbLf)l(ypcKJAe 60flb-

KMTAM, 1600-1700 rr.

1628 r. PYCCKII1E AOXOASIT AO JlEHbl (B cpe.QHeM Te~eHIIIIII). 1630r. OCHOBAHII1E KII1PEHCKA. nepBOHaLfaflbHO OH Ha3b!Ban-

HII1EMAHb~>KYPCKO~ rOCYAAP-

CH HMKOflbCKIAM norOCTOM, 3aTeM

CTBEHHOCTII1.

(c a

1655 r.) c 1675 r. -

MoH-

ronJAIO.

1600-1615 rr. CTAHOBJl EXaH Hypxa14JA no-

KMpeHCKJAM ocTporoM,

cTpoJAn B CBOei1J CTOflJA!4e, flHOHHe,

KMpeHCKOM.

4 KpenOCTIA,

1632 r. OCHOBAHII1ES1KYTCKA. 1639 r. PYCCKII1E AOXOASIT AO OXOTCKOrO MOPS1. B pe3ynb-

HYflJA Ha 3anaJJ. JA JJ.BMHynMcb

1624-1625 rr. HA TA~BAHE nos:r. B11S110TCS1 r01111AHAU,bl. 0HJA OCHOBaflJA Ha OCTpOBe HeCKOflbKO rjJaKTOpJAi1J.

06HeCeHHble CTeHaMJA, lA

1626 r. CMEPTb HYPXAU,II1.

peopraHJA30Ban npaKTJAKOBaBWYIOCH

XaHoM cTan era Cb!H A6axai1I ( MnM

J].JAHaCTJAei1J MMH CIACTeMy «B3M-CO»,

Tai1Il43YH), KOTOpb!M HeMeJ].neHHO

BOeHHbiX rapHJA30HOB; B IATOre nony-

yaenJALfMn LfJAcno «3HaMeH».

TaTe nOHBIAflCH nepBbiM pyccKJAM

LfJAflaCb npJAMIATIABHaH BOeHHaH lA aJ].-

nnaLJ,IJ.apM Ha TMxooKeaHCKOM no6e-

MIAHIACTpaTJABHaH 610pOKpaTJAH «14JA-

<l>eBpanb 1627 r. MAH b~>KYP CKOE BTOP>KEHII1E B KOPEIO.

pe)l(be.

6JAH» -

0epeJJ. BTOp)l(eHJAeM B KMTaM MaHb-

1641-1652 rr. nOKOPEHII1E 6YPS1TOB. noJ]. anaCTbiO PocCJAIA

(nepaoHaLfanbHO LfeTb!pex;

«CIACTeMa BOCbMIA 3HaMeH»

1615 rr.).

1600-

Lf)l(ypbl nepenpaaJAnJAcb Lfepe3 3a-

MaHbLf)/(ypcKaHapJAcTOKpa-

Mep3WYIO flny lA nOKOp!AfliA 3T}' C0/03-

OKa3aflCH pai1JOH BOKpyr 03epa 5ai1J-

TJAH COCTaBJAfla o¢JJA14epcKJAM Kopnyc,

HYIO JAMnepJAJA MMH CTpaHy

Kan.

np!ACBOIAB TpaJ].JA141AOHHble KOMaHJ].-

1643-1646 rr. nPOHII1KHOBEHII1E B A011111HY AMYPA. BacJA-

Hble tPYHKI41AIA nneMeHHbiX BO)I(J].ei1J.

1628 r. MAHb~>KYPbl CHOBA OTPA>KEHbi./OaH L{)l(yHxyaHb 1A era

BXOJ].!Afl!A

)l(eHJAe MaHbLf)l(ypaM.

neJ].JA141AIO, B pe3yflbTaTe KOTOpoi1J

1644 rDJJ.Y a MaHbLf)/(ypcKy/0 apMMIO 278 MaHbLf)l(ypcKJAX, 120 MOHrDflbCKIAX lA 165 KJATaMCKIAX poT;

apTMnnepJAH onHTb HaHecnJA nopa-

nMiii 00HPKOB noa en IA3 fiKYTCKa 3KCnpOIA30Wen nepBbiM KOHTaKT pOCCJA-

B Ka)I(J].OM paTe («HMpy») HaCLfiATb!Ba-

BEPHbl~ KII1TA~. Boi1IcKa MMnepJAM

HH C KJATaMCKOM 141ABIAflJA3a14JAei1J.

flOCb OKOflO 300 LfeflOBeK.

MMH 0Tpa3/Afl/A MHO)I(eCTBO MaHb-

1644 r. PYCCKII1E AOCTII1rAIOTYCTbS1 KOJlbiMbl. PeKa Bb!Be-

WIAXCH Lfepe3 nepeaan )J,)I(exon a Ce-

na lAX K 6epery CeaepHoro fleJJ.OBJA-

1618 r. ME>KAYMAHb~>KYPA MII1 111 A111HACTII1E~ MII1H BCnbiXII1BAET BO~HA. Boi1IcKa Hypxa14JA

Toro oKeaHa.

3aXBaTJAfliA MIAHCKYIO KpenOCTb CDy-

MaHbLf)l(ypbl BOJ].!Afl!A Ha6erJA B npo-

1648 r. OCHOBAH 111 E OXOTCKA. 1651 r. OCHOBAHII1E 111PKYTCKA 111 XAEiAPOBCKA. 1651-1653 rr. OKKYnAU,II1S1 A011111Hbl AMYPA. Epo¢ei1I Xa6a-

WYHb, 3aTeM oTpa3JAflJA nocnaHHYIO

BIAH141AIO Wa HbCJA (

npOTIAB HIAX KJATaMCKYIO apMIAIO. )J.nH

B 3TOT )/(e nepMOJJ. A6axai1I 3aHHflCH

poa nocTaaJAnrjJopTbl BJJ.OflJAHeAMy-

1621 r. B3S1TII1E MYKAEHA (W3HbSIHa). MaHbLf)/(YPbl JA3rHanJA

~>KYPAMII1 BHYTPEHHE~ MOH-

MIAHI4eB IA3 6accei1JHa peKJA flHO lA

r011111111.

pa JA ceaepHee, YP14eB).

a 3eMne JJ.aypoa (JJ.a-

1629-1634 rr. HA6Erll1 B CE-

Lf)l(ypCKIAX Ha6eroa, OCyll.jeCTBflHBaepHbiM KMTaiii.

0JJ.HOapeMeHHO

1632 JA 1634 rr. ).

noJ].aaneHJAH MaHbLf)/(ypcKoro aoc-

opraHJA3a!4JAei1J C06CTBeHHOM apTJAfl-

CTaHJAH MMnepaTop JJ.JAHaCTJAJA MMH

nepJAJA, LfT06bl MO)I(HO 6bmo npoTJA-

a TpaJJ.Ml4MOHHO 20 TbiCHLf conJ].aT.

Haaep6oaan Hoiii Kopee

co/03-

aocTOHTb apMIAIA MMH B OTKpb!TOM 6JATBe.

1633 r. 3ABOEBAHII1E MAHbOTOMY B 3HaLfJATeflbHOM

458

3APO>KAEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV!Vl VI TAKTVIKVI. 1600-1700 rr:

CTeneHI!1 CnOC06CTBOBan MaCCO-

HaCTI/110 C/JOpMaflbHO OTpe'lbCR OT

BCelo e1o npaBneHMR Ha 101e He npe-

Bb/M nepeXOll K MaHb'DKypaM BOlA-

BflaCTI/1 .

Kpaw.anocb conpoTMBneHMe llii1Hac-

HOB, 6e)KaBWI!1X OT TRIOT Cfly)K6bt

1636-1644 rr. KOHCO.nliiAA-

B MOH/OflbCKOM apM1!11!1. COOTBeTCT-

1..\liiSI AMYPCKOrO 5ACCEII1HA. 3a

BeHHO, B M8Hb'I)KypCK/11e «3H8MeH8»

'leTbtpe noxolla A6axai71 noKop111n

Bfll!1fl0Cb MHO)KeCTB O MOH/OflbCKI!1X

BC/0 AMypcKy/0 o6na CTb.

COflll aT.

1636 r. OCHOBAHliiE AliiHACTlillil 1.\lltH. B MyK,£J,eHe MaHb'I%YPbt

1635-1644 rr. YnAAOK AliiHACTlillil MliiH.

no BCeMy KMTa/0

BCnbtXI!1Ba/OT BOCCTaHI!1R.

1636-1637 rr. 3ABOEBAHliiE KOPElil.

Pa31HeBaHHbti71 He-

T1!11!1MMH.

1643-1646 rr. PYCCKliiE3KCnEAlill.\lillil B AMYPCKYIO 05.nACTb. 26 MaS! 1644 r. nAAEHliiE AliiHACTIItlil MliiH. BoccTaBwMe Kpec-

npoBo3macMnl!1 y'lpe)KlleHMe 1!1Mne-

TbRHe noll pyKOBOllCTBOM f1111 Ll,3bi'I3-

pampcKoi71llii1HacTI!11!1; A6axai71 B3Rn

Ha 3aXBaTI!1fll!1 neKI!1H. M1!1HCK1!1i71 leHe-

ce6e MMR LfYHll3.

pan ( CT8BWI!1i7f BnOCflellCTBI/1/11 M8Hb-

1643 r. CMEPTbASAXASI. V1M-

'I)KypCK1!1M HaMecTHMKOM) Y CaHbiYi71

np!113Ban Ha noMOW.b M aHb'I)Kypo B .

ynna mi71 Kopei71u,a MI!1ll 8 HI!11!1 He)Ke -

n e p a mpcKII1i71 Tl!11}'n nepewen K

n a HM e M Kop eillu, eB y'l aC TB OB a Tb

n R TMne THe My CbtHy WyHb'/)1(1!1. P e -

B )KeCTO'Iai71w ei71 6 1!1TBe , p a3BepHyB -

B M8Hb'I)KypCK/11X KaMn8HI!1RX npo-

/eHTOM np111 ManoneTHeM npaBMTe-

wei71cR 'IYTb fO)KHee Beni!1Koi71 CTeHbt,

T/11B llMHaCT/11/11 MMH, A6axai71 np1!1Ben

ne cTan 6 paT A6axaR /l,opmH.

MaHb'I%YPbl pa31pOMI!1fll!1 apM1!110 MR-

B Kope10 100-TbtCR'IHY/0 apMM/0 111 BbiHYllll1fl KII1Tai71CKYIO npaBRut,y/0 llll1-

1643-1661 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHliiE WYHb'i>Klil.

B npOll0fl)KeHI!1e

Te)KH/11KOB 1!1 3aTeM B3Rfl/11 neKI!1H.

1644-1645 rr. 3KCnAHCliiSI K SIHL\3bl.

c:t>y, npMHU. llMHaCT/11/11

M1!1H, OTK838flCR n Oll'11!1H I!1Tb CR 38 X B8T'II!1K8 M 1!1 06b RB I!1fl HOBOM MI!1H CKOi71 CT0fli!1U,e i71 H 8 HKI!1H .

C e MI!1-

llHeBHOi71 6 MTBe, 6yweBaBwei71 B OKpecTHocmx flH'I)KOy, /l,opmH pa36111n apMM/0 MMH. 3aTeM nocnellOBana )KYTKaR 6 oi71HR: 6e3 pa36 opy YHI!1'1TO)K8fli!1Cb /11 no 6e)KlleHH8R 8PM1!1R, /11 M eCTHOe H8CeneHII1e . B CKOpe, nO'ITI/1 H e OKa3a B c o npOTI!1Bfl e HI!1R, n an H a HKI!1H; np1!1HLJ, c:t>y 6e)Kafl, 1!1 Cflellbl

3aTepRfli!1Cb. npaBlla, 0 npeTeH31!1RX Ha 1!1MnepaTopcKMi71 TPOH 3 8RBI!1nl!1 npellCTa BI!ITefl/11 no60'IHb/X BeTBe£1 MMH, T8K 'I TO 6ecn opRllO'IHOe

co-

n p o TMBneHMe 38XB8T'II!1K8M npOll 0 fl)K8fl 0 Cb .

1645-1647 rr. 3ABOEBAHliiE nPOBliiHI.\lillil CbYI.\3SIHb. Bocnonb30 BaBwii1Cb p83llOP8MI!1 c pellM MI!1HCKI!1X n p eTe HlleH TO B H 8 Tp OH , M a Hb 'I)Kypbt CTpeMMTeflbHO nOKOp1!1fl l!1 n pOB IAHL/,1!110 c:!>yU,3RH b ( 16451646 11. ) .

Cflelly /Out,e M lOllY OH/11

3ax BaTMn l!1 K a HTOH ( 1647 1.}. OllHa Ko npoBMHL/,1!11!1 W3HbCI!1, WaHbCI!1 111 Cbl'lyaHb npOllOfl)KaflM OKa3btBaTb 111M Cl!1flbHOe COnpOT/11Bfle HI!1e .

1648-1 651 rr. KAMnAH lillil KYI/1 BAHA.

l naBoi71 a HTMMa Hb 'I)Ky p -

CKOIO COnpOTI!1BfleHI!1R CTan nOCflellHI!1i7f /113 npe llCTaB/11Tenei7fll i!1HaCT/11/11 M111H -

np1!1HU, Ky£1 BaH. OH 6 btn cno-

co6 HbtM n OflKOBOllU,eM 1!1 H e HallOfl/0 CnflOT/11fl BOKPYI c e6R n O'ITI/1 a eCb

Macwral5

1~0

aoyKM

/Q)KHbtill K111 mi1. Bnpo'leM , /l, opmH 6 btCTpO ynpO'II!1fl KOHTpOnb H8l l l l0 -

6opb6a K1nas. c MaHb•oKypaMM B XVII B.

fl i!1HOi71 flHU,3bl , 8 38TeM n n 8 HOMepH O

459

BOCTOLJHA$1 111 U.EHTPAJlbHA$1 A3111s:l .0

- - - -.

~ ""•-

MaHb'-llKYPCKIIIe 3aaoeaaTenlll a KIIITae nOKOpl!tn ace /O)KHO-K/IITaMCK/IIe npo-

3BaKy/llpOBaTb )1(/IITeneilt weCT/11 np/ll-

B/IIHLI,/11/11. Kyilt BaH 6e>Kan Ha JOro-3a-

6pe>KHb/X npOB/IIHLI,/IIM /II nocen/IITb /!IX

na.D., B IOpbl, 1,/J.e nO,/J. e10 BflaCTb/0

3a oxpaHReMb/M nep/IIMeTpOM B

KaKOe-TO BpeMR OCTaBafl/IICb /yilt-

OT MOPR (

'f)f(Oy /II IOHbHaHb.

CMepT/11 KOC/IIHbl/11 (

1651-1659 rr. nOKOPEHII1E IOr0-3AnA,QA. HecMoTpR Ha oT'Ia-

cmn/11 cna6eTb.

1661

15 KM

1.). Bnpo'leM, nocne

1662 1.)

nMpaTbl

,IJ,eCRT/IIneT/IIR KMmilt .D.OCT/111 Ha/IIBbJC-

we lo

pacu.aem (a TOM '1/llcne eynb-

TypHoro) 3a BC/0 HOBY/0 /IICTOp/1110. 1663-1664r~ r01111AHACKII1E KAMnAHII1111 nPOTII1B nii1PATOB. np/11 MaHb'I>KYPCKOi7T no,ll,llep>K-

1659-1683 rr. MAHb"'>KYPCKASI KOHC011111AAL1,111SI. no6e.D./II-

Ke qJflOT mnnaH,IJ,LI,eB BbiHY.D./IIfl Lf)K3H

RHHoe COnpOT/IIBfleH/IIe /II CflO>KHb/M penbeqJ MeCTHOCT/11, MaHb'I>Kypbl3a-

Ten/ll yc/lln/lln/11 neK/IIHCK/IIilt tapH/1130H,

caoeilt npM6pe)KHOi7t KpenoCT/11 ( npo-

BOeaan/ll nO'IT/11 aecb 101o-3an8,1J,Hbli7T

OKPY)i(/llfl/11 cmnMu,y

KMTailt, xoTR 3axaaT/IITb Kyilt BaHa,

TaK>Ke nOCTaB/IIfl/11 lapH/1130Hbl B CTO-

KOTOpbiM yMep B

1662 rD,/J.y,

/liM TaK /II

He y,llaflOCb.

1652-1662 rr. BO~HA C nii1-

cpopTaM/11, a

L./,3/IIHR, Cb/Ha KOC/IIHbl/11, OTCTYn/IITb /113

B/IIHLI,/IIR 4>yLJ.3RHb) Ha TailtaaHb.

npOB/IIHLI,/IIM /II ,/J.pyr/IIX CTpa-

1674-1681 rr. MSITE>K TPEX HAMECTHII1KOB. IIIMnepamp KaH-

Tel/11'/eCK/11 aa)f(HbiX TO'IKax. KoMaHAY-

C/11, o6ecnOKOeHHbli7t pOCTOM Bfl8CT/II

JOll.j/IIM/11 yKpenpailtOHOB Bb/CTynan/11

ly6epHaTOpOB ( /llfl/11 HaMBCTH/IIKOB)

fl/IILI,aX

PATAMII1. n/llpaTCKOe ceMei7TcTBO,

«TaTapcK/IIe

( « LJ.3RH-

npoB/IIHLI,/IIilt IOHbHaHb, 4>YU.3RHb /II

CaMb/M 3HaMeH/IITb/M npe,IJ,CTaB/IITe-

'IYH/II>>) /II MaHb'I)KypCK/IIe 6p/llta,/J.Hble

L./,3RHC/II, nO,/].n/IICafl,IJ,BKpeT06 /IIXOT-

neM KOTOporo RBflRflCR Lf>K3H Lf3HIYH

IBHepaflbl, np/II'IBM Ha KOMaH,IJ,Hb/X

CTpaHeH/11/11 OT,/].0fl)KH0CTei7t (

1673 I.).

( 6onee /113BeCTHbli7T eaponeiltu,aM KaK

,/J.Ofl)KHOCTRX npO/IICXO,/J./IIfla nOCTORH-

IOHbHaHbCK/IIilt 1y6epHamp

Y CaHb-

KOC/IIHbla), no nopy'leH/11/0 npaB/IITe-

HaR Ka,/J.pOBaR poTaLI,/IIR.

leHepanbl>>

8 14 npOB/IIH-

IYi7T (6b1BW/IIi7t M/IIHCK/IIM BOeHa'laflb-

neilt ,ll/IIHaCT/11/11 M/IIH HenpepbiBHO aoe-

LI,/IIRX MeCTHble nonMu,eiltcK/IIe onepa-

H/IIK) aocnpoT/IIB/IIflCR /II y,llep>Kan Cbl-

aano KaK c MaHb'I>KypaM/11, TaK /II c ea-

U./11/11 npOBO,/J./IIfl/IICb K/IITai7TCKOi7t apM/11-

'lyaHb, lyi7T'I>Koy, XyHaHb /II lyaHC/11

poneiltu,aM/11. Koc/IIHbra 3axaaT/IIn

eilt «3BfleHOIO WTaH,IJ,apTa » no,IJ, KO-

(1674 - 1679,-,-.).

/II OCTpOB LfyHM/IIH

MaH,IJ,OBaH/IIBM K/IITaMCK/IIX OqJ/IILI,BpOB.

np/IICOB/1,/IIH/IIfl/IICb /II OCTaflbHb/B ,/].BOB

OH 6e3ycnewHo oca>K,llan

1660 r. CT011KHOBEHII1E C PYCCKII1MII1. MaHb'I>KYPCK/IIe

HaMeCTH/IIKOB. 0/l,HaKO B KOHLI,e KOH-

900 Kopa6nRM/II

OH aTaKOBan TailtaaHb /II OCa,ll/llfl qJOpT

BOMCKa BbiHY,ll/llfl/11 pyCCK/IIX 3BaKy-

3enaH,IJ,a (Mn/11 AHbn/IIH); ronnaH.D.U,bl

/IIPOBaTb /!IX noceneH/IIR Ha AMype /II

1675 r. "'AXAPCKOE BOCCTAHII1E. 0HO 6blfl0 /l,OBOflbHO 6biCTPO

6blfl/ll BbiHy)l(,ll,eHbl Kan/IITYfl/IIPOBaTb

B H/1130BbRX CyHtap/11.

no,IJ,aaneHo MaHb'I>KypaM/11.

AMoilt (

1653 I.)

( 1656 r.) ; HaHK/IIH (

1657 1. ).

BcKOpe K HeMy

LI,OB MRTe>K 6blfl no,IJ,aBneH.

(1661 - 1662 II.}. npa B/IITeflRMMaHb-

1662-1722 rr. LI,APCTBOBA-

1683 r. AHHEKCII1SI TA~BAHSI.

'f)KypCKOM ,/J./IIHaCT/11/11 L./,/IIH np/IIWflOCb

HII1E 111MnEPATOPA KAHCII1. 8 3T/II

Lf>K3H L./,3/IIHb, Cb/H /II Hacne,IJ,H/IIK Ko -

460 3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr. CII1Hbnt, c.aan TaweaHb MaHb'VKYpaM. 1683-1685 rr. CTOJlKHOBEH~E C PYCCK~M~. noKa MaHb4:>KYPbl no,aaBflflflll1 BOCCTaHII1e B /O)I(HOM K111Tae, pyccKII1e npo4HO o6ocHoeanll1cbe.aonvJHeAMypa( 1670 r:). Cnel.lii1BnbHO C03BaHHafl,aflfl 06C}?K.aeHII1fl npo6neMbiPYCCKOTOnpOHII1KHOBeH~

MaHb4)1(ypcKafl BOeHHafl KOMII1CCII1fl ( 1682 r:) nOCTaHOBII1na: ,aflfl TOTO 4T06bl OCTaHOBII1Tb npo,aBII1)1(eHII1e pycCKII1X, ,aOCTaT04HO BOWCKa 4111CfleHHOCTb/O B 2 Tb/Cf/4111 4enoeeK. BcKope 1500 con.aBT 6bmll1 nocnaHbl Ha peKY 3ea ( 1683 r:), 111 B cne,ay10weM ro.ay PYCCKII1X Bb/TeCHII1flll11113 HII130BII1W CyHrapll1. 3aTeM MaHb4)1('jpCKafl apMII1fl

no,aCTyn111na K pyccKow KpenocTII1An6a3111H, 111 rapHII130H 6blfl Bb/Hy)l(lJ.eH c.aaTbca( 1685 r.). Ho Kor.aa 6n111)/(e K KOHLlY ro.aa MaHb4)1('jpbJ BepHyflii1Cb B KlliTaW, ,apyrow PYCCKII1W OTP~ BOCCTaHOBII1fl yKpenneHII1fl. MaHb"'))(YPbl npii1HWIII1Cb TOTOBII1TbCfl K6onee MaCWTa6HOW KaMnaHII1111. AarycT 1689 r. HEPli~HCK~li'l .Q,OfOBOP. )J,na neTpa I maBHYIO 386ory npe.acTaenanll1 co6bJTII1fl e eeponewcKow 4aCTII1 CTpaHbl 111 B 3apy6e)I(HOW Eepone, no:JTOMY OH TOponll1nca pa3pewii1Tb An6a3111HCKII1W KoH<f>nii1KT MII1PHbJM nyTeM. K111TawCKII1e BOeHHb/e npii1TOTOBfleHII1fl, a Ta/OKe 111CKYCHafl,all1nflOMaTII1fl 111e3y111Ta )/(aHa-4JpaHcya fep6111WOHa,

exo.a111ewero B cocTaB MaHb4)1(ypcKow .aeneral.lll1111, BbJHy,a111n111 pycCKY/0 .aeneraLIII1/0 no.a npe.ace.aaTenbCTBOM 4Je,aopa fOflOBII1Ha nowTII1 Ha KOMnpOMII1CC 111 ycrynii1Tb MaHb4)/('jpaM An6a3111H 111 3eMnll1, ne)l(aum e ceeepHee AMypa. Hep4111HCKII1W .aoroeop, BKYne c .aoroeopoM, no.anll1caHHbiM no3)1(e B KaXTe ( 1727 r:), perynll1poeanll1 pyCCKO-KII1TaWCKII1e OTHOWeHII1fl B Te4eHII1e 175 neT. 1688-1689 rr . .Q,)KYHfAPCK~E (oHpaTCKHe) HA6Er~ B MOHfOJl~IO. 1689 r. CbE3.Q, B .Q,OJlOHHYPE. MoHronbl <f>opManbHO npii13Hanll1 MaHb~pCKII1W C/03epeHII1TeT. Bnpo4eM, B nyCTbJHe ro6111 .aonro ewe npo.aon)/(an111 conpoTII1BneHII1e oT.aenbHbJe nneMeHa xanxacuee 111 KBnMb/KOB; HO 111 TaM B KOH/..le KOHLIOB eepx B3fln 111MnepaTOp KaHCII1 ( 1721 r.). 1696 r. BOli'IHA B .Q,OJl~HE, ~Jl~ B TYPKECTAHE. Ha naTbiW ro.a cnopa.n,ll14eCKII1X .ll)KyHrapCKII1X Ha6eTOB 111MnepaTOp KaHCII1 noeen B L(eHTpanbHY/0 MoHron11110 80-Tb1Cf14HYIO apMII110, pa3,aeneHHYIO Ha CeMb KOflOHH. B pewa10weM cpa)l(eHII1111 np111 4)/(aOMo.ao (111n111 Ypra; coep. YnaHbaTOp) OH, WII1POKO 111CnOflb3Yfl apTII1nnepll110, pa3TPOMII1fl XaHa f an,aaHa. )J,)/('jHrapCKII1W XaH 6e)l(an 111 B cne,ayIOWeM ro.ay noKOH4111n c co6ow ( 1697 r.). Ho ewe B Te4eHII1e HecKonbKII1xneT Ha ceeepo -38na.n,e epeMfl OT BpeMeHII1 6panii1Cb 38 Op'y.)KII1e He60flbWII1e MOHTOflbCKII1e OTpfl,abl .

.HTIOHH.H, 1600-1700 rr.

CaMypa~.

SlnoHcKaS1 rpaa10pa XVIII a.

Y)l(e 4epe3.aea ro.aa nocne cMepTII1 ToeToMII1 Xlli.a:Jecll1 ( 1598 r.) coBMecTHoMy pereHTCTBy Ha1116onee MorywecTBeHHbiX ero eaccanoe npll1wen KOHel.l, 111 ecnbJXHyna 6opb6a 3a enaCTb Me)l(.ay ToKyraeow vbacy, C O,aHOW CTOPOHbl, a C ,apyrow06be,aii1HeHHb/MII1 Cll1flaMII1 Vfcll1,abl, Y:Jcyr111, Mop111, YKII1Tbl, KoH111c111111 CII1Ma,a3y. 21 OKTS16pSI 1600 r. 6~TBA nP~ C3K~fAXAPE (HnH 6HTBa Ha 6apbepHoM none). 3.aecb 74-Tb1Cf14Haa

462 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr: y.aaneHMH aHmMi1JcKMX mproau.ea M3 flnOHMM 6blflM CMflOM M3rHaHbl MCnaHCKMe ( 1623 r.). CeryH npMKa3an yHM4TO)J(MTb ace KpynHble cy.aa, 4T06bl BOCnpenHTCTBOB8Tb M8CCOBOMY 6erCTBY M3 CTpaHbl no.a,aaHHbiX, HeAOBOflbHb/X ero npaaneHMeM.

1 637 r. - 12 anpem1 1638 r. Cli1MA6APCKOE BOCCTAHII1E. Q6pa11J,eHHb/e B XpMCTM8HCTBO KpeCTbHHe c 6eperoa 3anMaa CMMa6apa M OCTpOBOB AMaKyca BOCCTaflM npOTMB penpeCCMBHOM penMrM03HOM M arpapHoiil nonMTMKM, npaKTMKoaaaweiilcH pe)J(MMOM ToKyraaa. B .apeaHeiil KpenocTM Xapa co6panMcb (no pa3Hb/M ,aaHHbiM) OT 20 ,ao 37 Tb/CH4 BOCCT8BWMX. no4TM TpM MeCHLJ,a MXOCa)J(,aana npM6b!BW8H M3 9,ao 100-Tb/CH4H8H apMMH, KOTOpoiil oKa3b!Ban no.a.aep)J(KY ronnaH,acKMiil BOeHHbiM KOpa6nb, npMcnaHHbiM M3 XMpa.ao. Kor.aa npoaMaHT M 6oenpMnacbl a KpenocTM no.aownM K KOHU.Y, BOCCT8BWMe 6blflM Bb!Hy)J(,aeHbl KanM-rynMpOB8Tb; 60flbWMHCTBO M3 HMX 6blflM He3aMe,anMTeflbHO nepe6MTbl.

1637-1638 rr. 3AnPETii1TE11bHbl!f; 3Aii1KT. no,ao3peaaH, 4TO BOCCT8HMe BCnbiXHyno npM no,aCTpeKaTeflbCTBe nop-ryranbCKMX TOprOBLJ,eB, l1aMMu,ynoTpe6oaan M3rHaHMH nocne,aHMX M3 flnOHMM. Ha BCeM apxMnenare ocTanMcb nMWb .aaa MHOCTpaHHb/X noceneHMH M TOproBb/X r:PaKTopMM: ronnaH,acKoe a XMpa.ao M KMTaiilcKoe a HaracaKM.

.aa K anacTM ceryHaTa ToKyraaa ( 1600 r.) M HeHapywanMcb,ao cepeAMHbl XIX aeKa.

1624 r. BOEHHbl!f; MSITE>K. OH 6bm Bbi3BaH HOBbiM acnnecKoM KOpeiiiCKMX BHyTpMnOflMTM4eCKMX pa3HOrnaCMM. npe)J(,ae 4eM OH 6blfl no.aaaneH, MHTe)J( ycnen oxaaTMTb ac10 ceaepHy/0 nonoaMHY nonyocTpoaa.

1651-1680 rr. CErYHAT li13LI,YHE. B 9.ao npoM3ownM .aae

1627-1637 rr. BO!f;Hbl C MAHb"'>KYPAMii1. 8 aoiiiHy Kopei11-

nonb!TKM nepeaopoTa (a 1651 M 1652 rr.)- nocne,aHMe B MCTOpMM flnoHMM annoTb .ao XIX aeKa. 06e OHM 6bmM c nerKOCTb/0 no.aaaneHbl.

U.b16blflM BOBne4eHbl BK84eCTBe aaccanoa ,aMHaCTMM MMH; 6oeable .aeiiiCTBMH WflM Ha ceaepHOM rpaHMU,e.

1653-1700 rr. SmOHii1SI HE BEAET Hli1 BHEWHII1X, Hli1 BHYTPEHHII1X BOI!;H.

KOPEH 1606 r. 3AK1110"1EHII1E Mli1PA C Sm0Hii1Eif;. XopowMe OTHOWeHMH 6blflM BOCCTaHOBfleHbl nocne npMXO-

0Kono 1630 r. «LI,APCTBO 3ATBOPHII1"1ECTBA». Ha4ana npoao,aMTbCH nonMTMKa H8U,MOH8flbHOTeppMTOpM8flbHOM M30flHLJ,MM. XOTH AMHaCTMH 11M coxpaHHna aaccanbHble OTHOWeHMH C M8Hb4)J(YPCKMM KMTaeM, a Kopee, nony4Mawei11 npo3BaHMe «~apCTBa 38TBOpHM4eCTB8», H848flCH 38CTOM.

1650-1700 rr. 60Pb6A 3A BJlACTb PA311111"1HbiX n011111Tii1"'ECKii1XrPYnnli1POBOK.

1010-BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~

463

IOrO-BOCTOqHAH A3MH 1661-1672 rr. UAPCTBOBA(6paTa Ill y611111iLJ,bl niiiH.Qaml). B caMoM HaLfane npaaneHII!fl

J>MPMA 1600 r.

PA3PYWEH~E

H~E nA~

nErY.

B pesynbTaTe Ha6eroa 1113 ApaKaHa, A10rrxaM 111 TayHry 5MpMa pacKononacb Ha HeCKOflbKO ManeHbKII!X rocy/],apCTB.

1601-1605 rr.

eMynplt!WflOCblt!MeTb/],eno C 20-Tb/Cf/LfHOM MaHbLf)l(ypcKOM apMII!eil!, It! OH 6bm BbiHY)I(IJ.eH Bb!AaTb 111M IOH fl111 (1662 r.).

Ei~PMAHCKOE

B03PO>KAEH~E.

Hbf/HICKit!ill KHf/3b , nOTOMOK CTapOIO KOponeBCK0/0 po/],a , o6ocHoaancf! B Aae 111 saTefln ceplt!IO KaMnaHMill c 14eflb/O ycmHOBII!Tb cso10 snacTb B BepxHeill 5MpMe 111 waHCKII!X rocyiJ.apcTaax.

1602 r. nP~EibiT~E nOPTYrAllbUEB. rtJMnMnn/1,e 5pit!TO OCHOaan 6asy B CMplt!aMe.

1605-1628 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~EAHAYKnETJlYHA. Cb!H Hbf/Hr-

cKoro KHf/3fl OTBOeBan MHO/Me /Q)I(H06it!pMaHCKII!e seMnM. OH saHf/n npoM ( 1607 r.) It! TayHry( 1610 r.).

1613 r . nOKOPEH~E C~P~A MA. AHayKneTnyH saxaaTMn nopTyranbcKy/0 6asy; 11.e 5pit!m 6bm noca)l(eH Ha KOfl.

1613-1614 rr. TEHACCEP~M HEYAA'-IA. AHayKnemyH no-

CKA~

Tepnen nopa)l(eHMe aT o6be/],lt!HeHHbiX Clt!aMCKO-nOpT}'IaflbCKII!X Clt!fl. 1628 r. YEi~~CTBO AHAYKnETJlYHA. 3a Hlt!M nocne/],OBana He/],onraf!rpa)I(,IJ.aHcKafl aoii!Ha.

CHAM Malli 1600 r. HEYAA'-IA B TAYHrY. Koponb HapecyaH aepHyncfl B CMaM, OCTa Blt!B 5it!pMy B COCTOf/Hit!lt! xaoca.

1603-1618 rr. nOXOAB KAMEiOA>KY. 0pit! no,D,IJ.ep)I(Ke wecTII!Tblcf!LfHOill apMII!It! nplt!H/4 WpMcynaHMa CTafl KOponeM KaM60IJ.)I(It!; OH nplt!3HaBan c/OsepeHMTeT CMaMa.

1604-1605 rr. nOC11EAH~~ HAPECYAHA. Bomaae

KAMnAH~~

MHOIOLflt!CfleHHOill apMII!It! HapecyaH BbiCTynMn Ha ceaep- HaBcTpeLfy Hbf/HICKOMY KHf/310, KOTOpb!M nb/TanCf/ npM6aBII!Tb 5MpMe Teppit!mpMill sa CLfeT waHCKII!X rocy/1,apcTB. B noxo11.e HapecyaH sa6onen 111 yMep. Hacne/1,Hit!Kit! era npOIJ.Ofl)l(aTb KaMnaHMII! He CTafllt!, It! B WaHCKII!X /OCYIJ.apCTBaX BOCCTaHOBII!flaCb BflaCTb 5it!pMbl.

1610-1628 rr. UAPCTBOBACOH rTAMA CnPABEAJl~BO

H~E

/],eMCTBII!It! nopTyraflbCKII!X HaeMHII!KOB 3ai.J..IIt!Tit!fla TeHacceplt!M OT BTOp)l(eHII!fl AHayKnemyHa. (CM. Bb/We.)

1618 r.

nEPEM~P~E

ME>KAY

Ei~PMO~ ~ C~AMOM. 1622 r. BO~HA C KAMEiOA>KE~. WpMcynaHMa yMep, 111 eroHacne/],HMK npoaosrnacMn HesaBMCMMOCTb KaM60IJ.)I(It!. CoHrraM opraHMsoaan KOM61t!Hit!pOBaHHOe BTOp)l(eHit!e B KaM60IJ.)I(Y- 111 no cywe, 111 c MOpf/. CMaMCKMill r:PnoT, He npoBell.fl Hit! OIJ.Horo cpa)l(eHMfl, aepHyncfl B CMaM, TOIIJ.a KaK apMMfl noHecna Tfl)l(eflble noTe pit! ( B fl/OIJ.fiX, B nowall.flx It! B CflOHaX) It! Bb/Hy;K/],eHa 6b!fla OTCTynlt!Tb. 1630-1656 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E nPACAT- TOHrA. OH ysypnit!poaan BflaCTb It! BCKOpe YCTaHOBII!fl IJ.pYJKeCTBeHHb/e OTHOWeHII!fl C /OflnaH/],J4aMII!, KOTOpb!M npe/],OCTaBII!fl TOpiOBble nplt!Bit!fle/11!111. 1634-1636 rr. nATAH~~ CKOE BOCCTAH~E. locy/1,apcTBO 0aTaHII!, pacnonaraaweecf/ B IO)I(HOM LfaCTII! ManaillcKoro nonyocTpoaa, OTKasanocb npM3HaTb npaBMTeneM npacaT- ToHra. ,[!sa Clt!aMCKII!X BOeHHb/X nOXO/],a OKOHLflt!fllt!Cb nOflHb/M npoBaflOM, It! 0aTaHII! o6peno He3aBit!Cit!MOCTb. 1 657-1 688 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E HAPA~.

ro. 0Hn0/1,aBII!flBOCCTaHII!e, BCnbiX-

1660-1662 rr . '-I~EHrMA~ CK~E KAMnAH~~. Bocnonbso-

H~E n~HAAll~-

HYBWee np111 no/],cTpeKaTeflbCTBe f!nOHCKII!X mproBJ4eB ( 1610 r. ), 111 TYT )l(e /],Bit!HYflCfl OTpa)l(aTb 0/],HOBpeMeHHOe BTOp)l(eHII!e 1113 fla OCa.

1658-1661 rr. BO~HA C K~ TAEM. /OH fl111, nocne/],Hit!M npit!H/4

AMCK~E PA3HOr11AC~~. CMaM-

1629-1648 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E TAJlYHA. OH nepeHec cmnM14Y 1113 nery B Aay

1648-1661 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

IJ.It!HacTMMMMH, nocneHaHeceHHoro MaHbLf)l(ypaMM nopa)l(eHII!fl ( 1658 r.) 6e)l(afl 1113 /OHbHaHII! B 5it!pMy 01t!H/],aflb npeiJ.OCTaBMn eMy nonMTII!LfecKoe y6e)l(lt!IJ..Ie B Caraii!He, 111 B TeLfeHMe Tpex neT CTOpOHHII!Kit! Mit!H C Teppit!TOpit!it! BepxHeiii5MpMbl neplt!OIJ.It!LfeCKII! coaepwan111 Ha6erM B npoBMH1411110 IOHbHaHb. 1660-1662 rr. BO~HA C C~ AMOM. (CM. HM)I(e.)

1612 r.

nOPTYrAJlbCKO-C~

CKit!ill npa Blt!Teflb 0ery It! rtJMnlt!nn /],e 5pit!TO He cyMefllt! /1,0/0BOpit!TbCf/ 0 co10se npoTMB TayHry 111 OTKasanM APYIAPYIY B no,D,IJ.ep)I(Ke. 8 pesynbTaTe CMplt!aM 6bm saxaaLfeH AHayKneTnyHoM, CaM /],e 5pit!TO Ka3HeH (CM. Bb/We), a Clt!aMJ4bl fllt!Wit!fllt!Cb noLfTII! acex ana/1,eHMill B o6nacTM nery

1614 r. OTPA>KEH~E Ei~P MAH UEB. CMaMcKafl apMII!fl np111 co-

aaawMcb TeM, LfTO 5MpMa saHf/Ta pa361t!paTeflbCTBOM C Mlt!HCKII!Mit! nMpaTaMM, Hapaill IJ.BMHyncf! noxoIJ.OM Ha lfMeH/MaiiJ. 0epBb/M pa3 OH 6blfl OT61t!T( 1660 r.), HO BTOpaf/ nonbiTKa yaeHLfanacb ycnexoM (MapT 1662r.).

1662 r. OTPA>KEH~E Ei~PMAH UEB. MoHbl, 6yHmaaaw111e npoTMB 6it!pMaHJ4eB It! cnaca BWII!eCf/ 6e/CTBOM B CMaM, o6paTMfllt!CbKKopon10Hapa10 c npocb6oill osa~J..~It!Te oTnpecne/1,y/0/.11MX6MpMaHcKMXBOillcK. HapailloTpa3Mn npecne/],oBaTeneill, saTeM coaepWit!n HeCKOflbKO KapaTeflbHb/X peM/],OB B Hlt!)I(H/010 5MpMy ( CM. Hlt!)l(e.)

464

3APO)I()J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATErV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

AsryCT 1687 r. BO~HA C 6PVI-

flOBeK, 500 CflOH8MM, 500 60flbWM-

TAHCKO~ OCT -VIHACKO~ KOMnAHVIE~. 0Ha nocne.aoBana 38 ce-

MM /1)/(0HKBMM, 8 T8K)I(e apTMnnepM-

T8HOBfleHbl Tf/)l(eflb/e nyWKM. bOflb-

eiii. PecypcbJ ceMeiiicTBa HryeH 6bmM

We 4eM 38 nonBeKa BOWCK8M I..JMHb He

B,aflMHY 17,5 KM M H8 Heiii 6blflM yc-

pMeiii cnopoB c aHmw4aHaMM M ron-

He CTOflb BenMKM, HO }?Ke C 1615 ro.aa

naH.a~aMM. 4JpaH~Y3CK8fl 0CT-t1H,a-

no.a pyKoBo.acTBOM

nopTyranb~eB

y,aanOCb npopB8TbCfl HM 38 TY, HM 38 ,apyry/0 CTeHy. i(poMe TOTO, BO Bfl8,aeHMf/X ceMbM HryeH Ha4anocb co-

CK8fl KOMnaHMfl no.a.aep)l(ana Hapafl,

OHM C8MM OTnMB8flM nyWKM. nocTBB-

nocnaB oKono 600 con.aaT B npM-

KM M3 nopTyranMM COBpeMeHHOTO

op}?KeHMe apceHanoB, cTano pa3BM-

6pe)I(HbJe cpopTbl. BcKope y cMaM~eB

Boop}?KeHMfl M noMomb nopTyranb-

BBTbCfl nyWe4HO-flMTeiiiHOe npOM3BO,aCTBO; nOfiBMflMCb CTpenb6Mma M

B03HMKnM pa3HomacMf! M c tf>paH~y-

CKMX BOeHHb/X COBeTHMKOB n03BOflM-

38MM.

flM apMMM ceMbM HryeH Heo.aHoKpaT-

nonMrOHbJ,anfl o6y4eHMfl nexoTbl, Ka-

1688-1703 rr. LV\PCTBOBAHVIE nPA nETPAJVI(VI. OH cyMen

HO 0Tp8)1(8Tb Hana,aeHMfl I..JMHb. 3cp-

BanepMMMcnoHoB(1631

cpeKTMBHOiii 060pOHe CnOC06CTBO-

HMfl npoMcxo.aMnM maBHbJM o6pa-

.aorOBOpMTbCfl M C 8HmM48H8MM, M C

B8fl CflO)I(Hb/W penbecp MeCTHOCTM;

30M fO)I(Hee XaTMHfl M ceBepHee Xi03

tf>paH~Y3BMM. O.aHaKo Ha Be eM npoTf!)l(eHMM ero npaBneHMfl B npOBMH-

K TOMY )l(e, maBHbJe nyTM no.axo.aa

MnM 6nM3 CTeHbJ )J,oHrxoiii.

6blflM nepeKpb!Tbl ,aByMfl MOmHb/MM

~Mf/X

CTeHBMM, B03Be,aeHHb/MM CeBepHee

1633 r. CPA)I(EHVIE HA PEKE HXATJlE. 3.aecb HryeHCKMiii pe4Hoiii

X!o3. CTeHa '-lbJOHr.ayK, nepeKpbJBaB-

cpnoTo.aep~nno6e.ayHaQ4MHbCKWM.

waf! nyTb BBepx no peKe HxaTne, MMena B.anMHy9,5 KM M pacnonara-

1642-1643 rr. noXOAbl lfVIHb-lfAHfA. X om OHM ocymecTB-

na co6cTBeHHbJM nocTOfiHHbJM rap-

nflnMcb B co103e c

HM30HOM. CTeHa )J,oHrxoiii MMena

O,aHBKO no6e,abl -

nepMo,aM4eCKM BCnbJXMBanM

MOmHb/e BOCCT8HMfl.

JIAOC 1624-1637r~ BO~HA

nPECTOJl.

0Ha OKOH4Mfl8Cb, Kor.aa

CynMHbf!-BoHrca B3fln Bepx Ha.a 4eTbiPbMfl conepHMK8MM-npeTeH,aeHT8MM.

1637-1694 rr. LV\PCTBOBAHVIE CYJlVIHbSI-BOHfCbl. 1 651-1 652 rr. BO~HA C lfAH HVIHH. CynMHbf!-BoHrce 6bmo OTKa3aHo B pyKe .ao4epM npaBMTenf! 4aH HMHH, ManeHbKoro rocy.aapcTBa, pacnono)l(eHHoro Me)l(ay AHHBMOM M J1aocoM; TOr.aa CynMHbf!-BoHrca nocnan apMMIO, 4T06bl ,aOCT8BMTb

npMH~eccy cMnoiii. CnepBa naoc~bl nOflY4MflM OTnOp, HO nO TOM 38XB8TMflM CMHXYBH, CTOflM~Y I..JaH HMHH, M .ao6bmM npMH~eccy.

1694-1700 rr. XAOC.

WecTb

neT B J1aoce wna He YTMXBIOmBfl TpexcTopoHHflfl 6opb68 38 TPOH.

BhETHAM B TO BpeMf! KBK e.aMHCTBeHHO nerMTMMHoiii BO BbeTHaMe npM3HaBanacb npaBflmafl .aMHBCTMfl J1e, conepHM4ecTBo M pa3.aopbJ Me)l(.ay ceBepHbJM apMCTOKp8TM4eCKMM ceMeiiiCTBOM 4MHb M fO)I(HbJM HryeH npMBenM K CeMM KBMnBHMf/M. I..JMHb pacnonaranM apMMeiii M cpnoToM o6meiii 4MCfleHHOCTb/O B 100 Tb/Cf/4 4e-

Mana"'cKOe opyJ1me XVII a.

r.). Cp8)1(e-

ronnaH.a~aMM,

K8K H8 MOpe, T8K

1010-BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~ M Ha cywe - HeM3MeHHO o,aep%MBa11a HryeHCKaf/ apMV!f/.

1648 r. '-lbiOHrAYKCKOE CPA>KEH Iii E. Hapai1I noHec Tf/%ef1ble noTepM, VI apMV!fl CeMeMCTBa i..{MHb 6b!J1a BbiHY?/(J].eHa OTCTynMTb OTCTeHbl i..{bfOHr,ayK.

1658-1660rr. HrYEHCKIIIE HACTYnllEHIIISI. 3a ,aaa ro,aa He-

HH)J,OHE31UI II MAJIAMH 1600-1641 rr. TPEXCTOPOHHSISI BO"'HA. 0Ha f/BM!1acb cne,acTBMeM pa3HomacMi1I Me%,ay cynTaHoM A4exa, cynTaHoM ,ll,%oxopa M nopT}Taf1bLJ,aMM.

465 1640-1641 rr. B3SITIIIE ron11AHAUAMIII MAJlAKKiil. 3a11.1,M11.1,a1011.1,afl raaaHb KpenocTb A¢aMo3a V1Me!1a CTeHbl Bb!COTOM 10 VI TOJ111.1,V1HOM

7 M;

rapHV130H ee COCTOf/11 V13

260 nopTyranbu,ea M 3-4 Tb!Cf/4 a3MaToa. 0pM noJ],IJ.ep%Ke,a%oxopcKoro rj)J10Ta rOJ1!1aHJ].LJ,bl 3a6!10KV1pOBaf1V1

nocne wecToiii M ce,abMoiii KaMnaHMiii rpaHMLJ,ei1J Me%JJ.Y 4V1HbCKV1MV1 VI Hry-

4y, r0!1!1aHJ].LJ,bl cyMe/1M Bbi6V1Tb nopJYraf1bLJ,eB C MonyKKCKVIX OCTpOBOB, M3 BocT04Hoi1I 111H,aoHe3MM M oTpe3aTb ManaKKY OT rf1aBHbiX MOpCKVIX

nopT (MIOHb 1640 r.). Oca,aa Ha4anacb a a arycTe. C,aanacb KpenocTb f1V1Wb a f/HBape 1641 ro,aa, Kor,aa OK0/10 7 Tb!Cf/4 4ef10BeK y%e norM6f1V1 B 60fiX, OT 60J1e3Hei1J V1!1V1 OT rof10J].a. nocTaBMB B ManaKKe rapHV130H, rOJ1!1aHJ].LJ,bl YTBepJ].V1!1V1 CBOIO

eHCKVIMVI 3eMJ1f/MV1 6bl!1a npV13HaHa peKa flMHbX.

nYTeiii, 3a,ayWMB TaKVIM o6pa30M nopJYraf1bCKYIO TOprOB/110 B np0!1V1BaX.

TOproayiO MOHOnOf1V110 B MonyKKCKVIX np0!1V1BaX.

1607 r. nOPTYrAilbUbl OTEiliiTbl OT A>KOXOPA. 1607-1629rr. 3KCnAHCIIISI A'-IEXA. Hoab!M npaaMTef1b 111cKaH-

1666-1689 rr. BO"'HA ME>KAY CYJlTAHATAMiil A>KOXOP Ill A>KAMEilil. B pe3yf1bTaTe ee j].)l(o-

npepb!BHbiX aTaK VI KOHTpaTaK nepeaeca He y,aaf10CbJ].06V1TbCf/ HVI OJJ.HOM V13 CTOPOH.

1673 r. 3AK1110'-IEHIIIE MIIIPA.

KAMEO)::()KA

1606-1607 rr. r01111AHAUbl OTPA>KEHbl OT nOPTYrAilbCKO"' MAJlAKKiil. HecMOTPfl Ha 3JY Hey,aa-

1603-1618 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE WPIIICYnAHMbl. OH f/Bf1flf1Cfl MapMOHeTKOM CMaMCKOrO npaBMTef1fl HapecyaHa.

1618r. BOUAPEHIIIEA>KA"'A>KETTbl (cbiHa WpHcynaHMbl). OH npoao3rnacMn He3aBMCMMOCTb KaM60JJ.)I(M oT CMaMa.

1622 r . CIIIAMCKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE. 1679 r. BO"'HA 3A nPECTOJl. Bou,apeHMe WpM-j].)l(ai1I-j].)l(errbl ocnopMn HaK-Hopp. C noMOllJ,b/0 cMaMcKoro npaaMTef1fl Hapaf/ WpMj].)l(aiii -,ll,%erra o,aep%af1 no6e,ay Ha,a HaK-HoppoM, KOTOPbliii 6e%af1 M3 CTpaHbl.

xop 6b!f1 ocna6neH.

1607-

1681 r. nOSIBJlEHIIIE 5Yrlil.

1636) pacnpoCTpaHM/1 CBOIO BJ1aCTb

9To nneMfl npMnf1blf10 c ocTpoaa Ltene6ec, Kor,aa a pe3yf1bTaTe co103a C rOJ1!1aHJ].LJ,aMV1 OHM CTaf1V1 OJ].HOM M3 M011.1,Hei1IwMx Mopexo,aHbiX

,aep-wax(ro,abl npaB!1eHMfl-

Ha 6onbWYIO 4aCTb CyMaTpbl M HeKoTopb!e MaTepMKOBble 3eMJ1V1.

1613-1615 rr. OnYCTOWiiiTEJl bH biE nOXOAbl APMiillil A'-1 EXA B A>KOXOP. 1616 r. BO"'CKA A'-IEXA Ill A>KOXOPA OTPA>KEHbl OT MAJlAKKiil. 1629 r. MA11AKKCKOE MOPCKOE CPA>KEHIIIE. C!JnoT A4exa noTepnen nopa%eHMe oT o6beJJ.MHeHHoro nopJYraf1bCKO-Jl.)I(OXOpCKO-naTaHV1MCKOro. Ha4af1Cfl 3aKaT cynTaHaTaA4exa.

1637 r. A>KOXOPCKO-r01111AHACKiil"' COI03.

CM/1 a pemoHe. 5yrM 6blf1M aecbMa BOVIHCTBeHHbiM HapOJJ.OM; OHM nOf1b30Baf1V1Cb KOJ1b4yraMV1 VI 3apa6oTaf1M ce6e penYTaU.MIO Heno6e,aMMbiX VI Heyf/3BV1Mb!X 6oi1JLJ,OB KaK Ha Mope, TaK M Ha cywe. 3aHMMaf1MCb OHM npeMMyllJ,eCTBeHHO pe4Hb!M nMpaTCTBOM VI HaeMHV14eCTBOM; nOf/BJ1eHMe 3TV1X V1CKaTeJ1ei1J npMKJ1104eHMM, He MMeBWVIX HVI KOJ1a, HM ,aaopa, Bbi3Bano y oce,anb!X Manai1Iu,ea cepbe3Hoe 6ecnoKoi1IcTao.

466 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

APMKA CEBEPHAH APMKA /naBHbiMIIF CTaTbRMIIF ,QOXO,Qa AflR acex 4eTb!pex ceaepoa¢pvrKaHcKvrx

1668-1672 rr. KOHC011111AAU,IIIs:l CTPAHbl. 0Ha 6bma ocy~.J..~e cTsneHa cynTaHoM Pawvr.QoM II. 1672-1727 rr. nPABJlEHIIIE CYJlTAHA MYJ1E~-IIICMAIIIJ1A KPOBO>KAAHOrO. OH opraHvr3o-

rocy,QapCTB RBflRfliiFCb nvrpaTCTBO IIF pa6oToproanR.5ep6epvrucKvrenvrpaTbl HaBO,QIIrflllr y;KaC Ha eaponeMCKIIFX

aan OC06b!M OTPRA HerpMTRHCKIIFX TenoxpaHvrTeneu, «6yxapvr» (no

MOPRKOB; IIFX ranepbl IIF napyCHIIFKIIF 6opo3.Qvrnvr no4Tvr ace Cpe.Qvr3eMHOMopbevr BocT04HYIOATnaHTMKY KpoMe Taro, MapOKKaHLJ,bl, afl)f(llrpLJ,blllr, B

CYTIIF, 3TO 6b!fla He60flb11JaR, HO 3¢!rjJeKTIIFBHaR perynRpHaR apMIIFR), 6naro.QapR 4eMy B npaaneHvre Myneu-/lfcMavrna - .Qa vr ,Qonro nocne

MeHbWeM CTeneHM, TYHMCLJ,bl ycTpaMBanvr Ha6ervr 4epe3 Caxapy AnR 3axaaTa pa60B B fO)f(HbiX HerpMTRHCKIIFX rocy.QapcTaax. B aToT nepvro.Q Oc-

Hero - B MapoKKO He npovrcxo.Qvrno no4Tvr HvrKaKvrx noTpRceHvrM. K cynTaHy «6yxapvr» npvrBR3b!Bana penvrrvro3HaR KnRTBa vr era oTe4ecKaR 3a-

MaHcKaR MMnepvrR Henocpe,QCTBeHHO KOHTponvrpoaana cKopee Tpvrnonvr, 4eM An)f(vrp vr TyHvrc.

6oTa; OHM He TOflbKO oxpaHRflllr cynTaHa IIF ,QBOpeu,, HO TaJOKe CflY)f(llrflllr, CMeHRRCb, B rapHIIF30HaX KpenOCTeM, pacceRHHbiX no aceMy cynmHaT}'.

MAPOKKO

1684 r. YXOA5PIIITAHU,EB 1113 TAH>KEPA. 0THb!He vr Haacer.Qa ro-

1608-1628rr. nPABJlEHIIIE CYJlTAHAU,IIIAAHA. CHeroHa4an-

PDA nepewen no.Q snacTb MapoKKO.

CR yna,QOK caa,QCKOM AMHaCTIIFIIF.

An)I(HP

1618 r. YXOA 1113 TOM5YKTY.

RHbl4apaMvr, noHa4any npe.QcTaBflRBWMMM C060M OKKynaLJ,MOHHYIO apK cepe,QMHe CTOfleTMR B TyHvrce 4pe3Bbl4aMHO MOry~.J..~eCTBeHHbiMIIF cTanvr 6evr- nepaoHa4aflbHO Bb!Cwvre 411FHOBHIIFKIIF, nO,Q4MHeHHble npaBRI.J..IIIFM,QeRM. MIIFIO.

1650 r. nPABIIITEJlEM TYHIIICA BMECTO AESI CTAHOBIIITCSI A11111-5E~.

1655 r. nOXOA 511E~KA K noPTO-APIIIHE. AHmvrucKvru a.QMvrpan Po6epT 5neMK o6cTpenRn nvrpaTCKYIO 6a3y, YHM4TO)f(IIFB MHOrO Kopa6neu vr pa3pywvra 6eperoBble yKpenneHvrR.

3ATINJ:HAH APMKA B rny6vrHeKOHTvrHeHTa, B caaaHHax- IO)f(Hee Caxapbl vr ceaepHee noRca Tponvr4ecKvrx .Q)f(yHrneu, 6onee vrnvr MeHee Henpepb!BHO aoeaanvr Me)f(AY co6ou pa3nM4Hble

Pacnono)f(eHHaR Ha Kpa!O Caxapbl KonoHvrR o6xo.Qvrnacb MapoKKO CfliiFWKOM ,QOporo IIF B rjJvrHaHCOBOM Bb!pa)f(eHvrvr, vr B )f(IIFBOM cvrne, a npvr 3TOM n04TIIF HMKaKOM peanbHOM OT,Qa4M He.Qaaana. ~vrAaH npvrHRn pa3YMHoe peweHvre Bb!BeCTIIF BOMCKa; Bnpo4eM, MapOKKaHCKMe KOflOHIIFCTbl

HoMvrHanbHO An)f(vrp 6bm noAsnacTeH OcMaHCKOM vrMnepvrvr; ¢iaKTvr4ecKvr )f(e K KOHLJ.Y BeKa OH CTan nonHOCTbiO He3aavrcvrMbiM. AaToHOMHble npvr6pe)f(Hble ropo.Qa vr u,eHTpanbHoe npaBMTeflbCTBO Cy~.J..~e CTBOBanvr rnaBHbiM o6pa30M 3a C4eT ,QOXO,QOB OT nvrpaTCTBa. Bo BTOpOM

u,apCTBa IIF MMnepvrvr HerpMTRHCKIIFX IIF apa6o-HerpMTRHCKIIFX K04eBHIIFKOB (KaK MYCYflbMaHCKMe, TaK IIF R3bl4eCK11Fe). B Y3KOM npvr6pe)f(HOM nonoce wna 6opb6a eaponeucKvrx KonoHvranbHbiX.Qep)f(aB 3a 6a3blllr nopTbl (pa6oToproanR cmHoavrnacb.QenoM see 6onee MacwTa6HbiM vr BblrOA-

ocTanvrcb, a pa6oToproanR npo.Qon)f(anacb.

nonoavrHe onvrcb!BaeMoro cToneTvrR an)f(vrpcKvre ,Qevr opraHvr3oaanvr cneu,vranbHYIO CIIFCTeMy nvru,eH311rpOBaHIIFR: BCe afl)f(llrpCKMe nvrpaTbl 06R3aHbl 6bmvr Bbmna4vrBaTb .Qe/0 oroaopeHHbiM npou,eHT CO BCeM ,Q06b!411F 11F nony4eHHbiX Bb!Kynoa. 5nvr)f(e K KOH-

HbiM). B A%YHmRx Me;>K.ay caaaHHaMvr vr no6epe)f(beM )f(Mnvr necHble nneMeHa , KaK npaavrno, ropa3AO

U.Y aeKa 6onee vrnvr MeHee ycnewHble ¢JpaHLJ,Y3CKMe KapaTeflbHble 3Kcne,QMLJ,IIFIIF npOTIIFB 6ep6epMMCKIIFX

0Kono 1645-1648 rr. rPA>KAAHCKAs:l BO~HA. nneMeHa xacaHcKvrx6ep6epoa, )f(MBwvrxHa Kpa!O nyCTbiHIIF, nO,QHRfliiFCb npOTIIFB caa,QCKOM AMHacTvrvr.

1648 r. B3s:ITIIIE XACAHAMIII ECA. CynmH MaxaMMeA X/VocHo-

6onee pa3.Qpo6neHHble vr MeHee opvreHTvrpoaaHHble Ha TeppvrmpvranbHYIO 3KCnaHCIIFIO, 4eM IIFX ceaepHble vr ceaepo-aocTo4Hble coce,Qvr-

/.J..IY/0 B MapOKKO no GeM ,QeHb. 0AHaKO noKopeHvre cTpaHbl pacmHynocb e1.1.1e n04TIIF Ha ,QBa ,QeCRTMfleTMR noKa He 6b!n B3RT MappaKew

nvrpaTOB BbiHYAMflllr afl)f(llrpCKIIFXAeeB OTnyCTIIFTb Ha CB060AY XpiiFCTMaHCKIIFX pa60B (1684-1688 rr.).

K04eBHMKM. 0.QHaKO 3KCnnyaTvrpoBaTb vrx eaponeucKvrM pa6oToproau,aM 6bmo cy~.J..~eCTBeHHO TR)f(enee, 4eM cpaBHMTeflbHO MllrpHble HapoAbl, o6vrTaawvre B npvr6pe)f(HOM nonoce.

( 1668 r.). 1662 r. T AH>KEP OTXOAIIIT OT nOPTYrAllbU,EB K AHrllW·IAHAM.

TYHHC

1591-1618 rr. MAPOKKAHCKAs:I3KCnAHCIIIs:l. noKOpvra CoH-

B nepBble ro.Qbl XVII aeKa T}'HvrccKvre ,Qellr Bb!6vrpanMCb OCMaHCKIIFMIIF

rau, MapoKKaHLJ,bl nocTeneHHO noA4MHvrnvr u,eHTpanbHYIO.QonvrHy Hvrrepa. npvr 3TOM 6blfl CO)f()f(eH 60flb11JOM

aan xacaHCKYIO AMHaCTIIFIO, npaBR-

A<PPV1KA Xenv1H8; ronn8H.ll.U.bJ )l(e, e ceo10 o'lepe.ab, 38X88T!IIn!ll y 8Hm!ll'l8H Kop-

469

BOCfOqHAH A<PPHKA

M8HT!IIH ( 1665 r.).

p!IIK8HCKoe no6epe)l(be, cny)/(/118wee /IICTO'lH/IIKOM

Cblpb~

Ill, 'lTO

e~e

6onee B8)1(HO, OTnp8BHb/M nyHKTOM

1665 r. 6Lt1TBA nPL-1 AM6YiiiJ1E. nopryranbCK8~ /IIHTepBeHU./11~,

B88W/IIe c ceeep8 111 38n8.a8, rpoM/11-

A3!11elrl.

npo80,[J,/118W8~c~ e noMo~b KoHro

JI/11 .ap~xnyJO !IIMnep!IIJO MoHoMoro-

npon18 B03)1(efl88Welrl or.aen!IITbC~

n8 /II O,[J,HOBpeMeHHO

1590-1620 rr. XAOC B Lt1MnEPLt1Lt1 MOHOMOTOnA. no xo.ay

noK8 nneMeH8 68HTY, M!llrp!llpO-

p830P~JI/II

BbJro.aHelrlwelrl p86oroproen!ll c

npOB/IIHU./11!11, OKOH'l/llfl8Cb Hey,[J,8'letrl,

np!116pe)I(HbJe nopryr8JibCK/IIe en8-

c8oero een!IIKoro

111 yn8.aoK KoHro ycKop!llnc~. Me)I(,[J,y

.aeH!II~, nopryr8flbU.bJ o6H8PY)/(/IIJI!II,

10r, 38 f1111Mnono (eM. H/11)/(e), cyro 111 HTOH/11- nneMeH8 H8pO,[J,HOCT/1168H-

nepeceneH/11~

1678 111 1703 ro.a8M/II 6bm8 noK!IIHY-

'lTO rop83,[J,O 6onee cepbe3Hbllrl

T8 cron!IIU.8 C8H-CanbB8.aop (co8p.

npOT/118H/IIK yrpO)I(8eT /liM C Ce8ep8.

TY- H8TOJI08Y p83TPOM/IIJI/II /IIMne-

M68H38-KoHro e AHrone).

H8 npoT~)I(eH/11/11 6onbwelrl 'l8CT/II

P/1110 MoHoMoron8 111 ocr8B/IIJI/II ee

1670 r. n06EAA 6AM6APA HAA MAHALt1HfO Lt1 TOM6YKTY.

on!IICbJB8eMoro eeK8 nopryr8flbU.bJ

/II OM8HCK/IIe 8p86bJ 8eJI/II O)l(eCTO-

0CT8TK/II,[J,pe8H/IIX M8fl/lllrlCKOlrl /II M8-

'leHHYJO 6opb6y38 8Ce 38n8,[J,H08</>-

1606-1607 rr. ALt1HACTLt1SI 4>YHr YnP04Lt1BAET CBOIO

cocro~H/11/11

nonHoro X80C8.

pOKK8HCKOlrl /IIMnep/11/rl CT8fl/11,[1,8HH/IIK8M/II Cery 111 K88PT8.

0Kono 1670-1700 rr. nOAhEM UAPCTBA JlYHAA. 0Ho 6bmo OCHOB8HO, KOT,[J,8 4!116/IIH,[J,8 VfnyHr8, np!IIHU. nneMeH/11 ny68, )l(eH!IInc~ H8 .ao'lep/11

BO)I(,[J,~

nneMeH/11 nyH.a8

( OKOJIO 1670 r.). K KOHU.Y8eK8 U.8PCTBO f1yH,[J,8 npOCT/IIp8JIOCb OT peK/11 K8c81rl H8 JOro-eocroKe .ao peK/11 KB8HTO H8 38n8.ae. np88/IITeJI/II ero np8KT/IIKOB8JI/II 'lpe3Bb/'l8trlHO T/116KYJO nOJI/IIT!IIK}', /II nneMeH8, H8C/11JibCT8eHHO nO,[J,'l/IIHeHHbJe JIYH,[J,8, 8 C8MOM CKOPOM BpeMeH/11 OC03H8B8fl!ll, 'lTO OT C0/038 TOJibKO 8b//IITpbi88JOT.

1677 r. 4>PAHU.Y3bl 3AXBATbiBAIOT Y fOJlJlAHAU.EB APfYLt1H Lt1 fOPE. rope CT8JI rfl88HOlrl <f>p8HU.Y3CKOlrl 6830trl H8 no6epe)l(be 38n8.aHolrl A</>p!IIK/11.

0Kono 1670-1700 rr. B03BbiWEHLt1E AWAHTL-1. Aw8HT!IIKOH</>e.aep8U.!II~nneMeH,npo)I(!IIB88-

W/IIX H8 repp!IITOP/11/11 COBpeMeHHOlrl r8Hbl, - ,[J,OJIT/IIe ,[J,eC~T/IIJieT/11~ nbJT8JI8Cb /113688/IITbC~ OT 8JI8,[J,b/'leCT88 U.8PCT88j],eHKbep8; 9TO y.aanocb !liM n!IIWb Kor.a8 80 m88e KOH</>e.aep8U.!II!II BCT8JI Oc8!11- Tyry, KoropbJirl npoeen p~,[J, ycneWHb/X K8Mn8H/IIlrl ( OKOJIO

1675 r.). Oc8!11-Tyrycr8n«8C8HrexeHe» ( U.8peM); CTOJI/IIU.8 U.8PCT88 p8CnOJI8T8fl8Cb e ropo.ae KyM8C!II. TpoHOM eMy CJI}')K/IIJI «C/IIK8,[1,88» ( «30JIOTOlrl CT'jfl»), CT88W/IIlrl BnOCJie,[J,CTB/11/11 rfl88Hb/M 8Tp!116yrOM BJI8CT/II 8W8HT/IIlrlCK/IIX U.8pe/rl.

1697 r. 4>PAHU.Y3bl HA4Lt1HAIOT nPOABLt1)1(EHLt1E BBEPX no PEKE CEHErAJl.

BoHHbl pa3J111~HbiX acl>pHKaHcKHx nneMeH

Act>PV1KA Ta JOKe npaKTMKOB8!1M o6pa60TKY)l(eJ1e3a) cToneTvrHMvr ,aavrranvrcb Ha 10r, vr K cepe,avrHe XVII aeKa ,aocTvrrnvr 3eMef1b, r,ae B H8CTORll.jee BpeMH pacnono)l(eHbt OpaH)I(eBaH npoavrH14MH IOAP vr 6aHT}'CTaH TpaHcKei4. A K /O)I(HOM OKOHe4HOCTM KOHTMHeHT8 MOpeM npvr6blf1M rOf1!18HJJ.CKMe K0/10HMCTbl. J].a)l(e He no,ao3peaaH o npeJ].CTOHll.jeM MM B 6y,ayll.jeM KOHc{JpOHTaJ4MM, s XVII aeKe ronnaHJJ.J4bt npaKTM4eCKM He MMef1M KOHTaKTOB C 6aHTY, rorreHTOTaMvr vr 6ywMeHaMvr.

1629 r. BO"'HA nOPTYrAnbUEB C II'IMnEPII'IE"' MBEHE MATAnA. 06ecnOKOeHHbiM BMe11JaTef1bCTBOM B CBOM ,aena nopTyraf1bCKMX TOprOBJ4eB, MBeHe M8Tana (TMTY/1 Koponei4 3vrM6a6ae vr Mo3aM6vrKa) nonbtTaf1CH vr3rHaTb vrx. Tor,aa nop-ryranbJ4bt BToprnvrcb, caeprnvr npaBH-

ll.lero MBeHe MaTany vr BbtHy,avrnvr era npeeMHMK8 npe,aOCT8BMTb MM 06WMpHbte 3KOHOMM4eCKMe npMBMf1ervrvr. 9To 03HaMeHoaano co6oi4 Ha48110 yna,aKa vrMnepvrvr.

6 anpenSI 1652 r. nPII'IEibiTII'IE ronnAHAUEB. KonoHMCTbt, B03rnaaneHHbte flHOM AHTOHMCOM B8H Pvr6eKoM, c Tpex Kopa6nei4 Bbtca,avrnvrcb Ha MecTe coapeMeHHoro Kei4nmyHa vr ocHoaanvr nepaoe eaponei4CKoe noceneHvre s /O)I(HOM AcfJpvrKe.

1652-1700 rr. ronnAHACKAS13KCnAHCII'IS1 B rnYEib MATEP 11'1 KA. K KOHJ4Y aeKa ronnaH,acKvre

471 1684-1695 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE

~AHrAMII'IPE

A060 I (B Poo-

Kor,aa H84811CH yna,aoK B MMnepvrvr MBeHe MaTana, rnaaeHcTaoaaTb B pervroHe CT8110 /48PCTBO P03BM, pacnonaraaweecH Ha MecTe C!JopTBvrKTopvrvr vr Wa6aHvr s coapeMeHHOM 3vrM6a6ae. B 1690-x ro,aax 4aHraMvrpe (npaavrTenb) J].o6o I BbtTecHvrn nopTyra!1bJ4eB M3 ,aonvrHbt 3aM6e3vr. KaKvre OTHoweHvrR cyll.jecTaoaanvr Me)l(,[ly 4aHraMvrpe vr MBeHe MaTanoi4, TOJ1KOM He M3BeCTHO. BIII).

1686 r. nPII'I6PE>KHAS1 3KCnAHCII'IS1 ronnAHAUEB. OHvr ,ao-

noceneH/4bt npo,aavrHynvrcb Ha 4eTbtpecTa C f1M11JHMM KMJ10MeTpOB s rny6b MaTepvrKa.

cTvrmvr 6yxTbt Moccen-6ei4. BpeMH aT apeMeHvr Ha4anvr npovrcxo,avrTb CTbi4KM C 6ywMeH8MM.

1658 r. nPII'IEibiTII'IE K IO>KHO"'

1688 r. Y MbiCA A06PO"' HAAE>KAbl BbiCA>KII'IBAIOTCS1 6E>KEH Ubl-rYrEHOTbl.

OKOHE~HOCTII'I

nEPBbiX PA60B.

KOHTII'IHEHTA

472 3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

CEBEPHAH II IO)KHAH AMEPMKA 8 Ha4aneXVII aeKa pocTToproao-

TenbHOCTM. Kor11.a B CeaepHo£1 M

KonoHvlaflbH0£1 KOHKypeH/..lMM eapo-

/O)f(H0£1 AMepMKe nof/BMnMcb nep-

TaKTM4ecKoro ycnexa , Kor/],a TaKoBOM/l.OCTMrancf/. Ha116onee KPMTM4-

neMCKMX /],ep)f(aB B CeaepHo£1 M/O)f(-

Bbte eapone£1cKMe noceneHMfl, Ha

Ho£1, ecnM He cKa3aTb Hepa3pewM-

Ho£1 AMepMKe npMBen K TOMy, 4TO

BCeM npOCTpaHCTBe OT ty/1,30HOBa

Mo£1, /],flf/ MH/],eMJ..leB OKa3anacb npo-

CTOflKHOBeHMfl Me)f(IJ.y HMMM (a TaK)f(e

3aflMBa /1,0 Mb!Ca tOpH 06MTaflM

6neMa CHa6)f(eHMf/ npOBMaHTOM V1

C V1H/1,eMI..laMM-a6opMreHaMM) pe3KO

16 MMflflMOHOB MH/],eMI..leB - HeBepo-

6oenpMnacaMM.

y4aCTV1flV1Cb; KOe-r/],e OHM rj)aKTM4e-

f/THOe pa3Hoo6pa3Me nneMeH, Kynb-

CKV1 npocTo He npeKpaw,anMcb. He-

TYP, aoeHHbtxopraHM3aJ..lMM, yKnaiJ.OB

peiJ.KO CaM npOJ..leCC KOflOHV13al..lMV1

)f(V13HV1 V1 CMCTeM J..leHHOCTe£1. no CTe-

Onb/T AMEPHKAHCKHX KOflOHHAnbHb/X BOHH

MflM KOflOHMaflbHOM 6opb6bt Ha aMe-

neHM /..lMBV1flV130BaHHOCTV1 V1 no V130-

(o6ll.(He coo6paJKeHHfl)

pMKaHCKOM KOHTMHeHTe f/Bflf/flCf/ OT-

w,peHHOCTV1 TaKTMKM V1 TeXHMKM Be-

pa)f(eHMeM MflM Henocpe/1,CTBeHHOM

/],eHMf/ BOMH c 6onbWMM oTpbtBOM

npaBMTeflbCTBO MeTpOnOflMM

rj)a3o£1 eapone£1cKMX pa3/1,opoa. Ha-

flM/l.MPOBaflM MeKCMKaHCKMe nneMe-

(9TO KacaeTCfl B OCHOBHOM 5pMTa-

oc-

Ha (oco6eHHO al..lTeKM), a TaK)f(e ne-

HV1V1 V1 QJpaH/..lMM) 4pe3Bbt4aMHO CKy-

HOBaTb rj)paHJ..lY3CKYIO KOflOHMIO BO

pyaHCKMe MHKM. KaK y)f(e roaopM-

no oKa3btBano ceaepoaMepMKaH-

r.) npoM3BOAMnacb

nocb, B XVI aeKe aJ..lTeKM, MHKM MIJ.p.

CKMM KOflOHMf/M BOeHHYIO no,D,D.ep)f(-

B paMKaX 111V1pOKOMaCWTa6HOM aHTM-

6btnM Haronoay pa3rpoMneHbt MC-

Ky- 6y/1,b TO/],eHbraMM, npMnacaMM

MCnaHCKOM nporpaMMbl a/],MMpana

naHJ..laMM. 8

MnM nto/],bMM. HanpMMep, 3a aecb

lacnapa 11.e KonMHbM; KOHe4HOM J..le-

HaM6onee J..lV1BV1flV130BaHHOM rj)op-

nepM0/1, 6pMTaHCKOrO KOflOHMaflbHO-

flbto nporpaMMbt f/Bnf/nocb HanaAe-

MOM BOeHHO-nOflV1TV14eCKOM opraHM-

ro npMCYTCTBMfl B CeaepHo£1 AMepM-

HMe Ha fl1cnaHMIO. fi1HOr/],a B CBOMX

3al..lMV1 f/Bflf/flaCb KOH!j)e/1,epaJ..lMfl

Ke BOMCKa perynf/pHO CTOf/flM TOflb-

aMepMKaHCKMX KaMnaHMf/X eapone£1-

V1pOKe3CKV1X nneMeH, o6na/],aBWV1X

KO B Hbto-fiTopKe. AHanorM4HbtM

CKMe /1,ep)f(a Bbl npM6eranM K nOMOW, VI

BeCbMa pa3BV1TbiMV1 flMHeMHOM V1 Ha-

pa30M ¢paHI..lY3bt1J.ep)f(anM B KaHa-

V1H/1,eMI..leB(HanpMMep,rj)paHJ..lY3CKaf/

CTynaTeflbHOM TaKTMKOM.

Ae 4pe3Bbt4aMHO Mafl04V1CfleHHbiM

npMMep, nonbtTKa )/(aHa 11.e P116o QJnopMIJ.e (1562

KOHTpamKa Ha McnaHCKMM CaH-AryCTMH, 22 aaryCTa 1567 r.

CeaepHo£1 AMepMKe

npM CTOflKHOBeHMf/XC eapone£1-

o6-

rapHV130H (no pa3HbiM OJ..leHKaM, OT

- 2 MIOHf/

J..laMM OCHOBHOM He/],OCTaTOK MH/],eM-

2/1,0 5 Tb!Cf/4 4eflOBeK); HanpMMep,

r.). 9KcneAM/..lMM, npe/1,npMHM-

l..leB 3aKJ1to4aflCfl He B npMMMTMBHO-

KOrAa

MaeMbte f/K06bt B l..leflf/X cyry6o MMp-

CTM opy)f(Mfl, a rnaBHbiM o6pa30M

( 1686 r.) M ry6epHamp KaHaAbt no-

HbiX (MCCfle/],OBaHMfl, KOflOHV13aJ..lMfl,

B pa306W,eHHOCTV1 V1 OTCYTCTBMM

npocMn nO/],KpenneHMM, V13 napM)f(a

TOprOBflfl), 4aCTO npOV13B0/1,V1flV1Cb

IJ.MCJ..lMnnMHbt. 8npo4eM, /],onrafl 4e-

npMwen OTBeT, 4TO )f(eflaTeflbHO no-

C npMBfle4eHMeM BOeHHbiX cpe/1,CTB

pe/1,a ycnewH btX ( M Kpoaa BbtX) Ha6e-

CKOpe£1 3aKfli04V1Tb MMp. HeCMOTpf/

MnM Ha caMoM 11.ene npecne/],oaanM

roa CBM/],eTeflbCTByeTKaK MMHMMYM

Ha CTOflb )f(e orpaHM4eHHbte pecyp-

1568

aoccTano nneMfl ceHeKa

BOeHHbte J..leflM. nepBbiM npe/],npMf/-

0 TOM, 4TO B HaX0/],4V1BOCTV1 MH/],eM-

Cbl, MCnaHCKMe KOflOHMaflbHbte Bna-

TMeM TaKOrO po/1,a f/BMflOCb Kpyro-

J..laM 6btno He OTKa3aTb, a TaK)f(e (co-

CTM nbtTaflMCb paccpe/1,0T04V1Tb BOM-

CBeTHOe nnaaaHMe JJ.pe£1Ka ( 1577-

o6pa)f(eHMe, aepof/THO, ew,e 6onee

CKa no pa CWMpf/IOW,MMCfl KOflOHMfiM;

1580 rr.), npeiJ.CTaBflf/Bwee co6o£1

3Ha4MMoe)

o nnoxo£1 no/],roToaneH-

HanpMMep, KOr/],a MCnaHCKMe BOMCKa }?Ke CTOflflM Ha Ky6e, B MeKCMKe M B

OIJ.MH cnnOWHOM pe£111. npOTMB MCnaH-

HOCTM KOflOHMCTOB. HeKOTOpbte

CKOrO MOpCKOrO CY/l.OXO/],CTaa; a 9KC-

nneMeHa npOf/BMflM ce6f/ HeOJ..leHM-

nepy, /],Be POTbl o6w,e£1 4V1CfleHHOC-

ne/],MJ..lV1fl capa YonTepa PanM 1584

MbiMM COI03HMKaMM (4ero CTOMT

TbiO 280 4enoaeK 6btnM nocTasneHbt rapHV130HOM B KaMeHHbiM rj)opTCaH-

ro/],a B pa BHOM CTeneHM MCCfle/],OBa-

0/],HO BMeWaTeflbCTBO MOraBKOB B

na MaTepMKoayto AMepMKY M pa3Be-

ronnaH/],CKO-anrOHKMHCKMM KOH!j)-

AryCTMHa, MMefl 3a/1,a4e£1 y/1,ep)f(a-

/l.btBana McnaHcKyto o6opoHy B Ka-

flMKT 1645 r.), a HeKOTOpbte- He-

HMe QJnopMIJ.bt ( 1672 r.). 8npo4eM,

npMMMpMM biMM npOTMBHMKaMM ( 4TO

no Mepe pacTa nMpaTCTBa M pa360fl

B nonHOM Mepe OJ..leHMflM rj)paHJ..lY3bl

CTaflO 04eBM/],HO, 4TO CTOflb orpaHM-

pM6cKoM 6acce£1He.

nocne

BOHHbl C HH)l,EMIJ;AMH

mro,

KaK B 1609 ro11.y CaMto-

4eHHbiX pecypCOB/1,flf/3aW,MTbl CTOflb

anb 11.e WaMnne£1H Heo6AyMaHHO

06WMpHbiX TeppMTOpM£1 HMKOMM

o6cTpenf!n OTPfiiJ.MpoKe3oB). 8npo-

pa30M He /],OCTaT04HO.

06-

4eM, y MH/],eMJ..leB C CaMara Ha4ana

ii13Ha 4anbHoe He)f(enaHMe MeTpo-

He 6btn0 HM Mane£1WMX WaHCOB: eB-

nonM£1 nOMOraTb KOflOHMf/M 06bf/CHV1-

ll.YMH/],eMI..laMM M eapone£1/..laMM npo-

poneMCKOe opy)f(Me ace coaepweH-

MO, ecnM npMHf/Tb BO BHMMaHMe:

TeKanM no-pa3HOMY- V1 4TO KacaeT-

cTaoaanocb, MHIJ.eMJ..lbl )f(e no4eMy-

1) noTeHJ..lMaflbHO orpOMHbte

Cf/ xapaKTepa, M 4TO KacaeTCfl ll.flM-

TO ynopHO He )f(eflaflM pa3BMBaTb

6toiJ.)f(eTHbte paCXO/],bl ( 0/],Ha TOflbKO

8 pa3HbiX paMOHaX BOMHbl Me)f(-

CEBEPHA~ V110)1(HA~

AMEPV1KA

473

aoi1Ha Koponfl C!Jvmvmna o6ownacb

nepe/1, aHrfliiiMCKIIIM/11 KOflOHIIIf/M/11

Kille. nocne 1680 ro11.a 11111.0 ampo£1

aHrfl/11'-laHaM B 90 Tb!Cf/'-1 rpyHTOB-

CTOf/fla npo6neMa HB/],OCTaTKa BOBH-

nonoBMHbt XVIII aeKa KonoHManbHbtM

BBCbMa 3Ha'-1111TBflbHafl, no MepKaM

HOM KOOPIJ.IIIHaU,/11111, Bblf/BIIIBWaf/Cf/

On biT He npi11B0/],111fl K KaKIIIM-TO 3Ha-

XVII

a aoi1Hy c anroHKIIIHCKIIIM nneMeHeM

'-1111TBflbHbiM ycoaepweHCTBOBaHIIIf/M

aeKa, cyMMa);

2) Kpi11TII1'-IBCKII1B 06f/3aTBflbCTBa a Eapone; 3) BHyrpeHHIOIO HecTa6MnbHOCTb

neKOTOB; '-IT06btii1CnpaBII1Tb nOflO)f(B-

B BOBHHOM o6naCTII1. rna/1,KOCTBOflb-

HIIIB, 6btna opraHII130BaHa KOHrpe/1,e-

HbiM, 3apf/)f(aiOf.J..1111MCf/ c /1,yna MYWKBT

paLJ,II1fl

111 nMCTOflBT OCTaBafliiiCb rnaBHbiM

Hoao£1

AHrn111111 ,

OIJ.HaKo

(HanpMMep, aHrfliiiMCKIIIB rpa)f(/],aH-

K npaKT/11'-IBCKIIIM ycnexaM 3TO He

opy)f(IIIBM Ha npOTf/)f(BH/11111 nO'-IT/11 u,e-

CKIIIB BOMHbl lllfl/11

np111aeno. 5onee Taro, KonoHMCTbt

noro aeKa. KonoHManbHbteapM/11111

yHaCflB/],OBafl/11/],aBHee aHrfliiiMCKOe

seeM cTapanMcb cne/],oaaTb a pycne eaponei1cKMX TpaiJ.MLJ.MM.

rppaHLJ,Y3CKaf/

C!JpOH/],a); 4) OTHOCIIITBflbHYIO aBTOHOM/1110

HB/],OBBpllle K MOIJ..IHOM perynf/pHOM

KOMnaHIIIM, 3aH/11MaB111111XCfl KOflOHII1-

apMII1111, B KOTOPOMIIIM B/11/],BflaCb yr-

3aLJ,II1BM.

po3a IIIHCTIIIT}'TaM rpa)f(/],aHCKOM

sna-

0TKpb!TbiM TBKCTOM cPIIIflOCOcPIIIfl

CT/11. CTpax 3TOT npof/BMncfl ef.J..Ie

CaM006ecne'-IBHII1f/ KOflOHIIIM BbiCKa-

a 1638 ro11.y, Kor/],a opraHM30Bbtaa-

3aHa B HBCKOflbKO 6onee n03/1,HBM

nacb «JJ.peBHflf/111 no'-leTHafl apTMnne-

5 pi11Ta HCKOM npa Bill Ten bCTB BHH OM

PIIIMCKafl poTa».

J>PIITAHCKMI AMEPIIKA BHPIJ.)KHHHR H M3PHflEH/1,

1J.BKnapau,111111 (1742 r.), r11.e KonoHM-

Bo ace£1 paHHe£1 KonoHMaflbHOM

anbHbte anacTM npe/1,ynpe)f(/1,aiOTCfl,

111CTOPII1111 TO 111/],BflO BCTaBan 0/],IIIH 111

1607 r. nEPBASI KOJlOHHSI.

'-ITO /],Ofl)f(H bl CaMOCTOf/TBflbHO HBCT/11

TOT )f(e aonpoc: KaK np111cnoco6MTb

9KcneAMU.Mfl, nocnaHHafl JlOH/l.OH-

Tf/)f(BCTb o6opOHHbiX paCXO/],OB.

/],flf/ aMepMKaHCKIIIX ycnOBIIIM eapo-

cKo£1 KOMnaHIIIBM , BbtCa/],MflaCb y

neMCKIIIM 6oeaoi1 onbtT? HanpMMep,

)J.)f(BMMCTa yHa.

neHu,aM npMXOAMnocb opraHM30Bbt-

xom rycTbte neca orpaH/11'-IMBanM

aaTb Mll1flii1LJ,II110 ( OnOfl'-IBH'-IBCKIIIB

npiiiMBHBHIIIB Kaaanep111111, OHa OCTa-

22 MapTa 1622 r. HHAE"'CKOE HAnAAEHHE HA A>KE"'MCTAYH.

TaKMM o6pa3oM, nepabtM noce-

cMnbt caMoo6opoHbt}, opMeHTMpy-

aanacb Ha1116onee npecTM)f(HbtM po-

0HO npiiiBBflO KO MHOrO'-IIIICflBHHbiM

f/Cb Ha 3HaKOMbte eaponeMCKIIIB MO-

/l.OM aoi1cK a Mll1fl111U.111111 Hoao£1 AHr-

)f(BpTBaM cpe/],111 KOflOHIIICTOB 111 Bbi-

/],Bfl/11. B 6pi11TaHCKII1X KonoHMfiX Tpa-

fl/11111. B nepM0/1. MB)f(IJ.Y 1607 111 1689

3BaflO OTBBTHbte Mepbl.

IJ.MU.Mfl rpa)f(,IJ.aHMHa-con/],aTa , nepe-

ro/],aM/11 Heo6XOIJ.II1MOCTb a/],anTaU,/11111

ca)f(eHHafl C aHrfliiiMCKOM nO'-IBbl, CTa-

lllfl/11 MOIJ.IIIcPIIIKaU,/11111 '-!aCTO Cfl}?KIIIfla

na npiiiBIIIBaTbCf/ BIJ..IB C 1638 ro/],a.

KaTafl/113aTOpOM /],flf/ COBepweHCTBO-

B 1643 ro11.y a Macca'-lyceTce 6btn

BaHIIIf/ aoopy)f(eHMM. HanpMMep, a

1635-1644 rr. nEPHOAH'-IECKHE CTOJlKHOBEHHSI ME>KAY BHPA>KHHHE"' H M3PH11EHAOM. YMnbf/M Kn3i16opH, ceKpe-

npMHfiT yKa3, cornacHo KOTopoMy

ceaepoaMepMKaHCKIIIX ycnOBIIIf/X

Tapb BlllpiJ.)((IIIHCKOM KOflOH/11111, OCHO-

o6f!-

OC06eHHO fiPKO npOf/BIIIfliiiCb HB/1,0-

aan ToproabtM nocT Ha ocTpoae KeHT,

3aHbt6btnll1 npOMT/11 o6y'-IBHII1B BOBH-

CTaTK/11 cPMTIIIflbHoro p}?Kei1Horo 3aM-

a npa BO Ha 3TO BKfliO'-IaflOCb B naTBHT

ace rpa)f(/],aHe M}?KCKoro nona

HOMY /1,eny cpOKOM OT 411.0 6/l.HBM ( 3a

Ka, 111 KOflOHIIICTbl ropa3/],0 paHbWB,

Ha OCBOBHIIIB M3pi11flBH/1,a, Bbt/],aH-

IIICKfliO'-IBHIIIBM Bpa'-leM , CBf/f.J..IBHH/11-

'-IBM eaponei1cKMe apMMM, nepe-

HbiM nepaoMy flOPIJ.Y 5anTII1Mopy.

KOB, ne/1,aroroa, CT}'/],BHTOB rapaap-

wnM -

/],a 111 IJ.pymx nbrOTHbtX KaTeropM£1

Ha p}?Kbfl c KpeMHeBbtM/11 3aMKaMM.

npaao 3a BTOpbtM nopiJ.OM 5anTMMOpoM, nocne '-lero nepMOIJ.III'-IBCK/11

B OCHOBHOM Macce CBOBM -

Kn3i16opH OTKa3ancfl npi113HaTb 3TO

rpa)f(,IJ.aH); 3TOMY npMMepy nocne/],o-

K 1650 ro11.y /],ocnexM eaponei1cKo-

aan/11 111 IJ.pyrMe 6pi11TaHCKII1B KOflO-

ro o6pa3u,a no-npe)f(HeMy ocraaa-

BCnbiXII1Bafli1160eBbiB/],BMCTBII1fl, n0/1,-

H/11111- CKa)f(eM, neHCIIIflbBaHIIIf/. Ta-

nMcb 3rprpeKTII1BHbiMII1 npOTIIIB IIIH-

/l.Bp)f(aHHbiB COBBTOM 8i11p/1,)((111HII1111.

KIIIe OTPfl/l.bl Mll1flii1LJ,II1111 COCTOf/fl/11, KaK

/],BMCKIIIX CTpen, 0/],HaKO OT HillX Ha '-1111-

l13-3a 3Toro y Kn3i16opHa cMnbHO

npaBIIIflO, Ha TpBTb 1113 KOnBMIJ..IIIIKOB

Hafl/11 OTKa3btBaTbCfl ( cnepaa a Hoao£1

111CnOpTII1flii1Cb OTH011JBHII1f/ C fleoHap-

111 Ha /],Be TpeTM 1113 MYWKeTepoa.

AHrfl/11111 BO apeMf/ anrOHKIIIHCKOM

/],OM KanaepToM, 6paToM nop/],a

BcKope cTano o'-leBM/l.HO, '-ITO ll.flfl

aoi1Hbt, noTOM a BMpiJ.)((MH/11111) 111 3a-

5anTMMopa 111 nepabtM ry6epHaTO-

6oeBbiX/],BMCTBII1M B ycnOBIIIf/X/],IIIKOM

MBHf/Tb 6onee nerKIIIM/11 111 He CTOflb

poM KOflOH/11111. 0pOII130111Bfl Pfl/1. MOp-

npMpOIJ.bl Konbe a6coniOTHO He3rp-

HBYKfliO)f(II1MII13af.J..III1THbiMII1 KOCTIOMa-

CKIIIX CTbi'-IBK (1635 r.). Kn3M60pH

rpeKTMBHO, 111 KOnBMI.J..IIIIK/11 TaK)f(B ne-

M/111113 TKaH/11111 KO)f(/11.

peKBafllllcPIIIU.IIIPOBafliiiCb B MYWKBTB-

Ko apeMeHM nepabtX MacwTa6-

B033Ban K KOpOHe, HO 6e3ycneWHO, nocne '-lero 3aXBaTII1fl OCTPOB KeHT.

poa. 0Tflii1'-1111TBflbHOM '-IBpTOM KOflO-

HbtX ceaepoaMepMKa HCKIIIX CTOflKHO-

HIIIaflbHOM Mll1fl111U,111111 f/Bflf/flOCb OTCYT-

BBHIIIM MB)f(IJ.Y pa3flii1'-IHbiMII1 eapo-

1644-1646 rr. PE11HrH03HASI BO"'HA B M3PH11EHAE. Top-

CTBIIIB KOMaH/],HOM MepapX/11111. KaK

neMCKIIIM/11 ClllflaM/11 IIIH/l.BMLJ,bl 6btnll1

roaeu,-npoTecTaHT PM'-Iap1J.l1Hm 3a-

npaBIIIflO, 06f/3aHHOCTII1 KOMaHIJ.YIO-

}?KB -no KpaMHBM Mepe, OT'-IaCT/11 -

xaaTMn npeMMYIJ..IBCTBBHHO KaTOfl/11-

f.J..IBrO 6pan Ha ce6fl ry6epHaTop

noKopeHbt (a Hoao£1 AHm111111, cpeiJ.-

'-IBCKOe noceneHMe CeHT-M3pi11.

(xorn a Macca'-lyceTce ll.flfl 3TOro 111

HeaTnaHTM'-IeCKOM nOf/CB 111 IO)f(HbiX

6epHaTop JleoHap/1, KanaepT 6e)f(an

6btna aae/1,eHa cneu,ManbHaflll.Ofl)f(-

KOflOHIIIf/X), a rpi113111'-IBCKII1B ycnOBIIIfl

a BMpiJ.)((MHMIO, 3apy'-1Mncfl no,a,aep)f(-

HocTb). 00)f(any£1, Ha1116onee OCTpO

Ha'-IMHanM HanoMMHaTb eaponei1c-

Ko£1 ry6epHaTopa 3TOM KOflOH/11111 C3pa

ry-

474

3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

YMnbHMa 5epKnM VI oTaoeaan CeHTMapM. 1 649-1 689 rr. rPA>KAAHCK~E BO~Hbl ~ «CllABHA~ PEB01110U~~». noKa MeTpononmo

COTpf/CaflM pa3,aOpbl, B o6eMX KOflOHVIf/X npOVICXOAVIflVI 3Ha 4V1TeflbHbte BOflHeHMf/.

1675-1676 rr. ~HAE~CK~E 5EC"' ~ HCTBA. 111poKe3cKoe nneMH cycKexaHHOKOB nepenpaaMnocb 4epe3 noTOMaK VI HeCKOflbKO pa3 ycTpaMBano Ha6erM Ha TeppMTOpVIIO BMp,IJ,)KVIHVIVI, a TaJOKe OT6MnV1 y nMcKaTayai1I-KpV1K KapaTeflbHbiM OTpf/,a, COBMeCTHO opraHV130BaHHbiM )I(V!Teflf/MVI BMp,a)I(MHMM VI MapMneH.aa. Ha6erM y4aCTMnMcb VI npMo6penM 60flbWV1M pa3MaX- MHOrMe KOflOHVICTbl CTaflVI nOKM,aaTb ,aoMa B npMrpaHV14Hoi1I nonoce, y noToMaKa. He.ao6po)l(enaTenM ry6epHaTopa BMp,IJ,)KVIHMM capa YMnbHMa 5epKnM aKTMBHO KpVITVIKOBanM era OTKa3 nocnaTb KpynHbte KapaTenbHbte CVIflbl- f/K06bt V13-3a Taro, 4TO OH nM4HO 3aMHTepecoaaH a coxpaHeHMM TOprOBflVI nyWHVIHOM. 1 0 MaSI - ,QeKa6pb 1676 r. BOCCTAH~E 53KOHA. Bo3Myw,eHHbli1I 6e3,aei1JCTBV1eM 5epKflV1, BMp,a)I(MHeJ4 HaTaHMan 5aKoH ( 4enoaeK cyry6o wTaTCKMiii) co6pan oT-

HOBAfl AHrflHfl

1620 r. OCHOBAH~E K0110B nll~MYTE. 1633 r. nPETEH3~~ AHrJ1~

H~~

"'AH~r01111AHAUEBHAA011~HY KOHHEKT~KYTA. nocne Mccne.aoaaHMiii .aonMHbt KoHHeKTMKyra, npoae-

.aeHHbiX nnMMYT!4eM 9.aaap.aoM YMHcnoy, ronnaH.aJ4bt 3aHBMnM Ha perMOH CBOVI npeTeH3V1V1 VI nocnanM BBepx no peKe Kopa6nb. Ha MecTe coapeMeHHora XapTr:fiop,aa OHM nocTpOMflVI ¢opT )J,o6paH Ha.ae)l(.aa VI no.a era 3aW,MTOM OCHOBanM r:fiaKTOpVIto. 30 IIIIOnSI 1636 r.- 28 lt110nSI 1637 r. BO~HA C nEKOTAM~. Y6Mi1ICTBO neKoTaMM ( MH,aei1IJ4aMM anraHKVIHCKOM rpynnbl nneMeH) TOprOBJ4a Bbi3Bano KapaTenbHble Mepbt CO CTOpOHbl noceneHJ4eB; neKOTbl OTBeTMflVI HOBb/MVI Ha6eraMV1. 0Tpf/,a KOHHeKTMKYTCKOM MV1flV1!4V1V1 pa3rpoMV1fl KpynHoe cToi116Mw,e neKOTOB 6nM3 CTOHMHrTOHa (26 MaH). 28 MtonH 6nM3 Hbto-Xei1IaeHa oTpH.a, coBMeCTHO opraHV130BaHHbiM nnMMyTOM, Macca4yceTcoM VI KoHHeKTMKyTOM, YHM4TO)I(V1fl cnacaawMXCH 6erCTBOM neKOTOB, Yt4efleBWV1X nocne Mai1IcKoro Hana,aeHMH.

1638 r. nEPBOE CKOE BO~HCKOE

AMEP~KAH COEA~HE

H~E.

20 liltoHSI 1675 r. - 12 anpenSI 1678 r. BO~HA KOPOJl~ <1>~11~ nnA. KonOHV1aflbHaf/3KCnaHCV1f/ npMBena K KOHcPflMKTY C BaMnaHOaraMM ( V1H,aei1JJ4aMV1 anrOHKVIHCKOM rpynnbt nneMeH), BO)I(Ab KOTOpbiX 6btfl V13BeCTeH KOflOHVICTaM no,a MMeHeM KoponH C1JMnMnna. nocne HeCKOflbKVIX Ha6erOB B fO)I(Hbte pai1J0Hbl Hoaoi1I AHmMM KoHr:Pe.aepaJ4MH o6bHBMna MH,aei1IJ4aM BOMHY. noHa4any MH,aei1IcKMe Hana.aeHMH cny4anMcb 4aCTO VI 6btnV1 AOBOflbHO ycneWHbiMVI. Ho 3aTeM oTcyrcTBMe npo.aoaonbCTBMH cepbe3HO no.aopaano cMnbt aaMnaHoaroa ( aecHa 1676 r.). nocne ycnewHoiii KaMnaHMM, npoae,aeHHOM COBMeCTHbiMVI cMnaMM )I(V!Tenei1I .aonMHbl KoHHeKTMKyra VI nneMeHM MOXeraHOB ( VIIOHb 1676 r.) , aaMnaHoarM Ha4anM noaanbHO c.aaaaTbCH. Koponb C1JMnMnn norM6 (aarycT). Xom KpynHble aoeHHbte ,aei1JCTBV1fl BCKOpe npeKpaTMflVICb, a ceaepHbtX pai1IoHax MH,aeiiiCKMe Ha6erM npo.aon)l(aflMCb .ao caMoro 3aKnto4eHMH MMpa ( anpenb 1678 r.). 3a TPM ra.aa aoiiiHbt pacxo,abt COCTaBMflVI 90 Tb!Cf/4 cPYHTOB cTepnMHraa, 500 con.aaT 6btnM 3axaa 4eHbt a nneH MnM y6MTbt, aT 10 .ao 20 ropo.aoa CO)I()I(eHo MnM noKMHyTo, MHOrMM ropo,aaM 6btn npV14V1HeH

PH.a VI no a en era K peKe PoaHoK, r.ae YHM4TO)I(V1fl oTpH.a MpoKe3oB. OH 6btn 06BMHeH B npe,aaTeflbCTBe VI

B 5ocmHe 6btna opraHM3oaaHa «j],peBHHH VI no4eTHaH apTMnnepMi1IcKaH poTa». Koe-KeM BbtcKa3bt-

3Ha4MTeflbHb/M yw,ep6.

apeCTOBaH, HO 3aTeM npow,eH C3pOM YMnbHMOM 5epKnM. nocne amra 53KOH C OTPHAOM V13 500 4enoBeK BbiCTynMn Ha jJ,)I(ei1JMCTayH M,a0-

aanMcb onaceHMH, 4TO aoeHHaH aepxywKa CTaHeT ,ao6MBaTbCf/ nonMTV14eCKOM BflaCTVI.

o 6ercTae KoponHII1aKoaa II, 6ocTOHJ4bt B36yHTOBaflV1Cb VI 3aKfli04V1flV1 a TtopbMY HenonynHpHoro ry6epHampa capa 9,aMyH,aa AH,apoca.

6MflCfl or:PMJ4epcKoro naTeHTa. Tor.aa OH 6btfl CHOBa 06BMHeH B V13MeHe. O.aHaKo ry6epHamp 5epKJTM He cyMen .ao6MTbCH no.a.aep)I(KVI MMnM14MM VI 6e)l(afl. 18 CeHTH6pH VIHCypreHTbl Bbt6V1flV1 V13 j],)l(eMMCTayHa CTOpOHHVIKOB 5epKflV1, a noceneHMe co)l(rnM. MeCHJ4eM no3)1(e 5aKoH yMep aT ManHpMM. nocne era cMepTM B pH,aax Mf/Te)I(HVIKOB npOV130Wen pacKon; B HOH6pe VI ,aeKa6pe 4aCTb MX 6btna cxaa4eHa, a 4aCTb c.aanacb caMa nocne o6ew,aHMH aMHMCTMM. 3aTeM 23 VIHCypreHTa 6btnV1 Ka3HeHbl, 4TO Bbi3Bano ocy)l(,aeHMe capa YMnbHMa 5epKnM KoponeacKMM ,aeKpeTOM.

19 MaSI 1643 r. KOHEAEPAU~~ HOBO~AHrJl~~- BoiiiHa cneKoTaMM Bblf/BV!fla He,aocTaT04HYIO KOop,aMHaJ4V110 KOflOHVIM B BOeHHOM OTHOWeHMVI. 0C03HaHMe 3TOrOBKyne C yrp030M ronnaH,aCKOM 3KCnaHCV1V1- npMaeno K 3aKnto4eHMto coto3a Me)l(.ay Macca4yceTcoM, nnMMYTOM, KoHHeKTVIKYTOM VI HbtoXeiiiBeHOM ( 06be,aMHeHHbte KonoHMM Hoaoi1I AHmMM). BoeHHbte pacxo,abl .aon)I(Hbl 6btnM pa3,aenHTbCH Me)I(Ay KOflOHVIf/MVI nponOpJ4V10HanbHO 4V1CflY B HVIX MY)I(CKOrO HaceneHVIf/. He C4V1Tafl KOpOTKOro nepMo,aa BOMH bl KOpOflfl C1JMnMnna ( CM. HVI)I(e ), KOHr:fie,aepaJ4MV1 He y,aanOCbAOCTVI% no4TM HM4ero.

1689 r.

«CllABHA~

PEB01110-

U~~ ». Kor.aa npMwno M3BeCTMe

KAPOflHHA (CesepHaR"' IOJKHaR) K 1653 ra.ay BMP,IJ,)KMHCKMe noceneHJ4bt OCHOBanM KOflOHVIIO Anb6eMapnb ( CeaepHaH KaponMHa). Ha fO)I(Hyto 3KCnaHCV110 aHrflM4aH B,aOXHOBMna f/MaMKCKaf/ no6e,aa Ha,a V1CnaHJ4aMV1 B 1655 ra,ay no,ao3peBaf/ croaop MH,aei1IJ4eB c McnaHJ4aMM, KOnoHMCTbl L{apnbCTOHa HananM Ha nneMH Kycco VI pa3rpoMMnM era ( 1671 r.). )J,anee.ao KOHJ4a aeKa aHrnMi1IcKaHaKcnaHcMH npo.aon)l(anacb; nepMOAV14eCKV1 cny4aflV1Cb CTb/4KV1 C MH,aei1JJ4aMM VI V1CnaHJ4aMV1.

CEBEPHA~ V110)1(HA~

<f>PAHI.J,Y3CKMI AMEPIIKA 1609-1627 rr. PAH UY3CKOE nPOHIIIKHOBEHIIIE B AOnHHY PEKIII CBS1TOrO nABPEHTIIISI. C noMOI.J..Ib/0 JJ.py)l(eCTBeHHbtX nneMeH MOHTaHOB, anrOHKflrHOB fir rypOHOB rppaHJ4Y3bl BbtTeCHflrnflr flrpOKe308 flr3 JJ.OnflrHbt peKflr CBHTOro flaapeHTflrfl. CaM/OanbJJ.eWaMnneiiiH aoJJ.flrn COBMeCTHbte rppaHKO-anroHKflrHCKflre fir rppaHKO-rypOHCKflre noxoJ].bl B nonbiTKe OTTeCHflrTb Ha /Or KOHrpe,l1.epaJ4flr/O «nf/Tflr HapOJ].OB» (MOraBKOB, OHefiiJ].a, OHOHJ].ara, Kafii10ra, CeHeKa) fir COXpaHflrTb B HenpflrKOCHOBeHHOCTflr nyrflr C006~.J..~eHflrfl Me)I(JJ.Y C0/03HflrKaMflr(1609flr 1616rr.). 1613 r. AHrniii~CKIIIE PE~ Abl. B flrTore 6btnflr yHflr'ITO)I(eHbt rppaH!4Y3CKflre noceneHflrfl no 6eperaM 3anflraa C!JaHJJ.flr.

20 11110nS1 1620 r. B3SITIIIE KBE6EKA. CoaepwaH aTy aK/4flriO, KOMaHJ].oaaawflre o6beJJ.flrHeHHoiii apMflreiii cap YflrnbHM AneKcaHJJ.P fir cap )J.aBflrJJ. KepK He 3Hanflr, 'ITO a aHmorppaH!4Y3CKoiii BOfiiHe 3aKn/O'IeHO nepeMflrpflre.

29 MapTa 1632 r. MIIIPHOE YPErYniiiPOBAHIIIE. AHrnflrH B03apaTflrna C!JpaH/4flrflr AKaJJ.flr/0 fir noceneHflrfl Ha 6eperax peKflr CBHToro flaapeHTflrfl.

1654-1670 rr. OKKYnAUIIISI AKAAIIIIII ClllnAMIII HOBO~ AHrnllllll. ApMflrf/ noJ]. KOMaHJ].OBaHflreM Maiiiopa Po6epra CeJl.)I(BflrKa BbtcTynflrna flr3 oOCTOHa C 14enb/O aTaKOBaTb HoBble HflrJ].epnaHJ].bl ( nepaaH aHmoronnaHJ].CKaf/ BOMHa). 0J].HaKO, CTpeMf/Cb npece'lb rppaHJ4Y3CKYIO KOHKypeH14flr/O B TOproane nyWHflrHOM, BMeCTO aToro KOnOHflrCTbl yJ].apflrnflr no AKaJJ.flrflr ( 1 flr/OnH). AHrnflr'laHe yJJ.ep)i(flr aanflr npoaflrH/4flriO annoTb JJ.O 1670 roJ].a, KOrJJ.a aHa 6btna ao3apai.J..IeHa C!JpaHJ4flrflr no ycnoBflrf/M 5peJJ.CKoro Mflrpa.

AMEPV1KA

op}?KflreM, 'IT06bt Te pa3BH3anflr aoiiiHY npoTflrB rppaH!4Y30B fir flrX co/03HflrKOB-flrHJJ.eiiiJ4eB. Cnepaa BOflrHbl KOHrpeJ].epaJ4flrflr «nf/Tflr HapOJJ.OB» yJJ.apflrnflr no rypoHaM; OTJJ.enbHbte Ha6ervr npflr aToM JJ.OXOJJ.flrnflr JJ.O MoHpeanH. noToM, nocne KopoTKoro nepeMflrPflrfl ( 4 flr/Onfl 1645 r. ), flrpoKe3bt noJJ.O)I(rnflr C!JopT-Pflrwenbe, oTorHanflr rypoHoa Ha 3anaJJ. fir BbtHYJJ.flrnflr flre3yflrTOB nOKflrHYTb MflrCCflrflr, OCHOBaHH bte

475

KonoHflranbHoiii flrMnepflrflr. B pe3ynbTaTe Ha Bflrra!4flrOHHoiii owflr6Kflr aKcneJJ.flr/4flrfl MflrHoaana ycTbe Mflrccflrcflrnflr fir BbtCaJJ.flrnacb Ha 6epery 3anflraa MaTaropJJ.a. HenoaflrHOBeHflre KanflrTaHa 5o)!( a fir 14enbtiii PHJJ. caanflrBWflrXCH Ha aKcneJ].flrJ4flr10 HeC'IaCTflrfii npflraenflr K TOMY, 'ITO BCnbiXHyn Mf/Te)l(; Po6ep JJ.e fla-Canb 6btn y6flrT ( 1687 r.). OcHoaaHHY/0 firM KonoHflr/0 YHflr'ITO)I(flrnflr flrHJJ.eMJ4bl ( 1689 r.).

Ha rypoHcKoiii TeppflrTOPflrflr. ATaKflr BJJ.Onb peKflr CBHToro flaapeHTflrfl npoJJ.On)l(anflrCbJJ.OTex nap, noKa «rJf/Tb HapOJ].OB» He 3aKn/O'Iflrnflr C rppaHJ4Y3a-

1684-1689 rr. B0306HOBnEHIIIE BO~Hbl C IIIPOKE3AMIII.

Mflr MflrpHoro JJ.Oroaopa (5 HOH6pH 1653 r.).

Hampa HbiO-JliopKa. Ha6erflrJJ.OKaTflrnflrCbJJ.O MflrCCflrCflrnflr; 6btnflr pa3opeHbt6epera o3ep 3pflr fir 0HTapflro, co-

1661-1681 rr. PAHUY3CKASI 3KCnAHCIIISI B KAPIII6CKOM 6ACCE~HE. C!JpaHJ4Y3bto6ocHoaanflrcb Ha ManbtX AHTflrnbCKflrX ocTpoaax, flrcnonb3YH flrX KaK 6a3y J].nfl nflrpaTCKflrX onepaJ4flrM npOTflrB flrcnaHJ4eB.

3TO npOflr30WnO npflr nOJ].CTpeKaTenbCTBe ToMaca )J.oHraHa, ry6ep-

aepweHHO pa3na)l(eHa rppaH!4Y3CKaH o3epHaH mproanH. HeyJJ.a'IHaH nonbtTKa KapaTenbHOM aKcneJ].flr/4flrflr Bbt3aana HOBbtiii wKaan Ha6eroa,

1665-1666 rr. B0306HOBnEHIIIE BO~Hbl C IIIPOKE3AMIII.

6yKaanbHO onycmwflrBWflrX JJ.OnflrHY peKflr CBHToro flaapeHTflrH; 200 rppaHJ4Y30B 6btnflr y6flrTbt, 90 3axaa'leHbt a nneH.

3aKn/O'IflrB co103 c aHrnflr'laHaMflr, flrpOKe3bl B0306HOBflrnflr BOMHY c rppaHJ4Y3aMflr, HO HeHaJ].onro; y)l(e B 1666 ro,lJ.y <<nf/Tb HapOJ].OB» 6btnflr BbiHy)I(J].eHbl 3anpOCflrTb Mflrpa.

12 MaSI 1689 r. - 20 CeHTSI6pS1 1697 r. BO~HA KOPOnSI BlllnbrEnbMA (soV.Ha3a n<IJanbU,CKOe Hacne,QCTBO, 111n111 BOHHa Ayrc6yprcKoV. n111r111). K aMepflrKaH-

1668-1688 rr. KOHniiiKT 1113-3ArYA30HOBA3AniiiBA. 3Kc-

cKoiii rj)a3eaTOM BOMHbl OTHOCflrnflrCb KOH!j)nflrKTbl B tYJJ.30HOBOM 3anflrBe,

neJJ.flr/4flrfl, nOJJ.JJ.ep)l(aHHaH aHrnflriiiCKflrM CflrHJ].flrKaTOM fir B03rnaaneHHaf/ rppaHJ4Y3CKflrM flrccneJ].oaaTeneM

a JJ.OnflrHe peKflr CaHmroflaapeHTflrfl fir a aepxHeiii JJ.OnflrHe peKflr lyJJ.30H, a TaJOKe a AKaJJ.flrflr. AHrnflr'laHaM noMo-

0bepoM-3cnpflr PaJJ.flrCCOHOM, oTnnbtna K f}JJ.30HOBY 3anflrBY (flriOHb 1668 r.). no3)1(e PaJJ.flrCCOH oTpeKCH

ranflr flrPOKe3bt, a rppaH!4Y3aM- 6onbWflrHCTBO OCTanbHbiX flrHJ].efiiCKflrX nneMeH. 1690-1697 rr. IIIHAE~CKIIIE HA6Erlll POHTEHAKA. ly6epHamp Kae6eKa flyflr JJ.e 5oJJ., rparp nanno fir C!JpoHTeHaK, BOJJ.flrn 14enbtiii PHJJ. COBMeCTHbiX rppaHKO-flrHJ].eMCKflrX

OT CBOflrX CnOHCOpOB fir 3af/Bflrn, 'ITO aepeH C!JpaH/4flrflr; nomM nepeJJ.yMan fir nOJ].TBepJ].flrn aepHOCTb KOMnaHflrflr ( 1680 r. ). C!Jpa HJ4Y3CKaH a PMflrfl cflrpa 0bepa fle MoiiiHa JJ.'l16epaflrnfl 3axaaTflrna rpaKTOPflrflr KOMnaHflrflr Ha 6eperax 3anflraa )J.)I(efiiMc ( 1688 r.). Y aHrnflr'laH OCTanflrCb flr30nflrpOBaHHbte rpaKTopflrflr CeaepH.

a ycTbfiX peK Xeiiic fir

lll10nb1684r.3KCnEAIIIUIIISI nA-CAnSI B TEXAC. Bo apeMH flrC-

1642-1653 rr. BO~HAC IIIPOKE3AMIII. 0btTaHCb npflrane'lb K cao-

naHo-rppaHJ4Y3CKoro KOH!j)nflrKTa 1683-1684 rDJJ.OB cbep Po6ep KaaanbeJ].efla-Canb oTnnbtn flr3 C!JpaH-

flrM rpaKTOpflrf/M anrOHKflrHCKflrX fir rypOHCKflrX nocTaBI.J..IflrKOB nyWHflrHbl, ronnaHJJ.J4bl cHa6J].flrnflr flrpoKe3oa

/4flrflr a MeKCflrKaHCKflriii 3anflra, 'IT06bt OCHOBaTb KOnOHflr/0 B YCTbe MflrCCflrCflrnflr - B CaM OM J4eHTpe flrCnaHCKOM

Ha6eroa no aceiii ceaepo-3anaJJ.HOiii rpaHflrJ4e aHmflriiiCKflrX KonoHflriii. Co/03Hbte rppaHJ4Y3aM flrHJJ.eMJ4bt-a6eHaKflr He3aBflrCflrMO OT ry6epHaTopa C!JpoHTeHaKa ycTpaflraanflr Ha6erflr Ha TeppflrTOPflrflr HbiO-JliopKa fir Macca'lyceTca. KpoMe Taro, C!JpoHTeHaK ao3rnaanHn 3anaJJ.HYIO KaMnaHflr/0 npOTflrB flrpOKe30B ( 1693-1696 rr.).

1 MaSI 1690 r. KOHEPEHUIIISI B on6EHIII. npeJ].CTaBflrTenflr nnflrMYTa, Macca 'lyceTca, KoHHeKTflrKyra fir HbiO-JliopKa JJ.Oroaopflrnflrcb opraHflr-

476

3APO>K)J.EHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr.

30BaT& BTOp)f(eHMe a KaHa/l,y C/IIJTaM/11 /l,Byx cyxonYTHbtX apMI!Ii!t, a TaK)f(e noCJTaT& aaepx no peKe CBRTOIO J7aapeHT/II'il CMeWaHHbtf!t cjJJTOT '//IICJTeHHOCTb/0 B

34 KOpa6JT'il ( CM.

H/ll)f(e).

11 MaS11690 r. B3SITIAE noPTP0171SinA. HoaaR aHmMi!tcKaR apMMR

1690-1694 rr. 50EBbiE AE171CTBIASI no SEPErAM rYA30HOBA 3AniABA. /l,'t16epB/IIflb Bb/TeCH/IIfl aHm/11'18H /113 ycT/IIi!t CeaepHa ( 1690 r.) 1!1Xei!tc8( 1694 1.}. np8B/l,a, 38 8Hifl/ll'laH8M/II OCT8flC'il 38!1/IIB /l,)f(ef!tMC.

T/IIJTa CTOJT/IIU.Y cjJpaHLJ,Y3CKOi!t AK8/l,/ll/ll. 3TO 6btJTa e/1,/IIHCTBeHHa'il ycnewHa'il

npoTeCTbl, WBe/],bl CH8P'il/l,/llfl/ll 3KCne/l,/IILJ,/IIIO a )J,en8B3P (nOK/IIHYTbti!t IO!Tfl8H,D,LJ,aM/II B

1627 1.} /II

nOCT8B/II-

fl/ll C/JopT-Kpi!ICT/IIH8 (/llfl/11, /IIH8'1e , C/JopT-Y/IIflM/IIHITOH).

( /113 MacCa'lyCeTCa) nO/], KOMaH/l,OBaH/IIeM c::Jpa YMJTb'ilMa C/JMnca 3axaa-

MapT 1638 r. HOBASI WBE1..\IASI. HeB31!1paR Ha IOJTJ18H/l,CK/IIe

HOBbiE HM)l,EP.JIAH,I1;bl MHbiO-MOPK

1641-1645 rr. BOIIIHA C AnrOH KIA HAM lA. CnpoBOLJ,/IIPOBaHHbte KOJTOH/118flbHOi!t3KCnaHC/IIef!t, aniOHK/IIHbl OCyll.jeCTB/IIfl/11 p'il/1, H86eiOB H8

onepaLJ,/II'il 8Hif1/IIMCK/IIX KOJTOH/IICTOB

CT::Ji!tTeH-8i!tneH/l, /II M8HX::JTTeH. K8p8-

38 BC/0 BOMHY.

TeJT&H&te nOXO/l,bl IOflfl8H/],LJ,eB /II OT-

1690-1691 rr. HEYAA~HbiE nOXOAbl B AOniAHY PEKIA CBSITOrO nABPEHTIASI. nf18HI!IpoaaaW/IIi!tC'il Hoaoi!t AHmMei!t /II H&tO-tltopKOM nOX0/1, B Kae6eK npOB8!1/IIJTC'il.

1614 r. ronnAHAL\bl OCHOBbiBAIOT B03nE OnSEHIA CJ>OPT HACCAY. 1624 r. AOnOnHIATEnbHbiE ronnAHACKIAE nOCEnEHIASI.

BeTHbte H86el/ll MIOHK/IIHOB H8HeCfl/ll KpynHbtf!t yll.jep6 IOflflaH/l,CK/IIM, a TaK)f(e 6n/113fle)f(all.j/IIM aHml!li!tCK/IIM noceneH/II'ilM /II nJT8HT8LJ,/II'ilM. np/11 nOMOUj/11 /l.P'f)KeCTBeHHb/X/IIH/l,ef!tu,eB-MOtaBKOB

C/JpaHLJ,Y3bl On'ilTb B3'ilf1/ll nopT-Poi!t-

nepa&te noceneH/II'il mJTJT8H/l.U.bt op-

IOflflaH/l,LJ,bl BbiHY/1./IIfl/11 8fliOHK/IIHOB

'ilJT, HO no ycnOB/IIRM PI!ICB/IIKCKOIO

taH/1130B8fl/ll H8 ocTpoae M8HX3TTeH

38KJTIO'I/11Tb M/IIP ( 9 8Brycm

Ml!lpHOIO /l,OIOBOp8 TOT CHOB8 OTO-

vr y cjJopm Hacca y Ha peKe /l,eJTaa::Jp

weJT K aHIJT/II'/8H8M.

( lnocmp, wmT H&IO-/l,)f(epc/11).

1645 r.). 1647-1655 rr. ronnAHACKO-WBEACKIAE CTOnKHOBE-

HanaAeHHe ronnaHAI..IeB Ha >KI1TeneM ocTpoaa a MarennaHOBOM npon11ae

CEBEPHA~ V110)1(HA~ HIIISL ly6epHaTop Hoao£1 Waeu,MM JlloxaH 5bepHCOH npMHU. nocTaBMfl u,eno4KY 6noKray3oB Ha ocTpoae TMHMKaM ( 1634 r. ), a TaK)I(e rpopT HoBbiM KpMcxonbM( 1647 r.). Tor.aa ronnaH.aU.bl nocTaBMnM rpopTbl c TaKMM pac4eTOM, 4T06b! KOHTpOnMpOBaTb no.axo,abl K Hoao£1 Waeu,MM no peKaM J].enaaap M CKynKMnn. WaeAbl CO)I(mM Ha CKynKMnne rpopT 5eaepcpe.ae (Ma£1 M HOH6pb 1648 r.) M 3axaaTMnM rpopT Ka3MMMP ( Hb/0Kacm, 1653 r.). lonnaH.aU.bl, B03rnaanHeMble ry6epHaTopoM neTepoM CTai1ae3aHTOM, y,aep)l(anM5eaepcpe.ae M onHTb 3axaaTMnM Ka3MMMp; nOTOM OHM B3HflV1 rnaBHOe wae,acKoe yKpenneHMe- ctJopTKpMCTMHY ( ceHTH6pb 1655 r. ). 9TMM 3aKOH4V1flV1Cb WBe,aCKMe nonb/TKVI KonoHM3aLJ,MM CeaepHo£1 AMepMKM. 1650 r. XAPTOPACKIII~ AOrOBOP. HeKOTOPble aHmMMCKMe noceneHLJ,bl 3aHBMnM npeTeH3MM Ha ronnaH,acKMe noceneHMH, MnpoM30wen pH.a MHU.M.aeHTOB, nocne 4ero 6b!fl3aKfl/04eH Xa pTrpop,aCKMM,aoroBOp VI npOV13Be,aeHO norpaHV14HOe yperynMpoaaHMe Me)l(.ay HoBbiMM HM,aepnaH,aaMM VI KOHrpe,aepau,Me£1 Hoao£1 AHmMM.

1652-1654 rr. nEPBASI AHr110-r01111AHACKASI BO~HA. ctJopMaflbHO BOMHa He 06bHBflHnacb, HO aHrflM4aHe 3aXBaTMflV1 HeCKOfl bKO ronnaH,aCKVIX norpa HV14H b/X nocToa. 0TPHAbl MMflMU.MM M3 KoHHeKTMKYTa BTOprnMCb B YaCT4eCTep M Ha floHr-A£1neH,a , a pe3ynbTaTe 4ero neTep CTai1Be3aHT 6blfl Bb/Hy)l(,aeH npV13HaTb cyaepeHHY/0 BflaCTb aHrflM4aH Ha,a aHrflMMCKVIMVI noceneHMHMM Ha floHr-A£1neH,ae ( 1653 r.).

AMEPV1KA

1664-1667 rr. BTOPASI AHr110-r 01111AHACKASI BO~ HA. J].a)l(e .ao Taro, KaK aoi1Ha 6bma rpopManbHO npoao3rnaweHa a Eapone, j],)l(eMMC, repu,or JllopKCKMM, ynonHOM04V1fl nonKOBHMKa PM4ap.aa HMKonca 3axaaTMTb HoBble HM,aepnaH,abl. npV16b!TMe 4eTb!pexaHmMMCKVIX rpperaTOB a raaaHb Hoaoro AMcTep,aaMa npMaeno K c,aa4e ropo.aa (7 ceHrn6PH). AHrnM4aHe nepeMMeHoaanM a ropo.a HbiO-JllopK. MapT 1672 r . - 31 OKTS16pSI

1674 r. TPETbSI AHr110-r01111AHACKASI BO~HA. lonnaH,acKMe MOpCKMe VI cyxonYTHb/e CV1flb/3aXBaTV1flV1 HbiO-JllopK (aarycT 1673 r.). nocne aToro ronnaH,aLJ,bl 3axaaTMnM On6eHM, Hb/0-J].)I(epcM M 3ana,aHy/O 4aCTb floHr-A£1neH.aa. Bnocne.acTBMM, anpo4eM, no ycnoBMHM BecTMMHCTepcKoro .aoroaopa ace noceneHMH OTOWflVI Ha3a,a K aHrflM4aHaM. 1689-1691 rr. MSITE>K 11 E~ C11EPA. Kor.aa npMwnM M3BeCTMH o6 apecTe a 5ocToHe capa 9,aMyH.aa AH,apoca, a ropo.ae HbiO-JllopK M Ha floHr-A£1neH,ae BCKOflb/XHYflMCb aHTMKaTOflV14eCKMe Bb/CTynneHMH (Ma£11689 r.). MMnMU.MH 3axaaTMna ctJopT-J].)I(eMMc M nepe.aana ero rnaaap10 BOCCTaBWVIX )J.)I(eKo6y fle£1cnepy, KOTOpb!M 06bHBV1fl 0 caoe£1 aepHOCTM Kopon/0 BMnbrenbMY Ill OpaHcKoMy M Koponeae MapMM. OH OTKa3ancH ycTynMTb BflaCTb, 6blfl CXBa4eH aHrflMMCKVIMVI BOMCKaMM (30 MapTa 1691 r.) VI Ka3HeH (26 MaH).

MCITAHCKAHAMEPMKA CEBEPHAfl AMEPHKA

1655-1664 rr. r01111AHACKO-IIIHAE~CKIIIE BO~Hbl. JJ.enHTCH Ha 3 rpa3bl; B nepBy/0 C06b!TV1H pa3BMBanMcb oT MaHxaTTeHa .ao 9con yea M floHr-A£1neH,aa ( 1655 r.); so smpy10- 6nM3 9conyca ( 1663 r.); a TpeTb/0- TaM )l(e, nocne 4ero MH,aei1u,bl c.aanMcb ( 1664 r.). (VfHor.aa ampy10 M TpeTb/0 CTaAMM 3TOrO KOHrjlflMKTa, 16591664 rr. , Ha3b!Ba/OT 9conyccKoi1 BOMHOM.)

477

a TaJOKe CeaepHo£1 M /O)I(H0£1 KaponMHe npMBeflM K OTBeTHb/M MCnaHCKVIM pe£1,aaM npOTVIB aHrflMMCKVIX noceneHMM. MeKCHKa 111 H1>10-MeKcHKO

1680-1692 rr. BOCCTAHIIIE Ill HAE~ U,EB- nY36110. )l(ecTOKOCTVI MCnaHLJ,eB Bb/3BaflM BOCCTaHMe MH,ae£1u,ea-nya6no Ha ceaepe .aonMHbl PMo-/paH,ae. 8o3maBMfl BOCCTaHMe ( 10 aarycTa 1680 r.) MH,aei1cKMi1 WaMaH none, paHee 3aKfl/04eHHbiM MCnaHLJ,aMVI B TIOpbMyno 06BMHeHM/O B KOflAOBCTBe ( 1675 r.). VfcnaHLJ,eB y.aanocb 3aCTaTb apacnnox- KaK MMHMMYM 400 con,aaT M noceneHu,ea 6blflM y6MTbl; M3 .aayxTbiCH4 4enoaeK, OCTaBWVIXCH B)I(VIBbiX, 60flbWV1HCTBO 6blflV1 oca:>K,D.eHbl B CaHTa-ctJe. nocne ,aeCHTM,aHe£1 oca,abl OHM nOKMHyflVI ropo,a VI OTCT}'nMflVI Ha lOT, K 9nbnaco (Texac). Kor.aa McnaHLJ,bl ywnM, none VI ero CTOpOHHVIKVI BOCCTaHOBVIflVI ,apeBHMe MH,aeMCKMe 06b/4aM, HO BCKOpe B pH,aax MH,ae£1u,ea Ha4anCH pacKon; K TOMY )l(e, V13-3a HeCKOflbKVIX Heypo)l(aea no.apH.a nonynHpHOCTb none CHM3Mnacb. nocne ero CMepTM ( 1692 r.) MCnaHCKVIM ry6epHaTop ,aoH J].Mero .ae Baprac (npaBMfl npOBVIHLJ,Me£1 B 16921696 rr.) peWMfl CHOBa 3aHHTb CTapy/0 KOflOHVI/0- B TOM 4V1Cfle VI ,aflH Taro, 4T06b! orpa,aMTb McnaHCKMe ana.aeHMH oT paCTyw.ero rppaHU.Y3cKoro BflVIHHVIH B AOflMHe MMCCVICMnM. VfH,aeMLJ,bl-nya6no, KOTOpb!M He .aaaanM )I(V!TbH Ha6erM ana4ei1, B03apaw.eHM/O McnaHu,ea He conpoTMBnHnMcb M 6onbwe npaKTM4eCKM He 6yHTOBaflM.

OTJIII<J:IIe oT KO'leBb!X nJieMeH

BOCTO'!Hb!X npepiiH, MIIpHb!e IIH}:(eH-

VfcnaHCKMe Me3yMTbl ycMnMnM CB0/0 MVICCVIOHepcKy/0 ,aeHTeflbHOCTb Ha TMXOOKeaHCKOM no6epe)l(be. noHaneHMe noceneHMM aoKpyr KaTOflV14eCKV1X MVICCVIM B ,aonMHaX peK Ma£10 VI flKM Bb/3Bano MH,aeMCKMe Ha6erM, B OTBeTHa KOTOpb!eKanMTaH J].Mero MapTMHec .ae Yp,aMa,ae npoaen PHA KapaTeflbHb/X 3KCne,aMLJ,V1M (oKono 1625 r.). AHmM£1cKaH /0)/(HaH 3KCnaHCV1H VI peM,abl BO ctJnopM,ae,

l(bl-Tiy36JIO He MOrJIII COCTa.BliTb KOHKypeHI(llli ):lroKe OCJia6JieHHb!M liCTiaHCKliM OTpH,[(aM.

Y ny36JIO He 6b!JIO Hli

BOeHHOll opraHII3al(IIII, Hll CliCTeMbl KOMaH):lOBaHIIH; O)lepmaTb nepBOHa<J:aJThHblll yen ex liM ynaJiocb 'IIICTO 3a c<J:eT 3cpcpeKTa BHe3aTIHocrn. He IIMeH Hll MeTaJIJIOB, Hll OrHeCTpeJibHOrO OpYJKIIH, Hll JIOIIIa)lell, OHII CliJibHO OTCTaBaJili II OT liCTiaHQeB, II OT ana<J:ell

(Ko.M.M. aem.).

478

3APO>K,OEHV1E COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEIV1V1 V1 TAKTV1KV1. 1600-1700 rr:

LlEHTPAnbHAfl 14 IO)I(HAR AMEPHKA B 3TOM a eKe 111cnaHvrvr npvrwnocb nepe£1Tvr K o6opoHe, ~To6bl coxpaHMTb MMnepMIO, 3aBOeBaHHYIO B npe,D,bi,D,ylljeM CTOneTMIIF. 00Cf/raTenbCTBa C!JpaHu,vrvr, AHrnvrvr vr Hvr,D,epnaHJJ.OB ( oco6eHHO B BecT-II1H,D,vrvr), C O,D,HOM CTOpOHbl, cnoco6CTBOBanvr yna,D,KY vrcnaHcKoro MorylljeCTBa, a C ,D,pyro£1- f/Bnf/nMCb CMMnTOMaMM 3TOroyna,D,Ka. TaK)I(eKaKvrB CeaepHo£1 AMepvrKe, co6b!TIIrfl B Kapvr6CKOM 6acce£1He vr /O)I(Hee oTpa)l(anvr KpynHble eapone£1cKvre KOHr:/mvrKTbl. 0epvro,D, xapaKTepvr3yeTCfl TpeMf/ rnaBHb/MIIF f/BneHMf/MIIF: 1) IIFH,D,eMCKIIFMIIF BOnHeHMf/MIIFoco6eHHO cpe,D,vr apayKaHu,ea Ha 10re '-lvrnvr, MH,D,ebiu,ea nneMeHvr nbf/XOC B 0epy IIF ~vrpvrryaHOB , o6vrTaB11JIIFX Me)I(,D,y flac- '-/apKaC 11F 0aparaaeM; 2) aKTvrBvr3au,vre£1 corsarios Jutheranos, vrnvr npoTecTaHTCKvrx nvrpaToB (~aCTO B,D,OXHOBnf/eMb/X vrnvr ,D,a)l(e Henocpe,D,CTBeHHO cy6cvr,D,vrpyeMbiX eaponei1cKvrMvr ,D,ep)l(aBaMvr, oco6eHHO AHmvre£1); 3)onocpe,D,oBaHH~aKTvrBvr3au,vr

e£1 KOHTpa6aH,D,IIFCTOB. K KOHLJ.Y aeKa 111cnaHvrfl nonb!Tanacb KOMneHCIIFpOBaTb CBOe OTCTaBaHvre B BOeHHO-MOpCKOM o6naCTIIF TeM, ~TO CTana CTpOIIFTb B KOnOHIIFf/X MOLljHb/e 6eperOBb/e IIF OCTpOBHb/e yKpenneHvrfl. Tvrnvr~Hb/M ,D,nfi3TOro o6opoHvrTenbHoro- nepvro,D,a vrcnaHcKo£1 KOnOHManbHOM nonMTIIFKIIF RBnRncR yxo,D, M3 ~pe3Bbl~a£1Ho yf/3BvrMoro CaHm-jl,oMvrHro vr nepeHoc u,eHTpa Tfl)l(ecTvr B KapTaxeHy- c ee Kpymo£1 KpenOCTb/0 (TOnlljMHa CTeH - 12M) IIF nerKO nepeKpb!BaeMb/M Y3KIIFM KaHanoM, KOTOpb!M COe,D,MHf/n Mope vr raaaHb. 1624-1629 rr. BO~HAC ron-

nAHALI,AMII1. lonnaH,D,LJ,bl 3aXBaTvr-

nvr 5avr/O ( 1624 r. ), HOB cne,D,y/OlljeM ro,D,y6blflllr Bb/611FTb/IIFCnaHCKIIFM r:/)noTOM. 0paB,D,a , BCKOpe, rOTOBf/Cb K BTOp)l(eHM/0 B 0epHaM6yKy, ronnaH,D,LJ,bl onf/Tb 3axaaTvrnvr 5avr/O ( 1627 r.). lonnaH,D,CKvre 6yKaHbepbl no,D, KOMaH,D,OBaHvreM nvrTepa Xei1Ha 3axaaTvrnvr y no6epe)l(bfl Ky6b! vrcnaHcKvr£1 TpaHcnopT c rpy3oM cepe6pa ( 1628 r. ). nocne 3TOro Xei1H 6blfl npovr3Be,D,eH B a,D,Mvrpanbl ¢noTa Hvr,D,epnaH,D,OB. lonnaH,D,CKafl r:PnoTvrnvrR M3 60 Kopa6ne£1 3axaaTvrna nepHaM6yKy IIF Pecvrr:Pvr ( 1629 r.).

1629-1660 rr. KAPATEnbHbiE nOXOAbl nPOTII1B APYrii1X KOnOHII1~. 111cnaHU.biM3rHanvr aHrnvri1cKvrx noceneHLJ,eB C OCTpOBOB Heavrc vr CeHT-Kpvrcmrj)ep ( 1629 r.); Kor,D,a vrcnaHLJ,bl oTnnblflM, noceneHLJ.bl aepHynvrcb. AHrnvri1cKvre nypvrTaHe 6blflllr Bb/TeCHeHbl C LJ,eHTpanbHOaMepvrKaHCKIIFX OCTpOBOB 0pOBM,D,eHIIrfl (1641 r.). 8 OTMeCTKY OTpfi,D,, opraHvr3oBaHHbiM KOMnaHvre£1 no ocaoeHvr/0 OCTpOBOB 0pOBM,D,eHMfl IIF rpar:/)oM YopavrKoM, npovr3aen PRJJ. peM,D,OB Ha no6epe)l(be BeHecy3nbiM HeHa,D,onro 3axaaTvrn RMai1Ky ( 1643 r.). '-/epe3 HeCKOnbKO neT IIFCnaHLJ,bl Bb/TeCHMnllr aHrnMMCKIIFX IIF rj)paHu,y3cKvrx KonoHvrCTOB c Manb!X AHTMnbCKIIFX OCTpOBOB.

1654 r. 3AXBAT AHrnii1'-IAHAMII1 SIMA~KII1. Onvraep KpoMaenb npvrKa3an a,D,Mvrpany Yvrnbf/MY neHHY 3axaaTMTb CaHm-jl,oMvrHro; noTepnea Hey,D,a~y, 0eHH BMeCTO 3TOro 3axaaTvrn RMai1Ky

1668-1671 rr. nAHAMCKII1E PE~Abl MOPrAHA. jl,ecaHT 6yKaHbepoa ~vrcneHHOCTb/0 B 2 Tb/Cf/~IIF ~enoBeK pa3rpa6vrn 0opTo-5enno IIF naHaMy Kapn II B03Ben leHpvr MopraHa B pb!LJ,apCKOe ,D,OCTOIIFHCTBO. 1670 r . MAAP111ACKII1~ AOrOBOP . B cooTBeTCTBvrvr cera cTaTbfiMvr AHmvrR noo6elljana npeKpaTMTb

nvrpaTCTBO B Kapvr6cKoM Mope, a 111cnaHvrfl npvr3Hana aHrnvri1cKvre npaaa Ha RMai1Ky

llOPTYfAJihCKMI AMEPMKA 1609- 1642 rr . noPTYrAnbCKII1E PAEiOTOPrOBLI,bl 1113rHAH bl 1113 nAPArBASI. 111cnaHCKMe vre3yMTbl Boopy)l(vrnvr IIFH,D,eMLJ,eB , )I(IIFBllJIIFX npvr MIIFCCIIFf/X, IIF ycneWHO npe,D,OTBpaTvrnvr npOHIIFKHOBeHvre B 0aparaa£1 nopTyranbCKIIFX pa6oTOprOBLJ,eB.

1615 r. PAHLI,Y3bl BbiTECHEHbl 1113 6PA3111nll1111. nopTyranbLJ,bl3axaaTvrnvr rj)paHLJ.Y3CKYIO KOnoHvr/0 Ha ocTpoae Mapa)l(o, a noToM 3acenvrnvr 5eneH; 3TMM KOH~vrnvrcb r:/)paHLJ,Y3CKMe nonb/TKIIF KOnOHM3aLJ,IIFIIF /O)I(HOM AMepvrKvr.

OKano 1620-1654 rr. ronnAHACKO-nOPTYrAnbCKII1E BO~Hbl.. nopTyranbCKMe KOnOHIIFCTbl B 5pa3vrnvrvr BOCCTanvr, IIF B KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,OB ronnaH,D,LJ,b/6blflllr Bb/Hy)l(,[leHbl OTCTynMTb ( 1654 r.). 3aTeM /onnaH,D,IIrfl OTKa3anacb aT acex caovrx KOnOHManbHb/X npaB B pervroHe (1661 r.).

1680 r. KOH<J>nii1KT 1113-3A nA-nnATbl (3cTyapiiiSI peK napaHa Ill YpyrBalli). nopTyranbLJ,bl noCTaBvrnvr HanpOTIIFB 5y3HOC-A£1peca ¢opT no,D, Ha3BaHvreM KonoHvrR,D,enb-CaKpaMeHTO, TeM caMbiM YTaep,D,vrB caovr npeTeH3vrvr Ha ceaepHbl£1 IIF BOCTO~Hb/M 6epera fla-0naTbl. O,D,HaKo BCKope vrcnaHLJ,bl3axaaTvrnvr 3TOTC/)opT. B pe3ynbmTeaHmvri1cKoro BMewaTenbCTBa ( B Eapone) ¢opT 6b!n B03BpalljeH nopTyranbu,aM ( rj)opManbHoe npvr3HaHvre npovr3owno B 1701 r.).

BOEHHOE OPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOObl 1700-1750

22.

rJIABHhiE TEHJJ:EHIJJIII Ha npom)l(eHMM 3Toro nonyeeKa Eepona yTBep.aunaeb Ha Mupoeoft apeHe B Ka<{eeree 6e3yenoeHoro nu.aepa. He e<{MTa>~ erpeMurenbHoro B3neTa ( MeTOnb)l(e eTpeMMTenbHOTO na.aeHM>l) nepeu.aCKoro u.aperea Ha.aup-waxa, BHe Eeponbl npo.aon)l(anM eyiJ..IeeTBOBaTb nMWb TpM MOIJ..IHb/e .aep)l(aBbJ - MaHb<{)l(ypeKuft Kuraft, l1rw.u>~ BenuKux Moronoe u rypeu.Ka>~ 0eMaHeKa>l MMnepu>i; npM<{eM Bee TPM npe6bJBanM B yna.aKe M npaKTM<{eeKM HMKaKOTO BnM>IHM>l Ha Me)I(.[J,yHapO.[J,Hb/e .aena He OKa3b/BanM. C .apyroft eTOPOHbl, B KPOWe<{HOW EBpone paenonaranueb n>~Tb ee.ay11..1ux .[J,ep)l(aB, %M MHTepeebJ, BnM>IHMe M aM6uu.uu npoerupanueb .aaneKo 3a npe.aenbl KOHTMHeHTa - bpMTaHM>l,

ct>paHU.M>l, l1enaHM>l, Poeeu>~ u Aeerpu>~; B.[J,06aBOK K HUM e11..1e .[J,Ba roey.aapeTBa- nopryranM>l M Hu.aepnaWJ.bl, no eeponefleKMM MepKaM, He enMWKOM MOryiJ..IeeTBeHHb/e - o6na.aanu TaKMM BnM>IHMeM Ha KOnOHM8flbHYIO nonMTMKY, KOTOpoe TPY.ll.HO nepeou.eHMTb. KpoMe mro, B Eepone B03HMK!Ia HOBa>l.[J,ep)l(aBa - npyeeM>l, %M MHTepeeb/ M B3aMMO.[J,efteTBM>l orpaHM<{MBanMeb MeKn/O<{MTenbHO paMKaMM KOHTMHeHTa, O.[J,HaKO BOeHHb/e TPMYMc/>bl Ha<{MHanM OT3b/BaTbe>l 3XOM no BeeMy MMPY. Eepona 38.[J,aBana TOH KaK B BOeHHOW ecj>epe, TaK u B .aenax rpa)l(.aaHeKux; npae.aa, OeTanbHb/e <{aeTM eBeTa eTapanMeb He OTeTaBaTb, XOT>l .aaneKo He y eeex 3TO nony<{anoeb

npyccKYle rsapAel1cKYle KasanepHCTbl. 1700 r.

yenewHo. OT<{aeru eeponefteKoe .[J,OMMHMPOBaHMe 06b>ieH>lnOeb OTeyreTBMeM .[J,OeTOWHOTO npOTMBHMKa, OT<{aeru )l(e- paeTYIJ..IMM (u >IBHO HeO.[J,OnMMb!M) TeXHM<{eeKMM npeBOeXO.[J,eTBOM. Bee KpynHeftwue eoeHa<{anbHMKM nepeoft nonoBMHbl XIIII eeKa 6bmu eeponeftu.aMM- 3a ueK!IIO<{eHMeM BbJweynoM>~HyToro Ha.aup-waxa, noene.[J,Hero M3 BenMKMX a3MaTeKMX 3aeoeeareneft. Bepo>~THO, eaMbJM 3Ha<{MTenbHb/M nonKOBO.[J,LI,eM OnMebJBaeMOTO nepuo.aa ene.ayer e<{Mrarb npyeeKoro Kopon>~ct>pu.apuxa II BenuKoro. noMMMO Hero, Bb/.[J,a/0IJ..IMMMe>l BOeHa<{anbHMKaMM 6bJnM: B Aeerpuu- npMHU. EereHufl CaeofteKuft; B AHmuu- .[l)KoH 1../ep<{unnb, repu.or Manb6opo; B Weeu.uu- KOponb Kapn XII; eo ct>paHU.MM - Mapwan Kno.a flyu 3KTop, repu.or .ae Bunnap. HeMHoruM yerynanu MM Mopuu. CaKeoHeKuft (HeMeu., epa)l(aewufle>~ no.a 3HaMeHaMM ct>paHu.uu); ,[l)l(ef/Me ct>uu.-.[l)KeftMe, repu.or 6epBMK ( eTaBWMW MapwanOM 4JpaHLI,MM aHrnMfleKMW 3KenaTpMaHT); e11..1e O.[J,MH cj>paHLI,y3eKMW Mapwan- flyu )f(o3ec/>, repu.or .ae BaH.aoM; M, HaKOHeU., poeeufteKMWMMnepaTop nerp I BenMKMW( ena6bJW TaKTMK, HO 6neeTf/IJ..IMW eTpBTer). 8 OeTanbHOM )l(e, XOT>l Ha npOT>l)l(eHMM eeero onuebJBaeMoro nonyeeKa BOWHbl wnu npaKTM<{eeKM HenpepbJBHO, nyeTb M Ha KpaftHe orpaHM<{eHHb/X reppMTOPM>IX, KOMaH.[J,OBaHMe BOWeKaMM eTpa.aano HeM306peTaTenbHOeTb/O M.[J,OTMaTM3MOM.

fJlABH bl E TEH)J.EH U.Vl V1 Ha Mope c 6ecnpe~e.aeHTHbJM or-

Bnpo4eM, KpoMe 3Toiii ~MKnM-

pbJBOM nM,aMpoBana bpMraHMR; BbJ-

4ecKoiii 3aKOHOMepHOCTM Ha Be,ae-

pBaTbCR Bnepe,a TaK,aaneKO aHmW-Ia-

HMe 6oeBbJX .aeiiicrBMiii B XVIII BeKe

HaM He y,aaBaflOCb HM ,ao, HM nocne(Ha npom)l(eHMM onMCbJBaeMoro crone-

60flbWe) BflMRflM cpaKTOpbl CO~M

TMR). Bnpo4eM, n106b1e nopbJBbJ cpno-

anbHbJe, nOflMTM4eCKMe M 3KOHOMM-

481

HM4YTb He MeHbwe ( ecnM .aa)l(e He

TOBO,a4ecKoiii )I(MBOiii Mb/CflM CBO,f1M-

4eCKMe. CaM no ce6e 3KOHOMM4e-

flMCb Ha HeT y,ayWa10!4MM ne,aaHTM3-

CKMiii acneKT, B03MO)I(HO, 6bJn M HaM-

MOM bpMTaHCKOTO B,aMMpanreiiicTBa,

MeHee Ba)l(eH - 3KOHOMMKa nepBOW

npaB.aa, no npM4MHaM coBepweHHO

nonoBMHbJ onMCbJBaeMoro cronerMR

MHbiM, ecnM cpaBHMTb C cpopMaflM3-

Mano 4eM OTnM4anaCb OT npe,abJ,ay-

MOM, ommaBWMM cyxonyrHbJe BOeH-

l4MX BeKOB, XOTR BOT-BOT ,f10fl)I(Ha

HbJe ,aeiiiCTBMR. no MeHbWeiii Mepe

6bma npOM30WTM npOMb/WfleHHaR

,f1BOe 6pMTaHCKMX a,aMMpanOB 3acny-

peeoniO~MR, nocne.acTBMR Koropoiii

)I(MBaiOT ynOMMHaHMR B CBR3M C TOW

Kap,aMHanbHO M3MeHRT KaprMHY. KaK

M306perarenbHOCTbiO, C KaKOW o,aep-

M paHbwe, B

)I(MBBnM Bne4aTnRIOl4Me no6e,abl, He-

CKMe orpaHM4eHMR, HaKJ1B,abJBaeMbJe

XVIII BeKe

3KOHOMM4e-

CMOTpR Ha ~apMBWMiii BBOnpOCBXTaK-

Ha 6oeBbJe ,aeiiiCTBMR, KacanMCb

TMKM KOCHb/W cpopMBnM3M (T04Hee,

maBHbiM o6pa30M cenbCKOX03Riii-

BOnpeKM OHOMy),- nop,a j])IWp,a)l(

CTBeHHOTO M npOMb/WfleHHOTO npo-

3HCOH M 6apoH 3.ayap.a XoyK.

M3BO,f1CTBa. f1bBMHaR ,aonR BCero Hapo,aoHaceneHMR

6bma

3aHRTa

npyccKJ.t~ raapAe~cKJ.t~

KaaanepHCT.

1700 r.

B cenbCKOM X03Riiicree; roro, 4TO OHM npOM3BO,f1MflM, 6blfl0 ,f10CTaT04-

OOEBhiE AEHCTBHH XVIII BEKA

HO ,anR HMX CaMMX, O,aHaKO M36bJTOK,

4eM KaK pa3 ror.aa, Kor.aa M or cenb-

we,awMiii Ha nponMTaHMe CY!4e-

cKoro X03RWCTBa, MOT npOMb/WfleH-

CTBeHHO MeHbWeiii,aonM HaceneHMR,

HOCTM rpe6oBancR no,abeM npou3-

3aHRTOiit peMecnaMM MflM Cfly)I(60iit

Bo.acrBa.

Bee KaMnaHMM XVIII BeKa ocHOBbJ-

(B TOM 4MCne BOeHHOiii), 6bJn Kpaiii-

BnMRHMe Ha BOeHHYIO opraHM3a-

eanMcb Ha npMMepe rycraBa II A.aonb-

He Man. Co6parb M co.aep)l(aTb 6onb-

~MIO CO~MaflbHbiXYCflOBMiii, CflO)I(MB-

cpa. O.aHaKo 6yKBanbHO C4MTaHHbJM

WYIO apMMIO BOeHHOTO BpeMeHM

WMXCR K

flM4HOCTRM M3 BCero COHMa no,apa-

6bJnO cpM3M4eCKM HeB03MO)I(H0 -

BbJ4aiiiHo TeCHO COOTHOCMflOCb C

)l(aTeneiii XBaTMflO cnoco6HOCTeiii

peKpyrMpoBaHMe con.aar npoBo,aM-

3KOHOMM4eCKMMM C006p8)1(eHMRMM.

cne.aoBarb npMMepy wBe,acKoro KO-

nocb maBHbJM o6pa3oM M3 Kpecrb-

nocKOflbKY Tpe6oBaflCR 3KOHOMM-

ponR c M3o6perarenbHOCTbiO M 3Hep-

RH, a cne.aoBarenbHO, 4Mcno npoM3-

4eCKMiii pocr, cne.aoBarenbHO, peKPYTMPOBaHMe HOB06paH~eB ,f10fl)l(-

XVIII Beey B

EBpone, 4pe3-

rM4HOCTbiO, XOTR 6bJ npMMepHO COnO-

BO,aMreneiii npo,aOBOflbCTBMR COKpa-

CTaBMMb/MM C ero. no,aaBflRI0!4ee )l(e

!4aflOCb, ror.aa KaK cnpoc Ha npo.ao-

HO 6blfl0 BeCTMCb M3 HaMMeHee npo-

60flbWMHCTBO y,aoBneTBOPRflOCb

BOflbCTBMe CO CTOpOHbl HenpOM3BO-

M3BO,f1MTeflbHb/X cnoeB HaceneHMR.

TeM, 4TO KOnMpOBBnO 4MCTO BHeWHMe

,f1MTeneiii, Hao6opor, B03pacran.

OcpM~epbJ npuHa.ane)l(anM KaK npa-

acneKTbJ BOeHHoiii cMcreMbJ rycraBa

KpoMe roro, orpaHM4eHHbJe npoM3-

Buno K apMCTOKpaTMM (T. e. He 6bJnM CBR3aHbl C npOM3BO,f1CTBOM npaKTM-

II A.aonbcpa, He .aaBaR ce6e

rpy.aa 3a-

Bo.acrBeHHbJe MOl4HOCTM (,ao BBe-

,ayMaTbCR Ha,a TeM, 4TO ycnexaMM

,aeHMR rexHonorMM MaccoBoro npo-

4eCKM HMKaK), a con,aaTbl Ha6Mpa-

CBOMMM OH 6bm 06R38H rM6KOMY npM-

flMCb B OCHOBHOM M3 OT6pOCOB o6-

MeHeHMIO HOBb/X TMnOB opy)I(MR M

M3Bo.acrBa) He 6bJnM B COCTORHMM o6ecne4MTb opy)I(MeM M CHapR)I(eHM-

opraHM38~MM B

COOTBeTCTBMM CO CTa-

eM KpynHyiO apMMIO, Be.l1Yl4YIO aK-

C4MTaTbCR npOM3BO,f1MTeflbHOW CM-

pbJMM npMH~MnaMM. Bor M,aeanbHbJiit

TMBHbJe (M BeCbMa HaKna,aHble) 6oe-

noiii Ta/OKe HMKaK He MOmM. B CBOIO

npMMep roro, 4TO c3p ApHonb,a

Bb/e ,aeiiiCTBMR.

)J)K.

ToiiiH6M Ha3bJBan «~MKnOM M3o6-

pereHMe -

TpMyMcp - 386BeHMe - M 1

( B KOHe4HOM MTOre) KaTaCTpocpa» .

1 Arnold J. Toynbee. A study of History, Somervell Abridgment (Vols. 1-6), Oxford, N.Y., p. 367 (npMMe<f. 3. MT. }:(IOniOM; «IloCTM)f(eHMe MCTopMM» ApHanb~a ):()!(. Toi'!H6M nepeB~eHO Ha pyccKMi'i Jl3b1K M Bbl~ep)f(anO HecKanbKO M~aHMi'i.- P~.).

!4eCTBa M 6e3pa60THbiX, KOTOpbJe

o4epe,ab, co~ManbHbJe coo6pa)l(e-

EBponeiiicKaR KonoHManbHaR

HMR 4pe3Bbl4aiiiHO TeCHO nepennera-

3KCnaHCMR, conpOBO)I(,f1aBWaRCR aK-

flMCb C nonMTM4eCKMMM cpaKTopaMM,

TMBM3a~Meiii TOprOBflM M ycMneHMeM MepKaHTMflM3Ma, TOflbKO ,aonOflHM-

onpe,aenRBWMMM Be,aeHMe BOWH.

TeflbHO

aK~eHTMPOBana

BCe Te )l(e

Mo)I(HO C4MTaTb ( cpaKTM4eCKM, raK OHO M 6blfl0), 4TO npaBMTeflbCTBO-

3KOHOMM4eCKMe orpaHM4eHMR. Ko-

3TO

noHManM3M M MepKaHTMflM3M C0-

MCnOflb3yeMaR MOHapXOM ,anR a,a-

3,f1aBanM .aononHMrenbHYIO yre4KY

MMHMCTpaTMBHOTO ynpaBneHMR CBO-

fliO,f1CKMX pecypCOB- M B cenbCKOM

MMM Bna.aeHMRMM. BoiiiHbl BenMcb

X03RWCTBe, M B peMecnax, -

pa,au flM4Hb/X MflM ,f1MHaCTM4eCKMX

npM-

opraHM3a~MOHHaR

CTpyKTypa,

482

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr:. anbHb/X 6a3aX CHa6)J(eH/IIR ,ll,OCTaTOLJHO npoaMaHTa /II 6oenpMnacoa.

Co-

OTBeTCTBeHHO, 8pM/II/II Heflb3R 6blfl0 n0380fl/IITb Cfl/IIWKOM y,D,aflRTbCR OT 3T/IIX 6a3 -

MaKC/IIMaflbHOe y,D,ane-

H/IIe ,D,OnyCKaflOCb, K8K np88/llfl0, H8

4-5 ,D,Hel71

nepexo,D,a, nocne LJero

cne,D,OBana OCTaHOBK8, npO,[J,Ofl)J(aBWaRCR ,D,O Tex nop, noK8 He npoM3-

6-<J>yHTOB3SI nywKa nonesoi'i apntnnepVIVI

BO,D,/IInacbnepe,D,McnoK8f4/IIRCKna,D,oB /II neKapeH. 3Ta TaK Ha3bJBaeMaR nRT/IIMapweaaR C/IICTeMa anepabJe 6blfl8 BBe,D,eHa 80 BpeMR BOI71H flJO,ll,OB/IIK8

XIV.

KpoMe Taro, Heo6xo,D,/IIMO 6blflO

nonKOB3SI 3-<J>yHTOB3SI nywKa

M36e)J(aTb pMCK8 noTepM a 6010

ao-

eHHocny)J(a~Mx, LJbe o6yLJeH/IIe TaK ,D,oporo o6ownocb. TaK/IIM o6pa30M, H/11 O,ll,/IIH KOMaH,D,/IIp He )J(enan cpa)J(aTbCR, ecnM He 6bJn npaKT/11LJeCK/11 CTOnpOJ4eHTHO yaepeH 8 ycnexe; HO ae,D,b ero npoT/IIBH/IIK Mor npMMepHO TaK )J(e npMK/IIHYTb WaHCbl /11, ecTeCTBeHHO, npM He6naronpM>ITHOM nporHo3e cmn 6bJ BCRLJecBbJro,D,. KoHeLJHO, Henb3>1 c6pacbJ-

npoM3BO,ll,/IITenbHbJX cnoea Hacene-

BaTb CO CLJeTOB pOCT HaJ4/IIOHaflbHO-

H/IIR: fl/1160 , BOCnOflb3088BW/IICb He-

K/11 nbJTaTbCR /1136e)J(aTb CTOflKHOBeH/11>1, LJTO

n 8 Tp/IIOT/IILJeCKOrO CaMOC03HaHWil 8

,D,aBHO npMo6peTeHHb/M/II 80/IIHCK/11-

y,D,aneH/IIeM 6onee LJeM Ha 4 -

Hapo,D,e, O,D,HaKo a n e payJO oLJepe,D,b

M/11 HaBbJKaM/11, OH/11 3ai71MyTCR rpa-

nepexo,D,a OT 6n/II)J(8171wero xpaH/11-

nO,D, naTp/IIOT/113MOM nOH/IIManaCb

6e)J(aM/II, fl/1160 ,D,e3epTMPYJOT. no-

n/11~8 C npMnacaM/11 npOT/IIBHOI71 CTO-

aepHOCTb MOHapxy; naTp/IIOT/113M )J(e

CKOflbKY cpaBH/IITeflbHO ManaR ,ll,OflR

pOHbl. B TaK/IIX ycnoB/IIRX 6MTBbJ npo-

a coapeMeHHOM noHMMaH/11/11 cnoa8

nJO,D,CK/IIX pecypcoa eaponel71cKol71

/IICXO,ll,/llfl/11 BeCbMa pe,D,KO, a reHe-

He Mrp8n a cTporo CTPYKTypMpoaaH-

CTpaHbl rO,D,/IIflaCb ,ll,flR BOeHHOI71

p8flbHbJe cpa)J(eH/IIR -

HOM 06~eCTBeHHO-nOfl/IIT/IILJeCKOM

Cfly)J(6bJ; nOCKOflbKY Ha6op HOBb/X

fl/IIWb 6naro,D,apR3Hepr/IILJHOCT/II /IIC-

npo~e

acero ,D,OCTMranocb

5 ,D,Hel71

T8K /II B006~e

ycTpol71cTBe o6~ecTaa npaKT/IILJeCK/11

con,D,8T acer,D,a cmnK/IIBancR c npo-

Kfl/OLJ/IITeflbHO Tafl8HTfl/IIBb/X nOflKO-

H/IIKaKOI71 pOfl/11. 80/IICT/IIHy, Ha/1160nee

6neM8M/II; nOCKOflbKY Ha TO LJT06bJ

BO,D,J4eB /llfl/11 onpoMeTLJ/IIBOCT/11 /IIC-

0Tfl/IILJ/11TeflbHOI71 xapaKTep/IICT/IIKOI71

BbiMYWTPOBaTb HOB06paHJ4eB 8

Kfl/OLJ/IITeflbHO 6e3,D,8pHb/X.

::mOX/11 6blfla 38KOCHeflOCTb -

TOLJHOM COOTBeTCTB/11/11 C BOeHHOI71

Ho ecn/11 y)/( cpa)J(eH/IIe 3aBR3bJBa-

XVIII aeKa ( KoTOpaR on-

nocb, TO HenpeMeHHO npOXO,ll,/llflO

3KOHO-

M/IILJeCK8>1, C0/4/IIaflbHa>l /II KYflbTyp-

npaKT/IIKOI71

H8>1, LJTO BHOC/IIflO CBOI71 HeMaflb/171

pe,D,en>~nacb

B03MO)J(HOCT>IM/II opy-

ynopHO /II O)J(eCTOLJeHHO. 3a np/IIMe-

8Kfl8,ll, 8 BbJWeynOMRHYTbll71 BOeHHb/M

)J(/IIR) Tpe6oa8nocb HeM8noe ape-

paM/11 ,D,aneKO XO,ll,/IITb He Ha,D,O: ,ll,O-

MR, TO noTep/11 fl/IILJHOrO COCT8Ba OT

CTaTOLJHO B3rflRHYTb H8 f4/llcfJpbl no-

,D,OrMaT/113M. B3RTb, H8npMMep, ,ll,/IICf4/llnnMHY.

,D,e3epTMpCTB8 BOCnp/IIH/IIMafl/IICb

Tepb B TaK/IIX 6/IITBaX, KaK np/11 6neH-

II A,D,onbcfJa onpe,D,e-

He MeHee cepbe3HO, LJeM noTep/11 a

xei71Me, M8nbnnaKe /II 4JoHTeHya. Ho,

cpa)J(eH/IIRX.

c yLJeTOM xap8KTep8 KaMnaH/11171 /II

Ycnex/11 /ycmaa

nRn/IICb ,ll,/11Cf4/llnfl/IIHOI71 /II TOLJHOCTb/0 /IICnOnHeH/IIR MaHeapa; COOTBeT-

Bo apeMR KaMnaH/11171 Henb3R 6bJ-

npMHJ4Mnoa apMel71cKol71 opraHM3a-

CTBeHHO, ero no,D,pa)J(aTen/11 ,D,ep)J(a-

no n0380fl>ITb fl/IILJHOMY COCTaBY ap-

f4/ll/ll , CTOflb Bb/COK/IIe noTep/11 He

n/11 /IIX 38 caMOJ4enb. 6onee Toro,

M/11171 cy~eCTBOB8Tb «H8 nO,D,HO)J(HOM

Cfl/IIWKOM cepbe3 HO CKa3bJBafl/IICb Ha

fl/IIWb nocpe,D,CTBOM )J(efle3HOI71 ,ll,/IIC-

KOpMy», /II OTHJO,ll,b He no np/IILJ/IIHe 38 -

3KOHOM/11Ke /llfl/11 06~eCTBeHHOM yCTpoi71CTBe CTp8H-YLJ8CTH/IIf4.

f4/llnfl/11Hbl /II CTpO)J(al71wero KOHTPOfl>l

60Tbl o 6nare M/llpHoro HaceneH/IIR:

( cfJ/113/IILJeCKOro /II YMCTBeHHOro) MO)J(-

npOCTO rpa)J(,ll,aHCKaR 3KOHOM/11Ka He

BnpoLJeM, He cne,D,yeT ,D,YM8Tb,

HO 6blfl0 KaK-TO ,D,ep)J(aTb 8 y3,D,e /II

BbJ,D,ep)J(ana 6bJ rpa6e)J(el71 /II Mapo-

6y,D,TO 8 3TY 3noxy ( BKflJOLJaR KOHe/4

o6yLJ8Tb BOeHHOMY ,D,eny TOT c6pO,ll,,

,D,epcTBa, a BOeHH8R -

He/1136e)J(H0-

XVII a . ) coaceM He 6bmo mnaHm/11-

/113 KOTOpOrO COCTORfla cpe,D,HR>I eB-

ro ,D,e3epTMPCTBa. TaK/IIM o6pa30M,

BbJX nonKOBO,D,f4eB. Ho H/11 y Koro /113

ponei71CK8R 8PM/IIR. 0T6pocaM o6~e

HaLJ/IIH8Tb KaMnaH/11/0 MO)J(HO 6blfl0

H/IIX He xaaTano reH/IIR, ,D,a, aepoRT-

CTBa Heflb3R 6blfl0 n0380fl/IITb 6po-

fl/IIWb nocne TOrO, KaK KOMaH,D,/IIpbJ

HO, /II 803MO)J(HOCTel71 T8K/IIX He 6blfl0,

,ll,/11Tb KaK /liM 83,ll,yMaeTCR cpe,D,/11

co6epYT /II cocpe,D,OTOLJ8T Ha cnef4/ll-

LJT06bJ npeo,D,oneTb noaceMeCTHO

485

fJlABH bl E TEH)J.EH U.Vl V1 Ta6mn.ta.

Cse.neHIII51 o6 esponelllcKIIIX nexoTHbiX py)l(b51X.llO KOHUa XVIII croneTIII51

rocy,~:~apcrso

BpelVIl! BBe,l:leHHll o6pa31..la

IIpycciDI

1760---1770 rr. KpeMHeBoe py)Kbe

<l>paHUIDI

1777 r.

ABcrpiDI

Ha.JBaHHe py:>I<l>ll

Bee py:>Kbll, Kr

KaJJH6p, Iviivi

17-18

5,0

KpeMHeBoe py)Kbe

17,7

4,0

1800 r.

IIexomoe py)Kbe

17,58

4,5

POCCIDI

1715 r.

<l>y3e~

PocCIDI

1775 r.

MywKeTOH

21,5

3,0

IIpycCIDI

1800---1808 rr. KpeMHeBoe py)Kbe

16,83

4,9

H rJI3,qKHe CTBOJII>I 6b1JIH rrpeHMyi.UeCTBeHHO

A~taCKOBhle;

IlpHMe'!aHHe

Bee nynH- 30 r, 3ap.sr.u- 10 r. IIpHUern.Hbrn BbiCTpeJI - .UO 120M. Ha 240M nymi npooHBaeT eJIOB)'IO ,!lOCK)' B 5 CM TOJ1IIUiHOH. IIyiDI BeCHT 24,3 r, 3ap.sr.u- 11 r. Py)Kbe He HMeer M)'WKH.

19,68 .UO 21,50 5,5 Py)Kbe KaBanepHiiCKoe. )]Yno c pacrpyooM B 25x38 MM 3apiDKli.JIOCb 5-7 Kapre'IHHaMH. 3ap~- 6,4 r. KapTe'IHHbinO 4,25 rKIDK.U~. IIyiDI BeCHT 26,3 r, 3ap.sr.u- 9, 7 r.

C opraHH3auHelt perynSipHI>IX ap-

B KypKe B CBHHUOBhlX rrpoKJia,qKax.

1810

MaTepHaJI ro-

MHlt H B BOCTO<JHhlX CTpaHax 61>m0

pa3,qO BI>IIIIe Ka<JeCTBOM, HeJKeJIH JKe-

BBe,qeHO OAH006pa3HOe opyJKHe BaJIO-

IIpOH3Be,qeHhl IIIHpOKHe OIIhlThl C

Jie30 TOro BpeMeHH.

BOrO IIpOH3BOACTBa eBporreltCKHX o6-

pa3JIH<JHhlMH pyJKeltHhlMH 3~1KaMH,

pa3UOB.

IIpH<JeM OKa3aJIOCI>, "'TO KpeMeHI>

A3HaTCKHe pyiKI>.SI, KaK H

xono,q-

ro,qy BO <DpaHUHH 6h1JIH

Bhl,qepiKHBaeT

30 BhlCTpeJIOB; CTBOJI 60

Hoe opyJKHe BOCTO<JHOlt pa60Thl,

IIpoH30IIIJIO 3TO paHJ>IIIe ,qpyrHx

6J>IJIH 3aKOH<JeHHOro THIIa, COOTBeT-

B .HrroHHH, 3aTeM- BTypUHH (BcJie,q-

He06XOAHMO IIpOMI>IBaTI> IIOCJie

BhlCTpeJioB; <JHCTHTb H CMa3b1BaTI>

CTBYIOI.Uero o,qHoMy KaKoMy-JIH6o

CTBHe BOltH B eBporreltcKolt TypUHH),

Ha3Ha<JeHHIO: ca6JI.SI rrpeBOCXOAHO

ropa3AO II03JKe eBporreltCKOe BOeHHOe

3aMOK- IIOCJie

CKOHCTpyHpOBaHa KaK <JHCTO py6.SI-

opyJKHe MaCCOBOrO IIpOH3BOACTBa

Pa3HJ>Ie 3aMKH ,qaBaJIH TaKoe KOJIH-

mee opyJKHe, pyJKJ>e- KaK <JHCTO

6h1Jlo rrpHHSITO B IIepcHH H B ,qpyrHx

qecTBO oce<JeK:

pyqHoe opyJKHe: nernoe, c xopoiiiHM

a3HaTCKHX rocy,qapCTBax.

<}>paHUY3CKoe PYJKI>e o6p.

6oeM, y,qo6Hoe AJISI HOIIIeHHSI. EcJIH

KpeMHeBhle 3aMKH ,qeltcTBOBaJIH

p)'"'A<J>e KperrocTHoe, TaK oHo- Kpe-

AOBOJII>HO 6e30TKa3HO, OCe<JeK 6h1JIO

1791 ro,qa B He-

rrocTHoe. BocTO<JHhle Hapo,qhl He JII0-

MaJIO. HarrpHMep, c

6HJIH, H opyJKeltHHKH HX He AeJiaJIH

MeUKHX BOltCKax HaKa31>1BaJIH COJI-

300

BhlCTpeJIOB.

1763 r. 121 BI>ICTpen ascTpHHCKoe pyJKJ>e o6p. 1763 r. o,qHy oceqry .... Ha 62 BhlCTpena aHrJIHltcKoe PYJKI>e o6p. 1763 r. o,qHy oce<JKY ... Ha

coe,qHHeHHSI OrHeCTpeJII>HOrO OpYJKH.Sl

,qaTa, eCJIH y Hero Ha

16 BhlCTpeJIOB

o,qHy oce路cn-'Y .... Ha 44 BhlCTpena

C XOJIOAHhlM- pyiKbe-IIIThlK, py6SI-

IIpH HOBOM KpeMHe 6blJia XOT.Sl 6bl

mero C KOJIIOI.UHM -

o,qHa oce<JKa. KpeMeHJ> 3aKperrJI.SIJIH

1763 r. 28 BhlCTpenoB HcrraHcKoe pyJKJ>e o6p. 1763 r. o,qHy oce<Jh)' .... Ha 22 BhlCTpena <}>paHUY3CKoe PYJKI>e o6p. 1777 r. o,qHy oce<JK)' ... Ha 15 BhlCTpenoB

IIaJiaiii, H T. ,q.

BoHHI>I a3HaTCKHX Hapo,qoB cHap.SIJKaJIHCI> H BOOpYJKa.JIHCb HHAHBHAYaJII>HO, II03TOMY HX PYJKI>e, KaK H opyJKHe Ka3aKOB TOro BpeMeHH, He 6h1JIO o,qH006pa3Hh1M, HO B o6meM OHO 6h1JIO

pyccKoe pyJKJ>e o6p.

o,qHy oce<JK)' ... Ha

bhlJIO peiiieHO ycoBepiiieHCTBO-

6oJiee BhlCOKOro tl'll.<JeCTBa, <JeM p.ll,!l.O-

BaTI> 3aMOK PYJKI>SI

BOe opyJKHe eBporreltCKHX COJI,qaT.

1789

1777

ro,qa.

ro,qy BO <DpaHUHH 6h1Jlo

EBporreltcKHe IIHCTOJieThl BOeH-

IIpOH3Be,qeHO HCIIhlTaHHe IIeXOTHhlX

H I>IX o6pa3UOB 6J>IJIH II peHMyi.Ue-

pyJKeH 60JII>IIIHM KOJIH<JeCTBOM Bhl-

CTBeHHO TaKOrO JKe KaJIH6pa, KaK H PYJKI>.SI

(18-20

CTpeJIOB AJI.SI orrpe,qeJieHHSI HX JKHBy-

MM),- TSIJKeJIJ>Ie,

<JeCTH. IIocJie

10 TI>IC.SI<J

BhlCTpenoB

rpOMOJAKHe, C HH<JTOJKHOlt MeTKO-

PYJKJ>e oKa3aJIOCI> eme ro,qHhlM K

CTblO H MaJIOHa,LJ,e:>KHhlM KpeMHeBI>IM

yrrOTpe6JieHHIO. )l{HBy<JeCTh rrpH3Ha-

3aMKOM. KoMaHAHhllt cocTas (o<}>Hue-

Ha AOCTaToqHolt.

phl) HMeJI 6oJiee COBepiiieHHhle IIHC-

Co Bmpofi rroJIOBHHhl

TOJieThl IIpOH3BOJII>HhlX o6pa3UOB.

XVIII cm-

JieTH.SI Hape3HJ>Ie PYJKI>SI (BHHTOBKH)

BBHAY qacThlX OTKa30B rrpH C1peJI J>-

BCe 60JIJ>IIIe BXOA.SIT B yrroTpe6JieHHe.

6e KpeMHeBble IIHCTOJieThl HOCHJIHCb

B liiBeUHH BMecTo KOJiecuoBJ>IX BHH-

BCel)l.a IIO ,qBa: Op)'"'A<eltHHKH TaK H H3-

TOBOK C

roTOBJISIJIH HX rrapaMH, IIpH<JeM IIHCTO-

Bhle. B IIpyccHH c

JleThl OAHOlt rraphl,qOJI:>KHh16hlJIH 6b1Th COBepiiieHHO OAHHaKOBhlMH.

1760

ro,qa BBOASIT KpeMHe-

1787

ro,qa

nyq-

Tpy6a~npyocKO~raapAe~cKO~

IIIHM C1peJIKaM BbJAaBaJiaCJ> KpeMHe-

KaBanepttm. 1700 r.

BaSI BHHTOBKaco IIIThlKOM. B AHrJIHH

486

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. TAKTMKACYXOTIYTHL~

liOEBL~ .D:EHCTBMU

era po,ll,a KOHKypeHJ..4111/0- 3TO AfleKCaH,lJ,p MaKe,ll,OHCKII1i1. ¢P111AP111X 8e!1111KII1i1 npo,ll,Of1>KII111 pea0/1101..411110 a 0611aCTII1 apTII11111epii1£1CKOi71 TaKTII1KII1, Ha'laTyJO lycTaaoM

nocKOflbKY 6a11 B Onii1CbiBaeMb/M nepll10,ll, npaa11111111 ,ll,OfMaTII13M ,ll,a ne-

OH pa3pa60Ta/1 KOHJ..4en1..411110 KOHH0£1

,ll,aHTII13M, TaKTWieCKII1X HOaoaae,ll,e-

apT1111111ep111111 (a npOTII1aoaec Tpa,l1,111-

XVIII CTOI1e-

J..41110HHOi71 apT1111111ep111111 Ha KOHHOiil

HII1M3a nepabJe no11aeKa

nMCTO/leTbl nMKMHepHble 111 AparyHCKMe ( 1700-1732 rr.)

KpeMHeBaH BHHTOBKa BBe):leHa C ro):la . HarroMHHM, 'ITO c

1700

A,ll,Oflb(/)OM. 8 CeMII1!1eTHJOJO aoi1Hy

TII151 OTMe'leHO cpaaHII1Tef1bHO Ma/10.

T51re): Ka>K,ll,b/M KaHOHII1p, Ka>K,ll,b/M

KaK y>Ke roaopii1110Cb, 60f1bWII1HCTao

nO,ll,HOC'1111K CHap51,ll,Oa e3,l1,11111 Tenepb

reHepa11oa npe,ll,nO'III1Taf1111 11136eraTb

aepxoM, 611ara,ll,ap51 'leMy apTII11111e-

ym-

pll151 nocneaa11a 3a cTpeMII1Tef1bHOi1

MII1Tef1bHOe MaHeap111p0aaH111e. TaK-

npyCCK0£1 KOHH1111..4eiil . KpoMe TOTO,

cpa>KeHII1i1, nof1ara51Cb 11111Wb Ha

1794

TII1'1eCKII1e nOCTpOeHII151 Ma/10 'leM OT-

r:JJpll1,lJ,PII1X 8e!1111KII1M aocnOI1b30aa/1C51

ro):la

11111'1af1111Cb OT pa3pa60TaHHb/X a npo-

TeM, 'ITO 51,ll,pa 1113 ray61111..4 11eT51T nO

BIIHTOBKaMH 6bJJJH BOopy:>KeHbl BCe

Wf10M aeKe -

pa3ae 'ITO CTa/1111 He-

HaaeCHb/M TpaeKTOpii151M, 111 CTa/1 06-

YHTep-otllHIJepbi ( OT):IeJJeHHbie KOMaH-

CKOflbKO Cf10>KHee 111 Me,ll,f1111Tef1bHe£1.

CTpe!1111aaTb pe3epab/ npOTII1aHII1Ka,

LIHpbi) npyccKOll KaBanepHH .

8epxoM TaKTII1'1ecKoro coaepweH-

CKpbiTble 3a ,ll,epeBb51MII1111 XOI1MaM111;

PHLIOBhiMH KaBanepulicKHMII py-

CTaa C'1111Taf10Cb ab/CTp0111Tb aOMCKa

MO>KHO CKa3aTb, 111MeHHO OH 3a/10>KII111

:>KbHMH CJJY:>KHJJH rJJa):IKOCTBOJJbHbJe

a6co!1JOTHO poaHbiM pa3aepHyTbiM

OCHOab/ apTII11111epii1MCKOM TaKTII1KII1 OfH51 Henp51MOi71 HaaO,ll,KOiil.

MYIImeTOHbi II TpoM60Hbi, yKopolleH-

CTpoeM 111 coxpaH51Tb era ,ll,a>Ke a pa3-

Hhie py:>KhH, Ha3BaHHhie c yMeHhrne-

rap cpa>KeHII151. nocKOflbKY TeMn OfH51

Ew,e O,ll,HII1M ( 111, no>Kafly£1, nocf1e,ll,-

HIIeM KaJJII6pa Kapa6IIHaMII . <l>paH-

a03pOC, neXOTHb/M CTp0£1 '!aCTO pa3-

H111M) cyw,eCTaeHHb/M TaKTII1'1eCKII1M

uy3CKIIll KaBane piiilcKHli MYIIIKeTOH

aopa'lll1aa/1C51 He wecTb/0 p51,lJ,aMII1, a

HOaOBae,ll,eHII1eM Onii1CbiBaeMOra ne-

1786 ro):la BecHJJ Bcero 2,956 Kr. Ilpii-

11111Wb 'leTblpbM51.

pii10,ll,a 51aii1110Cb y11y'1weH111e opraHII1-

6JJH3HTeJJbHO CTOJJbKO :>Ke BeCIIJIII II

E,l1,111HCTaeHHbJM, KTO no3a0!15111

6onee HOBbie KaBanepuilcKIIe Kapa6H-

Ce6e OTXO,l1,111Tb OT 06w,enpii1H51Tb/X

Tbl. 8 Eapone

1760

TaKTII1'1eCKII1X npaa11111, 6blf1 QJpll1,ll,pii1X

w,ecTaeHHO aacTpo-aeHrepCKII1M HO-

aTo cTaflo oco6eHHO

aoaBe,ll,eHII1eM, Bb/3aaHHb/M K >KII13HII1

Hbl. ABcTpnilcKHe KHpacHpbi B

roey 6biJJH Boopy:>KeHbi TPOM6oHaMn, 3apH:>KaeMbiMH

KapTelJHHaMH Ha

Ka:>K):Iblll BbiCTpeJI.

8ef1111KII1i1 -

3aJ..4111111 111 npii1MeHeHII151 11erKoiil nexo-

am 51a111110cb npeii1MY-

ow,yw,aTbC51 a cepe,l1,111He aeKa, no,ll,

npaKTII1'1eCKOi71 He06XO,l1,111MOCTb/O, nO

KOHeJ..4 aOMHbl 3a aaCTPII1MCKOe Ha-

XO,ll,Y BOMHbl 3a aacTpii1MCKOe Ha-

Ha Boopy:>KeHHH Bcero KOMaHLI-

Cfle,ll,CTaO. MywTpa, aoi1CKOaa51 ,l1,111C-

CJ1e,ll,CTaO, KOr,ll,a reHepa!1bt 111Mne-

Horo cocTaBa II qacTHqHo pHLIOBbiX

J..4111nf1111Ha 111 TO'IHOCTb 111CnOI1HeHII151 ne-

paTpii1J..4bt Map111111- Tepe3111111 nepeH5111111

B KaBaJJepHH 6bJJJH IIHCTOJJeTbl.

XOT0£1 TaKTII1'1eCKOfO MaHeapa 3aHII1-

,ll,/151 onepa1..4111iil npOTII1a npyccaKoa 111

B roJJJJaHLICKoii KaBanepiin 6 hmn ca-

Maf1111 QJpll1,ll,pii1Xa 8ef1111KOra HII1'1YTb He

(/)paHJ..4Y30a TaKTII1KY xopaaTCKII1X

Mbie 60JJbWHe IIHCTOJJeTbl ( CTBOJJ

MeHbwe, 'leM 11106oro ,ll,pyroro nof1-

60 B 1707

):IJJHHOH

CM).

KOaO,ll,J..4a

XVIII aeKa .

Ho ,ll,f151 Hero ace

«rpeHJ..4epOa» ( norpaHII1'1HII1KOa), KOTOpbte ,ll,aaHo ae11111 caoero po,ll,a

ro):ly ncrrbiTbiBaJicH py-

3TO Hll1 a KOeM Cfly'lae He 51a/151/10Cb

napTII13aHCKYJO aoi1Hy npoTII1B Ty-

:>KeHHbiH rraTpOH H3 :>KeCTII, rrpnMeHH-

CaMOJ..4el1b/O, OCTaaa51Cb 11111Wb cpe,ll,-

poK, -

L1JI51 3apH:>KaHH51 c Ayna. Kpyr-

CTaOM ,ll,OCTII1>KeHII151 He06XO,l1,111MOra

MeH5111111Cb 'lepe,ll,0£1 Mef1KII1X, He(/)op-

naH JIYJIH 6bJJia IIpHIIaHHa K :>KeCTHHOH

pe3yf1bTaTa . Co6cTBeHHO raaop51,

MaflbHb/X CTbt'leK. 8npo'leM, He'ITO

rHJJb3e , rrpH CTpenb6e rryn H n eTena

MywTpoaa/1111 npyccKy/0 apMII1/0 6e3-

noxo>Kee npoii1CXO,l1,111110 111 a aMepii1-

c rHJJb3oll:. Eon: rrony'laJicH KY'lHee,

>Kaf10CTHee HeKy,ll,a , ,ll,II1CJ..4111nf1111HY

KaHCKII1X KOI10HII151X- f,ll,e 3Ta TeH-

IIOTOMY qTO riiJib 3a B CTBOJie ynyq-

a Heiil no,ll,ll,ep>KII1aaf1111 coaepweHHO

,ll,eHJ..411151 K KOHJ..4Y aeKa CTaHeT 'lpe3-

WaJJa o6nopaumo, a BHe CTBOJJa cny-

>Ke/1e3Hy/O, a TO'IHOCTII1 111Cn0!1HeHII151

ab/'lai71HO aa>KHOiil.

:>KHJJa CTa6HJJH3aTOpOM.

Tpe6oaa11111 KaK Hll1 a O,ll,H0£1 ,ll,pyra£1

eMbiH

KOHUe

XVII

cToJJeTH51 nyqrnn-

eaponei1cKoi1 apMII1111. Ho r:t>pll1,ll,pll1x

MH rropoxaMn ClJHTan ncb ronnaHLI-

8ef1111KII1i1 ,ll,o6aa11111 ,ll,aa 'lpe3abJ'Iai1Ho

cKnii, IICIIaHCKIIH, aHrJIHHCKHll, pyc-

CyW,eCTaeHHb/X HOab/X 311eMeHTa:

CKHH , repMaHCKIIli, tllpaHUY 3CKHM ,

CKOPOCTb 111 no11eaoi1 MaHeap . 8 pe-

IIOJibCKHH, IIOpTyraJJbCKIIH; rrpO'IHe

3YI1bTaTe aoi1cKo ¢P111AP111Xa 8e!1111KO-

6biJIH xy:>Ke .

B 1783

roAy rpatll

IIHK-

ra aoii1CTII1HY 51af151110 co6oi1 aepx

reHepal1bHbte cpa>KeHII151 3a-

BOUCKOBAH OPrAHM3AI.l;IDI

coApMII1111 Ha'lafla

XVIII

TO B Ilpyccnn rrpeLIJJO:>KHJJ rropox 6e3

aepweHcTaa a o611acT111 apMeiilcKo-

cepbi; TaKOM rropox BIIOCJieJlCTBHH

ro CTp0111Tef1bCTaa; e,l1,111HCTaeHHbiM,

KaK npaa111110 He60f1bWII1MII1, abtCOKO-

aeKa 6btf1111

OKa3aJJC51 oqeHb XOpOIIIHM LIJ151 Kpyn-

KTO TeopeTII1'1eCKII1 MOT 6bl, nO>Kafly£1,

npo(/)eCCII10Haf1bHb/MII1 111 a 3Ha'III1-

HOKaJJH6epHbiX opyLIHM.

COCTaaii1Tb QJpll1,ll,PII1XY 8ef1111KOMY CBO-

Te/1bHOM CTeneHII1 ace ew,e HaeMHbt-

487

fJlABH bl E TEH)J.EH U.Vl V1

HO 6bJnO flMWb C8Mb/MM ,apaKOHOB-

MM; npM 9TOM BOWHbl, KOTOPbJe 06bN-

TOKPBTOB (ocf>MI..IepcTBO) M BC51KOIO

HO BeflMCb pa,aM,aOCTM)I(eHM>I npBB>I-

oTpe6b51 ( con,aaTbJ). CooTeeTcTeeH-

CKMMM MepaMM- )l(efle3HOi!t, 6ecno-

ll.IMMM AMHBCTM>IMM HeKMX CBOMX I..le-

HO, ,aMCT8HI..IM51 Me)l(ay OcpMI..IepCKMM

J.l.IB.aHOi!t ,aMCI..IMnflMHOi!t.

nei!t, 60flbWOIO 9HTY3M83M8 B BOi!tC-

M p51,aOBb/M COCTBBOM 6bJn8 BeflMKB,

KBX He Bb/3b/B8flM. HOBble OPI8HM38-

KBK HMKOr,aa B MCTOPMM. He CflMWKOM

I..IMOHHbJe apMei!tcKMe CTPYKTYPbJ,

YTPMPY>~,

38pO,aMBWMeC51 B KOHI..Ie npe,awe-

mBBHb/M o6p830M, C0/1,[],8Tb/ Cp8)1(8-

CTBOBBBWero CTOfleTM>I, K H848flY

flMCbnOTOMY, 4TO 6051flMCb C06CTBeH-

XVIII eeKa c>~

cy1.1.1ecTBeHHO M3MeHMTb-

He ycnenM.

MO)I(HO BbJ,aBMHYTb Te3Mc:

BOEHHO-MOPCKOH JIOT

Hb/X ocf>MI..Iepoe ropa311.o 6onbwe, 4eM npOTMBHMKB.

Hey,aMBMTeflbHO:

KaK jOKe IOBOPMflOCb, BPMMM CO-

y,aep)I(8Tb no,ao6Hy/O BPMM/0 B y3,ae M

CT051flM mBBHb/M o6p830M M3 apMC-

npe,aOTBPBTMTb ,ae3epTMpCTBO MO)I(-

TaKTMKa /1,0

1750 ro,aa

BOeHHO-MOpCK851

T8KTMK8 onpe,aen51fl8Cb MCKfl/04MTeflbHO npMHI..IMnOM ,,CTeHKB HB CTeH-

nexontHLtbl <J>naH.QpcKOro nOJJK3 ci>P3HLtY3CKO"' apMHH: npanOpi1\HK B YHHci>OpMe 300XH JliO.QOBHKa XIV (cneaa) H ci>Y3HJJep BpeMeH J110,QOBHK3 XV

K}'»: npOTMB060pCTBYIOJ.l.IMe cpnOTb/ nnbJnM napannenbHb/MM KYPCBMM, B KOflOHHY no O,aHOMY (KMflbBBTepHb/M CTpOeM), nbJT851Cb C6flM3MTbC51 M BCTynMTb B apTMnnepMi!tCK}'/0 ,ay9flb. t1Hor,aa cTpenb6a eenacb c npe.aenbHO KOpOTKOi!t AMCT8HI..IMM- 6yKBBnbHO 6opT K 6opTY, - nOK8 OAMH M3 npoTMBHMKOB He C,a8BBnC51 MflM He OTCTynan. Bna,abNMI..Iei!t Mopei!t >~BnW!acb AHmMfl, HO OTHIO,ab He 6naro,aap51 KBKMM-TO HOBb/M KOHI..IenTyBflbHb/M no.axo,aaM K TBKTMKe MOPCKOIO 6051. B nepey10 o4epe,ab 9TO o6b51CHWIOCb MHePI..IMei!tnocnepf!,aarpaH,aMo3H~x no6e.a, o.aep)l(aHHbJX eenMKMMM a.aMMpanaMM npe,abJAYI.l.leiO CTOfleTM>I; BO-BTOpbJX, 4MCfleHHb/M npeBOCXO,aCTBOM KOpa6enbHOIO COCT8B8 cpnoTB; M B-TpeTbMX, CK83b/B8fl0Cb npeMMYI.l.leCTBO 8HmM48H B MOpexo,aHOM MBCTepcTBe. Ha BTopoM MecTe, 3HB4MTenbHO onepe)l(af! ronnaH,aCKMi!t, wen cf>paHLIY3CKMi!t cpnoT.

KOHCTPYKTMBHOi!t

T04KM3peHM~cpp8HI..IY3CKMeKOpa6flM 6bJnM _a8)1(e ny4We BHmMi!tCKMX, HO, KBK npaBMflO, MX 6bJnO MeHbWe, ,aa M MOP51KM ycTynanM 8HmM48H8M. ffl8BHOe

T8KTM4eCKOe

OTflM4Me

cpp8HI..IY30B OT 6pMT8HI..IeB 38KJI/048fl0Cb B TOM, 4TO OHM, 48/.l.le BCeiO npe6bJB851 B MeHbWMHCTBe, 6bJnM BbJH)OK.aeHbJ npe)l(ae ecero cTapaTbCfi cnaCTM CBOM KOpa6nM. B MOPCKMX cpa)l(eHM>IX cf>paHI..IY3bJ cne.aoeanM npMHI..IMny: maeHoe -eoepeMf!yHeCTM HOlM, TOr,aa 6y,aeT B03MO)I(HOCTb npMHf!Tb y4aCTMe e cne,ay101.1.1eM cpa)l(eHMM. CooTBeTCTBeHHO, cf>paHI..IY3cKMe a,aMMPBflb/ npe,an04MT8flM ecrynaTb e cp8)1(eHMe c no.aeeTpeHHoi!t CTOPOHb/ OT npOTMBHMKB, 4T06bJ

488

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

B cny'lae Ha,ll,06HOCTII1 6btCTpO BbiMT/11 1113 6oR, a Hau,enMaanMcb rj)paHLJ.Y3CKMe nyWK/11 Ha TaKena)l( 111 paHrOYT, 'IT06bt3aTopM03111Tb npoTMBHMKa.

Kopa6nn

TIIIBHMKa, 'IT06bt nyCTIIITb Ha ,ll,HO 111n111 YHII1'1T0)1(111Tb. Bee onpe.aenRnocb orHeao£1 MOll.lbto 6opToaoro3anna; no.apa3yMe-

9TO 6btn 30nOTOM BeK MHOronany6Horo nMHei1Horo Kopa6nR c 6opTOBbtM apTMnnepiiiMCKIIIM BOOpy)l(eHIIIeM. B cpe,ll,HeM era ,ll,fTIIIHa ,ll,OCT/11rana npMMepHo 60 M, a ao.aoM3Mell.leHMe- 2500 T. 9KMna)l( CaMbiX KpynHbiX KOpa6ne£1 COCTa Bflf/n OKOno TbtCf/'1111 'lenoaeK. K cepe,l],MHe BeKa BOeHHbte KOpa6ni11 CTan/11 KfJaCCIIIrj)IIILJ,IIIpOBaTb cornaCHO WeCT/11 paHraM. nepBbte TPIII npMHa.ane)l(anlll K nMHeMHbiM KOpa6nRM: KOpa6nb 1 paHra 6blf1 Tpexnany6HbtM 111 Hec

aanocb, 'ITO B 3TO nOHf/TIIIe BXO,ll,IIIT 111111CKYCCTBO MOpeXO,ll,HOrO MaHeBpa, nocKonbKY caMa no ce6e orHe-

100 111n111 6onee nyweK; 2 paHra TaK)I(e Tpexnany6HbtM, HO nyweK Ha HeM CTaBIIInOCb OKOnO 90; 111, HaKO-

aaR MOll.lb MMeeT 3Ha'leHMe pa3ae 'ITO CTaTIIICTIII'IeCKOe, noKa KOpa6nb He no.aae.aeH K u,enMM,ll,On)I(HbtM o6pa3oM He COpllleHTIIIpOBaH (npMLJ,enMBaHMenpOII13BO,l1,111nOCbpa3BOpOTOM KOpnyca - 6opTOBbte nyWK/11 KpenMniiiCb rj)aKTIII'IeCK/11 CTaLJ,/110HapHO). Ka3anocb 6bt, c y'leToM

HeLJ,, Kopa6nb 3 paHra- rnaaHafl «pa60'Iaf/ nowa,ll,Ka» BOeHHOrO rj)noTa - 6btn ,ll,Byxnany6HbiM 111 HeC OT 64

AHrnM'IaHe )l(e, .aei1cTBYR npf/MO npOTIIIBOnonO)I(HbiM o6pa30M, npe,ll,nO'III1Tanll13aXO,l1,111Tb B aTaKyc HaBeTpeHHOM CTOpOHbl, 'ITO cnoco6CTBOaano cKopei1weMy c6nM)I(eHmo; 111 oroHb aHrnMMCKIIIX nyweK HanpaanRnCR Ha Kopnyca Kopa6nei1 npo-

acex aTMX npe.anocbtnoK 5pMTaHcKoe KoponeacKoe a,l},MMpanTe£1cTao ,l],On)I(HO 6blf10 6bt TOnbKO noOll.jpf/Tb niii'IHYIO IIIHIIILJ,IIIaTIIIBY Kan/11TaHOB 111 a,ll,MIIIpanoa. 0.D.HaKO Hlll'lero no.ao6Horo: «5oeabte HacTaaneHIIIfl» np11106pen111 ,l],nfl KOponeBCKOro rj)noTa Clllny 3aKOHa ( 1691 r.), 111 HapyweHMe KlllnbBaTepHoro CTPOfl )l(eCTO'IaMWe KapanOCb. 00CKOnbKY Hill Ha O,ll,HOM,ll,pyroM rj)noTeny'IWe£1 (111n111 XOTf/ 6bt cpaBHIIIMOM) TaKT/11'IeCKOM CIIICTeMbl pa3pa6oTaHO He 6blfTO, TOnbKO IIICKnto'IIIITenbHO O,l],a-

.ao 74 opy.a111i1. Kopa6n111 4 paHra 6btnll1 CaMbiM/11 ManeHbKIIIM/111113 CTp01 eabtx(50nyweK, 2nany6bt )111Ha3btaanMcb rj)peraTaMM; B 3TOM Ka'leCTBe Mornlll BbiCTynaTb n11160 KOpa6ni11 3 paHra co cpe3aHHoi1 aepxHe£1 nany6oi1, n1116o nocTpoeHH bte no caMoCTORTenbHOMY npoeKTY, KaK nto6oe KOMnpOMIIICCHOe peweHMe B o6nacTII1 Kopa6necTpoeHMfl rj)peraTbt co'leTanM B ce6e He CTOnbKO,ll,OCTOIIIHCTBa CBOIIIX«npapO,l],IIITeneM», CKOnb-

/].anee no KnaccMrj)MKaLJ,/11111 wn111 aoeHHbte wntonbt, 111n111 Manbte KopaeTbt (B ,l},aHHOM cny'lae TepMIIIH «Wnton» c TMnoM napycHoro aoopy)l(eHMfl HIIIKaK He CBf/3aH), Ha KOTOpbte CTaBMnOCb OT 16 ,ll,O 24 nyweK; OH/11 TaK)I(e MOrn/11 6btTb TpexMa'ITOBbiM/11111 HeCT/11 npf/MOe napycHOe BOopy)l(eHMe -MnM6pMraMM (.aae Ma'ITbt, npRMoe napycHoe aoopy;KeHMe) , 111n111 6pMraHTII1HaMII1 (,ll,Be Ma'ITbl, npRMoe napycHoe aoopy)l(eHMe TOnbKO Ha rpoT-Ma'ITe). 0 , HaKOHeLJ,, 6blf1111 ell.je KaTepa 111n111 TeH.aepbt He6onbWII1e O,ll,HO- 111n111 .D.BYXMa'ITOBbte cy.aa, Ha3btBaBWII1eCf/ B COOTBeTCTB/11111 c TillnoM napycHoro aoopy)l(eHMfl ( C06CTBeHHO TeH,l],ep, Wnton, wxyHa 111n111 Ke'l).

Kopa6enhHaRapTHnnepHR K aToMyapeMeHM cocma 6opmBbtX 6aTape£1 Ha nMHeMH biX KOpa 6nf/X 111 rj)peraTax 6blf1 6onee 111n111 MeHee CTaH,l],apTII13111pOBaH 111 BKflto'lan B ce6fl 16-, 18-11124-rj)yHTOBbte opy.aMR. Ha MHOronany6HbiX KOpa6nRX, KaK npa a111no, Ha aepxHe£1 nany6e ycTaHaBnMBanMCb 16-rj)yHTOBbte, a Ha HIII)I(HIIIX- 24-rj)yHTOBbte nyWK/11. 5onee nerKMe cy.aa aoopy;KanMcb 4-, 6111 9-rj)yHTOBbiM/11 nywKaM/11, a Ha n/11-

KO He,ll,OCTaTK/11: C O,ll,HOM CTOpOHbl, OrHeBOM MOll.j/11, 'IT06bt BbiCT}'naTb B Ka'leCTBe nMHeMHOrO KOpa6nfl, 111M

HeMHbiX KOpa6nfiX, nOMIIIMO OCHOBHOrO apTMnnepMi1cKoro aoopy)l(eHIIIfl, '!aCTO ycTaHaBnMBanocb HeKOTOpoe KonM'IecTao nerKMX opy.a111i1.

peHHbiM a,ll,MIIIpan MOr B no.ao6HOM CIIITyaLJ,/11111 ,ll,06111TbCf/ no6e,ll,bl Ha,ll, rj)noToM, npM6nM3111TenbHO coana.aatoll.jMM no 'IIIICneHHOCT/11 C C06CTBeHHbiM. 3a aTM nonaeKa pewMTenbHbtX no6e.a Ha Mope 6btno O,l],ep)l(aHO KpaMHe Mano. 0onbtTKII1

f/BHO He XBaTanO, TOr,ll,a KaK ,ll,fTf/IIICnonHeHIIIfl Kpe£1cepCKII1X rj)yHKLJ,IIIM OHM 6blf1111 cnMWKOM HeyKflto)/(/11. HaCTOflll.lllle Kpei1cepa - Kopa6nM 5 111 6 paHra- TaK)I(e 3aan111cb rj)peramMM; OH/11 6blf1111 O,ll,HOnany6HbiMII1 111 HecnM oT 24 .ao 40 opy.a111i1. OHM 6blf11113Ha'I/11TenbHOner'le i116btCTpOXO,ll,Hee nMHeMHbiX KOpa6ne£1 111 npii1MeHf/nii1Cb ,ll,fTfl pa3Be,l},KII1, npMKpbtTIIIf/111 pei1.aoa Ha Tpaccax Toproaoro

HOBaTOpCTBa HIIIKOIIIM o6pa30M He nOOll.jpf/nlllcb; 'lall.je3KCnepi11MeHTaTOpa noKpbtaanM no3opoM 111 oT.aaaanM no.a TpM6yHan. Co6cTaeHHO

cy.aoxo.acTaa. Bee BbtweonMcaHHbte KOpa6ni11 6blf1111 TpexMa'ITOBbiM/11 111 HecnM npRMoe napycHoe aoopy;KeHMe.

roaopR, cKna.abtaaeTCfl .aa)l(e ane'laTneHMe, 6y,ll,TO B 3TOT nepMO,ll, nto6oe 3Ha 'IIIITenbHOe CTOnKHOBeHIIIe c y'laCTMeM 5pi11TaHCKoro KoponeacKoro rj)nom HenpeMeHHO oKaH'IMaanocb TpM6yHanoM.

1 5IBHOe IIpOTIIBOpe'!He: HeiiOIDITHO, KaKHM o6pa30M, cpe3 aB BepXHlOIO mury6y )l;Byxmury6Horo KOpa6IDI 3 paHra, MOlKHO IIOJJY'llfl'h B pe3yJI1TaTe /IByxrrany6HLr:it lKe Kopa6JI1 4 paHra ( npuMe'-1. peo. ).

ct>nOTCKHe TeXHH'IeCKHe HOBWeCTBa HoaaTopcKMX pa3pa6oTOK a aToT nepiiiO,ll, nOf/BIIInOCb nMWb ,l},Be, 3aTO o6e f/Bnf/nii1Cb 'lpe3Bbt'laMHO Ba)I(HbiM/11. Bo-nepabtX, K 1700 ro.ay pyMnenb- .aepeBRHHbtM 6pyc, Bbtae.aeHHbtM oT pynfl BHYTPb Kopa6enbHoro Kopnyca, - cmn111 np111 noMOll.l/11 cneu,ManbHbiX TpOCOB COe,l},IIIHf/Tb CO WT}'pBanbHbiM KOneCOM, ycTaHOBfleHHbiM Ha toTe, 'ITO Cyll.jeCTBeHHO o6ner'1111nO pyneaoe ynpaaneHMe. Bo-ampbtx, no.aao,l},Hyto 'laCTb Kopa6nR Ha'lanM 06Wi11BaTb Me,l},HbiM/11 nMCTaM/11, 'ITO 3Ha 'IIIITenbHO cnoco6CTBOBano 3all.j/11Te .ay6oaoro Kopnyca oT)/(Y'IKOB -.apeBOTO'ILJ,eB 111 o6paCTaHII1f/ paKyWKaM/11.

rnABH bl E TEH.LJ.EH IJ.llllll

489

490

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. 6oeson.ayx

C Me,D.M/4MHCKOM T04KM 3peHMH,

AMCJ4MnnMHa. HaKasaHMH sa npocT}'n-

no,D.o6HaH ,D.MeTa npMBOAMna K ca-

KM npMMeHHflMCb COBepweHHO 3Bep-

rano.

onMcbtaaeMbtM nepMOIJ. ycno-

MbtM )J(YTKMM nocne,D.CTBMHM. YJ4e-

CKMe. )J.MCTaHJ4MH Me)f(,IJ.yorj)MJ4epaMM

BMH )J(M3HM KOpa6enbHbiX 3KMna)J(eM

neawMe B cpa)J(eHMHX MaTpOCbl, KaK

M MaTpocaMM 6btna no MeHbWeM Mepe

6btnM COBepweHHO KOWMapHbiMM Ha

npaBMflO, 6btCTpO CTapMflMCb M YMM-

CTOflb)J(e BeflMKa, KaK Me)f(,IJ.yOrj)MJ4e-

a6co-

panM MOflO(I.biMM. 06Hapy)J(MB, 4TO

paMM M con,D.aTaMM

ntoTHo HeB03MO)J(HQ npe,D.CTaBMTb,

COK naMMa npe,D.OTBpai.J.jaeT J4MHrY,

MMHx; KanMTaH 6btn Ha Kopa6ne 14apeM

KaK TbiCH4a MOPHKOB pa3Mei.J.janacb

aHrnM4aHe cTanM ,D.o6aanHTb era

acexrj)noTax. TaK, HanpMMep,

a cyxonYTHbtX ap-

M 6oroM. Bnpo4eM, aepoHTHO, Tonb-

2500

rpor; OTCIO,D.a, KCTaTM, M nowno yK-

KO TaK M MO)J(HQ 6btnO,D.06MTbCH nOBM-

TOHH M r,D.e, noMMMO 6oenpMnacoa,

penMBWeeCH sa 6pMTaHCKMMM MOPH-

HOBeHMH OTMaTpOCOB, KOTOpbte B OC-

KaMM np03BMI.J.je naMMM.

HOBHOM Macce CBOeM BOBCe He OTnpa-

Ha cy,D.He BO,D.OM3Mei.J.jeHMeM xpaHMnMcb

ei.J.je M sanacbt npoBM3MM

M BO.D.bt a pac4eTe Ha nnaaaHMe ,D.nM-

Ha cmnb cypoabte ycnoBMH )J(M3-

TenbHOCTbtoro,D.MflMAOnbwe. PaJ4M-

HM HaKna,D.btaanacb He MeHee cypoaaH

BMflMCb CflY)J(MTb,D.06pOBOflbHO, a 6btflM 3aaep6oaaHbl npMHYAMTeflbHO.

oH CBO/],MflCH K raneTaM (KaMeHHO

/naBHbte OTflM4MTeflbHbte OC0-

TBep,D.biM M KMWai.J.jMM/],OflrOHOCMKa-

6eHHOCTM 5pMTaHCKOrO KOponea-

MM) M HeCKOflbKMM rnOTKaM OMep3MTeflbHOM Ha BKYC BO,D.bl. tlfHOr,D.a B BOAY ,D.o6aanHnM paM (nony4ancH

cao-

ero po,D.a rpor), M OT4a CTM a To noMa-

' JlaitM -

MaJiemiGIH )!(eJIT<r3eJieH!lli M

O'!eHJ, KHCJ!hlH <jlpyxT, I1pOM3pacTa!OrqMlt Ha

CKOrO rj)nom

XVIII

aeKa KaK

o61.J.je-

TpOilli'leCKJIX ,D;epeB1liX BM;D;ll Citrus aurantifolia,

cTaeHHoro MHCTMTYTa arj)opMCTM4HO

pO,D;CTBeHH11X 3 HaKOMOM)' HaM JIMMOHHOM)'

nO,D.biTO)J(Mfl YMHCTOH l.Jep4Mflflb:

,D;e peBy.

«POM, CO,D.OMMH M nneTKaf».

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl

491

BA)KHEHlmiE BOHllbi BEJIHKMI CEBEPHMI BOHHA, 1700-1721 rr. 1698-1699 rr. AHH1WBE,O.-

BO~Hbl, HO H IIOlllJIH Ha 3aKJIIO'!eHHe

C He~ MHpa.

JIH 6paH,qeH6yprCKHj;i Kyp<J>IOpCT <l>pH,qpHx

3THX ycJIOBH.siX Heo6xo,qHMO

III

H caKCOHCKHj;i Kyp-

<J>ropcT ABrycT

II,

CTaBlllHj;i B

1697

6biJIO MeH.siTh BHelllHenOJIHTII'!eCKHe

ro,qy c noMOlllbiO PoccHH Ta.JOKe KO-

IIJiaHbi, '!TO H 6biJIO IIpOH3Be,qeHO

poJieM noJibCKHM. CooTBeTCTByro-

IleTpoM

c rrpHcymej;i eMy pelllH-

lliYIO CKJIOHHOCTb IIpO.siBHJia H ,[{a-

TeJibHOCTbiO H 3ApaBbiM no,qXOAOM

HH.il. OcHoBoit, Ha KoTOpoit Morna

CKI!1fil C0103. PoccmlicKMtli MMneparop nerp I, nonbCKMW Koponb Aerycr II (HOCMBWMW KPOMe TOTO l1 TM-

K AeJIY. 06CTaHOBKa CKJia,ll,biBa.JiaCb

6biTb C03,qaHa aHTHlllBe,qCKa.si KOa.JIH-

TaK, '!TO IIO.siBHJIHCb peaJibHble B03-

l.IH.il, 6biJIO CTpeMJieHHe BepHyTb

ryn KYP<f>!Opcra caKCOHCKoro) M.tJ.BT-

MOJKHOCTH AJI.si 6opb6bl co lliBel.IH-

3axBa<JeHHble lliBeuHett 3eMJIH. BJia-

CKMtli Koponb 4>pe.o.epMK IV38K!1/04M-

ett. YJKe B xo,qe «BeJIHKoro nocoJib-

rorrpH.siTHO CKJia,ll,biBa.JiaCb H o6me-

nM ratliHbltli co103 nporMB Wee~MM,

CTBa>> rOTOBHOCTb K 3TOMY Bblpa3H-

eBporrettCKa.si o6cTaHOBKa: AHrJIH.si,

paCC4MTb/B851 BOCnOflb30B8TbC51 /OHbiM B03pacroM Kapna

XII ( 16 ner)

l1 nOKOH4MTb CO WBe.tJ.CKMM .tJ.OMMHM-

pOB8HMeM H8 baflTMKe. B KOHI.Ie

XVII BeKa nepe,q PoccH-

e~ CTO.siJIH TPH rJiaBHbie BHelllHeno-

JIHTH'!eCKHe 33,qa<JH: noJiy<JeHHe Bblxo,qa K Ban:TH~CKOMY MopiO; ocBo6o)f()l.eHHe 3aii3,qHbiX ,qpeBHepyccKHX 3eMeJib, HJIH Ilpaso6epe)KHO~ YKpaHHhl H BeJiopyccHH, OKa3aBlllHXC.si rro,q BJiaCTblO IlOJiblllH; IIOJiy<JeHHe BbiXO,qa K qepHOMY MOpiO. Ile-rp

CTaB e,qHHOJIH'!HbiM rrpa-

BHTeJieM PoccHH, cocpe,qoTO'!HJI BHa'!aJie CBOe BHHMaHHe Ha pellleHHH nocJie,qHe~ H3 Ha3BaHHbiX 3a,qaq H

BCKope ,qo6HJIC.si 6oJibllloro ycnexa,

1696 ro,qy CHJibHO~ rypel.IKO~ KperrocTbiO A3oBoM, pacrroJIOJKeHHO~ B YCTbe ,[{oHa H 3anHpaBllle~ BbiXOA B A3oBcKoe Mope. ,[{JI.s~ npo,qoJIJKeHH.si 6opb6bi c TypuHe~ H OBJia,qeB B

KpbiMOM Heo6xo,qHMO 6bmo aKTHBH3HpoBaTb ,qe~CTBH.il 3an3,qHOeBpO-

rre~CKHX COI03HHKOB. C 3TOj;i l.leJiblO B MapTe

1697

ro,qa 3a rpaHHI.IY 6biJIO

llOCJiaHO «BeJIHKOe IIOCOJibCTBO», B COCTaB KOTOporo BXOAHJI H CaM IleTp rro,q HMeHeM ,qec.siTHHKa IleTpa MH-

xa~JioBa. IlocoJibCTBO ,qoJIJKHO 6biJIO TaKJKe HaH.siTb Ha pyccKyiO CJiyJK6y pa3JIH'!HbiX cneUHaJIHCTOB, HYJKHbiX AJI.si cTpoHTeJibCTBa<J>JioTa. Ho 03HaKOMJieHHe c rroJioJKeHHeM Ha MecTe rroKa3an:o, '!TO ABcTpH.si H BeHel.IH.si, .siBJI.siBlllHec.s~ coi03HHKaMH PoccHH no BO~He c TypuHej;i, He TOJibKO He JKeJiaiOT npo,qOJIJKeHH.il

neTPI

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

492

):(aBaJIO B03MO:lKHOCTb ):(ellCTBOBaTb npoTHB IliBe):(CKHX BOliCK, paCTIOJIO:lKeHHbiX KaK B IIpH6aJirnKe, TaK H Ha no6epe:lKbe <l>HHcKoro 3aJIHBa.

B ceH-

TH6pe pyccKaH apMHH oca):(HJia HapBy.

4 aBrycTa 1700 r. BTOP~E HHE KAPJlA XII B 3E11AHAHIO. BonpeKVI coaemM wae.acKoro a,aMVIpana, 18-neTHVIM KOpOflb OTBa)f(HO npoaen rj)noT VI apMVIto 4epe3 npoflVIBbt, C4VITaBWVIeCH HenpOXOAVIMbiMVI, VI HeMe,aneHHO ABVIHYflCH K KoneHrareHy. )J.aT4aHe 3anpocVInVI MVIpa.

18 aBrycTa 1700 r. TPABEHAAllbCKH"' AOrOBOP. )J.aHVIH ao3apaTVIna Wne3BVIr rep14ory lonWTeiiiH-IorropncKoMy VI o6H3anacb a .aanbHeiiiweM He npe.anpVIHVIMaTb npoTVIB WaeJ4VIVI HVIKaKVIX apa)f(,IJ.e6HbtX ,aeii!CTBVIM.

6 OKTS16pSI 1700 r. KAPJl XII B JlHBOHHH.

BbiC~HBAETCs:l

Bbtca,aVIBWVICb c ManeHbKVIM oTpH.aoM 6nVI3 nepHOBa ( COBp. nHpHy B 9CTOHVIVI), OH nnaHVIpoaan )f(,IJ.aTb npV16btTVIH OCHOBHbiX CVIfl, a nOTOM VIATVI Ha PVIry, O,aHaKO BMeCTO 3TOrO pewVIn cpa3y )f(e BbtcTynVITb Ha BbtPY4Kyoca)f(,IJ.eHHoi11 Hapae.

- - - - PyccmeyxpeD.JieBillll ===;;;; ~~

2KM Cpa>KeHI1e noA

pamum H foJIJiaH}J.HH, HMeBIIIHe co iliBeiJ;Hell COI03Hble ):(OrOBOpbi, He MOrJIH ell: OKa3aTh TIOMOII(b, TIOTOM)' 'l'ID rOTOBHJIHCb K BOHHe 3a HCTiaHCKOe HacJieJJ:CTBO. IIocJie B03BpameHHH IIeTPa

H3-3a rpaHHU:bi Hat:JaJIHCb co-

HapBo~

HHI0

BoilrcKa AaryCTa II CaKcoHCKoro oca.awm PVIry. •

ABrycT

1700 r. PYCCKOE 2 BTOP~EHHE B HHrPHI0 . 40-TbtCH4HaH apMVIH neTpa I oca.aVIna Hapay(4 OKTH6pH).

oTBeTcTByiOmHe ):(HTIJI OMaTHt:JeCKHe neperoBopbi. OHH 3aKOH'IHJIHCb TIOJJ:TIHCaHHeM

HOf!6pH

1699

ro):(a B

ceJie IIpeo6pa:lKeHCKOM no):( MocK-

TaK Hat:IaJiaCb CeBepHaH BOHHa, JJ:JIHBrnaHcH

roJJ:. IIJiaH pyccKoro

KOMaH):(OBaHHH 3aKJIIOt:JaJICH B TOM,

Boil COI03Horo ):(oroBopa c ABryCToM

'IT06bi OBJia):(eTh HapBoil, CHJibHOH

II H

npHMepHo B TO :lKe BpeMH- JJ:O-

KpenoCTbiO Ha 6epery <l>HHCKoro 3a-

roBopa c ,lJ;aHHeil. Me)K):(y ,lJ;aHHeil H

JIHBa, 3aXBat:JeHHOll IliBe):(aMH, 'ITO

IIoJibrnell: Y:lKe HMeJioCb corJiarneHHe o6 o6opoHe, 3aKJIIO'!eHHoe B

1698

roJJ:y. TaK o6pa3oBaJicH CeBepHbiH coi03 B cocTaBe PoccHH, IIoJibiliH H ,lJ;aHHH. ITo HeMy IIoJibrna H ,lJ;aHHH o6H3biBaJIHCb HeMe):(JieHHO Hat:JaTb BOHHY npoTHB illBeU:HH, a PoccHH ):(OJI)l(Ha 6biJia C):(eJiaTh 9TO TIOCJie 3aKJIIOt:JeHHH MHpa c Typu:Hell:.

HtoHb 1700 r. noll bCKO-CAKCOHCKOEBTOP~EHHEBJlHBO-

1 XOTli B OIDICh!BaeMhlit rrepH0/1 IIO)l; JlMBOJllie:it MMeHOBaJiaCh TeppliTOpHli 3 a,n;BMHCK<r ro repl.lOrCTBa, B /lallliOM KOliTeKCTe ee CJie.rzyeT cKopee rroHMMaTh KaK o6o6m;elllioe Ha3BaMHe BCeX TeppMTOpll:it COBpeMeHII1IX JlaTBMH M 3cToHMH, co BTopo:it '!eTBepTM XII BeKa 3a-

13-1 9 HOS16pSI 1700 rr. HACTYnllEHHE HA HAPBY. C aocbMVITbtCH4HOi11 apMVIeiii Kapn XII pa3orHan pyccKoe aoiiicKo, nbtmaweecH nepeKpb!Tb eMy ,aopory ( 18 HOH6pH). npoHBVIB ce6H a,aaHHOMCfly4aenonKOBOAJ4eM CKOpee ,aanbHOBVIAHbiM, He)f(eflVI OTBa)f(HbtM, neTp I nocnewHO OTC'fY'nVIfl.

20 HOS16pSI 1700 r. 6HTBA Y HAP Bbl. Cpa)f(eHVIe ,anVInocb .aaa 4aca, npV14eM a CVIflbHeiiiwyto nypry; Kapn Xl/6yKaanbHO a nyx VI npax pa3rpoMVIn nHTVIKpaTHp npeaocxo.aVIaWVIe pyccKVIe CVIflbt . noTepVI era cocTaBVInVI,aaeTbtCH4VI4enoaeK. 3aTeM B Te4eHVIe BCeM3VIMbl OH rOTOBVIflCH K HacrynneHVIIO B flVIBOHVIIO.

1 B pll)l;e nccne;a;oBaHH:it y TBeplK;a;aeTcli, 'ITO IIIBe/lhl MMeJIM He 8 MJIM 12 ThlCli'l '!eJIO-

BoeBaHlihiX HeMel.lKMMM phll.lapHMM. 2 I1HrpHli ( HJIH I1HrepMaHJiaH;a;Hli, HJIH I1lKOpCKM 3eMJili)- HCTOpH'leCKOe Ha3Balllie TeppiiTopll:it, pacrroJIOlKeHHhlX no 6eperaM

BeK, KaK IIpHHliTO C'lliTaTh, a 2 3-25 ThlCli'l '!eJIOBeK H 37 opy;rJ;M:it. IliBe)l;CKH:it rapHH30H KpeiiOCTH COCTO!IJI H3 1900 '!eJIOBeK. DliTBa

HeBhl H JOro-3arra;a;HOMY I1pHJia/IOlKhJO H HaceneHHhlx HlKopcKMMH IIJieMeHaMH.

y HapBhl TaKlKe ;a;aTnpyeTcli 1700 ro;a;a.

HOH6pH

BA>KHEli1Wli1E BOlllHbl

493 5

HapBa, pacrroJioMeHHaH Ha Jie-

6biJIO HeCKOJibKO 6oJiee O,[(HOrO KllJIO-

Be:H.[(e H

BOM 6epery peKH HapBbi, coe,[(HHH-

MeTpa. E.D:HHCTBeHHbiH MOCT 'Iepe3

Hoi1 KOHHHI.(bi rpa<Pa IIIepeMeTeBa.

TbiCH'I <JeJioBeK rroMecT-

eTCH rreperrpaBOH C He60JibiiiOH Kpe-

peKy, coopyMeHHbr:H pyccKHMH, Haxo-

KoMaH.[(OBaJI Bo:HcKaMHHHOCTpaHeu

IIOCTbiO MBaHropo.[(OM. PyccKHe Bo:H-

.[(HJICH ceBepHee HapBbi, y Kpa:HHero

repuor .[(e Kpya. IIJTa6 ero TaKMe

cKa o6JIOMHJIH HapBy H MBaHropo.[(.

rrpaBoro <PJiaHra.

KperroCTb Hapsa Ha JieBOM 6epery

COCTOHJI ll3 llHOCTpaHHbiX HaeMHll-

PacnoJIOMHJIHCb pyccKHe soi1cKa

peKll 6hiJia 06HeCeHa .[(BYMH JillHllH-

cJie.D:yiOII.(HM o6pa3oM. B ueHTpe -

Mll pBOB ll BaJIOB, YCHJieHHbiMll pe-

,[(llBll3llH

.[(yTaMH ll tPJieiiiaMH (KOHTpBaJiai.(H-

Tpy6euKoro, crrpaBa -

KOB. Boi1cKa 6hiJIH pacTHHYTbi no JIHHHHM yKperrJieHHH, pe3epBbi OT-

TbiCH'I qeJIOBeK) KHH3H

cyTCTBOBaJIH. EoJiee Toro, .[(e Kpya

(14

,[(aMe He rrepe6pOCHJI Ha BHeiiiHIOIO

.[(HBH3HH

OHHaH ll UllpKyMBaJiai.(HOHHaH Jill-

TbiCH'I qeJIOBeK) reHepaJia fOJIOBll-

JIHHHIO apTHJIJiepHIO, KOTOpaH pac-

Hllll). 06II.(aH IIpOTHMeHHOCTb JillHllH

Ha, 3,[(eCb Me, OKOJIO MOCTa, CTOHJill

IIOJiaraJiaCb rrpoTHB 6acTHOHOB Ha-

rBap,[(eHCKlle IIOJIKll IJpeo6paMeHC-

pBbi H rrpoTHB MBaHropo.D:a. Ilpe.D:-

cocTaBJIHJia

6-7

KM. PaccTOHHHe

JillHllll OT JillHllll yBeJIWIHBaJIOCb B

KllH H CeMeHOBCKHH H JieBee -

CTOpOHY rrpaBoro tPJiaHra, r,[(e OHO

BH3HH

.[(ll-

JIOMeHHe IIIepeMeTeBa BbiBeCTH

TbiCH'I 'IeJIOBeK) reHepaJia

BOHCKa H3 yKperrJieHHH H IIpHHHTb

noxo,q Kapna XII Ha noMOW,b K Hapse nocne no6ep,bt HW\ AaH'I1eH HacTyn'RT6JlbHb16 p,ei1CTBiOl

s nepHOA

1700-1705 rr. BoeHHble A6HCT BHfl Kapna XII npoTIIJB nonbwH

OyTb l{ap:lla X!l K

rpo,D.IHO

BTOp.m6HH8

ero

B CaKCOHIIJJO 110CJ16 OTXOP,R pyCCKifX BOifCK K

H.Hesy noxO,ll, HapJla XH Ha PoCCHIO nocne noOep,bl HaA nonbweH

~= 011aHbt Hapna XH no paarpoMy pyccKMX AelicTBHR pyccKoJ:i RPMHH s o6opoHMT6Jlb-

Hblif nepMOA

1706-1709rr.

5ercrao Hapna XII nocne pasrpoma wsep,cK. apM.nop, nonTasoR M npecnep,oaaHHe ero pyCCKHMH soACKRNM

BamHeHwHe cpameHHII Macwral5

100

200KM

CesepHaSI BOiiiHa VI APYrVIe BOiiiHbl PoCCVIVI npVI neTpe I

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

494

KOHHHUI>l IIIepeMeTeBa, CTOJIBIIIelt Ha KpaltHeM JieBoM 4lJiaHre Me;KAy ABYMJI JIHHHJIMH yKpenJieHHlt. 0Ha npo):(OJIJKaJia conpOTHBJIJITI>CJI H B TO BpeMJI, KOr):(a KOHHHUa lliepeMeTeBa nocneiiiHO oTCrynHJia K ocTposaM Ha peKe Hapse.

Y MOCTa c caMoro Ha<JaJia o6pa3oBaJiacl> ):(aBKa, K He MY CO BCeX CTOpOH B 6ecnopJIAKe IllJIH sol!lcKa. BcKope MOCT pyxHyJI, H crpyAHBIIIHeCJI 'laCTH JIHIIIHJIHCI> nepenpashl. B 3TOTKpHTHqecKHlt MOMeHT rsap):(ei!ICKHe IIOJIKH, npHKphiBaBIIIHe MOCT, ):(aJIH CHJII>HI>llt oTnop npoTHBHHI\'Y. K rsapAeltcKHM nOJIKaM npHCOe):(HHHJIHCI> COJI):(aTI>l, He ycneBIIIHe nepenpaBHTI>CJI HaApyrolt 6eper. Bolt IIIBeAOB c rsap):(eltcKHMH nOJIKaMH npO):(OJIJKaJICJI HeCKOJII>KO qacos.

CaM KapJI XII BOAHJI

BOltCKa B aTai\'Y, HO 6e3pe3yJII>TaTHO.

C HacrynJieHHeM TeMHOTI>l cpaJKeHHe npeKpaTHJIOCI>. .Il:HBH3HJI Belt):(e, cToJIBIIIaJI Ha JieBOM 4lJiaHre, TaKJKe OT6HJia aTaKH IIIBeAOB. PyccKaJI apMHJI HaxO):(HJiaCI> B O'leHI> TJiiKeJIOM nOJIOJKeHHH, HO He 6hiJia pa3rpoMJieHa. KapJI

XII, JIH'lHO HCnhiTaBIIIHlt cTolt-

KOCTI> pyccKHX rBap):(eltCKHX noJIKOB, BhiHY)f'.):(eH 61>1JI npHHJITI> npeAJIOJKeHHe, no KOTopoMy pyccKHe BOltCKa IIOJIY'laJIH npaBO OTXO):(a C opyJKHeM H 3HaMeHa.MH, HO OCTaBJIJIJIH BCIO apTHJIJiepHIO. IloTepH pycCKHX COCTaBJIJIJIH ,!:(0 BeK H

7 ThiCJI'l

'leJIO-

145 opyAHI!I.

IlpH<IHHI>l 3Toro TJIJKeJioro nopaJKeHHJI 6hiJIH B TOM, 'ITO BHOBI> Ha-

<l>enbAMapwan 6.

n. WepeMeTeB

6paHHaJI apMHJI 6hiJia He):(OCTaTO'lHO o6y<JeHHOI!I, He Ha BhiCOTe OKa3aJiaCI> CTapaJI ):(BOpJIHCKaJI KOHHHUa, arJiaB-

cpaJKeHHe B noJie 6hiJIO HM OTBepr-

Jia, C TeM 'lT06hl 3axBaTHTI> MOCT,

HOKOMaHAYIOlllHlt apMHH repuor

HYTO.

JIHIIIHB pyccKHe BOi!ICKa e):(HHCTBeH-

Ae Kpya H HeKoTOpl>le o4>Huephl-HHO-

HOlt nepenpashl.

C1paHU1>1, HaxO):(HBIIIHeCJI Ha pyccKOlt

KapJI

XII

cHa<JaJia nocTpoHJI

CBOH BOltCKa B ):(Be JIHHHH, HO, BH):(JI,

B ABa qaca):(HJI o6e rpynnhl IIIBeA-

'ITO pyccKHe He Bl>lXO):(JIT H3 yKpen-

CKHX BOltCK nOIIIJIH B aTaey, BOpBa-

CJiyJK6e, H3MeHHJIH H nepeiiiJIH Ha cTOpoHy IIIBeAOB. KapJI

JieHHlt, peiiiHJI ABYMJI rpynnaMH

JIHCI> B yKpenJieHHJI H CTaJIH TeCHHTh

TaJI, 'ITO pyccKaJI apMHJI yJKe He IIOA-

XII

noc<JH-

BOltCK, nOC1pOeHHI>1MH K3)f()J,aJI B He-

pyccKHe Kpl>liii>JI, aTaeyJI HX BO 4lJiaHr.

HHMeTCJI, H nepeHeC CBOH rJiaBHhle

CKOJII>KO JIHHHlt, HaHeCTH yAap OAHOlt

BoltcKa npasoro KphiJia pyccKHX, He

):(ei!lcTBHJI npoTHB AsrycTa

rpynnolt HeCKOJII>KO Jiesee ueHTpa H

OKa3aB ):(OJiiKHOrO conpOTHBJieHHJI,

BTOpolt -

0AHaKo IleTp

II.

He CMHpHJICJI c

npasee ero. U:eH1paJII>HaJI

Ha'laJIH OTCrynaTh B):(OJII> JIHHHlt yK-

nopaJKeHHeM, Hao6opoT, OH pa3BHJI

'laCTI> n03HUHH 61>1Jia HaH60Jiee CHJII>HOlt. 3aMhiCeJI IIIBe):(CKOro KO-

penJieHHlt K nepenpase . .Il:HBH3HJI

KHn)"'YIO ):(eJITeJII>HOCTI> no peopraHH-

Tpy6euKoro, 6oJicl> 6hiTI> 01pe3aH-

3auHH apMHH. bhiJI npOH3Be):(eH HO-

pOJIJI COCTOJIJI B TOM, 'lT06hl OTpe-

Holt, cTaJia OTcrynaTI> K Hapse, a 3a-

Bhli!l Ha6op peKpyTOB B BOltCKa, BMe-

3aTI> KphiJII>JI OT UeHTpa H pa36HTI>

TeM TaKJKe noBepHyJia K MOCTY . .1J:H-

CTO ABOpJIHCKOlt C03):(aHa peryJIJipHaJI

HX; npH 3TOM rJiaBHOe ycHJIHe Ha-

BH3HJI Belt):(e, aTaeyeMaJI c 4lJiaHra,

KOHHHUa H3

npaBJIJIJIOCI> npoTHB npasoro Kphl-

no):(aBaJiacl> Ha3a,JJ,, B pacnoJioJKeHHe

H3roTOBJieHo 6oJiee

10 AparyHCKHX nOJIKOB, 300 nyrneK.

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl Wae.QCKMe aoop~eHHble CM11bl Illseuu.s~ B Haqane

XVIII

HaeMHhlX apMHii BhleOKHMH 6oeBhlMH KaqeeTBaMH.

( coep. Kyp3eMe B flBTBMM), a 3aTeM 4BMHYflCfl B flMTBY.

17 MIOHSI 1701 r. 6111TBA Y Pll1-

51Haapb-MaH 1702 r. HACTYnJlEHIAE HA BAPWABY.

fll1. KapnXII pa36vm o6be,a!IIHeHHYJO pyccKo-nonbcKo-caKcoHcKyJO apMMJO, KOTOpaf!6bma BbiHY>/(.t1eHa OTCT}'nMTb oT Puru (ropo.a Haxo.auncf! B ocqae no<JTM ro.a).

Kapn XII 3aHf!n nonbcKyJO cTonmw, KOTOpaf! He OKa3ana eMyconpOTMBneHMfl ( 14 Mafl). 3aTeM OH OTBa)I(HO BbJCTynun Ha 3ana.a, nnaHMPYfl .aaTb 6oiii AerycTy II.

111tonb 1701 r. WBEACKOE BTOP)f(EHIAE B nOJlbWY. noc<Jvt-

51Haapb-.QeKa6pb 1702 r. PYCCKOE BTOP)f(EHIAE B 111HfPII110. no.a 3pecnpepoM neTp I

BeKa

61>ma pasBHTott e1paHott, paerroJiaraJia 60JihlllHM KOJIHqeeTBOM MaHy<}>aI..'T)'p, A06hlBaJia MHoro iKeJie3a. IIoeJie TpHAUaTHJieTHett soiiHhl Illseuu.s~ BJia,AeJia seen IIpu6anTHKott H roerro,AeTBosana B CesepHott fepMaHHH. lliBe,AeKOe roey,AapeTBO HMeJIO 60JII>IIIYIO eyxorryTHYIO apMHIO H eHJihHhlii soeHHhlii <}>JioT. Co3,AaBaJiaeh apMH.si no THrry noeeneHHhlX BOiieK H Ha OeHOBe Bep60BKH. Heo6XO,AHMOeTh HMeTh 60JII>IIIYIO apMHIO H B TO iKe speMll TPYAHOeTH, eB.si3aHHhle e ee eo,AepiKaHHeM Ha roey,AapeTBeHHhlii eqeT, IIpHBeJIH K opraHH3auHH TaK Ha3hlBaeMOii eHeTeMhl HHAeJihT. Bee o6JiaeTH Illseuuu 6hlJIH IIO,AeJieHhl Ha yqaeTKH- HH,AeJihThl, Ka.iK)J,hlii H3 KOTOphlX BhleTaBJillJI OAHoro paTHHKa H eo,AepiKaJI ero. PaTHHK o6eerreqHBaJie.si He60JihlllHM yqaeTKOM 3el\-1JIH, ,AOMOM H IIOJiyqaJI OT

495

TaB, 'ITO nonbwa B npaeneHvte AeryeTa II npe.acTaBnf!na 6onee cepbe3HYJO yrpo3y, <JeM Poccvtf/ neTpa I (pac<JeT enonHe pa3yMHbliii, no coCTOf!HM/0 Ha TOT MOMeHT, HO 3a,aHMM 'IMCflOM CTaHOBMTCfl f/CHO, 'ITO B npoTH03e ceoeM Kapn XII owu6cf!), wee.acKvtiii Koponb pewun B nepey10 O'lepe,ab pa3o6p8TbCfl C nonbWeiii. OH nepenpaeuncf! <Jepe3 ,llBMHY ( coep. p. ,llayraea B flaTBMM), npu ,llvtHaMJOH,ae pa36vtn 06be,avtHeHHYIO CaKCOHCKO-pyCCKYJO apMM/0(9 M/Oflfl), 3aHf!n u aHHeKcupoean Kypnf!H4MJO

pa36vtn wee.acKoro reHepana WnunneH6axa ( 7 f!HBapfl). OH HaHec wee.aaM e~e o.aHo nopa)l(eHue, y (yMMenbcrocpa ( 18 MJOnfl), u 3aHf!n .aonuHy HeBbJ (.aeKa6pb).

2 MtonSI 1702 r. 6111TBA nPIA KJliAWOBE. 3.aecb Kapn XII pa3rpoMvtn ropa3.ao 6onee MHoro<JucneHHYJO nonbcKo-caKCOHCKYJO apMMJO, a 3aTeM <Jepe3 KMWeBWY/0 napTM3aHCKMMM OTpf!,aaMM He38MvtpeHHYIO MeCTHOCTb Bb/CT}'nvtn Ha B3f/TMe KpaKOBa.

HH,AeJihThl AOIIOJIHHTeJihHhle rrpo,AyKThl H o6MYHAHposaHHe. CHapHiKeHHe H BOOpYiKeHHe eMy Bl>l,}J,aBaJIO roey,AapeTBO. PaTHHKH eBOAHJIHeh B rroJIKH (1200-1500qeJioBeK) H O,AHH pas B roA eo3hiBaJIHeh Ha e6ophl, I]l.e rrpoXOAHJIH o6yqeHHe. EeJIH paTHHK yxoAHJI Ha BOiiHy, TO HH,AeJihTa Ha ero MeeTO BhleTaBJillJia HOBOrO paTHHKa. qHeJIO paTHHKOB ,AOeTHraJIO 64 ThlelJq qeJioBeK.lUB~eKOeBoiieKO,KOMIIJieK

TYeMOe Ha ocHoBe eueTeMhi HHAeJihT, HMeJIO HeKOTOpoe eXO,AeTBO e pyeeKHMH IIOJIKaMH «HOBOro eTpOll». lliBeUHll, KpOMe TOro, CO,AepiKaJia IIOeTO.siHHYIO apMHIO, KOMIIJieKryeMYIO Ha OCHOBe Bep60BKH (16 ThlC.sJ:q qeJioBeK). 06IIIall queJieHHOCTh cyxoIIYTHOii apMHH B soeHHoe speMll MOrJia 6hlTh ,AOBe,AeHa,AO 150 ThlClJq qeJIOBeK. <f>JIOT lliBeUHH B 1700 ro,Ay HaeqHThJBaJI 42 JIHHeiiHhlX KOpa6Jill H 12 <}>peraTOB e JIHqHhJM COeTaBOM B 13 Thle.sJ:qqeJioBeK. lliBeUHll paerroJiaraJia TaKiKe 6oJihiiiHM I..)'neqeeKHM <}>JIOTOM (.qo 900 ey,AOB), qaeTh KOTOporo MorJia 6m1> npuerroeo6JieHaAJill BOeHHhlX ,AeiieTBHii. lliBe,AeKall apMHll eqHTilJlaeh JiyqIIIeii B 3ana,AHott Esporre, HMeJia xopoiiiee BOOpYiKeHHe H OTJIHqaJiaeh OT

BoHHbl apMHH Kapna XII (cneaa Hanpaao): raapAe~cKH~ rpeHaAep, ocpm,\ep apMe~ctro~ nexoTbl, COJ1AaT Aanbctroro nonKa

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

496

KOM8H.LJ.OB8HI1eM wom8H.LJ.~8 Orl1nBI1, Korop8R OKKYnl1pOB8fl8 KypnRH.LJ.I110 ( 1705 r.).

reHep8flbHoro

Cp8)1(eHI1R PYCCKI1e YKIIOHI1fii1Cb, HO B KOHe4HOM 11rore K8pn XII BbJTeCHI1fl 11X113 KypfiR/1al111 11 38CT8BI1fl OTOWTI1 K n11HCKY, r.n.e npO.LJ.BI1)1(eHI1e npeKp8TI1fl (11/0flb 1706 r.). TeM BpeMeHeM ABrycr

nonbJT8fiCR

BepHyTb

nonbCKI111i npecron, HO no.n. ct>p8yWT8.LJ.TOM norepnen nop8)1(eHI1e or rop83.LJ.O MeHbWetli WBe.LJ.CKOW 8PMI111 no.n. KOM8H.LJ.OB8HI1eM reHep8fl8 K8pfl8

PeHWeflb.LJ.8

cpeBp8fiR

1706 r.).

AarycT-ceHTS16pb 1706 r. KAPJJ XII BTOPfAETCSI B CAKCOHI!'IIO. no4TI1 He BCTpeTI1B conpoTI1BJieHI1R, WBe.LJ.CK8R 8PMI1R 38XB8TI1fl8 fletlin~11r. ABrycr II npe.n.no)l(l1fl Ml1p.

24 ceHTS16pst 1706 r. AJlbTPAHWTAATCKI!'Ilil AOfOBOP. ABrycr

C8KCOHCKI111i orpeKcR or

nonbcKoro npecron8, npi13Han KoponeM CT8HI1Cfi8B8

I fleW11HCKoro

P830pBan C0/03 c Pocc11etli. nerp

npe.[lfl0)1(11fl MI1P, O.LJ.H8KO MCTI1TeflbHO H8crpoeHHbJtli K8pn

MeAanb B naMSITbCpalKeHHSI npH KanHWe 18 OKTSI6pS11706 r.

XII

OTK838fi-

CR OT neperOBOPOB.

1702-1703 rr. KOHCOJWIAAl..lii'ISI noJJbWI!'I. K8pfl XII MeTO.LJ.I14-

rop83.LJ.O 6onee MHOT0411CfleHHYIO, 4eM wee.n.cK8R), nocne 4ero OC8.11.11fl

1706-1707 rr. PA3MOJ1BKA CO CBSIU.tEHHOlil PI!1MCKOlil1!1MnEP1!1Elil. K8Pfl XII, %11 BOWCK8 yr-

HO oreoeB8fl y Aerycr8 II npoBI1H~I110

11 B3Rfl TopH (M8tli-.n.eK86pb).

p0)1(810We croRnl1 B C8KCOHI111, no-

38 npOBI1H~11etli.

16 Mast 1703 r. OCHOBAHI!'IE nETPOM I CAHKT -nETEP6YPrA.

HI1e np8B CI1Jie3CKI1X npoTeCT8HTOB,

13 anpem1 1703 r. 61!1TBA nPI!'I nYJJTYCKE. 3.n.ecb K8pn XII p83611n ewe O.LJ.HY 8PMI110 Aerycr8

II ( CHOB8

PyccKI1e eotlicK8 38HRfll1 ycrbe HeBbJ

11MeBwee Mecro no ycnoBI1RM Oc-

11 38Kpenl1fii1Cb T8M, nOfiY411B Bb/XO.LJ.

H86piOKCKoro .n.oroeop8. On8C8RCb,

K b8JITI1WCKOMY MOp/0.

4TO WBe~I1R BCT8HeT H8 CTOPOHY

1704 r. KAPJJ XII CA)I(AET HA nOJJbCKI!'Ilil TPOH CTAHI!'ICJJABA JJEU.ti!'IHCKOro. no ecetli nonbwe

Cfle.LJ.CTBO, C0/03HI1KI1 y6e.LJ.I1fll1 11M-

6yweean8 rp8)1(.LJ.8HCK8R BOWH8 Me)I(-

4Jp8H~I111 B BOWHe 38 11Cn8HCKOe H8nep8TOp8 y.n.oBneTBOPI1Tb wee.n.cKI1e Tpe60B8HI1R

( 8BTYCT

1707 r.).

II 11 Cr8-

K8pn XII HeMe.n.neHHO yBen BollicK8

4H~nst1704r.nETPICHOBA

113 C8KCOHI111 B noflbWY 11 CT8fl TOTOBI1TbCR K BTOp)l(eHI110 B POCCI110.

.n.y cropoHHI1K8MI1 ABrycT8 HI1Cfi8B8 fleiJ..ti1HCKOTO.

3AHI!1MAET AEPnT (coap. TapTy B 3CTOHHH). 9 aarycTa 1704 r. nETP I CHOBA 3AHI!1MAET HAPBY. Bee wBe.n.-

Kapn XII

rpe6oBan pecTI1TY~11tli 38 yweMne-

nerp

I cocpe.n.oro411fl 8PMI110 B03ne

rpo.LJ.HO 11 MI1HCK8.

1 SIHBapst170S r. BTOP)I(EHI!'IE B POCCI!'IIO. )J,o.>K;a8BWI1Cb, noK8 38-

XII

cKoe H8ceneHI1e ropo.n.8 6bmo np11

Mep3HYT peKI1, K8pn

9TOM nepe611TO.

45-Tb/CR4HOW 8PMI111 (KpynHetliwetli,

BO m8Be

1705-1706 rr. YCMI!1PEHI!1E nOJlbWI!'I KAPJlOM. P83611B C8K-

KOT.LJ.8-JII160 H8XO.LJ.I1BWeWCR nO.LJ. ero KOM8H.LJ.OB8HI1eM)nepenp8BI1JICR4e-

coH~eB npl1 nyHI1~e 11 BwoBe ( 1705 r.), K8pn XII nocnew11n B fli1T-

neHHOe nerpoM 1(26RHB8pR), 11.ll.BI1-

BY H8Bcrpe4y pyccKotli 8PMI111 no.n.

HYJICR H8 MocKBY. BeceHH/010 p8cny-

pe3 BI1CJIY. OH B3Rfl rpo.n.Ho, OCT8B-

497

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl 6bmo xy.awee peweHMe, npMH>~roe KapnoM XII 3a BCJO ero eoeHHYJO Kapbepy; npe)l(.ae 'leM ymy6n>~TbC>I B PoccMJO, eMy cne.aoeano 6bJ cocpe.aoro'lMTb CMflbJ M KaK cne.ayer o6ecne4MTb Tb/fl M CH86)1(eHMe.

MHOTO'lMCfleHHb/M pyCCKMM BOWCKOM M B ,aByX,aHeBHOM cpa)l(eHMM Haronoey pa3rpoMneHa. JleeeHraynr 6bJn BbJHy)l(,aeH C)l(e'lb BeCb npOBM8HTCKMW 0603; 21 OKT>i6p>i OH npMBen OCT8BWMeC>! y Hero WeCTb Tb/C>/4 M3MO)I(,aeHHb/X M rono,aHb/X con.aar Ha coe.aMHeHMe c KapnoMXII.

CeHTfl6pb-OKTH6pb 1 708 r. W BEJJ.bl OT6111Tbl OT CAHKT-nETEP6YPrA. leHepan J1J06eKep 6bm Bb/H}')I(.aeH OTCTynMTb B 4JMHfl>IH,aMJO.

0KTH6pb 1708 r. lt13rHAHIAE MA3Enbl. npo3H8B, 4TO Ma3ena TOTOBMT BOCCT8HMe, nerp f nocnan

Ma3ena B cTapocnt TMLW KapnXII nepe)I(M.aan B03ne MMH-

cKa ( Mapr -MJOHb).

29 HIOHfl 1708 r. KAPJJ XII nE-

,[(Jill pasrpoMa soJ;tcK JleseHrayrr-

Ta, ABHraBIIIHXCJI H3 PHrH Ha coe,qHHeHHe c KapJioM

JIHJI KOpBOJiaHT H3

9-1 0 OKTfl6pg 17 08 r. 61ATBA y JJ.EPEBHIA JJECHOVI. 4yrb BOC-

IIaCaMH H rrpo,qOBOJibCTBHeM.

T04Hee /l,Henpa 11-Tb/C>I4H8>1 apMM>I reHepana A.aaMa JleeeHraynra 6bma araKoBaHa ropa3.ao 6onee

HHJI H "'HCJieHHOCTb BOJ;tcKJleBeHra-

5 Tl>lCJl"' IIeXOTHHI.IeB, IIOCIDKeHHblX Ha KOHeJ;t, H CaM B03rJiaBHJI ero. JleBeHrayrrT HMeJl

16 Tl>lCJl"'

0~ 0

Orrpe,qenHB MapiiipyT cJie,qoBayrrTa, IleTp

AJIJI ycHJieHHH cso-

HX CHJI rrpHKa3aJ1 KOHHHI.Ie Boypa

o o

o o 0 0

IAtonb-OKTfl6pb 1708 r. TAKTIAKABbDIOKEHHOVI3EMJ1111. PycCKMe Me.aneHHO OTCTynanM, YHM'lT0)1(8>138 co6otli ece, 4TO Momo 6bJ noCfl'Y)KMTb npOTMBHMKY MCTO'lHMKOM nponMraHM>I. Or cp8)1(eHM>I OHM yKnoH>~nMcb (npae.aa, 9 ceHr>~6p>~ Kapn XII ece-raKM BbJHY.aMn MX .aarb KoporKMtli 6otli 6nM3 cena/l,o6poro). Wee.acKoe eotlicKo crano MCnbJTbJearb ocrpetliwyJO HexearKY npoeMaHra M cf>ypa)l(a; HO Kapn XII pewMn He orcrynarb, a .aeMHYTbC>I Ha YKpaMHY- H8 coe,aMHeHMe C K838l..IKMM rerMaHOM VfeaHoM Ma3enotli, KoropbJtli, 38KJ//04MB CO WBe,aCKMM KOpOneM ratliHbJtli .aoroeop, o6>~3anc>~ C 30-Tb/C>I'lHOW apMMetli Bb/CTynMTb nporMB pyccKMX. Kapn XII npMKa3an reHepany A.aaMy JleeeHraymy BbJ,aBMHYTbC>I >13 f1MBOHMM BO maee He60flbWOW apMMM M C orpOMHb/M 06030M npOBM8HT8 H8 coe,aMHeHMe C maBHb/MM WBe,aCKMMM CMfl8MM. 3TO

IIeXOThl H Ka-

BaJiepHH H MHOro IIOB030K C 6oerrpH-

PEnPABJJSlETCSl YEPE3 6EPE31AHY 6111113 60PIACOBA. 4 Htonfl 1708 r. roJJOBYIAHCKOE CPA)f(EHIAE. AraKoBaB pycCKYJO apMMJO, o6opoH>~BWYJO py6e)l( Ha peKe Ga6M4, Kapn XII npopean nMHMJO o6opoHbJ M o6parMn 3aumrHMKOB B 6erCTBO, nocne 'lero ,aBMHYflC>I K /l,Henpy M 8 M/Ofl>l Bb/Wen KMorMneey.

XII, Ile1p I BhJAe7 ThlCJl"' ,qparyH H

Ha YKpaMHY apMMJO, Koropa>~ 3axeaTMna M CO)I(Tn8 CTOflMLIY reTM8H8 barypMH. Ma3ena c He6onbWMM orp>~足 .aoM 6e)l(an My lopoK npMcoe.aMHMnc>~ K Kapny XII ( 6 HO>i6p>~).

Cpa)l(eHHe y JlecHOH 9 OKTH6pH 1708 r.

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

498

6HTB3 y necHOH

K KopBOJiaHTY.

(5 ThlCJiq qeJIOBeK) IIpHCOe~HHHTbCll 113 KpHqeBa 6biJI Bhl-

KOpBOJiaHTa npH6JIH3HJIHCb K nepe-

cJiaH He60JibiiiOlt KOHHbllt OTpll~~Jlll

JieCKY,

pa3pyiiieHHll MOCTOB Ha peKe Co:>K.

CJiaHHbllt lleBeHraynToM aBaHrap~.

B Jiarepb.

IliBe~bi aTaKOBaJIH JieByiO KOJIOHHY

no~ornJia KOHHHua Boypa. PyccKHe BOltCKa ocymeCTBHJIH CMeJibllt <}>JiaH-

OKTll6pll pyccKHlt KOpBOJiaHT

YTPOM r~e

oKTII6pH ~Be KOJIOHHhl

CTOllJI cneuHaJibHO Bbi-

JIH<JaJICll60JiblliHM ynopCTBOM C o6eHX cTopoH.

c6JIH3HJICll CO IIIBe~lTh1H y ~epeBHH

pyccKHX BOltCK B TO BpeMH, KOr~aOHa

necHolt H, He ~O:>KH~asiCb OTPll~a Bo-

Ha<JaJia BbiCTpaHBaTbCll K 6010, HO

ypa, HaqaJI cpa:>KeHHe. ,[{epeBHll llec-

BCKOpe BC'rynHJia B

Hall H3XO~HJiaCb Ha JieBOM 6epery

JIOHHa, HaHeCll y~ap no JieBOl'Yty <}>JiaH-

lliBe~OB

60JIOTHCTO!t pe<JKH lleCHllHKH Ha He-

ry npoTHBHHKa. IIIse~cKHlt aBaHrap~

B TO

60JibiiiOlt (Ao

npaBall KO-

nHTOM qacy rnBe~hl,

B 3TO

BpeMH K noJIIO 6oJI

rOBhllt MaHeBp C QeJiblO 3aHllTb MOCT no ~opore Ha llponoltcK H JIHlliHTb B03MO:>KHOCTH OTcrynaTb.

BpeMJI, Kor~a MOCT 6bm 3aHllT,

6biJI ar6porneH. llocJie 6oJI c aBaH-

Ha nOMOlllb lleBeHraynry npH6biJI no-

:>KeHHOlt JiecaMH H nepeJiecKaMH. He-

rap~oM

CJiaHHbllt HM paHee K llponoltcey OT-

~aJieKo

JIHHHH.

KM) IIOJillHe, OKpy-

~eJIO

noHeCll 60JiblliHe noTepH, OTC'rynHJIH

~epeBHH

llponoltcK. K

uma

~opora

YTPY 9 oi>.-TI~6pH lleBeH-

raynT pacnOJIO:>KHJI CBOH BOltCKa Ha nOJillHe y

~epeBHH,

ycTpOHB H3 no-

KopsoJiaHT nocTPOHJICll B ~Be nepBolt JIHHHH B ueHTpe

pll~. PyccKHe He O:>KH~aJIH y~apa co

Haxo~HJiacb nexara, Ha<}>JiaHrax cTO-

CTOpOHbi 60JiblliaKa H 6hJJIH BbiHY:>K-

llJIO no

~Ba ~paryHCKHX

nOJIKa, BO

BTOpolt JIHHHH pacnOJiara.JIHCb KOHHH-

~eHbi

ocTaBHTb nepenpaey.

Ho<JbiO ocTaTKH rnse~cKHX BoltcK,

B030K yKpenJieHHbllt Jiarepb B TbiJIY

ua H HeCKOJibKO 6aTaJibOHOB neXOTbl.

6pOCHB 0603, apTHJIJiepHIO H paHe-

n03HI.IHH. IlieCTb IIIBe~CKHX 6aTaJib-

Me:>K~Y JIHHHllMH ~Jill ycHJieHHll

HbiX, 6e:>KaJIH K llponoltcey, HO He

OHOB 3aHJIJIH nepeJiecoK cesepo-3a-

<}>JiaHroB CTOllJIH rpeHa)l.epCKHe pOTbi.

MOrJIH 3J(ecb nepenpaBHTbCll qepe3

na)l.Hee ~epeBHH. lloJIOBHHY nOB030K

0KOJIO <Jaca ~Hll pyccKHe aTaKO-

peey Co:>K, TaK KaK MOCT 6biJI pa3py-

CTOllBlliHX B IIOJIHOM

rneH. llpecJie~yeMble pyccKolt KOHHH-

oTpll~a lleBeHraynT HanpaBHJI Ha

6oeBOM nopll~Ke Ha rJiaBHOlt n03H-

uelt H HeCll noTepH, OHH OCTaBHJIH

llponoltcK.

1.1HH. Bolt npo~oJI:>KaJICll

~pyry10 qacTb o603a (HanpasJieHHO-

no~

npHKpbiTHeM TpeXThlCll<JHOrO

B3JIH

lliBe~OB,

4 qaca H oT-

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl ro paHee K Ilpononccy) H HanpaBHJIHCI> K fJIHHCK)', a 3aTeM coe,.qHHHJIHCI> c KapJioM

XII.

IlOTepH IIIBe,.qOB COCTaBJiliJIH 8500 qeJioBeK y6HThiMH. B nJieH 6hiJio B3liTO

<X}>HuepoB H

700

COJI,.qaT. Pyc-

CKHMH 6h!JI 3axBaqeH rpOMa)J,HI>IH 0603 H BC.ll apTHJIJiepHli

(17 opy,.qHH).

IIoTepH pyccKHX BOHCK cocTaBHJIH 6oJiee TI>IC.lJ:qH qeJioBeK y6HThiMH H AO

3 ThiC.lJ:q paHeHI>IMH. Ilo6e,.qa B 6HTBe y ,.qepeBHH JiecHOH, KOTOPYIO IleTp

Ha3BaJI «MaTe-

p:~>IO IloJITaBCKOH 6aTaJIHH», .liBHJiaCI> nepBoH KpynHoH no6e,.qon pyccKHX BOHCK H3A nepBOKJiaCCHOH peryJilipHOlt IIIBe,.qCKOH apMHeH. 0Ha CI>IrpaJia 60JII>IIIYIO pOJII> B yKpenJieHHH MO-

499

CKYJO Kpenocrb nonraea (2 Ma>~). nerp I c 80-Tb/C>Il!HOW apMvtew M 6onee l!eM 100 nyWK8MM HeMe.[J,fleHHO Bb/CTynMn H8 nOMOWb OC8)1(.[J,eHHb/M. 06a eowcKa- pyccKoe M wee.acKoe - CT8flM OCTOpO)I(HO M8HeBpMPOB8Tb, M3TOT8BflMB8>1Cb K 6MTBe. B o.aHow M3 npe.aeapurenbHbJX CTbJlleK Kapn XII 6bm T>f)l(eno paHeH B HOry ( 17 MIOH>I) M .aanee BbJHy)I(.[J,eH nepeMeW8TbC>I H8 HOCMflK8X.

28 H~HSI1709 r. noJlTABCKAS1 6111TBA. YKapnaXII KOH<ianvtcb 6oenpunacbJ, M eMy 6bma Heo6xo.avrMa cKopa>~ no6e.aa. nepBbJe araKM ero pa3BMBanvtcb comacHo nnaHy, M WBe.[J,CKOMY neBOMY lj>naHry M LjeHTpy y.aanocb .ao6vtTbC>I nepeeeca.

nerp I co6panc>l y)l(e 6bmo npMK83biB8Tb orcrynneHvte, Kor.aa oco3Han, liTO WBe.[J,CKMe lj>naHrM MLjeHTp <ipe3Bbll/8WHO paCT>IHYflMCb no lj>pOHTY, M CB>I3M Me)I(.[J,y HMMM npaKTMl!eCKM MflM coeceM He no.a.aep)I(MBBJOTC>I. Tor.aa OH co6pan CBe)I(Me CMflbl (40 Tb/C>Ill lleflOBeK) M npvtrOTOBMflC>I 0Tp8)1(8Tb peW810WYJO WBe.[J,CKYIO 8T8KY (7 TbiC>Ill lleflOBeK). npvt T8KOM nO.[J,8Bfl>fJOWeM nepeeece- K roMy )l(e, pyccKa>~ apMM>I 6bma nyllwe eoopy)l(eHa, .aa M 6oenpunacoe MMena, B ornvtl!Me or wee.acKow, enonHe .aocraTOl!HO - nerp I BCKOpe CyMen nepeflOMMTb xo.a cp8)1(eHM>I. Wee.acKa>~ nexora 6bma YHMl!TO)I(eHa, KaeanePM>I o6paweHa B 6ecnop>i.[J,Ol!Hoe

paJII>HOro .LI)'Xa pyccKolt apMHH, noKa3aJia Bhl)l.aiOII.IHeCli llOJIKOBO,.qqecKHe KaqecTBa IleTPa

PyccKHe BOHCKa

,.qeHCTBOBaJIH B CpiDKeHHH Ha OCHOBe JIHHeHHOH TaKTHKH, HO npHMeHliJIH ee TBopqecKH, HCXOAli H3 o6CTaHOBKH: BcrynaJIH B 6on no Mepe no,.qxo,.qa CHJI, He AOiKHAMCI> HX llOJIHOrO pa3BepThiBaHHli, coqeTaJIH OrOHI> CO IIIThiKOBhiMH y,.qapaMH, HCK)'CHO MaHeBpHpOBaJIH Ha noJie 6oli, o6ecneqHBaJIH TeCHOe B3aHMO,.qeltCTBHe neXOThl H KOHHHUhi. BHTBa y ,.qepeBHH JieCHOH OKa3aJia cep1>e3HOe BJIHliHHe Ha,.qaJII>HeHIIIHlt xo,.q BOHHhi. Pa3rpoM Kopnyca JieBeHraynTa JIHIIIHJI KapJia

XII

Heo6xo,.qHMhiX eM:y no,.qKpenJie-

HHH, npo,.qOBOJII>CTBHli H 6oenpHnaCOB, copBaJI ero nJiaH noxo,.qa HaMocKBy.

1708-1709 rr. 3111MHS1S1 KAMnAHIIIS1; 60Pb6A 3A:>KYI3Hb. Co ecex cropoH araKyeMbJe pycCKMMM, WBe.[J,bl BbiHY)I(.[J,eHbl 6bJnM nOCTO>IHHO Cp8)1(8TbC>I. 3TO 6blfl8, BepO>ITHO, C8M8>1 XOflO.[J,H8>1 3MM8 38 BCIO MCTOPMIO Eeponbl; apMM>I Kapna XII ucnbJTbJBana )I(YTKMe T>frorbJ M Hecna T>f)l(enewwue norepu. Kapn XII 'w.aoM cyMen y.aep)l(aTb BOWCKO no.a KOHTponeM, HO K BeeHe B ero pacnop>f)l(eHMM ocranocb He 6onee 20 TbJC>Ill l!enoeeK, cnoC06Hb/X Cp8)1(8TbC>I. nyweK npM 9TOM ocraeanocb ecero 34, a nopoxa 6bmo KpawHe Mano. MaH-H~nb 1709r. OCAAA nOJlTABbl. Hacryna>l H8 BopoHe)l(,

Kapn XII ocraHoeunc>~ oca.avtrb pyc-

M. B. noMOHOCOB.

«nonTaBCKaSI6aTanHH»

500

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. 6ercTeo. Kapna

XII ycnenu no,aHRTb

C HOCMJ10K M YCMMTb H8 J10W8,ab; B conpoeo)I(Jl.eHMM reTMaHa Ma3enbJ M

1500 BCMHMKOB ( nOJ10BMH8 -

K838-

KM, nOJ10BMH8- WBe,abJ) OH 6e)I(8J1 B Typew<YJO Moll.ll.BBM/0. )J,eyMR ,aHRMM no3)1(e

12 Tb/Cf/4

yueneewux wee.a-

CKMX K8B8J1epMCTOB CJ18J1MCb pycCKMM y nepeBOJ104HOC1, H8 )J,Henpe.

1345 3290 paHeHb/9234 4enoeeKa

PyccKue noTepu cocTaeunu 4eJ10BeK y6MTb/MM M MM; wee,acKuey6MTb/MM M

18794 nneHHb/MM.

B pH.LJ.e HcroqHHKOB coo6maeTcJI, qro B 6HTBe yqacTBoBaJio co cropo-

42 ThiCJiq qeJioBeK H 72 opy.LJ.Hli H CO CTOpOHhi IIIBe.LJ.OB .LJ.O 30 ThlcJiq qenoBeK. PyccKaJI KOHHHUa COCTOJIJia H3 23 .LJ.paryHCKHX llOJIKOB H 1 3CKa,ll,pOHa, H3 HHX 6 llOJIKOB He

Hhl pyccKHX .LJ.O

npHHHMaJIH yqaCTHli B 6HTBe, TaK KaK 61>JJIH HanpaBJieHhi .LJ.Jili CBli3H C reTMaHOM CKopona.LJ.CKHM, KOTOphli:t c OTPli.LJ.a?vtH Ka3aKOB .LJ.BHraJicJI Ha coe.LJ.HHeHHe C rJiaBHhiMH CHJiaMH pycCKOi:t apMHH B HanpaRJieHHH K CopoqJiHUaM H By.LJ.Hll.laM. ~paryHcKHe noJIKH H OTPJIA CKopona,r:J,cKoro .LJ.OJI-

nonTaBCK8SI 611TB8 28 HIOHSI 1709 r.

iKHhi 6J>mH o6pa30BaTJ> 3aCJIOH, qro6hl

He .LJ.OllYCTHTh B03MOiKHOro OT-

CTYUJieHHli IIIBe.LJ.OB Ha IIpaso6epeiKHYIO YKpaHHY H IloJIJ>IIIy. Ha IloJITaBCKOM noJie 61>JJI H3MeHeH BeCJ> XO.LJ. BOi:tHhi. «HhiHe yiKe COBepiiieHHO KaMeHJ> B OCHOBaHHH C.-IleTep6ypra noJioiKeH»,- nHcaJI IleTp

AnpaKCHHY. IloJITaBCKaJI no-

6e.LJ.a B03BhiCHJia MeiK.LJ.yHapO.LJ.Hhli:t aBTopHTeT PoccHH H HMeJia BJIHliHHe Ha cy.LI.J>6hl IloJIJ>IIIH H Bcet:t IlpH6aJITHKH. IloJITaBCKalJ 6HTBa OKa3aJia rpoMa.LJ.HOe BJIHliHHe Ha pa3BHTHe pyccKOro H 3ana,r:J,HOeBponei:tCKOro BOeHHOro HceyccTBa. MapiiiaJI MopHU CaKcoHCKHi:t

(1696-1750),

llOCBliTHBIIIHi:t

B CBOHX pa6oTax HeMaJIO CTpaHHU 6HTBe llO.LJ. IJOJITaBOi:t, npH3hiBaJI llO.LJ.paiKaTh pyccKHM: «BOT 1\"a.KHM o6pa30M 6Jiaro.LJ.apli HCKYCHhiM MepaM MOiKHO 3aCTaBHTh cqacThe CKJIOHHThCli B CBOIO CTOpoHy». lhBeCTHJ>li:t <}>paHUY3CKHi:t BOeHHhli:t llHCaTeJIJ> BpeMeH JliO.LJ.OBH-

ToplKecTBeHHoe BCTYrvteHHe pyccKHx BOHCK a MocKBy 31 AeKa6pst 1709 r. nocne nonTaactroH no6eAbl

KaXJV PoKOHKYP npH3HaBaJI, ~o ¢paHUHli, o6Jia.LJ.aBIIIalJ BCeM Heo6xo-

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOLI1Hbl

501

il,llMhlM il,.illi pa3BllTllll: BOeHHOI'O i],eJla, AOJDKHa 6hma Y"~IITbCll: Ha o6pa3u:ax OTAaJTeHHoro BocToKa, rAe MOJTOAall: apMIIll: HBJTll:JTaCh opyAIIeM ocyiQeCTBJleHHll: soeHHoro nporpecca. «CTOJlh perni'!TeJJbHall: no6eAa, -

n11caJJ Po-

KOHKYP 0 nonTaBCKOH 6IITBe, -

Hail,

ny•une il,llClllliiJlllHHpOBaHHhlMI1 eBponeHCKllMll BOHCKaMH He 6biJla Jll1 ll3BeCTHblM npeil,3HaMeHOBaHJ1eM TOrO, 'ITO CO BpeMeHeM Cil,eJTaTOT pycCKIIe?

TO )f(e BpeMll: C):(eJJaHHbie MMII

pacrropmKeHHH He 6bTJTII JIH rrpeAyrrpe)l(ll,eHHeM 11 ypoKOM AJill: Apymx HaQHH? )J,ei1CTBI1TeJlbHO, CJlell,yeT OTMeTHTb 3THM cpa)l(eHHeM HOBYIO TaKTII'IecKyTO II <}JopTIICjmKal(IIOHHYTO KOM6IIHal(HTO, KOTOpall: 6bTJTa peaJTbHbiM rrporpeccoM AJTll: TOM II Apyron. 3TIIM IIMeHHo cnoco6oM, AO Tex nop He yiiOTpe6JUIBllli1MCll:, XOTll: Oil,HHaKOBO YA06HhiM AJIR HacTynneHHR H o6opoHhi, AOJT)f(Ha 6hma 6hiTb YHH'ITO)f(eHa BCH apMHR

aBaHTIOp11CTa

Kapna XII». AsrycT-AeKa6pb 1709 r. PYCCKl-1E 3AHl-1MAIOT nonbWY. neTp I Bb/CTymm Ha 3ana/],, 3aHRJI noflbWY Ill yca/],11111 Ha TpOH CBOB/0

Kapn XII cpa>KaeTCSI c SIHbl"'apaMI1

6eHAepcKOM narepe

C0/03HMKa Aa,-ycm II CaKCOHCKOIO YCflbtWa8 0 W8B/],CKOM pa31pOMe nO/],

nof1Ta80i!t,

TOT

8BpHyfiCR

B noflbWY Ill 3aRBIIIJI 0 /],BHOHCaL{IIIIII AllbTpaHwTa/],TCKIIIX comaweHMi!t . BnpO'IBM, B noflbWB CTOR/1111 pycCKIIIB OKKyn8L{IIIOHHb/B BOMCKa, Ill peaflbHb/M npa8111TBJIBM RBJIRJICR CaM CTaHIIICfla8 Jlell.liiiHCKIIIi!t

6e-

>Kafl 8 W8e/l,CKYIO noMepaHM/0;

neTp

6btBWIIIe CTOpOHHIIIKIII nO/],BeplfiiiiCb 6e3>KafiOCTHOMY npecfle/],08aHIII/O.

1709-1710 rr. COI03Hl-1Kl-1 C06l-1PAIOTTPOCI>El-1.,ll,aT'IaHe3aHRIIIII illf1B3BIIII, a TaK>Ke HaXO/],IIIBWIIIeCR nO/], WBB/],CKOf!t BflaCTb/0 5peMeH 111 Bep/l,eH; nocfle/l,HIIIe 6btfllll nepe/l,aHbt raHHOBepy C L{eflb/0 no6y/1,111Tb nocne/l,HIIIi!t BCT}'niiiTb a aoi!tHy. ,ll,aTCKaR apMIIIR 3aHRJia /O>KHY/0 WBB/],CKY/0 npoaMHL{III/0 CKoHe. ,ll,pymR /],aTCKaR apMIIIR BMBCTB C nOflbCKO-CaKCOHCKOf!t 8TOpmacb 8 W8e/],CKYIO noMepaHIII/0, HO 6btfla OCTaHOBJIBHa . PyccKMe reM apeMeHeM 3aHRfllll Kapefllll/0, f1111BOHIIIIO, 3CTJIRH/],III/O Ill OCTaTOK IIIHIPIIIIII.

OcaAa Bbl6opra pyccKI1MI1 soiilcKaMI1

1710 r.

502

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO.ll,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

nocne He,D,onrt1x MaHeapoa 6onee 'leM TpOeKpaTHO npeBOCXO,IJ,fiUJ,ee TypeLJ,KOe BOMCKO nony'lt1f10 TaKTt1'leCKOe npet1MyUJ,eCTBO t1 npt1)f(afiO neTpa I K peKe npyT, r,D,e OIOfiO,D,aBwafl pyccKafl apMt1fl oKonanacb 11 6blfla OKpy)f(eHa. BMeCTO TOIO 'IT06bl npo,D,Ofl)f(aTb 6oeBbJe ,D,eil1cTBt1fl, 5af1Ta,IJ,)f(t1-MexMeT BCTynt1fl C neTpaM I B neperoaopbl. npof1Bt1 Beflt1Kt1il1 Bt13t1pb 'IYTb 6onee ynopcTBa , 11 neTp I BbJHy)J(,IJ,eH 6blfl 6bl Kant1TYflt1poaaTb; HeB03MO)f(HO ,D,a)f(e aoo6pa3t1Tb , KaK TOr,D,a noaepHynacb 6bJ Mt1pOBaf/ t1CTOpt1fl .

60 KM.

21 llltonSI 1711 r . nPYTCKHH AOrOBOP. CamacHo em ycnoat1fiM neTp 1 ao3apaTl1n Typu,1111 A3oa,

HanpaBJleiHHl .IIB111!(<::1HHI 11 yllaPQB

-;::::::::::- pyccllHX

aof!CK CTO P OH·

~ typeuKo-tarapcKH~

X 8.1 Mecra H Aano cpa)I( CflHH )12.YII. /711 1 3aKiliO'lCfHIC npy;CKOrO

,_.HpHOTO JlOrOaOpa

- - Bb1BO.II pycCKHx ao\1et<: HJ M o.n.naa1n 1

-··- ··- · • ~pti:r~bl

KIHilKC CHI , JaBHCfH1biX OT 0CMaHCKO ft

H!otflCpHH

,D,eMOHTt1poaan TaraHporcKyJO 11 Pfi,D, ,D,pyr11x KpenocTeill, a TaK)f(e comaCt1f1Cfl BbJBeCTt1 BOMCKa 113 nonbWt1 t1 npeKpaTt1Tb BMeWaTeflbCTBO BO BHyTpeHHt1e nOflbCKt1e ,D,ena. (noCfle,D,Ht1X ,D,BYX 06f/3aTeflbCTB OH TaK 11 He BbJnOf1Ht1fl.} Kapn XII, KOTOpoMY no3BOflt1flt1 6ecnpenfiTCTBeHHO npocne,D,oBaTb a Waeu,1110 , 6bJfl Ct1flbHO pa3o'lapoaaH, 'ITO era conepHt1K TaK nerKo OT,D,enancfl. B Te'leHl1e Tpex neT OH oTKa3bJBancfl noKt1,D,aTb Typeu,Kl1e ana,D,eHl1fl 11 6e3ycnewHo nbJTancfl BTfiHYTb Typu,1110 a nonHOMacwTa6HyJO aoii1Hy c Poe-

Ct1eilt. 8 KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,OB TypeLJ,Kt1e C0103Ht1Kt1 noMeCTt1flt1 Kapna XII no,D, apecT- nocne O)f(eCTO'IeHHOill pyKonawHoill cxaaTKt1 ( 1 cpeapanfl 1713 r .) .

1712-1713 rr. SOEBbiEAEHCTBHSI B CEBEPHOH rEPMAHHH . npt1 ra,D,e6ywe WTeii1H60K pa3611n ,D,aTCKYJO apMt1JO ( 1712 r.); HO BCKOpe npOTt1B Hero Bb/CTynt1f10 ropa3,D,O 6onee MHOrO'It1CfleHHOe BOiliCKO COI03Ht1KOB, t1 y TeHHt1Hia OH 6btfl BbiHY)f(,D,eH Kant1TYflt1pOBaTb ( 1713 r .) . TeM apeMeHeM pyccKocaKcoHcKyJO apMt110 OT6t1Baflt1 OT WTpanb3YH,D,a ( 1713 r .) . HecMoTpfl Ha nopa)f(eHt1fl, Waeu,t1>1 npo,D,Ofl)f(ana BOMHy; WBe,D,CKt1M c:/JfiOT no-npe)f(HeMy 6bJfl maBeHCTBYIOUJ,t1M Ha 5anTt1Ke.

1713r.AAPHAHOnOnbCKHH MHP. POCCt1fl t1 TypU,t1fl 3aKfiiO'It1flt1 Mt1p.

1713-1714 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE POCCHEH <1>HHnSIHAHH. 1714 r. rAHrYTCKOE MOPCKOE CPA>KEHHE (111n111 y Mblca XaHKo) . HOBbJilt pyccKt1il1 cpnoT, nporpaMMa CTpOt1TeflbCTBa KOTOp0 10 6bJna l1Hl1LJ,l1l1poaaHa neTpoM I,

pa36l1n y Mbtca raHryr ( c:/Jl1HCK. XaHKo) WBe,D,CKt1M c:/JfiOT; pyCCKt1e o6peflt1 KOHTpOflb Ha,D, C/>t1HCKt1M 3aflt1 -

<1>espanb 1710 r. XEnbCHHSOPrCKOE CPA>KEHHE. Wae,D,CKt1 il1 reHepan MarHyc WTeii1H6o K pa3611n a /O)f(HOill Waeu,1111 ,D,aT'IaH 11 BbiHY,D,t1fl t1X OTCTynt1Tb 3a 3yH,D,CKt1M npOflt1B ( t1flt1 npOflt1B 3peCyHH) . 3aTeM WTeii1H60K Bb/CTynt1fl B repMaHt110, Ha 3aUJ,t1TY HeMeLJ,Kt1X 3eMeflb, npt1Ha,D,fle)f(aBWt1X Waeu,1111 .

0KTS16pb 1710 r. B BOHHY HA CTOPOHE WBEL\HH BCTYnAET TYPL\HSI. B OTBeT Ha npt13bJB o noMOW.t1 ace ew,e npe6bJBaawero a Mon,D,aBt1t1, a 5eH,D,epax, Kapna XII CyfiTaH 06bf1Bt1fl BOMHY POCCt1t1 t1 no cnan K pyCCKOM rpaHt1LJ,e Beflt1KOIO Bt13t1Pfl 5anTa,D,)f(t1-MexMeTa , aaept1B era KOMaH,D,OBaHt110 nO'ITt1 200-Tb/Cfi'IHYIO apMt110.

MapT-IIItonb 1711 r. MOnAABCKASI KAMnAHHSI. '-lepec'lyp caMoyaepeHHbJilt nocne nonTaBbJ , neTp I BTOprcfl B Mon,D,aBt110 c npt1MepHO 60-Tb/Cfi'IHOM apMl1eil1, HO

raHryTCKOe cpa>KeHI/Ie

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOLI1Hbl

503

BOM, 'ITO yCKOPJI/110 nOKOpeHJI/e C!>JIIHIIRH,ll,JIIJII. 5e3yCIIOBHOMY WBe,£1,CKOMY rocnO,D,CTBY Ha 5aiiTJI/Ke npMWell KOHeU,, XOTR pyCCKJIIM <jJIIOT 6blll e1.1..1e He,D,OCTaTO'IHO CJI/IIeH, 'IT06bl ,l1,8Tb reHep811bHOe MOpCKOe cpa)f(eHJI/e .

11 HOS16pS11714 r. nPH6biTHE KAPnAXII B WTPAnb3YHA. 0T'I8'iiBWJI/Cb cnpoaou,MpoaaTb TypoK Ha pewMTellbHbJe ,D,eilrcTBJII'il, Kap11

XII

6e)l(all Jl/3 Typu,MM, r,D,e Haxo,D,MIICR <jJaKTJII'IeCKJII nO,D, ,ll,OM8WHJIIM apecTOM, Jll B COnpOBO)I(,ll,eHJIIJII O,ll,HOrOe,D,JIIHCTBeHHOrO c11yrM npo,D,e11a11 pMCKOBaHHOe nyTewecTBJI/e '!epe3 BCJO Eapony.

1714-1715 rr. KAPn XII roTOBHTCSJ K HOBO~~! KAMnAHHH. Kap11 XII He611aropa3yMHO oTBepr npe,D,IIO)I(eHJII'il MMPHbJX neperoaopoa, He )KellaR Jll,ll,TJII Ha KOMnpoMJIICC Jll HaCTpOeHHb/M IIJI/Wb Ha 6e30rOBOpO'IHYIO no6e,D,y. 0Tpa3JIIB p'il,£1,

aTaK

C0/03HhlX

BOMCK

WTp811b3YH,ll,, OH B03BpaTJIIIICR B WBeU,JI/10 (,D,eKa6pb

1715 r.),

KOTO-

poilt rp03JIIIIO HOBOe BTOp)l(eHJI/e Jl/3 Jl.a HJIIJII Jll HopaerMM. Co6paa 20-TbJC'ii'IHYJO apMJII/0, OH Bb/CTynJI/11 B CKoHe, 'ITO 3acTaBJIIIIO era npOTJIIBHJIIKOB OTKa3aTbC'il OT nllaHOB BTOp)f(eHJIIR (

1716 r . ).

HeceHIIIe Tena Kapna XII, y6111Toro np111 ocaAe Cl>peAPIIIKcxannSl

1717-1718r~

HOPBE~-

CKHE KAMnAHHH. nepexaaTJIIB MHJIIU,MaTMBy, Kap11 XII smprcR B,D,aTCJ<YIO HopserMJO. OH Ha,D,eRIICR, 'ITO 3axsaT HopserMM o6ecne'IMT era 6o11ee Ha,D,e)I(HOilr 6a3oilr ,D,II'il ,D,allbHeilrwMx KaMnaHMilr; KpOMe TOrO, 3 TJII 3eMIIJII npMrO,D,JIIIIJI/Cb 6bl ,ll,IIR «TOprOBIIJII» Ha 6y,D,y1.1..1JIIX MJIIpHb/X neperoBOpax.

11 AeKa6pSI 1718 r. CM EPTb KAPnA XII. Kor,D,a OC8)f(,D,aBWa'il cJ:>pe,D,pJIIKCXallllb WBe,D, CKaR apMJIIR rOTOBJI/IIaCb K WT}'pMy, HeOCTOpO)I(HO Bbllfl'iiHYBWeMy Jl/3-3a 6pyCTBepa Kap11y

XII nona11a B /OIIOBY ,D,aTCKa'il

nyll'il.

1719-1720 rr. PYCCKHE PEIIIAbl B WBELI,HIO. Tenepb 5 a iiTMKY KOHTpOIIJI/pOBall pycCKJIIM <jJIIOT.

Top>KeCTBeHHoe npoxo>KAeHIIIe no Heae 'leTblpex waeACKIIIX <j>peraToa, B3S1TbiX a cpa>KeHIIIIII np111 rpeHraMe. 1720 r.

H a no6epe)l(be 611M3 CTOKrOIIbMa nePMO,ll,JII'IeCKJII BbJCa)I(JIIBaiiJI/Cb ,D,eCaH-

504

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

Tbl, MOTpa)l(aTb MX WBe.tJ.aM CTaHOBMflOCb <!eM .tJ.aflbWe, TeM Tf/)l(enee. PMKCJJ.ar npe.ll.flO)I(Mfl MMp.

1719-1721 rr. CTOKfOJlbM-

BOHHA 3A HCIIAHCKOE HACJIE,l];CfBO, 1701-1714 rr.

CK~E AOfOBOPEHHOCT~. Me)l(ll.y Wee~uefii, CaKCOHMefii M nonbwefii 6blfl BOCCTaHOBfleH status quo. npycCMfl coxpaHuna WTeTTMH u '-/aCTb noMepaHMM, a TaK)I(e 3annaTMfla KOHTpM6y~MIO. )J,aHMfl OTKa3anaCb OTO BCeX CBOMX TeppMTOpManbHb/X npMo6peTeHMfii, KpoMe Wne3eura, HO nonyquna OT Wee~MM KOHTpM6y~MIO.

30 aarycTa 1721 r. H~WTAAT足 CK~lil AOfOBOP. ComacHo 9TOMY .11.0roeopy, 3a Poccuefii ocTanucb flMBOHMfl, 3CTnfiH.ll.Mfl, VfHrpMR, '-laCTb Kapenuu u MHO)I(eCTBO 6anTufiicKux OCTPOBOB. 4JMHflfiH.ll.MiO(KpOMe 8bJ6opra) PoccuR B03BpaTuna Wee~uu, a TaK)I(e BbJnflaTMfla KOHTpM6y~MJO. )J,oroeop 9TOT 3aKpenun cTaTyc Poccuu KaK Hau6onee Mory~e足 cTBeHHofii 6anTMfiiCKOfii .tJ.ep)l(aBbl, M, OTHb/He, O.tJ.HOfii M3 Be.tJ.y~MX eeponefiiCKMX.

Kapn II, nocne.tJ.HMfii ucnaHCKMfii npaBMTeflb M3 .tJ.MHaCTMM /a6c6ypIOB, 6blfl 6e3.tJ.eTeH. /naBHb/MM npeTeH.tJ.eHTaMM Ha MCnaHCKMfii TPOH BbiCTynanM, C O.tJ.HOfii CTOpOHbl, cppaH~Y3CKMfii KoponbflJO.tJ.OBMK XIV- CbJH cTapwefii JJ.O'-/epu ucnaHcKoro KoponR ct>ununna Ill u M}I)K cTapwefii JJ.O<!epu ct>vlnunna IV; a c JJ.pyrofii- repMaHCKMfii MMnepamp fleononb.tJ. I la6c6ypr, CbJH Mna.tJ.wefii JJ.O<~epu ct>ununna Ill u MY)/( Mna.tJ.wefii JJ.O'-Iepu ct>ununna IV. Hu AHmuu, HM lonnaH.tJ.MM, IOCnO.tJ.CTBOBaBWMM Ha MOpRX, He 6blfl0 Bb/IOJJ.HO 06be.tJ.MHeHMe VfcnaHMM c ct>paH~uefii unu AecTpuefii. no9TOMY flJO.tJ.OBMK XIV npeTeH.tJ.OBan Ha MCnaHCKMfii TPOH He CaMOflM'-IHO, a .ll.flfl CBOero BTOPOIO BHyKa, ct>ununna AH:KYfiicKoro, a fleononb.tJ. I

la6c6ypr- .tJ.flR ceoero eTOporo CbJHa, 9p~rep~ora Kapna.

13 MapTa 1700 r. 3ABEW.AKAPJlAII. ComacHOBblp8)1(eHHofii e HeM eone Kapna II Hacne.tJ.HMH~E

KOM MCnaHCKOIO TPOHa 6blfl npOB03maweH ct>ununn AH:KYfiiCKMfii.

1 HoSI6pS11700 r. CMEPTbKAPJlA II. ct>ununn AH)t(yfiicKufii B3owen Ha MCnaHCKMfii TPOH n0.11. MMeHeM ct>ununna V.

50EBb/E ,llEHCTBHfl B 3AflA/.lHOH H ~EHTPAnbHOH EBPOnE MapT 1701 r. <f>PAHU.Y3bi3AB ~CnAH足

H~MAIOT KPEnOCT~

CK~X H~AEPJlAHAAX. AHmMR u

/onnaH.tJ.Mfl npMIOTOBMflMCb K BOfiiHe. TaK KaK fleononb.tJ. lla6c6ypr nonpe)I(HeMy 3af/Bflflfl 0 npeTeH3MRX Ha MCnaHCKMe HM.tJ.epnaH.tJ.bl, K BOfiiHe CTana IOTOBMTbCR MABCTPMfl. npuH~ EereHufii CaeofiicKufii co6pan aecTpufiiceyJO apMMJO B Tupone. 6onee KpynHaR cppaH~Y3CKaf/ apMMfl, KOMaH.tJ.OBan KOTOpofii Mapwan HMKOfla .11.e KaTMHa, 3aHRna y~enbe Pueonu (Mafii).

28 MapTa 1701 r. nP~6biT~E B ~TAJl~IO. Heo)I(M.tJ.aH-

EBfEH~s:l

HO BbJCTynue, EereHufii CaeofiicKufii CKpbJTHO, MaflOM3BeCTHb/MM ropHb/MM TponaMM o6owen apMMJO Mapwana .11.e KaTMHa u .tJ.OCTMr Bu<~eH~bJ. 4T06bl He OKa3aTbCfl OTpe3aHHb/MM, cf>paH~Y3bl OTCTynunu Ha 3anaa.

MaH-aaryCT 1701 r. MAHEBP~POBAH~E BJ10M6APA~~. He-

cMoTpa Ha '-IMCfleHHOe npeBOCXO.tJ.CTBO cppaH~Y3CKOfii apMMM, EereHMfii CaeofiicKufii onecHun apMMJO Mapwana .11.e KaTMHa o6paTHo, K peKe Onbo. napM)I( CMeCTMfl Mapwana .11.e KaTMHa u nocTaeun Ha ero MecTo no)l(unoro Mapwana ct>paHcya .11.e Bunnepya (aerycT).

1 ceHTS16pS11701 r. CPA>KEH~E Y Kbs:IP~. 4JpaH~Y3bl aTaKoeanu yK-

Me.Qanb s naMstn. aaKniO'feHP.'lH Hr.1WT3ATCtroro MP.'lpa

penneHHbJe no3u~uu EereHMR CaeofiicKoro, HO 6blflM OTp8)1(eHbl C Tfl)l(eflb/MM noTepaMM. Mapwan.11.e Bunnepya oTcTynun e KpeMoHy, me pacnono)I(Mfl apMMJO Ha 3MMHMe KBapTMpbl. EereHufii CaeofiicKufii pa3MecTun CBOe BOfiiCKO Ha 3MMHMe KBapTMpbl

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl BOCTO•mee, 386flOKMPOBaB cppaHKOMCnaHCKMIIi rapHM30H MaHryM. 7 ceHTS16pS117 01 r. YlfPE)I(,QEH~E BEJl~KOfO C0103A npoTMB <t>paH~MM BbJCTynanM AHmMR, HMJI.epnaHJI.bJ, ABCTPMR, npycCMfl, 60flbWMHCTBO OCTaflbHb/X repMaHCKMX rocyJI.apCTB M (n03)1(e) nopTyranvlfl. Coi03HMKaMM )l(e <t>paH~MM 6bJnM (no COCTORHM/0 Ha TOT MOMeHT) Caeoi1R, MaHTYR, KenbH M (no3)1(e) 5aeapMR. ( Bnpo'leM, Caeoi1R ecKope nepewna Ha cTopoHy BenMKoro Co103a.) 1 <t>eapanSI 1702 r. KPEMOHCKOE CP.A)t(EH~E. Ocyi..UeCTBMB HeO)I(MJI.aHHbJW peiiiJI., npMH~ EereHMW CaeowcKMW 38XBaTMn e nneH Mapwana JI.e BMnnepya M, npM'lMHMB cf>paH~y3aM 3Ha'lMTeflbHb/W YI..Uep6, OTCrynMn. Ha 38MeHy JI.e Bwmepya napM)I( OTKOMaHJI.MPOBan flyM )f(o3ecpa, rep~ora JI.e BaHJI.OMa. 15 MaSI 1702 r. 06bS1BJlEH~E BO~Hbl AHfJl~E~. KoMaHJI.OBaTb 06beJI.MHeHHb/MM aHmO -ronnaHJI.CKMMM CMnaMM B HMJI.epnaHJI.bl 6bm nocnaH j],)I(OH 4ep'lMnnb, rep~or Manb6opo. ~10Hb-VIto11b 1702 r. BTOP)I(EH~E fEPU,OfA MAJlb60PO B ~CnAHCK~E H~AEPJlAHAbl. C 50-Tb/Cfl'lHOW apMMeW( 12 Tb/Cfl'l B KOTOPOW COCTaBflflflM aHmM'laHe) rep~or Manb6opo nonbJTancR BbJHy.ll.MTb cppaH~Y3CKOrO Mapwana flyM <t>paHcya, rep~ora JI.e 5ycf>cf>nepa, JI.aTb 6oi1. lep~or Manb6opo 6bm B03MYI..UeH .ll.O my6MHbl .ll.YWM, KOTJI.a ero 3aMeCTMTenM (npMKOMaHJI.MpOBaHHb/e ronnaHJI.CKMM npaBMTenbCTBOM M o6naJI.aBWMe npaBOM BeTO e eonpocax o6 Mcnonb30BaHMM ronnaHJI.CKMX BOWCK) 'leTbJpe)I(JI.bl BOCnpei..UanM eMy BCTynaTb B Cp8)1(eHMe. ~to11b1702r.ABCTP~~CKAS1

YfP03A3Jlb3ACY. fliOJI.BMT, MapKrpacf> Mrep~or b8JI.eHCKMi1, eo maee MMnepCKOW apMMM nepenpaBMflCfl 'lepe3 Pei1H Me)I(JI.Y Mai1H~eM M WneepoM. 3aLUMI..UaTb CTpac6ypr oT 9Toi1 yrpo3bl 6bm nocnaH Mapwan HMKona JI.e KaTMHa. 29 VIIOJlSI-12 CeHTS16pS11702 r. OCAAA.JlAHAAY. 83RBropoJI., fliOJI.BMr baJI.eHCKMW npMrOTOBMflCfl Bb/CTynaTb e 3nb3ac.

15 aarycTa 1702 r. CP.A)t(EJlYlfAPE. nepeeeca He YJI.anocb JI.06MTbCR HM npMH~Y EereHM/0 CaeowcKoMy, HM rep~ory JI.e BaHJI.OMY. 5onbwe e VfTanMM KpynHbJe 6MTBbl He npOMCXOJI.MflM; yMeno MaHeBPMPYR, npMH~ EereHMW M36e)l(an cmnKHOBeHMR c ropa3JI.O 6onee H~E nP~

6eapHcKlfj;l nonK apMHH: ~yaHnep Ha'fana XVIII B. H 3H3MeHOce~ nepOOA3 ~paH~yacK.Oj;i

TpHA~aTHneTHej;isoHH~

505 MHOTO'lMCneHHb/MM cppaH~Y3CKMMM M MCnaHCKMMM CMnaMM. CeHTS16pb-OKTS16pb 1 702 r. fEPU,Of MAJlb60PO B AOJl~HE MAACA. COI03HMKM Bb/WflM B .ll.OflMHbl Pei1Ha M Maaca ( e HM)I(HeM Te'leHMM). TaK KaK pMCKa cpa)l(eHMfl He 6bJnO, a 6e3onaCHOCTb M TOprOBb/e nYTM HMJI.epnaHJI.OB HBXOJI.MnMcb noJI. yrpo3oi1, ronnaHJI.~bJ no3eonMnM rep~ory Manb6opo eecTM onepa~MM npoTMB KpenocTew e JI.OnMHe Maaca. OH B3Rn BeHno ( 15 ceHTR6pR), PypMOHJI.e (7 OKTR6pR) M Jlbe)l( ( 15 OKTR6pR). 8 pe3yflbTaTe 9TOW KaMnaHMM OHM 6bm Y.ll.OCTOeH TMTyna rep~ora Manb6opo.

506

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

n10AOBVIK

x1v

CeHTst6pb 1702 r. 6ABAP!f151 06b51BJ151ET BO~HY. GaeapcKue eowcKa B3flnM YnbM. JlJO.tJ,BMr 68.tJ,eHCKMi1 cHoea nepenpaeuncfl ~epe3 PewH l1 .ll,BMHyncfl Ha 3aWMTY ceoew cTpaHbl. Mapwan .tJ,e KaTMHa nocnan BCne.tJ, 3a HMM He6onbWYIO apMM/0 no.tJ, KOMaH.tJ,OBaHMeM reHepana Kno.tJ,a-Jlyu 3KTopa, repl.lora .tJ,e Bunnapa. 14 OKTst6pst 1702 r. 61f1TBA nPif1 <t>Pif1AJllf1HfEHE. 3.tJ,ecb rep~or.tJ,e Bunnap pa36un JlJO.tJ,BMra Ga.tJ,eHcKoro, 3a ~To u6bm npoM3Be.tJ,eH BMapwanbl. 1703 r. nJlAHbl nPOTif1BHbiX CTOPOH. fepl.lorManb6oponnaHMpoean CHOBa OTKpb!Tb C006WeHMe c AecTpuew no PewHy, a 38TeM npo.tJ,BMHYTbCfl .tJ,aflbWe, pa3rpOMl1Tb ~eno~KY <J>paH~Y3CKMX </>OpTOB B MCnaHCKMX Hu.tJ,epnaH.tJ,ax 11 3axeaTMTb AHTBepneH. ct>paH~Y3bl )l(e nnaHupoeanu nocnaTb rep~ora .tJ,e Bunnapa K)J,yHaJO Ha coe.tJ,MHeHue c KYP</>JOpCTOM baBapMM, ~T06b! Te BMeCTe Bblcrynunu 6paTb BeHy. Anpenb-MaH 1703 r. WBAPUBAJlbACKif1~ MAPW fEPUOfA AE Blf1JlJlAPA. CHa~ana oH 3axeaTMn Kenb, ~T06MMeTb 6a3y BOCTO~足 Hee PewHa, a 3aTeM ymy6uncfl e Weap~eanb.ll,. npu6b!B K YnbMY, OH OCTaBMfl 3.tJ,eCb He6onbWYIO apMM/0, ~T06b! C.tJ,ep)I(MBaTbJlJO.tJ,BMra ba.tJ,eHCKOrO, a CaM TeM BpeMeHeM Bb!Wen Ha coe.tJ,MHeHue c KYPJOPCTOM Gaeapuu (8 Mafl) 11 nonb!Tancf/ Hacmf/Tb Ha TOM, ~T06b! HeMe.tJ,neHHO Bb/CTynaTb Ha BeHy. O.tJ,HaKo po6Kui1 KYPJOPCT MaKCMMMnMaH Tpe6oean cnepea coe.tJ,MHMTbCfl e Tupone c apMuew rep~ora .tJ,e BaH.tJ,OMa, 11 fll1Wb nOTOM y)l(e M.ll,TM Ha CTOflMl.lY ABCTPMM. MaH 1703 r. fEPUOf MAJlb60PO B351Jl 60HH. B pe3ynbTaTe 9Toi1 aK~uu .tJ,onuHa PewHa oKa3anacb OTKPb!Ta, 11 rep~or Manb6opo .tJ,BMHyncfl KO ceoew BTOpow maeHow ~enu - AHTBepneHy. lf1toHb-aarycT 1703 r. nPif1KJ1104EHif1516ABAPUEB B Tlf1POJlE. noKa Mapwan .tJ,e Bunnap CTOflfl Ha )J,yHae, C.tJ,ep)I(MBaf/ JlJO.tJ,BMra Ga.tJ,eHcKoro 11 aecTpuwcKyJO apMMJO rpa<J>a repMaHa WTupyMa, KYP-

507

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl lj)JOpcr MaKCMMMnvtaH GaeapcKMW 3aHf!n Tvtponb. 0JJ.HaKo rep1..1or JJ.e BaHJJ.OM 3aMewKancf! c BbJcrynneHMeM M3 VfranMM, M npvt noJJ.JJ.ep)I(Ke BOCCTaBWero MeCTHOTO H8CeneHMfl 8BCTPMWL!bl BbJTeCHMflM 68B8pJ..IeB M3 Tvtponf!(aerycr). Bpe3ynbrareJJ.BMraewvtwcf! K nepeeany GpeHHepa rep1..1or JJ.e BaHJJ.OM ocrancf! B VfranMM. ~IOHb-OKTst6pb 1703 r. HEYAA.YA B H~,O.EPJJAHfJ.A.X. rep1..1or Manb6opo He cyMen B3f!Tb eepx H8/l. •mcneHHO npeBOCXO/l,f/WMMM lj)paHl..IY3CKMMM CMfl8MM, KOMaH/l,OB8fl KOTOpbJMM He/l,8BHO 06MeHeHHb/W M3 nneHa Mapwan JJ.e Bvtflflepya; Mewano eMy M ynopHoe He)l(enaHvte ronnaHJJ.l..leB corpyJJ.HWlBTb. ~1011b-ceHTst6pb 1703 r. MAPWAJJAE B~1111AP B,O.OJJ~HEAY HASI. flJOJJ.BMr 6aJJ.eHCKMW M rpalj) WrvtpyM no OTJJ.enbHOCTM eownvt B JJ.OnMHY)J,yHaf!; Mapwan JJ.e Bvtflflap MCKYCHO COCpe/l,OTO'lMfl CMflbl cnepBa npOTMB 0/l,HOTO M3 HMX, nOTOM npoTMBJJ.pyroro. B 6vtree yMyHJJ.epKMHreHa (31 MJOflfl) OH pa36Mn flJO/l,OBMKa b8/l,eHCKOTO, We/l,Wero H8 Ayrc6ypr; 38TeM y roxwreJJ.ra, o6beJJ.MHMB cvtnbJ c KYPlf>JOpcroM MaKcMMMnvtaHoM baBapCKMM, HaronoBy pa36vtn eowcKo rpalj)a WrvtpyMa ( npvt 9TOM JJ.e Bvtnnap norepfln nMWb 1 Tb/Cfl'lY 'lenoBeK, TOT/l,a K8K 8BCTPMWL!bl- 11 Tb/Cf/'l M3 20-Tb/Cf/'lHOW apMMM). Bocnonb3oeaewvtcb reM, 'lTO Mapwan JJ.e Bvtnnap 6bm nomoWeH 9TOW KpaTKOW KaMnBHMeW, flJOJJ.BMr ba/l,eHCKMWB3flfl-TaKMAyrc6ypr, 0/l,HaKO npM npvt6flvt)l(eHMM apMMM /l,e Bvtflflapa nocnewHo orcrynvtn Myeen eowcKa Ha 3MMHMe KBapTMpbJ. Mapwan JJ.e Bvtnnap BHOBb cran y6e)I(JJ.aTb MaKCMMMnvtaHa GaeapcKoro 6bJCTpee Bb/CTynMTb Ha BeHY, KOTOpow 0/l,HOBpeMeHHO yrpO)I(aflM C BOCTOKa BeHrepCKMe Mf/Te)I(HMKM. 0/l,HaKO TpycoBaTbiW Kyplj)JOpCT M Ha 9TOT pa3 OTKa38flCfl, M Mapwan /l,e Bvtnnap nocne )l(ecroKow ccopbJ BepHyflCfl BO <1JpaHL!MJO; Ha ero MeGTO 6bm Ha3Ha'leH Mapwan rpalj) <t>epJJ.MHaH JJ.e MapceH. AarycT-Host6pb 1703 r. 60EBbiE AE~CTB~SI HA CPE,O.HEM PE~HE. )J,a6bJ o6ecne'lMTb 6onee

HaJJ.e)I(Hoe coo6weHvte c apMvtew, /l,eWCTBOB8BWeW B baB8PMM, Mapwany rpalj)y KaMMflfiY JJ.e Tannapy 6bmo nopy€leHO O'lMCTMTb OT npOTMBHMKa CpeJJ.HMw PewH. <1>paHl..IY3CKafl apMMfl nO/l, KOM8H/l,OBaHMeM y)l(e O'leHb nO)I(MflOro Ce6aCTbeHa ne nperpa, MapKM3a JJ.e Bo6aHa, ocaJJ.vtna M 3axearvtna Anbr-6pew3ax- caMyJO Ba)I(HYJO B CTpaTeTM'leCKOM OTHOWeHMM KpenOCTb Ha npaBOM 6epery PewHa, JO)I(Hee Kenf! ( 6 ceHrf!6pf!). OJJ.ep)l(aB no6eJJ.y y Wneepa, Tannap BbJTeCHMn coJ03HMKOB M3 6aB8PCKOTO nQ>anbl..la M CHOBa 38XBa0cfH11.\ep ( cneaa) H PHAOBO~ «<>P3HI.\Y3CKO~ neXOTbl H3'4ana

XVIII a.

- · ...:.

·----~

rvtn flaHJJ.BY ( 12 HOf!6pfl). He JJ.OBePflfl lj)paHl..IY3aM, rep1..1or BvtKrop AMa.a.ew II CaeowcKvtw 3aK.nJO'lMn JJ.Oroeop c MMneparopoM. 25 OKTst6pst 1703 r. CABO~SI nEPEXOA~T HA CTOPOHY ~M nEP~~.

Host6pb-.QeKa6pb

1703 r.

nP~HU, EBfEH~~ CABO~CK~~

OT3biBAETCSI ~3 ~TAJJ~~. Bcrpeeo)l(eHHbJW cvtryal..lvtew, cno)I(MBwewcf! B JO)I(HOW (epM8HMM(XOTfl npaBbiW lj)naHr MMnepMM MnpMKPbiBana renepb Caeowfl), MMneparop fleononb/l,/ (a6c6ypr OT03B8!1 npMH-

508

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. HflfTb cppaHl..IY30B 1113 repMaHflfflf 1113aCTaBII1Tb baeap11110 Bb/WTflf 1113 BOWHbl. HeacHo, KTO uMeHHO RBnRncR aeroPOM CTOnb CMenoro nnaHa; eepoarHO, BCe )l(e npflfHLI EereHflfW, XOTa cnoco6Hbl Ha TaKOW 3aMb/Cen 6blflflf o6a 9Tfi1X nonKOBOP,l..la. 5neHXeHMCKaR KaMnaHHR,

1704r. Anpenb 1704 r. B6ABAP~~

0ciH1!4epbl npyccKO~ raap.QI.U'l. 1700 r.

1..1a EereHflffl 1113 l1ranuu Ha 3awury BeHbJ. 1704 r. nJlAHbl nPOH1BHbiX CTOPOH. 4>paHl..IY3bl nnaHupoeanu nocnarb Mapwana .ae Tannapa e noMOWb Mapwany rpacf>y .ae MapceHy 111 KypcpJOpcry MaKCflfMflfnflfaHy baeapcKoMy .ana pewurenbHOW araKu Ha BeHy. TeM epeMeHeM Mapwan.ae Bunnepya .aon)l(eH 6bm He .aonycrurb, 4T06bJ rep1..1or Manb6opo nepewen co ceoew apMuew rpaHflfl..lbl Hu.aepnaH.aoe. KaK KOMaHP.YJOWflfW aHmo -ronnaHP,CKflfMflf cunaMu repl..IOr Manb6opo nnaHupoean nocnarb e flucca6oH 9Kcne.aflfl..lflfOHHbiW Kopnyc eo maee c 9Pl..lrepl..loroM KapnoM ( CbJHOM flfMneparopa fleononb.a,a I) .ana erop)l(eHua e l1cnaHflfJO. nocne 9TOTO KOMaHP,OBaHflfe cpnOTOM P,On)l(eH 6bJn npflfHaTb a.a,Mupan ,£1)1(op.a,)l( PyK 111, B3ae Ha 6opr .aononHurenbHbJtf.a,ecaHr, araKoearb TynoH, .aa6bJ noMO% B36yHroeaewuMCfl Ha 10re 4>paHl..lflfflf ryreHoraM (TaK Ha3b/BaeMb/M KaMII13apaM). Bnpo'leM, o6e 9Tflf onepal..lflfflf Hocunu xapaKrep npeuMywecreeHHO oreneKaJOwuw. rnaBHbJe ycunuR coJ03HflfKOB nnaHupoeanocb cocpe.aoro'lflfTb B P,OnflfHe ,£1yHaa, KyP,a eenu ceou eowcKa rep1..1or Manb6opo 111 npflfHLI EereHuw CaeowcKuw; 3aP,a'la-MaKCII1MYM 3aKnJO'lanacb B roM, 4T06bJ 3awururb BeHy, BbJrec-

nP~6biH1E

~PAHUY3CK~X

noAKPEnJlE H~Jill. ApMuf/ KYPcf>10pera MaKCflfMflfnflfaHa GaeapcKoro 111 Mapwana rpacpa .ae MapceHa, cocpe.aoro'leHHafl 6n1113 YnbMa, B03pocna .ao 55 TbJCa'l 'lenoeeK. Mapwan KaMunn .ae Tannap roroeuncR Bb/CTynflfTb Ha BOCTOK 1113 Crpac6ypra c 30-TbJCa'lHOW apMuew. Bo3ne BeHbl y aecrput11..1ee 6bmo 30 TbJCa'l co.n.aar, npflfHLI EereHuw CaeowcKuw C 10 Tb/Ca'laMflf'lenoeeKH8XOP,flfnCfl JO)I(Hee YnbMa, a fl10.a,eur Ga.aeHcKflfW, no.a, %111M Ha'lanoM npe6bJBano OKOnO 30 Tb/Cf/4, CTOan Ha PetfHe ceeepHee Kena, y WronnxocpeHa. MaH-VIIOHb 1704 r. MAPW fEPUOfA MAJ1b60PO K AYHA~. OcraBflfB OKOnO 60 Tb/Ca'l 'lenoeeK 3awuwarb Hu.aepnaHP,bl, rep1..1or Manb6opo, He coo6wue o ceoux HaMepeHflffiX ronnaH.al..laM, BbJcrynun K.aonuHe PewHa (20 MaR) c 35-rbJca'lHbJM BOWCKOM, BKOTOPOM aHmflf'laHe COCTaenanflf MeHbWe Tperu; OCTanbHb/e COnP,aTb/ 6blflflf repMaHCKflfMflfflf cny)l(flfnflf bpflfTaHflfflfnO HaWMY. Y MoH.a,enbCXaWMa COCTOanca BOeHHb/W COBeT, B KOTOPOM npflfHanflf Y4acrue rep1..1or Manb6opo, EereHuw CaeowcKuw 111 flJO.a,eur Ga.aeHCKflfW ( 10-13 111/0Ha). 3areM rep1..1or Manb6opo 111 fl10.a,eur Ga.aeHCKflfW npo.aon)l(flfnflf P.Bflf)l(eHue K ,£1yHaJO, a npflfHLI EereHuw eepHyncR e WronnxocpeH, 4T06b/ BOCnpenaTCTBOBaTb MapwanaM KaMunny .ae Tannapy (.aowe.aweMy }?Ke reM epeMeHeM .ao flaH.aay) 111 4>paHcya .ae Bunnepya (.aowe.aweMy .ao Crpac6ypra) coe.auHflfTbCfl c KypcpJOpcroM MaKCflfMflfnflfaHoM GaeapcKflfM 111 MapwanoM rpacpoM .ae MapceHoM. PaccraHOBKa Cflfn 6bJna cne.a,yJOwaa ( Ha 30 111/0Hfl). CoJ03Hfi1Kflf rep1..1or Manb6opo 111

flJOP,BflfT baP,eHCKflfW C 70-Tb/Ca'lHOW apMuew Hacrynanu Ha eocroK, K,£1oHayeepry; npflfHLI EereHuw c 30 TbJca'laMu croan y WronnxocpeHa. 4>paHl..IY3bl 111 6aeapl..lbl, KYPcf>JOpcr MaKCflfMflfnflfaH 111 rpacf> MapceH, c 60 Tb/Cfl'laMflf con.a,ar croan111 6n1113 YnbMa; Mapwan .ae Bunnepya ra/OKe c 60 TbJCR'laMu - y Crpac6ypra; Mapwan.ae Tannapc30TbJCR'laMu, cpopcupoeae PewH, Hacrynan or flaH.a,ay HaBOCTOK. 2 VII011SJ 1704 r. WEJ1JlEH6EPfCKOE CPA>KEH~E. rep1..1or Manb6opo HeO)I(flfP,aHHO araKoean WenneH6epr - yKpenneHHY/0 Bb/COTY, rocno.acreyJOWYJO Ha.a ,£1oHayeeproM, -111, HeCMOTpa Ha Tf/)l(enbJe norepflf, B3an ee, a 3areM, 6e3 oca.a,bJ, 111 caM ,£1oHayeepr. ~IOilb-aBryCT 1704 r. MAHEBP~POBAH~E B ~:>KHOJill fEPMAH~~. rpacp .ae MapceH 111 KYPcf>IOPCT MaKCflfMflfnflfaH BbJcrynunu K Ayrc6ypry, 4T06bJ nepeKpbJTb rep1..1ory Manb6opo .aopory Ha M!OHXeH. noCKOnbK}I .ao npu6bJTflffl no.a,KpenneHflfW o6a OHflf OT 6111TBbl YKIIOHanflfCb, Manb6opo npuHRnca pa3oparb 111 onycrowarb 3ana.a,HyJO Gaeapu10. TeM epeMeHeM Mapwan .ae Tannap no.aowen K YnbMY (29 uJOna), a 3areM JO)I(Hee ,£1yHafl npucoe.auHunca K rpacf>y MapceHy 111 MaKCflfMflfnflfaHy GaeapcKoMy. EereHuw CaeowcKuw eeen e 3a6n}?K.a,eHue Mapwana .ae Bunnepya -epe3ynbrare rornonaran, 6y.aro nporueHflfK no-npe)I(HeMY crour Ha PewHe, 111 nocnewHo BbJcrynun c apMuew 'lflfcneHHOCTb/0 oKono 20 TbJCa'l 'lenoeeK Ha coe.auHeHue c rep1..1oroM Manb6opo. He 3Hafl o BbJcrynneHflfflf npflfHl..la EereHflffl, .ae Bunnepya ocrancR eo3ne Crpac6ypra, 4T06bJ npuKpbJBaTb or B03MO)I(HOTO BTOp)l(eHflfa 3nb3aC. roroeacb K reHepanbHOMy cpa)l(eHflf/0, rep1..1or Manb6opo orocnan flJOP,Bflfra baP,eHCKOTO ( 0 KOTOPOM 6bJn HeBb/COKOTO MHeHflffl) OCa)I(P,aTb l1HrOnbWTaP,T, TOTP,a KaK CaM HaMepeeancR BbJcrynurb K 3ana.ay, Ha coe.auHeHue c apMuew npflfHl..la EereHflffl. 10 aarycTa 1704r. ~PAHUY3bl ~ 6ABAPUbl nEPEnPABJlSI~TCSI YEPE3 AYHAJill. 3Haa, 4TO

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl np11H~ EereH11W np116b/fl KJ],oHayeepTY, a rep~or Manb6opo e~e Haxo.l111TCR B 3ana,aHOW b8B8P1111, Mapwan .ae Tannap {peanbHO KOMaH.aoeaew11w lf>paHKo-6aeapcKMMM c11naMM) BbJcrynun, '4T06bJ araKOBBTb EereHMR CaeowcKoro MnM, no KpawHew Mepe, BbiHY.f111Tb TOTO 11 Manb6opo orcrynMTb ceeepHee, '4T06bJ o6e3onac11Tb lf>paHK0-6aeapCK11e KOMMYHMK8~1111. npMH~ EereH11W nocnan rep~ory Manb6opo coo6~eHue c np113b/BOM noroponMTbCR.

12 aarycTa 1704 r. rEPUOr MAJ1b60PO VI nPVIHU EBrEHVI"' 06bEAVIHSHOT CVIJlbl. Tenepb BOWCKO C0/03H11KOB H8C'411TbiBBnO 56 TbJCR'4 '4enoeeK, a lf>paHKo-6aeapcKoe, ecraewee narepeM 38 Y3Kow pe'4KOW y bneHXeWMB, OKOnO 60 TbiCR'4, 113 KOTOPbiX n0'4T11 nonOB!t1H8 H8X0.[1Mn8Cb no,a KOM8H.[10B8H11eM Mapwana .ae Tannapa 11 np11MepHo CTOnbKO )l(e - no,a COBMeCTHb/M KOMaH.aoeaH11eM rpalf>a .ae MapceHa 1t1 KYPlf>JOpcra MaKC11MMn11aHa.

12-13 aarycTa 1704r. HACTYnJlEHVIE COI03HVIKOB. fep~or Manb6opo 1t1 npMH~ EereH11W peW11n11 8T8KOB8Tb. bOnee KpynHBR apMMR Manb6opo, BbJCTaeneHHBR Ha neeoM lf>naHre, .aon)I(HB 6bma nonbJTBTbCR p83TPOM11Tb BOWCKB Mapwana .ae Tannapa, e ro epeMR KBK EereHM/0 CaeowcKoMy craeMnacb 3a,aa'4a, arpeCC11BHO KOHTPBTBKYR, c.aep)I(BTb rpalf>a MapceHa u Kypl/>JOpcra MaKC11MMnMaHa. Cne,ayR T~arenbHO pa3pa6oraHHbJM nnaHBM, 8pM!t111 C0/03Hit1KOB, BbiCTpOeHHbJe 6oeBb/M nopR,aKOM, ,aeBRTb/0 KOnOHHBMM Bb/CTynMn11 113 CB011Xnarepew y J],oHayeepra e 2 '4aca H0'4M. nRTb KOnOHH 8PM111t1 Manb6opo, .[1Bit1raBW11eCR no He cn11WKOM nepece'4eHHow MeCTHOCT11, B 7 '48COB yrpa BbJWnM K XOnMBM HB,a pe'4KOW He6enb 11, 38CT8B npOT!t1BH11K8 epacnnox, 38TeWIJ1 CTbNKM C lf>paH~Y3CKM足 MM 8BBHnOCT8Mit1, 8 T8K)I(e nepeCTpeney M3 .aanbHo6owHbJX nyweK. np11H~ EereH11W wen 6onee .anMHHb/M 11 CnO)I(Hb/M nyreM 11 Bb/.[1Bit1HynCR Ha .aoroeopeHHbJe no311~1111 Y?l(e no'4T11 K nony,aHJO.

13 aarycTa 1704 r. 6VITBA Y 6J1EHXE"'MA. B nonoe11He nep-

eoro ,aHR rep~ or Manb6opo 11 np11H~ EereH11W, o.aHoepeMeHHO lf>opc11poeae He6enb, araKoean11 no311~M11 lf>paH~Y30B 11 6aeap~eB. nepBbiM .aenoM Manb6opo Hanan Ha lf>paH~Y3CK11e pe3epBbl, CTORBWMe y ,aepeeeHb 6neHxewM { cpa3y 38 peKow) YHHcf>opMa HopMaHACKOro neXOTHOro 0011K.a cf>p3HL\Y3CKOH apMHH: cf>Y3Hnep Ha,.ana XVIII a. H 3H3MeHOcel.\ nepHOA3 TpHAL\3THneTHeHBOHH~

509 11 06epmay{e 3 KM,aanbwe). AHrn11'4BHe noHecn11 TR)I(enbJe norepu, HO ~enb 6bma .aocr11rHyra - Mapwan .ae Tannap 6pocMn e 6ow ceow pe3epe. BbJRCHMB, '4TO EereHMW CaeowCKMW o'4eHb Me.aneHHO, npeo.aoneeaR O)l(eCT0'4eHHOe conpOTMBneH11e,

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

510

npoBen 6e3pe3ynbTaTHYIO KaMnaHM/0 nporvtB Mapwana.ae Bwmepya u KYPcf>JOpcra MaKCMMvtnuaHa 6aeapcKoro; M3-3a ceepxocropo)I(HOCTM ronnaH.a~eB rep~ory Manb6opo onf!Tb He y.aanOCb TOnKOM npoBeCTM HM O.tJ.HOTO HacrynneHMfl ( npM TOM, '4TO OH npe.an0'4MTan BeCTM KaMnaHMM MMeHHO HacrynarenbHble).

1705 r. nATOBASl CI!'ITYAL\I!'ISl HA PEPIHE. Cronb )l(e 6e3pe3ynbraTHo 3aBepwvtnOCb MaHeBpvtpOBaHMe Mapwana .ae Bunnapa u flJO.tJ.BMra b8.aeHcKoro.

1705 r. nATOBASI CI!1TYAL\1!1Sl B 1!1TAfll!11!1. nocne roro KaK rep~or .ae BaH.aoM noKopun 6onbWYJO qacrb Caeoiltvt, Ha noMOll.lb rep~ory BvtKToPY AMa,aeJO II 6bm nocnaH npuH~ EBreHvtill. O.aHaKo cyll.lecTBeHHoro nepeeeca .tJ.06MTbCfl HM O.ll.HOW J13 CTOpOH TaK Vi He y.aanOCb. E.n.MHCTBeHHOe KpynHoe cpa)l(eHue npovt3owno y KaccaHo ( 16 aeryera), o.aHaKo ucxo.a ero 6bm eecbMa Heonpe.aeneHHbJM. KaMnaHHRno,q PaMHMH, 1706r.

Anpenb-MaH 1706 r. C6J11!1)I(EHI!1E Y HAMIOPA. npaBMnbHO

.. 6apa6aHLI.\J.tK" ~Y3J.tnep ~paHLtY3CKO~ nexoTbl Ha'lana XVIII a.

HacrynaeT Ha npaBOM cf>naHre, KaK Vi npe.aycMaTpvtBanOCb nnaHOM, B nonOBMHe nf!roro rep~or Manb6opo nyCTMn B araey CBOM KaBanepvtiltCKMe 9CKB.aPOHbl; nocne qaca O)l(eCT0'4eHHOilt py6KM ~eHTP .ae Tannapa 6bm npopeaH. ApMMfl ero B 6ecnopf!.tJ.Ke pa36e)l(anacb (npu 6ercree MHome cf>paH~Y3CKMe con.aaTb/ YTOHynM B /l,yHae); caM Mapwan .ae Tannap nonan B nneH. Y)l(e cryll.lanvtcb cyMepKM, M, npe)l(.lJ.e '4eM rep~or Manb6opo ycnen 38BepWMTb pa3BOPOT CBOeilt apMMM Hanpaeo, Mapwan rpacf> MapceH u KYPcf>JOpcr MaKCMMMnvtaH baBapCKMill CyMenM Bb/BeCTM 6onbWYIO '4aCTb CBOeilt apMMM M3 TMCKOB, B KoropbJe Manb6opo MnpvtH~ EereHMill nnaHMPOBanM 38)1(aTb MX .ll.BOiltHb/M cf>naHTOBb/M 06XO.ll.OM. norepM

C0/03HMKOB COCTaBMnM 4500 qenoBeK y6MTb/MM Vi 7500 paHeHb/Mvt; cf>paH~Y3bJ M 6aeap~bl norepf!nvt B 06ll.lei11 CnO)I(HOCTM 38600 qenoBeK- Vi y6MTb/MM, M paHeHb/MM, M nneHHb/MM. BepoHTHO, 3Ta KaMnaHMH M 3TO cpiDKeHMe HBJHIIOT co6o~ HaH6oJiee Bbl)l.aiOlllH~C.ll 3aBCIO MCTOpMIO npMMep Koop,gMHaUHM ,geitcTBM~ coi03HhiX BoitcK. IIpecTIDK <l>paHI.IMH H <J:>paHI.IY3cKo~ apMMM pe3KO yna.n:; eyp<J:>IOpCT MaKCMMMJIMaH BasapcKM~ 6biJI BbiHY)f()J,eH 6e:>KaTh, a BaBapMIO aHHeKcMposa.n:a ABC1pMH (Ko.M. aem.).

1705 r. nATOBASl CI!'ITYAL\I!'ISl B HI!'I:>KHI!'IX CTPAHAX. BepHyBWMCb B Hu.aepnaH.tJ.bl, rep~or Manb6opo

npe.anono)I(MB, qro rep~or Manb6opo nnaHvtpyer B3f!Tb HaMJOp, Mapwan .ae Bvtnnepya BbJcrynvtn Ha 3all.IMTY ropo.aa C apMvteilt '4MCneHHOCTb/O OKOnO 60 Tb/Cf/'4 qenoBeK. 6nvt3 ropo.aKa PaMvtillvt OH 6bm nepexea'4eH apMMeilt C0/03HMKOB npMMepHO TaKOilt )l(e '4MCneHHOCTM.

23 MaSI 1706 r. 61!1TBA nPI!'I PAMI!'IP!I!'I. ct>paH~Y3bl 3aHf!nvt o6opoHMTenbHble n03M~MM Ha B03Bb/WeHHOCTM M '4aCTJ1'4HO OKOnanMCb. MaHeBpvtpyfl B rvtnM'4Hoi11 /lflfl Hero MaHepe, rep~ or Manb6opo c.aenan BM.ll., 6y.aro vt.aer Ha c6nvt)l(eHue C cf>paH~Y3CKMM neBb/M cf>naHTOM; 9TO 3acraevtno Mapwana .ae Bvtnnepya nepeMeCTMTb pe3epBbl Vi CHf/Tb c npaeoro cf>naHra Pffa no.apa3.aeneHMi11. Tor.aa rep~or Manb6opo o6pywun maBHbJe cunbJ Ha ocna6neHHbJilt cf>paH~Y3CKMi11 npaBb/W cf>naHr, KOTOpb!ilt, OKa3aBWMCb B MeHbWMHCTBe, .ao6neCTHO cpa)l(ancf!, HO He CMOr YCTOf/Tb npOTMB npeBOCXO.ll.flll.IMX CMn C0/03HMKOB. cJ>paH~Y3b/ .aporHynM, a Kor.aa rep~ or Manb6opo npuKa3an

BA>KHElllWl!lE BOlllHbl AYIOW.liiM CEBEPHOVI rPYnnliiPOBKOlil. nocnewHo oT0388HHbtt7t

8T8K088Tb no 8CeMy C/JpOHTy, o6paTI!1fli!1Cb 8 6ecnopfl,D,O'-IHOe 6erCT80 111

511 Pa8eHTnay, 1113 U,eHTpanbHOt7t f7oM6ap,n,ll1111 K peKe A,n,M,n,>Ke. OcTanbHbte

nOHeCfl/11 Tfl>Keflbte nOTep1!1 OT 3Hep-

H8 Ce8ep 1113 I/1T8fll!11!1 (CM. HI!1>Ke), OH

C/Jp8HLJ,Y3CKII1e 80MCK8 OC8,D,I!1fll!1 CTO-

ri!1'-IHO nycTII18WII1XCfl 8 npecne,n,o8a-

3aMeHII1n 6e3,n,apHoro Mapwana ,n,e

fl111LJ,Y Ca80t7tll1, Typii1H.

B111nnepya. TeM 8peMeHeM f710,n,o-

Tb/Cfl'-1 '-lefl08eK y6111Tb/MI!1

81!1K XIV H8'-18fl OCTOPO>KHO npow,ynbt-

22 anpens:~1706 r. nPlll6biTliiE EBrEHliiS1 CABOliiCKOrO. fl81118-

7 Tb/Cfl'-1 nneH-

88Tb n0'-18Y OTHOCI!1TeflbHO M1!1pHb/X

WII1Cb 1113 BeHbt, np1!1HLJ, E8reHI!1t7t np1!1-

nepero8opo8.

Hfln KOM8H,D,088HI!1e 111 OCT8H081!1fl 88-

HII1e COI03HI!1K08. 4JpaHLJ,Y3bl nOTepflfl/11 OKOflO

111 paHeHb/M/11, 8 T8K>Ke

Hb/M/11. noTep1!1 COI03HI!1K08 COCT881!1fll!1 1066 '-lefl08eK y6111Tb/MI!1 111 3633

CTp1!1t7tCKOe OTCTynneHII1e. 50flbWe

paHeHb/M/11.

MeCfll.1,8 OH M8He8p1!1p088fl npOT/118

TypiiiHCKaR KaMnaHIIIR, 1706 r.

iiii0Hb-OKTS16pb 1706 r. rEP-

repu,ora ,n,e BaH,n,oMa, He oTcTynafl

TPOnb HAA liiCnAHCKliiMlll HliiAEPnAHAAMlll. B'-1111cnenpo'-1111X, oH

19 an pens:~ 1706 r. rEPUOr AE BAHAOM nEPEXBATbiBAET liiHliiUliiATliiBY. EroapMII1111'-1111CneH-

38X88TI!1fl cne,n,yiOW,1!1e CTpaTerll1'-leC-

HOCTbiO C8btWe 100 Tb/Cfl'-1 '-lefl08eK

UOrMAnb60POYnPO~AETKOH

,D,8flbWe A,n,111,D,>Ke.

illl011b-aerycT 1706 r. HACTYnnEHliiEEBrEHliiS1CABOi4CKOrO HA TYPlll H. nony'-11118 no,n,Kpenne-

KI!1 88>KHbte KpenOCT/11: AHT8epneH

npOTI!180CTOflfll!1 OKOflO 30 Tb/Cfl'-1 C8-

HII1fl, nocne '-lero '-1111CneHHOCTb era

(611110Hfl), ,ll,IOHKepK(611110nfl), MeHeH

80t7tU,e8 111 MeHbWe 40 Tb/Cfl'-1 88CT-

apM1!11!1 np1!1MepHO Cp88Hflfl8Cb C

(22 a8rycTa), ,ll,eH,n,epMoH,n,e ( 5 ceH-

p1!1t7tU,e8. lepu,or ,n,e BaH,n,OM cMeno

C/Jp8HLJ,Y3CKI!1M 80MCKOM, npOTI!180-

Tfl6pfl), AT ( 4 OKTfl6pfl). 3a 3TY K8M-

pa3,n,en111n C8010 ,n,et7tCT8YIOW,YIO ap-

CTOfl8WI!1M 88CTp1!1t7tLJ,8M H8 A,D,II1,D,>Ke,

n8HI!110 COI03HI!1KI!1 83flfll!1 ew,e 14 Tb/-

M/1110 Ha,n,8e, np1!16nii13111TenbHO no 40

np1!1Hl.l, E8reHI!1t7t OT0388flCfl H8 np1!1-

Cfl'-1 nneHHb/X.

Tb/Cfl'-1 '-lefl08eK 8 K8>K,D,Ot7t. 803rfl881!18

3b/8 BII1KTopa AMa,n,efl/1

AerycT 1706 r. rEPUOr AE BAHAOM HA3HA~AETCS1 KOMAH-

O,D,HY 1113 HII1X, OH 8btTeCHI!1fl 88CTp1!1t7t-

CTpeMII1TeflbHO 8b/CTyn111n H8 lOr

U,e8, KOTOpb!M/11 KOM8H,D,088fl rpaC/J

C 25-Tb/Cfl'-IHOtlt apM1!1et7t, OCT881!18

BOnHA 3a MCllAHCROE HACJIE,l);CTBO 1701-1714 ri'. BOEHHhiE ,LJ;EffCTBHJI B MTAJfHH

CPA.iKEHHE npH TYPHHE 7 ceHT.Jifipll 1706 r. 0

2KM

35 ~

.MNWtM

-++-

-v-v-

o noMOU/,111111

70 Kll

YKpenneHHSI ¢lpaHUY3CKOA apMHH, oca;llHBweA TypHH HH>KeHepHasr aTaKa KpenocrH UHpKyMeanauHOHHasr nHHHsr (nonesble yKpenneHHsr) He3aKOH'feHHbiA y'faCTOK llHPKYMsanallHOHHOA 11HHHH

nono>KeHHe aBCTpHACKOA apMHH npHHUa Ear. CasoAcKoro nepe.ll cpa>KeHHeM:

nexora

MasanepHsr

nono>KeHHe ¢lpaHUY3CKOA apMHH repuora OpneaHCKoro nepe.ll cpa)l(eHHeM:

nexora

.::::::::=t>

I 3ran ~:.!'f.!~~et:H y.llapoe aecrpHA-

KaeanepHR

OrcrynneHHe cf>paHUY3CKHX eoAcK II :nan

OZz»Jt>

~;H"[~~~~~Hsr

•- •-

~~~~~ H 6erCTBO ¢lpaHUY3CKHX

-·""*"'

JIJI-IPEIIJiblll

A..

y.llapos aecrpHA-

Mapwpyr nepexoAa aecrpHACKOA

MaHeepeHHble .neAcTBHH cf>paHLIY3CKOA apMHH e 1701 r.

---·

0TXO.Il, ¢lpaHUY3CKHX BORCK noc11e cpa>KeHHH npH KbHpH 0TXOA aacTpHACKHX BOHCK nocne cpaJKeHHR npH KbHpH MaHeepeHHble .11eAcreHsr cf>paHUY3CKOA apMHH B 1706 r. ra CaeoAcKoro ¢JpaHUY3CKHe rapHHJOHbl B HaceneHHbiX nyHKTaX

UH¢lpaMH Ha J<apre o6oJHa'feHbl:

repuorCTBO napMa,

Pecny611HKa BeHeUHSI,

fepuorCTBO TocKaHa,

CaaoAH,

fepQOrCTBO Mo.~teHa,

3 9

repuorCTBO MrmaH (Hen), nanc;<ast o6n.

4 fep~..torcTBO

MaHTYSI,

Pecny6nHKa feHyH.

512

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. aaHHbJM y'-laCTOK ( M8)1(11.Y peKaMit1 JJ.opa-PMnaplt1R 1t1 CTypa-AM-flaHJ4a, nplt1TOKaMit1 no), aoMcKa nplt1HJ4a EaleHMR lt1 nbeMOHTJ4bl, 3H8pllt1'-IHO aTaKOBaB, npopaa111t1 ¢paH~y3CKit18 Jllt1Hit1/t1 npe)/(/J,e, 'leM ,-ep1401 OpneaHcKit1M ycnen npMcnaTb no/J,KpenneHMR. npaa/],a, KOI/],a CTafllt1 nplt16bJBaTb ¢paH~y3CKit1e BOMCKa, aTaKa C0/03-

Hit1KOB 6bJJia OCTaHOBJieHa . Ea1eH1t1M CaaoMCKit1M nepecTpoMn pR/J,bllt1 cHoaa 3Hepllt1'1HO aTaKOBa/1 'llt1CJieHHO npeBOCXO/],RUJ,eiO npOTit1BHit1Ka B MOMeHT, KOI/],a TYP1t1HCK/t1M rapHit130H OptaH/t130BaJI Bb/Jia3KY. C/>paH~y3bl He CMOIJI/t1 OT61t1BaTbCR Ha /],Ba ¢poHTa. /ep/401 OpneaHCKit1M 6blfl paHeH, ,-pa¢ 11.e MapceH- cMepTenbHO paHeH; ¢paHJ4Y3CKaR apMit1R APOIHyna 1t1 no6e)f(ana, 6poc1t1a aecb 0603, COTH/0 nyweK lt1 TR)f(efiOe CHa pR)f(eHit1e. noTepM ¢paHJ4Y30B cocmalt1nlt1 2 Tb/CR'-IIt1 '-leJIOBeK y61t1Tb/Mit1, 1200 paH8Hb/Mit1/t1 6 Tb/CR'-1 nneHHb/Mit1. Co/03Hit1Kit1 noTepR111t1 y61t1TbiMit1 950 'lenoaeK, 2300 6bJfllt1 paHe-

5erCTBO cllpaHI.IY3CKI1X BOHCK BO BpeMSI 611TBbl np11 Typ11He

HbJ. npecne/],yeMbJe aBCTPit1M~aMit11t1 nbeMOHT~aMit1, OCTaTKit1 ¢paH~y3-

18 Tb/Cfl'-1

'-leJIOBeK

C/],ep)f(lt1BaTb

Ha peKe no c B1t1KTOPOM AMa/],eeM

¢paH~Y30BHaA/J,It1/],)f(e.06oM/],Rap

(31 aa,-ycm). Tenepb '-llt1CfleHHOCTb

Mit1/0 ,-ep~ora 11.e BaH/],OMa no npa-

apMit1/t1 C0/03Hit1KOB COCTaBJIRJia 36

CKOM apMit11t1 6e)f(a fllt1 BO C/>paHJ41t1/0.

BOMY ¢naHIY, OH YIPO)f(afl nepepe-

Tb/CR'-1 '-leJIOBeK; ew,e WeCTb Tb/CR'-1

3aTb ¢paHJ4Y3CKit1e KOMMYH1t1KaJ41t11t1,

nbeMOHTJ4eB CTORJI/t1 BOCTO'-IHee Ty-

CeHTH6pb-AeKa6pb 1706 r. EBrEHHI/; CABOI/;CKHI/; O~H~ ET HTAnHIO OT CbPAH~Y30B. K KOH~Y 10/],a nplt1HJ4 Ea1eH1t1M 0/],ep-

TeM CaMb/M BbiHY/1,1t1B npOTit1BHit1Ka

plt1Ha, a B CaMOM OCa)f(/],8HHOM IOp0-

)f(afl aepx Ha/],0 BC8Mit1 ¢paH~y3CKit1-

nocneWHO OTCTynlt1Tb. 8 3TOT MO-

/],8 HaXO/],It1JICR 15-Tb/CR'-IHb/M 18pHit1-

Mit1 lapHit130Ha Mit1, OCTaBaBWit1Mit1CR

MeHT ,-ep~ora 11.e BaH/],OMa OT03aa-

30H. B pacnopR)f(8Hit11t1 r-ep~ora Op-

a CeaepHoM Mmn1t11t1.

fllt1 Ha ceaep -

lt1CnpaBJIRTb KaTaCT-

neaHCKOIO HaXO/],It1JiaCb 60-Tb/CR'-1-

po¢1t1'-leCKOe nOJIO)f(eHit1e, Cf10)f(lt18-

HaR apMMR, oca)/(/J,aawaR TypMH ( 3a-

WeecR nocne pa31poMa y PaMit1Mit1

na/J,Hee no), a TaK)f(e ew,e 20 TbJCR'-1

(eM . BbJwe). ApMM/0 11.e BaH/J,OM oc-

'-18JIOB8K, CTORBW/t1X npOTit1B nbeMOH-

maMn Ha M0/10/J,OIO 1ep~ora Opne-

T~eB. Ew,e 20 TbJCR'-1 ¢paH~y3oa

aHCKOio; nOMOUJ,Hit1KOM lflaBHOKO-

6blfllt1 pacceRHbl a lapHit130Hax no

M a H/J,YIOUJ,eiO BbJCTynan Mapwan

aceM Ceaepo-3a n a /J,HOM MTafllt11t1.

BepoHrno, 3TO 6hma caMaH 6necTHUJ.aH KaMTTaiDIH 3a BCIO BOHHy (KO.M. a6m.). KaMnaHHH 1707 r.

,-pa¢ 11.e MapceH . HeO)f(lt1/J,aHHO, K

C/>paH~y3CKit1e ~lt1PKYMBanna~lt10H

Pewa10w,em nepeaeca a ee xo11.e

lt13yMneHit1/0 ¢paH~y3oa, Ea,-eHMM

HbJe fllt1Hit11t1 aoKpy,- TypMHa 6bJfllt1

He y/J,anocb A061t1TbCR Hlt1 O/J,HOM lt13

CaaoMCKit1M BbJCTynMn Ha 3ana11.; np1t1

'-lpe3BbJ'-IaMHO MOUJ,Hb/Mit1. 0/J,HaKO

cmpoH. lep~o,- 11.e BaH/J,OM YA8P)f(lt1-

3TOM KOMMYH1t1Ka/41t11t1 e10 OKa3biBa-

nplt1H~ Ea1eH1t1M Bb/10/J,HO nepeKpbl-

aan ,-paH1t1/4Y ct>naHAP1t11t1; 1epJ40I

fllt1Cb nepeKpbiTbl ¢paHJ4Y3aMit1, 1t1 OH

aan ¢paHJ4Y3CKit18 KOMMYH1t1KaJ41t11t1," B

Manb6opo a c e TaK )1(8 npenMpancR

6blfl BbJHy)/(/],eH /J,ep)f(aTb BOMCKa '-llt1-

lt1TOI8 OH nplt1HRJI peweHit18 aTaKO-

c ,-onnaH/J,J4a Mit1. CaMy/0 cMeny/0 3 a

CTO «Ha nO/],HO)f(HOM KOPMY» - RBJ1e-

Ba Tb npOTit1BHit1Ka, lt1MeBW810 /J,By-

aecb 1011. onepa~lt1/0 npoaen Ha PeM-

XVIII aeKa '-IYTb fllt1

KpaTHb/M '-llt1Cf18HHb/M nepeaec 1t1 3a-

He Mapwan 11.e 81t1nnap: OH BbJ61t1n aa-

Hit1e /],fiR TaKTit1Kit1

He YH1t1KaflbHOe. OH 3axaaTit111 napMy

C8BW810 B MOUJ,Hb/X noneBb/X yKpen-

CTP1t1M~ea C n031t1~1t1M y Wmnnxo¢e-

( 15 aarycm) 1t1 noaepHyn Ha ceaepo-

neHit1RX.

Ha (22 MaR), 3aTeM ymy61t111CR B 10)1(-

3ana/J,. C61t1TbJM c TOfiJ<Y MaHeapaMit1

7 ceHTH6pH 1706 r. TYPHHCKASI 6HTBA. Bb16paa cpe11.1t1

/],OWefl /],0 5aaaplt11t1, KOpMR BOMCKa

nplt1H~a Ea1eH1t1R, 1ep~o,- OpneaHc-

HY/0 'laCTb L.l,eHTpanbHOM lepMaHit11t11t1

Kit1M nocneWHO OTCTynlt111 K Typlt1HY -

¢paH~y3CKit1X ~lt1PKYMBanna~lt10H

lt1CKJI/O'-IIt1TeflbHO 3a C'-leT OKp}I)Ka/OUJ,eM

KaK pa3 KOI/],a Ea1eH1t1M COe/],lt1Hit1JICR

HbiX fllt1Hit1M OTHOCit1TeflbHO lt130fllt1p0-

M8CTHOCT1t1(1t110Hb- C8HTR6pb). nplt1H~

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl EereHuw u BuKTop AMaaew II BTOprnucb 113 VITanuu B /O)I(J-IyJO ct>paHl.lMJO, HO 6e3pe3ynbT8THO. Ay,qeHap,qcKaR KaMnaHHR1

1708 r.

PACCTAHOBKA C'-1Jl. Jlyrcnol.lupoeaHHa>~ 6nu3

MoHca BO ct>naH/l,pvm <mcneHHOCTb/0 100 Tb/C>I'l 'lenoBeK; HOMUHanbHO KOMaH,aOBan e10 MOno,aow repl.lor 6ypryH/l,cKuw(peanbHO- repl.lOr .ae BaH.aoM). JJ,pyrow lj>paHl.lY3CKow apMuew- npuMepHo 50-TbJC>~'l How, cTo>~Bwew y Crpac6ypra, - KoMaH.aoeanu KYPlf>JOpcT MaKCMMWIUaH baBapCKUW l1 ,l/)KeWMC c:t>Ul.l-.[/)KewMC, repl.lor 6epBMK ( nneM>~HHMK repl.lora Manb6opo, He3aKOHHopo)I(,[J,eHHbJW Cb/H KOpOn>l VfaKOBa flu ne,au Apa6ennbl 4ep'lunnb). 20-Tb/C>I'lHa>l apMU>I Mapwana K.no.aa-!1yu3KTopa.ae Bunnapa 6bma .aucnOl.liiiPOBaHa He.aaneKO OT WBeW/..lapCKOW rpaHU/..lbl, B Bore3CKl1X ropax. 4TO K8CaeTC>I COI03Hl1KOB, TO n04Tl1 70-Tb/C>I'lHa>l apMIII>I rePI..lora Manb6opo cTo>~na no.a bpJOCceneM, npMHLl EBreHIIIW c 35 TbJC>I'laMIII'lenoBeK- 6nll13 Ko6neHl.la, a repl.lOr laHHOBepCKUW C 50 Tb/C>I'laMU HanpoTUB Crpac6ypra. lj>paHl.lY3CKa>~ apMu>~.aocmrana

(4111JOn>~) 111 6p10rre (5111JOn>~). 3aTeM repl.lor .ae BaH/l,oM noBepHyn Ha 10r 111 CTan yrp0)1(8Tb rapHl130HY COI03Hl1KOB, pa3Mell..leHHOMY B Ay.aeHap.ae. 3Ha>~, 'lTO apMu>~ np!IIHI..la EBreHu>~ BbJCTynuna Ha 3anaa 1113 Ko6neHl.la, repl.lor .ae BaH/!,OM Topon!llnc>~ .aaTb cp8)1(eH!IIe ,ao no.axo.aa aBCTpl1Wl.leB. noH!IIMa>l, 'lTO TaKT!II'leCKOe npeiiiMYI.l..leCTBO Ha cTopoHe BaH.aoMa 111 'lTO 6oeeow .ayx ronnaH.al.leB cTpeM!IITenbHO naaaeT, repl.lor Manb6opo TaJOKe xoTen nocKopee .aaTb cp8)1(eH!IIe. OH nonY4W1 no.aKpenneHIII>I, 111 apMIII>I ero yeenm111-

ocam...ep (cneaa} 1-t PSIAOBO~ cllpaH ...Y3CKO~ KOponeacKO~raapAa.ta.t (H3"f3110 XVIII B.}

513 nacb.ao 80 Tb/C>I'l 'lenoeeK; npuMepHO CTOnbKO )l(e 6blfl0 y rep/..lOrOB bypfYH/l,CKOrO Ill ,ae BaH/l,OMa, CTO>IBWIIIX 38na.aHee Wenb,abJ. 6onee TOro, xom apMIII>I EBreHu>~ CaBowcKoro e1.1..1e wna oT PewHa, caM np!IIHI..l y)l(e np!l16bm B cTaBKY repl.lora Manb6opo 111 TaJOKe HaCTa!IIBan Ha TOM, 4T06bl CKOpee J18Tb 6ow.

1 0 HJOnst 1708 r. PA3HOrllAC'-1S1 CPEA'-1 <S>PAHUY3CKOfO KOMAHAOBAH'-1S1. Kor.aa cTano O'leBl1.!1HO, 'lTO 6!11TBa HeMUHyeMa, Mono.aow repl.lor 6ypryH.acKuw 3aHepBHU'lan Ill CTan HaCTaUBaTb, 4T06bl repl.lor.ae BaH.aoM 11136e)l(an cpa)l(eHIII>I. noKa OHM cnoplllnlll, lj>paHLlY3CKa>l apMIII>I npocTauBana, paccpe.aom'leHHa>~ ceBepHee Ay.aeHap.ae, BMeCTO TOrO 4T06bl Bbl,aBIIIHYTbC>IIII BOCnpen>ITCTBOBaTb COI03HIIIKaM nepenpaBIIITbC>I 'lepe3 Wenb,ay.

Anpenb 1708 r. BOEHHbiVI COBET C0103H'-1KOB. BcTpeTIIIBWIIICb B laare, repl.lor Manb6opo u EBreHuw CaBowcKuw np111wnlll K comaweHIIIJO, 'lTO nocne,aHIIIW np!llcoe.auHUTC>I co cBoew apM!IIew K Manb6opo - cpa3y nocne TOrO, KaK Ha CMeHy BOWCKaM npMHl.la EBreHIII>~ np111,aeT K PewHy apMIII>~, C06!11paBWa>IC>I BeCHOW B L(eHTpanbHOW lepMaHIIIIII. EBreHuw CaBowcKuw !liMen cTpomw np!I1Ka3111MnepaTOpa He yxo.auTb c PewHa, noKa 3Ta apMIII>I He np1116y,aeT.

MaH-HIOHb 1708 r. MAHEBP'-1POBAH'-1E BO <S>JlAHAP'-1'-1. lepl.lor .ae BaH.aoM noBen ce6>1 arpecc!IIBHO 111 3axBaT!IIn MHMl.llllaTuBy. OH He .aan repl.lory Manb6opo Hill Manewwew B03MO)I(HOCTIII aTaKOBaTb, _aa)l(e KOr,aa no,axo,a111n Kn03111/..ll1>1M COI03HIIIKOB y f1yBl1Hblll ( KOHe/..l!IIIOH>I). 1-9 HJOml 1708 r. rEPUOr IJf.

BAHAOM YfPO:>KAET YAEHAPAE. Heo)l(!ll,aaHHO lj>paHl.lY3CKa>~ apMIII>I BbJCTynuna Ha 3ana.a 111 B3>~na leHT

" "

., • • ";'o · "

'( ,

····--. ...

514

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

10-11 llltonH 1708 r. HACTYnJlEHHE rEPUOrA MAJlbEiOPO. Bblc-rynMB, apMMH C0/03HMKOB CTpeMMTeflbHb/M MapweM oJJ,onena 45 KM 3a 22 '-laca. 0paBb/M rj)naHr apMMM repLJ,Or Manb6opo OTJJ,an noJJ. KOMaHJJ.OBaHMenpMHLJ,a EareHMH. 06a nonKOBOJJ.cnewHo pa3pa6oTanM nnaH cpa)l(eHMH, npMMepHO CXO)I(MM C 5neHXefiiMCKMM.

u.a

11 llltonH 1708 r. EiHTBA nPH AYAEHAPAE. noKa C0/03HMKM YTpoM M B nepBy/0 nOflOBMHY JJ,HH nepenpaBflf/flMCb '-lepe3 peKy, repu.or 5ypryHJJ,CKMM npMKa3afl OTCTynaTb. HoB KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,OB repu.ory JJ,e BaHJJ.OMY yJJ,aflOCb JJ,OKa3aTb, '-ITO ecnM OHM cefii'-laC He JJ,aJJ,}'T cpa)l(eHMH, TO

'-IM nponaBWMMM 6e3 BeCTM (npeMMYI.J..IeCTBeHHO JJ,e3epTMpoa). Co103HMKM noTepHflM 2 Tb/Cf/'-1117 '-leflOBeK y6MTb/MM M 5 Tb/CH'-1 paHeHb/MM.

u.oa, Mapwan JJ,e 5yrj)rj)nep 6bm BbiHy)/(,l],eH KanMTynMpOBaTb ( 11 JJ,eKa6PH). OH o6opoHRn ropoJJ. HacmnbKO MCKYCHO M JJ,06neCTHO, '-ITO repLJ,or

12 llltonH 1708 r. COI03HHKH OTPA>KEHbiYrEHTA. Co6paa caoM

Manb6opo M npMHU. EareHMiii no3BOnMnM eMy CaMOMY COCTaBMTb ycnoBMR KanMTYflHL.I,MM.

pa36e)l(aBwMeCH aoiiicKa, repu.or JJ,e BaHJJ.OM 6necrn1.11e oTpa3Mn HaTMCK co/03HMKOB y leHTa. B pe3ynbmTe rj)paHLJ,Y3bl coxpaHMflM KOHTpOflb HaJJ, 3anaJJ,HOM C!JnaHJJ,pMefii M BOCCTaHOBMflM 6e3onaCHb/e n}'TM C006f.J..IeHMH c C!JpaHLJ,Meiii. fiHTepeCHO ITOTeopeTII3HpOBaTb, qro npoH30IIIJIO

6bl, HMe:H repu;or JJ:e

BaHJJ:OM B03MO)KHOCTh BeCTH 31)' KaM-

AeKa6pb 1708r.- HHBapb 1709r. ~PAHUY3bl OTCTYnAIOT. 0TKa3aBWMCb oToiiiTM Ha 3MMHMe KBapTMpbl, repu.or Manb6opo peWMfl Bb/TeCHMTb rj)paHLJ,Y30B 1173 3anaJJ,Hoiii C!JnaHJJ.PMM. OH ocaJJ,Mn M B3Hn cnepaa leHT(2 HHBapR), a 3aTeM op10rre. C!JpaHU.Y3bl oTc-rynMnM K CBOMM rpaHMLJ,aM, nocne '-lero o6e apMMM YWflM Ha 3MMHMe KBapTMpbl.

KOMMYHMKaLJ,MM, CBH3b/Ba/Of.J..1Me apMM/0 C C!JpaHLJ,Mefii, OKa)I(}'TCH nepepe3aHbl. lepu.or 5ypryHJJ.CKMiii HeoXOTHO JJ,an pa3peweHMe o6opyJJ,o-

(Ko.M. aem.).

1708- 1709 rr. EiECnllOAHbiE MHPHbiE nEPErOBOPbl. fTIOJJ.OBMK XIV cHoaa nonb!TaflCR ype-

15 llltonH 1708 r. nPHEibiTHE APMHH EBrEHH~ CABO~CKOrO.

rynMpoaaTb KOHrj)flMKT MMpHb/M nyTeM, HO OTKa3aflCH npMHHTb )l(eCTKMe

BaTb o6opOHMTeflbHb/e n03ML./,MM. lepu.or JJ,e BaHJJ.OM nocnewHo paccTaBMn apMM/0 Ha B03Bb/WeHHOCTM ceaepHee AyJJ,eHapJJ,e. HecMoTpH Ha

ycnOBMR, Bb/JJ,BMH}'Tb/e C0/03HMKaMM. C!JpaHU.Y3CKMiii HapoJJ. no.a.aep)l(an peweHMe KoponH npoJJ.Ofl)l(aTb aoiiiHy

npMKa3 repu.ora 5ypryHJJ.CKoro aecTM '-IMCTO o6opOHMTeflbHOe cpa)l(eHMe, JJ,e BaHJJ.OM npMKa3an aTaKoBaTb- KaK pa3 B TOT MOMeHT, KOrJJ,a repu.or Manb6opo M npMHU. EareHMiii CaMM Ha'-IMHaflM aTaKy ( OKOflO JJ.BYX '-lacoa nononyJJ.HM). nnaH npeJJ,cTo-

Tenepb C0/03HMKM MMeflM HBHO Bb/pa)l(eHHOe '-IMCfleHHOe npeMMyi.J..IeCTBO - apMMH MX JJ.OCTMrana npMMepHO 120 Tb/CH'-1 '-leflOBeK. )J,a)l(e COeJJ,MHMBWMCb C repLJ,OrOM 5epBMKOM, repLJ,Or JJ,e BaHJJ,OM MMen B CBOeM pacnopf!)l(eHMM flMWb OKOflO 96 Tb/CH'-1 '-leflOBeK. /onnaHJJ,L./,bl HaflO)I(MflM BeTO Ha npeJJ,flO)I(eHHb/M repLJ,OroM Manb6opo nnaH BTOp)l(eHMH so C!JpaHLJ,M/0. TorJJ,a, K YJJ.MBneHM/0 JJ,e

HI.J..Ieiii 6MTBbl He 6blfl TOflKOM pa3pa60TaH HM y TOM, HM y JJ,pyrofii CTOpOHbl; B pe3yflbTaTe 3aBH3aflOCb JJ.Ofl-

BaHJJ.OMa, Manb6opo HeO)I(MJJ.aHHO Bb/C"fYnMn Ha /Or M OCaJJ,Mfl fTMflflb (a BryCT).

HMeM Mapwanoa JJ,e BMnnapa M JJ,e 5yrj)rj)nepa ( nocneJJ,HMiii xoTb M 6bm CTapwe no 3BaHMIO, JJ,06pOBOflbHO

roe, KpoaonponMTHoe M cyM6ypHoe cpa)l(eHMe. no)l(anyiii, onpeJJ,eneHHoe TaKTM'-IeCKOe npeMMYf.J..IeCTBO 6blfl0 BCe )l(e Ha CTOpOHe C0/03HMKOB 6naroJJ,apH 3HeprM'-IHOCTM M peWMTeflbHOCTM repu.ora Manb6opoM EareHMH CaaoiiicKoro. B To )l(e apeMH 6oeaofii JJ.YX rj)paHLJ,Y3CKOM apMMM 6blfl, BepOHTHO, HeCKOflbKO CHM)I(eH M3-3a pa3HornacMiii, u.apMBWMxcpeJJ.M Bblcwero KOMaHJJ.OBaHMH. Y)/(e

14 aBrycTa - 11 .QeKa6pH 1708 r. OCAAA 11H1111~. OcaJJ,y

comaCMflCR yc-rynMTbnOCTmaBHOKOMaHJJ,YIOI.J..Iero JJ,e BMnnapy) CTORfla, OKOnaBWMCb, K ceaepy OT rpaHML.I,bl.

Ha'-IMHano cMepKaTbCH, KorJJ,a repu.or Manb6opo 3aaepwMn o6xoJJ. rj)paHU.Y3CKoro npa aoro rj)naHra; TeM apeMeHeM npMHU. EareHMiii npoJJ.Ofl)l(an

naHHIO TaK, KaK OH cqHTaJI H)')KHbiM

sen npMHU. EareHMiii, noJJ, '-lbMM KOMaHJJ.OBaHMeM HaXOJJ.MflaCb 40-Tb/CH'-IHaR apMMR; repu.or Manb6opo so maae 70-Tb/CR'-IHOM apMMM npMKpbiBan era, o6opyJJ,oaaa MOI.J..IHble o6opoHMTenbHble no3MLJ,MM. KorJJ,a y OCa)I(JJ,eHHb/X nOJJ,OWflM K KOHU.Y 3anaCbl npOJJ.OBOflbCTBMH, KOMaHJJ,OBaBWMM o6opoHoiii Mapwan flyM

KaMnaHIIIfl np111 Man&nnaKe,

1709r.

BecHa 1709 r. PACCTAHOBKA CHJl BO ~JlAHAPHH. C!JpaHU.Y3cKaR apMMR '-IMCfleHHOCTb/0 OKOflO 112 Tb/CR'-1 '-lenoBeK noJJ, KOMaHJJ,OBa-

l1HCTPYKU.MM, nony'-leHHble JJ,e BMnnapaM M3 napM)I(a, rnacMnM: no B03MO)I(HOCTM M36eraTb reHepanbHOrO cpa)l(eHMH. ApMMH co/03HMKOB '-IMCneHHOCTb/0 OKOflO 110 Tb/CR'-1 '-lenoBeK, KOMaHJJ,OBaflM KOTOpofii repLJ,or Manb6opo M npMHU. EareHMiii CaaoiiiCKMiii, 3aHMMana 60flbWYIO '-laCTb MC-

TeCHMTb rj)paHLJ,Y3CKMiii neBb/M rj)naHr, M K Hac-rynneHM/0 TeMHOTbl rj)paHLJ,y3bl JJ.porHynM M no6e)l(anM. C!JpaHU.Y3-

C!JpaHcya, repu.or JJ,e 5yrj)rj)nep, cJJ,an ropoJJ,, HO OTC-rynMn C rapHM30HOM B LJ,MTaJJ,eflb (22 OKTR6pH). 8 3TOT MOMeHT repu.or JJ,e BaHJJ.OM BblcTynMn Ha ceaepo-aocToK, yrpo)l(aR 5p!Occen/O M paCC'-IMTb/BaR, '-ITO 3TO 3aCTaBMT C0/03HMKOB CHHTb OCaJJ,y, OJJ,-

naHCKMX HMJJ.epnaHJJ.OB. L!enb o6oMx nOflKOBOJJ,LJ,eB 3aKfl/O'-Ianacb B TOM, '-IT06b! o6ofiiTM rj)paHLJ,Y3CKYIO flMHM/0 060p0Hbl (MflM npopBaTbCR '-lepe3 Hee, MflM 3aCTaBMTb rj)paHLJ,Y30B OTOMTM M npMHHTb 6ofii B ycnOBMRX, 6naronpMRTHb/X JJ,flR C0/03HMKOB ).

CKMe noTepM COCTaBMflM 4 Tb/CH'-1117 '-leflOBeK y6MTb/MM, 2 Tb/CH'-1117 paHeHb/MM, 9 Tb/CH'-1 nneHHb/MM M 3 Tb/CH-

HaKO Manb6opo aHepm'-IHO BbiJJ.BMHyncR eMy HaBcTpe'-ly, M JJ,e BaHJJ.OM OTCTynMn (24HOR6pH). 8 KOHLJ,e KOH-

HtoHb-aBrycT 1709 r. EiE3PE3Y11bTATHOE MAHEBPHPOBAHHE. CaMoiii 3Ha'-IMTenbHoiii M3 MHO-

BA>KHEVlWV1E BOVlHbl %eCTBa MenKIIIX CTbt'leK f/BIIInacb OCa.aa ( 111 B3f/Tt1e) co/03Ht1KaMt1 TypHe (28 111/0Hf/- 29 111/0nf/). 8 KOHJ4e KOHJ40B C0/03HIIIKIII Bb!Wn/.1 Ha n031.1J4111111, OTKy,aa CMOrfl/.1 yrpo%aTb MOHCY, KOTOpbiM y,aep%1.1Bant1 ¢paHJ4Y3bl. 4 CeHTS16pSI- 26 OKTS16pSI 1709 r. OCAAA. MOHCA. Tenepb Mapwan .ae B111nnap nony'lllln 1113 napt.1%a npt1Ka3 ,aaTb cpa%eHt1e, 'IT06bt y,aep%aTb MoHc. OH HeMe,aneHHO cocpe,aoTO'IIIIn 90 TbtCH'I con,aaT y ManbnnaKe, r.ae 111 oKonancH, npeKpacHo nOHIIIMafl, 'ITO yrpo%aeT J41.1pKYMBannaJ41.10HHbiM niiiHIIIHM co/03Ht1KOB BOKpyr MOHCa Ill 'ITO C0/03HIIIKIII HaaepHHKa ero aTaKy/OT. /ep14or Manb6opo 111 npiiiH/4 EareHIIIM, ocTaBIIIB 20 TbtCH'I 'lenoaeK,aep%aTb oca.ay, C rOTOBHOCTb/0 OTKfliiiKHyniiiCb Ha Bbt3oa.ae B111nnapa 111 c ao£1cKoM 'IIIICneHHOCTb/0 OKOnO 90 Tb!Cf/'1 'lenoaeK Bbtcrynlllnlll K ManbnnaKe ( 9-10 ceHrn6pH). 11 ceHTS16pSI 1709 r. BbiXOA HA n03111U,Iillil. nplll HacTynneH/.1111 co/03HIIIKOB npiiiH/4 EareHIII£1 KaK o6bt'IHO ao3rnaanHn npaabt£:1 r:PnaHr, a rep14or Manb6opo- neabt£:1. EareHIII/0 Caao£1cKoMy npe,acToHno, amKYH, c.aep%1.1BaTb neabt£:1 r:PnaHr ¢paHJ4Y30B, a 'laCTb apMIII/.1 rep14ora Manb6opo TeM apeMeHeM aena 6bt BTOPYIO c,aep%1.1Ba!OtJ..tYIO aTaKy Ha ¢paHJ4Y3CKOM npaBOM ¢naHre; OCTanbHbte clllnbt Manb6opo .aon%Hbt 6btnt1, 3aCTaBIIIB ¢paHJ4Y3CKt1e pe3epBbl BBH3aTbCH a cpa%eHt1e, npot13aecTt1 rnaaHy/0 aTaKy a J4eHTpe. 3Ta npocmH TaKTIII'IecKaH cxeMa no3BOnt1na co/03Ht1KaM o.aep%aTb aepx np1.1 5neHxe£1Me 111 PaMIII£1111; He'ITO npiiiMepHO B TOM %e ,ayxe npOIIICXO,lllllnO 111 np1.1 Ay,aeHap,ae. Ho cei1'1ac npt1H/4Y EareH/.110 111 rep14ory Manb6opo anepabte npoTIIIBOCTOHn Mapwan .ae 8111nnap - nonKoao.ae/4, 'le£1 aoeHHbt£:1 mnaHT6btn anonHe conocmBIIIM C IIIX C06CTBeHHbiMIII. 11 ceHTS16pSI 1709 r. EiliiTBA nPiil MA11bn11AKE. C!JnaHroBbte aTaK/.1 C0/03HIIIKOB pa3Bt1Bant1Cb HaCTOnbKO 9Hepriii'IHO, 'ITO .ae B111nnap 6btn BbiHY%AeH ocna61.1Tb J4eHTpmaBHbtM o6pa3oM, 'IT06btc.aep%aTb Hanop npt1H!4a EareHIIIH. Ha rppaH14Y3CKOM neaoM r:PnaHre cpa%eHt1e

wno 'lpe3Bbt'laMHO O%eCTO'IeHHO; EareHIII£1 Caao£1cKIIIM 6btn .aaa%,abt paHeH, HO KaTeroplll'leCK/.1 OTKa3anCf/ noKIIIHyTb none 6oH. Bo3rnaa1.1a KOHTpamKy, Mapwan .ae B111nnap nony'lllln HacTonbKO TH%enoe paHeHIIIe, 'ITO 6btn BbtHy)J(,lleH nepe,aaTb KOMaHAOBaHIIIe,ae 5yr:Pr:Pnepy 5nt1%e Kcepe,at1He AHH rep14or Manb6opo a Tlllniii'IHo£1 .anH Hero MaHepe HaHec MOf.J..tHeMWIIIM KaaanepiiiMCKIIIM y,aap no ¢paHJ4Y3CKOMY !4eHTPY Ill npopaan ero; o,aHaKo Mapwan .ae 5yrprpnep, cne.ayH nnaHy .ae B111nnapa, TyT %e aaen a 6o£1 nocne,aHIIIe pe3epabt, KOHTpaTaKOBan Ill BOCCTaHOBIIIn niiiH/.110 o6opoHbt. Tor.aa co/03HIIIKIII, He CH/.1%af/ Hanopa, 06be,llt1HIIInt1 OCTaBaBWIIIeCf/ y HIIIX pe3epBbl Ill CHOBa npopaan1.1 ¢paHJ4Y3CKYIO niiiH/.110 o6opoHbt a J4eHTpe. 5yr:Pr:Pnep npt1Ka3an Tpy61.1Tb o6tJ..tee oTcTynneHIIIe, Ill ¢paHJ4Y3CKaf/ apMIIIfl, coxpaHf/fl 6oeao£1 nopf/,llOK, OTCTyn1.1na. noHeCWIIIe TH%ene£1w111e noTepill co/03HIIIKIII 6btnt1 He B COCTOf/H/.1111 npecneAOBaTb OTCTyna/Of.J..tiiiX. C!JpaHJ4Y3bl noTepHnlll oKono 4500 'lenoaeK y6111TbtMIII Ill 8 Tb!Cf/'1 paHeHbiMIII; y C0/03HIIIKOB y61.1TbiX 6btn0 6500 'lenoaeK, a paHeH btX- 6on bWe 14 TbtCf/'1. 06e cTopoHbt npeaocxo,aHo cpa%ant1cb; KOMaHAOBaHIIIe o6et1Mt1 apMIIIf/M/.1 OCytJ..teCTBnf/nOCb nOIIICTIIIHe 6neCTHf.J..te, nplll'leM Ha acex ypoBHf/X. no6e.ao£1 C0/03HIIIKIII OKa3ant1Cb 06H3aHbl maBHbiM o6pa30M HeKone61.1MOM pewiiiMOCTIII rep14ora Manb6opo 111 npt1HJ4a EareHIIIH, KOTOpbte npo,aon%ant1 aTaKOBbtBaTb, KOr,aa 6on bllJIIIHCTBO reHepanoa .aa BHO y%e npt13Han111 6bt nopa%eHt1e. E,aiiiHCTBeHHbtM pe3ynbTaTOM 61.1TBbl f/BIIInOCb TO, 'ITO C0/03HIIIKIII CMOrfl/.1 npo,aon%111Tb OCaAY MoHca, KOTOpbiM B KOHJ4e KOH/408 nan (26 OKTH6pH). nocne amra o6e apMIII/.1 OTcrynllln/.1 Ha 3111MHI.1e KBapTIIIpbl.

1709-1710 rr. JlliiHiil~ NE 1 PLUS ULTRA . 3a 3111MY ¢paHJ4Y3bt B03Bent1 a,aonb rpaHIIIJ4bl MOI.J..tHY/0 niiiH/.110 yKpenneHIIIM. 1

plus

ultra (naT.) -

3TO B1I)JaJKeHHe

HMeeT W~a 3Ha'!eHHli: «He )'l;aJThme, '!e~m ('ITO H IIO.IqJa3yMeBaeTCll B )'l;aHHOM CJIY'Iae) H «BhlCmall TO'!Ka, rrpe)'l;eJI )'l;OCTIIrH)ITOrO».

515 1710-1711 rr. 5E3PE3Y11bTATHOE MAHEBPIIIPOBAHIIIE. /epJ4or Manb6opo 111 npiiiH/4 EareHIIIM B3f/nt1 etJ..te HeCKOnbKO ¢paHJ4Y3CKIIIX nplllrpaHIII'IHbiX KpenOCTe£1, B TOM 'llllcne/].ya (10 111/0HH 1710r.) t15eTIOH (30 aarycTa). 5onbwe a aTOM ro,ay HIIIKaKIIIX 3Ha'lt1TenbHbiX C06btTIIIM He npo1.1cxo,a1.1no. B cne,ay101.1.teM ro.ay EareH/.110 Caao£1cKoMy 6btno npt1Ka3aHO BbiCTyniiiTb BO C!JpaHKrpypT- o6ecne'lt1Tb 3atJ..tt1TY ropo.aa BO apeMH KOpOHa/41.1111 HOBOrO IIIMnepampa Kapna VI ( 6btawero 9pJ4repJ40ra Kapna). nocKOnbKY HIIIKTO 1113 co/03HIIIKOB He %enan npt13HaTb Kapna VI 111 IIIMnepaTopoM, 111 KoponeM VfcnaHIIIIII, co103 Ha 'ian pacna,aaTbCf/. 80 C!JnaH,apllllll, OTHOCf/Cb,apyr K,apyry C OCTOpO%HbiM yaa%eHt1eM, MaHeBplllpoaan/.1 Mapwan .ae B111nnap 111 rep14or Manb6opo. 31 .QeKa6pSI 1711 r. rEPU,Or MA11b50POOT03BAH. Hoabti1Ka6t1HeT (Toplll) oTo3aan rep14ora Manb6opo a AHm11110, 'leM 6btn nono%eH KOHe/4 BOeHHOM Kapbepe npocna aneHHoro rep14ora.

1712 r. Mill PH biE nEPErOBOPbl. noKa B YTpexTe Wn/.1 neperoaopbt, KOMaHAOBaHIIIe B Ht1,aepnaH,aax npiiiHHn EareHIIIM Caao£1cKIIIM. OH CTOnKHyncH C TeMt1%e CaMbiM/.1 npo6neMaMt1, 'ITO CTOf/n/.1 paHbllJe nepe,a rep14oroM Manb6opo; ronnaH.aJ4bt Hill a KaKy/0 He cornawan1.1cb secTill arpeCCIIIBHY/0 HaCTynaTenbHY/0 KaMnaH/.110- OC06eHHO C y'leTOM IIIAYI.J..tiiiX neperoaopoa. TeM He MeHee npiiiH/4 EareHIIIM nepenpaa1.1ncH 'lepe3 Wenb,ll.y ao maae 120-TbtCH'IHo£1 apMIIIIII ( Ma£1), t1MeH!4enb/O 3acTaBt1Tb Mapwana .ae B111nnapa, 100-TbiCf/'IHaf/ apMIIIf/ KOTOporo OKOnanaCb Ha BCeM npOTH%eHt1111 OT KaM6pe .ao Appaca, npiiiHf/Tb cpa%eHt1e. Ho EareHIIIM Caao£1cKIIIM He 3Han, 'ITO aHrniiiMCKIIIM KOHTIIIHreHT, KOTOpbiM Tenepb KOMaH,aoaan /].%ei1Mc 5aTnep, rep14or OpMoH,a, nony4111n npt1Ka3 He acTynaTb a cpa%eHt1fl, a BCKOpe 6btn BHe3anHO OT03BaH. OcmTKIII co/03Ho£1 apMIIIIII oKa3ant1cb BbiHY%AeHbl OCTaHOBIIITb HaCTynneHIIIe 111 %AaTb, noKa npiiiH/4 EareHIII£1 cyMeeT pa3,ao6btTb no,aKpenneHIIIH.

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

516

)f(. Ano. WTbiKOBaSI aTaKa <j>paHI..IY30B B cpa>KeHVIVI y AeHeHa

nono:ceHile Mapwa.~a

eo~cK

nepe.a.

BHnnapa

cpaJKeH I'!e~ =

IZ:.Z222Z22]

npHtu..ta E.Caeolt.::;o;oro

,(le ACTBIUI BORCK MapUJa t.a 8H!t113 p a· --~

Jt<lnp a s neHH!!JleMOHCTpnHllHOrO Yllapa

_........

Hanpa iiJieHHI!rnaaHux yna poB

oQ o:::::o

OTltoll BOAC K 11P HI·I l.l3 E . Caso Rc KO;-O

1712 r. AEHEHCKOE CPA}I{EHLIIE. Mapwan ,£J,e 8111nnap TYT ){(e

11 an penS! 1713 r. YTPEXTCKLilllt AOrOBOP. noA H111M no,£J,nll1-

BbiCTYnl1fl 111 3Heprwmofii WTb/KOBOfii

canii1Cb BCe Y'I8CTBOB8BWII1e B KOHC/J-

8TaKOM pa36111n '18CTb 8pMII1111 C0/03-

fli1KTe CTOpOHbl, KpOMe 111MnepaTOpa

VI, KOTOpbliii npO,l1,0fl){(8fl BOM-

HII1KOB, noTepl1 KOTOpbiX COCT8BII1flll1

Kapna

Hy. c1Jp8Hf411>1 npii13H8fl8 npOTeCTaHT-

TbJCH'I 'lenoaeK ( nor1116w111M111 111n111

}'TOHYBWII1MII1 a Wenb,£J,e); cjJpaHf4Y3bl

CKY/0 (raHHoaepcKy/0) A111HaCTII1/0

noTepflnll1 np111 3TOM a cera 500 'leno-

a 5pi1TaHII111,

aeK. npii1Hf4 EareHM£1, npll16biBWI1i1

fll111 HbJOcjJayHMeH,ll, 11 HeKoTOpble Ka-

TaK){(e YCTYnll1na AHr-

V 5yp6oH

Cflii1WKOM n03,ll,HO, 'IT06bl npii1Hf/Tb

H8ACKI1e 3eMnll1. c1J111n111nn

Y'18CTII1e B 6111TBe, p e w111n OTCTynii1Tb

6blfl npii13 H8H KOponeM V1Cn8HII1111 (HO

3 a peKy.

c ct>paH/411111 6bmo B3HTO o6ei..L{aHII1e,

ABrycT-OKTS16pb 1712 r. MAPWAn AE BLilnnAP HACTYnAET.

neBCKII1e ,ll,OM8 HII1KOr,£J,8 He 6y,£J,yT

'ITO C/Jp8Hf4Y3CKII1fii 111111Cn8HCKII1M KOpO-

c1Jp8Hf4Y3bl OC8,l1,111flll1 111 CHOB8 B3flflll1

o6be,£J,111HeHbJ). Caao£1>1 nony'1111na OT

P>~A }'Tep>~HHbJX

38 nocneAH111e ro,£J,bl

V1cnaHII1111 CII1J4111fl111/0 11 HeKOTOPbJe ce-

KpenOCTefii, B TOM '111Cfle .[ly3, KeHya

aepoii1T8flbHHCKII1e 3eMnll1. npyCCII1fl

11 5yweH. Ycnex111 3TII1 cyi..L{eCTBeHHO

6blfl8 npii13H8H8 B K8'1eCTBe nOflHOn-

nOMOrfll1 C/Jp8Hf4Y3 CKOVJ CTOpOHe H8

paBHOVJ MOH8pXII1111. 5blflii1111Cnpaane-

YTpexTCKII1X n e p e roa opax.

Hbl rp8HII1f4bl /O){(H08Mepii1K8HCKII1X KO-

BA>KHEVlWV1E BOVlHbl f10HMiii - C ab/ro,aoiii ,af1H nop-ryraf1MV1. K CaHw.eHHoiii PMMCKoiii MMnepMM .aomKHb!6b!f1M oToiiiTM McnaHcKMe HM.aepnaH,abl ( apeMeHHO HaXO,aMaWMeCH no.a anaCTb/0 Coe,aMHeHHb/X npoaMH14Miii) VI ace MCnaHCKMe BJ1a,aeHMH a VfTaf1MV1, KpOMe 3eMef1b, AOCTaaWMXCH Caaoiiie.

Malli-HoS16pb 1713 r. PEIIIHCKASI KAMnAHIIISI. no.a Ha'lanoM npMH14a EareHMH Haxo,aMnocb acero 60 Tb/CH'I 'le!1oaeK, VI AacTpMH OKa3blaana eMy KpaiiiHe CKYAHY/0 no.a.aep)I(Ky; npOTMaOCTOH/1 eMy Mapwan,ae 8MJ1!1ap CO 130-Tb/CH'IHOM apMMefii. )J.e BMnnap oca,a1111 11 a3Hf1 Wneep, flaH.aay 11 C!Jpeiii6ypr.

HeiiiHbiX Kopa6nH. BoiiicKa rep14ora OpMoH.aa WTYPMOM a3Hf1M 6eperoable yKpenneHMH, a r:PnoT PyKa o.aonen 6oHoaoe 3arpa)l(,aeHMe, npopaancH a raaaHb VI YHM'ITO)I(VI/1 M/111 3axaaTMf1 ace TpaHcnopTHble cy.aa 11 6oeab/e KOpa6!1M npOTMaHMKa. )J.o6b!'la 0/4eHMaaJ1aCb a,aaa MV1!1!1MOHa r:/)yHTOa CTep!1MHroa; aepOHTHO, 3TO 6b!f1 caMbliii KpynHbliii Tporj)eiii, Kor.aa!1M6o a3HTb/M a OAHOM cpa)l(eHMM.

Malli 1703 r. K COI03Y nPiiiCOEAIIIHSIETCSI nOPTYrAJlliiR nopTyraf1b/4bl comacM!1MCb npe.ao-

cm aMTb C0/03HMKa M 6a 3bl ,af1H MOpCKMX VI cyxonYTHb/X onepa14Miii npOTMa VfcnaHMM (MeTyaHCKMiii .aoroaop).

1713-1714 rr. MliiPHbiE nEPErOBOPbl. OHM aenMcb npMH14eM

<t>espanb 1704 r. KAPJl BbiCA>KiiiBAETCSI B JlliiCCAEiOHE. 9p14-

EareHMeM CaaoiiicKMM 11 MapwanoM ,ae 8MJ1!1apoM.

rep14or Kapn ( Cb!H MMnepampa Jleononb,aa I) c .aayxTbiCH'IHbiM aHrnoronnaH,acKMM aofiiCKOM 6b!f1AOCTa aJ1eH a f1MCCa60H aHmMiiiCKMM r:/)110TOM a,aMMpana )J.)I(Op,a%a PyKa.

MapT-ceHTH6pb 1714 r. PAWTATTCKiilllllil Ei.AAEHCKIII171 AOrOBOPbl. B Pawmrre aacTpMiiiCKMiii MMnepamp Kapn VI no,anMcan MMpHbliii .aoroaop c C!JpaHL4Meiii. KaK MMnepamp CaHw.eHHoiii PMMCKoiii MMnepMM OH 3aKJ1/0'IV1!1 MMp a 5a,aeHe. YcnoaMH aTMX .aoroaopoa a ocHOaHOM no.aTaep)I(Aaf1M YTPeXTCKMe cornaweHMH, o.aHaKo MMnepaTop no-npe)I(HeMy OTKa3b/aa!1CH npM3HaTb anaCTb 5yp60HOa a VfcnaHMM.

150E8b/E .QEMCTBHR 8 HCnAHHH H HA CPE.QH3EMHOM MOPE AsrycT-ceHTH6pb 1702 r. C0103HiiiKiil OTEiliiTbl Y KAAIIICA. 3,aecb aHrf10-rOJ1!1aH,aCKMiii r:/)f10T a COCTaae 50 ab/Mnenoa no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM a,aMMpana )J.)I(op_a)l(a PyKa VI 15-Tb/CH'IHaH cyxonYTHaH apMMH no,a KOMa H,aoaaHMeM )J.)I(eiiiMCa oaTnepa, rep14ora OpMoH,aa, noTepnef1M nOf1HOe r:/)MaCKO V13-3a nf10XOM KOop,aMHa/4MM CM/1.

12 OKTS16pSI 1702 r. MOPCKOE CPA>KEHIIIE B EiYXTE BlilrO. Bo3apaw.aHcb M3 Hey,aa'IHoro peiii.aa Ha Ka.aMc, a,aMMpan )J.)I(OPA% PyK o6Hapy)/(M/1 a 6yxTe BMro rptpKeHbliii coKpoaMw.aMM MCnaHCKMM KapaaaH 113 Jla-nnaTbl, oxpaHHeMbliii rppaHKOMcnaHcKoiii 3CKa,apoiii, a COCTaa KOTOpoiii axo,aMf1V1 24 r:/)paH14Y3CKMXJ1M-

MapT-IIIIOHb 1704 r. A>KOPA>K PYK HA CPEAiii3EMHOMOPbE. C!JnoT a,aMMpana PyKa a owen a CpeAM3eMHoe Mope 'lepe3 IM6panmpCKMiii np0!1Ma. npe,anonaraf10Cb aMeCTe c rep14oroM CaaoiiicKMM ocyw.ecTaMTbHana,aeHMe Ha TynoH, o,aHaKo BMKTop AMa,aeiii II OTKa3af1 a,aMMpany PyKy a co.aeiiicTaMM. noToM M3 5pecTa npM6blf1 r:/)paH!4Y3CKMiii r:/)1107; KOTOpb!M, o6orHaa aHrf1M'IaH, 6e3 e,aMHoro noape)I(AeHMH .ao6pancH .ao TynoHa, a pe3yf1bTaTe 'lero ¢paH!4Y3bl o6pe1111 Ha Cpe,aM3eMHOMOpbe 'IMcneHHbliii nepeaec; Tor.aa PyK 'lepe3 IM6panmp aepHyncH a AmaHTMKY M6!1M3 Ka.aMca coe,aMHMf1CH c aHrno-ronnaH,acKMM r:PnoToM a,aMMpana Knay,aMCf1M Woaenna. 3aTeM co/03Hbliii r:PnoT onHTb .aaMHyncH a Cpe,aM3eMHoe Mope.

23-24 11110nH 1704 r. B3SITIIIE rliiEiPAJlTAPA. AHmMiiiCKaH r:/)f10TMf1MH aM!4e-a,aMMpana )J.)I(Op,a%a DMHra, aMKOHTa ToppMHrTOHa, 06CTpef1HJ1a IM6panTap; Ha cne,ay1011.1,Miii ,aeHb KpenOCTb 6b!J1a a3HT8 WTypMOM ( WT}'pMoaa/111 ee 1800 aHmMiiiCKMX MOPHKOa, KOMaH,aoaa/1 KOTOpbiMM /eopr, MapKrparp lecceH-)J.apMWTaATCKMiii).

13 asrycTa 1704 r. MOPCKOE CPA>KEHIIIE Y MA11Arlil. C!JnoT co-

517 /03HMKOa no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM a,aMMpana )J.)I(op.a)l(a PyKa pa36Mn y ManarM o6be,aMHeHHbliii rj)paH14Y3CKMiii r:/)f10T, KOMaH,aoaa/1 KOTOpb!M rparp Tyny3CKMiii, TeM caMbiM f1MKaM,aMpoaa a yrpo3y 3axaa 'leHHOMY a Hrf1M'IaHaMM JM6pa!1Tapy.

AsrycT 1704 r. - MapT 1705 r. OCAAA rliiEiPAJlTAPA. ctJpaHKo-McnaHcKaH apMMH no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM Mapwana rparj)a .ae C!JpoMneTecce oca)l(.aana IM6panTap; KpenocTb ycnewHo y.aep)I(Maan MapKrparp /eopr /ecceH-)J.apMwTa,aTCKMiii C rapHV130HOM acero 113 900 MOpHKOa. OH nony'IM/1 npMnacbl 11 no.aKpenneHMH (.aeKa6pb), a nocne pa3rpoMa r:/)paH14Y3CKOrO r:/)f10Ta ( CM. HM)I(ej C!JpoMne- Tecce CHH/1 oca.ay.

1 0 MapTa 1705 r. MOPCKOE CPA>KEHIIIE Y MAPEiEJlblil. AHr11MiiicKaH acKa,apa a,aMMpana capa )J.)I(OHa fTMKa pa36MJ1a no6!1V130CTV1 OT JM6pa!1Tapa rj)paH14Y3CKYIO 3CKa,apy a,aMMpana ,ae nyaHTM.

liiiOHb 1705 r. BbiCAAKA C0103HIIIKOB B KATAJlOHiillii.)J.ecaHTOM COaMeCTHO KOMaH,aoaa/111 a,aMMpa/1 Knay,aMCf1M Woaenn 11 LJap!1b3 Mop.aayHT, nop.a nMTep6opo; co.aeiiicTaMe VIM OKa3b/aanapwep/40r Kap11. OHM oca,aMnM 11 a3Hf1M 5apcenoHy (3 OKTH6pH). npMCOe,aMHMaWMMCH K HMM y IM6panTapa MapKrparp leopr /ecceH-)J.apMWTaATCKMiii 6blf1 y6MT npM pewa1011.1,eM w-rypMe. OcHoaHaH 'laCTb r:Pnom aepHynacb a AmaHTMKy; Ha Cpe,aM3eMHOM Mope .anH no.a.aep)I(KM cyxonYTHbiX onepa1411iii ocmnacb TOJ1bKO 3CKa,apa fTMKa.

HoH6pb 1705 r. anpenb 1706 r. OCAAA EiAPCEJlOHbl. BblcTynMa M3 Ma,apM,aa, C!JMnMnn AH)/(yfiicKMiii 11 rparp .ae C!JpoMne- Tecce npM no.a,aep)I(Ke r:/)paH!4Y3CKOro r:/)110Ta , 6a3MpoaaawerocH a TynoHe, oca,aMnM 5apcenoHy. A,aMMpan cap )J.)I(OH fTMK, MaHeapMpyH, ,ao6MJ1CH TaKTM'IeCKOrO npeMMy11.1,eCTaa Ha,a npOTMaHMKOM VI abiHYAM/1 r:/)paH14Y3CKMiii r:PnoT aepHYTbCH a TynoH, nocne 'lero r:/)paH!4Y3CKaH apMMH CHHJ1a oca,ay (30 anpe!1H) VI ao3apaTMJ1aCb Ha 3ana,a- OTpa)l(aTb aTOp)l(eHMe a VfcnaHM/0 C nopTyraf1bCKOiii TeppMTOpMM, ao3maaJ1eHHOe aHmMiiiCKMM nop,aoM leHpM lanyaeM ( cM. HM)I(ej.

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

518

TenbHOe nopa)/(eHMe. noTepM cjJp8Hu,y3oa 6blnlt1 He3Ha'IMTenbHbJMM; co103HMKit1 noTepRnM 5 TbJCR'I 'lenoaeK y61t1Tb/Mit1 lt1 paHeHb/Mit1, a e~e 10 Tb/Cf/'1 6blnlt1 3axaa'leHbl a nneH. no nRraM npecne,l!yeMbliii apMueiiirepu,ora Eepalt1K8, nap,[! lanyaiii orcrynMn a 88neHCMIO 1t1 ,l!anee, a K8ranoHMIO (OKm6pb); nO,l! em Ha'l8nOM OCT8Banlt1Cb TOnbKO 16 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK. C/>p8HU,Y3bl KOHTpOnlt1pOB8nlt1 Tenepb npaKTM'IeCKit1 ac10 reppMTOPMIO /11cn8Hit11t1. 06e apMit1/t1 BCT8nlt1 H8 31t1MH/t18 KB8pTMpbl Heno)J.aneKy or EapcenOHbl.

HACJIElJ:CTBO 1701-1714 rr. 250

250

500 KM

liltanb-aBrycT 1707 r. BTOP.>KEHIIIE COI03HIIIKOB BO CbPAHLI,IiiiO; SnOKAAA TYnOHA. C/Jnor

UHct>paMK H<l KBpie

fpaHHllbl rocy,llapCTB K 1701 r.

o603 H3'iCH bl:

38CTpHACKHH ra6c6ypraM

fpaHH Ubl ena.lleHHA' Aacrpurt .. CKHx

2 Kyp4J<>pwecTeo Ktn&HCKoe

fa6c6yproa

K npyccHtt

BoJOIOll{He cropoHbl:

~paHUHSI H ee COI03HHKH

!Qf.

Y'iaCTHHKH . aHrHtflpaHUY3CKOA. KOamtUHK

ru6pallmap ~

t.:...:.:..:...

Malli-ceHTS'I6pb 1705 r. nPiiiSPE.>KHbiE OnEPALI,Iillil AAMIIIPAnA nliiKA. AHmlt1MCKit1M cjJnoT 38XB8Tit1n K8pT8xeHy ( 1 MIOHR), AnMK8HTe

( 24 8arycra) 1t1 ,l!B8 ocmoa8 5 8ne8pCKoro 8PXMnen818 /11a1t1cy ( ceHm6pb).

.1 'HcnaHCKHe HHAepnaHJlbl

M8nbopKy 1t1

26 VIIOHS'I 1706 r. COI03HIIIKIII 3AXBATbiBAIOT MAAPIIIA. BTOprW8RCR lt13 nopryr8nlt1M 8pMMR no,l! KOM8H,l!OB8Hit1eM nop,£!8 /eHplt1 l3ny3fi38XB8Tit1n8 M8.L!PM.L!; apu.repu.or K8pn 6btn npoao3m8weH KoponeM.

0KTH6pb 1706 r. Cl>PAHLI,Y3bl OTBOEBbiBAIOT MAAPIIIA. KoM8H.L!OB8HMe cjJp8HKO-It1Cn8HCKit1Mit1 Clt1n8Mit1 a /11cn8Hit11t1 npMHRn repu.or EepaMK. BMecre c C/JMnMnnoM AH-

CasoA.e

K BenHK06pHT3HJH[

3 BepxHHA reJIAepH 4 WaeA~.tapcKH A co 103

5 repuorcrso MHnaH

TeppHTOpHSI, ~KpenneHHa.R"

3a Syp6oHaMH

1 fepLtorcrso TockaHa

repLIOfCTBO Ma HTYJI

COI03Hit1KOB nO,l! KOM8H,l!OBaHit18M a,l!Mit1p8n8 Kn8y,l!MCnlt1 Woaenn8 6nOKMpoaan TynoH c MOp>~; npuHu, Eare HMiii 1t1 BuKTop AM8,l!ei1 II reM apeMeHeM nepeao,l!MnM MMnepcKocaaoiiicKy/0 8PMMIO 'lepe3 npMMopCKMe Anbnbl. Ho M8pwan rp8cjJ ,l!e ct>poMne- Tecce, TOnbKO 'ITO npu6bJBWMMM3 /11cnaHMM c aerepaH8MM AnbMaHCbl, orpa3Mn arop)/(eHMe co103Hit1KOB, m8BHbJM o6p830M, 6n8ro.L!8PR OTK83y repu,ora 81t1KTOpa AMa,l!eR/1 C8aoiiicKom recHo corpy,L!HM'18Tb c npMHU,eM EareHMeM ( 26 M/0nfl). He P8CC'IIt1TbJBaR y)J.ep)/(aTb TynoH, cjJpaHU,Y3bl 38TOnlt1nM B 18B8Hit1 50 CBO/t1X K0p86neiif, TaK 'ITO OTHb/He H8 Cpe,l!M3eMHOMOpbe 6e3p83,l!enbHO ana,l!b/'18CTBOB8nlt1 COI03Hit1Kit1. ApMMfl COI03Hit1KOB B03Bp8Tit1n8Cb B /ttranM/0, a rnaaHbJe CMnbJ Mx cjJnora -a ArnaHTMKy.

AsrycT 1708 r. 3AXBAT C0103HIIIKAMIII CAPAIIIHIIIIII. Ocrpoa

)I(YMCKMM OH BbiHY,D,Mn COI03HMKOB noKMHYTb M8.L!PM.£!. flop,[! lanyaiii 1t1 nopryr8nbLJ.bl aepHynMCb npRMO B nopryr8nlt110, TOI,£!8 K8K 3PU.IepU,OI K8pn c '18CTbiO COI03HbJX aoiiicK orcrynun a 88neHCMIO.

6bln 38XBa'leH 8.£! MMpanoM capoM j},)I(OHOM flMKOM: CMn aMM em MOpfiKOB 1t1 no,[!pa3,l!eneHit1fl caaoiiicKMX BOMCK.

Anpenb 1707 r. HACTYnnEHiiiE COI03HIIIKOB HA MAAPIIIA.

CeHTS'I6pb 1708 r. 3AXBAT MEHOPKIII (SaneapcKVIe ocTposa).

8biC8,l!lt1BWit1Cb H8 BOCTO'IHOM no6epe)l(be, nop,L! leHpM lanyaiii noaen 33-TbJCR'IHYIO 8PMMIO lt13 B8neHCMM H8 M8,D,PM.£!. H8acrpe'ly eMy c npu6nM3MTenbHO p8BHOM no 'llt1CneHHOCTit1 apMMeiii BbiCTynMn repu,or EepBMK.

AHmlt1MCKit1Mit1 cunaMit1 B 3TOM onepaU,It11t1 KOM8H,l!OBan 8,l!Mit1p8n rpacjJ jl,)l(eiifMc CreHxon.

25 anpens:~ 1707 r. SIIITBA Y AnbMAHCbl. B ee XOJW repu,or EepaMK H8Hec nop,L!y lanya10 pewM-

1708-1709 rr. nATOBASI CliiTYALI,IIISI B KATAnOHIIIIil. lepu,or EepauK, OT03BaHHbli1B Hu,l!epnaH,D,bl nocne KaracrpocjJM'IeCKMX pa3rpoMOB cjJpaHU.Y3CKOM apMMit1 nplt1 PaMit1Mit1 1t1 TypMHe, OCT8Bit1n KOMaH,l!yIO~It1M repu,ora Opne8HCKoro .

BA>KHEVlWV1E BOVlHbl HecMOTPH Ha rppaHU.Y3CKoe npeaocxo,acTao, 6oeabtX ,aeikTBI1M aenocb Mana. Coi03HbtMI1 c11naM11 a KaTanoHI111 Tenepb KOMaHJ].OBan aJ].MI1pan rparp jl,)l(e£1Mc CTeHxon.

Maii1-.QeKa6pb 171 0 r. MAAPIIIACKASI KAMnAHIIISI. B KaTanoHI111 26-Tb!Cf/'IHOM apMI111 rparpa jl,)l(e£1Mca CTeHxona npoTI1BOCTOHna 35-TbtCH4HaH ctJ11n11nna AH)I(y£1cKoro. Y 9naawa CTOHna 33-TbtCf/4HaH nopTyranbcKaH apMI1H. Pacc411TbtBaH coe,ai1HI1TbCH c nopTyranbu,aMl1 y Ma,ap11,aa, rparp CTeHxon 6btcTpo BbtJJ.BI1HyncH 113 KaTanoHI111, o,aep)l(an no6e,abt np11 AnbMeHape, J1ep11,ae 11 Caparoce 11 BMecTe capu.repu,oroM KapnoM BbtcTynl1n K 11CnaHcKoi1 cTon11u,e. O,aHaKo nopTyranbU.bt, Kor,aa nyrb 11M nperpa,a11na ropa3,ao MeHbWaH rppaHK0-11cnaHcKaH apMI1fl, OTCTyn11n11. VfcnaHCKI1M Hapo,a coaepweHHO HBHO Bbtpa)l(an no,a,aep)I(KY CKOpee ctJ11n11nny AH)I(YMCKOMy, He)l(enl1 aacTpi1MCKOMY apu,repu,ory Kapny. B V1cnaHI110 npl16btn repu.or ,ae BaH,aoM, co6pan paccpe,aoTo4eHHbte rppaHLJ.Y3CKI1e BOMCKa 11 C 27-Tb1Cf/4HOM apMI1eM noaen HacTynneHI1e Ha Caparocy, nepepe3aa rparpy CTeHxony KOMMyHI1KaLJ.I111 (OKTH6pb). Kor,aa rppaHu,y3bt cTanl1 np116n11)1(aTbCH K Ma,apl1,ay, CTeHXOn, no,a Ha 4anOM y KOTOporo HaXOJ].I1ni1Cb ni111Jb 16 Tb!Cf/4 4enoaeK, oTcTynl1n K BaneHc1111; repu.or ,ae BaH,aoM npecne,aoaan ero no nHTaM. Y op11yar11 rppaHu,y3bt HarHanl1 apbeprap,a COI03HI1KOB, KOTOpbiM KOMaHJ].OBan CaM rparp CTeHxon, 11 pa 3rpoMI1nl1 ero ( 10 ,aeKa6pH); CTeHxon nonan a nneH. OcTaToK BOMCKa COI03HI1KOB, npo,aon)l(af/ oTcTynneHI1e K 5apcenoHe y)l(e no,a KOMaHJ].OBaHI1eM JBI1J].O r:j)OH WTapeM6epra, 6btn onHTb pa3611T np11 Bl1nbHBI1Cboce.

11 ceHTS16pSI 1704 r. nAAEHIIIE EiAPCEJlOHbl. B KOHU.e KOH-

BOMHA qETbiPEXCfOPOHHEfO COI03A, 1718-1720 rr. nocne CMepTI1 fTIOJJ.OBI1Ka XIV ( 1715 r.) ero BHyK, 11CnaHCKI1M KOpOnb ctJ11n11nn V ( JJ.f/JJ.fl J110,aoa11Ka XV), Ha,aeHncH caM 3aana,aeTb KopoHo£1 ctJpaHU,1111. no HeKOTOpbiM 11CT04HI1KaM cKna,abtaaeTCH ane4aTneHI1e, 6y,am aM611u,1111 ctJ11n11nna V cneLJ,ManbHo pa3,ayaan11cb ero ani1HTenbHbtM 11 6ecnpi1HLJ,I1nHbiM nepBbiM MI1HI1CTpOM, Kap,ai1HanoM Xyn11o Anb6epoHI1. 8 TO )l(e apeMH 11Hbte, HO He MeHee arpeCCI1BHbte aM611U,1111 n11Tana ampaH )l(eHa ctJ11n11nna V Enl13aaera ctJapHe3e(napMcKaH), Kompo£1 XOTenOCb, 4T06 11XJ].eTI1 yHacne,aoaanl1 r:j)aMI1nbHbte ana,aeHI1f/ B Vfran1111, a MO)I(eT, 11 BCIO Vfran1110. 8eni1KI1e MOPCKI1e ,aep)l(aBbl- AHml1f/ 11 H11,aepnaHJ].bl - KaTeropl14eCKI1 npOTI1BI1ni1Cb n1060My 06beJ].I1HeHI110 ctJpaHU.1111 c V1cnaHI1ei1. V1Mnepamp Kapn VI, He roaopH YJKO erono-npe)I(HeMy apa)l(,ae6HbiX 4YBCTBaX K ctJ11n11nnyV, 3apOJ].I1B11JI1XCfl BCne,aCTBI1e BOMHbl 3a 11CnaHCKOe Hacne,aCTBO, 11Men He MeHee Cl1nbHble J].I1HaCTI14eCKI1e OCHOBaHI1f/ npOTI1BI1TbCf/ ni060MY B03Bpa11.1,eHI110 VfTan1111 no,a 11CnaHCKI1M KOHTpOnb. 8npo4eM, ABCTpi1MCKaf/ 11Mnepl1f/ Onf/Tb aena KpynHOMaC11JTa6HyiO aoi1Hy c Typu,11ei1, 11, cooTaeTCTBeHHO, Kapn VI He 6btn roToa pa3BH3btBaTb Hoay10 aoi1Hy a V1Tanl111 11n11 3ana,aHoi1 Eapone.

4HHBapH1717 r. TP0171CTBEHHbl171 COI03. AHmi1H, ctJpaHU.11H 11 H11,aepnaHJ].bt cornac11n11cb npoTI1aocTOHTb aM611U,I1f/M c1J11n11nna V 11 VfcnaHI111 KaK BO ctJpaHLJ,I111, TaK 11 B VfTan1111.

HoH6pb 1717 r. IIICnAHUbl OKKYnlll PYIOT CAPAIIIH 11110. Boc-

<l>espanb 1715 r. MAAPIIIACKIII171 AOrOBOP. no,ani1CaHI1e

nonb3oaaawl1cb TeM, 4TO ABCTPI1fl 3aHHTa aoi1Hoi1 c Typu,11ei1, ctJ11n11nn V nocnan apMI110 3aXBaTI1Tb OCTpOB Cap,ai1HI1fl - 6b!B11Jee ana,aeHI1e 11CnaHCKOM KOpOHbl, nepewe,awee K AaCTPI111 no ycnoBI1HM YTpeXTcKoro 11 PawrarrcKoro ,aoroaopoa.

Ml1pa C nopTyranl1eM Or:j)I1LJ,I1anbHO nonO)I(I1nO KOHeLJ, BOMHe.

IIIIOnb 1718 r. IIICnAHUbl OKKYniiiPYIOT CIIIU1111111110. obtawaH

u.oa, rppaHLJ,Y3bl no,a KOMaHJ].OBaHI1eM repu,ora 5epai1Ka B3Hnl1 ropo,a; aTo 6btna nocne,aHHH KpynHaH onepau,I1H 3a BCIO BOMHY

519 11CnaHCKaf/ KOnOHI1fl, OTOWe,awaH no YTpexTcKoMy ,aoroaopy K Caaoi1e, cTana ampo£1 6a3oi1 JJ.flfl ,aanbHe£1we£1 noni1TI14eCKOM 11 BOeHHOM ,aeHTenbHOCTI1 a V1ran1111. 3aHHn C11U.11nl110 MapKI13 fle,ae, no,a KOMaHJ].OBaHI1eM KOTOporo HaXOJ].I1nacb 3Q-TbiCf/4Haf/ apMI1f/.

2 asrycTa 1718 r. OPMIIIPOBAHIIIE '-IETbiPEXCTOPOHHErO COI03A. K Tpoi1cTaeHHOMY co103y np11coe,a11H11nacb AacTpi1H. ctJpaHU.11H, AacTpi1H 11 AHmi1H (H11,aepnaHJJ.bt BXOJ].I1nl1 B COI03, HO Ha ,aaHHOM CTaJ].I111 KOHr:j)ni1KTa aKTI1BHbiX ,ae£1CTBI1M npOTI1B VfcnaHI111 He npe,anpi1HI1Man11) noTpe6oaanl1 oT 11cnaHu,ea ocTaBI1Tb C11u,11n1110. V1cnaHI1fl OTKa3anacb. AHmi1MCKI1M ¢noT HeMe,aneHHO Bbtca,a11n ao3ne Mecci1Hbt aacTpi1MCKI1M OTPHJJ. 411CneHHOCTbiO 3 TbtCf/411 4enoaeK, 11 Te 6noKI1poaanl1 11cnaHCKI1M rapHI130H ropo,aa ( aarycT).

11 asrycTa 1718 r. MOPCKOE CPA>KEHIIIE Y MbiCA nACCEPO (Bo3ne Cl!lpaKy3). AHmi1MCKI1M r:j)noT(B COCTaBe 21 ni1HeMHOro KOpa6nH) no,a KOMaHJ].OBaHI1eM BI1LJ,eaJ],MI1pana jl,)I(OpJJ.)I(a DI1Hra, BI1KOHTa Toppi1HrTOHa, npaKTI14eCKI1 YHI14TO)I(I1n HeHaMHOTO ycTynaB11JI1M 411CneHHOCTbiO, HO ropa3,ao 6onee cna6bti1 11cnaHCKI1M rpnoTaJJ.MI1pana KacTeHa,abt. AHrnl14aHe noTon11n11 11n11 3aXBaTI1nl1 16 11CnaHCKI1X ni1HeMHbiX Kopa6nei1 114 rpperara; TOnbKOJJ.BYM 11n11 TpeM 11CnaHCKI1M KOpa6nHM y,aanocbyMTI1.

AeKa6pb 1718 r. OEibSIBJlEHIIISI B0171Hbl. AacTpi1H, AHmi1H 11 ctJpaHLJ,I1fl rpopManbHO 06bf!BI1nl1 BOMHY V1cnaHI111. no3)1(e B BOMHY BCTyn11n11 11 H11,aepnaHJ].bl (aarycT 1719 r.).

1718-1719 rr. EiOEBbiEAE171CTBIIISI HA CIIIU11111111111. np11 no,a,aep)I(Ke aHml1i1cKoro ¢nora aacTPI1MCKI1e aoi1cKa aen11 onepau,1111 npOTI1B 11CnaHCKI1X Cl1n, 6a311pOBaB11JI1XCfl a Mecc11He. B KOHU.e KOHU.OB aacTp11MU.bt3axaaTI1nl1 Mecci1HY( oKm6pb 1719r.).

MapT-IIIIOHb 1719 r. IIICnAHCKIIIE 3KCnEAIIIUIIIIII B AHrlliiiiO Ill WOTJlAHAIIIIO. Kap,ai1Han Xyn11o Anb6epoHI1 nocnan ,aae aoeHHbte

520

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

9KCne,al1~1111 B nOMO~b nnaHI1POBaB-

WeMyC51 BOCCTaHI1/0 aHmMI'iiCKI1X 11 WOTJiaH,l1CKI1X 51K0611TOB. c1JfiOT B COCTaBe 29 Kopa6neiii c .aecaHTOM 113 5 Tb/C514 COfl,aaT no,a KOMaH,l10BaHI1eM CCblflbHOTO 51K0611Ta ,£1)1(eWMCa b8mepa, rep~ora OpMoH.tJ.a, ornnbm 113 Ka,a11ca, HO nonan B WTOPM (Mapr). MeHbWa519Kcne,al1~1151, B03maeneHHa51 RK0611TOM )J)Kop,a)l(eM KeiiiroM, rep~oroM Map11waneM, ornnbma B WomaH,al110 113 Jla-KopyHb11; B COCTaB ee BXO,l111fll1 300 11CnaHCKI1X COfl,aaT 11 HeCKOflbKO CCb/flbHb/X RK06Mroe. K rep~ory Mapl1wafi/O npMCOe,l1MHMflaCb TOflbKO Tb/C514a ropHb/X WOTJiaH,a~eB no,a KOMaH.tJ.OBaHI1eM Po6epra MaK-(peropa ( Po6-Po51) M eo)l(l1eiii e~e HeCKOflbKMX KflaHOB (anpeflb). Y fneHWMfla rep~or MapMwanb 3BH51fl o6opoHy nporMB npaeMrenbcreeHHb!X eoiiicK, KOTOpb!MM KOMaH,aOBafl reHepan ,/J)Ko3elj> YaiiirMaH. nocne He,aonroro aprwmep11iiicKoro o6crpena worflaH,a~bl pa36e)l(afiMCb, a OKpy)l(eHHb/e MCnaH~bl Kani1TYfii1POBafiM.

Anpenb 1719 r. PAHUY3CKOE BTOP:>KEH!f1E B lf1CnAH!f110. 30-Tb/C514Ha51 lj>paH~Y3CKa51 apMM51 no.a KOMaH,aoeaHMeM rep~ora GepBI1Ka BTOpmacb B baCKOHM/0 (MfiM, MHa4e, CrpaHy6aCKOB). (ep~or{;ep-

BMK eypc11poean no CeeepHoiii l1cnaHI111, no4TI1 He ecrpe4aR conpori1BneHMR, noKa Ha4aBWI1eC51 B apMMM noeanbHbJe 6one3HM M nnoxaR noro,aa He BbiHY.L1MfiM ero BepHyrbC51 BO c1JpaH~I1/0 (HOR6pb).

0KTS16pb 1719 r. AHfJllf1ViCK!f1E onEPAU!f11f1 BAOJlb n06EPE)f(bSI f AJllf1Cif11f1. B pe3yflbTare KOM6MHMPOBaHHb!X cyxonyTHO-MOpCKI1X onepa~11iii 6b!fiM 3aXBa4eHbl BMro M noHreee,apa.

AeKa6pb 1719 r. OTCTABKA KAPA!f1HAJ1A XYJllf10 AJlb6EPOHif1. 0Ha RBMnacb cne.acreMeM oco3HaHMR c1JMnl1nnoM V roro lj>aKTa, 4TO He,aaBHRR cepM51 BOeHHb/X KaTaCTpolj>- 9TO, maeHb!M o6pa3oM, pe3Yflbrar 11HTpMr ero nepeoro MMHMcrpa.

17 <t>eapanSI 1720 r. f AAfCK!f1Vi AOfOBOP. c:JJMn11nn V orKa3ancR OT npeTeH311W Ha t1Tafl1110; B3aMeH aBCTpMiii~bl comaCMfiMCb, 4T06bJ Cb!H c:JJMnMnna II, npi1H~ Kapn, yHacne,aoBafl rep~OTCTBa napMy, nb514eH~Y M TocKaHy BBM,ay roro, 4TO B 6fiM)I(aiiiwee BpeMR ,l10fl)l(eH 6b!fl yMepeTb, He OCTaBMB nocne ce6R Hacne,aHI1Ka M}I)KCKoro nona, nocne,aHI1iii npe,acrae11renb po,aa c1JapHe3e. CM~11fii1R orowna K AecrpM11; CaeoiiiR nony4Mfla Cap,aMHM/0. CaeoiiicKI1iii rep~ or BI1KTOP AMa,aeiii ll6bm npi13HaH KoponeM Cap,ai1HI1M.

BOHHA 3A IIOJihCKOE HACJIE):(CTB01, 1733-1738 rr. Bo epeMR BenMKoiii CeeepHoiii eoiiiHbl K.apn XII HeHa,aonro eo3een Ha nOflbCKI1iii TPOH CraHI1CflaBa fle~H CKOro; O,aHaKO BKOHe4HOM MTOre K.apn XII norepnen nopa)l(eHMe, M rpoH .aocrancR npore)l(e nerpa I Aerycry II CaKCOHCKOMY. Kor.aa cMeprbAerycra II crana 6nM3Ka, Bb!RBMfiMCb .aeoe 1

IIocKOJibK)' noJibCKall MOHapxHll liBJili-

Jiacb He HaCJie~HoJ;t, a Bbt6opHoJ;t, TIOJ!bCKHe HCTOpHKH

npyccKHe KOHHble rpeHaAepbl nonKa P,eplj>nHHrepa. 1715 r.

npe~TIO'l:HTaiOT

~aHHOM

CJiyqae

60Jiee 'l'O'l:HbtJ;t TepMHH- «BoJ;tHa 3a TIOJ!bCKHJ;t npecTOJI»

(npUM. 3. u T. ,l{10mou).

npereH,aeHTOB Ha TPOH: BO-nepBbiX, CraHMcnae Jle~MHCKI1iii, ycneewMiii crarb recreM Jl10,aoeMKa XIV (cooreercreeHHO, ero no,a,aep)I(MBafiM c:JJpaH~MR, a ra/OKe l1cnaHI151M Cap.L111HMR); eo-eropb!X, Aerycr Ill CaKcoHCKMiii, Cb!H Aerycra II, nonb30eaewMiiicR no.a,aep)I(KOiii Aecrp1111 M Pocc11M.

<l>eapanb 1733 r. CMEPTbABfYCTAII. CeHTS16pb 1733 r. nP!f16biT!f1E CTAH!f1CJ1ABA JlELU!f1HCKOfO B BAPWABY. npM WI1POKOiii no,a,aep)I(Ke Hapo,aa 6b!BWMiii KOPOflb 6b!fl CHOBa M36paH Ha ~apCTBO.

0KTS16pb 1733 r. PYCCKOE BTOP)f(EH!f1E. 30-Tb!CR4Ha51 pycCKaR apMMR ( no3)1(e K Heiii npl1coe,ai1HMfiMCb f 0 Tb/C514 CaKCOH~eB) Bb/CTynMfla Ha Bapwaey, 4T06b! no.a,aep)l(aTb npereH311M Aeryera Ill CaKcoHcKoro. ,£1arb 11M ornop nonbcKaR apMI1R 6b!fla He B COCT051HMI1, M CraHI1CflaB fl e~11HCKMW 6e)I(8JI B ,£1aH~I1T ( COBp. (,aaHbCK B noflbWe).

SIHaapb-HIOHb 1734 r. OCAAA AAHU!f1fA. HecMorpR Ha ro 4TO Ha nOMO~b

OCa)l(,aeHHb/M npl1nflb/fla

lj>paH~Y3CKa51 apMI1514MCfleHHOCTb/O

2200 4efiOBeK, pyCCKI1e M CaKCOH~bl 3axearMnM ropo,a. Bnpo4eM, nepe.a caMoiii KanMrynR~I1eiii CraHMcnae fle~I1HCKI1iii 6e)I(8JI B npyCCM/0.

Anpenb-ceHTS16pb 1734 r. PEVIHCKASI KAMnAH!f1SI. l1cxo.a ee 6b!fl Heonpe,aeneHHb!M; e,ai1HCTBeHHb/M cy~eCTBeHHb/M C06b!TI1eM 51BMfiCR 38XBaT lj>paH~y3aMI1 c1JMfiMnnc6ypra nocne noKopeHMR Jlorapi1HrMM. C MCTOpM4eCKOiii T04KI1 3peHI151, ropa3,ao npMMe4arenbHeiii BblmRai1T cne,ay10~11iii lj>aKT: 9TO 6bma nocne,aHRRKaMnaHMR,aeyxeenMKMxnonKoeo.a~ee- npi1H~a EereHI151 CaeoiiicKoro ( lj>paH~Y3a, ec10 )1(113Hb npocny)I(MBwero Aecrp11iiicKoiii KopoHe) M )J)KeiiiMca c1JM~-,£1)1(eiiiMca, rep~ora GepBMKa (nneMRHHI1Ka rep~ora Manb6opo, He3aKOHHopo)l(,aeHHoro Cb!Ha KoponR l1aKoea II M ne,a11 Apa6eJiflbJ4ep411flflb), ranaHmMeeiiiwero aHmM4aHI1Ha, BC/0 )1(113Hb cpa)l(aBwerOC51 Ha CTOPOHe c1JpaH~MI1. (ep~or GepeMK nor116 npM oca.ae c1JI1fll1nnc6ypra( 12MIOH51). f(poMe roro, 3aCfiY)I(MBaer ynOMMHaHM51 nepeoe

BA>KHEli1WV1E BOlllHbl

521

noRaneHitle a !l.Onlt1He Pei1Ha pyccKoilt apMitlltl nocne TOIO, KaK KaMnaHitiR BRnO 3aaepw1t1naCb lt1 Ha'-lanlt1Cb MltlpHbte nepe,-oaopbt.

1734-1735 rr. 60EBbiEAEVICTBI!1SI B 1!1TA111!11!1. nocne aTOp){(eHitiR cjJpaHU,Y30B lt1 ltiCnaHU,eB B flOM6ap/],lt110, Heanonb 1t1 C~t~u,ltlnltl/0 aacTpltliltU,bt B3Rnlt1 aepx a cpa){(eHitlltl npltl napMe (29 ltltOHR), a cppaHu,y3btB fly'-lapCKOM ( 19 CeHTR6pR); B nOcne/],HeM cpa){(eHitlltl BOMHbl, y bltiTOHTO ( 25 MaR 1735 I.), C He3Ha'-llt1TenbHb/M nepeaecoM no6e11.1t1nlt1 aacTpltliltU,bt.

1734-1735 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI BOVIHA B nOJlbWE. CTaHitlcnaa fleut,lt1HCK1t1M, nOnb30BaBWit1MCR cpe/],ltl COOTe'-leCTBeHHitiKOB 60nbweilf nonynRpHOCTb/0, He){(enltl AaIYCT Ill CaKCOHCKitlilt, nonbtTancR cHoaa Ha'-/aTb 60pb6y3a TpOH, HO cjJpaHU,Y3bl noMo/8nlt1 eMy Kpai1He Mana: nepabtilt Mlt1Hit1CTp (/)paHU,Itlltl, Kap/],ltiHan AH11.pe 3pKtOnb 11.e cJ>nep1t1, mponltlncR BOCCTaHOB/t1Tb Mltlp Ha ycnoBitiRX, Bb/10/],Hb/X (/)paHU,Itlltl.

HoS16pb 1738 r. BEHCK1!1VI AOrOBOP. no em ycnOBitiRM CTaHitiCnaa fleut,lt1HCK/t1M OTpeKCR OT nonbCK0/0 npecTona; a KopoHaU,ItiR Aa,-ycTa II/ CaKCOHCK0/0 ( COCTORBWaRCR B ceHTR6pe 1734 1. a KpaKoae) 6bma nplt13HaHa. 0/],HaKO fleut,lt1HCK/t1M nony'-lltln Tlt1Tyn 1epu,o1a flompltiHICKO,-o ( KpOMe TOIO, eMy 6btnO n03BOneHO COXpaHitiTb nO'-IeTHb/M Tlt1Tyn KOpOnR nonbwltl); nocne e,-o cMepTitl floTaplt1HIIt1R /],On){(Ha 6btna nepeMTitl B C06CTBeHHOCTb cjJpaHU,y3CKOM KOpOHbl. npltiHU, Kapn 5yp60H ( Cb/H ltiCnaHCK0/0 KoponR cJ>Mnltlnna V) 6btn nplt13HaH KoponeM o6e1t1x C~t~u,ltlnltlilt; B3aMeH Tpltl e10 lt1TanbRHCK/t1X lep1...1,0/CTBa OTOWnltl K ABCTpltlltl.

ABCTPO-PYCCKOTYPEI.I,KAH BOMHA, 1735-1739 rr.

Ka3aKI-1.

Typu,1t110 acTynltiTb a aoi1Hy npOTitiB Tpa/l.ltiU,ItiOHHbtX apa,-oa OcMaHCKOilt lt1Mneplt11t1- AacTpltlltlltl Poccltlltl. TypU,ItiR ){(e OTKna/],btBana y'-laCTitle B eaponeilfCKOM aoi1He 11.0 3aaepweHit1R nepC1t1/l.CKOi1 KaMnaHitlltl. K 3TOMY apeMeHitl BOMHa 3a nOnbCKOe Hacne/],CTBO OKOH'-IItlnaCb. np03HaBWaR o Typeu,Kitlx HaMepeHMRx PoccMR 6btna pewltiTenbHO HacTpoeHa nepeCMOTpeTb HeBb/10/],Hbte /],nR Hee ycnOBitiR npyTCK0/0 /],0/0BOpa lt1 06bRBit1na OcMaHcKoilt lt1Mneplt11t1 aoi1Hy (KOHeU, 1735t.}.

1736 r. 60EBbiE AEVICTBI!1SI HA YKPAI!1HE. ,[1ae pycCKitle apMitlltl 3m 6btnO caoem po11.a npo/],on){(eHitle BOMHbl 3a nonbCKOe Hacne/],CTBO (CM. BbtWe). (/)paHU,ItiR aKT/t1BHeMW/t1M o6pa30M HaCTpaltlaana

BTOplflltiCb B TypeU,KO-TaTapCKitle ana/],eHMR ceaepHee '-lepHOIO MOpR. ApMitiR, KOTOpOilf KOMaH/],OBan Mapwan neTep flaCCitl ( aBCTplt1MCKit1M

XVIII

1pacjJ Ha pyccKOilt cny){(6e), nocne O){(eCTO'-IeHHbtX 6oea B3Rna A3oa, HO noHecna HaCTOnbKO TR){(enbte noTepltl, '-ITO flaCCitl OCTaBitln KpenOCTb lt1 OTCTynltln B yKpaltiHCKitle 3eMnlt1, KOHTpOnltlpOBaBWitleCR POCCit1MCKOMit1Mneplt1eilt. BTOpaR apMitiR, KOTOpOilt KOMaH/],OBan Mapwan 5ypxap/], KpltiCTOC/J, 1pacjJ cjJoH Mlt1Hit1X, ampmacb B KpbtM 1t1 3axaaTit1na CTOnltlu,y TaTapCK0/0 xaHCTaa. Ho a lt13MQ)K!l.eHHOi1, IOnO/],atOw,eilf, OXBa'-leHHOM 3nlt1/],eMit1RM/t1 apMitlltl BCnbtXHyn MRTe){(, lt1 Mlt1Hit1X OTCTynltln, nOTepRB B o6w,ei1 CnO){(HQCTitl 30 Tb/CR'-1 COn/],aT lt13 58 Tb/CR'-1.

1736-1737 rr. TATAPCKI!1E HA6Erl!1 HA YKPAI!1HY. 8 Ka'-leCTBe KapaTenbHOM Mepbt 3a BTOp){(eHitle Mlt1Hit1xa 1 00-TbtCR'-IHOe mmpcKoe

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

522

BOMCKO pa30p111n0 111 onyCTOWII1flO o6wMpHbte yKpaMHCKMe 3eMnll1. S1Heapb 1737 r. ABCTPl'IS1 05bS1BnS1ET BOVIHY. AacTpll1fl nocnana a 5ocHII110, Banax11110 111 IO>KHYIO Cep611110 apMII1111 BTOp>KeHMfl no,n, KOMaH,n,oaaHMeM Mapwana rpacpa C/Jp1!1,D,p111X8 C/>OH 3eKKeH,D,Opcf>a, 1113 Lfero cTano flCHO, '-ITO y AacTpll1111 c Pocc111e!lt 6btn 3aKniOLfeH Ta!ltHbt!lt ,n,oroaop o coTpy,n,HMLfecTae npoTMB Typu,111111. 3eKKeH,n,op¢ 3axaaTMn H111w. Bnpo'-leM, a pe3ynbTaTe Typeu,Koro KOHTpH8CTynneHII1fl 8BCTpii1Ml.l,bl 6btnll1 Bbt6111Tbt c 6onbwe!lt Lf8CTII13aaoeaaHHbtX Tepp1!1TOp1!117t. AacTpM!ltu,bt 111 pyccKMe He npe,n,npii1HII1Manll1 H/11 M8fleMWII1X nOnbtTOK K8K-TO KOOp,D,II1HII1pOB8Tb CB0/11 ,n,eJ7tCTBII1fl.

1737 r. B0305HOBnEHl'IE PYCCKl'IX HACTYnATEnbHbiX KAMnAHl'IVI. noKa o,n,Ha pyccKafl apMMfl xo,n,111na pe!lt,n,aMM Ha YKpaMHy, 8 ,n,pyrafl, He BCTpeT/118 cepbe3HOIO conpoTMBneHMfl, onflTb B3flna A3oa, lfl8BHbte Cll1flbl no,n, KOM8H,D,OB8HII1eM M111H111xa 3aaoeaan111 no'-IT/11 ace yKpa111HCKII1e 3eMflll1, H8XO,D,II1BWII1eCfl no,n, Bfl8CTbiO TypLJ,II1111, 111 B3flflll1 0Lf8KOB (a ycTbe 5yra). Ho pyccKyiO apMII110 CHOB8 CT8flll1 KOCII1Tb 6one3HII1, 111 MII1HII1Xyew,e nOBe3flO, '-ITO OH CyMen OTCTynii1Tb, He BCTpeT/118 cepbe3HOIO COnpOTII1BfleHII1fl KpynHb/X TypeLJ,K111X c111n, naccMBHO >K,D,aaw111x a Mon,n,aa111111 111 5eccapa6111111. 1738 r. 50EBbiE AEVICTBl'IS1 HA 5AnKAHAX. TypKII1 nepexaaTII1flll1

111HII1L1,1118TII1BY 111 K KOHLJ,Y K8Mn8HII1111, nepenp8BII1BWII1Cb Lfepe3 ,fl,yHa!lt a 5aH8TCKYIO npOBII1HL1,11110, yrpO>K8flll1 5enrpa,n,y. KpynHbtX cpa>KeHM!lt a xo,n,e K8Mn8HII1111 He OTMeLfeHO, nOCKOflbKY aacTpM!ltcKM!lt rpacp f7oTap KoHMrcerr-PoTeHcf>enbc aen KaMnaH/1110 a MaHepe, Tll1nii1'-IHO!lt ,n,nfl XVIII aeKa. 1738 r. 50EBbiE AEVICTBl'IS1 HA YKPAl'IHE. noKa o,n,Ha pyccKafl apMMfl coaepw111na 6e3pe3ynbT8THbt!lt ( 111 6ecu,enbHbt!lt) Kpb!MCKII1M pe!lt,n,, MII1HII1X yrpo>Kan Mon,n,aa111111. np111 nonbtTKe nepenpaaMTbCfl Lfepe3 ,fl,HeCTp y 5eH,n,ep OH 6btfl OT6111T 111 OnflTb BbiHY>K,D,eH OTCTynii1Tb, nOTepflB nOflOBII1HY apM/11111 ( K8K B cpa>KeHII1flX, TaK 111 OT 6one3He!lt 111 rono,n,a) 1116pOCII1B nO'-IT/11 BCIO apTII1nnepll110. 1735-1739rr.

PYCCRO-TYPEURAR BOMHA 80

160 KM

HanpasneHH>I .neHCTBHH soi"'ct< cropoH s KaMnaHH>~x:

1735r. PYCCK11X

!73br.

+=:::::( +-c:(( ~

J737r.

+-=====t

TypeUKHX H TJTapCKHX II

Iiiii

IIi i

1738r.

.._._

Ocana pyccKHMH soHcKaMH Aaosa

. _ ...,__. l739r.

Mae-HIOHe

l736r.

Ba>KHeHWHe caMOCTO>IrenbHbte ne::icrsH>I llOHCKHX

KaaaKos <1

KdnMbiKOB

-·1-t·-·

rpaHHUbl rocynapCTB K Ha'iany BOHHbl

Ha Kapre 06031-JaLteHbl UHcppaMH: I 03 CHB3W. 2 reHH'ieCKIIM nponHB, YKpaHHCKa5l yKpenneHHa>I nHHIH!

3 5

Apa6aTcKa5l· crpenKa,

Teppr1TOpH51 Asc rp1u'1cKHX snaneH<HL

Tepp1nopH>~ Oc MaHCKOI1

11M ne pH H

523

BA>KHElllWVlE BOlllHbl

Hbte ycneXOM CBOIIIX pyCCKIIIX C0/03HIIIK08 , 8BCTpi!IMU,bl HeMe,ll,neHHO acTyn111n11 c TYPK8MIII 8 nepeioaopbt.

18 CeHTS16pSI 1739 r. 6E.nrPA,D,CK~~ ,D,OrOBOP. AacTpi1R OTK838fl8Cb OTO BCeX 3eMeflb, ,ll,OCT88WIIIXCfl ei/t no YCflOBIIIRM no%8peB8U,KO/O ,[1,0/0BOpa, KPOMe 58H8TCKOM npOBIIIHL.J,/1111, 11 fli!IWI!Ifl8Cb CeaepHoilt Cep6v1111, 5enlpa,ll,a, a T8K%e '-18CTI1 60CHI1MCKI1X Ill 88fl8WCKIIIX Tepp11TOplllilt . no6e,ll,OHOCH8fl Typeu,KaR apMIIIR TYT %e 8bi CTyn11na, Hau,eni1B8RCb a npa8btilt cPnaHI apMIIIRM MIIIHIIIX8, pacnOflO%eHHb/M 8 Mon,l1,8BI111 , BocTO'-IHOilt B8n8XIIIIII 111 5eccapa6111!1.

3 OKTS16pSI 1739 r. H~CCK~~ ,D,OrOBOP. 5poweHHbte Ha npol13aon CYAb6bt a8cTpllliiiCKI1MI1 cot03HI1Ka MIIIIII 38%111M8eMbte B TIIICK/11 fJ.BYMR npe80CXO/],RW,IIIMIII nO '-/IIICfleHHOCT/11 Typeu,KI1MIII 8PMIIIRMIII, pyccKI1e 38KntO'-IIIInlll c 0cM8HCKoilt 111Mnep111eilt Mlllp. POCCI1fl OTK83b/B8fl8Cb OTO acex cao11x 3H8'-II!ITenbHbtX 3a8oeaaHIIIill, KpOMe A3088, /,[J, e , TeM He M eH ee, o6R3btB8fl8 Cb p 83o6p8Tb Kp e nocTHbte yKpenneHI!IR. KpoMe TOIO, POCCIIIR 06R3b/B8fl8Cb He CTPOIIITb '-lepHOMOpCK0/0 cfJnOTa: HIII80eHH010, Hl1 TOpiOB0/0. BnpO'-IeM, B pe3YflbT8Te 3TOM 80MHbl pyccKo-rypeu,K8 fl ip8HIIILJ,8, npOXO,ll,IIIBW8fl 8 yKpar---------------l---------~~~~~----------- -- -------------~ n e pe n)ynn ~-: pOEi K<I rype Ul'! !1X ~oii 1

YKpenneHH hl e n arep l-t

PYCC KHX

T)'Pt' UKo-rara p-

BOHCK

CMI1 X E!O i1 CK

~ ~

xone

80 KM 6n111%e K Lfe pHOMy MOp/0 .

c pai!<e HIHI

c:=:::;> ~ C l 5 tt<l.CO B

YTP O M

Yt< pe nneHH51 rypeu~<Hx Hoflc:K

YKpenn eHHble !1HHtil1 Ha n paec !-1 ¢m.Hre

xone

IIIHCKI1X CTenRX, OTO,l1,811HYfl8Cb H 8

cnJJJ.aHHble

c pai!<eHlHI

Typel(KHX BOHCJ\

H an pa ene Hif~

y.napo fl u orxn.o. Typeww·ra-

r ;.pc tn 1X BOtlC k E.1 XO.Ite' Cp3 l« t! HUSf.

r naBH.biX o -m:

nocne nepenpaebl "l"et:::·e3 D. W yn.a Heu

nocne c pJlKe HH S<

1739 r. 60EBbiE ,D,E~CTB~SI HA 6A.nKAHAX. A8cTp111iltcK8R 8p-

'-18flOCb ycnexoM. H8cTyn8R '-lepe3

MIIIfl nO,ll, KOM8H,ll,088HI!IeM /eHep8fl8

,ll,OnbcKy/0 06fl8CTb, OH 8TOPICR C

np111H8Ane%88WYtO nonbwe no-

BOMHA 3A ABCTPilliCKOE HACJIE)l,CfBO, 1740-1748 rr. flpe,qnOCbtnKIA

IP8¢8 reopm cPoH 88flfli!IC8 6blfl8

68-TbtCR'-IHOilt 8PMI!Ieilt 8 Mon,l1,88111/0

8biHY%,ll,eH8 Cp8%8TbCR npOT/118 IO-

111 np111 C T88Y'-18H8X (111n111 XoTI!IH e )

1711 r. CMEPTb ABCTP~~ CKOrO ~MnEPATOPA ~OC~CI>A I. H08b/M IIIMnepa TOpOM Ill H8 Cfle/],HIII-

p83 /1,0 6onee MH0/0'-IIIICfleHH0/0 Ty-

p 83 6111n 90-Tb/ CR'-IHY/0 Typeu,Ky/0

peL.J,K0/0 80MCK8, H8CTyn88We/O H8

8PMIIIIO (

5enip8,[1,. rp8cP cPoH 88flfli!IC 6bJn H8-

38X88TIIIfl XOTIIIHCKY/0 KpenOCTb,

em 6paT Kapn VI, 6btBWI!Iilt O,ll,HI1M 1113

/0fl08Y p836111T y KpOTOK/11111 OTCTynllln

83Rfl CTOfliiiLJ,Y Mon,l1,8BIIIIII -

ABYX ma8HbtX npeTeH,ll,eHTOB Ha I!IC-

8 5enip8,ll,, l,ll,e 6bJn OC8>K,D,eH.

fiCCbl -Ill npi110TOBI1flCf/ H8CTynaTb

naHCKoe Hacne,ll,CTBO .

H8 C T8 M6yn .

19 anpenH1713 r. nPArMAT~ 'iECKASI CAHKU,~SI. Hei!IMeR,ll,eTeilt MY%CKO/O nona , IIIMne p a mp K a pn VI

1739 r. 60EBbiE ,D,E~CTB~SI B

MO.n,D,AB~~ - LfeT8epTOe H8-

c TynneHI!Ie MIIIHIIIX8 H8KOHe LJ, y8eH-

881YC T8) , nocne

'-le/o

IOPO,ll,

CeHTS16pb 1739 r. nEPErOBOPbl B 6E.nrPA,D,E. P a3,ll,OC8,ll,088H-

KOM ra6c6ypiCKIIIX Bfl8,[J,eHI1M CT8fl

524

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

1113,aan 38KOH 0 npeCTOflOHBCne,alll/11 - BO 11136e>K8HIIIe ,aiiiHBCTIII'leCKIIIX cnopoe nocne ceoew cMepTIII. tflBBHble nono>KeH!IIfi38KOH8 CBO,a/11fl/IICbKTOMY, 'lTO, BO-nepBbiX, 3eMnlll Aecrp!IICicKow IIIMnepllllll la6c6yproe ,aon>KHbl OCT8B8TbCfl He,aen!IIMb/M/11; BO-BTOpb!X, ecn/11 HBCne,aHIIIKOB M}I>KCKOTO nona y Hero TBK 111 He 6y.aer, npecTOn .aon>KeH nepewTIII K ero .ao'lepHM, CTapwew 1113 KOTOpb!X 6b!fl8 Map!IIH-Tepe3111R, IIIMX Hacne,aHIIIKBM, Qci>I.U,\ep (cneaa)" PSIAOBOH P8HI.\Y3CK.OH apMeHCK.OH nexOTbl apeMeH BOHHbl 388BCTP"HCK.OeHaCneACTBO

comacHo 3BKOHY o nepeopo.acTBe, 111nu np!IIMoreHurype (T. e. npaeuny, comaCHO KOTOPOMY TPOH nepexo,aUT K CTBpWeMy Cb/Hy); Ill, HBKOHeU, BTpeTbiiiX, eCfll1 9T8 ,aiiiH8CTIII'leCK8fl niiiHIIIfl npepeercR, npecTOn .aon>KeH nepewTIII K .ao'lepHM l1ocwt>a 1111 111x HBCne,aHl1K8M. nparMBT/II'leCKY/0 CBHKU/1110 o¢111U1118flbHO npl13H8fl8 BeHrplllfl ( 1723 r.) 111 ece KpynHble eeponewcKue .aep>KaBbl (KpoMe E;aeapulll).

1725-17 40 rr. nPETEH3"'"' HAABCTP"'JiliCK"'Jill nPECTOJ13AS1BJ1S1ET KAPJl AJ1b6PEXT, KYP¢10PCT 6ABAP"'"'· E;y.aY'lunoTOMKOM crapwew .ao'lepu 4>ep,a!IIHBH.aa I, OH IIIHTepnpeTIIIPOBBfl 38BemaHIIIe nocne.aHero TBKMM o6pa3oM, 6y,aTO 8BCTpl1WCKIIIW TpOH ,aon>KeH no npaey np!IIHa.ane>KaTb eMy, Kapny

Anb6pexry, ecny'lae, ecn!llo6opeerCR MY>KCK8fi fliiiHIIIfi nOTOMKOB 4>ep,al1H8H.ll,8 I.

20 OKTS16pSI 1740 r. CMEPTb KAPJlA VI. ComacHO nparMBTU'leCKOW CBHK/..lllllll, npeCTOfl l1Mnepllllll la6c6yproe yHacne.aoeana 9purepuor!IIHR Map!IIH-Tepe3l1R. 3ro 6bmo onpoTeCTOBBHO cne,ayJOWl1Ml1 npeTeH,aeHTBM/11: 6aeapcKMM KYP¢JOpcroM KapnoM Anb6peXTOM, !llcnaHCKIIIM KoponeM 4>MnunnoM V (npiiiMepHo HB TeX >Ke OCHOB8Hl1f!X, 6naro,aapf! KOTOpb!M OH B30Wen-TBK/11 HB ucnaHcKuw rpoH) 111 M}I>KeM crapwew .ao'lepllll1oc!ll¢a I AerycroM Ill CaKcoHCKIIIM .

HoS16pb 1740 r. BMEWATEJlbCTBO nPYCCKOfO KOPOJ1S1 P"'AP"'XA II. OH npl13Han MaPIIIJO- Tepe3111/0 Ill npe.ano>KIIIfl ew CB0/0 nOMOWb npOTl1B OCTBflbHbiX npeTeH,aeHTOB, HO 06bf!BIIIfl, 'lTO 38 9TO OKK}InupyeT C!llne3111/0 ( HB KOTOpy/0 .aaeHo npereH.aoean E;paH.aeH6ypr). MapuR-Tepe3111R oreer111na orKB30M.

16 .QeKa6pSI 1 740 r. BTOP:>KEH"'E P"'AP"'XA II B C"'J1E3"'10. nepsafl CHne3CKafl BOiiHa,

1740-1747 rr. 3T8 BOWHB He IIIMena HU'lero 06mero C 8BCTpl1WCKl1M HBCne,aCTBOM, o.aHaKo nocn}I>KIIIna ceoero po.aa Karaniii3BTopoM nocne,ay10mero, 6onee wupoKoro KoH¢niiiKTa. MapuHTepe3111R o6par111nacb 38 noMOWbJO npoTIIIB 4>plll,apuxa II KO eceM rapaHTBM nparMBTIII'leCKOWC8HK/..ll1111. H!IIKTO He OTKfliiiKHYflCfi.

S1Haapb-<t>eapanb 17 41 r. nPYCCK"'E "' ABCTP"'JiliCK"'E AE171CTB"'S1. 4>p111,ap111x II ynpo'lllln KOHTPOflb Ha.a C!llne3/lleW, KPOMe HeCKOflbKIIIX ropo,aOB, y,aep>KIIIBBBWIIIXCfl BBCTPIIIWCKIIIM/11 T8PHl130H8MIII. Oca.aue Hewcce 111 lnoray, 4>plll.aplllx II ompae111n ceoe ocranbHoe eowcKo Ha 3/IIMH!IIe KBBPTIIIPbl. TeM epeMeHeM rpa¢ A.aaM Hewnepr ruxo C06!11pan B bOTeMU/11 8BCTPl1WCKYIO apMU/0.

9 MapTa 1741 r. WTYPM fJlOfAY. YcnewHbJW np111cryn 6bm B03maeneH KHR3eM J1eononb,aoM AH-

BA>KH El/1 W V1 E BOl/1 Hbl xanbr-)J,eccaycKMM ( CbJHOM f1eononb.aa 1).

KH~3~

MapT-anpenb 1741 r. ABCTp~~CKOE BTOP:>KEH~E B C~JlE3~10. HMKaK He O)I(M.ll.Bff, '4TO Hetlinepr peWMTC~ Bb/CTynMTb, noKa H8 nepeeanax, ee.ay/.l..IMX M3 6oreMMM, e1.1..1e ne)I(MT cHer, ct>pM.D.PMX II cran nocnewHo co6Mparb ceoM pacce~H HbJe no CMne3MM cMnbJ. Hetlinepr reM BpeMeHeM nOKOpMn n0'4TM BCIO npoBMH~MIO. npM,D.~ H8 BbiPY'4KY rapHM30HY, OC8)1(,D.eHHOMY B Hetlicce, OH orpe3an ct>pM.D.PMX8 II OT npycCMM.

1 0 anpenSJ 1741 r. MOJlbB~UE.

6~TBA nP~

B Ha'4ane

cpa)l(eHM~

6oneecMnbH8ff8BCTPMWCK8~K8Bane PM~ o6parMna B 6erCTBO npyCCJ<YIO

npaeo{j>naHTOBYIO KOHHM~Y. Mapwan rpa(j> Kypr (j>oH WeepMH c rpy.aoM y6e.aMn He )l(enaewero noKM.D.BTb none 6MTBbJ ct>pM.apMxa II, KOMBH.D.Oeaewero npaBbJM (j>naHroM, orcrynMTb BMecre c KaeanepMelli. K HecqaCTbJO ,D.nff 8BCTpMtli~eB, KOM8H.D.YIOI.l..IMW MX neBb/M KOHHb/M {j>naHTOM norM6, npecne.ay~ orcrynaewy10 npycCJ<YFO KOHHM~Y, M 8BCTPMWCK8ff K8B8nepMff B CM~TeHMM CMewana p~,D.b/. ct>oH WeepMH, KOMaH.D.oeaewMIIi Henpee3ot/i.aeHHolli npyccKolli nexorotli, pa36Mn 8BCTPMWCJ<YIO K8BanepMJO, a 3aTeM o6parMn B 6ercreo M nexory npOTMBHMK8. 3TO 6bm nepBb/W M nocne,D.HMW pa3, Kor.aa ct>pM.D.PMX II noKMHyn none 6MTBbl, MCXO.D. KOTOpOW e1.1..1e He 6bm peweH.

MaH-aarycT1741 r. PACnPOCTPAHEH~E BO~Hbl. PewMB pMc-

KHYTb M O,D.HMM y.aapOM 38nOn}NMTb MMnepCKYIO KOPOHY M 3eMnM /a6c6yproB, J<Yp{j>JOpcr Kapn Anb6pexr b8B8PCKMW nocnan B bOTeMMIO apMMIO BTOp)l(eHM~. cJ>paH~M~, Bb/CTynaBW8~ COI03HMKOM b8B8PMM, OTnpaBMna B /O)I(HYIO /epM8HMIO apMMIO no.a KOM8H/],OB8HMeM Mapwana ct>paHcya MapM, rep~ora .ae 6ponbM. cJ>paH~M~ H83b/Bana 9TO BOWCKO M «,D.06pOBOnb'4eCKMM», M «BCnOMOT8renbHb/M»; 6onbWMHCTBO O{j>M~epOB HOCMnM 6aeapCKMe 3H8KM OTnM'4M~. Ha cropoHe 6aeapMM BbJcrynMnM npoTMB AecrpMM raK)I(e CaKCOHMff M Caeolliff. AHmMff M HM.aepnaH.D.bl ryr )l(e 3a~BMnM o ceoetli no.a.aep)I(Ke MMneparpM~bJ MapMM- Tepe3MM M

525

CTBnM TOTOBMTbC~ K BOWHe. no.a B03.aetliCTBMeM ct>paH~MM Wee~M~ no.a.aep)l(ana npyccMJO M eocnonb3oeanacb 9TMM KaK npe.anoroM .anff Hana.aeHM~ Ha PoccMJO ( no.a.aep)l(aewyJO nparM8TM'4eCJ<YIO C8HK~MIO), pacC'4MTb/B8~ B3~Tb peBBHW 38 nopa)l(eHMe B BenMKolli CeeepHolli eolliHe.

Anpenb-OKTS16pb 1741 r. MAB C~JlE3~~.

HEBP~POBAH~E

cJ>pM,D.pMX BepHyn n0'4TM BCe 3eMnM, norepffHHbJe nepe.a MonbBM~OM, BOCCT8HOBMn nyTM C0061.1..1eHMff C npyccMetli MOCTOpO)I(HO M8HeBpMpoean nporMB apMMM rpa(j>a A.aaMa Hetlinepra. ~1011b-CeHTS16pb 17 41 r. 6ABAPCKOE BTOP:>KEH~E B BEPXHIOIO ABCTP~IO. Kyp(j>10pcr Kapn

Anb6pexr b8B8PCKMW 38XB8TMn naccay ( MJOnb); BCKOpe K HeMy npMCOe.D.MHMnBCb {j>paH~Y3CK8ff apMM~. b8B8p~b/ M {j>paH~Y3b/ OTBepmM npe.ano)l(eHMe ct>pM.apMxa II BbJcrynMTb c pa3Hb/X cropoH Ha BeHy, 3a)1(8B 8BCTPMWCJ<YIO CTOnM~Y B TMCKM.

9 OKTS16pSI 1741 r. KJlE~H WEJlllEHAOPCKAS4 KOHBEHU~S4. nocne HeCKOnbKMX He.aenb ralliHbJX aecrpo -npyccKMX neperoeopOB, Be,D.WMXC~ npM nocpe,D.HM'4eCTBe AHmMM, B .aepeeHe KnelliH-WenneH.aop(j> 6bJnO T8WHO 38KnJ0'4eHO nepeMMpMe. B o6MeH Ha npM3HBHMe BeHow nepexo.aa B npyccKoe ena.aeHMe '48CTM CMne3MM ct>pM.D.PMX II o6~38n c~ npMOCT8HOBMTb BOeHHb/e ,D.et/iCTBMff. 4T06bJ BBeCTM B 386ny)l(l1eHMe coJ03HMKOB ct>pM.apMxa II, 6bmo peweHo c.aenarbBM.D., 6y.aro eolliHa npo.aon)l(aercff, HO B He3H8'4MTenbHbJX M8CWTa6ax; rapHM30H OC8)1(,[1eHHOTO ct>pM.D.PMXOM II ropo.aa Hetlicce .aon)l(eH 6bm, .D.fl~ BM.D.Y noconpOTMBn~B WMCb, BCKOpe C,D.8TbCff. /pa{j> A.aaM Hetlineprryr )l(e BbJBen eollicKa M3 CMne3MM MnpMCOe,D.MHMnCff K 8BCTPMWCKOW 8PMMM, TOTOBMBWeWCff K 6oreMCKOW M 6aeapCKOW KBMnBHMffM.

npHHI.lci>OH AHranbT-Aeccay a yHHcl>opMe npyccKOro rycapa. 1730-e rr.

B bOTeMMIO nb/T8n8Cb npOTMBOCTOffTb 8BCTPMWCK8ff apMMff no.a 6e3.D.8PHb/M KOM8H,D.OB8HMeM BenMKOTO rep~ora ct>paH~a f1orapMHrcKoro (npMH~a-KoHcopra MapMM- Tepe3MM); .aononHMrenbHbJe cMnbJ co6MpanMcb B BeHe. Ha npaeax KoponeBbl BeHrpMM MapM~- Tepe3M~ yc-

OtcrS16pb 1741 r. PAHK0-6ABAPCKOE BTOP:>KEH~E B 60fEM~IO. CoJ03HMKM HacrynanM Ha npary, paCC'4MTb/B8ff, '4TO KHMM npMCOe,D.MHMTC~ ct>pM.D.PMX II.

HoSJ6pb-.QeKa6pb 1741 r. ABCTP~~CKAS4 M06~Jl~3AU~S4.

f1>paHK0-6aeapCKOMY BTOp)l(eHMIO

PHAPHX II

526

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. 26 HOS16pSI 1741 r. nAAEHl1E nPArH. C!>paHU,Y3bt 111 6asapu,bt 6&tCTpo ynp0'-1/IIfl/11 KOHTpOflb Ha,ll, 3ana,ll,HOi7t 111 Ll,eHTpan&Hoi7t 5oreMIIIei7t. Kapn AJ7&6pexT 6btn KOPOHOB8H KOponeM SoreM/11111 ( 19 .n.eKa6pR). AeKa6pb 1741 r. B0306HOBJ1EHl1E BOHHbl B CHJ1E3HH. Mo6111niii30sas see 6&tBW/IIe see pacnoPR%eH/IIIII Cllln&t, MapiiiR- Tepe3/IIR peWIIIna, '-ITO B COCTORH/11/11 OTBOeBaTb y C!>plll,ll,plllxa II C111ne311110, a Ta/OKe paso6paT&CR c <f;paHu,ysaM/11 111 6asapu,aMIII. )J,a6&t sapO,ll,IIITb s CTaHe npoTIIIBH/IIKa pas.n.op, OHa o6Hapo.n.osana ycnOBIIIR Tai71Horo Knei7tH-WenneH.n.op<f;cKOro Mlllpa. C!>plll,ll,plllx II TYT %e nocnan s SoreM/1110 Mapwana rpa<f;a Kypm <f;oH WsepiiiHa, a scKope 111 caM nocne.n.osan Ty.n.a, pacc'-/111TbtBaR BeCT/11 KaMnaH/1110 COBMeCTHO c <fJpaHu,ysaM/11 111 6asapu,aM/II. 27 AeKa6pst 1741 r. BTOP>KEHl1E MAPWAJlA KEBEHriOJlEPA B 6ABAPHIO. PasorHaB cna6y10 6asapcKytO apMIII/0 ( rnaBH&te Clllflbt KYP<fJIOPCTa Kapna An&6pexTa 6&tnlll cocpe.n.om'-leH&t s SoreM/11111), rpa<P fltO,ll,BIIIr <f;oH KeseHrtOnep oca.n.111n fliiiHU,, nocne '-lero B&tcrynllln Ha saxsaT MIOHXeHa (24 RHBapR).

MapiiiSI-Tepe311SI

ABCTpl1iiiCKI1e KaBanepi1CTbl

neWHO B033Bana K BeHrepCK/IIM BeflbMO)I<aM, KOTOpbte B 06MeH Ha pR.n. noniiiTIII'-IeCKIIIX ycTynoK npe.n.ocTaBIIIfl/11 s ee pacnopR%eHIIIe HeCKOn&KO KpynHb/X BOMCKOBb/X COe,ll,/IIHeH/IIM (rnaBHbtM o6pasoM nerKY/0 Kasanep11110 111 nexoTy). )J,ononHIIITen&Hbte BOMCKa Ha6111p8fl/11Cb B AscTpllllll 111 npo'-IIIIX sna.n.eHIIIRX ra6c6ypros. rnasH&te cllln&t, KOTop&tM/11 KOMaH.n.osan Map wan rpacp fltO,ll,BIIIr <f;oH KeseHrtOnep, roTOB/IIfl/IICb K BTOp%eH/IItO s Sasap/1110. Et4e o.n.Ha apMIIIR roTOB/IInac& BbtcTyniiiTb B 5oreM/litO nO,ll, KOM8H,ll,OBaHIIIeM Mapwana repu,ora Kapna floTapiiiHrcKoro ( Mna.n.wero 6paTa repu,ora C/>paHu,a).

60CHI1iiiCKI1iii BC3AH11K npyCCKOiii K3Banepl111 11 3BCTpl1iiiCKI1iii rpaHW路Iap

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOLI1Hbl

527

24 SIHB3PSI 1742 r. lt136PAHlt1E KYPIOPCTA KAPnAAnbSPEXTA lt1MnEPATOPOM. B TOT >Ke ,D,eHb, Kor,D,a OH 6blfl npoao3maweH Kap170M

VII,

MIOHXeH -

MMnepampa -

CT017111U,Y HOBOIO

WTYPMOB817111 aacT-

pMiltu,bt ( CM. BbtWe) .

SIHaapb-anpenb 1742 r. SOEBbiE AEHCTBlt1SI B 50rEMlt1lt1. n178H COBMeCTHb/X I/Jp8HKO-npyCCK06aaapCKIIIX ,D,eMCTBIIIM npOB81711117C!il, KOI,ll.8 nOC17e,D,HIIIe OK83817111Cb Bb/H}I>K,D,eHbl K8K MO>KHO 6btCTpee BepHyrbC!il H8 pO,D,IIIHY -

38£4117£48Tb OT 8BCT-

p117iltU,eB 3eM17111, KOTOpbte Te He ycne17111

e14e

38XB8TII1Tb. 4JpaHU,y3CKOe

BOMCKO, KOM8H,ll.OB817 KOTOpbtM M8pW817 C/JpaHcya Map111, repu,or ,D,e 5po17bll1, 6bt170 C17111WKOM C1786btM, 4T06 yi/tT/111113 npal/11. 0CT8BIIIB 48CTb apM/11111

npyccKaR nexoTa. 1740-e rr.

np117CM8Tp117B8Tb 38 I/Jp8HU,Y38MII1, M apwa17 repu,or Kap17 JloTapiiiHICKIIIilt, KOM8H,ll.OB8BWIIIM Tenepb 8BCTp111MC-

BbtH}I>K.D.eH ao3apaTII1TbC!il a CM17e311110.

KIIIMII1 CII7178MII1 B ooreM/11111, BbtCryn/1117

Kap17 floTapMHrCKIIIilt C17e,D,oaa17 3a

npOTIIIB 4Jpiii,D,PIIIX8

II,

KOTOpbtilt TeM

27 MaH 1742 r. CEXEHCKOE CPA>KEHlt1E. Bocn017b30aaawMCb

HIIIM no n>IT8M.

OTCYTCTBIIIeM repu,ora Kap178 J70T8p117HICKOIO, M8pW817 ,D,e 5p017bll1 He-

Bb/Cb/17817 }I>Ke K8B817ep117MCKII1e peilt,D,bl

17 MaSI 1742 r. 6lt1TBA nPl-1 XOTY3lt1U,E. B o>KeCT04eHHOM cpa-

B OKpeCTHOCT/11 BeHbl. 0,D,H8KO KOI,ll.8

>KeHIIIIII no6e,D,y o,D,ep>Ka17 C/Jpiii,D,-

pa3611117 OCT8B17eHHYIO 111M 8BCTp117ilt-

apeMeHeM noKop!i117 Mopaa11110 M,D,a>Ke

II -

Kap17 JloTapiiiHICKIIIilt CT817 yrpo>KaTb

PIIIX

era KOMMYHIIIK8Ll,III>IM, 8 BeHrpbt BTOp-

17eHHb/e yc/1117111>1 noabtCIIITb Y.D.BPHYIO

lfliiiCb a C11117e311110, C/JpM,D,PIIIX

6bt17

CK83817111Cb ero MH0104111C-

M0£4b npyCCKOM K8B817ep1!1117.

nO,D,817eKy OT 5y,D,B8M3e 8T8KOB817 Ill CKYIO apMIIIIO npiiiKpbtT/11>1.

11 HIOHH 1742 r. AOrOBOP B SPECnAY. npaKTII14H8>1 Map1!1>1Tepe3111>1 peW/11178 38Kf7104111Tb

c npyc-

CIIIeilt Mlllp, ycTyn111a C/Jpiii,D,plllxy II Cll117e311110. 0Ha paCC4111Tb/B8178, '/TO B 6y,D,y£4eM HenpeMeHHO npe,D,CT8BIIITC!il B03MO>KHOCTb aepHyTb npOBIIIHLl,/1110 . /l,OIOBOp n0170>KII117 KOHeU, nepBOM Cll117e3cKoilt aoiltHe 111 ( apeMeHHO) y4aCTII110 C/Jp111,D,p111xa

II a

aoiltHe 3a aa-

cTpllliltcKoe H8C17e,D,CTBO.

Eioes&te ,qeifCTBIUI B EioreMHH If /O)I(HOH repMaHHH, 1742-1743 rr.

l-110Hb-CeHTS16pb 1742 r. 5n0KAAA nPArl-1. Bo3apaTII1awlllcb 1113 C11117e3111111, repu,or Kap17 floTapiiiHrcKMilt OC8,ll.ll117 38CeBWIIIX B npa re I/Jp8HU,y30B.

AarycT-CeHTH6pb 1742 r. PAHU.Y3CKOEBTOP>KEHlt1EBO PAHKOHl-110. Mapwa17>KaHMailte6ya noae17 HacTyn17eHI!1e oT PeiltHa K AM6epry. Kap17 JloTapMHrcKMilt CH!i/17 oca,D,y

BoeHHbli'i COBeT

npar-111 (

ceHT>16p>~) 111 Bbt-

cryn/1117 H8BCTpe4y rfJpaHU,Y38M, np111-

528

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr:.

38a8 Ha noMOW.b Mapwana rpacpa f110,ll,811118 cf;oH Ke8eHI/Onepa. 0KTS16pb-AeKa6pb 1742 r. MAHEBP~POBAH~EB6ABAP~~

~ sorEM~~. BbJcrynfll8 K npa.e, Mapwan )f(aH Maille6ya Ha nonnYTfll po6KO OT8epHyn 8 CTOpOHY Ill OTCTynflln KJl,yHa/0, 3ana,n,Hee PemHc6ypla. A8CTpllli7JJ4bl OnRTb CT8nfll COCpe,ll,OTO'Ifll8aTb Cfllnbl npOTIII8 npa1111, Ill 1ep1401 ct>paHcya Map111 ,n,e 5ponbfll nony'lflln np111Ka3 ocraBIIITb aoillcKa Ha Mapwana Wapn>J-flyfii-01/0CTa ct>yKe, 1epJ4018,n,e 5 enb-l1nR, 111 npfiiHRTb KOMaH,ll,08aHI!Ie apMI!IeilJ )/(aHa Mai7Je6ya, 'ITO ,n,e 5ponbfll 111 c,n,enan, 6biCTpO nOKOpiiiB 6onbWYIO 'laCTb 5aaapllllll . /ep/401 Kapn 111 fliO,ll,Bflll cf;OH KeaeHI/Onep OTCTynfllnfll Ha nfiiHIIIIOflfiiH/4- BeHa, 3a6nOKIIIPOBaB nO,ll,XO,ll, K a8CTpflli7JCKOi7J CTOni!IJ4e, OCTa81118 np1!1KpbJ8aTb npa1y KHR3R l1oi8HHa flo6KOBIIIJ4a. Tor nepBbJM ,n,enOM nO,ll,'IIIICTy/0 pa30p111n MeCTHOCTb, npfllnela/Oill,y/0 K '!eWCKOilJ CTOnfiiJ4e, 'IT06bl cfJpaHJ4Y3bl He MOInfll HailiTIII npoa111aHT8 111 cpypa:>Ka. Tol.n.a 1ep1401,n,e 5enb-l1nb orcryn111n 1113 DOieMfllfll ( 16- 26 ,n,eKa6pR), OCTa81118 8 npa1e 18pHIII30H no,n, KOMaH,ll,08aHI!IeM leHepana ct>paHcya ,n,e Weaepa. ( B Ha'lane cne,n,y10111,em m.n.a nocne ,n,o6necTHoi71 o6opoHbJ

mpo,n,a ,n,e We8epy 6bJno no38oneHO CO BCeMIII BOIIIHCKIIIMIII no'leCTRMfll Bb/BeCTIII BOilJCKO 1113 npalfll Ill COe,ll,IIIHIIITbCR C lnaBHb/Mfll CfllnaMIII cppaHJ4Y3CKOi71 apMfllfll.) TeM ape MeHeM Kapn VII 111 IIIMnepcKo-6aaapcKa>J apMIIIR leHepana 3eKKeH,n,opcpa npfiiCOe,ll,IIIHfllnfiiCb K ,n,e 5pOnbfll 8 ,ll,Oni!IHe Jl,yHaR 8 80CTO'IHOi7J 5a8apfllfll. Anpenb-Ma~ 1743 r. ABCTP~Ii!CK~E BTOP>KEH~st B 6ABAP~IO . /ep/401 Kapn florapiiiHICKfllill Hacr ynan 88epx no Jl,yHa/0, J710,ll,81111 cf;oH Ke8eHI/Onep 8bJCTyn111n 1113 3anbJ46yp18 8 IO:>KHY/0 5a8ap1!110, a flo6KOBIIIJ4 - BHIII3 no Ha6y 1113 5oleMfllfll. TeM apeMeHeM Mapwan ,n,e 5ponbfll 111 leHepan 3eKKeH,n,opcp HfiiKaK He MOiflfll BbJpa60T8Tb COBMeCTHb/X 060pOHIIITenbHOIO nnaHa fllnfll CTpaTelfllfll. nocne TOIO KaK Ke8eHI/Onep pa36flln 3eKKeH,n,opcpa np111 5payHay (9 MaR), cfJpaHJ4Y3bl Ill 6a8apJ4bl orcrynfllnfll 1113 5a8apfllfll Ha 3ana,n,. Ma~-IIIIOHb 1743 r. HACTYnJlEH~E APM~~ «nPArMATW·IECKOiil CAHKLI,~~». KoponbAHmllllll /eop1 II (R8nR8Wflli71CR TBK:>Ke KypcfJIOPCTOM taHH08epa) co6pan Ha Hfii:>KHeM PeilJHe MHOIOHaJ4fiiOHanbHYIO apMIII/0. 8 COCTaB ee BXO,ll,fllnfll

8 OCH08HOM laHH08epJ4bl, aHinfll'laHe 111 1onnaH,ll,J4bl, a TaK:>Ke no,n,pa3,n,eneHIII>J ,n,pylfiiX lepMaHCKIIIX C0/03HfiiKOB ABCTpllllll Ill 18paHTOB npaiMaTIII'IeCKOill caHK/4111111. ApMIIIR 3T8, 'IIIICneHHOCTb/0 OKOnO 40 Tb/CR'I 'lenoBeK, crana Me,n,neHHO HacrynaTb 88epx no PeiliHy 111 8 ,n,onfiiHbJ MailiHa 111 HeKKapa. Hanepepe3 eill 8bJCTynfllno co Cpe,n,Hem PeiliHa 30-TbJCR'IHOe cfJpaHJ4Y3CKOe BOilJCKO no,n, KOM8H,ll,OBaHflleM Mapwana A,n,plllaHa Mop111ca, 1epJ40I8 ,n,e Hoailln>J, KOTOpoe ,n,on:>KHO 6blfl0 He TOnbKO OCTaH08111Tb npo,ll,8fii:>KeHI!Ie apMfllfll «npaiM8Tfll'leCKOi7J CaHK/4111111>>, HO Ill npiiiKpb!Tb OTXO,ll, ,n,e 5ponbfll. ApMIIIIII Kopon>J leop18 II 111 lep/4018 ,n,e Hoailln>J COWnfiiCb B ,ll,Oni!IHe MailJHa Me>K,ll,y XaHay 111 Awacpcf;eH6ypmM. Hoaillnb - nonKoao.n.e/4 10pa3,ll,O 6onee IIICKYWeHHblilJ, He:>Kenfll leop1 II, - acKope npaKTIII'IeCKIII 3a6nOK111p08an apMIII/0 «npaiMBTIII'IecKoill caHK/4111111» a ,n,e¢111ne 6n1113 MailiHa. 27 IIIIOHSI 1743 r. AETT~HrEH CKOE CPA>KEH~E. ofllraa RBI!Inacb C08epweHHO Tfllnfii'I HOilJ Ill C TO'IKIII 3peHIIIR xapaKTepHOIO ,ll,fl>l 8Hiflfll'laH ynopcraa, 111 c TO'! Kill 3peHIII>J He MeHee xapaKTepHOIO ,n,nR 18HHOBepJ4e8 a81ycreillwem ynpRMCTaa: /eopl II cyMen BbJBeCTIII apMIII/0 1113 onaCHOIO nonO:>KeHIIIR, B KOTOpOe caM :>Ke no He,n,oMbJCnfll/0 111 3aaen. B Ha'lane cpa:>KeHIII>J ¢paHJ4Y3CKaR KOHHa>J 8TaKa 'IYTb 6blnO He CMRna ne8bJi7J cpnaHI C0/03HIIIK08. Ko1,n,a e1o nowa,n,b 8 naHI!IKe noHecna, /eOPI II cnew111ncR 111 co wnamill a pyKe nfii'IHO B031na8flln 8Hin0-18HHOBepCKYIO neXOTHY/0 KOHTp8T8KY. K IIICXO,n,y ,ll,HR none OCTanOCb 3a C0/03HfiiKaMIII, a 1ep1401 ,n,e Hoaillnb oKa3anC>J BbiHY:>K,ll,eH OTCTynfiiTb. 3TO 6bln nocne,n,Hfllill pa3, KOI,n,a aHmflliliCKfllill MOHapx nfii'IHO KOMaH,ll,OBan apMIIIeilJ, 8 TOM 'IIIICne Ha none 6oR. Ocf;lll/4fllanbHOIO COCTORHIIIR 80i7JHbl Me:>K,n,y AHmflleill Ill (/)paHJ4fllei7J TOI,ll,8 He 6blfl0. ~10nb-OKTS16pb 1743 r. nP~ PEI/IHCK~E KAMnAH~~. lep1401 Kapn JlompfiiHICKfllill 111 Koponb /eop1 II y1po:>Kan111 ct>paH/4111111 8TOp:>KeHI!IeM, o,n,HaKo nepenpaBIIITbC>J 'lepe3 PeiliH He y,n,anOCb Hill TOMy, Hill ,n,pyiOMY.

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOVlHbl

529

Bee apMMM OTOWJIM Ha 3MMHMe KBapTMpbl.

1743-1744 rr. PAHI.\Y3CKl-1E n11AHbl BTOP>KEHl-1SI B 6Pl-1TAHl-110. Mapwa11 rpa<P Mopu~ CaKCOHCKMM(He3aKOHHopo%!1.eHHbiM CbiH Asrycm

II CaKCOHCKO-

ro) M npMHU. Kap11 CnoapT ( npeTeH/],eHT Ha 6pMT8HCKMi71 npeCTOII) C06upaf1M y ,lJ.tOHKepKa apMM/0 /],fiR BTOp)f(eHMR B AHrfiM/0. l1X nflaHbl 6blf1M COpBaHbl He6JiaronpMRTHOi71 norO/l,OM M 6pMTaHCKMM KOpOIIeBCKMM </JIIOTOM.

Anpenb 1744 r. 06bSIB11EHl-1E BOIIIHbl <l>PAHI.\l-1EIII. Tenepb cJ:>paH~MR O</JM~MaflbHO BCTynMfla B BOMHY. cJ:>paH~Y3CKaR apMMR LfMCJieHHOCTb/0 OK0/10

TbiCRLf Lfe/10-

BeK, nO/],rOTOBKY KOTOpoiii KOHTPOIIMposa/1 fiMLfHO 1710/l,OBMK

XV, M3rOTO-

BMflaCb/l,JIR BTOp)f(eHMR B MCnaHCKMe HM/l,epllaH/l,bl. lpa</J Mopu~ CaKcoHCKMiii M npMH~ Kap11 CTtOapT no-npe-

AscTplfiHCKI!IH nonesoH narepb. 1740-e rr.

)f(HeMy npe6biBaJIM nO/l,,lJ.IOHKepKOM, HO MopM~ BCKOpe 6blfl OTpR%eH KOMaH/l,OBaTb maBHbiMM </JpaH~Y3CKM足

110 CTpac6ypra. Kap11a 17ompuHr-

/l,BMHYIICR Ha tOr, K 6y/l,Bailt3e, OTKY-

MM CMfla MM (KOMaH/l,OBa Tb </JaKTM-

cKoro BOT-BOT y)f(e /l,Ofi%Hbl6blf1M 38-

/l,a MOr y rp0)f(8Tb /],OJIMHe ,lJ.yHaR M

LfeCKM -

HOMMHaflbHO rflaBHOKO-

)f(8Tb B TMCKM /],Be </JpaH~y3CKMe ap-

B e He.

MaH/],y/OUJ,MM CLfMTaJICR CaM 1710/1,0-

MMM, HO BHe3anHO 3a60J1efl 1710/1,0-

XV) . Ha Cpe/],HeM Pei71He co6u-

BMK XV, M see </JpaH~Y3CKMe onepa-

CeHTR6pb-HOR6pb 1744 r. PEAKI.\l-1SI ABCTPl-1l-1. no MHMU,M8TMBe

BMK

pallacb /l,pyraR apMMR, no/1, KOMaH-

~MM

npeKp8TMJIMCb.

Mapuu- Tepe3MM no seeM AscTpMM M

/l,OBaHMeM Mapwa11a ct>paHcya KoMHbM; eM npOTMBOCTORfl rep~or Kap11 17o mpMHrCKMi71. Tp eTbR </JpaH~y3-

BeHrpMM CTaJIM Ha6upaTbCR HOBble

BTopafl Cnne3cKafl sonHa, 1744-1745 rr.

CKaR apMMR, B03maBJieHHaR cJ:>paHCya 17yu /],e 6yp6oHOM, npMH~eM KoHTM, rOTOBMflaCb npMCOe/l,MHMTbCR K MC-

AsrycT 1744 r. B BOIIIHY OnSITb BCTYnAET Pl-1APl-1X II.

naH~aM /],fiR 60pb6bl C aBCTpMMU,aMM

03a6oLfeHHbli71 TeM, CKOflb nOIIHY/0

B CeBepHoM l1Taf1MM .

no6e/l,y O/l,ep%af1M B npe/l,bl/l,yw,eM

l-110Hb-aBrycT 1744 r. nPl-1PEIIIHCKl-1E KAMnAHl-1l-1. lep~or

a TaK)f(e oco3HaB, LfTO MapMR- Tepe-

ro/l,y 8 B C TpMM~bl M MX C0/03HMKM,

Kap11 17ompMHrCKMi71 3axBaTMfl MHM-

3MR He Tep>~eT Ha/l,e)f(,ll,bl BePHYTb CM-

~MaTMBy, nepenpaBMIICR Ltepe3 PeiiiH

Jie3MIO, ct>PM!l.PMX

y C!>Mf1Mnnc6ypra (

M/OIIR) M CTa/1

II 38KfltOLfMfl

co103

c 1710/l,OBMKOM XV.

3flb3accKMX 6a3. 1710/l,OBMK XV, TOflb-

AsrycT-CeHTR6pb 1744 r. nPYCCKOE BTOP>KEHl-1E B SOrEMl-110. CLfMTaR, LfTO rep~ory Kap11y

Ko H8 Lf8BWMi71 BTOp)f(eHMe B 8BCTpMi71-

17ompMHrcKoMy B CeBepHoM 3flb3a -

HacTynaTb Ha Bei71ceH6ypr, OTpe3aR Mapwa11a ct>paHcya KoMHbM OT era

CKMe HM/l,epf18H/],bl, OCTaBM/1 Mapwa-

ce yrpo)/(aeT onacHOCTb, ct>pM/l.PMX

Jia rpa<fJa Mopu~a C aKCOHCKOro KO-

HeO)f(M/],aHHO BbiCTynM/1 TpeMR KO-

MBH/l,OBaTb </JflaH/],pCKOiii rpynnMpOB-

JIOHH8MM o6w,ef71 LfMCfleHHOCTb/0

KOiii M C nOJIOBMHOiii apMMM BbiCrynM/1

80 TbiCRLf LtefloBeK Ltepe3 CaKCOHM/0,

Ha tOrO-BOCTOK, B 17ompMHrMtO; Ko-

17y%M~Y M CMfle3MtO B GoreMM/0, r/l,e

MHbM TeM BpeMeHeM npo6Mf1CR Lfe-

BCe TpM KOJIOHHbl COWJIMCb y nparM,

pe3 ascTpuiiicKytO apMM/0 y B eMceH -

OC8/l,MJIM M 6biCTpO 38XB8TMJIM rop0/1,

6ypra M 3aHRJI HOBble n03M~MM OKO-

(2-6

ceHTR6p>~); ct>pM/l,pMx

II TYT %e

npyCCKifle KlflpaCiflpbl. 1744 r.

530

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. 22 anpenSI 1745 r. <l>IOCCEHCKI!111i AOrOBOP. B C!JtOcceHeAacTPIIIHIII5aaapiiiH no,n,nlllcanlll Mlllp. MaKCIIIMI!InlllaH /II l10CI!Ic/J OTKa3aflCfl OT KaKIIIX 6bt TO Hill 6btn0 npeTeH3111i7f Ha aacTpllliltCKY/0 KopoHy 111 noo6e~an Ha npe,n,cTOH~IIIX B&t6opax IIIMnepampa OT,[J,aTb CBOilt /OflOC 3a fepf40/8 C/JpaHf4a floTapi!IHICK0/0, npi!IHf4a-KOHCOpTa Map111111- Tepe31!1111. 83aMeH AacTplllfl B03BpaTIIIfla MOflO,ll,OMY Kypc/JtOpCry ace He,n,aaHo noTepHHH&te 111M TeppiiiTOPIIIIII. C!Jplll,n,pi!IX 1/ OKa3aflCfl B nonHOM 11130flfl/4111111 OT CBOIIIX e,n,IIIHCTBeHHb/X C0/03HIIIKOB - c/JpaHf4Y30B, ,n,a Ill Tex, noxo>Ke, IIIHTepecoaanl!l TOflbKO cfJnaH,ll,pCKIIIe KaMnaHIIIIII.

KaMnaHHfl no,q Cl>oHTeHya, 1745r.

Cllpiii,ApiiiX II CO CBOIIIM WTa60M

no,n,pa3,n,eneHIIIfl, a perynHpH&te rapHIII30Hbt - nocneWHO npi!IKpbtBaTb no,n,xo,n,bt K BeHe. M apwan Orro C/Jep,ll,I!IHaH,n,, rpacp cfJoH TpayH, coaMeCTHO C CaKCOHCKIIIMIII BOMCKaMI!I c,n,ep>KIIIBan Hanop C!Jplll,n,plllxa II, a rep14or

npyccKIIIM rycap nonKa <j)oH AbiOplll B CXBaTKe C naH,AypoM. 1744 r.

Kapn florapiiiHrcKIIIM TeM apeMeHeM cneWHO ,ll,BIIIranCfl Ha BOCTOK, 4epe3 PeiltH, a 5oreMI!ItO. 06Hapy>KIIIB, 'ITO eMy npOTIIIBOCTOIIIT BCf/ MO~b aBCTpl!liltCKIIIX Ill C0/03Hb/X apMIIIM (a c/JpaH/4Y3bl 111 nan&f4eM He weaen&HyT), C!Jplll,ll,pi!IX 1/ HeOXOTHO Ha'lafl OTCTynaTb a C111ne311110. TeM apeMeHeM Ha 3ana,n,e JltO,n,OBIIIK XV nonpaal!lnCH, ynpO'IIIIfl cfJpaHf4Y3CKI!Ii7t KOHTPOflb H8,ll, ,n,oni!IHOilt PeiltHa 111 aepHyncH ao C/JnaH,n,plll/0, r.n.e era apMI!Ifl pa3MeCTIIInac& Ha 3111MHI!Ie KBapTI!Ipbt. 27 AeKa6pSI 1744 r. CMEPTb KAP.flA VII. 5aaapcKoe Kypc/JtOpweCTBO yHacne,n,oaan era CbtH, MaKCIIIMIIInlllaH Ill l1oclllcfJ, pewi!IBWI!Iilt He npeTeH,[J,OBaTb Ha IIIMnepCKIIIM TpOH. 7 SIHBapSI 1745 r. 61!1TBA nPI!1 AM6EPrE. AacTpllli7tf4&t Heo>KM,n,aHHo ampmlllc& a 5aaapllltO, 3acran111 6aaapcK}'tO apMIII/0 apacnnox Ha 3111MHIIIX KBapTIIIpax Ill 3a HeCKOflbKO He,n,enb nOKOPIIIfllll 60flbWYIO '/aCTb CTpaHbl (fiHBap&-MapT). 8 SIHBapSI 1745 r. LfETbiPEXCTOPOHHI/11/i COI03. B Bapwaae AacTpiiiH, CaKCOHIIIfl, AHmlllfl 111 Hl!l,n,epnaH,n,&t c/JOpMaflbHO 06be,ll,IIIHIIIfl111Cb npOTIIIB C/JpaH/4111111, 5aaap1!11!1 Ill npyCCIIIIII.

Mai1 1745 r. CI>PAHU,Y3CKOE HACTYnl1EHI!1E BO CI>J1AHAPI!11!1. Mapwan ,-pacp Mopl!lf4 CaKCOHCKI!Iilt ( He3aKOHHopo>K,[J,eHHbti7t CbtH Aa,-ycTa II CaKCOHCKoro) ao maae 70-TbtCfi'IHoilt apMIIIIII Bb/CT}tnlllfl K TypHe Ill OCa,ll,lllfl KpenOCTb ( 14 Mafl). ApMIII/0 conpoao>K,[J,anl!l Koponb JltO,n,OBIIIK XV Ill ,ll,Oc/JIIIH. npoTI!IBOCTOf/na Moplllf4Y apMI!Ifl «npa/MaTI!I'/eCKOilt CaHK/4111111» 'IIIICfleHHOCTb/0 OKOflO 50 Tb/Cf/4 'leflOBeK no,n, KOMaH,ll,OBaHIIIeM MOflO,n,oro Yllln&HMa OracTeca , ,-ep14ora KaM6epneH,n,a (c&tHa /eopm II), KOTopaH Me,n,neHHO ,ll,BIIIf8flaCb Ha noMO~b OCa>K,[J,eHHb/M B TypHe. 10 MaSI 1745 r. 61!1TBA nPI!1 CI>OHTEHYA. OcTaBIIIB 'laCTb apMIIIIII npo,n,on>KaT& oca,n,y, Mop11114 CaKCOHCKIIIM c 52 TbtCH'IaMIII con,n,aT 3aHHn o6opOHIIITeflbHYIO n03111f4111/0 y C!JOHTeHya, Ha nyr111 Cfle,ll,OBaHIIIfl C0/03HO/O BOMCKa. /naBHOilt OTfliii'II!ITeflbHOilt 'lepTOilt cfJpaHf4Y3CKOi7t fli!IHIIIIII o6opoHbl HBnflniiiCb TPIII coopy>KeHH&tx Ha cKopytO PYKY pe,n,yra. Mop11114 a 3TO apeMH 6onen ao,n,RHKoilt ( nplll'leM B HaCTOflbKO Tf/>Kenoilt c/JOpMe, 'ITO nepe,[J,BIIIf8flCf/ Ha HOCI!IflKaX), O,[J,HaKO ycryni!ITb KOMaH,ll,OBaHIIIe KaTeroplll'leCKIII OTKa3ancH. BcKope nocne paCCBeTa C0/03HIIIKIII, He Cfli!IWKOM yTpy>K,[J,afl ce6H TaKTI!I'IeCKIIIM nnaHI!Ipoaa HI!IeM, npe,n,npi!IHflfllll cppoHTan&HytO aTaKy, HO, OCTaHOBfleHHbte cfJpaH/4Y3CKIIIMIII noneBb/MIII yKpenne-

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOLI1Hbl

531

HWi/M/11, ,l1,8fleKO npO,IJ,8111HYTbCR He

a nO TOM /11 808Ce npeKp8T/11flCR. 06o-

cMomM. nocne cep111111 6ecnopR,Il,O'-I-

pOT/118W/11Cb K </JpaHL(Y3CKOi71 r8ap-

CKOi71 fl/11H/11/11 '-lpe38bi'-18MHO OTfl/11'-1/11-

HbtX CTbt'-leK 111 nepecTpenoK repL(or

,IJ,/11111, Xeill /1138fleK </JflR)I(Ky, 80 8eCb

naCb

KaM6epneHA pew111n nonbtTaTbCR

ronoc npo8o3macMn KaKoiii-To 803-

CCblflbHbte /11 6ernbte CTOpOHH/11K/11

npOp88Tb </Jp8HL(y3CK/11i71 L(eHTp C/11fl8-

CTynnBH/11e. 80 8TOpoi7t </Jp8HL(y3/llpnaH,IJ,CKaR

6p111ra,1J,a-

8btWBHHbti71 TOCT, OTC8fl/OT088fl, CKO-

CTIOapT08. 3aTBM Mop/111..( CaKCOH-

TbtCR'-1 '-leno8eK nexaTbt, 8bt-

M8H,l1,088fl C80/11M C0fl,IJ,8T8M Tpii1>K,D,bl

CKII1i71 nyCT/11fl B X0/1, apTII1nnepll110, /11

cTpoeHHbtx TpeMR fl/11H/11RM/11 : nep8bte

npoKp111'-18Tb aypaf» /11 MeTHYflCR Ha-

06be,IJ,II1HeHHOrO opy,ll,/11MHO-neXOT-

,l1,8B -

8Hrfl/11MCK/11e ( 8 OCH08HOM,

38/1,, 8 CTpOilt ( anoKp1!1</JII1'-IBCK8R ne-

HO-K88anep1!1i7tCKOrO Hanopa orpoM-

con,IJ,aTbt r8ap,IJ,ei7tcKoi7t 6pMr8,1l,bt},

rBH/1,8 rn8C/11T, 6y,ll,TO OH np1!1388fl

HOe 8Hrno-raHH08BpCKOB Kape HB

TPBTbR- raHH08epcKaR. CTbt'-IK/11 111

</Jp8HL(y308 CTpBflRTb nep8b/M/11; no-

8bi,IJ,Bp>Kano; Te, KTO yu,enen, OTCTy-

M/11

nepecTpenK/11 8/l,Oflb 8Cei71 nMH/11111

'-/T/11 H88BpHRK8 3TO He TaK.) noKa

nan/11 ManeHbKMM/11 oTpR,Il,aM/11, ynop-

o6opoHbt wn111 6ecnpepbt8HO, 111 rep-

1113YMflBHHbte </Jp8HL(Y3bl Kp111'-18fl/11

HO OT8B'-18R Ha </JpaHL(Y3CKII1i71 OIOHb

L(Or KaM6epneHA no8en C8ai71 y,ll,ap-

OT8BTHOB aypaf», 8Hrfl/11'-18HB npOII13-

/11 OTCTpen/11B8RCb OT npecne,IJ,y/OW,BM

Hbtilt OTPRA H8 npopbt8 L(eHTpa </JpaH-

8efl/11 '-IY,Il,08/11W,HOi7t MOW,HOCT/11 3ann /11

Ka8anep1!11!1 . /epu,or KaM6epneHA

L(y3CKOrO </JpOHTa -

y8en apM/1110, He Hapyw/118 6oe8oro

Me)I(,IJ,y O,ll,H/11M

np0,1J,Qfl)/(/11fl/11 H8CTynnBH/11B, 6yK-

1113 PBAYT08 111 C!JoHTBHya. Kor,IJ,a He-

88flbHO p83MeT88 nep8y/O fl/11H/11/0

CTpOR. noTep/11 C0/03H/11K08 np/1180-

no8opoTnii188R, nO'-IT/11 K88,1J,p8TH8R

</Jp8HL(Y3CKOi71 o6opOHbl. fli0/1,08/11K8

,ll,RTCR B pa3Mepe

neXOTH8R KOflOHH8 ,IJ,OCT/11/fl8 </JpaH-

XV cTan/11 y6e>K,IJ,8Tb no3a6oTII1TbCR

7500

'-lefl08eK

y6111Tb/M/11 /11 paHeHb/M/11, HO 3Ta 1..(111</Jpa R8HO 38H/11>KBHa; CTOflbKO ,ll,Ofl>K-

L(Y3CK/11X no3111L(Mi71, repL(or KaM6ep-

C06CT8BHHOi716e30naCHOCT/11 /11 >K/113-

neHA npii1K838fl OCT8H08/11TbCR, '-IT0-

H/11, O,ll,H8KO KOPOflb OTK838flCR yxo-

HO 6btfl0 noTepRTb 0/l,HO y,IJ,apHOe

6bt 8btp08HRTb PRAbt 111 1113rOT08/11Tb-

,IJ,/11Tb C nOflR /11 CTORfl 8 C8MOi7t ryw,e

Kape. C/JpaHL(Y3CKII1e noTepM y6111Tbt-

cR K pewa10w,eilt amKe. no,IJ,nonK08-

80MCK, nyCT/118W/11XCR 8 naH/11'-/eCKOB

M/11 /11 paHeHb/M/11 COCT88/11fl/11

HII1K nop,ll, lfapnb3 Xeill, KOM8H,IJ,0888-

6ercT80. lpa¢ MopML( CaKCOHCKMilt

'-/Bfl08eK.

W/11i7t 1-ill nexoTHoilt r8ap,IJ,ei71cKoi71

nO,Il,HRflCR C HOC/11fl0K, CBfl H8 fl0W8/l,b

6pMra,IJ,oi71 ( 8nocne,ll,CT8/11/11 nepeMMe-

/11 opr8H/113088fl COnpOT/118flBH/11B 8TO-

7200

Mai.1-ceHTS16pb 1745.-. noKOPEHI..1E Cl>nAHAPI..11..1. nocne

H088HHOi71 8 rpeHa,ll,epcKy/0 ), 8btWen

poi71 fl/11H/11/11 </Jp8HL(Y3CKOi71 o6opOHbt:

3Tai71 no6e,IJ,bt Mop111u, CaKCOHCKII1i71

nepe/1, CTpoeM. C/JpaHL(Y3CK/11M py-

/1,88 HBCKOflbKO OTBBTHb/X 38fln08, Ta

38HRn TypHe, leHT, Sp10rre, Ay,IJ,e-

)l(eMHb/M 111 nywe'-1Hbti71 oroHb ocna6,

CyMena OCT8H08/11Tb a Hrfl/11MCKOe H8-

Hap,IJ,e, OcTBH,Il,e 111 Sp10ccenb.

lioiii npyCCKOiii Ill aBCTpllliiiCKOiii neXOTbl

532

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

roreHcf>pHp,6eprcKafl KaMnaHI!ffl, 1745 r.

Ct-me3MM, 611M3 flaH,D,cxym ( /1111/11, IIIHa'le, flaH,D,ecrym), yrpo){(afl5pecllay. (/)piii,D,plllx

Anpenb-Ma~

1745 r. CTbi'"IKI!t

II TYT ){(e

8bi,D,8111HYIICfl

Ha ce8ep, K CTp111ray.

4 ~IOHSI 1745 r. 6!.1TBA Y rOrEHPI!tA6EPrA. Ha pacc8eTe npyCCKafl apMIIIfl aTaK08alla, Ha/OII08Y pa31pOM/118 a8CTplllilfU,e8 /II CaKCOH-

8eHrepcKMe napT1113aHbl. (/)pM,D,plllx II

3 ~IOHSI 1745 r. ABCTPI!tHCKOE HACTYnllEHI!tE HA rOrEHCbPHA6EPr. He 3Hafl, 'ITO (/)piii,D,plllx II ywe11

COCpe,D,OTO'I/1111 60 Tb/Cf/'1 'leii08eK

1113 /O){(HOill CMIIe3MM, repu,or Kap11

Tb/M/11 /11 paHeHb/M/11; OKOIIO

y (/)paHKeHWTeilfHa, Me){(,JJ.y tllaU,eM /11

floTapMH/CKMM ,D,8MHYIICf/ K 6pec11ay /11

'leii08eK nonall/11 8 nlleH; KpOMe T0/0,

B Cl!tl1E31!tl!t.

npyccKoill apMMM

C/llllbHO ,D,OCa){(,D,all/11 a8CTpllliliCKIIIe /11

U,e8. K 8 '!acaM yrpa cpa){(eHMe 3a8epwMIIOCb. noTeplll C0/03H/IIK08 COCT88/111111160IIee 9 Tb/Cf/'1 'leii08eK y6111-

Tb/Cf/'1

Heillcce. B TO ){(e 8peMfl repu,or Kap11

8CTall 11arepeM 611M3 loreH¢PM,D,6ep-

6b!IIO 3aX8a'leHO 66 nyweK. (/)pM,D,-

floTapiiiHICKIIIill 'lepe3 ropHble nepe-

ra. Kor,D,a cTeMHello, (/)piii,D,plllx ll6bl-

piiiX

8allbl 8blcryn11111 1113 5oreMIIIM 80 ma-

cTpo Ill TaiiiHO 8b/CT'jnlllll K tOieHcJ>piii,D,-

He 60IIbWe Tb/Cf/'1/11 'leii08eK.

8e 80-Tb/Cfi'IHOM apMIII/11 /II CKOHU,eH-

6epry M nepe,D, pacc8eTOM 8b!CTPOIIIII

Tplllp08all CMIIbl 8 ropax 3ana,D,HOill

apMIII/0 8 6oe80M nopfi,D,Ke.

littOHb-CeHTS16pb 1745 r. n PECJlEAOBAHI!tE B SOrEMI!tl!t. Oc-

noTepflll 8 o6l1.leill CIIO){(HOCT/11

TaTK/11 a8CTpO-CaKCOHCKOM apM/11/11 6e){(aiiM 8 5oreMM/O. 0cTa8/118 nollo8/IIHY 80MCKa pa36111paTbCfl C a8CTp111MCK/11M/II /II 8eHrepCK/IIM/II napT1113aHaMM Ha 10re, (/)piii,D,PIIIX

80 ma8e

OCT88WeMCfl 'laCT/11 apM/11/11 ::mepi/11'1HO nyCT/1111Cf/ 8 npeCIIe,D,08aH/IIe. B 5oreMMM repu,or Kap11 floTapMHrCKIIIill nOIIY'I/1111 nO,D,KpenlleH/11>1 Ill 8CKOpe peop18H/11308all C80/0 pa3rpOMIIeHHYIO apMIII/0. Bnpo'leM, 8CTynMTb C (/)piii,D,piiiXOM

8 H080e

cpa){(eHMe OH He pMCK08all, a y npyCCK0/0 KOpOIIfl 6blll0 He,D,OCTaTO'IHO C/1111, 'IT06b! 8biHY,D,MTb a8CTpMiiiU,e8 npMHfiTb 6oil!. noc11e Tpex MeCf/U,e8 6e3pe3yllbT8THO/O MaHe8plllp08aH/IIfl Ha BepxHeill 311b6e 8 Ce8epo-BocTO'IHOill (/)pM,D,plllx

II,

5oreMIII/II

'lbfl apMIIIfl 3a 3TO 8pe-

Mfl COKpaTMIIaCb ,D,O 18 Tb/Cf/'1 'leii08eK, Ha'lall OTCTynaTb 8 CMIIe3/1110, npeclle,D,yeMblill KapiiOM floTapMHrCK/IIM ( 8 pacnopfl){(eH/11/11 KOToporo 6blll0

Tb/Cf/'1 'leii08eK) . Y peK/11

3oop (/)piii,D,piiiX

II OCTaH08/IIIICfl.

30 ceHTS16pSI 1745 r. 6!.1TBA HA PEKE 300P.

Q){(M,D,afl 88CTplllili-

CKOIO Hana,D,eH/11>1, (/)pM,D,pMX

8bi-

CTpOMII apM/11/0 8 60e80M nOpfi,D,Ke, HO 8blf/CH/11110Cb, 'ITO Kapil floTapMHICK/IIM HO'IHb/M Mapw-6pOCKOM 3aH>III 8b/COTbl 8 TbiiiY y (/)pM,D,piiiXa

II,

npa80M cJ>IIaHre, 0Tpe388 npyCCKOM apMIII/11 nyTb K oTcrynlleHM/0. He83Mpafl Ha /11HTeHC/118Hb/M apTMIIIIepMilfCK/IIM o6cTpell, (/)pM,D,PMX

TyT ){(e

pa38epHyll C80/0 apMIII/0 Ha 180°. B cepe,D,IIIHe 3Toro MaHe8pa npycCKMill U,eHTp HeO){(/II,D,aHHO 6pOC/IIIIC>I 8 aTaKy Ha a8CTpMMCK/11M lle8b/M ¢11aHr. B pe3yllbTaTe o6pa3o8a11Cfl

nepeA <1>p111APIIIXOM II npoHOCHT 3axsa'leHHble B 6o10 ascTpllliiiCKI'Ie 3HaMeHa

8b/T>IHYTbiM, Henpa8/llllbHOM cJ>opMbl

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOLI1Hbl

533

CTpOiii, CTpeM/11TellbHO C611/11)f(a/O-

H acTynaTb Ha 5epii117H. C/JpM,n,pMx

nopR,D,Ke np1176111173/118W/11Cb K n03/11LJ,/11-

Ll.lll7i71CR C n03/11Ll,/11RM/11 a8CTp117i71LJ,e8,

TYT )f(e 8bt,D,8117HYIICR 1173 CMIIe3117117

RM C0/03H/11K08, fleonOIIb/1, AHXallbT-

KOTOpbtM /17 8 /01108Y He MOIJIO npMiii-

8 CaKCOH/1110, K ,IJ,pe3,n,eHy, 8 pe3yllb-

/l,eccayCK/11i71 HeO)f(/11/},aHHO aTaK08all

T/11, LfTO C/JpM,n,pMx

oKa)f(eTcR Ha-

TaTe Lfelo Kap11 flompMHICKMiii 6btll

npRMO C Mapwa /17 pa31pOM/1111 apM/11/0

CTOIIbKO 6e3paccy,n,eH, LfT06bt aTaK0-

8biHY)f(,D,eH npep8aTb HaCTynlleHMe /17

Mapwalla PyT08CKOIO. noHeCR TR-

8 a Tb. npyCCK0/0 y,n,apa Ha/11CKOCb

no8epHYTb Ha 80CTOK.

)f(ellbte noTepM, co/03HII7KII7 8 6ecno-

lle8bti71 a8CTp117i71CKII7i71 cfJIIaH/ He 8b/-

pRp,Ke OTCTyn/1111/11.

p117i71LJ,bt OTCTYn/1111117 Ha ce8epo-3ana,n,,

24-25 HOS16pSI 1745 r. CPA)f(EH&.1SI Y rPOC-rEHHEPC,QOP<l>A &.1 rEPili-11...\A. npe)f(,IJ,e LfeM a8CTp117i71-

OCT88/118 nYT/11 8 CMIIe3117/0 OTKpbtTbi-

CKII7i71 noiiK08o,n,eu, ycne11 cocpe,n,o-

pbt8HaR Lfepep,a npyccKMX no6ep,,

M/11. C/JpM,n,pMx II noTepRII 3876 Lfello-

TOLfMTb C80/11 paCTRHY8WII7eCR Ha

MMe8waR MecTo cpa3y noc11e ycne-

8eK, 8 TO 8peMR KaK a8CTp117i71CK/11e

Mapwe KOIIOHHbt, C/JpM,n,pMx

II HaHec

X08 1pacpa MopMu,a CaKCOHCK0/0 80

,n,ep)f(all, 117 oweiiOMIIe HHbte a8CT-

noTep117 COCT88/1111/11

7444

25 AeKa6pSI 1745 r. APE3AEHCK&.11f1 ,QOrOBOP. 3m Henpe-

Lfeii08eKa

no,n,pR,n, ,D,8a MOLl.lHbtX y,n,apa. K ap11

C/JIIaHP,p/11117 /17 8b/80P,a aHIII/11MCK/11X

y6117Tb/M/11 /17 paHeHb/M/11; KTOMy)f(e, OT-

floTap117HICKII7i71 8biHY)f(,D,eH 6btll OT-

80MCK C KOHT/11H e HTa /113-3a HaLfa8 -

CTYn aR, a8cTp117i71LJ,bt6pocMII/11 22 nyw-

CTynMTb o6paTHO 8 50ieM/11/0.

w ei71CR 8 5pMTa H/11117 !pa)f(p,a HCKOiii

HoS16pb-AeKa6pb 1745 r. 60EBbiE AEif1CTB&.1SI HA 311b6E. TeM

80i71Hbt, 8btHYP.MIIa MapM/0- Tepe3117/0

0KTS16pb-HOS16pb 1745 r. BTQP)f(EH&.1E COI03Ha.1KOB B nPYCC&.-110. Co6p a 8 no,n,Kpenlle-

8peMeHeM ,n,pymR a8cTpMi71cKaR ap-

np1173Halla npa8a C/JpMp,pMxa

MMR, KOTOpOiii KOMaH,D,08all nO)f(/11110i71

CMIIe3/11/0, a npyccKMiii KOPOIIb np117-

fleonollb,D, AHxallbT-/l,eccaycKMiii,

3Hall 11736paHMe ee My)f(a MMnepaTo-

HMR, 1epu,o1 Kap11 flompMHICKMiii

8btCTYnMIIa 1173 M a 1,n,e6ypm 88epx n o

poM ( COCTOR8WeeCR

8btCTynMII Ha ce8ep, 8 3eMII/11 e1o

311b6e Ha8CTpeLty M ap w ally PyT08C -

CaKCOHCK/11X C0/03H/11K08; TeM 8peMe-

KOMY 117 e1o co/03Hoi71 apM/11117. P YT08-

HeM ,n,py!aR a8CTp117i71CKaR apM117R,

CKII7i71 XO Tb /17 0611a,D,aii3HaLf/11TellbHb/M

K/11. noc11e cpa)f(e HMR C/JpM,n,pMx y8ell apMM/0 8 CMIIe3117/0.

c ce8epa,

8 3ana,n,Hoi71

Lf/11CIIeHHb/M npeMMyll.leCT80M, 3aHRII

CaKCOH/11117 coe,n,MHMIIaCb c ma8HbtMII7

o6opOHII7TellbHYIO n03/11Ll,/11/0 Me)f(,D,y

CaKCOHCK/11M/11 CMIIaM/11 no,n, KOMaH,D,0-

M eiiiceHoM 117 /l,pe3,n,eHoM.

npMwe,n,waR

8aH/11eM Mapwa11a PyT08CKOIO.

0 6e

C0/03Hbte apM/11/11 HaL.fall/11 Me/],fleHHO

14AeKa6pH1745 r. KECCEJlbC,QOP<l>CKASI 6&.1TBA. 8 6oe80M

CpOLfHO 3aKII/OLf/11Tb M117p. 0Ha OnRTb

CeHm6pR).

nocne,o.HIIfe HH,o.epnaH,o.CKIIfe KaMnaHIIfllf, 1746-1748 rr.

1746 r. <l>PAHU,Y3CK&.1E YCnEXI-1 B ABCTP&.11f1CK&.1X Ha.1AEP11AH,QAX. lpacp MopMu, CaKCOHCKMiii npOP,OII)f(all OP,HY 3a p,pymiii 3aX8a -

534

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. acrpMXT, npe)l(.ll,e 'leM apMMM BCTaflM Ha 3MMHMe KBapTMpbl.

<l>pa HL\Y3CKJte apntnnepHCTbl cepeA11Hbl XVIII B.

1748 r. 3ABEPWAIOI..U"'E OnEPAI.t"'"'· noKa 6onbWaR pycCKaR apMMfl wna '4epe3 /epMaH/11/0 Ha coe.avtHeHMe c co/03HMKaMM B Hvt.aepnaH.aax, Mopuu CaKCOHCKMM WTYPMOM B3flfl MaaCTPMXT (7 MaR). nocne 9roro, noKa .aunnoMaTbl eenM MMPHble neperoeopbl, KpynHble CTOflKHOBeHMfl He npOMCXO.ll,MflM.

18 OKTS16pSI 1748 r. AAXEHCK"'Pi AOfOBOP. no ero ycnoBMRM, BCe Bfl8.ll,eHMfl, 38 HeKOTOpb!MM MCKfl/O'leHMfiMM, BepHyflMCb K .ll,OBOeHHbiM rpaHMI..taM. B l1ranMM napMa, nbR'leHI..ta M /yacTanna OTOWflM K MCnaHCKOMY MHcpaHry .ll,OHY C:tJMnMnny. KpoMe roro, 6bmM npM3HaHbl npaeo Ha Cvtne3M/O 3a npyccuect M «nparMaTM'leCKaf! CaHKI..tlllfl» B ABCTPMM, a 6pMTaHCKMM npeCTOfl M raHHOBepcKOe KYP<PIOpwecreo - 38 laHHoeepcKoef.avtHacruect. 5oeBble ,qeHCTBHR B lrfTanHH1

1741-1748 rr. 1741-1743 rr. 6E3PE3YJlbTATHbiE KAMnAH"'"'· KaK npaevt-

Tb!BaTb maBHble aBCTpMMCKMe KpenOCTM B Hvt.aepnaH.aax; oH B3Rn AHrBepneH, 38TeM O'lMCTMfl OT aBCTPMMCKMX BOMCK MeCTHOCTb Me.>K;ay bpiOCceneM M MaacoM. lepuor Kapn J1orapvtHrCKMC1, nocnaHHbiM npOTMBOCTOf!Tb cppaHI..tY3aM, O.ll,MH-e.ll,MHCTBeHHbiM pa3 nonbiTBflCfl B nonHy/0 CMflY MM BOCnpenRTCTBOBaTb M 6blfl pa36Mr npM PoKY, Heno.aaneKy or Jlbe)l(a ( 11 OKm6pR). 3areM apMMM BCT8flMHa3MMHMeKBapTMpblnO pa3Hble cropoHbl Maaca.

1747 r. <WAHI.\Y3CKOE BTOP)f(EH"'E B fOJlJlAHA"'IO. Tenepb

rpacpy MopMJ..tY CaKCOHCKOMY npoTMBOCTOWIM npMHI..t OpaHCKMM MrepLtOT KaM6epneH.a, eepHyewvtefcR M3 AHmMM nocne no.aaeneHMR RK06MrcKoro BOCCTaHMfl ,,CopoKa nRTM». YJlaycpenb.aa eo3ne Maacrpvtxra apMMfl C0/03HMKOB 6b!fla pa36MTa rpacpoM MopvtJ..teM ( 2 M/OnR). 3areM MopMJ..t CaKCOHCKMM nocnan Kopnyc no.a KOMaH.aoeaHMeM reHepana rpacpa Ynbpvtxa cpoH JloeeH.aanR oca.O.MTb M 3axearMTb GepreH-on-3oM ( 18 ceHTR6pR), a reM epeMeHeM ocHOBHbiMM CBOMMM CMflaMM ycnen npaKTM'leCKM 3a6noKvtpoearb Ma-

no, aecrpvtefcKMM Mapwan Orro 4>ep.auHaH.a, rpacp cpoH TpayH, MMen TaKTM'leCKOe npeMMy~eCTBO Ha.ll, MCnaHCKMMM M HeanonMTaHCKMMM BOMCKaMM, KOTOpb!e paCC'l/IITb!BanM oreoeearb repuorcreo MvtnaHcKoe, HaXO.ll,MBWeeCR no.a BflaCTb/0 ABCTPM/11. Ha cropoHe AecrpMM Bblcrynana Cap.o.MHMR (a c 1742 r. M CaeoefR); K TOMY )l(e, HeanonMTaHCKMe BOMCKa BbiHy.>K;aeHbl 6blflM BepHyrbCfl K CBOeef CTOflMI..te, KOTOpOM yrpO)I(Bfl aHrflMMCKMM MopcKoct.aecaHr.

17 44 r. AKT"'B"'3Alt"'SI BOEHHbiX AEPICTB"'Pi. Co6b!TMR HecKonbKO O)I(MBMnMcb, Kor.aa 1113 ,llocpvtHe K HM30Bbf!M no Ha COe.ll,MHeHMe C MCnaHCKOM apMvteef reHepana rpacpa l1oaHHa .ae /areca Bblcrynuno cppaHI..tY3CKOe BOMCKO no.a KOMaH.ll,OBaHMeM ct>paHcya flyM .ae Gyp6oHa, npMHI..ta KoHT/11. npvt 3Ha'4MTeflbHOM aBCTPMMCKOM CO.ll,eMCTBMM KOPOflb Cap.o.MHMM Kapn 3MMaHyun I cyMen 3a.ll,ep)l(aTb cppaHI..tY3CKOe npO.ll,BM)I(eHMe. 4>paHI..tY3bl oca.avtnM KyHeo, r.ae K HMM npucoe.auHvtnacb ucnaH-

BA>KHElllWI!lE BOLI1Hbl CKa'i/ apMM'il. nbtTa'i/Cb npMMT/17 Ha noMOUJ,b oca)((/l,eHHbtM a KyHeo, Kapn 3MMaHyMn I noTepnen p'il/1. nopa)((eHMill: y BMnnacppaHK/17 117 MoHTanb6aHa(anpenb), neillpe-JlOH/1,)((117( 18/17/0flR), a TaK)((e B KpynHOM 6117TBe np/17 Ma/l,OHHa-/l,enb-OpMo (no6nM3DCT/17 DT KyHeo; 30 ceHT'i16pR). 0/l,HaKo 117 nonbtTK/17 npMHu,a KDHT/17 B3'i1Tb KyHeo WTYPMOM ycneXOM He yaeH'Iafl/IICb, TaK 'ITO OH BbtHy)f(,l1,eH 6btn BepHyTbCR Ha 3/IIMH/IIe KBapTMpbt B Jl,OcjJMHe. AacTpMillcKaR apMM>I, KOTOpoilt Tenepb KOMaH/],OBan KH'i/3b /110rBHH Jl06KOB/17Ll,, BbtTeCH/IIfla /IICnaHCKy/0 1173 CeaepHoill /11mnMM Ha 10r; D/l,HaKo BCKOpe aBCTp117MU,bl 6btn/17 OCTaHOBneHbl y BenneTpM o6be/l,MHeHHbtM /IICnaHO-HeanonMTaHCK/IIM BOMCKOM 117 pa36117Tbt( 11 aarycm). KHR3bflo6KOBMU, OTCTYnMn Ha ceaep, HO /IICnaHU,bl 6btfl/17 Cfl/IIWKOM cna6bt, 'IT06bt pewMTbCR Ha npecne/l,oBaHMe. K KDHu,y 1011.a AacTpM'il 117 Cap/l,MHM'il Ha/],e)((HO ynpO'I/IIfl/17 CBOM KOHTPOflb Ha/1, /l,Ofl/IIHOM no. MapT 1745 r. B BOIIIHY BCTYnAET rEHYSI. K co103y C/JpaHu,MM, /ITcnaH/17117 117 Heanon'il npMcOe/1,/IIH/17nacb leHy'il. /11cnaHCKa'il apMM'il reHepana rpacpa /11oaHHa 11.e /areca 117 cjJpaHU,Y3CKaR nO/], KOMaH/l,OBaHMeM Mapwana >KaHa 11.e Mai1e6ya o6be/l.MHMnM C/llflbl /Q)((Hee nb>l'leHU,bl. HeKOTOpoe apeM'il noMaHeapMpoaaa, C0/03H/17K/17 o6pen/17 Ha/1, /11oraHHOM Jl06KOB/17U,eM TaKT/II'IeCKOe npeMMyUJ,eCTBO /17 np117 5aCC/17Hb>IHO HaronoBY pa36MnM cap/l,MHCKY/0 apMM/0 (27 ceHTR6pR), nocne 'lero TYT )((e 3axaaTMnM AneccaHAPMID 117 /l,pyrMe KpenOCT/17 B /l,Ofl/IIHe no. Anpenb-Ma~ 1746 r. 1.1H1>1U.1>1ATI>1BA OnSITb nEPEXOAI.1T KABCTP1.11i1LJ.AM. /113 AacTp/17117 npM6btnM nD/],KpenneH/17>1, 'ITO cmno B03MO)((HbtM B pe3yflbTaTe nO/],nMCaH/17>1 MMpa c C/JpM/l.PMXOM II; 3TO no3aonMno aacTpMillcKoill apMM/17, KOTOpoill Tenepb KOMaH/],Oaan Mapwan MaKCMMMnMaH YnMCC, rpacp cjJOH 5poyH, CHOBa 3aXBaT/17Tb /17H/17U,/17aT/17By. 16 1.110HSI 1746 r. 51.1TBA nPa.-1 nbSI"'EHLJ.E. nocne/l,onroro 117 'lpe3Bbt'lai1Ho 3anyTaHHOIO M8HeBp117pOBaH/17'il ( OC06eHHO np/17 3TOM OTfl/17'1/llflC'i/ Mapwan >KaH 11.e Mai1e6ya) npo-

/1730Wfl0 KpynHOe cpa)((eH/IIe, B KOTOpOM H/17 cjJpaHKO-/IICnaHCKOM apM/17/17 nO/], KOMaH/l,OB8H/17eM 117HcjJ8HT8 /l,OH8 C/JMn/llnna, H/17 8BCTpO-C8p/1,117HCKOM He y/],anocb /l,06MTbC'il pewa10w,ero nepeaeca . EcnM 6bt /l.OH C/JMnMnn He Mewan Mapwany 11.e Mai1e6ya, nocne/l,HMill MOr 6bt O/l,ep)((aTb no6e11.y; a TaK cjJpaHU,y3CKa'i/ /17 117Cn8HCKa'i/ apM/17/17 OKa3afl/17Cb pa3be/],/17HeHbl /17 6btn/17 Bb/H}')K.ll,eHbl OTCTYnMTb. 12 aBrycTa 1746 r. 51>1TBA nPI-1 POTTOC!>PEAAO . Mapwan >KaH 11.e Mai1e6ya OT6Mn npecne/],oaaawMx era aacTpMillu,ea 117 /l,06panC'il/l.D /eHy/17. CeHTS16pb 1746 r. B3SITI.1EABCTPI>11i1LJ.AMI.1 rEHYI>i. npM6btTMe apM/17117 Mapwana MaKCMMMnMaHa YnMcca , rpacpa cjJoH 5poyHa,BbtHy-

535 /1,/llflO )/(aHa /],e Mai1e6ya OTCTynMTb B/l,Oflb PMBbepbt BO C/JpaHU,/1710; 8BCTp117MU,bl 38XB8T/17fl/17 /eHy/0. 5-11 AeKa6pSI 1746 r. rEHY33CKOE BOCCTAHI>1E. B pe3ynbTaTe era aacTp/IIMU,bl 6btfl/17 /173/H8Hbl. HeHB/],Ofl/0 BOCCTaHOB/IIfl/IICb nyT/17 C006UJ,eH/17R C C/JpaHU,/IIeM, HOB H8'18ne cne/l,y/Ow,ero ro/l,a aacTpMiiiU,bt CHOBa OCa/1,/llfl/17 IOp0/1,. 1747-1748 rr. Cl>PAHU.Y3bl nEPEXBATbiBAIOT 1>1H1.1LJ.I>1ATI>1BY. QJpaHu,y3cKaR apMMR no/1, KOMBH/l.OBaHMeM Mapwana WapnR flyM Or/OcTa C/JyKe, repu,ora 11.e 5enb/11nR, nepewna 'lepe3 npMMOpCK/IIe Anbnbt 117 BbtHYAMna aacTpMillu,ea CH'i/Tb OCa/],yC /eHy/17 (117/0flb 1747 r.). npecne/],yeMb/8 BOMCKaM/17 /],e 5enb/11nR, aBCTp117MU,bl OTCTynMfl/17 B flOM-

- -·- -- -····-·- - - --- --·-·····--------· ,........

536

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

6ap,ll,VIIO. 5onbwe 3Ha ~VITenbH b!X 6oeBbiX.D.ei1cTBVIM B XO,ll,e KaMnaHVIVI He npoVIcxo.aVIno. K KOHJ4Y BOMHbl aacTpVIMJ4bl no-npe)f(HeMy y.aep)f(VIBanVI 6onbWYIO ~acTb MVInaHcKoro repJ40rcTaa.

5oes&Ie .qencTBHR Ha Mope

1739-1743 rr. BO"'HA1113-3A YXA A>KEHKIIIHCA. 9Ta KonoHVIanbHaH BOMHa, 3aBH3aBWaf/Cfl Me)f(.D.Y AHmVIe£1 VI l1cnaHVIei1 s KapV16cKoM 6accei1He, acKope cTana ~ac TbiO 6onee KpynHoro KOH!j)nVIKTa.

HoS16pb 1739 r. BEPHOH 3AXBATbiBAET nOPTO-EiE11110 (Hm'l, HHa4e, nopTo-Benbo). 1740 r. BEPHOH OTEiiiiT OT KAPTAXEHbl. CeHTS16pb 1740 r.- HIOnb 1744 r. KPYrOCBETHOE n11ABAHIIIE EiAPOHA 3HCOHA. 9cKa.ape KOMMO,ll,Opa j},)f(Op,ll,)f(a 9HCOHa 6blfl8 nocmsneHa 3a.aa~a coaepwaTb pe£1.D.bl Ha VICnaHCKVIe npV16pe)f(Hb/e TVIXOOKeaHCKVIe Bna,ll,eHVIf/. /113 BCeM 3CKa,ll,pbl o6orHYTb Mb/C tOpH y.aanocbnVIWb rj)narMaHCKOMY KOpa6niO «fl,eHT}'pVIOH». 8 Te~eHVIe ,ll,Byx neT KOMMO,ll,Op 9HcoHpa3opHn3ana,ll,Hoeno6epe)f(be o6eVIx AMepVIK, a 3aTeM oTnnblfl Ha 3ana.a Ha nepexaaT 3HaMeHVIToro MaHVInbcKoro raneoHa, nocne ~ero npo.aon)f(VIn nYTb Ha 3ana.a, coaepwVIB KpyrocaeTHoe nna aaHVIe.

1742-1744 rr. Ei110KAAA TYJlOHA. XoTH o¢VI!4VIanbHO aoi1Ha Me)f(.ay C!JpaHJ4VIei1 VI AHmVIeM o6bHBneHa He 6b!fla , B Te~eHVIe HeCKOnbKVIX neT 6pVITaHJ4bl 6nOKVIpOBanVI ( nyCTb VI He CTOnpOJ4eHTHO nnOTHO) TynoH, r.ae cToHn Ha npVIKone o6be.D.VIHeHHbiM rj)paHKO-VICnaHCKVIM ¢noT. lnaaHaH 14enb 6noKa.D.bl 3aKn10~anacb s TOM, ~To6b! aocnpenHTCTBOBaTb VIGna HJ4a M ,ll,OCTa Bnf/Tb MOpeM no.aKpenneHVIH CBOVIM cyxonYTHbiM BOMCKaM B l1TanVIVI.

a.aMVIpanoa .ae fla6p10i1epa .ae KypTa VI .aoHa Xoce Haaappo. HanepexaaT VIM OTnpaBVInCH aHrnVIMCKVIM rj)noT ( npVIMepHO TaKOM )f(e ~VICneH HOCTVI, ~TO VI rj)paHKO-VICnaHCKVIM) no.a KOMaH.aoaaHVIeM a.aMVIpana ToMaca M3Tbl03a. nonaraH, 6y,ll,TO .ae fla6p10i1ep nb!TaeTCH Bb/MaHVITb ero Vl3 npV16pe)f(Hb/X BO,ll,, ~T06bl VICnaHJ4bl CMOrnVI OTnpaBVITb B l1TanVIIO TpaHcnopT c no.aKpenneHVIfl MVI, MaTb/03 npVIKa3an HeMe,ll,fleHHO aTaKOBaTb, .aa)f(e He ,ll,O)f(VI,ll,aHcb, noKa rj)noT 3aBepWVIT KVInbBaTepHoe noCTpOeHVIe- 6onbwe aceroaHrnVI~a HVIH onacancH, ~TO .ae fla6p10i1ep MO)f(eT YCKOnb3HYTb. 0pVIKa3 ero 6bm HeaepHo noHHT; a s cny~ae noMO~HVIKa MaTbl03a, a.aMVIpana PVI~ap.aa fleCTOKa, HenOHVIMaHVIe HaaepHHKa 6b!flo HaMepeHHbiM. B pe3ynbTaTe VICXO,ll, 6VITBbl f/BVInCH HeOnpe.aeneHHbiM; aHmVIMCKOMyrj)noTy 6blfl npVI~VIHeH HeCKOnbKO 6onbWVIM y~ep6, ~eM rj)paHKO-VICnaHCKOMY MaTb/03 6bm OT,ll,aH no.a TpV16yHan VI yaoneH co cny)f(6bl 3a Heco6niO.aeHVIe «50eBb/X HaCTaBneHVIM». fleCTOK )f(e, KOToporo cne.aoaano ocy,ll,VITb 3a HeBbmonHeHVIe npVIKa3a, onpaB,ll,aH 6naro.aapH nonVITVI~ecKoMy .aaaneHVIIO.

MapT-anpenb 1744 r. <t>PAHLI,Y3CKAs:l YrP03A BJlA-MAHWE. C!JpaHJ4Y3CKVIM ,ll,eCaHT roTOBVInCf/ OTnnb/Tb s AHrnVIIO Vl3 )J.IOHKepKa, a rj)paHJ4Y3CKVIM rj)noT B COCTa Be 20 nVIHeMHb/X Kopa6nei1 no MeHbwe£1 Mepe .aaa)f(,ll,bl oTnnb!Ban Vl3 5pecTa VI Wep6ypa .anH conpoBO)f(,ll,eHVIH .aecaHTHb!X TpaHcnopTOB. HecMOTPH Ha WKBanbHb/e BeTpbl, fla-MaHW npO,l],On)f(an naTpynVIpOBaTb aHrnVIMCKVIM rj)nOT no.a KOMaH,ll,OBaHVIeM 84-neTHero a.aMVIpana capa )J.)f(OHa HoppVIca, VI ¢paHJ4Y3bl He pVICKHynVI npopb!BaTbCf/.

1745 r. 3KCnEAIIILI,IIIs:l B JlY-

CKOE MOPCKOE CPA>KEHIIIE.

IIICEiYPr. 25 HIOnSI 1746 r. HErAnATAMCKOECPA>KEHIIIE. Bxo.aeHerope-

C!JpaHKO-VICnaHCKVIM rj)nOT OTnnblfl Vl3 TynoHa Ha lOr no.a KOMaH,ll,OBaHVIeM

waiO~eronepeaeca He y.aanocb.ao6VITbCH HVI rj)paHJ4Y3CKOMY a,l},MVIpa-

11 <IJespanSI 17 44 r. TYJlOH-

ny 5epTpaHy-C!JpaHcya-Mare fla6yp.aoHHe, HVI aHmVIMCKOMY KOMMO,l],Opy 9.ayap.ay 0eMTOHY 0o)f(anyi1, HeKOTOpoe TaKTVI~eCKOe npeVIMy~e CTBO 6blnO BCe-TaKVI Ha CTOpOHe ¢paHJ4Y30B, .aa VI y~ep6 aHmVI~aHe noHeCnVI HeCKOnbKO 6onbWVIM. 0e£1TOH yaen rj)nOT, n03BOnVIB rj)paH!4Y3aM 3axaaTVITb Ma.apac.

3 MaSI 1747 r. nEPBOE CPA>KEHIIIE Y MbiCA IIIHIIICTEPPE. KOMMO,ll,Op j},)f(OH 9HCOH C 14 KOpa6nHMVI nepexaaTVIn rj)paHJ4Y3CKVIM KapaaaH, we.awVIM s conpoao)f(,ll,eHVIVI acKa,ll,pbl Vl3 9 Kopa6nei1 no.a KOMaH.aoaa HVIeM a,ll,MVIpana ,ll,e fla-)/(OHKbepa. 0TBa)f(HOaTaKOBaB, 9HCOH6necrn~e npoaen 6oi1 VI 3axsaTVIn ace rj)paHJ4Y3CKVIe BOeHHb/e KOpa6nVI , a TaK)f(e HeCKOnbKO TpaHcnopTHb/X.

0KTS16pb 1747 r. BTOPOECPA>KEHIIIE Y MbiCA IIIHIIICTEPPE. B aHanorVI~HbiX o6cTOHTenbcTaax a.aMVIpan 9.ayap.a XoyK c 15 Kopa6nHMVI BCTpeTVIn rj)paHJ4Y3CKVIM TpaHcnopT, HanpaanHBWVIMCH s BecT-l1H.D.VIIO s conpOBO)f(,ll,eHVIVI 3CKa,ll,pbl Vl3 9 KOpa6ne£1 no,l], KOMaH,l},OBaHVIeM a,l},MVIpana .ae fleTeH.aya. CVInbl 6blflVI oTHIO.D.b He CTOnb HepaBHb/MVI, KaK 3TO MO)f(eT noKa3aTbCfl, nOTOMY ~TO 8 Vl3 9 rj)paHJ4Y3CKVIX KOpa6ne£1 6b!nVI KpynHee, ny~we VI 6b!CTpOXO,l},HeM ni060roVI3aHmVIMCKVIX. 9.ayap.aXoyK OTBa)f(HO npoaen 6oi1, npaKTVI~ecKVI VlrHOPVIPYfl «50eBb/e HaCTasneHVIfl», VI 3aXBaTVIn BCe rj)paHJ4Y3CKVIe 6oeBb/e KOpa6nVI, KpOMe ,ll,Byx. TpaHCnopTbl, npa a.aa, cyMenVI TeM apeMeHeM YCKOnb3HYTb, HanpaBnf/f/Cb npe)f(HVIMKypCOM, s BecT-l1H.D.VIIO. O.aHaKO a.aMVIpan XoyK Bblcnan wn10n npe.aynpe,l],VITb 5pVITaHCKVIM BecT-l1H.acKVIM ¢noT o npV16nVI)f(eHVIVI KapaaaHa, VI TOT6blfl no~TVI nonHOCTbiO 3aXBa~eH y 00,l},BeTpeHHb/X OCTpOBOB.

0KTS16pb 17 48 r. r ABAHCKOE CPA>KEHIIIE. A.D.MVIpan L{apnb3 Hoyn3 pa36VIn VlcnaHcKoro a.aMVIpana Pe.a)f(o; XOTH 6VITBa 6bma ~pe3Bbl ~ai1Ho O)f(eCTO~eHHOM, O,l},HaKO nepeBeCa aHrnVI~aHe .ao6VInVIcb aecbMa He3Ha~VITenbHOrO.

3AnALJ.HAs:l EBPOnA

537

3AIIA,WIAH EBPOIIA BEJIHKOEPIITAHIIH fiiMeHHO B 3TI1 nOnBeKa B03HI1Kna e/],11Hafl Beni1K06pi1TaHI1fl - B03HI1Kna 11 CTana 0/],HOM 113 Ml1p0Bb/X ceepx/l,ep>KaB. B 3TOT >Ke nep11011. 3aBepWI1flaCb nocne/],Hflfl B 11CTOpl111 AHml111 nonHoMacwm6Hafl 6opb6a 3a npecron, a c HeJO KOH'II1nacb 11 yrpo3a BHYTPeHHe£1 6e3onacHOCTI1 rocy/J,apcTBa.

<Deapanb 1699 r. AKT 0 POCnYCKE. CrpeMf/Cb orpaHI1'111Tb y'laCTI1e Bl1nbrenbMa Ill Op aHcKoro B KOHTI1HeHTaflbHb/X BOMHaX, napnaMeHT npi1Hflfl 3aKOHOnpoeKT, CamacHO KOTOpOMy '111CfleHHOCTb perynRpHOM apMI111 COKpaw,anaCb /],0 7 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoeeK.

12 11110HSI 1701 r. AKT 0 nPECTOJ10HACI1EAL>1L>1. n ocTaHOBne-

19 MapTa 1702 r. CMEPTb BL>111brEJ1bMA Ill OPAHCKOrO. nocKOflbKY era >KeHa, Koponeea MaPI1fl, yMepna paHbwe ( 28 /],eKa6pR 1694 r .) , rpoH nepewen K ee Mna/],we£1 cecrpe AHHe.

MapT 1708 r. SIKOB 3AYAPA BbiCA>KL>1BAETCSI B WOTJ1AHAL>1L>1. OH 6blfl Cl1flbHO pa3o'lapoeaH

1 MaR 1707 r. COI03 AHrl1L>1L>1 C WOTJ1AHAL>1EIIi. 8 pe3ynbTaTe

KaK OTCYTCTBI1eM HapO/],HOM nO/],/],ep)f(KI1, TaK 11 TeM, 'ITO 3a HI1M He GyM en nocne/],OBaTb <:{JpaHJ4Y3CKI1M 3KCne/],11J4110HHb/M KOpnyc; npaB/l,a, 'laCTb <:{JpaHJ4Y3CKoro <:{Jnom A06panacbTaKI1 /],0 3afli1Ba ¢epT-O</J-¢OpT, HO 6onbWI1HCTBO Kopa6nei1 pa3Memna 6yp>1. CmpbJ£1 npereH/],eHT Hl1 c 'leM BepHyflCf/ BO (])paH/41110.

era o6pa3oeanocb Coe/1,11HeHHoe Koponeecreo Beni1Ko6pi1TaHI1fl.

AarycT 1710 r. nAAEHL>1E nPABL>1TEJ1bCTBA BL>1rOB. K enacr11

21 OKTR6pR 1707 r. rL>16EJ1b AAML>1PAJ1A KJ1AYAL>1CJ1L>1 WOBEJ111A. Kor/],a em 3CKa/],pa B03Bpa-

np11wn11 epar11 rep14ora Manb6opo 113 napTI111 T0pl1.

1702-1714 rr. U.APCTBOBAHL>1E KOPOJlEBbl AHHbl. 0Ha cmn a nocne/],HI1M aHmi1MCKI1M MOHapXOM 113 /l,OMa Cr10aproe.

w,anacb 113 TynoHa, wecrb Kopa6nei1 Hanerenl1 Ha pw:{Jbl y OCTPOBOB Cl1nfll1. Tp11 113 HI1X n0r116n11 - B TOM '111Cne <:{JnarMaHCKI1i1 c WoeennoM Ha 6opry.

AeKa6pb 1711r. rEPU.Or MAJ1b60PO OTCTPAHSIETCSI OT KOMAHAOBAHL>1SI. HOBbli1 napnaMeHT, r/],e 60flbWI1HCTBOM pacnonaranl1 mp11, /],ei1cTBoean 113 coo6pa>KeHI1i1, B nepey10 o'lepe/l,b, non11r11-

HI1eM napnaMeHTa n ocne KoponeBbJ AHHbl, BTOpo£1 /],O'Iep11 fllaKOBa If, KOpoHa /],Ofl>KHa 6b!fla nepei1TI1 K /aHHOBepCKOM np11H14ecce Co¢m11 (BHY'IKe fllaKoea I) 11 ee noTOMKaM. Bee nocne/l,y10w,11e MOHapxl1 /l,Ofl>KHbl 6blfll1 6b1Tb npoTeCTaHTaMI1 (TaKI1M o6pa30M, OT Hacne/],OBaHI1fl OTCTpaHf/fli1Cb KaTOfll1'1eCKI1e nOTOMKI1 /1/aKoea II no MY>KCK0£1 ni1H1111); MOHapxaM enpe/],b eocnpew,anocb ( npe/l,ynpe>K/l,eHI1e 811nbrenbMY Ill) noKI1/l,aTb crpaHy 6e3 pa3peweHI1fl napnaMeHTa, BTflri1BaTb 5pi1TaHI1/0 B BOMHY 3a 11HOCTpa HHble Bfla/],eHI1fl KOpOHbl 11 np11HI1Ma Tb Ha KOponeBCKY/0 cny>K6y 11HocrpaHJ4eB. CamacHO 3TOMY aKTy, MI1HI1CTpbl C'II1Tafli1Cb OTBeTCTBeHHbiMI1 3a /l,ei1CTBI1fl MOHapxa.

16 ceHTR6pR 1701 r. BO <DPAHU.L>1L>1 YML>1PAET L>1AKOB II. Ha c MeHy eMy B Ka 'lecree npereH/],eHTa Ha 6pi1TaHCKI1M npeCTOfl OT Cr10apme np11wen /1/aKOB 3/l,yap/1,, 113BeCTHbJi1 no npo3B11W,Y Crapbli1 npereH/l,eHT. flJOAOBI1K XIV npi13Han era KoponeM AHml111.

1701-1714 rr. BOIIiHA3AL>1CnAHCKOEHACI1EACTBO.

nexoTa oTpa>KaeT aTatcy B TpaHweHx. nepsaH nonoBIIIHa XVIII B.

538

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

'leCK/11X, XOH/ He /11CKII/O'IeHO, 'ITO

I.\ATI!1».

npe,n,HI811fi8WMecR repu,ory Mallb-

CT8HII7e 8 WOTII8H,ll,/11117, 803rll8811eH-

3TO 6btll0 f/K06117TCKOe 80C-

6opo 068117HeH/11fl 8 pacTpaTe K83eH-

HOe ,ll,)I(OHOM 3pCK/11HOM , rpacfJOM

Hb/X cpe,ll,CT8 6blfl/11 He CTOIIb y)l( 6ec-

MapoM. OH Ha6pall apMM/0 1173 4 Tbt-

nO'I8eHHb/M/11. Ha nocTy KOMaH,n,y/0-

Cf/'1 'leii08eK.

~ero aHmll7i71CKOi71 apM117Bi71 Ha KOHT/11-

HoH6pb 1715 r. 51!1TBbl nPI!1 nPECTOHE 1.1 WEPI!1CDMYPE. noKa

HeHTe era cMeH/1111 repu,or OpMoH,n,,

1727-1760 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHI!1E rEOPrA II. 1727-1729 rr. BOIIIHA C 1!1CnAH1!1Eiil. 1739-1748 rr. BOIIIHA C 1!1CnAH1!1Eiil (Boi-IHa 1.13-33 yxa A>KeHKIIIHCa). 3Ta 80VtHa (KOIIOH/11allbHaf/

O,ll,HaKO cflaKTM'IeCK/11 H08b/Vt naplla-

rpacp Map cpa)l(aiiCfl npM WepM¢My-

/17 MOpCK8fl) npaKTM'IeCK/11 CT8118 '18-

MeHT OTKa3aiiCfl npO,ll,OII)I(aTb y'la-

pe ( 13 HOR6pfl) C 8epHOVt npOTBCT8HT-

CTb/0 80VtHbl 38 A8CTp117i71CKO e H8-

CT808aTb 8 80VtHe.

CKOMY npa8/11TellbCT8Y apMMei1 ,ll,)l(o-

CIIe,ll,CT80.

11 anpenH 1713 r. YTPEXTCKI!1171 AOrOBOP. fliO,ll,08117K X/VoT-

H8 K3Mn6e1111a, repu,ora Apraill11a, -

1740-1748 rr. BOIIIHA3AABCTPI!1171CKOE HACnEACTBO.

,ll,OCT/114b 8 3TOVt 6117T8e peW8/0~ero

Ka3all 8 no.n..n.ep)I(Ke CmpoMy npe-

nepe8eca TaK HMKOMY 117 He y,n,a-

TeH,n,eHTY ( KOTOpbtVt He3aMe,ll,II/11-

IIOCb, -

TellbHO nOKMHYII C/JpaHU,/1110) /17 06bfl-

KOTOp0£1

8/1111 0 np1173HaH/11/11 aHIJI/11VtCKOVt npo-

YMIIIIC, OT611711a YRK06117T08 yKpenlleH-

,n,pyrafl peryllflpHaf/ apM117fl, KOMaH,ll,08all

BOCCTAHIIIE «COPOKA flHT/11»,

reHepall

1745-1746 rr.

TeCTaHTCKOVt KOpOIIe8CKOVt ,ll,/11H8C-

Hb/Vt u,eHTP npecToH; noc11e Tpex-

T/11/11. KpoMe TOrO, OH np117K83811 pa-

,n,He8Horo conpoTM811eHMfl npecTOH-

8 WOTIIaH,ll,/11117, nO,ll,Hf/TOe -

306paTb ( 8peMeHHO) 6epero8bte yK-

CKMe f/K06117Tbl ( KOTOpbtX 803/f18811flll

C08eTaM CTOPOHH/11K08 -

penlleHMfl 8 ,ll,IOHKepKe . K AHm/11117

'llleH napllaMeHT8 OT napT/11117 TOp /11

npMHU,eM Kap11oM 3,n,yap,n,oM CT/0-

OTOWII/11 cflpaHU,y3CK/11e KOIIOH/11allb-

ToMaC C/JopcTep) KanMTYIIMP08all/11

apTOM ( OH )/(e Becellbti1 npMHU. lfap -

Hbte 8118,ll,eHMfl 8 Ce8epHoi1 AMepM-

( 12-14 HOR6pfl).

11117 /1111/11 MOIIO,ll,OVt npeTeH,ll,eHT), Cbi-

Ke: /y,n,30H08 38111178, AK8,ll,/11fl ( C08p.

HOM /11aK08a 3,n,yap,n,a ( Cmporo npe-

Ho8af/ WomaH,ll,Mfl), OCTP08 Hb/OcfJa-

AeKa6pb 1715 r. nPI!15biTI!1E 1!1AKOBA 3AYAPAA. Cmpbti1 npe-

YH,ll,fleH,n, 117 CeHT-KMTTC. /ITcnaHMfl yc-

TeH,n,eHT 8btCa,ll,/1111Cf/ y nMTepxe,n,a /17

13 1.110nH 1745 r. KAPn 3AYAPA OTnnbiBAET 1.13 HAHTA.

T}'n/11118 AHm/11117 IM6pa11mp,

TaK)I(e

,ll,8117HYIICfl H8 /Or, O,ll,H8KO H8CTynlle-

3TO 6btll0 f/K06117TCKOe 80CCT8H/11e 80npeK/11 MOIIO,ll,b/M

TeH,n,eHTa).

npe,n,ocTa8MIIa orpaHM'IeHHbte npa-

H/11e repu,ora Apraill11a 8btHy,n,MIIO era

npaKT/11'/ eCK/11 6e3 conp080)f(,ll,eH/11fl

8 8 H8 pa60TOpr0811/0 8 117Cn8HCK/11X

OTOMT/11 8 MOHTp03; no.n..n.ep)I(88W/11e

OH 8btCa,ll,/1111Cf/ Ha / e6p117,ll,CK/11X OCT-

aMepMKaHCK/11X KOIIOH/11f/X.

era WOTIIaH,ll,CK/11e rOpU,bl nOCTeneH-

p088X(3 a8rycm).

1 asrycTa 1714 r. CMEPTb KOPOnEBbiAHHbl. TpoHnepewell

HO pa36e)l(aii/11Cb, /17 OH Onf/Tb ynllb/11

AsrycT-ceHTH6pb 1745 r. BOCCTAHI!1E KnAHOB. Ha6pa8

K raHH08epcKoMy KYP¢/OPCTY leopr y - CTapweMy CbiHY npMHU,eCCbl

Co¢117117 ( 8HY'IKII7 KOPOIIR /11aKo8a /) .

CeHTH6pb 1715 r. - cpespanb 1716 r. BOCCTAHI!1E «nSITHAA-

(5 ¢e8pallfl 1716 r.). 1718-1720 rr. BOIIIHA~ETbi PEXCTOPOHHErO COI03A. MapT-IIIIOHb 1719 r. 1!1CnAHCKI!1E 3KCnEAI!1L1,1!11!1 B AHrnl!110 1.1 WOTnAHAI!110.

80 C/JpaHU,/11/0

,ll,8YXTb/Cfi'IHYIO apM/11/0 1173 WOTJiaH,n,CK/11X ropu,e8, Kapil 3,n,yap,n, 8b/CTynMII H a 3,n,MH6ypr. TaKT/11'/eCKOe KO M8H,ll,088HII7e

OCy~eCT811flll

T8118HT-

II/118bti71 80eHH biVt, IIOp,ll, ,ll,)I(Op,ll,)l( M10ppei1.

17 ceHTS16pSI 1745 r. B3SITI!1E 3AI!1H5YPrA. Mo11o,n,oi1 npeTeH,n,eHT 38Hflll ropo,n, 117 38MOK Xo11117py,n,, O,ll,H8KO 8Hif1117i71CKII7i71 r apH11730H no,n, KOM8H,ll,088H/11eM reHepa lla ,lJ,)I(OWya

/ecm y,n,ep)l(8113,ll,MH6y p r cKy/O U,MTa,n,ellb.

20 ceHTS16pSI 1745 r. 51!1TBA Y nPECTOHAHCA. Kap11 3,n,yap,n, 117 IIOp,ll, ,ll,)I(Op,ll,)l( M10ppeill H8HBCII/11 peWMTellbHOe nopa)l(eHMe 8Hifi/11VtCKOVt apM/11/11 'I/11CIIeHHOCTb/O OKOIIO 3 Tb /Cf/'1 'leii08eK no,n, KOMaH,ll,08aH/11eM reHe palla c3pa ,ll,)l(oHa Koyna.

HoH6pb-AeKa6pb 1745 r. BTOP>KEH1!1E B AHrn1.110. Kap11 3,n,yap,n, 117 11op,n, ,ll,)l(op,n,)/( M10ppeill, 8 pacnopfl)l(eH/11/11 KOTOpbtX H8XO,ll,/11llaCb apM117fl 'I/11CIIeHHOCTb/O OKOIIO

Tb/Cf/'1 'leii08eK, paCC'I/11Tb/8all/11 Ha

3AnNJ,HA~ TO, 'ITO a AHmMM no,aHMMyr aOCCTaHMe ace, CO'IyacTay/0/..LIMe CTIOapTaM, a TaJOKeHa Henocpe,acTaeHHY/0 noMO/..Lib M3 C!JpaHLJ,MM. B o6oMx oTHoweHMfiX Mono,aoi4 npeTeH,aeHT 6blfl abtHy%,aeH pa30'IapoaaTbCf/. npaa,aa, OH 3aHf/fl Kapnai4n M MaH'IeCTep M ,aa%e ,aowen ,ao JJ.ep6M ( 4,aeKa6pfl). K TOMY apeMeHM MHOrMe M3 no/1,1],ep%aawMx ero woTnaH,acKMX ropu,ea ycnenM ,ae3epTMpoaaTb, a HaacTpe'ly Kapny ,aaMranMcb ,aae MO/..LIHbte aHrflMMCKMe apMMM. B pe3ynbTaTe Kapn 9,ayap,a OTCTynMn Ha ceaep (6,aeKa6pfl) , no nf!TaM npecne,ayeMbtM repu,oroM KaM6epneH,aoM, KOTOpbiM aepHyflCfl M3 C!JpaHLJ,MM.

AeKa6pb 1745 r.- 4>eBpanb 1746 r. OCAJJ.A. CTEPJWIHrA. l133a Henoro,abt repu,or KaM6epneH,a OCTaHOaMflCf/ Ha rpaHMLJ,e , a TeM apeMeHeM Kapn 9,ayap,a 6e3ycnewHO nbtTancfl 3axaaTMTb CTepnMHr.

18 .QeKa6pH 1745 r. nEHP~T CKOE CPA>KEH~E. 0oKa maaHbte CMflbl Kapna 9,ayap,aa OCa%,aanM CTepnMHG apbeprap,a f/K06MToa o,aep%an aepx Ha,a aHrnMMCKMM oTPfl.llOM.

17 HHBapH 1746 r. Ei~TBA Y <1>011 KEPKA. AHmMMCKMM reHepan leHpM XoynM, paHee oTaoeaaaWMM y fiK06MTOa 9,aMH6ypr, abtcTynMn Ha nOMO/..Lib OCa%,aeHHbiM a CTepnMHre, HO 6btn pa36MT KapnoM 9,ayap,aoM M M10ppeeM.

<l>eBpanb-MapT 1746 r. EiE3PE3Y11bTATHbiE EiOEBbiE AE~ CTB~~ B CEBEPHO~ WOT11AHA~~-

8 anpenH 1746 r. HACTYnllEH~E rEPUOrA KAM6EP11EHAA ~3 AEiEPA~HA. Bo maae 9-TbtCf/'1HOM perynflpHoi4 apMMM KaM6epneH,a ,aaMHyncfl K l1HaepHeccy, r,ae CTOfln Kapn 9,ayap,a c 5 TbtCf/'laMM con,aaT(nO'ITM ace -WOTflaH,llCKMe ropu,bt).

16 anpenH 1746 r. Ei~TBA nP~ KY11110AEHE. B nonbtTKe 3acTaTb KaM6epneH,aa apacnnox Kapn 9,ayap,a M nop,a M10ppeu coaepwMnM HO'IHOM Mapw-6pOCOK, HO Ha paccaeTe o6Hap}I)KMnM aHrnM'IaH roToabtMM K 6010. 0o,a CMflbHbiM apTMflnepMMCKMM orHeM yroMneHHbte ne-

EB PO nA

pexo,aoM woTnaH,aLJ,bt TeM He MeHee aTaKOaanM, HO 6btnM OWMTbl aHmMMCKOM nexoToM, a 3aTeM Haronoay pa3rpOMfleHbl HeCKOflbKMMM KaaanepMMCKMMM aTaKaMM. Mono,aoi4 npeTeH,aeHT 6e%an. OKano TbtCfi'IM 'lenoaeK M3 ero WOTflaH,[lCKOM apMMM norM6no M npMMepHO CTOflbKO %e OKa3aflOCb a nneHy. 50flb11JMHCTaO nneHHbiX 6btnM MflM y6MTbl Ha MeCTe, MflM anocne,acTaMM KOflfleKTMaHO Ka3HeHbt ( 3a 'ITO KaM6epneH,a M 3apa6oTan npo3aMI..Lie Mf/CHMK).

Anpenb-ceHTH6pb 1746 r. KAP11 3AYAPA CKPbiBAETC~. X om nocne pa3rpoMa no,a Kynno,aeHOM Mono,aoMy npeTeH,aeHTY 6btfl0 coaepweHHO He Ha 'ITO Ha,aef/TbCfl, OH OCTaflCfl a illOTflaH,llMM. 00'ITM ace 6btaWMe n blflKMe CTOpOHHMKM OTaepHYflMCb oT Hero nocne pa3af/3aHHOM KaM6epneH,aoM KaMnaHMM Teppopa, KOr,aa 60flb11JMHCTaO npe,aao,aMTeneM aOCCTaHMf/ 6btnM 6e3%aflOCTHO Ka3HeHbt. B KOHLJ,e KoHu,oa Kapn 9,ayap,a aepHyncfl ao C!JpaHLJ,M/0 ( 20 ceHrn6pfl).

PAHU:IUI 1701-1714 rr. BO~HA3A~C nAHCKOE HAC11 EACTBO. 1 ceHTH6pH 1715 r. CMEPTb 1110AOB~KA XIV. 1715-1774rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E 1110AOB~KA XV (npaBHyKa JliO.QOBIIIKa XIV; KopoHoBaH 5 neT OT po,qy). 0epabte ro,abt ( 1715-

1723 rr.) pereHTOM npM ManoneTHeM KOpone f/aflf/flCfl nneMf/HHMK fl10,aoaMKa XIV C!JMnMnn II, repu,or OpneaHCKMM; npM HeM aHeWHflfl nonMTMKa C!JpaHU.MM npeTepnena pa3aopoT Ha oH 3aKn10'1Mn col03bt c AHrnMeM M lonnaH,aMeM. 1718-1720 rr. BO~HA ~ETbi

tao·:

PEXCTOPOH HErO COI03A. 1727-1729 rr. BO~HA C ~C nAH~E~. (CM. HM%e.)

1733-1738 rr. BO~HA 3A n011bCKOEHAC11EACTB0.0oee MTOraM C!JpaHLJ,MM ,[lOCTaflaCb floTapMHrMf/. 1740-1748 rr. BO~HA3AAB CTP~~CKOE HAC11EACTBO.

539 llHPEHEMCKlll1 llOJIYOCTPOB ncnAHMH 1 HOH6pH 1700 r. CMEPTb KAP11A II. nocKOflbKY KOPOflb 6btn 6e3,aeTeH, cMepTb ero cnpoaou,Mpoaana aoi4Hy 3a McnaHcKoe Hacne,acTao.

1700-1724 rr. nEPBOE UAPCTBOBAH~E ~Jl~nnA V.

1701-1714 rr. BO~HA 3A ~C nAHCKOEHAC11EACTBO 1718-1720 rr. BO~HA~ETbi PEXCTOPOHHErO COI03A. 1724 r. OTPE~EH~E ~Jl~n nA V. Koponb OTpeKCf/ a nonb3ycaoero CbtHa fliO,aoaMKa I f/aHo ,anf/ Taro, 'IT06bt nonHee nocaf/TMTb ce6fl nonbiTKaM 3anony'IMTb rppaHLJ,y:3CK}'/O KOpOHY.

1724-1746 rr. BTOPOE UAPV. OH

CTBOBAH~E ~Jl~nnA

aepHyncfl Ha McnaHCKMM npecTon, Kor,aa fl10,aoaMK I yMep. 1727-1729rr. BO~HACAHr Jl~E~ ~ PAHU~E~. 0paKTM'IeCKM 6ecKpoaHafl aoi4Ha 3aaf/3anacb M3-3a OTKa3a C!JpaHLJ,MM M AHrnMM no3aonMTb MHrpaHTY Kapny ( CbiHY C!JMnMnna V) npocne,aoaaTb a l1TanMIO, r,ae TOT .£lOfl%eH 6btn npMHf/Tb snaCTb Ha,a repu,orcTaaMM, OTOWe,[lWMMM K HeMy no ycnoaMf/M laarcKoro ,aoroaopa. l1cnaHCKMe aoi4cKa oca,aMnM IM6panTap; He3Ha'IMTeflbHbte MOpCKMe CTOflKHOaeHMfl npOMCXO,llMflM a 8eCTl1H,llMM. Bnpo'leM, 6naro,aapf/ nocpe,aHM'IecTa y rppaHLJ.Y3CKoro nepaoro MMHMCTpa Kap,aMHana AH,ape 9pK/Oflfl ,ae C!JnepM aoeHHbte ,aeMCTaMf/ npaKTM'IeCKM cpa3y npeKpaTMflMCb (MaM 1727 r.), M aCKOpe Ha'laflMCb MMPHbte neperoaopbt ( MaM 1728 r. ). HoH6pb 1729 r. CEB~JlbCK~~ AOrOBOP. C!JpaHU.Mfl M AHmMfl Onf/Tb cornaCMflMCb Ha TO, 'IT06bt MHrpaHT Kapn yHacne,aoaan MTaflbfiHCKMe repu,orcTaa, no,aTaep,aMa TeM caMbtM ycnoaMfl laarcKoro ,aoroaopa. l1cnaHMfl npM3Hana npaaa 5pMTaHMM Ha IM6panmp.

1731 r. ~HAHT KAP11 HAC11EAYET rEPUOrCTBA APHE3E (napMy, nbHLieHu,y Ill TocKaHy). 1733-1738 rr. BO~HA 3A nOJlbCKOE HAC11EACTBO. C!JM-

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

540

L{bl np117H/11M8nM B 60eBb/X/],eMCTB/11RX He3Ha'IMTenbHoe y'laCTII7e.

1747 r. <DPAHU.Y3CKOE BTOP>KEHl1E B Hl1AEPJ1AHAbl. np117 HacTynneHMM 1pacpa MopML{a CaKCOHCKOIO

IOnn8H/1,CKMM

Hap0/1,

B OT'I8>1H/11/11 nO/],HRnCR H8 6ecKpOBHYIO peson/OL{M/0 npOT/118 reHepanbHb/X WT8TOB; WT8TI8nbTepOM CT8n 8117nbiBnbM

OpaHCKMilt, /],anbHMilt

po/J,CTBeHHMK 8MnblenbMa

Ill.

8oilt-

Ha B 3TO BpeMR y>Ke nO/],XO/J,Mna K KOHL{y; AaxeHCKMM ,IJ,omsopoM HM,IJ,epnaH,IJ,bl npaKT/11'/eCK/11 MIHOpMpOB8n/11Cb.

MTAJIMH KaK /11 B npe/],bi/1,YW.fl7e BeKa, /11ranfi7R onRTb npe,IJ,CTaBnRna co6oilt cnnowHoe none 6117TBbl coce,IJ,H/IIX senMK/IIX /],ep>KaB. 8eHeL{MR

jlf

reHyR

npo,IJ,On>Kan/11 npe6bJB8Tb B yna/],Ke,

rpeHaAep Ill IPY311111ep cepeAIIIHbl XVIII B.

B TO BpeMR K8K CaBOMR, CT8BW8R nvtnn V BOCnOnb30B8nCR 8BCTp117MCKOilt

HOC/IITenbH0/0 M117pa /11 pOCTa H8L{/110-

KoponeBCTBOM Cap/1,MHII7R, nocTe-

oKeynaL{fl7eilt Ll,eHTpanbHOilt Esponbl 117

H8nbHOIO /J,OX0/1,8 . HaL{/IIOHanbHbJilt

neHHO npeepaw,anacb

5anKaH, 'IT06bJ pacw117p117Tb CB0/11 cpa-

/J,OX0/1, poe, TaK KaK nocne no/],n/llca-

C/llnbHOe /11 8/peCC/IIBHOe M30 BCeX

caMoe

M/IInbHbJe Bna/],eH/11>1 B /11T8n/11M.

H/IIR MeTyaHCKOI0/1,0/0Bopa 8KT/11Bf17-

MHO/O'IMCneHHb/X /11T8nbRHCKMX KHR-

1733 r. l1CnAHCKOE 3ABOEBAHl1E Cl1U.l111l1l1 l1 HEAnOml.

3117posanacb TOPIOBnR C AHtn/lleilt; K

>KeCTB.

TOMY >Ke, B 5pa3117nfl7117 6blnM 06Hapy-

/ITHcfJaHT Kapn 6bln npoeo3rnaweH

>KeHbl 6olaTeiltwfl7e 3ane>KM none3-

KoponeM o6efi7X Cfi7L{fl7nfl7ilt. Cor-nacHo

HbJX /IICKOnaeMb/X.

1675-1730 rr. U.APCTBOBAHl1E Bl1KTOPA AMAAESI II CABO"'CKOrO l1 CAPAHHCKOrO.

/1,0/0eopy, 38KnJO'IeHHOMY c AecTp/11-

Ha'lano HeyKnOHH0/0 pocra MOW./11 M

eilt, OH ycTynfl7n Tp1171Bpl.{OICTB8 B 06-

Bn/IIRTenbHOCT/11 CasoiltcKOIO Kopo-

MeH H8 npM3H8H/11e HOB0/0, KOponeB-

neBCKOIO /],OM8, 'ITO npMBe/],eT 'lepe3

CK0/0 craryca (

1735 1. ).

(/)MnMnn

V 117

HM)l,EPJIAH)l,hl

Kapn /1,0IOBOp117nfl7cb, 'ITO Koponee-

CTO C nMWHMM neT K 06be/],MHeH/11/0 /ITTanMM.

KOI/1,8 He 6y/1,yr 06be/1,117HeHbl.

cKoe Hacne/],CTBO ronnaH/],CK8R Pec-

13 HOH6pH 1738 r. BEHCKl-1"' AOrOBOP. OH npe,IJ,craenRn co6oilt

,IJ,ep>KaBbl. 8oil1Ha 117CTOW.fl7na KaK

1701-1714 rr. BO"'HA3Al1CnAHCKOEHACI1EACTBO. 1707r.ABCTPH"'U.b13AHl1MAIOT HEAnOilb. /ITcnaHcKMe oK-

p8T/11cfJ/11K8L{/11/0 8BCTp0-/11Cn8HCK/11X

n/0/],CKMe, TaK M cfJ/11H8HCOBb/e pecyp-

KynaL{MOHHbJe 18pH11730Hbl pa36117Tbl /11

cornaweH/IIilt o6 /ITran/11117 117 CML{/IIn/11117.

Cb/ CTp8Hbl.

M3/H8Hbl.

1746-1759 rr. LJ.APCTBOBAHl1E <DEPAl1HAHAA VI (TpeTbero CbiHa <D111mmna V). OH np117Hec ceo-

19 MapTa 1702 r. CMEPTb Bl111brEJ1bMA Ill OPAHCKOrO.

1713 r. YTPEXTCKH"' AOrOBOP. CasoiltR nony'lt1na OT /11cnaHt1t1 Cfi7L{fl7nfi7JO; 8/IIKTOp AMa,IJ,eilt II Caeoilt-

CTBO 06eMX Cfi7L{/11nfl7ilt /11 /ITcnaH/11>1 H/11-

8 pe3ynbraTe eoiltHbl 38 /ITcnaHny6nfi7K8 yTpaTII7na craryc senfi7Koilt

(eHepanbHble WT8Tbl OTK838n/11Cb

eilt CTpaHe /],OniWK/1,8 HHb/M M117p ( /113

BbJnOnHMTb ycnOBMR e10 38BeUJ,a-

46 neT npasneH/IIR e1o OTL{a /11cnaH/11R 40 neT soesana).

H/11R; nO'ITM

45 neT CTp8H8

CKt1ilt 6blfl npt13HaH KoponeM Cfi7L{t1-

06XO/],M-

nfl7117. ABCTP/IIR nony'lt1na Heanonb 117 60nbWt1HCTBO npO'I/IIX /11Cn8HCKt1X

B BOiltHe 38 /11Cn8HCKOe H8Cne/],CTBO,

1702174711.}. 1701-1714 rr. BO"'HA3Al1CnAHCKOEHACI1EACTBO. 1740-1748 rr. BO"'HA3AABCTPl1"'CKOE HACJlEACTBO. Ha

,IJ,flR noprymnfi71173TO 6bm nep/110/1, oT-

nepBOM CTa/],/11/11 KOHcfJn/11KT8 /Onn8H,IJ,-

flOPTYrAnltfR He C'lfi7TaR Hey,IJ,a'IHOIO y'laCT/IIR

naCb 6e3 wrananbTepa (

sna/],eHt1ilt B /11ranfl7t1.

1718 r. no>KAPEBAU.Kl-1"' AOroBOP. MopeR ( nenonOHHeC) OTOwna OT 8eHeL{t1117 K Typl.{117117; 38TO 8eHel.{t1t1 /1,0CTanfi7Cb 6a3bl B An6aH/11t1 117 Jl.anM8L{t1117.

3AnALJ.HAs:l EBPOnA 1718-1720 rr. BOHHA'iETbiPEXCTOPOHHErO COI03A. Ca-

541 we 111 MeHbwe. H8 58nK8H8X ABCTPIIIfl

rEPMAHIUI

npO,!J,Ofl>K8fl8 TeCHIIITb 0CM8HCKYIO

aot/1>~ npaKTIII4eCKIII coxpaH>~na Hei1T-

IIIMnepiiiiO, TOI/1,8 K8K B OCT8flbHOM

panbHOCTb, XOTfl, HeCMOTpfl H8 38-

L/,eHTp8nbH8fl Eapona no-npe)I(-

XB8T 111cnaH48MIII Clll4111flllllll, BIIIKTOP

HeMy CKfl8/],b/B8fl8Cb 1113 MHO)I(eCTB8

AM8,1J,etl1

C8aoi1cKIIIi1 38KnJ04111n

c /11c naHIIIei1 C0/03.

Eapone K8Mn8HIIIfiM 186c6ypma

co-

nyrcTBOB8n nepeMeHHbtt/1 ycnex; He-

He38BIIIC/11Mb/X KHfi>KeCTB : MeflKIIIX,

CMOTPfl H8 3TO, MOUI,b Ill BfllllfiTeflb-

cna 6 b tX Ill 06fl8 /1,8 BWIIIX B OCHOBHOM

HOCTb ABCTp llllll B n p8BfleHIIIe 111Mne-

1720 r. rAArCKHiil AOrOBOP.

caoet/1 M8cce Kp8C1He He3H84111Tenb-

p8TPIIIL(bl M8pllllll- Tepe3111111 ,ll,OCTIIIm/11

C8BOMfl ycryn111n8 Clll4111fliii/O ABCTP/11111

HbtM nOfl/IIT/114eCK/IIM BeCOM. np8B/],8,

3eH/IIT8.

a o6MeH H8 C8p,!J,IIIHIIIIO; BIIIKTOP AM8-

H86fll0/],8fl8Cb HeK8fl TeH/],eHL(/IIfl

30M HeH8B/IICTb/O K C/>p8H4111111 Ill

1658-1705 rr. U,APCTBOBAHHE JlEOnOJlbAA I. 1701-1714 rr. BOHHA3AHCnAHCKOEHACJ1EACTBO. 1703-1 711 rr. BOCCTAH HE B BEHrPHH . He,IJ,oaonbHbte aacT-

cj:Jp8HL(Y38M, B03HIIIKWet/1 npeiiiMy-

PIIIMCKot/1 Bfl8CTb/O BeHrepCK/IIe H8L(/II-

,IJ,etl1

CaaoCicKIIIM cmn 3B8TbCfl Ko-

poneM C8p,!J,IIIHIIIIII.

K 06be,IJ,IIIHeHIIIIO H8 OCHOBe 06ut,erepM8HCK/IIX /IIHTepeCOB Ill nyCTb 38-

1730-1773 rr. U,APCTBOBAHHE KAPJlA 3MMAHYHJ1A I CABOHCKOrO H CAPAHHCKOrO. 1730-1768 rr. nOCTOSIHHbiE BOCCTAHHSI HA KOPCI.1KE. MeCTHbte KOpCIIIK8HCKIIIe Kfl8HOBbte

4 8 T04HO/O, HO n8TpiiiOT/113M8 .

06y-

Cfl 0Bfl/IIB8 fl0Cb 3TO /fl8BHb/M o6pa -

ut,eCTBeHHO 1113-38 48CTb/X BTOp)l(eH/IIM fliO,IJ,OB/IIK8

XIV Ill fliO,IJ,OB/IIK8 XV.

II P8KOL(III.

M>~Te)I(HIIIK/11 ycTaHOB//Ifl/11 KOHTponb

BO>K/1,/11 CT8fl/ll npaKT/114eCK/II He38B/IIC/11Mb/M/II OT /eHy/11, KOTOp8fl B KOH4e

ABCTPHR

KOH/...( 0 8 o6p8T/IIfl8Cb 38 nOMOW,b/0

no4TIII H8,/J,O acet/1 BeHrpllleilt, a B He-

(HnH ABCTpHiifCKBfl HMnepHfl)

K C/>p8HL(IIIIII; C/>p8HL(IIIfl noMoma /e Hye CHOB8 nOKOpiiiTb OCTpOB, nocne

OH8fl/IICTbl nO/],Hflfl/11 BOCCT8HIIIe , KOTOpoe B03m8BIIIn ct>epeHL(

CKOnbKIIIX CflY48fiX H e n ocp e ,!J,CTBe H HO y r po>K8nlll B e H e . Bnpo4eM, n o-

'-IeM ,IJ,anbwe, TeM 6onbwe IIIMne-

cTeneHHO 8BCTp111ML(bl ,!J,06111fl/11Cb ne-

C/>p8HL(IIIIII

pampCKIIIM /],OM /a6c6yp10B 8CCOL(/II-

peaeC8, oco6eHHO nocne nop8)1(e-

IIIPOB8flCfl C npO,!J,0fl)I(8BWet/1 paCW/11-

HIIIfl P8KOL(III y TpeH4111H8 (

1733-1738r~ BOHHA 3A

pfiTbCfl ABCTpiiiMCKOM IIIMneplllet/1, KO-

n8pTIII3 8HCK8fl BOMH8 np0/1,0fl)l(8-

TOp o t/1 l a6c6yp r111 n p8 B IIIfllll Heno-

fl8Cb.

4em

leHyfl npo,!J,8fl8

( 17681.). nOJlbCKOE HACJlEACTBO.

B IIITO-

m >Ke ape-

r e ee 111Cn 8 HCK/IIM 5yp60H8 M /],OCTa-

cpe,!J,CTBeHHO 1113 B e Hbt. B

fl/IICb OT ABCTP/11111 H e8n o nb 111 Cllll...(/11-

M fl OTB eTCTBeHHOCTb / 86c6ypr OB -

nlllfl (

1735 r.).

4//ICTO HOMIIIH8flbH8fl -

1740-1748 rr. BOHHA3AABCTPHHCKOE HACJlEACTBO.

38 Ca>~ut,eH足

HY/0 PIIIMCKY/0 111Mnep11110 ,IJ,flfl repM8HCKOC1 H8L(/II/II 3H84/IIfl8 BCe MeHb-

1705-1711 rr. U,APCTBOBAHHE HOCH<bA I (CbiHa JleononbAa). 1711-1740 rr. LJ,APCTBOBAHHE KAPJlA VI (6paTa Hoc~<t<l>a 1).

___illBEHQAPIUI

.___

B Me)I(,IJ,yHapo,ll,HbtX co6btTIIIfiX oniiiCbtB8eMoro nep111o,1J,a Waei1L(aPIIIfl 111rp8n8 p onb Kp8i1He He3H84111Tenb HYIO . WaeC1L(a p cKIIIe Ha eMHIIIK/11 n o -npe)I(HeMy f!Bnfln/11 co6ot11 KpynHY/0 CTaTb /0 H8L(/IIOH8 flb HOI O /],OX0/1,8, Ill B B OMHe 3 8 IIICn 8 HCKOe H8Cfle/],CTBO K 111x ycnyraM np1116eran111 o6e Hbt. 0,1J,H8KO a

c mpo-

XVIII aeKe y)l(e Henb3 fl

6btfl0 CK838Tb, 4TO Bfl/llf/HIIIe, OK83biB8eMoe WBeML(8 p CK/IIM/II 0Tp fi/1,8 M/II Ha IIICX0/1, cpa)l(e HIIIfl, H e npo n o pJ41110 H8flbHO aen/IIKO n o c p 8BH e HIIIIO c 111x CKpOMHOM4111Cfle HHOCTb/O. '-ITO K8 C8 e TCfl BHyrpeHHet/1 nOfl//IT//IK/11, TO CTp8HY np0/1,0fl)l(8fllll COTpfiC8Tb KOHcj:JniiiKTbl K8T0 fl/II KOB C npOTeCT8 HT8 MIII; n paB/1,8 , K c e pe,ll,IIIHe CTOfleTIIIfl /IIH Te H C /II B HOC Tb M e)I(KOH cj:JeCC/IIOH8 flbHb/X p83,1J,Op0B n OWfl8 H8 y6btflb.

1708 r.).

ABcTpllliiiCKIIIif nonesoiii narepb Ha<~ana XVIII B.

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

542

BAAAEHHR ABCTPHACKHX fABCBYPfOB

TeppHTOpHH. n,pacoeAHHeHHble

~B 167~r. ~ s 40

1699 r. (no Kapi\OBHJ1KOMY

~ o 1714 r. (no PawT81'TCKOMy

~-----~~~~t:~~:_:~7------~~~~~~~~~ mil B (][[]ffi] s

1718r.(no nolltapeoayKOMY

1720 r.

~ o 1735-1737 rr.

£:::1 s ~ ~

1772 r. (no nepsoM y pal!Ae.l\y Pe'tll nocnO.I\IITOII)

o 1775r.

(t739) AaTbl oTnaAeHHll reppiiTOpllll MOHapXHII 120

120

0H Bb/CTynan npe TeH.D,eHTOM OT /a6c6yprDB Ha McnaHCKMVi npecmn B BOVJHe 38 MCn8HCKOe H8Cfle.D,CTBO. Kor.aa eMy .aocmnMCb MMnepcKaR 11 8BCTpMMCK8>1 KOpOHbl, /.13 C0/038 BbJWnM AHmMR 11 HM.aepnaH.D,bJ, paHee - B npOTMBOBeC 5yp60H8M nO.D,.D,ep:>KMB8BWMe npMT>I38H/.1>1 / a6c6yproa.

Mal/1 1711 r. CATHHAPCKHH MHP. BeHrpbl npMH>Ifl/.1 3aaepeHM>I Kapna VI, 'lTD AacTpMR6y.aeT yaa:>KaTb MX H8U,MOH8flbHble npaaa /.1 CB060.D,bl. <PepeHu, II PaKOU,M, no-npe:>KHeMy He Tep>IBWMVI Ha,ae)f(,ll.bl 3anony4MTb aeHrepceyJO KopoHy, 6e:>Kan a Typu,1110. 1716-1718 rr. BOHHACTYPU.HEH. AacTpM>I npMcoe.aMHMnacb

Q6J,l!all t'J!8HH!,18 BAa,a;eHHII piii!CKIIX fa6c6ypros a 1775 r.

K BeHe U,MM, y:>Ke Haxo.aMaweVicR c Typu,MeVi B COCTO>IH/.1/.1 BOVJHbl (c 1714r.). np11 Typeu,KoVi no.a.aep:>KKe <PepeHu, II PaKOU.M aepHyncR a BeHrpl-110, 4T06bl nO.D,H>ITb HOBOe aoccTaHMe, HO noTepnen nonHoe C/JM8CKO. 5 asrycTa 1716 r. 5HTBA nPH nETEPBAPAHHE. KoMaH.aoaa a-

3AnALJ.HAs:l EBPOnA WII7M 60-Tb/CR'IHOM apMMeill np117HU, EareHMill Caaoi1cKMi1 a O){(eCTO'IeHHOM cpa){(eHII7117 pa31pOMII7fl nO'ITII7 150-Tb/CR'IHYJO Typeu,Ky/0 apM11710. noTep117 TypOK COCTaBII7flll7 6 Tb!CR'I 'lenoaeK y6MTbiMII7, 'IMCno paHeHbiX Heii73BeCTHO; KpOMe T0/0, OHM 6poCII7flll7 Ha none 6oR ace cao111 164 nywKM. ABCTp117i1U,bl nOTepRflll7 3 Tb/CR'III7 'leflOBeK y6117Tb/MII7, a OKOflO 2 Tb/CR'I 6blfl0 paHeHO. AsrycT-OKTS16pb 1716 r. OCAAA lA B3SITIAE TIAMIAWOAPbl (1-1m1 TeMewsapa). nocne nRTMHe/],enbHOill OCa/],bl np117HU, EareHII7i13axaaTII7fl nocne/],HJOJO Typeu,KyJO KpenoCTb Ha Tepp117TOp117117 BeHrp117117. IAIOnb-asrycT 1717 r. OCAAA SEnrPAAA. Bo maae 20-TbiCR'IHOill apM117117 EareHMill Caaoi1cKMi1 oca/],Mn 5 enrpatJ. - caMyJO MOLLJ,HYJO Typeu,KYJO KpenOCTb Ha 5anKaHaX, 1/],e CTORfl 30-Tb/CR'IHb/M rapH11730H. noKa npMHU. EareHMill roTOBMnCR K wTypMy, Ha nOMOI..l.l,b OCa)f(,IJ,eHHbiM np1176b!fl C 200-Tb/CR'IHOM apM117ei1 Beflii7KII7M Bll73117pb Xan111n-nawa. 16 asrycTa 1717 r. SEnrPAACKASI SIATBA. noKa OIJ.II7H aacTp117i1CKII7i1 OTPRIJ. OT6111aan nOnbJTKY Bblna3KII7 rapH11730Ha, EareHMill Caaoi1CKII7i1 B Tll7nii7'1HOM/],flR Hero MaHepe OTBa){(HO aTaKoaan maBHbie T)lpeu,KMe cMnbi. HecMoTpR Ha paHeHMe ( 13-e 111 nocne/],Hee a era Kapbepe) , npMHU. EareHMill He nDKMHyn nonR 6oR 111 Har onoay pa3r poMMn TypoK, 'IbM noTep117 OU,eHII7Baflii7Cb B 20 Tb/CR'I 'leflOBeK. ABCTp117i1U,bl noTepRflll7 OKOflO 2 TbJCR'I 'lenoaeK. BcKope 5enrpatJ. KanMTynMpoaan (21 aarycm). 1717-1718 rr. ABCTPIAIIICKIAE YCnEXIA HA SAnKAHAX. np117HU, EBIBH117i1 Caaoi1CKII7M1171J.PYIII1e aBCTp117i1CKII7e BOeHa'laflbHII7KII7 3aHRflll7 6onbWYJO 'laCTb Cep6111111, BanaXII7117 117 5aHaTCKOi1 npOBII7HU,II7117. np117HU, EareHMill y)J(e Ha'IMHan coaepweHHO cepbe3HO nnaHMpoaaTb KaMnaHMJO HenocpetJ.CTBeHHO npoTMB CmM6yna, KOrtJ.a TYPKM npetJ.flO)J(fl7flll7 MMp. HeCMOTpR Ha TO 'ITO nOTepneawaR HetJ.aBHO PRIJ. Hey/J,a'l a Mopee BeHeU.MR CTpeMMnaCb npO/J,Qfl)J(aTb BOMHy, Kapn VI, KaK 111 Typeu,KMill cynmH, TOponMnCR 3aKfli0'1117Tb M117p, 'IT06bJ /],Qfl){(Hb/M o6pa30M OTBeTII7Tb Ha 117C-

naHCKyJO arpeCCII710 117 OTBeCTII7 yrpo3Y OT aBCTp117i1CKII7X Bfla/],eHII7i1 B fi1Taflll7117 111 Ha CaptJ.117HII7117. 21 1-110nS1 1718 r. nO>KAPEBALJ.KIAIII AOrOBOP. CamacHo era CTaTbRM, ABCTp117117/],0CTanii7Cb paiiiOH TMMMwoapbi (TaKMM o6pa3oM, oTaoeaaHMe BeHrp111111 3aaepwMnocb), 'laCTb Banax111111 111 5enrpatJ.. BeHeu,MR 6b!fla BbJHy)f(,IJ,eHa OTKa3aTbCR OT Mope117, HO nony'IMna HOBbie np1176pe){(Hbie 3eMnll7 a An6aHMII7 111 ,ll,anMaU,MM. 1718-1720 rr. BOIIIHA'-IETbiPEXCTOPOHHErO COI03A. 1733-1738 rr. BOlli HA 3A nOnbCKOEHACnEACTBO. 1737-1739 rr. BOIIIHACTYPU.IAEIII. Bee 111TOie 6onbWaR 'laCTb 3eMenb, tJ.OCTaawMXCR AacTp117117 no no)J(apeBaU,KOMY /],0/0BOpy, 6bJfla yTpa'leHa . 1740-1780 rr. U.APCTBOBAHIAE MAPIAIA-TEPE31AIA. 0Ha 6bma ra6c6yprcKoi1 Koponeaoill 5oreMII7117 111 BeHrp117117, a TaK){(e 3pu,repu,orMHei1 AacTp117117. BnocnetJ.CTBII7117 ee MY){( CTafl 117MnepaTOpOM (CM. Hfi7)J(e), TaK

543 'ITO npaKTII7'1eCKII7 OHa 6blfla eLLJ,e 117 u,apcTByJOLLJ,ei1MMnepaTpMu,ei1. 1740-1748 rr. BOIIIHA3AABCTPIAIIICKOEHACnEACTBO. 1742-1745 rr. U.APCTBOBAHIAE KAPnA VII HA IAMnEPATOPCKOM nPECTOnE. Cpa3y nocne era 11736paHMR He/J,onroe apeMR npaBMn maBHbiill npoTMBHMK Map111111- Tepe3117117 6aaapcKMi1 Kyp<jJJOpcT Kapn Anb6pexT. He YMPM TOT ao apeMR BOMHbl, npaKTII7'1eCKII7 HaaepHRKa 6blfl 6bJ Hll73flO){(eH. 1745-1765 rr. U.APCTBOBAHIAE PAHU.A I HA IAMnEPATOPCKOM nPECTOnE. QJpaHu, flomPII1HICKII1i1, MY){( Map111111- Tepe3117117, OCHOBan flOTap117H/CKO-/a6c6yprCKII7MII7MnepaTOpCKII7M/],OM; 3Ta /],117HaCTII7'1eCKaR flii7HII7R npO/J,Qfl)J(aflaCb aT Map111111- Tepe3117117.

flPYCCIIffl K KOHU.Y XVII aeKa KYP<PJOpwecTao 5paHtJ.eH6yprcKoe cmno Ha1116onee MoryLLJ,eCTBeHHbiM 1173 ceaeporep-

ConAaTbl npyccKoi'i apMIIIIII. Ha'lano XVIII B.

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

544

M8HCKII/X /OCy/1,8pCT8. 3TIIIM OHO 6blfl0 06fi38HO YCIIIfllllf/M /1,8YX 8efliiiKIIIX np88111Tenei/t 1113 /],IIIH8CTIIIIII tOieHLI,OflflepH08: QJplll/1,piiiX8-BIIIflbleflbM8 ( BeniiiK0/0 KYPcfJIOpcm) 111 em Cb/H8 QJplll/1,piiiX8 ne

KOTOpbtilt B H8'18-

XVIII B . B3owen H8 KoponeBCKI!Iilt

TPOH npyCCII/111. Molyi..LI,eCT80 Ill 8flll/'i/TeflbHOCTb npyCCII/11/ 803p0Cflll/ nplll CbtHe QJpiii/1.PIIIX8 ,-enbMe -

I QJpiii/1.PIIIXe- BIIInb-

TpeTbeM no/],pfl/1, ClllflbHOM

np8BIIITene. CT8pWeiO CBOeiO Cb/H8 QJpiii/J,plllx BlllnblenbM npe3pi!ITenbHO C'iii/T8fl Cfl868KOM, 0/],H8KO 11/MeHHO TOMY 6btfl0 Cy)f(/],eHO nO/], I!IMeHeM QJpiii/1.PIIIX8

Beni!IK0/0 npe8p8TII/Tb

npyCCIII/0 B BefliiiKY/0 /1,ep)f(8BY Ill 38flO)f(I!ITb OCHOBbl COBpeMeHHOM /epM8HII/I!I.

K cepe/1,11/He

BeK8 QJplll/l,plllx

H8 ypOK8X /J,BYX He/],Ofl/11/X, HO no-

6e/],OHOCHbiX 80iltH npe8p8TIIIflC'il 8 0/],H0/0 11/3 8eflii/'18MWIIIX nOflK080/],U,eB B 11/CTOpllllll. Bnpo'leM, m8BHbte

rpeHaAePCKI1VI neVI6-6aTanbOH. 1740-e rr.

C8011/ no6e/],bl OH O/],ep)f(8fl y)f(e 80 8TOpoi/t nOfl0811/He 8eK8.

CTBA. QJpiii/J,PIIIX I npo8o3m8CIIIn

8 61!1T88X np111 5neHxeiltMe, P8MIIIMIII,

1688-1713 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHL!1E<DPLI1APL11XAI. np8BIIITbOHH8 -

ce6H KoponeM.

Ay/1,eH8p/1,e 111 M8nbnn8Ke. YTpexT-

1701-1714 rr. BOiiiHA3AL!1CnAHCKOE HACnEACTBO. npyc -

CKIIIM /1,0/0BOpOM , nO/],niiiC8HHb/M

'18n, ei..LI,e HOCfl TIIITYfl Kyp</J10pCT8 5p8H/],eH6ypiCKOIO.

CKI!Ie no/],p83/],eneHI!I'il oco6eHHO OT-

6btfl npiii3H8H CT8TYC npyCCII/111 K8K

18 SIHBapSI 1701 r. OCHOBAHL!1E nPYCCKOrO KOPOnEB-

fllll'llllflii/Cb, KOI/1,8 C80III 8eni!IKI!Ie no-

KOpone8CTB8.

6e/1,bt O/],ep)f(1!188n ,-epu,o,- M8nb6opo

1713-1740 rr. U,APCTBOBAHL!1E<J>PL11APL11XA-BL!1nbrEnbMA.

BCKope nocne c MepTIII QJpiii/1.PIIIX8

np111 HeM npyCCK8fl 8pMI!Ifl B03p0Cfl8 /1,0

80 Tb/Cf/'1 'leflOBeK,

TO eCTb nO OT-

HOWeHII//0 K '111/CfleHHOCTII/ H8C ene HIII'il 'i18fl'ilfl8Cb C8MOM KpynHOM 8 £ 8 pone ; CO/],ep)f(8Tb ee QJpiii/J,PIIIXyBIIInbrenbMY Y/1.8B8flOCb IIICKfl/0'1111TenbHO 6n8I0/1.8Pfl )f(eCT0'18iltweilt ::JKOHOMII/111 Ill Befli!IKOM CKynOCTIII. Con/1,8 TbtpeKpyTIIIpOB8fli!ICb (38'18C TYIO H8CIIIflbCTBeHHO 111n111 o6M8HOM) 1113 C8MOIO oTpe6bH; o¢111u,epos )/(e npi!IX0/1,11/flOCb 8Ce-T8KII/ np1!13b/88Tb H8 cny)f(6y 1113 P'il/1.08 8PIIICTOKP8TIIIIII. C nOMOI..l..l,b/0 )f(efle3HOM /1,/!ICU,IIInflii/Hb/ Ill )f(eCTO'I8MWeilt Tlllp8HI!IIII CTOflb HenO/],XO/],fii..LI,IIIM 'leflOBe'leCKIIIM M8Tep1118fl 6bm npeo6p830B8H B ny'IWY/0 8 E8pon e 8PMIII/O ('ITO K8C8eTC'il MYWTpbtlll T. n., TO QJpiii/J,PIIIXy-811/flbleflbMY nOMOiafl HenpeB30M/1,eHHbtilt cneu,lll8fliiiCTBBOnpoc8x8pMeiltcKoilt OPI8HII/38U,IIIIII !710/J,OBIIIK, KHf/3b AHX8flbT-,[{eCC8yCKIIIM) .

npyccKaH nexoTa

24SIHBapS11713 r. PO>KAEHL!1E KAPnA-<DPL11APL11XA. EMy- 'leT-

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA eepTOMY U3 4eTblpHa.tJ,U.aTU .tJ,eTeW 4>pu.apuxa-BunbrenbMa - 6bmo c'Y)K.aeHo cTaTb 4>pu.apuxoM II BenuKMM.

1730 r. <W~AP~X nP~fOBO PEH K CMEPT~. Kor.aa Kapn-4>pu.apux y6e)l(an M3 .aoMy, 4>pu.apuxBunbrenbM 3af!eun, 4TO ero «cna6aKa-cbJHa» cne.ayeT «y.aaeuTb 3a .ae3epTupcTBO». nowTM Ha nonf!THY/0 KOPOflb 6bJn BbiHY>K;tleH flUWb B CBfi3U C yrp030W /l,BOPJ..tOBOTO Mf!Te)l(a, a Ta/OKe U3-3a npoTeCTOB UHOCTpaHHb/X nocnoe.

1740-1786 rr. L.\APCTBOBAH~E <PP~AP~XA II. Ero nM4HOCTb,

/l,OCTU)I(eHUfi U .aapoeaHUfi npOCTOMY- .aa U KaKOMY 6bJ TO HU 6bJnO aHanu3y cxo.ay He no.a.aa/OTCR C o.a-

HOW CTOPOHbl, OH 6bJn J<YflbTYPHbJM, o6pa30BaHHbJM, TOHKO 4YBCTBYIOLUMM MHTenneKTyanoM, a c .apyrow6e3)1(aflOCTHb/M U xna.tJ,HOKpOBHb/M ne.aaHTOM-con.aa¢oHoM. CTaBf! nu4HYIO 4eCTb npeebJWe ecero, oH B TO )l(e BpeMf! 6bJn eeponOMHb/M U yeepTRUBb/M MOHapXOM ( paBHO B ponu C0/03HUKa UflU npOTUBHUKa). Bo MHOTUX OTHOWeHUf!X OH 6bJn TUnM4Hb/M MOHapXOM U TMnM4Hb/M nonKOBO.tJ,J..teM XVIII eeKa. B omu4ue oT rycTaea II A.aonb¢a unu HanoneoHa, OH He npe.anpMHUMan KOpeHHOW flOMKU BOeHHOW CUCTeMbl, KOTOPYIO yHacne.aoean. Ho oH npeKpacHo noHUMan ee cna60CTU C T04KU 3peHUfi TaKTUKU: Me.tJ,RUTeflbHOCTb, HenOBOpOTnUBOCTb, He.tJ,OCTaT04Hb/W TeMn

WB~CKl'le

545 orHf!. B pe3ynbTaTe oH c.aenancf!, ecnu MO)I(HO TaK CKa3aTb, KOHCepBaTUBHb/M HOBaTOpOM. 0H npu.aan neXOTe CKOpOCTb U MaHeepeHHOCTb, yeenU4Ufl TeMn OTHfl, npu :3TOM 60eBbJe Ka4eCTBa npyCCKOW neXOTbl yny4WUflUCb KaK MUHMMYM B/l,BOe. no.ao6HO repJ..tory Manb6opo ,., npMHU.Y EereHU/0 CaeowcKoMy, OH 4pe3BbJ4awHo :3Hepru4HO ucnonb3oean KOHHMLtY, HO ropa3.ao onepaTMBHee ux o6oux, oco6eHHO npu c6nu)l(eHuu u Ha nepebJX :3Tanax 6uTBbJ. ApMMfi 4>pu.apuxa II ecer.aa ycTynana npOTUBHUJ<Y no 4MCneHHOCTU- u 4>pu.apux ecer.aa aTaKoean nepebJM. OH co3.aan KOHHY/0 apTunnepu/0, 4eM3Ha4uTenbHO yeenu4un OTHeBy/0 MOL.Ub CTpeMUTeflbHOW

AparyHbl speMeH CesepHOH BOHHbl. 1720-e rr.

546

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

CKAHA11HABCKJ.1E

rOCYAAPCTBA B XVIH B.

'VT.T7l TeppHTOPHH KopoAeBcTsa Aauuu H Hopaeruu ~

IIIIIIIIIIIll

AO 1773r.

TeppHTopuu, npucoeAHHe!IJfble fpaHH!,!bl llJBe!,!HH

AaHHH a 1773r.

1773 r.

fpaRH!Jbl Apyrux rocyAapcTB. a ~7f73 r.

~ TeppHTopuu, yTepl!HHt~~e Wseuueil a fepMaRaH B 1719-1720 1'1', TeppHTopuu, yTepl!HHble Waeyueil a pe3yAbTaTe Ceaepuoil aoiiHbl (a.1721r .) TeppHTopuu, yTepl!HHble Waeguell a pe3y./\bTaTe aol!Hbl 1741-1743 rr. c Poccuell

3AnNJ,HA~

EB PO nA

547

npyccKoill KOHHMU.bt. Oco6bti11 ynop

ABCTP/11111 BOCCTaHOBIIITb Cll111bl B,aO-

Cai1Cfl B HeMMHyeMOM nopa)l(eH/11111

oH .ae11a11 Ha ray6MU.bt; npwmH TOMY

CTaTO'IHOM CTeneH/11, 'IT06btll13rHaTb

or pyK B03po)l(,aal01.1.4ei11cH Pocc111111.

6bmo .aae: ray6MLJ,bt 6blf1111 3Ha'IM-

ero 1113 C11111e3111111.

coi03HII1KII1, 111

noc11e ero cMeprM WaeLJ,MH3aKI110-

Tel1bHO 11er'le 60I1bWII1HCTBa ,apyrMX

npOTIIIBHIIIK/11 He MOrl1111 He npi113HaTb

'111111a Mlllp- no'leTHbiM, HO nOBI1eK-

opy,a111i11111, c11e.aoaare11bHO, M0611111b-

3a M0110Ab1M KOpOI1eM KaK nOI1KO-

WII1M norep10 o6wMpHei11wMx rep-

Hei11; a nOCKOI1bKY CHapf/,abtiiiX 11eTe-

BO,a'leCKOM,a0611eCTII1, TaK 111 CaMO-

pMropMill 111 npecTM)I(a. E1.1.4e o.aHa

11111 no HaBeCHbiM TpaeKTOPIIIfiM, TO

ro Harypal1bHoro noi1MTM'IecKoro

nonbtTKa B3f/Tb y Pocc111111 peaaHw

CTpel1f/Tb ray6MLJ,bl MOrl1111 He TOI1bKO

.as ypyw Hill 'lecraa.

/11

o6epHyl1acb HOBbtM/11 reppMropM-

npf/MOM HaBOAKOM, HO 111 no LJ,ei1HM,

al1bHbtMII1 norepf/M/11111 yrparoill MO-

CKpb!TbiM 3a B03BbtWeHHOCTf/MII1.

ry1.1.4ecraa.

C!Jp111,apMx II Ha npaKTMKe ycao11111, 'ITO 611aro.aapH npeaocxo.acraya cKopo-

CKAH)l;MHABIHI

1697-1718 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE KAPJlAXII.

rpoi11M,aMcLJ,Mni1MHapHbtMII1 Mem.aa-

Tep/11 Waeu.111ei11 craryca ae11111Koi11

MM, nol1y'leHHbtMII1 BMecre c apMM-

.aep)l(aBbl. no.aaeprWIIICb B xo.ae Be-

1700-1721 rr. BEJlii'IKAs:l CEBEPHAs:l BO~HA. 1718-1720 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE YJlbPII'IKII'I 311EOHOPbl (cecTpbl KapnaXII). 1720-1751 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IEP111AP111XAI(6paTaYnbpiiiKIII). 1741-1743 rr. BO~HACPOC足

eill B HaCI1e,aCTBO OT OTLJ,a.

11111KOM CeaepHoill aoi11Hbt npe.aarel1b-

CII'IE~.

CT/11 MO)I(eT COCpe,aOTO'IIIITb B KpiiiT/11'IeCKOM Me ere no.aa Bf1f/10U.W10 MOJ.J..4b,

WBEUHR

npe)l(.ae 'leM HenoaopoTI1111Bbti11 npoTIIIBHIIIK cyMeeT 3aBepWII1Tb MaHeBp.

Heo6y3,aaHHbti11 aoeHHbtill reHMill

CKopocT/11111 MaHeapeHHOCT/11 C!JpM.a-

Kap11a XII noci1}1)KII111 Henocpe.acraeH-

pMx

II .ao6MBal1cfl

HeJ.J..4a.aHoi11 Myw-

1740-1748 rr. BO~HA 3A

Hoill npiii'IIIIHOM CTpeM/11Tel1bHOM no-

CKOMY Hana,aeH/1110 coce,aHMX rocy-

ABCTPII'I~CKOE HAC11EACTBO.

.aapcra, Kap11

0Ha f/BII111aCb npf/MbiM Cl1e,aCTBII1eM

npOTIIIBHIIIKOB; 9Ta ceplllf/ KaMnaHIIIM

nepaoill Cll111e3CKOM BOMHbl, pa3Bfl3aHHOM C!JpM,apMXOM

II.

XII

pa3rpoMMI1 acex

OTHOCIIITCf/ K CaMbiM 611eCTf/J.J..4111M B

HOPBErHR H /l,AHHR He C'IMTafl y'laCTIIIfl B CeaepHoill

1700-1721 rr.) ,

nol1y'IMB

MIIIPOBbtX aHHal1ax. O,aHaKo no6e,abt

aoi11He (

C11111e311110, npyccKMill Kopol1b 3a-

He YTOI111111111 ero )l(a)l(,abl MeCT/11 111 He

3Ha'I/11Tel1bHbiX ( B BOeHHOM OTHOWe-

HMKaKMX

H/11111) co6btTMi11 B Hopaer111111111 ,lJ,aH/11111

KI110'111111 Mlllp , HO nOTOM pa3Bf/3al1

y,aOBI1eTBOpi1111111 BOeHHO-nOI1111TII1-

HOBYIO aoi11Hy- Bropy10 CMI1e3-

'IeCKII1X aM6MLJ.Mi11. OraeprHyB npe.a-

B OniiiCbtBaeMbiM nep1110,a He npOIIIC-

CKYIO, -

110)I(eHMfl MMpa, Kap11 XII caM pacn111-

XOA/11110.

.aa6bt aocnpenHTCTBOBaTb

548

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

BOCTOqHAH EBPOIIA TIOJibiiiA Jl.n>~ nonbWII1 9TO 6bJn nep111o,1J, CTpeMII1TenbHOIO yna/],Ka: nOnii1TII14eCKOIO, BOeHH010, 9KOHOMII14eCKOro 111 MopanbHoro.

Bcne/l,CTB/IIe

1697-1733 rr. U,APCTBOBAHlt1E ABrYCTA II CAKCOHCKOrO.

BOnHEHlt1SI.

1718-1719 rr. AHTIAPYCCKlt1E

3TO 6bln O/l,II1H 1113 H8111MeHee C/11Mn8-

H/11>1 c neTpOM

Aaryc T

II,

%/11 oTHowe-

pe3KO yxy/l,W/IInii1Cb,

TII14Hb/X MOHapXOB 3a BC/0 M II1POBYIO

BCTYn/lln B C0/03 C ABCTp/lleilJ 111 AHmll1-

/IICTOP/1110.

eilJ 111 no/],n/llcan TaK Ha3bJaaeMbJilJ BeH-

1700-1721 rr. BEnlt1KASI CEBEPHASI BOHHA.

B pe3 ynbTaTe ee

CK/IIili,IJ,omaop( 1719r.), no ycnOB/II>IM KOTOpOIO C0/03H/IIK/11 06>13b1Ban/11Cb

6 e CKOHe4Hb/X B OMH 111 BOC C TaH /IIilJ

n o nbwa, Ha /l,Ba /l,u,a Tb n eT npeapa -

npll1nO)J(/11Tb a c e c a o e n o n/IIT/114ecKoe

n p e/l,bJAYll.lero c To n e TII1>1 Ha ceneHII1e

T/IIBW8 >1C>I a c nno w Hoe none 60>1 /l,fl>l

Bn/II>IH/IIe, 4T06bl 38CT8 B/11Tb POCCII1/0

co-

coce/],H/IIX PocC/11111, Waeu,111111 111 CaK-

Bb/BeCTII1 BOilJCKa 1113 nonbWII1.

KpaT/IInOCb Ha TpeTb. K TOMY )J(e Te-

COH/11/11, OKa3anaCb nOn/IIT/114eCKII1 /],e-

nepb nonbwy oKpy)J(an/11 TPII1 Mory-

MOpan/1130BaHa 111 npe6bJB8na Ha rpa-

1720 r. BbiBOA PYCCKlt1X BOiiiCKl-13 nonbWl-1. no/],aacTpo-

ll.leCTBeHHbJX 111601aTb/X npOT/IIBH/IIKa:

H/11 9KOHOM/114eCKOIO Kp8X8 .

8Hm/llillcK/IIM H8)J(/IIMOM pOCC/IIMCK/IIilJ

CTpaHbJ o6e,IJ,Heno, YTOMII1nOCb 111

AacTpll1>~, Pocc/11>1 111 npycc/11>1. L{eHT-

1715-1717 rr. BOCCTAHlt1E

/IIMnepaTOp Bb/Ben BOMCK8 /113 nonbW/11,

p anll13oaa HHa>~ BnaC T b B nonbWe

HO 0 /l,HOBpeMe HHO 3aKn /0 4111n B n o T-

6 bJna cna6oilJ /II M a n09 </J</JeKT/IIBHO ilJ;

nPOTlt1B ABrYCTA II CAKCOHCKOrO. 3TOT 6yHT M enKonoMecTHo-

C/],aM e nep B blilJ Ta ilJHblilJ pyC C KO-

Kopomo-/IIHOCTpaHu,y(Aar ycTY II CaK-

r o /l,BOP>IHCTBa 6 bJn cnpOBOU,II1pOBaH

npyCCKII1ilJ C0/03.

COHCKOMy) nOn>IKII1 He /l,OBep>1n111;

06WII1pHb/MII1 111 He060CHOBaHHb/MII1

Bb/CWa>l ap/IICTOKpaTII1>1 OTKpbJTO Bbl-

CaKCOHCK/IIM/11 peKBII13111LI,/II>IMII1 npOB/11-

pa)J(ana He/],OBOnbCTBO; 9KOHOM/11Ka

aHTa /II </Jypa)J(a,

6bJna OTC TanOilJ,

Ka3Ha -

1721 r. Hlt1WTAATCKlt1&11 AOroBOP.

nonbCKII1e npe,IJ,CTaB/11Tenll1 a

TaK)J(e y6111ilJCTBOM

nO/],n/IICaH/11/11 He Y48CTBOB8fl/11; /1,0/0BOpOM npe/l,ycMaTp /llaanacb nepe/l,a4a

nyCTOilJ.

/l,BYX nOnbCK/IIX npaB/IITenbCTBeHHb/X

K o r,IJ,a PoCC/11>1 y ca/l,/lln8 Ha nonbCKII1ill

4/IIHOBH/IIKOB. 5 0 eBble /l,eilJCTB/11>1 6 blflll1

P occ111111 aocT04HOm no6ep e )J(b>l 5 a n-

npeCTOn BTOp OI O C8KCOHCKOIO KO-

OCT8 HOBneHb l, KOI/1,8 POCC/11>1 H8 B>I3a -

TII1KII1, B TOM 4111Cne n OnbCKOilJ flii1BOH/11111.

Ill) ,

1727 r. POCClt1SI OKKYnlt1PYET nonbCKYIO KYPnSIHAl-110. 1733-1738r~ BOIIIHA 3A nonbCKOEHACnEACTBO. 1734-1763 rr. U,APCTBOBAHlt1EABrYCTA Ill CAKCOHCKOrO.

c Tp8 H8 TOnbKO

n 8 HeMoMy ceiliMy ycn o B/11>1 y perynll1-

ellle 6onbwe ocna6ena 111 norpH3na

poaaH/II>I KOH</Jn/IIKTa, KOTOpbJe 6bJn/11

BO BHyTpeHH/IIX pa3/],0pax.

np/IIH>ITbJ 6e3 o6cy)J(,IJ,eH/II>I ( 1717 r.).

pon>l ( A a rycm

H e 6y/l,y4 /11 my6oKo 38111HTep ecoaaH a nonbCK/IIX /l,e n 8x, 9 TOT Koponb-/IIHO cTpaHeu, np8BII1n aecbM8 6e3/1,8pHo; B CTpaHe npO/l,On)J(8nC>I yna/],OK.

POCCIHI B nepao ill 4e TaepT/11 XVIII a eK8 B03maan>~eMa>l neTpoM

I Pocc111>1

aowna

B 4/IICnO aen/114ailJW/IIX - KaK B BOeHHOM, TaK /II B non/IIT/114eCKOM OTHOWeH/11/11 e apo neillcKII1X /l,ep)J(8B . 3 8 Te M a n paaneHII1e n ocpe/l,CTBeHHb/X npeeMH/IIKOB n e Tpa I Ha6n J0/],8flC>I yna,JJ,OK.

C03AAHlt1E PErYnSIPHO&il APMlt1lt1lt1 cJ>nOTA B POCClt1lt1 BHyTpeHHHH H BHernHHH o6cTaHOBKa <jleO):(aJlbHO- a6COJllOTHCTCKOrO rocy,a:ap cTBa Tp e6oBana c o 3,a:aHHH

BOCTO~ HAs:l

549

EBPOnA

CHJibHOH perymlpHOH apMHH H 60Jibrnoro BOeHHO-MopcKoro <J!JioTa. PyccKa.a apMHSI, COCTOS!Bllia.sl H3 IIOJIKOB «HOBoro cTpoa», CTPeJibUOB H rroMeCTHOH KOHHHUbl, y)Ke He OTBeqaJia Tpe6oBaHHaM pacryrnero rocy.!{apCTBa H .!{OJI)KHa 6blJia ycryiiHTb CBOe MeCTO HOBOH BOeHHOH opra.HH3auHH. Co3)l.aHHe rrocTOaHHOH, peryJiapHoH apMHH CBSI3aHO C BOeHHOH pe<J?opMOH, ocymecTBJieHHe KOTOpOH 6blJIO IIO.!{rOTOBJieHO rrpe.!{llieCTBYIOlllHM pa3BHTHeM pyccKHX BOopy)KeHHblX CHJI, HaqnHaa c HBaHa

IV.

BoeHHa.a

pe<J:>opMa no peopraHH3aUHH apMHH, HaqaTa.a B KOHUe

XVII

BeKa, rroJiy-

quJia cBoe 3aBeprneHHe B rrepBoe .!{ecaTHJieTHe CeBepHolt BOltHbl. Ilpouecc opraHH3aUHH peryJiapHoH apMHH MO)KHO IIO.!{pa3.!{eJIHTb Ha TpH rrepHo.!{a.

nepBbiW nepMO.ll. - nO.ll.TOTOBK8 C03.l1.8HMR perynRpHOW apMMM

( 1690-1699 rr.) B 3TO BpeMa H3 rroTelliHblX OTPaAOB 6blJIH c<J:>opMHpoBaHbl rrepBble perymipHble rroJIKH- IIpeo6pa)KeHcKHH H CeMeHOBCKHH

(1691

r.)- H

yKoMrrJieKTOBaHbl .!{Ba Bbl6opHbiX MOCKOBCKHX IIOJIKa- fop.!{OHa H Jie<J:>opTa. BhlJIO JIHKBHAHpoBaHo cTpeJieuKoe BoltcKo. CTpeJieUKHe IIOJIKH- rrepBbiH THII IIOCTOSIHHOro BoltcKa, co3)l.aHHoro rrpH HBaHe fp03HOM H HMeBrnero B CBOe BpeMa rrporpeccHBHoe 3HaqeHHe,- rrpeAcTaBJISIJIH co6olt B KOHUe

XVII BeKa

nopTeTMai:iopa apT&mnepl111 Jl. 6yXBOCTOB3. OH- «nepBbli:i poccHI:iCKHI:i COJJA3T», 33'fi1CneHHbli:i neTpoM I B 1683 r. B npeoGpa)l(eHCKHI:i nonK, Y'f3CTHI1KA30BCKI1X OOXOAOB 11 CeaepHOI:i BOI:iHbl

y)Ke OT)KHBlliYIO BOeHHYIO opraHH3aUHIO. OHM He orrpaB.!{aJIH ce6H B A3oBCKHX rroxo.!{ax

1695-1696 ro-

AOB. CTPeJieUKHlt 6yHT rrpoTHB IleTpa

)Ke speMH rrpaBHTeJibCTBO IleTpa

KOMIIJiet-'TOBaHHSI «IIpSIMOro

peryJIHpHoro Bo8ct--m>. Ha6op BOHCKH3

<J!JioTa.

«BOJibHHUbl» -

BOJibHblX JIIO.!{elt- C

1702 ro.!{arro~H rrpeKpaTHJICH. KoM-

I B 1698 ro.!{y JIHllib ycKopHJI HX

JIHKBH.!{aUHIO. A3oBCKHe rroxo.!{bl

HC'ID~HK

npucryrraeT K co3.!{aHHIO 6oJibrnoro

rrJieKTOBaHHe BORCK CTaJIO ocymecTB-

TaiOKe Bbl.siBHJIH HeCOCTOHTeJibHOCTb

Bropow nepuo11.- nepexo11. K perynRpHOW apMMM

JIHTbCH He CTapblMH IIpHKa3aMH, a

.!{BOpHHCKOlt KOHHHUbl, KOTOpaa .!{elt-

(1699-1705rr.)

CIIeUHaJibHO o6pa30BaHHOH KOMHCCHpa)KeHCKOM. KoMHCCHH Be.!{aJia He

B TO )Ke speMa peryJiapHble coJI.!{aT-

1699 I'O.!{ 6blJI rrepeJIOMHblM B HCTOpHH peryJISipHOH apMHH. 8 HOH6p.si

TOJibKO Ha6opoM, HO H <J?opMHpOBa-

CKHe IIOJIKH, B03HHKlliHe B rO.!{bl

3TOro ro.!{a 6blJI H3)l.aH YKa3 o .!{o6po-

HHeM «HOBOIIpH60pHbiX IIOJIKOB», HX

«IIOTelliHblX IIOXO.!{OB», B rnrypMax A3oBa noKa3aJIH BblCOKHe 6oeBble

BOJibHOit 3aiiHCH B COJI.!{aTCKHe peryJIS!pHble IIOJIKH- «H30 BCHKHX BOJib-

.!{HpOBaHHeM. KoMHCCHH 6blJia o6.si3a-

KaqecTBa, HBHBlliHCb KOCTHKOM ap-

HblX JIIO.!{elt».

17 HOH6p.si IIOCJie.!{OBaJI

Ha OT06paTb B BOltCKO «CaMblX .!{06-

MHH. On biT A3oBCKHX rroxo.!{OB y6e-

YKa3 o Ha6ope .!{aTOqHbJX JIIO.!{eit, KO-

pbiX, He CTapbiX H He yBeqHbJX» H3

AHTeJibHO IIO.!{TBep.!{HJI He06XO.!{H-

TOpble AO

1705 ro.!{a (.u.o peKpyTCKO-

.!{aToqHbJX («ABOpOBbiX JIIO.!{elt») H H3

MOCTh peopraHH3auHH apMHH. B 3TO

ro Ha6opa) COCTaBJIHJIH OCHOBHOH

«BOJibHHUbl». 3aqHcJieHHIO B BOitCKO

CTBOBaJia «IIO IIpa,ll,e.!{OBCKHM 06blqaHM, He IIpHHHB BOHHCKOI'O CTpOIO».

elt npH reHepaJibHOM.!{Bope B IIpeo6-

o6yqeHHeM, BOopy)KeHHeM H 06MyH-

550

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. C

1700 I'OAa nOAJie)ffil)JH JIHQa B B0317 AO 32 JieT. KoMHCCHll npo-

pacTe c

H3BOAHJia Ha6op B QeH1paJihHhiX o6JiaCTliX; B HH30BhiX ropOA3X Ha6op 10 noJIKOB 6hiJI B03JIO)((eH Ha PenHHHa.

B pe3yJihTaTeyKa30B 1699 roAa6hiJio c<}lopMHpOBaHO 27 neXOTHhiX nOJIKOB, HaC"'HThlBaBUIHX HeCKOJihKO 6oJiee ThlCli"'H "'eJIOBeK KaJKAhllt, H ABa noJIKa AparyHcKHX. XapaKTep Ha6opa, npoH3BOAHMOro no yKa3aM

1799 roAa, ocTaBaJICll,

C06CTBeHHO, TaKHM )((e, KaKHM OH 6hiJI H B XVII BeKe. 0TJIH"'HTeJihHOlt oco6eHHOCThiO Ha6opa AaTO"'HhlX JIIOAeit 6hiJIO TO, "'TO OHM npH3hJBaJIHCh B peryJillpHyiO apMHIO Ha nO)((H3HeHHYIO cJI~6y. Ha6op

1699

roAa

liBJiliJICll Ha"'aJIOM nepeXOAa K peKPYTCKOit cHcTeMe.

B nepHOA <}lopMH-

poBaHHll peryJillpHhiX «HOBOnpH6opHhiX nOJIKOB» B COCTaBe apMHH 6hiJia eme noMeCTHO-ABOpliHCKall KOHHHQa H He60JihiiiOe KOJIH"'eCTBO C1peJihQOB, HO 3TH KaTeropHH BoltcK nocJie HapBcKoro CpiDKeHHll

1700

I'OAa OKOH-

qaTeJihHOJIHKBHAHpOBaJIHCh. lJTO KacaeTCll nOJIKOB «HOBOI'O C1pOll», TO OHM nOIIIJIH Ha <}lopMHpOBaHHe peryJillpHOit apMHH. TiocJie cpa)((eHHll noA HapBolt npoH30IIIJia peoprnHH3aQHll KaBaJiepHH. MecTO ABOpliHCKolt KOHHHQhl 3aHHJia peryJIHpHaH KaBaJiepHH AparyHcKoro THna. TiepBhle IIIarH no ycTpoltcTBy peryJIHpHolt KaBaJiepHH, a

nopTpeTceKYHA-Mai:iopa 1Gtp3CHpCKOfO nonKa

r. 10. JlecnH

TaiOKe peopraHH3aQHH apTHJIJiepHH 6hiJIH npeAnpHHliThl eme AO Ha"'aJia CeBepHolt BOitHhl. CosepiiieHCTBOBaJiach H HH)((eHepHaH cJiy)((6a.

B 1700

rOAY Ha"'aJIOCh nepeyC1pOitCTBO BOeHHOI'O annapaTa.

Tpemtli nepMo.a - 3aeepweHMe C03,a8HMfl perynflpHOW apMMM

( 1705-1709 rr.)

B 3TOT nepHOA

npo"'HO ycTaHaB-

JIHBaeTCi! peKpyTCKall CHCTeMa KOMnJieKTOBaHHll apMHH. yKa3oM llerpa HaH

CHCTeMa

B 1705

roAy

6hiJia BBeAeHa eAHKOMnJieKTOBaHHi!

BOitCK- peKpyTCKall nOBHHHOCTh. PeKpyTcKHe Ha6ophl npoH3BOAHJIHCh B BeJIHKopyccKHX ry6epHHliX C onpe-

MeAanb B 03M11Tb B3SITHSI AByx WB9ACKHX KOpa6nei:i B ycn.e HeBbl 16 M3SI1703 r.

AeJieHHOrO "'HCJia ABopoB, a c

1724

roAa- c onpeAeJIHeMoro B KaJf9J,OM

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA CKHX HJIH .upyrwx rroJTKax. ITo yKa3y

MOJTOiJ:biX OcpHQepOB li HaKa3biBaJT TeX,

1714 ro)J.a B orjmuepbi rrpoH3BOAl1JTHCh

KTO IIp0l13BOL(l1.Tl «CpO)J.HH.KOB, CBOHX

no rrpHHUMIIY 6amiOTHpOBKH. YKa3

APY3eil. B acpH.Uepbi H3 MOJTO)J.hiX, KO-

Tpe60BaJT, 'lT06bi ABOpHHe, rrpOH3BO-

TOphre C cpyHA3MeHTa COJTJ1:3TCKOrO

A11 Mbie B orjmuepbl, 3H3Jll1 BOeHHOe

)J.eJla He 3 H3IOT ... KOTOpbie He CJlY)J{H-

)J.eJlO. «ECJTli ChlCK3HO 6yAeT, 'iTO He-

JTH COJT,UaT3MI1 B rsap)J.HH».

rrpaB)lOTO OHOe H36paHHe 6yLJ:eT, TaKO-

PeKpyTCKaH IIOBHHHOCTb AJTH Tex

Bble H36HpaTeJTH JTHllleHbl 6yAyT CBO-

BpeMeH 6biJ13 CaMOH nepe)lOBOH CliC-

HX nMeHnil. H <JeCTH». IleTp

CbperaT

551

"!aCTO

TeMOH KOMIIJTeKTOB3HHH. 0Ha npocy-

CaM rrpOH3BOAHJT rrposepKy 3H3HHH

IIIeCTBOBaJTa B PoccHH .a:o sse.a:eHnH

1706 r.

cnyqae '!Hcna .uyrn. Bo Bcex ry6epHHHX 6bTJTH ycTpOeHbl C60pHbTe nyHKTbT, Ha3bTB3BIJJHeCH CT3HU:HHMH. BOHHCK3H IIOBHHHOCTb Ha OCHOBe peKpyTcKoro Ha6opa pacnpocTpaHHJTach Ha BCe HaCeJTeHHe, 33 HCKJTTO<JeHHeM LI:BOpHH, CJTy)J{6a KOTOpblX IIpOXOLJ:HJia T3K)J{e Ha OCHOBe 06H3aTeJTbHOH TTOBHHHOCTH, HO CTpOHJTaCb IIHa<Je. Jlnua LJ:YXOBHOrO 3B3HHH OT cJTy)J{6hJ ocso60)KJ1:3JTHCh. PeKpyTCKHe Ha60pbl rrpOl13BO,Ul1JlHCh IIO'!Tli e)J{eroLI:HO. HeD:OCTaTKaMH CHCTeMbT KOMTTJTeKTOB3Hl-IH HBJIHJlHCb HepaBHOMepHOCTb IIOBHHHOCTH l1 B03M0)J{H0CTb OTKyrra n:eHhr3Ml1, 'iTO IIpliBO,UliJlO K 'IaCTblM 3JioyrroTpe6JieHHHM. JlTO,UH pa3JlH'lHbiX 'lHHOB M OfJlH OT,U3B3Tb BMeCTO ce6H B peKpyThl «KYUJieHHblX» JlTOn:eJt. KoMaH.UHhle rroCThi B apMHH H BO rjmoTe H3XOJ1:HJlHCb B pyKaX Lf:BOpHHCTBa. BhrXOJ1:1lhi H 3 LI:pyrnx cnoes HaceneHHH Ha ocpwuepcKHe noCThl rrpoHHKaJTH B peLJ:KHX CJTY'I3HX, IIpH 3TOM OHM TTOJTY'I3JTH D:BOpHHCKOe 3Bamre . Ilp11 IleTpe

cny)J{6a ,UBOpHH CTaJTa

rocyLJ:apCTBeHHOH 06H33HHOCTbTO li rrpOJ1:0Jl)KaJTaCb IIO)I{ll3HeHHO. C CaMOro Ha<JaJTa pecpopMbi rrpaBHTeJThCTBO neTpa

rrpHJ1:3BaJTO 60JTblllOe 3Ha<Je-

HHe C03J1:3HHTO KperTKoro n xoporno o6Y<JeHHoro ocp11u:epcKoro Koprryca. )J,o rronyqeHHH ocpnu:epcKoro 'lHHa He06XOD:I1MO 6h!JTO IIpOCJIY)I{J1Tb orrpe-

CbeAOP MaTBeeBIII'IAnpaKCIIIH

(1661-1728), reHepai1-3AMHpal1, BOeHHOI. Ha"'aB c y"'aCTHSI B opraHH3a~VIVI

MOpCKOiil Aes!Tenb, cnOABH)I(HHK neTpa

n:eJTeHHblH cpoK PHiJ:OBbTM B npeo6pa-

«nOTeWHOrO» BOiiiCKa, AnpaKCIIIH 60ilbWYIO '13CTb )l(fii3HIII nOCBSITIII/1 C03A3HIIIIO

)J{eHCKOM HJTH CeMeHOBCKOM rsapLJ:eH-

pOCCVIiiiCKOrO BOeHHOrO <J>nOTa

552

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. B

1874 rogy BCeo6rn:eH BOMHCKOH IIO-

BMHHOCTII.

JieH, CTOSIBIIIHX rrepeg PoccMeH. PoJib <J>JioTa B BOHHe ern:e 6oJiee B03pocJia

PeKpyTcKaJI CMCTeMa KOMIIJief..'TO-

rrocJie IIoJITaBcKott rro6egbi, Korga

BaHMSI IIOKa3aJiaCBOe IIOJIHOe rrpeBOC-

ueHTP TIIJKecTII 6opb6bl co lliBeuuett

XO,ACTBO H~ 3aiia,AHOeBporreHCKOH

rrepeMeCTIIJICSI B paHOH baJITIIHCKOI'O

HaeMHO-Bep60BO'lHOH CMCTeMOH.

MOpS!.

Mopan:bHo-6oeBble Ka'lecTBa 3arr~足

BaJKHeHIIIHMH 3~a'laMM <J>JioTa

HOeBpone8cKMX apMHH He MoryT

B XO,Ae CeBepHOH BOHHbl SIBJISIJIHCb: CO-

M,ATII B cpaBHeHMe C MOpaJibH0-6oe-

geHCTBMe apMHM B 3aBOeBaHMH 6epe-

BbiMM f..'a'leCTB3MM pyccKOI'O peryJISip-

I'OB ba.JITIIHCKOI'O MOpS!, o6opoHa CO-

HOrO BOHCKa. PyccKaJI perymipHM

BMeCTHO c apMHett 3aHSITOro rro6epe-

apMHSI SIBJISIJiaCb apMHeH HaUMOHaJib-

iKbSI OT Haiia,AeHHH IIIBe,ACKOI'O <J>JIOTa,

HOlt <l>paHUY3CKaJI, rrpyccKaJI M gpy-

o6ecrre'leHMe 6e3orracHOCTII mproBo-

rMe 3aiia,AHOeBporreHCKHe apMMM

ro cygoxogcTBa PoccMM, HapyiiieHMe

6b1JIH IIOCTOSIHHbiMH apMHSIMH, HO

MOpCKMX C006X.U:eHHH IIpOTIIBHMKa.

TeM He MeHee OHM He MOryT 6biTb

,[{JISI co3,AaHMSI CMJibHoro BaJITIIH-

Ha3BaHbl HaUHOHaJibHbiMM, TaK KaK

cKoro <J>JioTa, crroco6Horo peiiiMTb

B COCTaB HX BXO,AHJIO 60JibiiiOe KOJIM-

3TII 3~a'lH B ycJIOBMSIX IIpOTIIBO,AeH-

'leCTBO MHOC1paHHbiX COJI,AaT-HaeM-

CTBMSI MHOI'O'lMCJieHHOI'O M XOpOIIIO

HHKOB.

IIO,AI'OTOBJieHHOI'O IIIBe,ACKOI'O <J>JIOTa,

YiKe rrepBbie roghl CeBepHoH BOH-

He06XO,AMMO 6biJIO pa3BepHyTh CTpO-

Hbi IIOKa3aJIH BaJKHYIO pOJib <J>JIOTa

MTeJibCTBO Bep<J>ej;j M KOpa6JieH, opra-

B ,AOCTHiKeHHM CTpaTerM'leCKHX ue-

HM30BaTb IIO,ArOTOBKY

Ka,ApOB ,AJISI

553

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA <PnoTa II o6ecne"l!IITb <PnoT pa3BepHyTOM ciicTeMoH: 6a3IIpoBaHIIH. CTpoiiTeJihCTBO nepBbiX KOpa6JieM )J;JIH pycCKOrO EaJITIIMCKoro <PnoTa 6biJIO Ha"llaTo B 1702-1703 ro)J;ax Ha Bep<!lHx B paH:oHe Jla)J;O)I(CKoro o3epa. IIoporii Ha HeBe He no3BOJIHJIII npoBOAIITb B EanTIIMCKoe Mope 6onhmiie Kopa6JIII, n03TOMY Ha Bep<!lHX Jla)J;O)I(CKOrO paHOHa CTpOIIJIIICb Jlllillb MaJibie 6oeBbie Kopa6JIH II <!lperaTbi. CTpOIITeJibCTBOM KOpa6JieM Ha Bep<!lHX Jla)J;O)I(CKOrO 6acceMHa HeB03MO)I(H0 6biJIO pa3pemiiTb npo6neMy C03AaHIIH JIIIHeH:Horo <!lnoTa. BoT no"lleMY BCKOpe nocne 3aHHTIIH ycThH HeBhi 6biJIO npiiCTynneHO K CTpOIITeJibCTBY 60JibillOrO a)J;MIIpaJITeMCTBa B IleTep6ypre, rAe c 1709 ro)J;a Ha"llanach nocTpoH:Ka JIIIHeMHbiX KOpa6JieM. C 3TOro BpeMeHII IleTep6ypr CTaHOBIITCH r JiaBHbiM KOpa6JieCTpOIITeJibHbiM :ueHTpoM Pocciiii. TpeThiiM :ueHTpoM cTpOIITeJihCTBa Kopa6neH: AJIH EanTIIMCKoro <PnoTa HBJIHJICH ApxaHreJihCK, ConoM6anhcKaH Bep<Pb KOTOporo CTpOIIJia JIIIHeMHbie KOpa6JIII II <!lperaTbi. M3 ApxaHreJihCKa B EanTIIMCKoe MOpe OHM nepeBO)J;IIJIIICb BOKpyr CKaHAIIHaBIIII. 3a BpeMH BOMHbi B IleTep6ypre II ApxaHreJihCKe 6biJIO nocTpoeHo 32 JIIIHeMHhlX KOpa6JIH, 3Ha"l!IITeJibHOe "l!IICJIO 60JibiiiiiX II MaJibiX <!lperaTOB, IIIHHB II ApyriiX 6onee MeJIKIIX napycHbiX 6oeBbiX Kopa6neH:. KpoMe cTpoIITeJihCTBa JIIIHeMHOrO <PnoTa Ha OTe"lleCTBeHHbiX Bep<!lHx IleTp I npii6eran ll K noKynKe KOpa6JieH 3a rpaHII:u;eH:, HO KynneHHhie Kopa6JIII COCTaBJIHJIII Jlllillb He60JibmyiO "llaCTb KOpa6eJibHOrO COCTaBa naJITIIMCKOrO <PnoTa. TaKIIM o6pa30M, C03AaHIIe OTe"lleCTBeHHOrO KOpa6JieCTpOeHIIH, a TaK)I(e pa3BIITIIe Apyriix oTpacneH: npOMbiiiiJieHHOCTII, OC06eHHO MeTaJInyprii"lleCKOM, no3BOJIIIJIII Pocciiii B xo)J;e CeBepHoH: BOMHbi nocTpOIITb MHoro"l!IICJieHHbiM EaJITIIMCKIIM <PnoT. OcHOBHbiMII KJiaccaMII Kopa6neH: pyccKoro napycHoro BOeHHoro <PnoTa 6billll JIIIHeMHbie KOpa6JIII II <!lperaTbi. JliiHeMHbie KOpa6JIII IIMeJIII OT 1 TbiCH"l!II ):1;0 2 TbiCH"ll TOHH BO)J;OII3MeiQeHIIH, 6onhmoe napycHoe Boopy)l(eHIIe II 2-3 6oeBbie nany6bi, Ha KOTOpbiX ycTaHaBJIIIBaJIOCb OT 52 ):1;0 90 rrymeK

AAMHpanTeHCTBO. rpaBIOpa Cb. 3yTOBa

24-, 12- II 6-<!lyHTOBOrO KaJIII6pa. Jlll"llHblll COCTaB JIIIHeMHOrO KOpa6JIH B 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT ero paHra HaC"l!IITbiBaJI OT 350 AO 900 "lleJioBeK. peraTbi liMeJIM Ha BOOpy)l(eHIIII OT 25 ):1;0 44 opy)J;IIM, ycTaHaBJIIIBaBIIIIIXCH Ha O)J;HOM IIJIII ABYX 6oeBbiX nany6ax. ITo Boopy)l(eHIIIO, Mopexo)J;HbiM II MaHeBpeHHhlM Ka"lleCTBaM pyCCKIIe KOpa6JIII "llaCTO npeBOCXO)J;IIJIII IIHOCTpaHHbie Kopa6JIII. B 3TOM npe)I()J;e BCero CKa3aJiaCb TBOp"lleCKaH IIHIIQIIaTHBa pyCCKHX KOpa6eJibHbiX MaCTepOB, oco6eHHO . CKJIHeBa - «MacTepa A06poH: nponop:u;IIII» - II caMoro IleTpa I, KOTOpbiM He TOJibKO BHIIMaTeJibHO CJie)J;IIJI 3a pa60TOM KOpa6JieCTpOIITeJibHbiX Bep<!leH:, HO II JIII"l!HO pa3pa6aTbiBaJI npoeKTbi HOBbiX 6oeBbiX Kopa6neH:. Y"l!IITbiBaH xapaKTep CTOHBmiix nepe)J; <!lJIOTOM 3a)J;a"ll II CnOC06bi IIX pemeHIIH B cne:u;II<!lll"lleCKIIX YCJIOBIIHX mxepHoro TeaTpa BOeHHbiX )J;eH:CTBIIM, pyccKoe npaBIITeJihCTBO npiiHHJIO pemeHIIe o C03AaHIIII Ha EanTIIMCKOM MOpe 60JibillOrO rpe6HOrO, mxepHoro <PnoTa. 3a BpeMH BOMHbi 6biJIO nOCTpOeHO 6onee 700 Kopa6neH: pa3JIII"l!HbiX TIInOB II Ha3Ha"lleHIIM. B Bbi6ope TIIna

rpe6Horo 6oeBoro Kopa6JIH PocciiH TaK)I(e He nomna no nyTII cnenoro nO)J;pa)l(aHIIH IIHOCTpaHHbiM ranepaM. OcHOBHbiM TIInoM rpe6Horo 6oeBoro Kopa6JIH B pyccKOM <PnoTe 6biJia cKaMnaBeH, npeACTaBJIHBmaH co6oH: o6ner"lleHHbiM II 6onee MaHeBpeHHbiM no cpaBHeHIIIO CO cpe)J;II3eMHOMOp-

554

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

TpaHcnopTHblili Kopa6nb

PyccKaSI ranepa

CKOH raJiepoH: rrapycHo-rpe6HOH KOpa6nh, IIMeBrniiH: ~J:O 18 nap Becen, 3-5 rryrneK 12-, 8- II 3-cpyHTOBOrO Kanii6pa II ):(0 150 qenOBeK niiqHOrO cocTaBa (3KIIrrmKa II )J;ecaHTa). KaK IIOKa3an OIIhiT BOHHhl, CKaMIIaBeii 6hiJIII YHIIBepcanhHhiMII Kopa6nHMII )J;nH )J;ei1cTBIIH B rnxepax. 0HII ycrrernHO IICIIOnh30BaniiCh )J;nH rrepeB03KII BOHCK C TeXHIIKOH II CHa6)1{eHIIeM, )J;nH OrHeBOH IIO)J;)J;ep)I{KII cpnaHra apMIIII II BhiCa)J;KII )J;eCaHTOB, )J;nH 6oM6ap)J;IIpOBKII 6epera, 6a3 II KperrocTeH: rrpoTIIBHIIKa, )J;nH BhiiiOnHeHIIH pa3Be)J;KII II pMa ~J:pyriix 3a)J;aq. B xo)J;e BOHHhi cKaMrraBeii He pa3 ycrrernHo aTaKoBanii B rnxepax rrapycHhie 6oeBhie Kopa6nii rrpoTIIBHIIKa. B 6oeBhiX B03MO)I{HOCTHX rpe6Horo ¢noTa B rnxepax II 3aKniOqanoch O)J;HO II3 r naBHeHIITIIX rrpeiiMym;ecTB pyccKoro ¢noTa rrepe~J: IITBe)J;CKIIM cpnOTOM, rroqTII He IIMeBlliiiM B CBOeM COCTaBe rpe6HhiX KOpa6nei1:. Pa3BepTMBaHIIe 6a3IIpoBaHIIH EanTIIHCKoro ¢noTa rrpoiiCXO~J:IIno B XO)J;e BOHHhl, ITO Mepe 3aHHTIIH 6eperOB EanTIIHCKoro MOpH. fnaBHOH 6a30H cpnoTa B TeqeHIIe BCeH BOHHhl HBnHncH IleTep6ypr. IIepBoH: rrepe~J:o BOH 6a3oi1: ¢noTa 6hin KpoHrnnoT. C pacrniipeHIIeM TeaTpa BOeHHhiX )J;eHCTBIIH II C 3aHHTIIeM B 1710 ro)J;y BCero IO)I{HOrO II06epe)l{hH <l>IIHCKOro 3aniiBa 6hinO rrpiiCTyrrneHO K C03)J;aHIIIO rrepe~J:OBOH 6a3hi B PeBene. ,Il;nH 6a3IIpoBaHIIH rpe6Horo ¢noTa IICIIOnh30BaJIIICh 3aHHThie B XO)J;e BOHHhl Bhi6opr II rropThi <l>IIHnHHIJ:IIIIfenhCIIHrcpopc II A6o. PacrniipeHIIe CIICTeMhi 6a3IIpoBaHIIH EanTIIHCKoro ¢noTa, rrpoiicxoIJ:IIBrnee 3a cqeT cy)l{eHIIH 6a3IIpoBaHIIH IITBe)J;CKOrO cpnoTa, II03BOniinO BhiHeCTII o6opoHy MOpCKIIX IIO)J;CTyIIOB K IleTep6ypry B 3aiia~J:HYIO qaCTh <l>IIHCKOrO 3aniiBa, opraHII30BaTh 5onee TeCHOe B3aiiMO)J;eHCTBIIe apMIIII II ¢noTa II C03~J:aTh 6narorrpiiHTHhie ycnOBIIH )J;nH aKTIIBHhiX )J;eHCTBIIH ¢noTa B EanTIIHCKOM Mope. B TeqeHIIe BceH: BOHHhi Ha ocTpoBe KoTniiH Benoch cTpOIITenhCTBO BOeHHO-MopcKoH: 6a3hi KpoHrnTa~J:T. 0HO 6hinO 3aKOHqeHO B 1723 ro)J;y, II c Tex rrop KpoHrnTa~J:T cTaHOBIITCH rnaBHOH 6a3oi1: EanTIIHCKoro ¢noTa.

BOCTOLJ HAs:! EBPOnA Ilpii co3.n:aHIIII 6a3 ¢JioTa pyccKoe

IlOMIIMO IIOJieBOH ):leHCTByroru:eli

KOMaH.[(OBaHIIe 60JihiiiOe 3HalfeHHe

apMHH HMeJIHCh BOHCKa rapHH30HHhTe

rrpii.[(aBaJIO opraHII3ai(IIII IIX Ha.[(C'lK-

II .TiaH.[(MIIJIIII(IIH. rapHII30HHhiC BOHC-

Holi o6opoHhi c cyiiiii II MopH. KaK

Ka COCTOHJIII II3 IIeXOTHbiX II .n:paryHC-

rrpaBIIJIO, o6opoHa 6a3 CTpOIIJiaCh Ha

KIIX IIOJIKOB, pa3Meii(aJIIICh B KpyrrHhiX

B3aiiMO.[(eHCTBIIII pa3HOpO.[(HhiX CIIJI II

ropor~ax II HBJIHJIIICh cepoe3HOH BOO-

cpe.[(CTB.

555

py'lKeHHOH CIIJIOH ry6epHIIII. 11x rJiaB-

0.[(HOBpeMeHHO CO CTpOIITeJib-

HOH 3a):lalfeli 6biJIO coxpaHeHIIe «BHYT-

CTBOM Bep<lJeil, KOpa6JieH II 6a3 pe-

peHHero rropfl.[(Ka», KpoMe Toro, Ha

IIJaJiaCh He MeHee CJIO'lKHaH 3a.n:alfa

HIIX B03JiaraJiaCb IIO):IroTOBKa peKpy-

rro.n:roTOBKII Ka.n:poB ¢JioTa. TaK 'lKe

TOB. 11HOr):la lfaCTh rapHII30HHhiX

KaK II B apMIIII, pH.[(OBOH COCTaB <lJJIO-

BOHCK IICIIOJih30BaJiaCh KaK pe3epB

Ta KOMIIJieKTOBaJICH rryTeM rrpOBe.[(e-

):leHCTBYIOII(eH apMIIII. JlaH):IMIIJIIIUIIH

HIIH peKpyTCKIIx Ha6opoB. CJiy'lK6a

rrper~cTaBJIHJia co6oli rrepe¢opMIIpo-

BO <lJJIOTe 6biJia IIO'lKII3HeHHOH. 06y-

BaHHhie ropOLIOBhie BOHCKa yKpaiiHC-

lfeHIIe pH.[(OBOrO COCTaBa rrpOBO.[(II-

KIIX ropO):IOB II rrpe):IHa3HalfaJiaCb TaK-

L1JIH rapHII30HHOH CJIY'lK6hi. C

1723

JIOCh rryTeM rrpaKTIIlfeCKOH IIO.[(rO-

'lKe

TOBKII Ha KOpa6JIHX. IJo OT3hlBaM CO-

ro):la IIOJIKII JiaH.[(MIIJIIII(IIII 6hiJIII rrpe-

BpeMeHHIIKOB, pyCCKIIe JIIO.[(II OlfeHh

Bparu:eHhi B IIOCeJieHHhie BOHCKa IIppe-

6biCTp0 OBJia.[(eBa.TIII BOeHHO-MOpC-

ryJIHpHOro TIIIIa. JlaH):IMIIJIIII(IIH CJIY-

KOH crreu:IIaJihHOCThiO. 0THOCIITeJih-

'lKIIJia TOJibKO JieTOM, a 3IIMOH pacrryc-

HO BhiCOK11e MOpaJihHbie Ka'-leCTBa

KaJiaCh ITO ):IOMaM.

pH.[(OBOrO COCTaBa, KOMIIJieKTOBaB-

A.K. HapToB. 0Kono 1725 r.

fapHII30HHhie BOHCKa HaClfiiThiBa-

IIJerOCH peKpyTaM11 113 KpeCThHH,

Jlll OKOJIO

IIpiipO.[(HaH CMeKaJIKa II TPY.Il:OJII06IIe

MIIJIIII(IIH- .[(0

pyccKIIX JIIO.[(eH I3 rrpaKTIIlfeCKOH ylfe-

Ka3aKII rro-rrpe'lKHeMy cocTanJIHJIII

6e, IIX My'lKeCTBO II CTOHKOCTh B

IIpperyJIHpHyro KOHHIII\Y. 06ru:aH lfiiC-

1165

nee 3TO orrper~eJIIIJIO nhlco-

1725 roey (K KOHIJ:Y u:apcTBOBaHIIH IleTPa I) ):IOCTIIJiaJia 220 ThiCHlf lfeJIOBeK, II3

Jie3a PocciiH HaMHoro o6orHaJia

6oro -

KIIe 6oenhre KalfeCTBa JIIIlfHoro coCTaBa pyccKoro ¢JioTa. 0<lJIIU:epCKIIH COCTaB <lJJIOTa KOM-

ThlC51'-i '-leJIOBeK, JiaH):I-

ThiCHlJ: IJ:eJIOBeK.

JieHHOCTb noopy'lKeHHhlX CIIJI K

KOTOpbiX IIOJieBOH .[(eHCTByroru:eli ap-

112 ThlCHlf lfeJIO-

IIJieKTOBaJIC51 II3 pycCKIIX ):IBOpHH, KO-

MIIII HaClfiiThiBaJIOCh

TOphre IIOJiylfaJIII TeopeTIIlfeCKYIO

BeK, MeCTHhiX BOHCK (rapHII30HHhie

IIO):IrOTOllKY I3 C03):1aHHhlX I3 CTpaHe

llOHCKa II JiaH):IMIIJIIIUIIH)- ):10

BOeHHO-MOpCKIIX yiJ:e6HbiX 3aBe.[(eHII-

CHlJ:

51X -

BOUCK- ):10

B HaB11rau:Koli IIIKOJie 11 Mop-

IJ:eJIOBeK

78 Thi-

IIpperyJIHpHhiX

30-35 ThlC51'-i

'-leJIOBeK.

CKOH aKa):leMIIII. 3TO 6hiJI OCHOBHOH IIYTh IIO):IrOTOllKII Hai(IIOHaJihHhiX o<lJIIU:epCKIIX Ka):lpOB. 0):1HaKO 6biCT-

Co3,n,aHMe aoeHHO-TexHw-lecKoilt 6a3bl

po pacryru:eJo.1)' <lJJIOTY 3TIIX Ka):lpOB He XBaTaJIO, II03TOMY u:apCKOe rrpaBII-

IlpaniiTeJihcTBo IleTPa

OTJIIIlfHO

TeJihCTllO rrpaKTIIKOllaJIO IIOChiJIKY

rroHIIMaJIO, lfTO LIJIH rro6e):lhi HaL~ Kap-

LIBOpHH LIJIH o6ylfeHIIH B IIHOCTPaHHhie

JIOM XII Heo6xo):IIIMo C03LiaTh MOII\Hyro

<lJJIOThl 11 HaH11MaJIO Ha IIOCTOHHHYIO

TeXH11'-lecKyro 6a3y BOHHbi. C 3TOH

IIJIII BpeMeHeyiO CJiy'lK6y B pyCCKOM

u:eJihiO oHo yr~eJIHeT oco6oe BHIIMaHIIe

<lJJIOTe 11HOCTpaH1leB.

BOeHHOH rrpOMbilllJieHHOCT11. Pa3B11-

1725 ror~y pyccKIIli peryJIHpHhiH

TIIe MeTa.TIJIYpriiiJ:eCKOH IIpOMhiiiiJieH-

¢JioT Ha EaJITIIHCKOM Mope IIMeJI r~o

HOCTII o6ecrrelfiiJIO rrepenoopy'lKeHIIe

40 JIIIHeHHhiX KOpa6JieH, 10 <lJperaTOB 100 MeJIKHX cyLIOB, aHa KaciiiiliCKOM Mope r~o 100 pa3JIIIlfHhrx cyr~oB.

<lJJIOTa.

apMIIII II C03):1aHIIe BOeHHO-MOpCKOrO C 3TOH UeJihiO 6hiJIII C03):1aHhl HO-

lfiiCJieHHOCTh IIOJieBOH ):leHCTBy-

Bbie ropH03aBO):ICKIIe rrpe):IIIpiiHTII51

1724 ror~y LIOCTIIraJia: 70 ThiC51lf lfeJioBeK, r~pary

Ha YpaJie, B KapeJIIIII, B palioHe Bo-

IOII(eH apMIIII B rrexoTa -

38 ThiCHlJ: IJ:eJIOBeK, apTIIJIJiepiiH II IIH'lKeHepHbie BOHCKa 4 ThiCHlJ:II lfeJIOBeK, BCerO 112 ThiCHlf lfeJIOBeK.

Hhi-

poHe'lKa, 3a EaliKaJioM II B r~pyriix MecTax. K KOHUY

XVII

BeKa Bbiii-

.TiaBKa IJ:yryHa B PocCIIII .n:ocTIIrJia rrpiiMepHo

150 ThiCHlf rryr~on.

1720

ror~y

pyccK11e LIOMeHHbie rre'-l11 Bbiii-

JiaBIIJIII

730 ThiCHIJ: rryr~on IJ:yryHa, a 4 ror~a, n 1724 ror~y,-

eru:e llepe3

ThiCHlf rryr~oB. Ilo r~o6hrlfe 'lKe-

AHrJIIIIO II r~pyriie 3arrar~Hoenporreil CKIIe CTpaHbi. B rrepnoli IJ:eTnepTII

XVIII

BeKa

6hiJIII 3aHOBO IIOCTpOeHhi MHOriie rrpoMhiiiiJieHHhie

rrper~rrpii51TII51

II paCIIIII-

1725

ror~y n cTpaHe

HaClfiiTbiBaJIOCb OKOJIO

240 Maey<lJaK-

peHhi cTaphle. K

556

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

l)'p, cpe,n:II KOTOpbiX 6b1Jlli II ,[(OBOJib-

pyccKaH TeXH~eCKaH II BOeHHO-TeX-

HO Kpyrnme.

~eCKaH MbiCJib. B no BpeMli B Poc-

ume B TyJie opy)l{eHHbiH 3aBo,n: c BO-

BeKa

CIIII Bbi,[(BIIraeTCB MHOrO TaJiaHTJIII-

.n:o.n:ertcTByromiiMII MarnHHaMII, Mac-

IIOJiyqaeT 3HaqiiTeJibHOe pa3BIITIIe

BbiX H3o6peTaTeJiert: MapK CH,n:opoB

Tep llBaH BemieB, pa6oTaBIIIIIH Ha,n:

B nepBOH qeTBepTH

XVIII

II Ceprert IllaJialilliiiKOB, nocTpOIIB-

ycoBeprneHCTBOBaHIIeM OIITHqecKIIX IIHCTpyMemoB, apTHJIJiepiiCT KopqMIIH, ycoBeprneHCTBOBaBIIIIIH KOHCTPYKU:HIO nyrneK. B ,n:Bopu;oBort TOKapHoH MaCTepCKOH, npiiHa,n:Jie)l{aBrneH JIIIqHo IleTpy, B 3TO BpeMH pa60TaJI Bbi,n:aroll(IIHCH pyccKIIH TeXHIIK-II3o6peTaTeJib A.

HapTOB.

C ero IIMeHeM CBH3aHbi KpynHeHrniie II306peTeHIIH B MaiiiHHOCTPOeHHH II BOeHHoH TeXHHKe. B neTPOBCKOH TOKapHe HapTOB II ero copaTHIIKII co3.1l:aJIH BIIepBbie B MIIpe CTaHKII C cynnopTaMII -

MexaHHqecKIIMH .n:ep)l{a-

TeJIHMII pe)l{yll(ero IIHCTpyMeHTa. 3TO II306peTeHIIe IIMeJIO IICKJI}()~足 TeJibHOe 3HaqeHIIe ,[(JIH pa3BIITHH MaIIIIIHOCTpoeHIIH. B

1741

ro.n:y Hap-

TOB II306peJI CKOpOCTPeJibHyro 6aTapero, KOTOpaH HbiHe xpaHIITCH B ApTIIJIJiepiiHCKOM IICTopiiqecKoM My3ee B CaHKT-IleTep6ypre. CoCTOIIT OHa II3

He60JibiiiiiX MOp-

TIIp, paCIIOJIO)I{eHHbiX Ha ,n:epeBHHHOM ropii30HTaJibHOM Kpyre . MopTIIpKII 6biJIII CBH3aHbi IIOpOXOBOH ,n:opO)I{KOH IIJIII CTOIIIIHOBbiM IIIHypOM. BbiCTPeJibi II3 MOpTIIpOK cJie,n:oBaJIII O,[(IIH 3a ,n:pyriiM, KaK TOJibKO ,[(OXO,[(IIJI OrOHb IIO IIOpOXOBOH .n:opo)I{Ke IIJIII rnHypy.

OPrAHIII3AU,IIIOHHAs:l CTPYKTYPAAPMIIIIII, POAA BOLIICK Ill BOOPY)I(EHIIIE L/,eHTp811bHOe ynpaBJ1BHII1e

AneKcaHAPAaHI!InOBIII'f MeHWIIIKOB. PyccKIIIiil rocyAapcTBeHHbliillll soeHHbliil AeHTenb, reHepani!ICCIIIMyc (1727 r.). B AeTCTBe B3HT <1>. SI.Jle<t>opToM B cnyr111, 3aTeM AeHll.IIIIK neTpa I. npeAaHHOCTbiO Ill ycepAIIIeM 3aBOeBan ero AOBepl!le Ill pacnono}l{eHI!Ie. C 1693 r. 6oM6apAIIIP npeo6pa}l{eHcKoro nonKa, 6e3oTnY'fHO HaxoAIIInCH np111 neTpe I, conposo}I{AaH ero B noe3AKax no Pocc111111 , B A3oBCKIIIX noxoAax 1695-1696 rr., B BeniiiKOM noconbCTBe 1697-1698 rr. B 3anaAHYIO Espony. "'enoBeK 6onbWOrO yMa, o6naAaBWIIIiil BOeHHbiM Ill aAMIIIHIIICTpaTIIIBHbiM AapoBaHI!IeM, peAKOiii3Heprllleiillll TPYAOcnoco6HOCTbiO, MeHWIIIKOB BbiABIIIHyncH B 'fiiiCno 6nl!l}l{ai/lwiiiX cnOABIII}I{HIIIKOB neTpa I. Bo BpeMSI CesepHoiil BOHHbl 17001721 rr. MeHWIIIKOB KOMaHAOBan KpynHbiMIII ClllnaMIII neXOTbl Ill KOHHIIIU,bl, BblpOC B KpynHoro soeHa'fanbHIIIKa, oTnlll'fancH B ocaAe 111 np111 wrypMax KpenocTeiil, npoHBnHn 6eCCTpaWIIIe Ill xnaAHOKpOBIIIe, TaKTI!I'feCKOe MaCTepCTBO Ill IIIHIIIU,IIIaTIIIBy. 6onbWYIO ponb Cblrpan MeHWIIIKOB B nonTaBCKOM Cpa}l{eHIIIIII 1709 r., rAe KOMaHAOBan CHa'fana aBaHrapAOM, a 3aTeM neBbiM <t>naHrOM. ElLie AO BBOAa B Cpa}l{eHIIIe rnaBHbiX c111n MeHWIIIKOB pa3rpoMI!In OTPHA reHepana Wn111nneH6axa 111 B3Hn ero B nneH. 3aTeM pa36111n Kopnyc reHepana Pocca, cyll.leCTBeHHO ocna6111B TeM caMbiM apMIIIIO Kapna XII, 'fTO 111 npeApewl!lno no6eAy pyccKIIIX soiilcK

PeryJIHpHaH apMHH IIMeJia CTPOHHyro opraHH3au;Hro, KOTopaH Bbrpa6aTbiBaJiacb B xo.n:e CeBepHort BOHHhi.

K 1714 r o.n:y B pe3yJibTaTe nocTeneHHOH peopraHII3aQHH u;empaJibHoro ynpaBJieHIIH BOHCKaMII Be,[(aJIII Tpii yqpe)l{,[(eHHH: BOeHHaH KaHIJ;eJIHpiiH, KOMHCCapiiaT (3aHIIMaBIIIHHCH CHa6)l{eHIIeM II KOMIIJieKTOBaHIIeM) II apTHJIJiepHHCKaH KaHIJ;eJIHpHH.

K 1720

ro.n:y yqpe)l{.n:aeTcH BoeHHaH KOJIJiernH KaK OpraH QeHTPaJibHOro ynpaBJieHHH BOHCKaMH. B no,n:qHHeHHII ee HaxO,[(IIJIHCb fJiaBHbiH KOMHCCapiiaT, KaHIJ;eJIHpiiH maBHOH apTHJIJiepHH II

BOCTOYHA~

557

EBPOnA "Ta6enb

roruero 3HaHI1HMI1 «no reorpacprrH, cpopT11cpHKaU1111

o paHrax»

11 apT11Jl)lep1111,

a oco6nHBO Hanne)f(MT eMy reHepanhHO OHYK) 3eM)lK) 3HaTb, S KOTO-

1722

rony BBOAHTCH «Ta6enh

o paHrax», eornaeHo KOTopoMy see

poii CBOe 1:1 HenpHHTe.llbCKOe BOHCKO

AOJI)!{HOCTll B apM11l:lll BO cp.llOTC (TaK

o6peTaeTCH». feHepan-KsapT11pMeil:-

)f(C KaK H Ha rpa)!(JJ:aHCKOH CJIY)!(6e)

cTep ITOA'!HIDIJ!CH TOJ!bKO fJiaBHOKO-

6blJlii pa3)J,CJTCHbl Ha

MaHAYIOIUCMY 1:1 Jl0)l)f(eH 6hW HaXO-

6enh o paHrax»

Jli1ThCH np11 HeM.

14 paHrOB.

«Ta-

HMen noJIO)!(HTeJih-

Hoe 3HaYeHI1e AJIH ynopHJlOYeHI1H

feHepaJI-KBapTl:lpMeHCTep CO CBO-

Ocpllu,epCKOH cny)f(6hl: 'illHbl CTaJ!ll

IIMII OQliii~epaMII 6hlJl 06H3aH II3y'laTb

rrpHCBaHBaTbCH He ITO 3HaTHOCTH, a TIO

MeeTHOCTb l1 rryrn JlBH)f(eHHH BOJ1cK;

CJiy)f(e6HOH fOAHOCTH. TiepBbTe BO-

COCTaBJTHTb )J,HCIT03HUHIO ITOXO)J,a -

CeMb paHrOB npl1CBaHBaJIHCb TOJlhKO

«pOCT111CH K TIOXOL\Y, KOTOpbiM TiyTCM

ABOpHHaM. TipOHHKaBITIHe B OT)leJib-

11 S KaKOM CTpOK) Kasanep11H, I1H<l>aH-

HhiX eJiyYaHX Ha ASOpHHCKHe ,[(0Jl)f(-

Tepmi, apTrrJmeprrH 11 o6o3hT HJJ:TI1

HOCTI1 BbTXOJJ:LJ,bT H3 JJ:pyrnx CJIOeB Ha-

IIMCIOT, )la6bi Apyr Jlpyry B TIOXO)lC He

CeJieHJIH IIpH'!HCJIHJIHCb CO CBOHM IIO-

npeiTHTCTBOBaJill»; onpCAeJIHTb llOpH-

TOMCTBOM K ABOpHHCTBy. «Ta6enb 0

AOK pa3MCIUCHIIH BORCK B JiarepHX.

paHraX»

KpoMe

Tara,

3all(HII(aJI llHTepeCbi ABO-

OH AO.TI)f(eH 6hm seem

pHHeTBa. Bee KOMaHJJ:HhTe rroCThT KaK

~pHaJI BOeHHhiX AeHCTBllH, eyna «Bee

B BOeHHOH, TaK 11 B rpa)f()J,aHeKOH 06-

ITOXO)lbl H 6hTBilli1C Jiarep11 3aTIHCbTBaTb

JiaCTI1 OCTaBaJII1Cb 3a ABOpHHCTBOM.

11 'iepTe)!(J1 OHhlM pl:ICOBaTh». IIpeo6pa3oBaHIIIO ITOABeprniicb II

J].MBt13Mt1, 6pt1ta.D,bl, KOpBOflBHT

KaHu,emipHH r naBHOii cpopTHcpHKa-

BCe Jlpynte y'l.pe)f()leHllH, CBH3aHHble

U1111. IlepBhlM npe3HAeHTOM BoeHHoii

C opraHJ13aLJ,l:IOHHhlM ycTpOHCTBOM

ApMHH AenMnaeb Ha LI.MBH31111 u

apMnn. OcpopMJmeTCH soeHHo-cyn:e6-

6pnran:hT. CoeTaB AHBH3HH 11 6pnran:

HaH ll llO.Il11LJ,CHCKaH CJiy)!(6a.

He 6h1Jl OnpeAeJieH ll MeHH.IleH B 3a-

KonnernM 6w1

MeHmnKOB.

B BOeHHoe BpeMH Bo rnaBe )J,eiiCTBYiorueil: apMIIII CTOH.Il reHepaJrcpenhAMapwan, llO.Ilh30BaBlliHHCH e)J,H-

Ta6m1~a. 0CHOBHble BOeHHble '"IVIHbl no «Ta6enH 0 paHraX»

HOBJiaCTHbiMII npasaMII. ITo Mepe Heo6xo)J.HMOCTH OH co6npan BOeHHbTH coseT, 11rpasw11i1 ponb eosew_aTeJibHoro opraHa.

WTa6

Ilpn rJTaBHOKOMaHAYIOIUeM HMe.llCH ITO.IleBOll IDTa6, 06H3aHHOCTII KOTOpOrO TIOJlp06Ho orrpeAeneHhT BYeTaBe

1716

roAa. illTa6 B03rnasmm-

ApMei:icKaR nexora 11 Kasanepmr

KnacCbT

[ eHepa.rJ-¢eJ1b,I\M3Pllla.rJ

[ eHepa.rJ OT i1H<lJ3HTepHH f eHepa.rJ OT K3BaJTepHH

III

feHepan-neilreHaHT

feHepan-Mafiop

f eHepa.rJ-Mailop TIOJTKOBHHK f eHepa.rJ-MaMOp OT <jlopn!cjlHKai(llH

Ep11ra,u11p

IJOJIKOBHI1K OT 3pii1JTJlepH11

IJo,unOJlKOBHI1K

IJOJIKOBHHK

llO,!lll0JlKOBHI1K OT 3jiTI1JlJiep1111 IlOJTKOBHHK-HmKeHep

Mailop

VII

IlO,!liTOJTKOBHHK

Mauop IlO,!liTOJTKOBHHK-HHlKeHep

KarrrrraH

VIII

Mailop

Mailop-11HJKeHep

KamnaHneilTeHaHT

KanuTaH

KanuraH-neilTeHaHT KannraH-HHJKeHep

JleilreHaHT

KarrnraH-neureHaHT

JleureHaHT Karri!T3H-nerrTeHaHT-llH)](eHep

YHrepnerrTeHaHT

XII

JlerrreHaHT

YHrep-neureHaHT JlerrTeHaHT-HHJKeHep

<Den,upnK

XIII

YHTep-JlerrTeH3HT

lliTbTK-JOHKep Y HTep-JlerrTeH3HT-HHJKeHep

XIV

<IJeH,!lpiiK

<DeH,upnK-nmKeHep

Jli1'1Hb!X OTAeJws ynpasneHHH soi1 cKaMn. B Ha'laJie

XVIII

BeKa KBap-

feHepan-¢enh,u~eilxMeficrep

TI1pMei1eTepeKaH eny)f(6a ( eny)f(6a uJTa6a) nony'iMJia 6onee eosepmeHHYK) opraHH3aUHK), 6biJI onpeneneH IDTaT 1:1 ycTaHOBneHbl 06H3aHHOCTl:l KBapTIIpMeHCTepCKOH CJiy)f(6bi, TeM CaMhTM 3aJIO)f(eHhl OCHOBbl CJI}')f(6bT feHepanbHoro mTa6a. BoiiHCKIIil: YcTaB

1716

roAa rrpnnaBan 6onhmoe

3Ha'ieHMe 'il:IHY reHepa.ll-KBapTHpMeHCTepa 11 Tpe60BaJI Ha3Ha'laTh Ha ::ny AOJ!)f(HOCTb «MyApOro, pa3yMHOro II IIcKycHoro '!eJIOBeKa» , o6Jmna-

rsap,uH5!

cH reHepaJI- KBapTIIpMeil:eTepOM II BKJliO'IaJI S ee6H Ha'laJlbHHKOS pa3-

Aprnmrepru 11 IIHlKeHepHbJe sot!cKa

558

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

REKDTHAR AHBH3HR

APTHRREPHIICHHi/ RDRH

HABAREPHIICHAR AHBH3HR

HTeJibHhrx AeiicTBHil. KopBoJiaHT nerKmr, «nery'Imi» Kopnyc HJT H3

6-7

cocTo-

TbTCH'I KOHHHl1bl, HHOrll,a

eM)' npHil,aBaJTaCb 'IaCTb neXOTbl C JTerKHMH nywKaMH. Koprryc pe3epBa <<TTpH 60JlbWOM BOHCKe» COCTOHJl «113 MHOrnx TTOJlKOB» H CJTy)KHJT rJTaBHhTM o6pa30M il,JlH 110Mep)I{Kl1 CBOHX BOHCK, rAe 6onee Bcero O)I{Hil,aJTOCb HerrpHH~

"'a

"..;

HaHOHuptHU&

·~?i··

..e a

TeJihCKoe Harrall,eHHe.

.... ~

nexom

•

IIo wTaTaM HHMtHepH. u noHmoH #IOMOH&#

1711

roll,a cocTaB rre-

XOTbi 6biJl orrpell,eJieH B

42 ITOJIKa,

l13

HHX ll,Ba rBapll,eHCKHX (I1peo6pa)l{eHCKHH H CeMeHOBCKmi) H

5 rpeHall,ep-

CKHX. n03)f{e 6bTJTO ccjlopMHpOBaHO ewe 9 HOBhTX TTOJTKOB OT}:(eJThHOrO HH30BOrO Koprryca. Bcero nexOThi no

OpraHH3ai..II'ISI apMIIII'I

lllTaTy 3Ha'll1Jl0Cb il,O

ThiCH'l 'leJlO-

BeK. IIepBbre «HOBorrpH6opHbie» rre-

BHCHMOCTH OT o6cTaHOBKH. nocTOHH-

CTOHJTH H3 JJ:Byx, Tpex HJTH 60JTbTTTero

XOTHhie ITOJTKH COCTOHJTH H3

HYIO opraHH3ai.(HIO HMeJIH TOJibKO

'IHCJTa TTOJTKOB.

CBell,eHHbiX B ll,Ba 6aTaJlbOHa. C

ITOJIKH . .IJ:HBH3l1l1 cpopMHpOBaJIHCb H3

2-3

B cocTaBe apMHH B Ka'IeCTBe Heno-

rOAa ITOJIK COCTOHJI l13

poT,

1704

9 poT: 8 cjly3H-

CTOHHHhTX KPYTTHhiX opraHH3au:rroHHhTX

JTepHhiX (M)'IIIKeTepCKHX) H O}:(HOH rpe-

H KaBaJTepHH HJTH H3 O}:(HOH neXOThT.

ell,HHHI.J. 6biJIH KOpnyc pe3epBa H KOp-

Ha}:(epCKOH. C

l.J.HCJTO }:(HBH3HH TaK)f{e He 6hiJ10 OTT-

BOJiaHT, CJlY)I{HBlllHe OC06biMH OTpHil,a-

TTOJTK BXO}:(HJTO 2 6aTaJThOHa ITO 4 pOTbl

pell,eJieHO. BBeAeHHbre 6pHraAbi co-

MH, rrpell,Ha3Ha'leHHbiMH AJIH CaMOCTO-

B Ka)f{il,OM; l13

6pTITa}:( H COCTOHJTH H3 neXOThl

<J>ya11111epbl apT1111111ep111i'icKoro nonKa nepaoi'i nonoBI'IHbl XVIII B.

1708 ro}:(a

B neXOTHhTH

8 pOT Oll,Ha 6biJia rpeHa-

BOCTOYHAs:l EBPOnA

~Y3HneprsapAeHCKoro

50 rraTpOHOB KOMIIJleKTHbiX M 10 yqe6HblX. 30 KOMIIJleKTHblX IIaTPOHOB COJI):(aTbl HOCIIJIII rrpii ce6e B rraTPOHHOll CYMKe. B KamJJ:OM rroJIKY IIMeJIIICb 2 JierKIIe rrymKII II 4 MOpTIIpbi. fpeHa.n:epCKIIe IIOJIKII 6hiJIII C03):(aHbl B 1708 ro.n:y, nepe.n: caMoll: IlonTaBcKoll: 6IITBOH. 0HII 06Jla):(aJlii 6onbmell: orHeBoll: MOIIJ,biO. fpeHa.n:epbr IIMeJIII Ha BOopy)l{eHIIII IIOMIIMO py)l{bH rpaHaThi, a HeKoTopbre II3 HMX - M pyqHbre MOPTMPUbi. B rpeHa.n:epcKOM IIOJTKY 6hTJTO ):(0 12 nyrneK. 06MYHJlHpOBaHIIe rreXOThl COCTOHJIO II3 ):(JIMHHhiX, ):(0 KOJieH, 3eJieHhiX MYHJJ:IIpOB, IIITaHOB (HeCKOJibKO HII)I{e KOJieH), KOpOTKOro, ):(0 KOJieH, IIJlaiiJ,a ( enaH'III), Kpymoll: IIJJmiJbi II 6aiiiMaKOB. KasanepiiCThi, B OTJIII'IMe OT rrexoTIIHueB, HOCIIJIII ciiHMe MYHJJ:Hpbi II canorn.

npeo6pa>KeHcKoro nonKa

Kaaaneplllfl ):(epCKOll. ~CJieHHOCTh IIOJIKaiiO IIITaTaM 1711 ro.n:a 6hma cne.n:yroiiJ,ell:: 40 rma6-oqmuepoB M o6ep-o<lJMUepoB, 80 ymep-o<lJMUepoB, 1120 pMOBbiX M 247 pMOBbiX HecTpoeBhiX. PoTa cocToHJia II3 4 o6ep-o<lJIIuepoB, 10 YHTep-o<lJIIuepoB II 140 cTpoeBbiX PMOBbrx. Bcero HII:lKHIIX ~IIIHOB B IIOJIKY 3HaqiiJIQCb 1200 qeJIQBeK, IICKJIIOqa.H HeCTpOeBbiX, a B paTe - 150 qenoBeK. PoTa .n:eJIIInacb Ha 4 rrnyToHra (B3Bo.n:a), rrnyTOHr - Ha ):(Ba KaiipaJibCTBa. fBap):(eUCKIIe II HeKOTOpbie JJ:pyriie IIOJIKII liMeJill 60Jibille pOT II 6aTaJibOHOB II 60JibillYIO 'IIICJieHHOCTb, HO Ka}I{)J;blll 6aTaJlbOH COCTOHJI II3 4 pOT. )J;o 1708 ro.n:a nexoTa MMeJia Ha Boopy)l{eHIIII py)I{MI c 6arMHeToM. B 1706- 1708 ro.n:ax rrpoiiCXOJlHT rrepeBoopy)l{eHIIe apMIIII py)I{MIMII c TpexrpaHHhiM IIITbiKOM. IlOMMMO py)I{MI rreXOTIIHeU IIMeJI Ha BOOpy)l{eHIIII mnary, o<lJMUepbi 6bmii Boopy)l{eHbi npoTa3aHaMII, a YHTep-o<lJIIuepbr ane6ap.n:aMII. Ebmii B rronKax II IIMKII, HO OHII IICIIOJih30BaJliiCh ):(Jffi KapayJlhHOll CJIY)K6hi. Py)l{be II:Meno Kanii6p 0, 78 .n:roll:Ma, Bee - 14 <lJYHTOB II 6bTJTO CHa6)1{eHO y.n:apao-KpeMHeBbiM 3aMKOM. CTpemiJIII TIO rrpOTMBHIIKY rrpiiMepHO Ha pacCTOHHIIM 300 maroB. CKopoCTpenhHOCTh py)l{bH paBHHJlach 1- 2 BbiCTpenaM B MHHYTY路 CoJI):(aTaM Bbl):(aBMOCb

)J;o Ha~rana XVII BeKa KaBanepiiH no.n:pa3.n:enHJiaCb Ha pell:TapoB, rycap II .n:paryH. IlpM IleTpe I co3.n:aeTcH

559 KOHHIIUa .n:paryHcKoro TMrra. B 3TO BpeMH B cTpaHax 3ana.n:Holl: EBporrhi rrpO):(OJI)I{aJlii cyiiJ,eCTBOBaTb pa3JIIIqHble TIIIIbi KaBanepiiii. B 1699 ro.n:y B pyccKOll apMMII 6biJIO c<!JopMIIpOBaHO ):(Ba .n:paryHCKIIX TIOJTKa, 3aTeM lfX qliCJleHHOCTb 6hlCTpO B03pOCJia II ):(0CTIIfJla 33 TIOJlKOB, II3 KOTOpbiX 3 TIOJlKa 6biJlii rpeHa):(epCKIIMII II 30 <lJy3IIJiepHbiMII. qiiCJieHHOCTh KOHHIIIJ.bl .n:ocTIIrana 38 ThiCH'I qeJioBeK. KaBanepiiHCKIIH IIOJIK BKJIIOqaJl B CBOH COCTaB I 0 pOT, B TOM qncJTe OJJ:HY rpeHa.n:epcKyiO. Ka}I{)J;hie ):(Be poTbi cocTaBmmii 3CKaJJ:pOH. ITo IIITaTaM 1711 ro.n:a B rronKY 3aaqiiJIOCb rnTa6-o<lJMUepoB II o6epo<lJIIuepoB - 38 qeJioBeK, ymep-o<lJIIuepoB 80 qeJIOBeK, CTpOeBbiX PMOBbrx - 920 qenoBeK 1:1 aecTpoeBbiX - 290 qeJIOBeK. B paTe 6hiJIO 3, YHTep-o<!Jmreo6ep-o<lJIIuepoB poB - 8, PMOBhrx .n:pafYH - 92. Boopy)l{eHIIe .n:paryH COCTOHJIO II3 o6nerqeHHoro py)l{bH 6e3 IIITbiKa, rranarna II JJ:BYX TilfCTOJleTOB. )J;paryH-

PoTHoe 3HaMH neH6-rsapAHH npeo6pa>KeHcKoro nonKa

560

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. JiepHH 6biJI

.H.

EpiOc, xopoiiio 3HaB-

IIIHii apTHJIJiepuncKoe ):(eJio. B opraHH30BaHHOH B IIpeo6pa)!{eHcKoM B

1701

ro):(y apTHJIJiepHHCKOH MaCTep-

CKOH pa6oTaJIH KpynHeHIIIHe apTHJIJiepHCTbl B. Kop'IM11H 11

.H.

foiiiKe.

BOopy)!{eHbi nOJIKOBOH KOHHOH apTHJIJiepweii. C03):(aB KOHHbiii Kopnyc (KopBo-

1701

ro):(y 6bm c<PopMHpoBaH

apTHJIJiepHHCKHH noJIK. ITo IIITaTy

1712

ro):(a B nOJIKY 3Ha'IHJIOCb O):(Ha

poTa 6oM6apAHpCKaH, 'leTbrpe pOTbl

Oco6eHHO HHTeHCHBHbiM cTaHOBHTCH

KaHOHHpCKHe, HH)!{eHepHaH MHHepHaH poTa H HH)!{eHepHaH H nOHTOH-

1700

HaH KOMaH):(bi. B

nOJIKY no IIITaTy

2323 Hli)!{HHX 'IHHa,

ro):(a, me pyccKoe BOHCKO noTepHJio

'IHCJIHJIOCb

1701-1702 ro):(ax 6biJIO 113rOTOBJieHO 368 opyll:11H, 113 HHX 17 5 MeJIKOro KaJI116pa, rrpe):(Ha3-

TaH e3):(0BbiX H 0603HbiX, a B poTe -

Bee opyll:HH. B

CKHe nOJIKH BnepBbie B MHpe 6biJIH

apTHJIJiepHeH.

npOH3BO):(CTBO MOliiHOH apTHJIJiepHH nocJie HapBcKoro cpa)!{eHHH

AparyHbl

KaJI116pOB 06Jier'lHJIO llOJib30BaHHe

C'IH-

6 o6ep-o<PuuepoB, 10 YHTep-o<P11uepoB, cTpoeBbiX pHAOBbiX B KaHOHHp-

132

Ha'IeHHbiX AJIH noJIKOB. ITpoH3BOA-

cKon pOTe-

cTBO nyiiieK OCHOBbiBaJIOCb Ha 6ora-

Kon-

TOM OnbiTe pyccKOH apTHJIJiepHHCKOH

JieHHH BXO):(HJIH B apTHJIJiepHHCKHH

TeXHHKH.

93.

H B 6oM6apAHpc-

HH)!{eHepHbre noApa3Ae-

noJIK. EbrJio MHoro CAeJiaHo AJIH

PyccKaH apTHJIJiepHH ):(eJIHJiach Ha

YJIY'IIIIeHHH H ycuJieHHH HH)!{eHepHo-

IIOJIKOByiO, IIOJieByiO, OCall:HYIO H Kpe-

ro BOOpy)!{eHHH H llO)J,rOTOBK11 cne-

IIOCTHyiO. Opyll:HH 6biJIH Tpex BH-

UHaJIHCTOB HH)!{eHepHoro ):(eJia.

nyiiiKH, ray6HUbi H MOpTHpbi.

1701

JiaHT ), CaMOCTOHTeJibHO peiiiaBIIIHH

iJ:OB -

6oeBhre 3a):(a'IH, PoccHH BnepBbie co-

Bee opyll:HH yMeHbiiiHJICH, 'ITO HMe-

nOJIY'IHJIH Ha BOopy)!{eHHe JierKHe nyiiiKH H MOpTHpbi, KOTOpbie nepeB0-

roAy AparyHcKHe noJIKH

3):(aJia CTpaTerwrecKyiO KOHHHUY.

JIO 60JibiiiOe 3Ha'leHHe AJIH HX IIOA-

PyccKaH KOHHHIIa HBJIHJiaCb B TO Bpe-

Bli)!{HOCTH; Ka)!{):(blll THn opyAHH no-

3HJIHCb «Ha Ce):(JiaX MOpTHpHbiX».

MH Mory'IeH nO):(Bli)!{HOH CHJIOH. ITo-

JIY'IHJI CTpOrO ycTaHOBJieHHbie KaJIH6-

ITpHcJiyra noJIKOBbiX nyiiieK 6hma

CTpoeHHaH no AparyHcKoMy THny H

pbi. 0AH006pa3He THnOB opyAHH H HX

noca)!{eHa Ha JIOIIIaAeH. TaKHM o6pa-

HMeBIIIaH Ha BOopy)!{eHHH apTHJIJiepHIO, ORa MOrJia peiiiaTb CJIO)!{Hbie 6oeBbre 3a):(a'IH. KoMaH):(OBaJI KOHHH-

1706 rO):(a TaJiaHTJIHBblll CIIO):(BH)!{HHK IleTpa I A. ,1..1,. MeHIIIH-

ueii C

3apSIAHbl~

Slll.IIIIK

KOB.

ApTI1.n.nepvlfl ApTHJIJiepH11 rrpHAaBaJIOCb 11CKJIIO'lHTeJibHO 60JibiiiOe 3Ha'leHHe. 0):(HHM H3 BH):(HbiX ):(eHTeJieii apTHJI-

OpyAIIIe CeMeHoBcKoro nonKa

CTOSI"'aSI MOpTIIIpa 1707 r.

BOCTO~ HAs:l

6oM5apA~-tP aPT~-tnnep~-ti1ctroro

561

EBPOnA

nonKa nepaoi1 nonoB~-tHbl XVIII B.

30M, HanOJICTOJieTIISI paHbiiie, qeM Ha

TeJII>Hblit .Jl.OKJI3g, B KOTOpOM pa36H-

HHH 3Toro nepBoro ycTasa rrexOThl.

3anage, B PoCCHH nOSIBHJiaCb KOHHaSI

paJIHCb BOnpOCbl IIO.Jl.roTOBKH BOitCK.

0KOJIO

apTHJIJiepHSI. KoHHaSI apTHJIJiepHSI

B .Jl.OKJia,n,e Beit.LI.e no.LI.po6Ho pa3o-

AJISI peryJISipHolt .LI.paryHcKott KaBaJie-

1702 ro.Jl.a 6i>IJI

BBe.Jl.eH ycTaB

6paHhl nopSI.Jl.KH, cymecTBOBaBIIIHe

pHH- «KpaTKOe nOJIO)KeHHe npH

ro.Jl.y. llpyccKHit KO-

B 3a!Ia,D,HOeBponeitCKHX apMHSIX, H

yqeHHH KOHHO-.LI.paryHCKOro CTpOSI» .

3TO BOeHHOe HO-

.Jl.aHa HX KpHTHqecKaSI OU:eHKa. 3TO

BOBBe.Jl.eHHe HM 3aHMCTBOBaHO y pyc-

JIHIIIHH!t pa3 CBH.Jl.eTeJII>CTByeT, ~0

KOe 06hlKHOBeHHOe yqeHHe» H ycTaB

B TipyccHH BBe.Jl.eHa <DpHAPHXOM TOJII>KO B

1759

pOJib npH3HaJI,

1706 ro.Jl.aiieXOTHhltt ycTaB «KpaT-

peryJISipHaSI apMHSI co~aBaJiacb He no

«KpaTKOe nOJIO)KeHHe npH yqeHHH

B peJYJII>TaTeTeXHHqecKolt peKoH-

HH03eMHhlM o6pa3U:atvt. ,[{oKJia,n, Be~t

KOHHO-.LI.paryHCKOro CTPOSI» nO.Jl.Bep-

CTPYKI.IHH H opraHH331.1HOHHI>IX tvtepon-

.Jl.e, BOIIIe.Jl.IIIHit B HCTOpHIO IIO.Jl. Ha3Ba-

rJIHCb cymecTBeHHhlM H3MeHeHHSIM,

pHSITHlt pyccKaSI apTHJIJiepHSI 6blJia

HHeM «YcTaB Beit.LI.e

1698 ro.LI.a», chlr-

KOTOphle BHOCHJIHCI> OT.Jl.eJII>HhlMH HHCTPYKU:HSIMH H HacTaBJieHHSIMH, Ha-

CKHX.

CaMOit MOIIIHOtt H IIO.Jl.BH)KHO!t. «AHr-

pan IIOJIO)KHTeJII>HYIO pOJib B COCTaB-

JI}lqaHe,- nHCaJI lleTPy HaqaJII>HHK

JieHHH ycTaBOB. 0.Jl.HaKO no CBOetvty

nHcaHHI>lMH lleTpoM I Hero CIIO.Jl.BH)K-

pyccKOtt aprHJIJiepHH,- 3eriO CH6Hp-

CO.Jl.ep)KaHHIO H Ha3HaqeHHIO OH He

HHKaMH IIIepetvteTeBhlM H MeHIIIHKO-

CKHe nyiiiKH B03JII06HJIH H )KeJie30

6h1JI nepBhlM CTpOeBhlM ycTaBOM pyc-

BhlM. B

XBaJISIT: Jiyrqe .Jl.e rHIII!IaHCKOro, H rrpo-

CKO!t peryJISipHOit apMHH, KaK 3TO

O.Jl.HY H3 JiyqiiiHX CBOHX BOeHHO-TeO-

cqHTaJIH MHOrne 6yp~a3Hb1e BOeH-

peTHqecKHX pa6oT «Yqpew-,AeHHe

CSIT O.Jl.HO!t nyiiieqKH AJISI o6pa3U:a».

Hhle HCTOpHKH.

C~CTEMA 06YliEH~SI BO"'CK

1708

ro.LI.y lleTP

HanHcaJI

K 6010 IIO HaCTOSIIIIeMy BpetvteHH».

TiepBhlM ycTaBOM pyccKolt pery-

,[{JISI .LI.paryH KOMaH.Jl.YIOIIIHM KOHHH-

JISipHolt apMHH 6h1JIO CTpoeBoe noJio-

n:ett MeHIIIHKOBhlM

B pyccKolt peryJISipHolt apMHH

)KeHHe, COCTaBJieHHOe no npoeKTY

«ApTHix)'JI KpaTKHtt»

6blJia ycTaHOBJieHa e.Jl.HHaSI CHCTeMa

reHepaJia foJIOBHHa H OTrreqaTaHHOe

paKTepHolt OC06eHHOCThiO ycTaBHO-

1700

6h1JI cocTaBJieH

(1706 r. ).

Xa-

ro.Jl.a IIO.Jl.

ro TBopqecTBa SIBJISIJIOCI> IIOCTe!IeH-

ro.Jl.a. Eme .Jl.O BBe.Jl.eHHSI

Ha3BaHHeM «KpaTKOe 06hlKHOBeHHOe

HOe o6o6meHHe 6oeBoro orrorra B ca-

I, HCIIOJII>3YSI onolT Ce-

yqeHHe». llpH COCTaBJieHHH «KpaT-

MOM XO.Jl.e BOitHbl. 3atvteqaTeJII>Hb1it

BepHolt BOttHhl, BBO.Jl.HJI pa3JIHqHhle

KOro 06hlKHOBeHHOro yqeHHSI» 6h1JI

YcTaB

HcnoJib30BaH «ycTaB Beit.LI.e» H MHO-

H3Be.Jl.eHHhlM B pyccKOtt apMHH rrpe-

o6yqeHHSI, pematvteHTHpoBaHHaSI YcTaBOM

1716

YcTasa lleTp

ycTaBHhle noJio)KeHHSI. B

1698

ro.LI.y

Maltop Tipeo6pa)KeHcKoro noJIKa Beit.LI.e rrpe.Jl.CTaBHJI lleTpy

o6cToSI-

B MocKBe B HOSI6pe

1716 ro.LI.a no.Jl.BO.Jl.HJI HTOr rrpo-

I npH-

o6pa30BaHHSIM H o6061IlaJI MHOroJieT-

HHMaJI JIHqHoe yqacTHe B COCTaBJie-

HHit 6oeBolt onhlT CeBepHolt BOitHhl.

me .LI.pyme MaTepHaJihl. lleTP

562

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. 3HaqeHHe npHAaBaJIOCh o6yqeHHIO

IIIeMY ... uapxo-rocyAapxo BepHo H no-

COJIAaT IIITI>IKOBI>IM npHeMaM H pyKonaiiiHOJ;i CXBaTKe.

«TeJIOM H KpOBbiO, B noJie H Kpenoc-

IleTp I, B03rJiaBJIHBIIIHit BoopyiKeHHI>Ie CHJihl PoccHH, 6hlJI npOTHB-

THX, BOAOIO H CYXHM nyTeM ... ». 3To nepBaa qacTh npHcarH. 0Ha

HHKOM MYIIITPhl H MeXaHHqecKoit OT-

npoHH3aHa HAeeit 3aiUHThl PoccHH oT

pa6oTKH npHeMoB o6yqeHHa. ITo ero

BHeiiiHHX BparoB. BTOpaa iKe qacTh

CJIOBaM, o6yqeHHe apMHJ;i B C'IpaHax

npHCHrH Tpe6yeT OT COJIAaTa 3aiUH-

3arra)J.Hoit EBponhl xapaKTepH30Ba-

IUaTh HHTepechl rocyAapcTBeHHhle

JIOCh «BapBapCKOit CJIO:iKHOCTI>IO».

BHYTPH caMoro rocyAapcTBa, ecJIH

«PY:iKI>eM,- roBopHJI Ile7p I,- <J:>ex-

6yAeT AeltcTBHeM «BpiDKecKoe H npe-

TYIOT, a B Mapiiie TOJII>KO TaHUYIOT>>. 06yqeHHe, BBeAeHHOe B pyccKOJ;i ap-

AOCYAHTeJII>Hoe npOTHB nepcoHhl ero BeJIHqecTBa, HJIH ero BOJ;iCK, TaKO:iK-

MHH, OTJIHqa.JIOCh npocTOTOit H npaK-

Ae ero rocyAapCTBa JIIOAeit HJIH HH-

TH"'HOCThiO, npH 3TOM OT COJIAaTa Tpe60Ba.JIHCh OCMhlCJieHHI>Ie, a He Mexa-

Tepecy rocyAapcTBeHHoro ...».

HHqecKHe AeitcTBHa.

.lJ:na

noAroTOBKH o<J:>MuepoB O'I'KphlBaiOTC.si BOeHHhle IIIKOJihl. B 1698-

SI.B.6p10C

CJIYIIIHO», 3aiUHIUaTh rocyAapCTBO

PeryJiapHaa apMHa HcnoJih30BaJiach AJIH 6op1>61>I c KpecTI>HHCKHMH BOCCTaHHHMH H AJIH 6op1>6hl C BHeiiiHHMH Bpara:MH.

1699 r0Aax 6hlJia OCHOBaHa BOeHHM

CoJIAaTcKaa MaccaapMHH cocToa-

IIIKOJia npH IIpeo6piDKeHCKOM noJiey,

Jia H3 KpenOCTHhlX h.'"j)eCThHH, a o<J:>H-

HeCKOJibKO n03'A<e -

uephl- H3ABopaH. HeoAHOPOAHOCTh

eme HeCKOJII>KO

BOeHHI>IX IIIKOJI.

KJiaCCOBOro COCTaBa apMHH Tpe6oBaJia OTAeJieHHH COJIAaTa OT ycJIOBHJ;i

CHcTeMa o6yqeHHa peryJiapHolt pyccKOlt apMHH CTpOHJiaCh no npHH-

C~CTEMA BOCn~TAH~S1

PYCCKO!il PEfYJ1S1PHO!il APM~~

UHny «KaK B 6oxo nocTYnaTh».

rpa.iK)J,aHCKoit iKH3HH. PeKpyT, npH3BaHHhllt B aprvmxo, nepecTaBa.JI cqHTaThca h.'"j)enOCTHI>IM CBOero noMeiUH-

BoHHCKHe ycTaBhl H HaCTaBJieHHa npeAyCMaTpHBa.JIH pa3JIHqHoe o6yqe-

PyccKaa peryJiapHaa apMHa co3AaBa.Jiach B XOAe CeBepHoit BOitHI>I.

Ka H CTaHOBHJIC$1 «roCyAapeBhlM qeJioBeKOM». IlO:iKH3HeHHM CJiyiK6a B

HHe HOB06paHUa H CTaporo COJIAaTa.

BoJ;IHa 7pe6oBan:a OT coJIAaTa H o<J:>M-

apMHH B Ka3apMeHHI>IX ycJIOBH.siX H BC$1

HoBo6paHUI>I AOJI)f(Hhl 61>IJIH npoxo-

uepa BI>ICOKHX 6oeBI>IX KaqecTB, :iKe-

CHCTeMa KapaTeJII>HhlX H BOCnHTaTeJih-

AHTI> OAHHOqHyiO nOAr0TOBKY H o6y-

JiaHH$1 H yMeHHa ApaTI>C.si H no6e:iK-

HhlX MeponpH.siTHit AOJiiKHI>I 61>mH CAe-

qaTI>CH 3JieMeHTapHhlM npaBHJiaM

AaTh. CHcTeMa BocnHTaHHa H o6yqe-

JiaTh apMHIO Ha)l.eiKHhlM opyAHeM B

CTpoa, CTaphlX iKe COJIAaT o6yqan:H

HH.si pyccKoit peryJiapHoJ;i apMHH

pyKax rocnOACTBYIOIUero KJiaccaABO-

AeltcTBHHM B 6oeBoM C'IpOIO (no noA-

OCHOBhlBa.JiaCh Ha3THX 7pe60BaHHHX.

pa.3):{eJieHHHM H qacTIIM). HcKJIIOqHTeJII>HO ueHHI>IM .siBH-

Ilo6eAy npHHOC.siT, 3arrHcaHo B YcTa-

paH-KpenoCTHHKOB. CJiyiK6a B apMHH cqwraJiach ro-

Be 1716 roAa, «Ao6phle nopaAKH,

cyAapcTBeHHhlM AOJiroM. IleTp I Tpe-

JIOCh BBeAeHHe ABYCTopoHHero no-

xpa6phle cepAua, cnpaBHoe opYiKHe».

6oBaJI, qT06hl K~I>Iit BOHH BCeitAy-

JieBoro yqeHHH BOitCK, nepBhlMH

B ycTaBax H HHCTPYKUHHX npHAaBaJIOCh BIDKHeJ;iiiiee 3HaqeHHe HpaB-

IIIOit JII06HJI CBOe AeJIO, H60 «BOHH-

<J:>opMaMH KOTOporo .siBHJIHCh «nOTeiiiHhle» MaHeBphl1691-1694 ro-

CTBeHHOMY 3JieMeHTY. Be3KoH<J:>y3-

CKOe AeJIO nepBoe H3 MHpCKHX AeJI, .siKO Ba:)f(Heitiiiee AJIH o6opOHhl CBOe-

AOB ( CeMeHOBCKHe H KO:iKYXOBCKHe ).

cTBo- CMeJIOCTh, HeycTpaiiiHMOCTh,

ro QTeqecTBa:>>. Ile7p, HCXOAJI H3 HAeM

Ha 3THX MaHeBpax, npoBOAHBIIIHX-

xpa6phle cepAua «BCeMY MaTh ecTh».

3aiUHThl rocyAapcTBa H BOCnHTaHHH

c.si C yqacTHeM neXOThl, KaBaJiepHH

Be3KOH<J:>Y3CTBO «eAHHO BoitcKo B03-

BOHHCKoit qecTH, BMABHHYJI 3Hatv!eHH-

H apTHJIJiepHH, OTpa6aThlBaJIHCh

BI>I IIIaeT» .

Thlit Te3HC 0 TOM, qm «HM$1 COJIAaT

3JieMeHThl noJieBoro 6o.si H npHeMI>I OC3Jl.I>I H IIITYpMa KpenocTelt . .ll:By-

CHcTeMa BocnHTaHHa B peryJiapHoit apMHH 6hlJia noAqHHeHa 3a)J.aqe

KOTOpi>Ie B BOitCKax CYTI>, OT BhliiiHe-

cTopoHH.si.si noJieBaa nOArOTOBKa BOitCK 6hlJia HOBhlM HBJieHHeM B HC-

Bhlpa60TaTh H3 coJIAaTa BepHoro 3a-

ro reHepana AIDKe AO nocJieAHero

IUHTHHKa rocyAapCTBeHHhlX HHTepe-

TOpHH BOeHHoro HceyccTBa. 3arra)l.-

COB, A06HTI>C.si OT Hero nOHHMaHHH

MYIIIKeTepa, KOHHoro H neiiiero». IlOHHTHe «COJIAaT» 03HaqaJio-

HOeBponeltcKHe CTpaHI>I BBeJIH ee 3HaqHTeJI I>HO n03iKe .

BOHHCKOrO AOJira H C06JIIOAeHH.si

C'IpaiK rocyAapcTBa, OT xpa6pOCTH H

CTpO:iKaitiiieit AHCUHnJIHHhl. 0 COAepiKaHHH BOCnHTaTeJII>HOit CHCTeMhl

CTOitKOCTH KOTOporo 3aBHCHT pasrpoM HenpH.siTeJia. BocnHTaHHIO BOHHCKoit qecTH,

.lJ:Jia noJieBOro o6yqeHH.si BOitCK

npOCTO COAepiKHT B ce6e BCeXJIIOAelt,

6hlJIH BBeAeHhl eiKerOAHI>Ie JieTHHe

MO:iKHO cyAHTh no To~aiiiHeit BOeH-

JiarepHhle c6ophl. B pyccKolt pery-

Hoit npHc.sire. IlpHHoca npHcary npH

JiapHolt apMHH, B OTJIHqHe OT 3aiia)J.-

pa3BepHYTOM 3HaMeHH, COJIAaT o6.si-

xpa6pOCTH H MyiKeCTBanpHAaBa.JIOCh nepBOCTeneHHOe 3HaqeHHe. 3a O'DIH-

HOeBponeitCKHX apMHJ;i, 60JII>IIIOe

3hlBaJICH «CJIYiKHTh BCenpHCBeTJieit-

qHe B 6oax o<J:>Huephl H coJIAaThl Ha-

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA

563

rpmK):laJTHeb OpJJ:eHaMH H MeJJ:aJTHMH.

HHe KapayJTbHOH eJTy)l(6bl B MHpHOe

«paeey)I(JJ:eHne», eoo6pa3yHeb e o6-

obiJTH y<Ipe)I(JJ:eHbi opJJ:eHa AHJJ:peH

npeMH- «)l(eeTOKOe HaKa3aHIIe», ll

eTOHTeJTbeTnaMII, a He )lep)l(aTbeH

ITepB03BaHHoro H AJTeKeaHJJ:pa Hen-

noeHHoe -

YeTana «HKO eJTenolt eTeHbT».

eKoro. B

apMHII IIOJJ:JJ:ep)I(IIBaJIOeb

3a «Hepa.o:eHIIe )leJTa enoero IIJTII 6er-

'-lyBeTBO 3eMJTH'-leeTBa, B3aiiMHOH Bbl-

eTBa» HaKa3aHIIeM 6bma «6ee'-leeTHaH

«O eOJT)laTax IIMeTb HeMa.rroe IIOIIe'-le-

py'IKH. PeryiTHpHbTe no.rrKn eTaJTn Ha-

nneeJTnu:a». Bee 3TH Mepbi fleTp o6o-

HHe»: «Ocpnu:epbl eyTb eO.TJ):laTaM HKO

3biBaTbeH He 110 IIMeHaM IIX KOMaH-

eHOBbTBa.TJ He06XO)liiMOeTblO eo6,TJIO-

OT[(bl )leTHM»; OHII )l0Jl)I(Hbl «)l06pbie

JliipOB, a 110 Ha3BaHIIIO ry6epHIIH II

)leHIIH BOIIHeKoli )liieU:IIIIJTIIHbi. B OJl-

)leJTa IIX IIOXBaJTHTb, 3a XYJlble )l(e Ha-

eMepTHaH Ka3Hb. B 6o10

flCTp

Tpe6onaJT oT ocpiiu:epon

TIOJJ:6IIpaJTHeb H3 ypo)l(eH[(eB 3THX

HOM H3 eBOIIX npHKa30B OH TIHeaJT:

KpenKO H e yeepJJ:HeM HaKa3biBaTb».

ry6epHIIli. CoJTJJ:aTbi JJ:OJT)I(Hbi 6biJTII

«51 11piiKa3biBaiO naM eTPem no neR-

3a Hepa;::J:IIBOe OTHOIIIeHIIe K eJTy)l(6e,

«yBa)I(IITeJlbHO» OTHOeiiTbeH Jlpyr K

Koro, KTO 6e)l(aTb 6y)leT, II )la)l(e y6IITb

oeo6eHHo B 6oenoli o6eTaHOBKe, ocpii-

JJ:pyry II He 'IIIHIITb 06IIJJ: rpa)l():laH-

MeHR eaMOrO, eeJTII H 6y)ly eTOJlb Ma-

uepon JTIIUiaJTII )lO,TJ)I(HOeTII II 'IIIHa II )la)l(e pa3)1(aJTOBaJTII B eoJ1,llaTbi. 113ne-

1716 ro)la

JTO)lyrneH, '-ITO eTaHy peTIIpOBaTbeH OT

TIOJJ: eTPaxoM eMepTHoli Ka3HH 3anpe-

HenpHHTeJTH». CTPoro HaKa3biBaTJHeb

eTHo, HanpHMep, 'ITO 3a OIIIH60'IHbTe

ruaJT 3aHHMaTbeR rpa6e)I(OM, <<nop-

eOJT):laTbl H 3a He6pe)I(HOe xpaHeHHe

JJ:elieTBIIR B epa)l(eHIIII IIOJJ: BoJTOB'III-

eKOMY HaeeJTeHIIIO. YCTaB

THTb H JTOMaTb HMYIUeeTBO», rpa6HTh

opy)l(f[H. Eepe)I(HOe oTHoiiieHHe K opy-

HOM 6bTJT pa3)f(aJTOBaH B eOJTJJ:aTbl re-

3aHHTblll ropOJJ:, y6IIBaTb II 06II)I(aTb

)I(IIIO -

HepaJT

):leTeli, )l(eHIUIIH II eTapiiKOll.

naHIIli YeTana.

Bee yeTaBbi II HaeTaBJTeHIIH pye-

OJlHO II3 Ba)I(HeliiiiiiX TPe6o-

YeTan

1716 ro)la <IeTKO cpopMYJlll-

PeiiHIIH.

CIIeTeMa noeiiiiTaHIIH n pyeeKoli peryiTHpHOH apMIIII eyrueeTBeHHO

eKoli peryJIHpHOH apMIIII yJJ:eJIHIOT

pyeT 06R3aHHOeTII Ocpiiu:epOB II IIX

OTJTII'IaJTaeb OT 3alla)lHOeBp011elieKOH

MHOro BHIIMaHIIR «)l06poMy 110pHJlKY

OTHorneHIIe K eoJT)laTaM. Ocpiiu:ep

BOeiiiiTaTeJTbHOH eiieTeMbl HaeMHblX BOHeK. 0eHOBOH BOeiiiiTaHIIH eJTy)I(II-

II JJ:IIeU:IIIIJliiHe». IleTpy

11piiHa;::J:Jie-

06R3aH 3HaTb BOeHHOe )leJTO, eO)lep-

)l(aT eJTOBa: «HII'-ITO TaK JTIO)leli KO 3JTY

)l(aTb 110pH)lOK B '-laeTII, <<IIOy'-laTb»

Jia eaMa eiieTeMa KOMIIJieKTOBaHIIH

He 11piiBOJJ:IIT, KaK eJTa6aH KOMaH):la».

eOJT)laT II IIO)laBaTb Jlii'IHblll 11piiMep

HaUIIOHaJTbHOH peryJTHpHOH apMIIII -

COJTJJ:aT o6R3aH 6biJI IIOJJ: eTpaxoM

)liie[(IIIIJTIIHbl II xpa6poeTII, TO'-IHO

BOIIHeKaH IIOBIIHHOeTb HaeeJTeHIIH.

CTpO)I(aHrnero HaKa3aHIIH BbillOJTHHTb

BbliiOJTHHTb 11piiKa3. IleTp JJ:06IIBaJT-

PyeeKIIli eOJTJJ:aT, ronopiiiT IleTp, «3a-

TPe6onamm YeTana H 6eenpeKoeJToB-

eH OT ocpnu:epOB pyeeKOH apMHH BbT-

IUHTHHK OTe'IeeTBa», TI03TOMY B 3a-

HO IIO)l'-IIIHRTbeR eBOIIM KOMaHJJ:IIpaM.

eOKOH 6oeBOH aKTIIBHOeTII, 3Hepriiii

6oTe «O UeJTOeTII eOJT)laT Bee BOIIH-

CoJTJJ:aTa eTaBHJTH Ha JJ:Ba <Iaea IIOJJ:

II peiiiiiTeJTbHOeTII B 6010. Oqmu:e-

eKOe JJ:e.TJo eoeTOIIT». HaeMHIIK 3allaJJ:-

MymKeT, HaKa3biBaJTII mmru:pyTeHa-

paM 11pe)lOeTaB,TJHJTaeb IIHII[(IIaTIIBa

Hoenpo11elieKIIX apMIIH e,TJy)f(II.TJ 3a

MII, KHYTOM II 3a Oe06bie, 6oJTee TH-

B )lelieTBIIHX eoo6pa3HO «eJiy'-laiO»

mmTy. MyrnTpa II wa6JTOH- xapaK-

)I(eJTbie 11pOeTyiiKII -

eMepTHOH Ka3-

II «06biKHOBeHIIIO» 11pOTIIBHIIKa. 3a

TepHaH oeo6eHHOeTb IIOeTOHHHbiX

Hbl0. B TO )l(e npeMH B3bieKIIBaJTOeb II

<mepaeey)I(JleHIIe» B 6o10 ocpiiu:ep

HaeMHbiX apMIIli. HpKIIM eBII)leTeJTb-

e mjmu:epon 3a 11pOII3BOJTbHOe II 6e3-

IIO)lBepraJTeH eypoBOMY HaKa3aHIIIO.

eTBoM OTJTII'IIIH IIHTepeeOB pyeeKOH

paeeyJlHOe HaKa3aHIIe. HaKa3aHIIH 3a

Oeo6o IIO)l<IepKIIBaJTOeb, 'ITO B BOIIH-

apMIIII OT IIHTepeeOB apMIIII HaeMHOH

O)lHII II Te )l(e 11pOeTyiiKII B MIIpHOe II

eKOM Y eTaBe «IIOpHJlKII IIIIeaHbi, a

eJTy)l(aT o6parueHIIH IIOJTKOBO)lUeB

BOeHHOe BpeMH 6biJIII pa3Jlii'IHbiMII.

BpeMeH II eJTy<IaeB ReT>>, 1103TOMY

K eBOIIM BOHeKaM 11epe)l epa)l(eHIIeM.

TaK, HanpnMep, 3a HepaJJ:HBoe Heee-

B noeHHbTX JJ:elieTBHHX HY)I(HO HMeTb

fleTp npH3biBaJT apMHIO epa)f(aTbeH

Wnar111 111 nopTyneSI AparyHCKI!Iiii nanaw

Py'IHaSI MOPTI!Ipu,a 111 ane6apAa 6oM6apAI!IPOB apTI!InnepllliiicKoro nonKa (1712-1732 rr.)

(1700-1732 rr.)

564

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

<<3a pOJJ: CBOH, 3a OTeqecTBO», <l>piiJJ:piiX

II -

3a IToJryqcHIIC «JJ:BOHHoro 1

'lKaTJOBaHbH» .

IJ;IIrry, pyccKOe KOMaH)]OBaHIIe BbiCa-

HBIIIIIH ITOqTII II3 ITOJIOBIIHbl BCell KOH-

'lKIIBaJIO JJ:CCaHThi Ha TCppiiTOpiiii ITpO-

HIII(hi, 3aTCM- ITCXOTa, 3a ITCXO-

TIIBHIIKa.

TOH -

B Be,[(eHIIII BOeHHhiX JJ:eilcTBIIH co IIIBe):(aMII pyCCKOll apMIIell IIIIIpOKO

CnOC06bl BEAEHHSI BOHHbl L-1 60SI PYCCKOiil PErYJlSIPHOiil APMHL-1

ITO.TJeBaH apTIIJIJiepiiH; 0603 II

OCTaJibHaH KaBaJiepiiH HaXO):(IIJIIICb B apheprapJJ:e.

ITpaKTIIKOBaJIIICh TaKIIC CTPaTcriiqc-

B ITOXOJJ:ax BoilcKa o6cciTcqiiBaJIII

CKIIe cpopMbi, KaK pa3rpmvi ITpOTIIBHII-

ce6H Mepmviii oxpaHeHIIH. Pa3Be):(Ka

Ka ITO qacTHM II «MaJIUH BOHHU» (Ma-

Benach HeiTpephiBHO. ,lJ;HeBHhre ITepe-

CTpaTcriiH pyccKoil pcryJIHpHoil

JlbiC cpopMbi BOllHbi), KOTOpaH OITpC-

XOJJ:hi COCTaBJIHJIII

apMIIII orrpeJJ:eJIHJiaCh rocyJJ:apcTBeH-

):(emiJiaCh ):(eHCTBIIHMII TTOJJ:BII'lKHbiX

HOH ITOJIIITIIKOH. «BOIIHCKOe ):(eJIO, -

15-20,

a IIHOr):(a

KM.

JieTyqnx OTpHJJ:OB ITO TbiJiaM, KOMMy-

BoilcKa, Haxo)]IIBIIIIIecH B6JIII3II

ITepBoe II3

HIIKai(IIliM II OT)leJibHbiM ITYHKTaM ap-

OT HeiTpiiHTenH, paciTonaraniiCh nare-

MIIpCKIIX ):(eJI, HKO Ba'lKHeHrnee ):(JIH

MIIII ITPOTIIBHIIKa. B XOJJ:e CeBepHoil

peM, 6onee OTJJ:aJieHHhre -

BOHHhi 6hiJIO ITO):(rOTOBJieHO II ocyrrre-

TIIpax. ,[(JIH CHa6'lKeHIIH BOHCK ITpOJJ:O-

rnaciiT Te3IIC IleTpa

I, -

o6opOHhi cBoero oTeqecTBa». IleTp

rOBOpiiJI, qTo He MO'lKeT 6hiTb Be.TJIIKIIM ITOJIKOBOJJ:I(CM TOT, KTO «BOIOCT

CTBJieHO KOHTpHaCTyiiJieHIIe. IlCTp

Ha KBap-

BOJihCTBIIeM ycTPaiiBaniiCh ciTeQIIaJib-

ITpii ITOMOIIIII ITOJJ:BII'lKHbiX

HhlC 6a3hl IIJIII IICITOJih30BaJIIICb

pa):(II C06CTDeHHOll TOJibKO CJiaDbi,

CaMOCTOHTeJibHO ):(eHCTDYIOIIIIIX OT-

neyTpeHHIIe pecypcbr 3aHHToro KpaH.

a He JJ:JIH o6opoHhi oTeqecTBa, 'lKeJiaH

pHJJ:OB JJ:06IIBUJICH CTpaTeriiqecKOrO

HeiTocpeJJ:CTBeHHO ITPII BoilcKax ITO-

6hiTb o6Jia):(aTeJieM BCeJieHHOH».

oKpy'lKeHIIH ITPOTIIBHIIKa. Pa3BepHyB-

qTII BcerJJ:a IIMeJicH MeC5{qHhiH 3aiTac

B JJ:Omon II yiTopHoil CeBepHoil BOll-

rneMycH B 6opb6e co rnBeJJ:aMII ITapTII-

ITpOBIIaHTa.

(1700-1721

rr.) pyccKaH CTPaTe-

3aHCKOMY ):(BII'lKeHIIIO OH CTpeMIIJICH

CyxorryTHaH apMIIH IIcKycHo B3a-

nm CJIY'lKIIJia 'lKl13HeHHb!M l1HTepecaM

ITpMJJ:aTb opraHl130BaHHhiH xapaKTep.

l1MOJJ:ei1cTBOBana c cp.rroTOM. BoeHHbie

Pocciiii. XapaKTepHhiMII qepTaMII

CoBeprneHCTByeTCH OCa)]Hoe IIC-

):(eHCTBIIH Ha MOpe, TaK 'lKe KaK II Ha

3TOH CTpaTeriiii HDJIHJIIICb peiiiiiTeJib-

KyccTno pyccKoil perynHpHoil apMIIII,

cyme, neniiCh perniiTeJibHO. Ecnii n

HOCTb B JJ:OCTII'lKeHF!II ITOCTaBJieHHOll

ITpiiqeM Ha ITepBhiH ITJiaH HaqrmaeT

3TO BpeMH 3aiTaJJ:HOeBpoiTeilcKIIe cpno-

I(CJIII B BOHHC II rii6KOCTb cpopM 60pb-

BbiCTyiTaTh rnrypM KaK Haii60JICC 3cp-

Thi CTapaJIIICb JJ:06IITbCH IT06CJJ:bl

6hr; oRa 6hma HarrpaBJieHa Ha pa3rpoM

cpeKTIIBHbiH crroco6 6oph6hr c rrpoTIIB-

yJJ:ep'lKaHIIeM CIIJibHbiX TT03III(IIH C u;e-

'lKIIBOll CIIJibi ITpOTIIBHIIKa, a He ITpO-

HIIKOM. BoHCKa Ha TeaTpe BOllHbi (IT0-

JlbiO IICTOIIIIITb ITpOTIIBHIIKa, Be):(H 'lKe

TIIB KpeiTOCTeil II TeM 6onee «coo6-

6JIII30CTII OT HeiTpiiliTeJIH) COBeprna-

6oil, CTpeMIIJIIICb He K peiiiiiTeJibHO-

rrreHIIH» -

KOMMYHIIKau;IIil ITPOTIIB-

JIII ):(BII'lKeHIIe COCpeJJ:OTOqeHHO.

MY IICXOJJ:y, a K coxpaHeHIIIO CBOIIX

HIIKa. B CTpaTeriiii u;eHTPaJihHOe Me-

Pa3JJ:eJieHIIe CIIJI pa3pernanoch TOJih-

Kopa6nen, TO pyccKIIil cpnoT ncerJJ:a

CTO 3aHIIMano cpa'lKeHIIe. Eon, a He

KO B cnyqae, KOr):(a «Y3KIIe ITpOXO)lbl

ITpe)]IToqiiTan 6on c perniiTeJihHhiMII

1 II ero

6eCITJIO):(HOe MaHeBpiipOBaHIIe Ha

6yJJ:yT», HO II ITpii 3TOM KOJIOHHbi

u;eJIHMII. lleTp

KOMMYHIIKau;IIHX ITPOTIIBHIIKa 6bm

BolicK JJ:OJI'lKHhi 6hmii HaXOJliiThCH

pa3pa60TaJIII CIICTeMy 6a3IIpOBaHIIH

CITO):(BII'lKHIIKII

peiiiiiTeJihHbiM cpeJJ:CTBOM ):(JIH JJ:OCTII-

<<II06JIII30CTII OJJ:HU OT JJ:pyroH» C TeM,

cpnoTa II yMeno opraHII30BhiBaJIII o6o-

'lKCHIIH IT06CJJ:bi.

~06hi HC ):laTh B03MO'lKHOCTII ITpOTIIB-

poey C03JJ:aBaCMhrx 6a3. Co3JJ:aHIICM

IleTp

6hm rrpoTIIBHIIKOM Kop-

HIIKY pa36IITh BOHCKa no qacTHM.

6a3 II opraHII3au;IIel"! o6opoHhi Bcero

JJ:OHHOH CIICTeMhi De):(eHIIH DOHHhi II

B ITOXOJJ:Hhrx JJ:DII'lKeHIIHX niTepeJJ:II

ITo6epe'lKhH EanrnncKoro MOpH II nxo-

cocpe)]OTOqMBan, a He pa36pacbrBan

CJie):(OBaJI Cl1JlbHblll aBaHrapJJ:, COCTO-

JJ:a B <l>l1HCKl1ll 3aJil1B 6b!Jll1 Ha):(e'lKHO

CIIJihi, yMeJIO rpyiTITIIpyH BOllCKa Ha pernaiOrrreM HaiTpanneHIIII. ,lJ;nH cTpaTerMM pyccKoil apMI1l1 6biJI xapaKTepeH IICKYCHbill Bbi6op HaiTpaBJieHIIH maBHoro yJJ:apa II cpopM 6opb6hr. Ilpii IleTpe

1-R/IHHHR

&. t5.

~ r!t .... ,,, ......,, ~~~ .......,.~ , , ... cll cll c!i &"'-Jjl wil~

............................

3aJIO'lKeHhi ocHOBhi

~c!ic!i~

•••

2•R/IHHH8

pcrniiTCJihHOH, HacryiTaTCJihHOH CTPa-

Peaepe

Ternii pyccKoil perymrpHoil apMIIII. PernnTeJihHhiH II HacTyiTaTeJihHhiH xapaKTep cTpaTenm 6hm Bhrpa'lKeH CJIOBaMII lleTpa

«C

:non MIIH)'Thl II )10 BC'I)'IIJICHIIH Ha

3H~1HHC KB3pTHpbt,- Ll3CHJI npHK33 <l>pH/IpH-

nepe11 Pocc6axcKHM cpaJKeHHeM B

rll/ly, HhC».

1757

~ ~ljtBIJI.tJIIfi•JI~ ~

«l1cKaTb He)lpyra

B ero 3el\me». CneJJ:yH 3TOMY ITPIIH-

fpet~t:Bepw

~ ~~

Ill IIIII III

~~Pesepe

11111111 1111

Apmunnepus

apMHSI IIOJIY43eT )IBOHHOe lK3JIOB3-

EioeBble nopHAKIII pyccKoi'i perynHpHoi'i apMIIIIII B Ha'lane XVIII B.

BOCTOYHAs:l EBPOnA o6ecne'leHhr 3anoenaHHhre no3HIIHH H copnaH nnaH aiiTJIH'IaH- conepiiiiiTh BTOp)f{eHHe B rrpe,o:eJTbr pyccKoro rocy,o:apcTBa. PyccKaH apMHH noKa3ana o6pa3IIhi IIIHpOKOrO HCnOJih30BaHH51 ,o:ecamon B xo,o:e noiiHh1. CTpaTerHH pyccKoil apMHH onpe,o:emura H ee TaKTHKy. Hcxo,o:H H3 Toro, 'ITO 6on HBMJICH peiiiiiTeJihHhTM CpC,O:CTBOM BOHHhi, O'ICHh Ba:ii<HOC 3Ha'leHHe npH,o:anaJIOCh pacnoJIO)f{eHHIO BOHCK H HX ,o:eHCTBH51M B nOJieBhTX cpa)f{eHHHX. BoilcKa ,o:M 6o51 BhiCTpaiiBamrch n JIHHeiiHhrn 6oenon nop5I):(OK. B KaqecTne OCHOBhi 6oenoro nop51):(Ka no YCTaBY 1716 ro,o:a CJJY)I{HJIO cne,o:yiOrrree pacnono)l{eHne noilcK: nexoTa n ,o:ne mrHnn, Ka)l{,[(aH n 'leThrpexrrrepeHO)I{HOM CTpOIO, apTHJIJiepH51 Bnepe):(II, no B03MO)I{HOCTH Ha BhiCOKHX MeCTaX, KOHHHIIa Ha <JmaHraX, B TpeTheH JIIIHIIH - pe3epB. 0IIITa51 3TOT 6oeBOH nOp51,0:0K TOJihKO 3a 06IIIHH BHJJ: pacnono)l{eHH51 ncex Tpex po,o:on noilcK ,o:M cpa)l{eHH51, YcTaB B Ka)l{,o:oM KOHKpCTHOM CJiy'laC Tpc6oBaJI CTpOHTh BOHCKa, C006pa3y51Ch C 06CTaHOBKOH. qHCJIO 6oeBhiX JIHHHH, MeCTO apTHJUTepHH H pe3epBa 3aBHCeJIO OT peaJihHOH o6cTaHOBKH H OT B03MO)I{HOCTH MaKCHMaJihHOrO HCnOJih30llaHH51 Ka)f{,[(oro po,o:a noilcK. B CB513H c TeM, 'ITO caMOH cna6oil CTOpOHOM JIHHeMHOrO 6oenoro nopH,o:Ka HBJIHJiach YH3BHMOCTh ero qmaHron, HX CTamr ycnJIIIBaTh rpeHa,o:epaMH, pacnonaranrrrHMHCH Me)f{,o:y OCHOBHhiMH JIHHH51MH. BBC,[(CHHeM pe3epna H '!aCTHhiX JIHHHM ('IaCTHhiX no,o:,o:ep)l{eK ), no cyTH ,o:ena, 6hm BH,[(OH3MeHeH «KJiaCCH'IeCKHH» JIHHeHHhiH 6oeBOH nop5I):(OK, KOTOphiH CTaJI 60JICC ycTOH'IHBhiM H nO,O:BH)I{HhiM. B 1706-1708 ro,o:ax B nCXOTC ycTaHanJIIIBaeTCH 'leThrpexrrrepeHO)I{HhiH CTpOH (,o:o 3TOrO 6hiJI rrreCTHIIIepeHO)I{HhiH). CTpeJih6a nenach 3amraMH: rrrepeHraMH, B3BO,O:aMH H BCeM 1 'laCThiO. CTpenh6a «na,o:eHHeM»

1 llpii CTpe.lib6e «IIa)1eHIIeM» (HII/1epcjla.rrJieH) rrepBbie IIHTb IIIepeHr CTaHOBIIJII!Cb Ha KOJieHO, OfOHb OTKpbiBaJia IIIeCTaH IIIepeHra, 3aTeM I10)1HIIMaJiaCb II CTpeJIHJia IIHTaH, 3a Hell -

'leTBepTaH, ll T./1.

565

PyccKaH apTIIInnepiiiH BeAeT oroHb no HacTynaiOll.IIIIM wBeAaM B 6111TBe noA nonTasoi1

6hma 3aMeHeHa CTpeJih6oH. 3annaJVrn nyTeM c,o:naiiBaHH51 rrrepeHr. )J,nH nexoTHoro noJIKa, oTpa)l{aBrrrcro Hana,o:eHHH KOHHHIIhl npOTHBHHKa, ycTaHaBJIHBaJIC51 6oeBOH nOpH,[(OK B BH,o:e Kape no 75 'leThrpexrrrepeHO)f{HhTX p51,0:0B C Ka)I{,[(OH CTOpOHhi ( eCJIH B noJIKy 1200 'leJIOBeK); apTHJIJiepH51 H rpeHa,o:ephr pacnonaraJIHCh Ha yrnax Kape. CTpoil KananepHH TaK)I{e BHJJ:OH3MeH51JIC51. C 1706-1708 ro,o:on B CB513H C Ha'laBIIIHMC51 nepeXO,[(OM OT py)f{eHHOrO OrHH C KOH51 K aTaKe XOJIO,[(HhiM opy)I{HCM KOHHHIIa pacnonaranaCh Ha quraHrax 6oenoro nopH,o:Ka pa3BepHyThiM CTpOeM n03CKa,o:pOHHO. ITo ,o:aHHhiM 1720 ro,o:a, CTpOH ee 6biJI ,o:nyxrrrepeHO)I{HhiM. KoHHHrra, nocTaBJICHHaH B pc3cpn, BhiCTpannanach n KOJIOHHhl. J13MCHCHHC CTp051 nCXOThi H KOHHHIIhi Bhi3hiBaJIOCh nOTpe6HOCT51MH TaKTHKH. TaKTHKa noilcK IIeTpa I B OCHOBe CBOeH OCTaBaJiaCh JIHHeHHOM.YCOBeprrreHCTBOBaHHeCIIOC060B 6051 BO MHOrOM n03BOJIIIJIO pyccKOH apMHH OTOMTH OT 06bi'!HhiX, IIIHpOKO npaKTHKOBaBIIIHXC51 <jJopM JIHHeHHOH TaKTHKH. Bne,o:eHHe pe3epna, ycHJieHHe <jJJiaHrOB H OCHOBHhiX 6oeBhiX JI1IHHll 'laCTHhiMH no,o:,o:ep)I{KaMH, cny)I{IIBIIIHMH 'laCTHhiM pe3epBOM, 51BJI51-

eTCH CBH,O:eTeJibCTBOM CTpeMJieHH51 c03,o:aTh Ha onpe,o:eneHHhiX y'laCTKax HCpaBHOMCpHOC pacnpC,O:CJICHHC CHJI, 'ITO, O,O:HaKO, He H3MeH51JIO TaKTiiKY n rrenoM. TaKTHKa peryMpHoil apMHH B rrepnolt 'leTnepTH XVIII neKa HMena cne,o:yiDIIIHe oco6eHHOCTH. B cpa)l{eHH51x nee 6oJihiiiYIO poJih Ha'IHHaJI nrpaTh IIIThiKonon, PYKOnamrn 6on. B 3ana,o:Hoil Enpone 6arnneT, a 3aTeM H IIIThiK npHMeH51JIHCh npe)l(,o:e ncero KaK o6oponnTeJihHoe opy)I(He. PyccKaH apMHH nnepnhre npnMeHHeT IIIThlK KaK aKTHllHOe HaCTynaTeJThHOe CpC,O:CTBO . .JJ:n51 nCXOThi CTaHOBHTC51 o6rrruM npanHJIOM nocne 3aJIIIa nepexo,o:HTh K IIIThiKOBOMY y,o:apy . .JJ:n51 KOHHHIIhi rnaBHhiM cnoco6oM ,o:eli:CTBHH B 6010 51BJI51JiaCh aTaKa XOJIO,[(HhiM opy)I(HCM. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B 3TO npeMH 6hiJIII 3aJIO)I(eHhi OCHOllhi y,o:apHOH TaKTHKH, KOTOpa51 nony'laCT CBOC pa3BHTHe no BTopoii nononnne XVIII neKa. ConeprrreHCTnyeTCH MaHenpnponaHue 11 ynyqrrraeTCH B3aHMO,o:eilCTBHe BCeX po,O:OB BORCK H 'laCTeH 6oenoro nopH,o:Ka. OT nexOThi Tpe6onanoch cTpeMHTeJihHoe HacTynnenne. Konnnrra aTaKonana no <jlnaHr H ThiJI, COrJiaCOBhiBa51 CBOH ,O:eHCTBH51 c nexoToil, a TaK)I{e 6pocanach n npeCJie,o:onaHHe npoTHBHHKa. MaHenp

566

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr. He6JiaronpHS!THOit BOeHHO-nOJIHTH'leCKOit o6CTaHOBKe, npH npeBOCXO,ll,CTBe npoTHBHHKa B CHJiax IleTp

CTpeMHJIC.ll HCnOJib30BaTb CBOH BOopy:lKeHHble CHJibl TaK, 'lT06b1 H3MeHHTb CTpaTerH'leceyiO o6cTaHOBKY B CBOIO nOJib3Y H 3THM no,ll,roTOBHTb 6JiaronpHHTHhle ycJIOBH.ll .Jl.JI.ll reHepaJibHoro Cpa:lKeHHSI, KOTOpOMY OH npH,ll,aBaJI peiiiarom:ee 3Ha'leHHe .Jl.JISI HCXO,ll,a BCeit BOitHhl. IlpH pa3pa60TKe CTpaTerH'leCKHX nJiaHOB OH CTpeMHJIC.ll K pa3,ll,eJieHHIO CHJI npOTHBHHKa H pa3rpoMy ero no qacTHM. l.JTo6hl nO,ll,'lHHHTb npOTHBHHKa CBOeit BOJie H HaBSI3aTb eMy Cpa:lKeHHe B HeBhlrO,ll,HhlX ,ll,JI.ll Hero ycJIOBHSIX, IleTp c 6oJibiiiHM HceyccTBOM npHMeHSIJI IIIHpOKHe C1paTerH'leCKHe MaHeBpbl. Ha o6opoHy Ile1p

CMOTpeJI KaK

Ha aKTHBHYIO <}>opMy 6opb6hl, KaK Ha cpe,ll,CTBO nO,ll,rOTOBKH HacrynJieHH.ll. YMeJioit opraHH3aUHeit aKTHBHOJ:I o6opoHb1 B

1707-1709 ro,ll,ax IleTp

H3MOTa.JI H o6eCCHJIHJI npOTHBHHKa, BhlHrpa.JI BpeMSI ,ll,JISI no,ll,rOTOBKH H pa3Beprb1BaHH.ll CBOHX CHJI H C03.Jl.a.Jl ycJIOBH.ll ,ll,JI.ll peiiiHTeJibHOro pa3rpoMa IIIBe,ll,CKOit apMHH B reHepa.JibHOM cpa:lKeHHH no,ll, IloJITaBofi. MHoro OpHrHHaJibHOrO IleTp BHeC B TaKTH'leCKOe HceyccTBo. Bolt oH paccMaTpHBa.JI KaK Ca!Ytoe peiiiHTeJibHOe cpe,ll,CTBO .Jl.OCTH:lKeHH.ll ycnexa H Tpe60Ba.JI Tl.l.laTeJibHOJ:I no,ll,roTOBKH K Hel\>ty KaK K «3eJIO onaCHOMY ,ll,eJiy». Ile1p OTKa3a.JIC.ll OT IIIa6JIOHOB JIHHeitHOit TaKTHKH, KOTOpblX npH,ll,ep:lKHBaJIHCb 3a-

KaH~.tnep r. "'· ronOBKHH

na,ll,HOeBponeitCKHe HaeMHble apMHH. Ha noJie 6o.ll 6h1JI o6H3aTeJieH H .Jl.JI.ll

O.Jl.HHM H3 OCHOBOnOJIO:>KHHKOB nepe-

OH npasHJibHO C'lHTaJI, 'ITO JIHHeitHoe

apTHJIJiepHH. Jien<M aprHJIJiepHH ne-

.Jl.OBOro pyccKOro BOeHHOro H BOeHHO-

nocTpOeHHe BOitCK He 06SI3b1BaeT HH

pe,ll,BHranacb BMeCTe C neXOTOit H

MOpCKOro HCKYCCTBa. C ero HMeHeM

K paBHOMepHOMY pacnpe,ll,eJieHHIO

BeJia no npOTHBHHKY KapTe'lHhlJ:I

CB.ll3aHO pa3BHTHe HOBhlX C1paTerH-

CHJI, HH K npHMOJIHHeitHOMY .Jl.BH:lKe-

OroHb; TSDKeJia.ll apTHJIJiepH.ll, eCJIH

'leCKHX H TaKTH'leCKHX <}>opM BOopy-

HHIO Ha npoTHBHHKa. OH 1pe6osa.JI

3Toro 1pe6osa.Jia 6oeBM o6cTaHOBKa,

:lKeHHOH 6opb6hl.

BhlC1paHBaTb BOitCKa B TaKOit 6oeBOit

MeHSIJia CBOH no3Hl.IHH. Pe3eps He HMeJI onpe,ll,eJieHHOro MeCTa B 6oeBOM

I, BblTeKaBIIIM

nop.ll,ll,OK, KOTOphlit 6b1JI HaH60Jiee

H3 ero nOJIHTHKH, OTJIH'la.JiaCb BhlCO-

ueJiecoo6pa3eH B .Jl.aHHoit o6cTaHOB-

CTpaTerHSI Ile1pa

nopS!,ll,Ke, ero 'lHCJieHHOCTb H ,ll,eJ:I-

KOit aKTHBHOCTbiO. IleTp

npaBHJib-

Ke. BoT no'leMy B pH,ll,e cpa:lKeHHit

CTBH.ll H3XO,ll,HJIHCb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT

HO C'lHTaJI, 'ITO .Jl.OCTH:lKeHHe CTpaTe-

CesepHoit BOHHhl 6oesoit nopH.Jl.OK

o6CTaHOBKH H 3aMhlCJia nOJIKOBO,ll,l.la.

nETP I KAK nOJlKOBOAEU IleTp

rH'leCKHX l.leJieJ:I BOitHhl B03MO:lKHO

pyccKOit apMHH npH6JIH:lKaJIC.ll K

TOJibKO B peeyJibTaTe pa3rpoMa BO-

60KOMY nOC1pOeHHIO.

my-

K 3Toit l.leJIH

IleTp noHHMaJI, 'ITO ycnex 6o.ll

OH IlleJI nocTeneHHO H nocJie,ll,OBa-

3aBHCHT npe)K.Jl.e BCero OT peiiiHTeJib-

OpY:lKeHHblX CHJI spara.

6h1JI He TOJibKO opraHH3a-

TeJibHO. Ha KIDf"..Jl.OM 3Tane soitHhl oH

HhlX H comacosaHHhlX.Jl.eitcTBHit scex

TopoM pyccKOit peryJIHpHOit apMHH H

CTaBHJI nepe,ll, BOitCKaMH BnOJIHe ,ll,O-

po,ll,OB BORCK. IlroTOMY ero BHHMaHHe

<}>JIOTa, HO H BbJ,ll,aiOI.I.IHMC.ll nOJIKOBO,ll,-

CTH:>KHMble 33,ll,a'lH C yqeTOM pea.Jib-

6h1JIO o6pam:eHO He TOJibKO Ha pa3-

l.leM H <}>JioTOBO.Jl.l.leM. OH HBJISieTc.ll

HOrO COOTHOIIIeHH.ll CHJI CTOpOH. IlpH

BHTHe neXOThl, HO H Ha COBepiiieH-

BOCTO~ HAs:l

EBPOnA

567

CTBOBaHMe opraHM3ai.IMM M 6oeBOT'O

Be):\eHMM rJiy6oKMX peH):\OB no TJ>IJiaM

nOJIKOBYIO aPTMJIJiepHIO. IloJieBaSI ap-

npHMeHeHMSI KaBaJiepHH M apTHJIJie-

npOTMBHMKa OTJIM'IaJIMCI> 60JII>IIIOit

THJIJiepHSI nOSIBMJiaCJ> B pyccKOit ap-

pHH. PyccKaSI KaBaJiepHSI 6hlJia npe-

peillMTeJII>HOCTI>IO M MaHeBpeHHOC-

MHH paHJ>me ApyrMx cTpaH. HoBhlM

o6pa3oBaHa B KaBaJiepHio AparyHcKo-

TI>IO.

ro THna, cnoco6HyiO BeCTH 6oit KaK

6h1JIO M BBe):\eHMe IleTPOM KOHHOit ap-

IleTp

6J>IJI HOBaTopoM M B o6-

TMJIJiepHH, npH):\aBaBIIIeitCSI KaBaJie-

B nemeM, TaK M KOHHOM CTpOIO. 0Ha

JiaCTM opraHH3aUMM M 6oeBoro npH-

pHHCKHM nOJIKaM. IlpH IleTpe Bnep-

MMeJia CBOIO apTHJIJiepHIO M B 6010

MeHeHMSI apTHJIJiepHH. 0Ha 6hlJia

BJ>Ie npOHCXO):\MT BI>J)l.eJieHHe MOpCKOit

):\eitCTBOBaJiaOrHeM MXOJIO):\HhlM opy-

pa3):\eJieHa no ee cneUHaJIJ>HOMY Ha-

)f(MeM. Ee AeitcTBMSI B 6o10 M npH npo-

3Ha'IeHMIO Ha

OC~HyiO,

noJieByiO M

neTp 1 s nonTasctroM 6o10

apTHJIJiepHH M3 cyxonyTHoit.

TaK-

TH'IeCKOM MCnOJII>30BaHMM apTHJIJie-

568

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr:. )J,n51 IleTpa

KaK BhiAaiOIII,erocH

BOeHHOro pec!JopMaTopa, IIOJIKOBO}ll.\a II cPJIOTOBO}ll.\a xapaKTepHO my6oKOe TIOHHMaHIIe pOJIH apMHII H cPJIOTa B 60pb6e 3a )lOCTH)I{eHIIe TIOJIHTH'feCKHX 11 CTpaTerH'-IeCKHX u.e.neti, CTOHBIIIHX nepeA Poccueii. OH rrpaau.nbHO C'IIITan, 'ITO B pa3pernemm 3a)la'1H BbiXO)la K MOpiO H yAep)l{aHHH MOpCKIIX 6eperoB pernaiOIII,YIO

po.nb

)lOJI)l(Hbi 6bmrr CbrrpaTb cyxorryTHbre BOOpy)l{eHHbie CIIJihl, II II03TOMY OCHOBHWe YCHJIMH CTpaHw CHa'-laJia 6biJIH Hanpas.neHbi Ha C03)laHHe 6onhrnoii 6oecrroco6Hoii peryn51pHoii apMHH.

ro )l{e apeM51 IleTp

rrpaBHJib-

HO C'fMTaJI, 'iTO B )lOCTH)I{eHHH CTpaTerH'feCKMX ueneii, CTOHBIIIMX nepe):( Poccnetl, Ba)I{HYIO po.nb AOJI)KeH 6biJI CblrpaTb II BOeHHO-MOpCKOH cPJIOT, KOTOpbiH OH paCCMaTpHBaJI KaK HeOTbeM.neMyiO COCTaBHYIO 'faCTb BOopy)l{eHHbiX CHJI CTpaHbl. IJoMeIII,eHHOe B rrpeAHCJIOBHH K MopcKoMY ycTaBY

1720 ro)..la 3HaMeHIIToe H3-

pe<reHHe IleTpa 0 TOM, 'ITO «BCHKHH TIOTeHTaT, KOTOpbiH e)..\IIHO BOHCKO cyxonyTHoe HMeeT, OAHY PYKY HMeeT, a KOTOpbril. 11 c!JnoT HMeeT, o6e pyKn HMeeT», 51BJI51eTC51 Harr6o.nee HpKHM H KpaTKHM Bbipa)l{eHF!eM ero TTOHF!MaHHH MeCTa II pOJIII cPJIOTa B CHCTeMe BOopy)l{eHHblX Cl1JI rocy):(apCTBa. Ilo3TOMY O):(HOBpeMeHHO C C03):(aHHeM CIIJibHOIT peryn51pHOIT apMHH Ha 6a3e pa3BHBaBrneHC51 OTe'feCTBeHHOll KOpa6necTpOIITeJibHOH IIpOMblillJieHHOCTH B XO):(e BOHHbl pa3BepTb!BaJIOCb l1 CTpOHTeJibCTBO pyccKoro perynHpHO-

CBeTJle~WIII~

CnoABIII>KHIIIKIII neTpa 1: rpa<t> 5. n. WepeMeTes, rpa<t> <b. A. ronOBIIIH, KHH3b A. A. MeHWIIIKOB, rpa<t> r. lA. roJlOBKIIIH, rpa<t> SI.B. 5p10C

ro BOeHHOro cPJIOTa. Ilprr orrpe):(eneHHH xapaKTep a CTPOHTe.nbCTBa aoeHHO-MopcKHx crrn IleTp

1 HCXO):(HJI H3 rrpaBHJibHOrO IIO-

pHH 60JibiiiOe BHHMaHHe ynemiJIOCb

ne IIomaacKoro cpa)l{eHH51 rrono6Hble

ee MaCCIIpOBaHHIO H MaHeBpHpOBa-

yKpenJieHIHI CTaJIH npHMeH5ITbC51 Bee-

3Tanax BOHHbl H oco6eHHOCTeH TeaT-

HHIO Ha none 6mr coBMecTHo c rrexo-

MIT ITHOCTpaHHbiMIT apMHHMH .

pa aoeHHhJX ):(eticTBHH.

TOH 11 KasanepHei1, qero eiii,e He 6hrno B HHOCTpaHHbiX apMH51X. EoJihiiiOe 3Ha'leHrre )lJI51 pa3BHTH51

TaKHM o6pa3oM, TaKTwrecKoe HC-

HHMaHH51 3a):(a'l cPJIOTa Ha pa3JIH'IHbiX

nepayiO

0'-Iepe):(b 6b!JIO pa3BepHyTO CTpOH-

KyccTao IleTp a xapaKTepw3yeTC51

TeJibCTBO rpe6HOrO cPJIOTa, 'lTO OTBe-

TIII,aTeJibHOCTbiO TTO)lrOTOBKH K 6oiO,

'laJIO 3a)la'le CO)leHCTBH51 apMHH rrpH

BOeHHOI'O HCKYCCTBa HMeJIO HOBaTOp-

CO'leTaHIIeM peiiiiiTeJibHOCTII II OCTO-

ee npO):(BIDKeHHH B):(OJib no6epe)l{bH.

CTBO IleTpa B 06JiaCTH IIOJieBOH c!Jop-

pO)I{HOCTH, 60JibiiiHM MaCTepCTBOM

3aTeM AJI51 o6opOHhi 3asoeaaHHoro

THcPHKal.I,HH. J1H)I{eHepHaH IIO)lrOTOB-

B Ol.l,eHKe 06CTaHOBKH, CTIOC06HOCTbiO

no6epe)l{bH OT Hana):(eHHH IIIBe)lCKO-

Ka IIOJI51 6051 IIO)l IlOJITaBOH HBJIHeTCH

6hiCTpO IT BepHO npHHITMaTb peiiie-

ro cPJIOTa, )lJIH )leHCTBHH Ha MOpCKHX

HaH6onee HpKHM npHMepoM nepeso-

HHH, HaCTOH'-IHBOCTbiO B )lOCTH)I{eHHH

C006III,eHH51X npOTMBHH Ka B OTKpbl-

poTa, coaepiiieHHOro pyccKHMH B rrpH-

uenu 6o51, yMenoii opraHH3auueii B3a-

TbiX paiioHax EanTMHCKoro MOp51 11

MeHeHHH IIOJieBbiX yKperrJieHHH. IlOC-

HMOAeiicTBH51 BCeX pO)lOB BOHCK.

AJI51 o6ecrre'feHH51 Ha6eroshrx ):(eii-

BOCTOYHAs:l EBPOnA

569

CTBHH rpe6Horo <]moTa Ha rro6epe)I{be

B3aiiMO):(eHCTBIIe apMHII II <l>JIOTa H

HX rrpOTIIB rro6epe)I{bH illBeiiiiii Ha

illnen:IIII 6hiJI C03I(aH 6oecrroco6Hhlil

TaKHM rryTeM I(06IITbCH Haii60Jibille-

3aKJIIO'IHTeJihHOM 3Tarre BOHHbi pyc-

KOpa6eJibHblll <l>JIOT.

ro cTpaTerntJ:ecKoro ycrrexa.

CKaH apMIIH II <PnoT ):(aJIII 6JieCTHIIIIIH

BOeHHOro H BOeHHO-MOpCKOfO HCKyC-

IIpH IIJiaHHpOBaHIIII BOeHHbiX ):(eHCTBHH Ha Mope IleTp I ncema ncxo-

HbiX )J.eHCTBHH B OCTpOBHOM paii.OHe

1 51BJI51Jlach

0):(HOH H3 HaH60Jiee CIIJibHbiX tiepT

CTBa lleTpa

o6pa3en: opraHH3aiiiiH HaCTYIIaTeJib-

ero crroco6-

AIIJI H3 peaJibHbiX B03MO)I{HOCTeH

MOpCKOrO TeaTpa. 3TH ):(eHCTBHH OT-

HOCTh yMeJIO opraHH30BaTb CTpaTerH-

<l>JIOTa II oco6eHHOCTeH TeaTpa BOeH-

JIII'IaJIIICb CMeJIOCTbiO II 6biCTpOTOH

tJ:eCKOe H TaKTHtieCKOe B3aHMO):(eH-

HbiX ):(eHCTBIIH. YtiHTbiBaH rrpenoc-

MaHenpa, CTpeMJieHIIeM 060HTH CIIJib-

CTBHe apMHH H <l>JIOTa, rrpaBHJibHO

XO):(CTBO illBe):(CKOro JIIIHeHHOfO <Pno-

Hbie <l>poHTaJibHbie II03HI(IIII II BTOpO-

orrpe):(eJIIITb 3a):(atiH <PJioTa H crroco6bi

Ta, lleTp

ero YHHti-

CTerreHHbie OCTpOBHbie yKperrJieHIIH

ero HCTTOJib30Bamm rrpn o6ecrre'leHITTI

TO)I{eHIIIO B reHeparrbHOM cpa)I{eHHH,

rrpOTHBHHKa, pemHTeJibHOCTbiO aTaK

):(eHCTBHH cyxorryTHbiX BOHCK. 3Ta

a IICIIOJib30llaJI CBOH 6onee CJia6biH

HaH60Jiee Ba)I{HbiX 06beKTOll IIpOTHll-

OC06CHHOCTh BOCHHOro H BOCHHO-MOp-

KOpa6CJibHbiH <PnoT II MHOr0'IIICJICH-

HIIKa, 3aXBaT KOTOpbiX 06CCIIC'IIIBaJI

CKOfO HCKyCCTBa lleTpa 1 BbiTeKarra H3

HbiH rpe6Hoil <PJioT rrpe)I{):(e ncero ):(JIH

IIOCJie):(y10111ee HaCTYIIJieHIIe pyc-

06111HX OCHOB rrepe):(OBOfO pyCCKOfO

Herrocpe):(CTBeHHOfO CO):(eHCTBIIH cy-

CKOH apMIIII II <PnoTa. OrrbiT conMec-

BOeHHOfO HCKyCCTBa, BH):(eBwerO 3a-

XOTTYTHbiM CHJiaM. I1oKa3aB BbiCOKHe

THbiX )J.eHCTBHH pyccKOH apM1111 H

1 He CTpeMIIJICH K

JI0f mo6oro 6oenoro ycrrexa rrpe)I{):(e

o6pa3U:bl BOeHHOfO H BOeHHO-MOpCKO-

<PnoTa B OCTpOBHOM paHOHe, IIpii06-

ncero n YMeJioM B3aHMo):(eilcTBIIII ncex

ro IICKYCCTBa B COBMeCTHbiX ):(eHCTBII-

peTeHHbiH n xo):(e CenepHoil BOHHbi,

pO):(Oll llOHCK II, KpOMe TOfO, orrpe):(e-

HX, pyCCKaH apMIIH H <PnoT Ha rJia3aX

n rrocneeyiOIIIeM rronytiHJI ):(aJihHeil-

JlHJlaCb cnoeo6pa3HeM cTpaTerw-Ie-

y MHOfO'lHCJieHHOfO WBe):(CKOrO JlH-

wee pa3BHTHe B 60eBbiX )J.eHCTBHHX

CKIIX 3a):(ati, CT051BilliiX rrepe):( Poccn-

HeHHOro <PJioTa onJia):(eJIH Bbi6oproM,

pyCCKOfO <l>JIOTa ITO):( KOMaH):(OBaHH-

eH: n HatJ:arre

XVIII neKa.

feJibciiHr<l>opcoM, nceH: <DIIHJIHH):(IIeil,

eM a):(MHpanon Crriipii):(OBa, YmaKo-

Ha Ka)I{):(OM 3Tarre noilHhi, ncxo):(H

A.riaH):(CKHMH ocTponaMII, BbiTeCHIIJIII

na, CeHHBIIHa.

II3 IIOCTaBJieHHOH CTpaTeriitJ:eCKOH

IIpOTHBHIIKa II3 <DIIHCKOfO 3aJIIIBa II

ueJin, IleTp

Bbi6nparr TaKoe nmn-

Hoc HarrpaBJICHHC HaCTyrraTCJibHhlX ):(eHCTBIIH, HaKOTOpOM 6hiJIO ll03MO)I{HO opraHII30BaTb Haii60JICC TCCHOC

fJiaBHbiM B 6oeBOM IICIIOJib30Ba-

rrepeHeCJIH BOeHHbie ):(eHCTBIIH Ha

HIIII <PJioTa IleTp

TCppiiTOpiiiO illBCI(HH.

HaCTyrraTCJibHbiC ):(CHCTBIIH, OCHOBaH-

Bo npeMH <PnHJIHH):(CKOH KaMrraHIIII

1712-1714 fO):(OB II B

):(CHCTBH-

CtiHTarr aKTHBHbie

Hbie Ha rrpaniiJihHOM pactJ:eTe. OH Tpe6onan COCTaBJICHIIH rrpo):(yMaHHOfO

neTp I ynpaBnHeT OrHeM pyCCKOH apntnnep111111, CTpenHIOil.leH no WBeACKOH KpenOCTit HOTe6ypr (C K3pTII!Hbl A. KOHe6y)

570

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

nmlHa 6m1 H TlllaTeJibHOll no):lrOTOBKH K ero BbinOJIHeHHIO, pa3pa60TKH H ocyll(eCTBJieHHH He06XO):lHMbiX MeponpHHTHll no 6oeBoMy o6ecne<JeHHIO, rH6KOCTH TaKTH'!eCKHX MaHeBpoB, HaHeCeHHH COCpe):lOTO'!eHHbiX yAapoB no <JacTH 6oeBoro nopH):lKa npOTHBHHKa, OKa3aHHH B3aHMOnOMOIl(H, npOHBJieHHH JIHlJHOll HHH[(HaTHBbi, ynopcTBa H HaCTOil'IHBOCTH B noCTIDKeHHH [(eJIH. 0TJIHlJHTeJibHOll oco6eHHOCTbiO cpnoTOBO):llJecKoro HcKyccTBa IIeTpa I HBJIHeTCH rny6oKaH H BCeCTOpOHHHH O[(eHKa HM BCeX 3JieMeHTOB MOpCKOll H cyxonyTHOll o6CTaHOBKH, HenpepbiBHbill Y<JeT HX H3MeHeHHll B XO):le 6oH H HX MaCTepCKOe HCnOJib30BaHHe nJIH nocTHmeHHH HaMe<JeHHOll [(eJIH. IlpH):laBaH orpOMHOe 3Ha<JeHHe MOpaJibHOMY cpaKTopy B nocTHmeHHH 6oeBoro ycnexa, IleTp I nOCTOHHHO CTPeMHJICH K noMepmaHHIO BbiCOKOro 6oeBoro nyxa y JIH'!Horo cocTaBa apMHH H cpJIOTa. HeJib3H BOeBaTh c npoTHBHHKOM, He H3Y<JHB opraHH3a[(HIO ero apMHH H cnoco6bi BeneHHH BOllHbi H 6oH. YlMeHHo no3TOMY IleTp I HHTepecoBaJICH ycTpOHCTBOM 3ananHoeBpOneHCKHX apMHll, 3HaJI HX CJia6bie H cHJibHbie cTopoHbi. IIeTp I He orropamHBaJicH «KHTallCKOll CTeHOll» OT 6oeBoro OTibiTa 3ana)J;HoeBponeilcKHX apMHll. Yl3BeCTHO TaKme, lJTO Ha nepBOM 3Tane CBOell ):leHTeJibHOCTH OH <JacTo npHrnarnan Ha pyccKyiO cnym6y HHOCTPaHUeB H OTHOCHJICH K HHM H3JIHIIIHe noBep<JHBO. 0):1HaKO 3TO He naeT npaBa CBOnHTb ):leHTeJibHOCTb Bbi):laiOII(erocH nOJIKOBOA[(a K «YMeJIOMY nepeHeceHHIO» IIIBencKHX, npycCKHX HJIH ell(e KaKHX-JIH60 BOeHHbiX o6pa3[(0B Ha pycCKYIO no<JBy. IleTP I 6biJI BbiAaiOII(HMCH BOeHHbiM TeopeTHKoM. EMY npHHa)J;JiemHT PHA BOeHHO-TeopeTH'!ecKHX pa60T. CpeAH HHX oco6b!ll HHTepec npe):lCTaBJIHIOT «YlHCTPYKUHH EpiOcy» (1706 r. ), «Y<JpemneHHe K 6oiO no HaCTOHII(eMy BpeMeHH», H3BeCTHoe B CTapoll JIHTeparype KaK «YlHCTPYKUHH HapbiiiiKHHY» (1708 r.) H «¢pH):lpHXIIITa)J;TCKaH HHCTPYKUHID> ( 1713 r.). IIeTp I 6biJI nonJIHHHbiM TBopuoM, pe):laKTopoM H aBTopoM OCHOBHOll '!aCTH BOHHCKOrO ycTaBa 1716 ro):la, Bornenrnero B HCTO-

pHIO non Ha3BaHHeM «YCTaB IleTPa 1 BenHKoro» • BoHHCKHH YCTaB 1716 ro):la 6biJI co3naH B xone CeBepHoll: BOHHbi, B HeM o6o6Il(eH 6oeBOll OnbiT pycCKOll perynHpHoil apMHH. B YcTaBe H3JIOmeHbi a)J;MHHHCTpaTHBHbie BOnpOCbi, CHCTeMa BOCnHTaHHH H o6y<JeHHH perynHpHoil apMHH, cnoco6bi BeneHHH BOllHbi H 6oH. 3Ha<JeHHe YcTaBa 1716 rona AJIH pa3BHTHH pyccKoil H MHpOBOll BOeHHO-TeopeTH'!eCKOll MbiCJIH orpoMHO. OH 6biJI HcxonHbiM BOeHHO-TeopeTH'!eCKHM ):lOKyMeHTOM AJIH y'!eHHKOB IIeTpa I - CYBopoBa H PyMHHueBa. BeJIHKHil pyccKHil nonKOBoneu A. B. CyBopoB B cBoHx 6oeBbiX npHKa3ax HeO)J;HOKpaTHO [(HTHpoBaJI neTPOBCKHH YcTaB. CYBopoBcKaH «HayKa no6emnaTb» TecHo cBH3aHa c YcTaBoM 1716 rona, HX ponHHT He TOJibKO conepmaHHe, HO H npOCTOll, noXO):llJHBbill H3biK, HCHOCTb H TO<JHOCTh cpopMynHpoBoK. IleTPY I npHHa)J;JiemHT TaKme HeCKOJibKO pa6oT, OCBell(aiOII(HX BonpOCbi BOeHHOMOpCKOrO HCKYCCTBa. IlpH Y<JaCTHH IleTpa cocTaBJieH MopcKoil ycTaB, H3):laHHbill B 1720 roey H Ha3biBaBIIIHllCH «KHHra YcTaB MopcKoil o BCeM, <JTO KacaeTCH no6poMy ynpaBJieHHIO B 6biTHOCTb cpJIOT)' B MOpe» . B npeAHCJIOBHH K ycTaBY KpaTKo onpeneneHo BamHoe 3Ha'!eHHe nnH PoccHH cpnoTa KaK HeoTbeMJieMoil COCTaBHOll <JaCTH BOopymeHHbiX CHJI CTpaHbi. OcHOBHoil TeKCT ycTaBa Ha'!HHaeTCH c npHcHrH, KOTOpaH TPe6oBaJia OT «BCHKOrO BOHHCKOrO lJHHa» BepHOCTH [(apCKOMY CaMonepmaBHIO, BCIO)J;y H EO BCeX CJIY<JaHX 3all(HII(aTb HHTepecbi rocy):lapcTBa, 6ecnpeKocJioBHo BbinOJIHHTh TPe6oBaHHH yCTaBa H BCe npHKa3bi KOMaH):lHpOB, CJIY)KHTh Ha cpJIOTe «CO BCeiO peBHOCTHIO, no Kpall:Heil cHJie cBoeil, He Il(anH mHBOTa H HMeHHH». Bene):! 3a TeKCTOM npHCHrH B nHTH KHHrax ycTaBa H3JIOmeHbi OCHOBHbie npHH[(HTibi opraHH3a[(HH cpJIOTa, noBcenHeBHaH H 6oeBaH

1 YcTaB BoHHcKHit o )l;OJDKHOCTH reHepaJIOB-<jl em,II;MapmaJioB H Bcero reHepaJIHTeTa H IIpO'IHX '!HHOB, KOTOphle IIpH BOHCKe Ha)J;JlelKaT 6h!Th, H OHhiX BOHHCKHX )l;eJiax H IIOBe)l;eHIDIX, 'ITO KalK)l;OM)' '!HHHT1 )l;OJilKHO.

1826 r.

CI16,

opraHH3aUHH cnym6bi Ha Kopa6ne, npaBa H o6H3aHHOCTH Bcex <JHHOB cpnoTa. B 3aKJIIO'IHTeJibHOll '!acTH yCTaBa noMell(eHbi o6pa3[(bi Kopa6eJibHbiX mypHaJIOB H ):laHbi YKa3aHHH no HX BeneHHIO, a TaKme conep)KHTCH nonpo6Hoe OTIHCaHHe CHrHaJIOB pycCKOro KOpa6eJibHOro H ranepHoro cpnOTa. KoMaHAHpOM-enHHoHa'!aJibHHKOM Kopa6JIH HBJIHJICH KanHTaH. OH oTBe'!aJI 3a COCTOHHHe BOopymeHHH H cHa6meHHH Kopa6JIH, 3a o6y<JeHHe JIH'IHOrO COCTaBa, 3a rOTOBHOCTb KOpa6JIH K 6oiO H ero ):lellCTBHH B 6oiO. Becb JIHlJHbill COCTaB no BCTynJieHHH KOpa6JIH B KaMnaHHIO pacnHCbiBaJICH no 6oeBbiM nOCTaM: K nyrnKaM, K MeJIKOMY opymHIO, K napycaM H T. n., «'IT06bi BCHKHll <JeJIOBeK, Korna HH cnpOCHT, MOr 6bi 3HaTb CBOIO ):lOJI)KHOCTb H MeCTO». Y CTaB TPe6oBaJI npoBeneHHH TII~a TeJibHOH nonroTOBKH K 6oiO. KanHTaH Kopa6JIH o6H3aH 6biJI co6paTh ocpHUepoB H o6bHBHTh «BcHKoMy, KoMy o TOM BenaTh Ha)J;JiemHT, Bee opnepbi, KOTOpbie eMy naHbi 6y):lyT OT rJiaBHOro KOMaH):lllpa, TO eCTb 0 rOTOBHOCTH K 6oiO, KaK HenpHHTeJIH CbiCKaTb, KaK CKOpee HATH, KaK CO):lepmaTb ce6H Ha MOpe H B KaKOM opnepe 6HThCH, na6bi BCHK Ha KOpa6Jie MOr 3HaTb CBOe MeCTO ... » . Ha JIHlJHbill COCTaB Ka)K)J;Oll cne[(HaJibHOCTH B03JiaraJIHCb o6H3aHHOCTH rOTOBHTb K 6oiO CBOH nOCTbi. KaHoHHpbi roTOBHJIH K 6oiO apTHJIJiepHIO, KOMaH):lbi ynpaBJieHHH napycaMH- 3anacHbie napyca H cHacTH, TIJIOTHHKH H KOHOnaT'IHKH - MaTepHaJI )J;JIH 3a):leJIKH npo60HH H 3aMeHbi c6HTbiX B 6oiO MalJT H pen, H T. n. IIepen BCT)'TIJieHHeM B 6oll: cpnoTY HannemaJio BbiCTpOHThCH B onpeneneHHb!ll npHKa3oM 6oeBoil nopH):loK H CTpeMHTbCH 3aHHTb no OTHOIIIeHHIO K npOTHBHHKY HaBeTPeHHOe noJiomeHHe. OcHOBHbiM BHnoM 6oH napycHbix 6oeBbiX Kopa6neil HBJIHJICH apTHJIJiepHHCKHH 6oll:, HepenKo 3aBeprnaBIIIHllCH a6op):lameM. ,Il,JIH nocTHmeHHH peiiiHTeJibHbiX ueneil 6oH ycTaB Tpe6oBaJI ):lellCTBOBaTb HaCTynaTeJibHO, apTHJIJiepHHCKHll OrOHb no npOTHBHHKY OTKpb!BaTb TOJibKO C KOpOTKOll ):lHCTaH[(HH, OKa3biBaTb npyr npyry nOMOII(b. IlpH ):lOCTH)KeHHH ycnexa B 6oiO, npHBO):lHBIIIeMy K paccTpOll-

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA CTBY 6oeBoro nopH,!l,Ka nponrBHI1Ka 11

1689-1725 rr.

ero 6ercTBy, Ka)f{ll,OM)' pyccKOM)' KO-

Hl'lE nETPA I.

571

~APCTBOBA

3TOT )f(eCTOKI1M, He

11Mena perynRpHy/0 apMI1/0 113

212

Tb/CR4 38K8f1eHHb/X B HenpepbiBHb/X

110

pa6mo Ha)l,JTe)f{aJTO «BCHKI1M o6pa30M

CTeCHRBWI1MCf1 B cpe,ll,CTB8X MOH8pX

K8Mn8HI1f1X BeTepaHOB, 8 TaK)f(e

no KpaHHeH B03MO)f{HOCTI1 11 CI1Jle

KOpeHHb/M o6pa30M pecjJopM11pOB8f1

Tb/CR4 K838KOB; KpOMe TOrO, OH8

OHOrO rHaTb M a60pll,aBaTb 11 BCHKMH

apxawmoe, 83118TCKoe o6U.jecTBeH-

pacnonarana MOU.jHbtM aoeHHbtM

B03MO)f{Hb!H ymep6 'II1HI1Tb ... ».

HO-noni1TI14eCKOe 11 3KOHOMI14eCKOe

cjJJIOTOM. /1,0 TOrD, K8K BO BTOpOM no-

o6-

f10BI1He BeKa H8 pOCCI1MCKI1M npe-

YcTaB Tpe6oBan opraHI13aU,1111 Ha-

ycTpoi1cTBO Pocc1111 -

maBHbtM

II,

)l,e)f{HOli CBH311 Me)f{)l,y KOpa6JTHMI1 M

pa30M, 4T06bt o6ecne411Tb ,ll,OCTa-

CTOJI B3owna EKaTepi1Ha

HenpepbiBHOrO ynpaBJTeHI1H MMM

T04HYIO 6a3y /l,f1f1 o6wl1pHb/X 38BOe-

pOCCI1MCKI1X MOH8pXOB He H8WJ10Cb

cpe/1,11

B cny'!ae cepbe3Horo noBpe)f{-

B8Tef1bHb/X KaMnaHI1i1. OH pecjJopMI1-

Hl1 0/l,HOrO, KTO CyMeJI 6bt 11CnOJ1b30-

)l,eHI1H a)l,M11paJTbCKoro Kopa6mi qmar-

poaan 11 MO,ll,epH11311pOB8f1 apM11/0;

B8Tb CTOflb MOry411M 11HCTpyMeHT /l,f1f1

MaH 6hm o6H3aH rrepeHTI1 Ha 11,pyro.R,

y rnaaHoro caoero npoTI1BHI1Ka,

/1,8f1bHeMWI1X 38BOeB8HI1M 11 paCW11-

Herronpe)f{)l,eHHbiH Kopa6JTb.

Kapna XII, OH H8Y411f1CR, KaK aoeaaTb.

peHI1R POCCI1MCKOM 11Mnepl111.

B 6mo.

OT Bcero JTH'llloro cocTaBa Tpe6o-

OH 3aaoeaan BOCT04HOe no6epe)f(be

Banocb )l,eHCTBOBaTb B 6010 My)f{e-

5anTI1MCKoro MOPR 11 f111WI1f1 Wae-

1700-1721 rr. BE11HKASI CEBEPHASI BOHHA.

1722-1 723 rr. BOH HAC n EP-

CTBeHHO M xpa6po. Oqmu,epbr Kopa6-

Lji1/0 cmTyca aen11Koi1 ,ll,ep)f(8Bbt. OH

JTH CBOI1M JTiflfHb!M rrp11MepOM )l,OJT)f{-

ocna611n 11 pa3op11n ,ll,pyroro maBHO-

CHEH.

Hbl 6biJTI1 rro6y)f{)l,aTb BeCb 3KI1TTa)f{

ro conepH11Ka Pocc1111 -

K CTOHKOCTI1 11 repOHCTBy, K ll,OCTH-

nocTpOI1f1 cjJnoT, npaB/1,8, He cyMen

1725-1 7 41 rr. HAC11 EAH l-1 Kl-1 nETPA BE11l-1KOro. nocne era

)f{eHIHO u,eJTH 60H M «HM B KOeM CJTy-

,ll,0611TbCf1 Heorp8HI14eHHOrO Bb/X0/1,8

CMepTI1, 48CTO CMeHRR ,lJ,pyr ,lJ,pyra,

qae, noll, norepHHI1eM )f{I1BOTa M qec-

K '-fepHOMy MOp/0 . KOr/1,8 OH yMep,

He3cjJcjJeKTI1BHO np8BI1f111 CJ186bte

nonbwy. OH

TI1», He )l,OnyCTI1Tb C)l,a'IM KOpa6JTH

POCCI1R 6btf18 11CTOU.jeHa; H8CeneHI1e

npary. «Bee BOI1HCKMe Kopa6JTH poc-

COKp8TI1f10Cb H8

20%;

38TO CTp8H8

MOH8PX11; Hl1 y KOrO 113 HI1X He XB8T8f10 c11n ,ll,f1R npoBe,ll,eHI1R nocne,ll,oBa-

CMHCK11e He )l,OJT)f{Hbl Hl1 nepe11, KeM onycKaTb qmarM, BbiMrrenbr M MapceJTI1, ITO)], CTpaXOM Jll1illeHHH )f{HBOTa». 3a HeBbTTTOJTHeHMe rrpMKa3a, YKJTOHemre OT 6oH, rrpoHBJTemre TPYCOCTI1 BMHOBHbie HaKa3biBaJTMCb CMepTb!O. YcTaB Tpe6oBaJT OT Bcex 6biTb BepHbiMM BOMHCKOH npHCHre, 6biTb 6)l,MTeJTbHbiMH 11 xpaHHTb BOeHHYJO TaifHy. BcHKI1H, KTO c BparoM 6yAeT HMeTb TaHTJYIO rrepeTTHCKY H KTO, 3HaH 06 3TOH npecTyTTHOH CBH3M, 6y)J,eT CKpbiBaTb ee, «OHbiH MMeeT, HKO rueJTbMa M M3MeHHMK, 'JeCTM, TTO)f{MTKOB H )f{HBOTa JTHllieH 6bTTb 'feTBepTOBaHMeM 11Jll1 KOJTeCOBaHI1eM». MopCKOH ycTaB neTpa

I-

O)l,HH

H3 CaMbTX 3aMe'faTeJTbHbTX TTaMHTHHKOB pyCCKOrO 3aKOHO)l,aTeJTbCTBa Ha'laJTa

XVIII BeKa.

OH 6biJT rrpoHHKHYT

M)l,eHMM rraTpHOTM3Ma, BOMHCKOrO AOJTra M CTporoif BOeHHOH AMCU,MnJTMHbl, COCTaBJTHBlliMX OCHOBY 3aJTO)f{eHHOH neTpOM

HOBOH CI1CTeMbl

o6y'feHHH H BOCTTHTaHITH JTH'fHOrO COCTaBa apMHH 11 cjmoTa. Oo CBOeH TTOJTHOTe M HCHOCTM M3JTO)f{eHMll opraHM3aU,MM nOBCeAHeBHOH M 6oeBOH CJTy)f{6bi qmoTa, no COBepmeHCTBY H3JTO)f{eHHbTX B HeM rrp11HU,HTTOB 6oeBOrO MCTTOJTb30BaHI1H qmoTa M opcKOH ycnn OeTpa

HBJTHJTCH HaM6o-

nee COBepmeHHbiM MOpCKMM ycTaBOM TOM 3nOXM.

PyccKaH raapAIIIH apeMeH En1113aBeTbl neTpOBHbl

572

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

TenbHoill BHewHeill nonMTMKM. ApMMfl npM HMX TaJOKe npe6b!Bana a He6pe)KeHMM. EJJ.MHCTBeHHoe, a 'leM poccMillcKafl BHeWHf/fl nonMTMKa 6blfl8 nocneJJ,OBaTeflbHOM- 9TO B M3Be'IHOM y6e)KJJ,eHHOCTM, 'ITO HM B KOeM cny'lae Henb3fl JJ,aaaTb ycMnMB8TbCfl nonbwe.

1725-1736 rr . nAPH13AHCKA~ BO~HA HA KABKA3E. B 3eMnflx, HeJJ,aBHO 3aaoeaaHHbiX y nepCMM, ropCKMe HapOJJ,bl Henpepb!BHO BeflM napTM38HCKYIO 6opb6y npOTMB pOCCMMCKMX nopa60TMTeneiiJ. BcKope a KaBKa3cKo-KacnMillcKoM perMoHe }')KeMcnonb3oaanacb 'leTaepTb aceill apMMM PoccMM.

1732-1736 rr. B03BPAW,EHii1E nEPCii1111 OTBOEBAHHbiX 3 EM Ell b. nepcMfl nony'IMna o6paTHO KaCnMMCKOe no6epe)Kbe, B TOM 'IMcne ropoJJ,a )J.ep6eHT M 5aKy, He a nocneJJ,H/010 o'lepeJJ.b noToMy, 'ITO

poccMillcKoill apMMM cTaHOBMnocb He noJJ. cMny nocTOfiHHO aoeaaTb cropHbiMM napTM38H8MM. 1736-1739 rr. BO~ HAC TYPLI,Ii1E~.

17 41-1762 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHii1E E111113ABETbl I. 0Ha OTHOCMnacb K CMflbHb/M pOCCMMCKMM MOHapxaM.

1741-1743rr.

PYCCKO-

WBEACKA~ BO~ HA. noJJ, BflMf/HMeM QJpaHLJ,MM WaeLJ,Mfl yaMJJ,ena B BOMHe 38 8BCTPMMCKOe HacneJJ,CTBO waHc B3f/Tb y PoccMM peaaHw (PoccMfl o6bf!BMna o noJJ,JJ,ep)I(Ke MMnepaTpMLJ,bl MapMM- Tepe3MM M nparMaTM'IeCKOM caHKLJ,MM). OJJ,HaKO JJ.flfl peaaHwa WaeLJ,Mfl Bb!6pana HeyJJ,a'IHb/M MOMeHT, nOCKOflbKY apMMfl ee HaC'IMTb!Bana acero 15 TbiCf/'1 'lenoaeK, TorJJ,a KaK nocne 3aKfl/O'IeHMfl MMpa c TypLJ,Meill ( 1739 r.) PoccMfl Mama o6pywMTbCfl Ha Wae-

LJ,M/0 M0/.1./,b/0 acex caoMx aoopy)KeHHbiXCMn.

1741 r. Bli111bMAHCTPAHACKOE CPA>KEHII1E. WaeJJ,cKafl apMMfl 'IMCfleHHOCTb/0 6 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoBeK noTepnena nopa)KeHMe aT pyccKoill 1 0-Tb/Cf/'IHoill. WaeJJ,CKMe noTepM COCT8BMflM 3300 'leflOBeK y6MTb/MM M paHeHb/MM M 1300 'leflOBeK nneHHbiMM. PyccKafl apMMfl noTepf!na 2400 'lenoaeK y6MTbiMM M paHeHbiMM.

1742 r. PYCCKOEBTOP>KEHII1E B

<l>li1H11~HA11110.

noJJ, XenbCMHKM pyccKafl apMMfl nepeKpb!na maBHbiM WBeJJ,CKMM CMfl8M JJ,Opory K OTCT}'nneHM/0. WaeJJ,cKafl apMMfl ( 17 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK) KanMrynMpoaana, 'ITO rjJaKTM'IeCKM nOflO)I(MflO KOHeLJ, BOil! He.

7 aBrycTa 1743 r. Mli1P CO WBELI,Ii1E~. PoccMMJJ.OCTanMCbHeKOTOpb!e rjJMHCKMe 3eMnM; HOB8f/ rpaHMLJ,a npoxoJJ,Mna no peKe KeMb.

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK

573

EBPA3IDI M liJIIDKHMil BOCTOK OCMAHCKAH

MMIIEPMH

BoifHa c BeHef.4Heif 111 AscTpHeif,

1714-1718 rr.

1714 r. BOCCTAHIIIE B ~EP HOrOPiillil. 0Ho 6bmo no,aaaneHo 0cMaHCKaf/ MMnepMf/ no-npe)I(HeMy npe6btaana a yna,aKe, Ho, no cpaBHeHMIO C npeJ].biJJ.Yll.jMM BeKOM, TeMn era 3aMeJ].fTMnCf/. 0T'IaCTM 9TO 06f/3aHO TOMy, 'ITO AHrfiMfl M C1JpaH14Mfl- He3aBMCMMO ,apyr OT ,apyra M 6e3 KaKOM 6bt TO HM 6blf10 KOOpJ].MHa!4MM- Ha'IMHanM OC03HaBaTb yrpo3y MX cpeJ].M3eMHOMOpCKMM MHTepecaM M 6anaHcy cMn a Eapone, KOTOpaf/ MO)I(eT B03HMKHYTb, ecnM PoCCMfl MnM ABCTPMfl o6peTYT KOHTpon b Ha,a 5 ocrpop oM, ,[!a p,aa HennaMM M BocTO'IHbtM Cpe,aM3eMHOMOpbeM. CooTaeTCTBeHHO, rppaH!4Y3CKaH M aHrnMMCKaf/ nonMTMKa M J].MnnoMaTMfl, He 6y,ay'IM HM npoType!4KMMM, HM B3aMMHO CKOOpJJ.MHMpOBaHHbiMM, HanpaBnf/nMCb Ha no,a,aep)l(aHMe status quo a AHaTonMM (Manoiii A3MM) M Ha 5anKaHax. OT'IaCTM )l(e 3aMe,aneHMe yna,aKa OcMaHcKoiii MMnepMM o6bHCHHnocb conepHM'IeCTBOM PoccMM M AacTPMM: o6e ,aep)l(aBbt onacanMcb, 'ITO Ta MnM,apyraf/ BblpBeTyTyp!4MM KOHTpOnb HaJJ. cpeJ].M3eMHOMOpCKMMM nponMaaMM M 5anKaHaMM. Ho, aePOHTHO, HaM6onee 3Ha'IMTenbHOM npM'IMHOM CTOnb 3aMe,aneHHOrO YBHJ].aHMf/ Type14KOM MOLl.jM fl Bflf/nMCb 6oeBbte Ka'leCTBa Type14KOM apMMM, CHOBa M CHOBa ,aeMOHCTpMpOBaBWMeCf/ B cpa)l(eHMf/X C aBCTpMi11!4aMM , pycCKMMM, BeHe!4MaH14aMM M nepcaMM.

1703 r. BOCCTAHIIIE SIHbi~A POB. B pe3ynbTaTe aToro co6btTMfl cynTaH MycTarpa II 6blfl BbtHY)I(JJ.eH OTpe'lbCf/ OT npeCTOna.

1703-1730 rr. nPABJlEHIIIE CYJlTAHA AXMEAA Ill (6paTa MycTacl>bl II). 1710-1711 rr. BOifiHACPOCCiiiEifi. 0Ha 3aaepwMnacbno,anMcaHMeM BblrOJ].HOro J].fTfl Typ!4MM npYTCKOrOMMpa.

TYPKaMM, KOTOpbte C'IMTanM, 'ITO 'lepHorop!4eB no,acTpeKana K MHTe)l(y BeHe14Mfl.

1714 r. TYPU,IIISI 06bSIB11SIET BEHEU,Iillil BOifiHY. 1715 r. TYPEU,KIIIE HACTYnATEJlbHbiE KAMnAHiillil. npoHBMB

CMM, Bbi3BaHHOM B TOM 'IMCne M arpraHCKMM BTOp)l(eHMeM, 'IT06bt3aXBaTMTb M pa3,aenMTb Me)I(Jl.yco6oi11 o6wMpHbte 3eMnM, ne)l(all.jMe Ha ceaepo-3ana,ae aToiii MMnepMM. YcnoBMfl pa3,aena Tporpeea 6btnM 3aKpenneHbt CTaM6ynbCKMM ,aoroaopoM

( 1724 r.). 1730-1736 rr. BOifiHAC nEPCiiiEifi. CeHTH6pb-OKTH6pb 1736 r . 6YHT B CTAM6Y11E. Kor,aa npMwnM

ce6f/9HeprM'IHbiM M MCKYCHbiM BOeHa'lanbHMKOM, aenMKMM BM3Mpb ,[!aMa,a-AnM 3a aoeaan nenonoHHec (Mopeto). KaMnaHMfl ,anMnacb em J].Heiii M COCTOf/na MCKJTIO'IMTenbHO M3 oca,a; He 6bmo ,aaHo HM o,aHoro reHepanbHoro cpa)l(eHMf/. nanM ace BeHe!4MaHCKMe KpenOCTM; rapHM30Hbl MX ( 06Ll.jeM 'IMCneHHOCTbiO 8 TbiCf/'1 'lenoaeK) B nonHOM COCTaBe 6blfTM 3axaa'leHbt a nneH. Type14KMiii ¢noT, ycMneHHbtiii erMneTCKMMM M 6ep6epMMCKMMM KOpa6nf/MM, BbiTeCHMn aeHe14MaH14ea M3 3reiiicKoro MOpf/. KpoMe Taro, 6btnM 3axaa'leHbt KpenOCTM, OCTaBaBWMeCf/ ell.je yaeHe!4MaH!4eB Ha KpMTe.

M3BeCTMfl 0 KaTaCTPOcPM'IeCKOM pa3rpoMe TYPe!4KOi11 apMMM no,a XaMa,aaHoM, B CTOnM14e BCnbiXHyno HapOJJ.HOe BOCCTaHMe. BenMKMM BM3Mpb ,[!aMa,a-AnM 6btn y6MT; cynTaH AxMe,al/1 oTpeKCfl aT npecTona. CmnM'IHbte BOnHeHMf/ M 6yHTbl He npeKpall.janMCb a Te'leHMe ,aayx neT.

SIHsapb-.QeKa6pb 1716 r. PEBAHW BEHEU,Iillil. BeHe!4MaH!4biOT-

1736-1739 rr. BOifiHA CABCTPIIIEifilil POCCIIIEifi. 0Ha 3aaep-

6MnM Type!4KOe Hana,aeHMe Ha OCTpoa Koprpy M nony'IMnM aoeHHOMopcKMe no,aKpenneHMfl aT 1!1cnaHMM, nopTyranMM M HeCKOnbKMX VITanbf/HCKMX rocy,aapCTB.

wMnacb no,anMCaHMeM BblrOJ].HOrO ,anf/ Typ14MM 5enrpa,acKoroMMpHoro ,aoroaopa.

SIHsapb 1716 r. K BEHEU,Iillil nPIIICOEAIIIHSIETCSI ABCTPIIIR

Hoiii Type!4KO-nepcM,acKoi11 aoiiiHoiii. Typ!4Mfl 6bma BbtHy)I(Jl.eHa paccTaTbCfl c 3eMnHMM, 3aaoeaaHHbtMM ,aaa,a14aTbto ro,aaMM paHbwe.

BenMKMiii BM3Mpb,l!aMa,a-AnM BbtcTynMn M3 5enrpa,aa K neTepaapJ].MHY (MIOHb-Mtonb).

5 asrycTa 1716 r. EiliiTBA Y nETEPBAPAIIIHA. 1717 r. 6E11rPAACKASI KAMnAHIIISI. 21 I•110nH 1718 r . nO>KAPEBAU,Kiillfi AOrOBOP. ,l!nH Typ14MM ycnoBMfl era 6blfTM aecbMa He6naronpMHTHbt.

1722-1727rr. 3KCnAHCIIISI B nEPCiillil. 111 Typ!4Mfl, M PocCMf/ BOCnOnb30BanMCb cna60CTbiO nep-

1730-1754 rr. nPABJlEHIIIE CYJlTAHA MAXMYAA I. 1733 r., 1736 r. EiArAAACKiillfi MIIIP. OH nono)I(Mn KOHe!4 aoiiiHe c Ha,aMp-WaXOM, B KOTOpoiii HM OJ].HOM M3 CTOpOH He y,aanOCbJ].06MTbCf/ peWatoll.jero nepeaeca. Typ!4Mfl noTepHna 'laCTb paHee 3aXBa'leHHbiX 3eMenb.

1743-1747 rr. BOifiHAC nEPCiiiEifi. 0Ha cTana nocne,aHeiii Kpyn-

IIEPCMH 3a 9TM nonaeKa nepcMH npaKTM'IeCKM pacnanacb: 'laCTb npOBMH14MM 6btna 3aBOeBaHa arpraHCKMMM arpeccopaMM, 'laCTb no,aeneHa 3a eTanoM neperoaopoa Me)I(Jl.yPoccMeiii M Typ14Meiii. 3aTeM, HeHa,aonro M KO BCe06Ll.jeMy M3yMneHMIO, nepCMf/

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

574

MCnbtTa!1a 803p0)1(Jl,eHMe 6blf10M

nbtTKM nepCMJ].CKOrO 8T0p)l(eHMR

HOM KOHTpM6Yt4MM, C 1 0-TbiCR'IHOM

MOI.J..IM; 9TO 6btf1 OJ].MH 1.13 CaMbiX 6!1e-

6btf1M OTpa)l(eHbl.

apMMe£4 8CTannarepeM yrynbHa6a-

CTRI.J..IMX 9nM30JJ.08 nepCMJJ.CKOM MC-

1715 r. CMEPTb MIIIP-BA~CA.

JJ.a (8 18 KM 80CTO'IHee tlfcrpaxaHa)

TOpMM, 3a KOTOpbtM OnRTb nOCJ1eJ],0-

HacneJ].o8af1 eMy era 6paT A6JJ.ynna,

M npMHRJ1CR )I(Jl,aTb 6011ee 8btrOJ].HO-

8aJ1 KaTaCTporfJM'IeCKMM ynaJl,OK.

a noToM era CbtH MMp-MaxMyJJ.

ro npeJJ.!10)I(eHMR.

Kmo'le8oi4 r:tmrypo£4 npM 9TOM R8-

(1717r.).

f1Rf1CR HaJJ.MP KynM-5eK (8nocneJJ.-

MapT 1722 r. EiiiiTBA Y rYllbHAEiAAA. Ha MMp-MaxMyJJ.a HacTy-

CT8MM M38eCTHbtM KaK HaJJ.Mp-wax) -

1717 r. A<t>rAHCKOE BOCCTAHIIIE B rEPATE. 0poTM8 nepco8

nana 30-TbiCR'IHaR nepCMJ].CKaR ap-

OJ].MH 1.13 8eJ1M'IaM11JMX nOf1K080JJ./4e8

836yHT08aJ10Cb nneMR a6Jl,af1M, 803-

MMR. ArpraH/4bt aTaK08af1M, pa36Mf1M

3a 8CIO MCTOpMto 0epCMM M nOCJ1eJ],-

rna Bf1eHHoe AcaJ].ynna-xaHOM, KOTo-

nepC08 M, 3aX8aTM8 'laCTb 8He11JHMX

HMM 8ef1MKMM a3MaTCKMM 3a8oe8a-

pbtM npMCOeJ].MHMJ1CR K y36eKaM 8 MX

yKpenneHMM, OCaJ].M/11.1 tlfcrpaxaH.

Tef1b. OH M3rHan, a 3aTeM M noKopMn

Ha6erax Ha XopacaH.

MapT-OKTH6pb 1722 r. OCAAA IIICAXAHA. MMp-MaxMyJJ. oT-

arpraHCKMX arpeccopo8, OJJ.ep)l(a/1

1719 r. rEPATCKASI EiiiiTBA.

PRJJ. no6eJJ. HaJJ. TypKaMM, 3acTa8Mf1

30-TbtCR'IHoe nepcMJJ.CKoe 80MCKO

TpeneTaTb PoccMto, no6eJJ.M!1 BenM-

noJJ. KOMaHJJ.08aHMeM

KMX Mor0/108 M 3a80e8af1 tlfHJ].MIO,

xaHa npeJ],npMHR/10 nonbtTKY OT80e-

OTKynMf1CR aT HMX). CbtH CynTaH-

a TaK)I(e nOKOpM/1 y36eKCKMe XaHCTBa

8aTb repaT. AcaJl,yf1!1a-xaH 8bt8ef1 MM

Xycei4Ha TaxMacn c OTPRJJ.OM M3 600 'leJ108eK npop8af1CR 8 ropOJJ.

Ca¢1.1

KynM-

6Mn PRJJ. 8Rf108aTbiX nonbtTOK npMMTM Ha nOMOI.J..Ib OCa)I(J],eHHbiM (1.1111.1

8 pai4oHe AMyJJ.apbM. 0JJ.HaKo co

Ha 8CTpe'ly 15 -TbiCR'IHYIO apMMIO.

CMepTbiO era nepCMJ].CKOe 11JaXCT80

Cpa)l(eHMe 8btJJ.anocb 'lpe38bt'lai4Ho

CK803b KOJ1bf40 6!10KaJ],bl, HO cpeJ],M

pacnanocb.

O)l(eCTO'IeHHoe;

AcaJJ.ynna-xaHa

)I(J.1TeJ1eM CTOf1M/4bl M ee rapHM30Ha

1694-1722 rr. nPABJlEHIIIE WAXA CYJlTAH-XYCE~ HA. OH JJ.e-

cnaC/10 f1M11Jb CMRTeHMe, 80f4apM8-

y)l(e Ha'IMHancR ronoJJ.. Wax Cyn-

weeCR 8 PRJJ.aX nepCMJJ.CKOM apMMM,

TaH-Xycei4H KanMTYI1Mp08af1 M OT-

nan OC06btM ynop Ha 11JMMTCKOM Jl,OK-

KOTOpaR 8 KOH/4e KOH/408 6bl!1a pa3-

peKCR OT npeCTOJ1a 8 nOf1b3Y MMp-

TpMHe, 'ITO 8bl38af10 CMJ1bHOe HeJ],0-

6MTa , a caM

80!1bCT80 CYHHMT08 ( KaK cpeJ].M era

'leH 8 nneH.

noJ],IJ.aHHbiX, TaK M 8 COCeJ].HMX rocyJ],apCT8aX). B pe3yf1bTaTe c H08btM

1720 r. A<t>rAHCKIII~ HAEiEr B nEPCIIIIO. MMp-MaXMYJJ. (CbiH

3a80e8aTeJ1b KOHTp0!1Mp08aJ1 f1M11Jb

O)l(eCTO'IeHMeM 8CnbtXHYI1M J].a8HMe

MMp-8a£4ca) 8TOprCR 8 0epCMIO M

'laCTb cTpaHbt. 3aKOHHOCTb era

KOHrpeCCMOHaf1bHbte pacnpM Me)I(JJ.Y

3ax8aTMf1 KepMaH. ArpraHf4bt 6btf1M

8CTynneHMR Ha npeCT0/1 ocnapM8aJ1

pa3!1M'IHbtMM

pa3rpoMneHbt cnoco6HbtM nepcMJJ.-

TaxMacn, KOTOpbtM opraHM308bt8af1

rpynnMp08KaMM.

CKMM 80eHa'laf1bHMKOM fltoTrp-Af1M-

conpoTM8!1eHMe 8 Ma3eHJJ.epaHe.

1709 r. A<t>rAHCKOE BOCCTAHIIIE B KAHAArAPE. Bo)I(JJ.b nyw-

XaHOM, KOTOpbtM, 3aCTa8 MX 8pacn-

1 722-1 727 rr. POCCIII ~ CKASI Ill TYPEU,KASI ArPECCIIIIII. 0eTp I,

MycynbMaHCKMMM

Ca¢1.1

KynM-xaH 3ax8a-

f10X, aTaK08aJ1 narepb M OTTeCHM/1

MaxMyJl,a.

1722-1725 rr. nPABJlEHIIIE MIIIP-MAXMYAA. ArpraHCKMM

o noJJ.D.ep)I(-

TYHCKoro nneMeHM rMf1b3ae8 MMp-

apMMIO 8T0p)l(eHMR K KaHJl,arapy.

paJJ.M nporpopMbt3aR8M8

Bai4c OCH08af1 He3a8MCMMOearpraH-

fltoTrp-Af1M-XaH rOT08Mf1CR K nOf1HO-

Ke 14ape8M'Ia TaxMacna, 83Rf1 J].ep-

CKOe rocyJ].apCT80 M OTCTOR/1 era He-

MaC11JTa6HOMY 8T0p)l(eHMIO 8 Arpra-

6eHT( 1722 r.), a 3aTeM PewT M 5aKy

3a8MCMMOCTb. HeoJJ.HOKpaTHbte no-

HMCTaH, HO 6blf1 OTCTpaHeH OT KO-

( 1723 r.). B o6MeH Ha o6e~.J..~aHHYto

nbtTKM 0epCMM OT80e8aTb KaHJl,arap

MaHJ],08aHMR 3a8MJ].08a811JMM eMy

neTpoM noJJ.D.ep)I(KY TaxMacn coma-

0co-

8ef1MKMM 8M3MpeM ( KOTOpbtM npMXO-

CMI1CR ycTynMTb PoccMM WMp8aH,

6o HenpMMMPMMOM J].e!1af1M 9TY

Jl,Mf1CR fltoTrp-Af1M-XaHy wypMHOM).

JJ.arecTaH, rMJ1RH, Ma3eHJ].epaH M

6opb6y pe!1MrM03Hbte npOTM80pe-

1721 r. nPHrPAHIII~HbiE HAEiErlll. 0neMR a6J].af1M 6ecnpenRT-

AcTpa6aJ1,. TypKM, KOTOpbte XOTef1M

1711 r. OCAAA KAHAArAPA.

CT8eHHO pa30PRf10 XopacaH, a J].are-

8 c8oe 8peMR waxoM A66acoM, M

0epCMJJ.CKaRapMMR nOJ].KOMaHJ].08a-

CTaHCKMe J1e3rMHbl CO)I(rf1M CTOf1M/4Y

onacaJ1MCb paCWMpeHMR pOCCMMC-

HMeM Xycpy-xaHa pa36Mna MMp-

WMp8aHa WeMaxy. MMp-MaxMyJJ.

KOrO 8!1MRHMR, TaK)I(e 8TOpr!1MCb 8

Bai4ca M ocaJ].Mf1a KaHJ].arap. MMp-

CTa/1 rOT08MTbCR K nOf1HOMaC11JTa6-

Ce8epo-3anaJ].Hyto nepCMIO M 3aX-

Bai4c 6bm y;Ke roTo8 CJJ.aTbCR, OJJ.Ha-

HOMY 8T0p)l(eHMIO 8 0epCMIO.

8aTMJ1M CTOJ1Mf4Y rpy3MM TM¢J1MC

KO nepcbt Tpe6o8af1M 6e3oro8opo'I-

( co8p. T6MnMcM; 1723 r. ). B CTaM6y-

Hoi4 KanMTYf1R/4MM, M 9TO nOJ].CTerHy-

SIHBapb 1722 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE MIIIP-MAXMYAA. ApMMR era Ha-

110 a¢raHf4e8 K npoJJ.Of1)1(eHMto 6opb-

C'IMTbt8ana OK0/10 20 TbiCR'I 'leJ10-

6bt. KorJ].a oca)I(J].a8wMe CTaf1M MCnbt-

8eK; OH CH08a 3aX8aTMJ1 KepMaH, HO

nepCMM ( 1724 r.). 3aTeM TYPKM 3a-

6blf1M oT6MTbt ( 1709-1711 rr. ).

'IMR.

8epHYTb np08MH/4MM, 3a80e8aHHbte

ne PoccMR M Typ/4MR JJ.Oro8opM!1MCb pa3J].ene Ce8epHoi4 M 3anaJJ.HOM

Tbt8aTb cepbe3HYIO HeX8aTKY np08M-

6btf1 OT6MT OT CTeH ropOJ].CKOM /4M-

HRJ1M Te6pM3, XaMaJJ.aH M KepMaH-

aHTa, MMp-8ai4c ycTpOM/1 8blf1a3KY M

TaJ].ef1M. TorJ].a oH 8btcTynMn K Jlle3-

wax ( 1724-1725 rr.).

Harof1o8y pa3rpoMMf1 nepcMJJ.CKyto

JJ.Y, HO 6blf1 CH08a OTpa)l(eH, nocne

apMMto. Xycpy-xaH nor1.16; M3 25 Tbt-

'lero Jl,8MHYI1CR K CTeHaM CTOf1M/4bl,

1724-1725 rr. B IIICAXAH E XAOC. MMp-MaxMyJJ. cowen c yMa M

CR'I nepco8 yJJ.anocb yi4TM f1MWb Tbt-

tlfcrpaxaHa. 0H OTKa3af1CR OT8eCTM

8 KOH/4e KOH/408 6btf1 y6MT C80MMM )l(e

CR'Ie 'le!1o8eK. Bee cneJ].yto~.J..~Me no-

80MCKa 8 o6MeH Ha 8btnf1aTy Kpyn-

nocneJJ. o8aTef1R MM.

EBPA31!1$1 V1 6nl!l>KHI!1Lll BOCTOK 1725-1730 rr. U,APCTBOBAHi-iE AWPA<J>-WAXA (ABOIOPOAHoro 6paTa MaxMyAa). 0H BOCCTaHOB/IIfl nopR,ll,OK B L/,eHTpanbHOiii /II IOro-BOCT04HOiii nepC/11/11. 1726-1727rr. TYPEU,KOE BTOP>KEHi-iE. Y t1c(jJaxaHa Awpa(jJwax OT6111n T}'peu,Ky/0 apMIII/0 ( 1726 r:), nocne 4e1o 3aKn/04/lln Mlllp, no3BOfl/IIB TYPKaM y,D,ep)/(aTb o6wlllpHbJe nolpaH/114HbJe npOB/IIHL.l,/11/11 B 06MeH Ha TO, 4TO 0CMaHCK8fl /IIMneplllfl np1113HaeT ero 3aKOHHbiM npaBIIITeneM nepCIII/11. 1726-1729 rr. B03BbiWEHi-1E TAXMACnA. no,lJ,ll,ep)I(IIIBaeMbliii Mafl0/113BeCTHb/M nneMeHHb/M BO)I(,D,eM 1113 XopacaHa Ha,D,IIIpoM KynM-5eKOM, u,apeB/114 TaxMacn 3aaoeaan Mewxe,D, 111 /epaT ( 1728 1.). 3aTeM OH/11 c Ha,D,IIIPOM KynM-5eKOM BbJCTynllln/11 Ha t1c(jJaxaH, ,D,Ba)I(,D,bl pa36111n111 aoiiicKa Awpa(jJ-waxa - a 6111TBe np111 MMxMaH,D,OCTe, 6n1113,D.yptaHa, 111 a 6/IITBe np111 Myp4exypre, B03fle t1c(jJaxaHa, - /II B KOHU,e KOHU,OB 3aXBaTMfl/ll CTOfliiiU,Y ( 1729 I . ). npecne,D,yeMbliii Ha,D,IIIpOM Kynlll-5eKOM, Awpa(jJ-wax OTCTynlllfl K Wlllpa3y 111 6blfl Haronoay pa36/IIT y 3apra Ha ( 1730 1. ). np111 nonbJTKe aepHyTbCR a KaH,D,alap Awpa(jJ-wax 6bJn y6111T. 1730-1732 rr. nPABnEHi-iE WAXA TAXMACnA. W ax He 6onee, 4eM u,apcTaoaan, - peanbHO npaa111n 6necTR£llllliii aoeHa4anbH/IIK Ha,D,IIIP Kyn111-oeK, KOToporo 6naro,D,apHbJiii wax c,D,enan HaMeCTH/IIKOM 6onbweiii 4aCTM CeaepHoiii /II BoCT04HOiii nepC/IIM. 1730 r. 3ABOEBAHi-1E MEWXEAA. Ha,D,IIIp Kyn111-oeK BbJCTyn111n Ha Mewxe,D,, KOTOpbliii ManiiiK-MaxMY.D. 06bf/B/IIfl CTOfl/IIU,eiii He3aB/IIC/IIMOIO a(jJtaHCKOIO u,apCTBa ( 1722 I.); Tenepb ManiiiK-MaxMy,D, OTKa3bJBanCfl nO,D,4MH/IITbCfl HOBOMY waxy. Ha,ll,lllp Kyn111-EieK pa36111n BbJCTynMawero eMy HaBcTpe4y ManiiiK-MaxMy,D,a, a 3aTeM np111 noMOLl.l/11 npe,D,aTenbCTBa 3aXBaT/IIfl IOPO,D,. Man/IIK-MaxMY,D, nonan B nneH 111 anocne,D,CTB/11/11 6blfl y6111T. 1730-1736 rr. BOIIIHACTYPU,i-iEIII. TypKIII OTKa3afl/IICb B03BpaT/11Tb paHee 3aXBa4eHHbJe nepCIII,D,CK/IIe 3eMnlll, 111 Ha,D,IIIP Kyn111-oeK pe-

W/llfl BOeBaTb, 4T06bJ aepHYTb yrpa4eHHble npoBIIIHU,/11111. OH BbJCT}'nllln Ha XaMa,D,aH. 1730 r. XAMAAAHCKASI 6i-1TBA. Ha.D.IIIP Kyn111-EieK HaHec TypKaM peWIIITeflbHOe nopa)l(eHIIIe, 6bJCTpO 3aHRn TeppiiiTOpllllll t1paKa 111 A3ep6aiii,D,)I(aHa 111 oca,D,IIIn 3pii1BaHb ( coap. EpeaaH). 1731-1732 rr. KAMnAHi-iSI nPOTi-iB ASAAni-1. noKa Ha.D.IIIP Kyn111-EieK 6bJn 38HRT Ha 3ana,D,e, a XopacaHe Ha4anlll acnbJXIIIBaTb MRTe)/(/11 - maBHbJM o6pa30M np111 no,D,CTpeKaTenbCTBe lepaTCK/IIX a(jJtaHu,ea-a6,D,afl/ll. Ha,D,IIIP Kyn111-oeK CHRn oca,D,y c 3p111BaHIII, npowen 2250 KM Ha BOCTOK, no6e,D,/IIfl a6,D,afllll, a 3aTeM OC8,ll,/llfl /II B3flfl /epaT ( 1732 I.) . 1731 r. BTOPASI XAMAAAHCKASI 6i-1TBA. Pacc4111TbJBaR a oTcyrcTBIIIe Ha,D,IIIpa Kyn111-EieKa 3aaepW/11Tb OTBOeBaH/IIe y Typl.l,lll/11 3ana,D,Hb/X npoBIIIHU.IIIiii, wax TaxMacn fl/114HO B03tnaB/IIfl apMIII/0 /II OCa,D,Mfl 3plll-

575

BaHb. KOI,D,a Ha nOMOLl.lb OCa)J(,ll,eHHb/M npll16blfl0 TypeLJ,KOe BOMCKO, OH OTCTynlllfl. TypK/11 nyCT/IIfl/IICb B npecne,D,OBaH/IIe 111 HaHecn/11 eMy pew/11TenbHoe nopa)l(eHIIIe. Wax TaxMacn yTpaTMn ace 3eMnlll, 3aaoeaaHHbJe a npownoM ro,D,y Ha,D,IIIPOM KynM-5eKOM, Ill, BO 11136e)l(aH/IIe TypeU,KOIO BTOp)l(eHIIIfl, 3aKfl/04/llfl C Typu,111eiii Mlllp, no ycnOB/IIf/M KOTOpOIO npiii3Haaan Typeu,KIIIe 3aaoeaaH/IIR. 1732 r. WAX TAXMACn Hi-13nO>KEH. 803BpaT/IIBWIIICb C BOCTOKa, Ha,D,IIIp Kyn111-EieK oTpew111n TaxMacna OT npecTona, npoao3mac111n WaXOM A66aca - BOCbM/IIMeCfi4H010 CbJHa TaxMacna, ,D,eHOHCIIIpoaan ,ll,OIOBOP c TypKaM/11 /II B0306HOB/IIfl BOMHY. 1732 r. PEWTCKi-1111 AOrOBOP. PocciiiR OTKa3anacb OT npeTeH3111i7r Ha tlllnRH, Ma3eH,D,epaH 111 AcTpa6a,D,. 1732-1736 rr. nPABJlEHi-iE WAXA A66ACA Ill. 3m 6bln nocne,D,-

lltiiiT C naHI..IIIIPHbiMIII nJlaCTIIIHaMIII nepCIIIACKOi'i pa60Tbl

576

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO)J.CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

HHAH"'ctroe H nepcHACKoe opy>tme H npeAMeTbl poctrowH XVII-XVIIIBB.

Hutli wax M3 .auHacruM Celj>eeu.aoe; peanbHO npaeun, C4MT8f1Cb pereHTOM, Ha.aMp KynM-5eK.

1733 r. BTOP)I(EH!f1E H.AAif1PA KYJllf1-6EKA B MECOnOTAMif110. Bo3ne 5ar.aa.aa Ha.aup Kynu-5eK pa36un rypeuKoro HaMeCTHMKa AxMe.a -nawy; 38TeM OH OCT8BMfl 48CTb apMMM OC8)/(/1.8Tb TOP0/1., 8 C OCT8flbHOW 48CTb/O BbJcrynun Haecrpe4y 6onbwotli rypeuKotli apMMM TonanOcMaHa, we.awero Ha noMo~b oca)l(ll,eHHbiM. Y KepKyKa ( Heno.aaneKy or CaMappb!) rypKM HaHecnu pewurenbHOe nopa)f(eHue ropa3.ao MeHbWetli nepCM/l.CKOW BPMMM; 38-

reM 6ar.aa.acKMtli rapHM30H ycrpoMn Bblfl83KY u pa36un He6onbwoe eotlicKo, ocraeneHHoe Ha.aupoM Kynu5eKOM .aep)f(8Tb oca.ay. HecMorpfl Ha 9TOT .aeotliHotli pa3rpoM, Ha.aup KynM-5eK peopraHu3oean ocraewuecfl y Hero cunbJ u .ao npu6bJTMfl no.aKpenneHutli c.aep)f(MBan HacrynneHue Tonan-OcMaHa. Kor.aa no.aKpenneHMfl no.aownu, Ha.aup Kynu5eK B0306Hoeun HacrynneHue, pa36un Tonan-OcMaHa (y J1etlinaHa, 6nu3 KepKyKa) 1t1 onfiTb .aeuHyncfl K 5ar.aa.ay. Ho Kor.aa npMwnM M3Becrufl 0 BOCCT8HMM B 4>apce, OH 38KJ1/04Mfl C AxMe.a-nawotli Bb/TO/l.Hb/W

/l.flfl TOTO MMP (b8T/1.8/l.CK!t1W /l.OTOBOp) M B03Bp8TMflCfl nO.l1.8Bflf/Tb MffTe)f(.

1734-1735 rr. 60EBbiEJJ.E""CTBif1s:l B 3AKABKA3bE. TypeUKMtli cynraH MaXMY.ll. I orKa3ancfl npM3HBB8Tb bBT/1.8/l.CKMW /l.OTOBOp. Bo3ne Kapca BM3MpbA6.aynna Kenp!On/0 cran co6uparb 80-Tb1Cfi4HYIO apMM/0. npu npu6nU)f(eHUM Ha.aupa Kynu-5eKa rypKM38Hflnu o6opoHY e yKpenneHHOM narepe. Ha.aup Kynu-5eK yrpo)f(an Tulj>nucy, 3pueaHu 1t1 tfiH.ll.)f(e, HO OK838flCfl He B COCTOfiHMM 38CT8Bit1Tb rypOK npMHf/Tb 6ot/i.

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK 1735 r. AOrOBOP C POCCHE171. 3HaH, '-ITO Poccvm nnaHMpyeT aoeaaTb c TypJ4Mei11 B Eapone, Ha,D.MP KynM-5eK nocnan aoillcKa K 5aKy 111 )J.ep6eHT}', rp03H, '-ITO BCTynMT B BOMHY c PoccMeill Ha cmpoHe Typ/4MM. PoccMH 6b!CTpo 3aKniO'-IMna c Ha,D.MpoM KynM-5eKoM co/03, B03BpaTMB nepCMM 5aKy Ill )J.ep6eHT.

,D.a, OH nOCblnan He6onbWMeapMMM-

3aHHTb Ill YCMMPMTb 6b!B11JMe nepCM,D.CKMe npOBMH/4111111 5anx Ill 5eny,IJ.)I(MCTaH. Kor,D.a KaH,D.arap KanMT}'nMpoaan, Ha,D.Mp MMnOCTMBO OTHeCCH K no6e)i(,l].eHHbiM, 111 MHOrMea¢raH/4bl nocTynMnM cny)I(MTb B ero apMMIO.

1738-1739 rr. BTOP>KEHHE B HHAHIO. )J.a6bl noKapaTb Mo-

1735 r. 5ArXABAHACKOE CPA>KEHHE. Ha,D.Mp KynM-5eK

xaMMe,D.-waxa- npaBMTenH M3 ,D.MHaCTMM BenMKMX Moronoa- 3a oKa-

BTOprCH B Typ/411110. 8CTaB Ha paBHMHe 5arxaBaH,D. 6nM3 Kapca, OH OTOcnan '-laCTb no,D.pa3,D.eneHMi11, 111 Tor,D.a A6,D.ynna Kenp10n10 pewMn pMcK-

3aHHYIO a¢raH!4aM noMOI.J..Ib, Ha.D.MPwax amprcH B tlfHAMIO. OH 3axaaTMn la3HM 111 Ka6yn ( ceHm6pb 1738 r.), a 3aTeM noaepHyn B neHIJ.)I(a6. C 50TbiCH'-IHOill apMMeill OH o6owen MOronbCKOe BOMCKO, CTOHBWee B ropax 111 oxpaHHBwee Xai116epcKMi11 npoxo,D., 111 BMecTo Taro '-IT06bl npo6MBaTbCH TaM, npowen coce,D.HMM nepeaanoM, L(a14o6M ( 3TMM )l(e nepeaanoM HeKor,D.a wen AneKcaHAP MaKe,D.OHCKMi11), a 3aTeM pa3aepHyncH, C Tblna aTaKOBan B Xai116epcKOM npOXO,D.e MOrOnbCKYIO apMMIO Ill pa3rpoMMn ee. 3aTeM Ha,D.Mp-wax

HYTb.D.aTb 6oi11. KaK BbiHCHMnocb, HaAMP KynM-5eK 3aMaHMn ero anoaywKy; OH KOHTpaTaKOBan Kenp10n10 Ill o,D.ep)l(an nonHyiO no6e,D.y, nocne '-lero 6b!CTpo 3axaaTMn TMcpnMc, 3pMBaHb Ill tHHIJ.)I(y

1736 r. MHP C TYPUHE171. CynTaHy MaXMYAY I 6bmo Heo6xo,D.MMO KaK MO)I(HO CKOpee 3aKJ110'-IMTb MMp, '-IT06b! 6pOCMTb BCe CMnbl npOTMB PoccMM 111 AacTpMM. OH npM3Han5ar,D.a,D.CKMi11 ,D.oroaop, B pe3ynbTaTe '-lero K nepCMM aepHynacb '-laCTb YTpa'-leHHbiX npoBMHJ4Mi11 , a Ha,D.MP KynM-5eK comacMncH He BbiCTynaTb Ha cmpoHe PoccMM B roTOBH~.J..~eillcH aoi11He.

1736 r. CMEPTb WAXA A55ACA Ill. WaxoM nepcM,D.CKMe BO)I(IJ.M M36panM Ha,D.Mpa KynM-5eKa. 5y,D.y'-IM npaBOBepHbiM CYHHMTOM, OH COrnacMnCH B30MTM Ha npeCTOn nMWb Ha TOM ycnOBMM, '-ITO llJMMTCKaH epecb 6y,D.eT MCKopeHeHa. YcnoaMe 6b!nO npMHHTO, HO He 6onee, '-!eM Ha cnoaax; npaKTM'-IeCKMX Mep nO'-ITM He npMHMManOCb.

1736-1747 rr. nPABJlEHHE HAAHP-WAXA. OH nocBHTMn ce6H TOMY, '-IT06bl BOCCTaHOBMTb nepCMIO B npe)I(HMX rpaHMJ4aX.

1737-1738 rr. BTOP>KEHHE B A<l>rAHHCTAH. nocne,D.eBHTMMeCH'-IHOill oca,D.bl Ha,D.Mp-wax B3Hn KaH,D.arap ( 1738 r.). noKa /],f1Mnacb OCa-

CTpeMMTenbHO 3aXBaTMn newaaap 111 ArroK, nepenpaaMncH '-lepe3 tlfHA Ill ,D.BMHyncH K flaxopy

<l>eBpanb 1739 r. 5HTBA nPH KAPHAJlE. Bo maae 80-TbiCH'-IHoill apMMM MoxaMMe,D.-wax BblcTynMn M3 )J.enM HaBCTpe'-ly nepcaM. 8b!MaHMB MOrOnbCKYIO apMMIO 1113 yKpenneHHOro narepH, Ha,D.Mp-wax pa3rpoMMn ee 111 oca,D.Mn narepb. MoxaMMe,D.wax c,D.ancH. Ha,D.Mp-wax, OTHecWMillcH K HeMy BenMKOAYWHO, 3aHHn )J.enM.

MapT 1739 r. AE11 H171CKOE n050HW,E. Ha,D.Mp-wax 6e3)1(anoCTHO no,D.aBMn HapO,D.HOe BOCCTaHMe. 3aTeM, ocTaBMB MoxaMMe,D.-waxa Ha npeCTOne, HO nony'-IMB KOHTpM6YJ4MIO B pa3Mepe CTa C nMWHMM MMnnMOHOB ,D.OnnapOB (B COBpeMeHHbiX J4eHaX) ,D.parOJ4eHHbiMM MeTannaMM Ill KaMHHMM Ill aHHeKCMpOBaB BCIO tlfH,D.MI03ana,D.Hee 111 ceaepHee tlfH,D.a, oH B03BpaTMnCH B nepCMIO.

577

1740 r. 3ABOEBAHHE 5YXAPbl H XHBbl. Pa36MB y36eKoB npM LJapiJ.)I(oyM Xvrae, Ha,D.Mp-wax aHHeKcMpoaan pailloH, c 10ra npMnera/0I.J..IMill K ApanbCKOMY MOp!O.

1741 r. AArECTAHCKASI HEYAA'-IA. Ha,D.Mp-wax nonb!TancH no,D.aBMTb BOCCTaHMe ne3rMH, O,D.HaKO Te ywnM B ropbl Ill CTanM BeCTM napTM3aHCKYIO BOMHy, B KOTOpoill Ha,D.Mp-waxy He y,D.anocb o,D.ep)l(aTb aepx.

1742-1747 rr. POCT HEAOBOJlbCTBA. tlf3-3a )l(eCTOKOCTM HaIJ.Mp-waxa, ero HeyMenoro npaaneHMH Ill nonb!TOK HaBH3aTb Hapo,D.y HenonynHpHble penMrM03Hble aepoaaHMH no aceill cTpaHe poena He,D.oaonbCTBO 111 pa3ropanocb nnaMH HeHaBMCTM.

1743-1747 rr. B0171HACTYPUHE171. HoMMHanbHO oHa o6bHBf1Hnacb KaK penMrM03HaH, O,D.HaKO peanbHO ,D.MKTOBanacb CTpeMneHMeM TypJ4MM aocnonb30BaTbCH nepcM,D.CKMMM BHYTpeHHMMM 6ecnopH,D.KaMM. TypKM BHOBb BTOpmMCb B nepCM/0. MaHeBpMpyH, Ha,D.Mp-wax o6pen TaKTM'-IeCKOe npeMMYI.J..IeCTBO Ha,D. 6onee MHOrO'-IMCneHHbiM npoTMBHMKOM Ill 3a6nOKMpOBan apMMIO BTOp)l(eHMH BOCTO'-IHee Kapca. 1745 r. 5HTBA Y KAPCA. HaIJ.Mp-wax onHTb HaHec TYPKaM pewMTenbHoe nopa)l(eHMe 111 3aHHn 6onbwyl0 '-laCTb ApMeHMM.

1747 r. MHP C TYPUHE171./paHM/4bl 6blnM ycTaHOBneHbl KaK npM TypeJ4KOM cynTaHe Mypa,D.e IV (no COCTOHHMIO Ha 1640 r.).

1747 r. CMEPTb HAAHPWAXA. OH 6bln y6MT co6cTBeHHbiM Tenoxpa HMTeneM.

1747-1750 rr. B nEPCHH AHAPXHSI. B waxcTBe acnbiXHyna rpa)i(,l].aHcKaH aoi11Ha. 0.D.MH M3 rnaaHb!X aoeHa'-lanbHMKOB Ha,D.Mp-waxa AxMa,D.-XaH)J.yppaHM OCHOBan HOBOe acpraHCKOe rocy,D.apCTBO. /py3MH npOB03rnacMna He3a BMCMMOCTb.

578

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

IO)KHAH A3IDI nAHI!IIil.

AellrAHHCTAH

HosaR 6a3a 6btf78 OCHOB8-

Ha a KanbKYTTe. Ew,e paHbwe rppaHLJ,Y3bt opraHM3oaanM 6a3bt a CypaTe,

B 3TOM aeKe H8 PYMH8X nepCMM M

3a 3TM nonaeKa LJ,apcTao BenM-

noH,D,MwepM, MacynMn8T8Me, lfaH-

LJ,apcTBa BenMKMX Moronoa no,D,HRJ7CR

KMX MOIOJ70B MCnbtT8J70 CTpeMM-

,D,epHampe, 5anacope M KacMM6a-

AI/JraHMCTBH. Ha npOTR)I(eHMM 6onb-

Tef7bHbiM yna,D,OK, 4eMyCnOC06CTBO-

3ape.

weilt 48CTM onMCbtaaeMoro nepMo,D,a

B8f70 no6e,D,oHocHoe BTOp)l(eHMe Ha-

MCTOPMR ArpraHMCTaHa 6btna Hepa3-

,D,Mp-waxa M Me,D,neHHoe, HO sepHoe

pbtBHO CBR38H8 C nepCM,D,CKOM. Ho

pacnpOCTpaHeHMe Bf78CTM MapaTXOB

nocne CMepTM Ha,D,Mp-waxa AxM8,D,-

c nnaTo Jl,eKaH Ha ceaep /1/H,D,MM.

1707 r. CMEPTbAYPAHr3E6A. 1707-1712 rr. nPABJlEHIIIE 6AXAAYP-WAXA (CbiHa AypaHrae6a). npecTon nepewen K HeMy

xaH Jl,yppaHM - MOJ70,D,OM arfJraHeLJ, 113

K cepe,D,MHe aeKa BenMKMe Moronbt

B OTCYTCTBMe CTapwero 6paT8 Mya-

nneMeHM a6,D,8J7M, npMCOe,D,MHMBWMM-

npaKTM4eCKM yTpaTMf7M BCRKOe anM-

3MM8, MCnOJ7HRBWe/O B 3TO apeMR

CR K H8,D,Mp-waxy nocne 3aaoeaaHMR

RHMe, a 38 rocno,D,CTBO Ha nonyocT-

o6R3aHHOCTM HaMecTHMKa

1738 r.) M cTaB-

poae 6oponMCb 4eTbtpe maBHbte

ne. 5axa,D,yp-wax 38Kf7104Mf7 MMP c

CMJ7bt : KOHI/Je,D,epaLJ,MR M8p8TXOB,

M8p8TX8MM M p8,D,)I(nYT8MM M 48CTM4-

arpraHCKoe LJ,apcTao AxMa,D,-waxa

HO yCMMPMf1 CMKXOB.

nepcaMM KaH,D,arapa ( WMM

KpynHbiM

BOeH848f7bHMKOM

B nepCM,D,CKOM apMMM, -

38XB8TMJ7

Ka6y-

1708 r. 6111TBA nPIII ArPE.

5a-

BJ78CTb np8KTM4eCKM H8 BCeM TeppM-

Jl,yppaHM, I/Jp8HLJ,Y3b/ M 8HIJ7M48He.

TOpMM, COCT8Bf7RIOW,ei1 COBpeMeHHb/M

xa,D,yp-wax no6e,D,Mf7 a 6010 M y6Mn

ArfJraHMCTBH. /113aecTHbti1 y)/(e KaK Ax-

0Kono 1700 r. POCT BJH1SIHIIISI CI!IKXOB. Ha4aa KaKceKm ao-

M8,D,-wax Jl,yppaHM ( Mf7M A6,D,anM), OH

MHCTBytOw,Mx MH,D,YMCTOB, OHM BCKO-

Ka6yna, 4T06bt 38RBMTb caoM npe-

Op18HM30B8J7 CTpeMMTef7bHYIO 3KC-

pe CT8J7M O,D,HOM 113 IJ78BHb/X BOeHHO-

TeH3MM H8 TPOH.

naHCMIO , lf78BHb/M o6pa30M 38 C4eT

nOf7MTM4eCKMX CMJ7 B P8,D,)I(nYTaHe M

COCe,D,HMX nepCMM M /1/H,D,MM. nocKOJ7b-

neH,D,)I(86e.

KY OH Cf7Y)I(Mf7 B nepCM,D,CKOM apMMM npM BTOp)l(eHMM a fiiH,D,M/0 Ha,D,Mp-

1700-1707 rr. MAPATXCKASI KOHCI>EAEPALI,IIISI 60PETCSI 3A

1708-1748 rr. nPABJlEHIIIE WAXY (MapaTxcKaR KOHeAepaI..IIIIR). CbtH WMB8,ll,)I(M, OH 6btf7 B3RT a nneH AypaHr3e6oM M H8XO,D,Mf7CR

waxa, TO npeKpacHo nOHMMan ace

CY~ECTBOBAHIIIE. MapaTXM c

a 38Kf7104eHMM ajJ,enM. 5ax8,£J,yp-wax

cna6oCTM LJ,apcTaa BenMKMX Momnoa.

Tpy,D,OM COXp8HMJ7M He38BMCMMOCTb,

OCB060,D,MJ7 era M yTBep,D,MJ7 BO ma-

nepaoe 113 CBOMX nOf7HOM8CWT86Hb/X

KOI,D,8 npecTapel7b/M MOIOJ7bCKMM

Be MapaTXCKOM KOHI/Je,D,epaLJ,MM. Ma-

BTOp)l(eHMM B fiiH,D,M/0 (seem MX 6btf70

npaBMTenb AypaHr3e6 3aTeRn cao10

paTXM npM3H8B8f7M C/03epeHMTeT

Mya3MMa, KOTOpbtill ao3apaTMf7CR M3

,D,eCRTb) OH npOM3Bef7 cpa3y nocne

nocne,D,H/010 38BOeBaTef7bHYIO K8M-

BenMKMX Morano a , HO He 6onee, 4eM

T0/0, K8K 38XB8TMJ7 BJ78CTb B AI/J18HM-

n8HMIO.

HOMMH8J7bHO, 8 BCKOpe M MeHee .

CT8He.

1710 r. KAMnAHiillil nPOTIIIB CIIIKXOB. 03a6o4eHHbti1 pocToM

B nocne,D,y/OW,Me IO,D,bl OH CT8J7 C8Mb/M

1700 r. KOHCOJ1111AALI,IIISI6EHrAJ1bCKIIIX 6A3 6PIIITAHCKOVI OCT-IIIHACKOVI KOMnAHiillil. ly-

Ce-

6epHaTopoM 5eHI8f7MM CT8f7 C3p

npoaen npoTMB HMX ycnewHy/0 KaM-

3TO

nepaoe

BTOp)l(eHMe

( 174 7 I.) OK838J70Cb Hey,D,84HbiM, HO Moryw,ecTBeHHbtM npaBMTeneM

aepHoill /1/H,D,MM M 8HHeKCMpOB8J7 60J7bWMHCTBO 3eMef7b, OCT8BWMXCR OT LJ,apcTaa BenMKMX Momnos .

lfapnb3 3i1p.

1701 r. 3KCnAHCIIISI CI>PAHLI,Y3CKOVI OCT-IIIHACKOVI KOM-

Moryw,ecTsa CMKXOB, 5axa,D,yp-wax naHMtO; anpo4eM, nepeaec Ha ero CTOpOHe 6btf7 Kpaii!He He3H84MTeJ7bHb/M .

1712-1719 rr. ME>KAYLI,APCTBIIIE (y BeniiiKIIIX Morones). nocne cMepTM 5axa,D,yp-waxa soLJ,apMnacb 8H8pXMR; npaKTM4eCKM HenpepbtBHO wna KpoaaaaR 6opb6a 3 8 npecTon. Ha TPOHe ycnenM CMeHMTb ,D,pyr ,D,pyra nRTepO M8pMOHeT04Hb/X npaBMTeneill, HO pe8f7bH8R Bf78CTb npMH8,D,f7e)l(8f78 Bb/CWeM apMCTOKp8TMM M npM,D,BOpHb/M 4MHOBHMK8M.

1712 r. HA3HA"'EHIIIE nEPBOro MAPATXCKOrO nEWBbl. CsoliiHAIIIiiiCKOe opy>KIIIe

MM nepBb/M MMHMCTpOM, HOCRW,MM

IO)f(HAs:l A3V1 S1

579

l1HAHHCKOe op'Y)KHe XVII-XVIII aa. ntryn newea, Waxy HB3HB'4Mfl 6a-

cpe,aepBL.IMM MBPBTXCK/1/X KHf/)l(eCTB

BnbHBR BJIBCTb B MBPBTXCKOW KOHcpe-

na.a)I(M BMWBBHBTXB bXBTB. ,£10 CB-

6apo.aa, /ean111yp, l1iiaYP, Hamyp M

,aepBL.IMM .aonroe epeMfl np/1/Ha.ane-

1720 r.) bBJIB,a)I(M cpa-

newBB. ,£10fi)I(HOCTb neWBb/ CTBJIB

)I(Bfla noroMKBM 6ana,LVKM BMwBa-

KTM'4eCKM f/Bflf/JICfl npBB/1/TeJieM KOH-

nepe.aaearbcR no Hacne.acrey, M pe-

Harxa bXBTB.

MOW CMepTM (

580

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

1712-1720 rr. POCT MOrYW,ECTBA MAPATXOB. YcMnMB-

1739 r. BTOP>KEH~E HAA~P足 WAXA. 0Ho nMWb ycKopMno yna,aoK

wMcb, MapaTxM aocnonbsoaanMcb aHapxMeill, KOTopaH J4ap111na a rocy,aa pcTae B enMKMX Morano a, 111 Ha '"Ian111 ceaepHy/0 aKcnaHCM/0.

14apcTaa BenMKMX Moronoa.

1713 r.

H~3AM

YJl-MYJlbK,

AEKAHCK~~ HAMECTH~K. 0oKa a J].en111 wna 6opb6a sa anacTb, OJ],l!IH l!IS ny4Wl!1X BOeHa4anbHl!1KOB AypaHrse6a TYPKMeH Acarp JJ.)/(ax (l!ISBeCTHb/M TaK)I(e no,a l!IMeHeM i..{l!1H-Kl!1nl!14-XaHa) ,ao61!1nCH HaSHa4eHl!1H Ha J],On)I(HOCTb cy6a,aapa ( Mnl!l HaMeCTHl!IKa, HOCHL1.4ero TMTyn Hl!ISaM yn-MynbK) MOrOnbCKl!IX ana,aeHMill Hannam J].eKaH. He noKywaHCb Ha MapaTXCKY/0 aBTOHOMl!l/0, OH ynpo4111n anacTb BenMKMX Moronoa B !4eHTpe 111 Ha BOCTOKe nnaTO )J.eKaH.

1719-1748 rr. nPABJlEH~E MYXAMMEA-WAXA (B rocy.QapCTBe Beni!IKIIIX MoronoB). B 6opb6e sa TpoH era noJ],IJ.ep)l(l!IBanM HMsaM yn-MynbK 111 MapaTXM. H111saM ynMynbK CTan BeSl!lpOM, Mnl!l nepBb/M Ml!IHl!ICTpOM, HO OCTaaanCH npl!l TOM 111 cy6a,aapoM J].eKaHa ( 1720 r.).

1720-1740 rr. nPABJlEH~E nEWBbl 6AA>I(~ PAO (KOH4>e.QeP81.4111H MapaTxoB). KoHrj:Je,aepaJ41!1H npo,aon)l(ana ceaepHy/0 111 aocT04HYIO aKcnaHCM/0 sa c4eT 14apcTaa BenMKMX Moronoa.

1721 r.~PAHUY3biCTAB~T 6A3YBMA3. 1724-1748 rr. nPABJlEH~E H~3AM YJl-MYJlbKA (B XaV..Qapa6a.Qe). Kor,aa cTano o4eBMJJ.HO, '"ITO rocy,aapcTao BenMKMX Moronoa Ha rpaHM nonHoroKpaxa, HMSaM ynMynbK nOKMHyn )J.enl!l ( 1722 r.) 111 OCHOBan Ha nnaTO )J.eKaH HeSaBl!ICl!IMOe KHH)I(eCTBO Xaill,aapa6a,a. Haaa6oM (HaMeCTHMKOM) a npoBl!IH/411110 KapHaTaK oH HasHa4Mn J].ocTa An111.

1737 r. AE11~~CKOE CPA>KEH~E. Heno,aaneKyoT J].en111 o6be,aMHeHHble cMnbl newabl 5aJ],)I(l!1 Pao 111

MapaTXOB no6e,al!1nl!1 MOrOnbCKY/0 apMM/0. MyxaMMe,a-wax saKJ7/041!1n c MapaTxaMM Ml!lp, ycTynMB 111M ManBY. Bnocne,acTBMM OHM TaK)I(esaxaaTMnMiy,a)l(apaT, OpMccy 111 5yH,aenKxaH,a.

1739 r. 6AA>K~ PAO OTBOEBbiBAETY nOPTYrAllbUEB 6ACCE~H.

1740 r.

6EHrA11~~

CTAHOB~TC~ HE3AB~C~MO~ OT BEJl~K~X MOrOllOB. 1740-1761 rr. nPABJlEH~E nEWBbl 6A11AA>K~ 6AA>K~ PAO 6XATA (MapaTXCKaH KOH4>e,Qepa1.4111H). 1741 r. ~PAHUY3CK~M rEHEPA11-rY6EPHATOPOM HA3HA"'AETC~ MAPK~3 >K03E~-~PAH足

CYA AIOnll EKC. PaHbwe oH 6bm ry6epHaTopoM L{aH,aepHaropa , Tenepb )l(e nepe6pancH a noH,a,MwepM.

1743 r. CMEPTb AOCTA

All~.

Hoab/M Haaa6oM a KapHaTaK HMSaM yn-MynbK HasHa4Mn AHaap-y,a-,aMHa, npe,ano 4TH era SH T/0 JJ. acTa An111 I..{a H,aa-Cax1116y.

nEPBAR KAPHATAKCKAR BORHA, 1744-1748 rr. 0Ha HBnHnacb 4aCTb/O BOMHbl sa aacTpMillcKoe Hacne,acTao. Kor,aa B fi1HJ],l!1/0 npl!1Wnl!11!1SBeCTl!1H 0 Ha4aBwefliCH a Eapone aoiliHe, MapKMS )J.IOnneKC CTan J],061!1BaTbCH HeiliTpanMTeTa rtJpaHJ4YSCKOMl!1 5pl!1TaHCKOill 0cT-fi1HJ],CKOM KOMnaHl!IM.

1745 r. nP~EibiT~E 6P~TAH足 CKOrO ~noTA. KoMMo,aop KypTl!lc 5apHeT BbiHYJJ.Mn rppaHJ4YSCK1!1ill rj:JnoT yfliTlll l!IS MOpefll, 0Mb/Ba/Ol1.41!1X 111H,aocTaH. MapKMS J].10nneKc cpo4HO BOSSBan sa nOMOl1.4b/O K 5epTpaHy-rtJpaHcya Maa, rparpy ,ae fla6ypJJ.OHHe, TanaHTnl!IBOMY rppaHJ4YSCKOMY a,aMMpany, KOMaH,aoaaaweMy BOeHHO-MOpCKOM 6asofll Ha OCTpOaax MaapMKMill. ~IOHb 1746 r. nP~6biT~E3C足 KAAPbl AAM~PA11A 11A6YPAOHHE. B noH,a,MwepM npMwnM aoceMb

TOpOMY nocne CMepTl!l KOMMOJ],Opa KypTMca 5apHeTa nepewno KOMaH,aoaaHMeaHmMillcKoillacKa,apoill); TOT 6blf7 BbiHY)I(JJ.eH yaeCTl!l CB0/0 9CKa,apyKXyml!1.

2-10 CeHTH6pH 1746r. 3AXBAT MAAPACA. MapKMSJ].IOnneKc oca,a111n rnaaHy/0 aHrnMillcKy/0 6asy c cyw111, a,aMMpan rparp fla 6yp,aoHHe 6noKMpoaan ee c MOpH. 0Kasaa He,aonroe conpoTManeHMe, Ma,apac c,aancH.

21 ceHn6pH 1746 r. MAAPACCKOE CPA>KEH ~E. Haaa6 AHaap-y,a-,a,MH saKn/04Mn co10s c aHrnM4aHaMl!11!1 c 6onbwoill apMMeill no,aowen K Ma,apacy. rtJpaHJ4YSbl ycTpoMnM BbmasKy 111 6es oco6oro Tpy,aa o,aep)l(anM no6e,ay Ha,a apMMeill Haaa6a.

3 HOH6pH 1746 r. CPA>KEH~E Y CAH- TOME. rtJpaHJ4YSCKMill OTPHJJ., B COCTaBe KOTOpOro HaXOJ],l!lnl!ICb 230 eaponeil114eB 111 730 c111naea ( con,aaT 111s MeCTHbiX )l(l!ITeneill), aTaKoaan 111 pasrpoMMn Heno,aaneKy aT Ma,apaca 1 0-Tb/CH4HOe BOMCKO Haaa6a.

HoH6pb 1746 r.- anpenb 1748 r. OCAAA ~OPTA CEHT-

A>KOPA>K. B Te4eHMe nonympa neT rppaHJ4YSbl 6esycnewHo nb!TanMcb BSHTb aHrnMillcKy/0 6asy, pacnonaraawy/OcH no6nMsocTM aT Ma,apaca. Kor,aa rpnoT a,aMMpana 9,ayap,aa 5ocKayaHa np111aes no,a,KpenneHMH, MapKl!IS )J.10nneKC 6blf7 BbiHY)I(JJ.eH CHHTb oca,ay.

1747 r. nEPBOE BTOP>KEH~E AXMAA-WAXA B ~HA~IO. YCMpXMH,aa arj:JraHcKoe HacTynneHMe 6b/J70 OCTaHOBneHO 06beJ],l!1HeHHOM MOrOnbCKO-paJ],)I(nYTCKOM apMMeill; pewa10L1.4ero nepeaeca He y,aanocb ,ao61!1TbCH Hl!l OJ],HOM l!IS CTOpOH, HO arpraH/4bl 6b/J71!1 BbiHY)I(JJ.eHbl OTCTynl!ITb.

ABrycT-OKTH6pb 1748 r. OCA-

CPA>KEH~E

25 11110nH 1746 r. MOPCKOE Y HErAnATAMA. A,a-

nOHA~WEP~ . A,a,Ml!lpan 9,ayap,a 50CKay9H nb!TanCH BSHTb 00HJ],l!1Wepl!1, HO 6esycnewHo: o6opoHy maBHOM rppaHJ4YSCKOfl16aSbl MapKl!IS )J.IOnneKC opraHl!ISOBan 4peSBb/4ailiHO rpaMOTHO. Kor,aa Ha4an JJ.YTb MycCOH, 5ocKayaH 6blf7 Bb!Hy)I(Jl.eH yaec-

Mlllpan fla6yp,aOHHe J],061!1nCH TaKTl!14eCKOrO npel!1MYL1.4eCTBa Ha,a KOMMO,aopoM 9,ayapJ],OM 0efl1TOHOM ( K KO-

Tl!l aHmMiliCKMill rpnoT. 1748 r. AAXEHCK~~ AOrOBOP. K KOHJ4Y ro,aa MSaecTMH o no,a-

rppaHJ4YSCKl!1X nMHeiliHb/X KOpa6nefll, Ha 6opTy KOTOpb!X HaXOJ],l!lnl!ICb B 06l1.4eill cno)I(HOCTM 1200 con,aaT.

IO>KHA~ A3V1~ nMcaHMM JJ.Oroaopa JJ.06panMcb JJ.O tlfHJJ.MM. MaJJ.pac 6btn ao3apaw.eH aHrnwlaHaM a o6MeH Ha flyMc6ypr a KaHaJ].cKoiii npoaMH14MM AKaJJ.MH ( coap. HoaaH WomaHJJ.MH).

1749 r. BTOPOE BTOP>KEHII1E AXMAA-WAXA B 111HA11110. 3m 6btn HanOflOBMHY Ha6er, HanOflOBMHY pa3BeJJ.Ka 6oeM; AxMa,lJ.-wax npMwen K BbiBOJJ.Y, 'ITO B COCTOHHMM 3aBOeBaTb neHJ].JKa6 M KawMMp.

BTOPAR KAPHATAKCKAR BOHHA, 1749-1754rr. HecMOTPH Ha rpopManbHoe noJJ.nMcaHMe MMpa MeJKJJ.Y AHrnMeiii M C!JpaH14Meiii, OcT-tlfHJJ.CKMe KOMnaHMM npoJJ.onJKanM 6opb6y- maBHbtM o6pa3oM, He HanpHMYIO, a nocpeJJ.CTBOM y'laCTMH B pa3flM'IHbiX perMOHaflbHbiX KOHrj)nMKTax. KorJ].a yMep HM3aM yn-MyflbK(1748r.), i..{aH,lJ.aCaxM6 cTan 3aMbtWnHTb 3aroaop c 14enb10 cTaTb Haaa6oM KapHaTaKa; era noJ],IJ.epJKan MapKM3 )1.10nneKc. B TO JKe apeMH My3arj)rpap )J.JKaHr, BHYK HM3aM yn-MynbKa , 3apy'IMflCH 6narocnoaeHMeM Hoaoro ( M 6ec-

CMflbHOrO) MOrOflbCKOrO npa BMTeflH, KOTOpbtiii o6ew.an eMy TPOH Xaiii,lJ.apa6aJ].CKOro HM3aM yn-MyflbKaBMecTo OTI4a My3arj)rj)apa, HacMpa )J.JKaHra, KOTOpbiM CTafl HM3aM ynMYflbKOM aaToMaTM'IeCKM. MapKM3 )1.10nneKc TaKJKe noJ],IJ.epJKMaan My3arj)rj)apa)J.JKaHra. 3am 5pMTaHCKaH OcT-tlfHJJ.CKaH KOMnaHMH, KOTopyiO B03rnaBflHfl TanaHTflMBbiM KOflOHManbHbiM J].eHTenb ToMac CaHJ].epc, nO,lJ.J].epJKMBana TeX, KTO B ,lJ.aHHbiM MOMeHT HaXO,lJ.MflCH y BflaCTM: HOBOro HM3aM yn-MynbKa HacMpa )J.JKaHra M KapHaTaKcKoro Haaa6a AHaapYJJ.-JJ.MHa

1749 r. AM6YPCKOE CPA>KEHii1E. 06beJJ.MHeHHbte cMnbt L{aHJ].aCaxM6a, My3arj)rpapa )J.JKaHra M rj)paH!4Y30B ( nocne,lJ.HMMM KOMaH,lJ.Oaan reHepan MapKM3 WapnbJJ.e 510cCM-WacTeHo) BTOpmMCb B KapHaTaKy; OTpaJKaH BTOpJKeHMe, AHBap-yJ].,lJ.MH 6btn no6eJKJJ.eH M norM6. KapHaTaKCKMM Haaa6oM 6btn npoao3rnaweH i..{aHJ].a-CaxM6, B TO apeMH KaK peanbHO npaBMfl MapKM3 )J.IOnneKC. TeM He MeHee MoxaMMeJ].-AnM 3aHBMn, 'ITO 3aKOHHbiM HacneJ].HMKOM

581 AHBap-y,lJ.-,lJ.MHa HBflHeTCH MCKfliO'IMTeflbHO OH, M COXpaHMfl KOHTpOflb HaJJ. TpM'IMHononM; era npM3HanM M noJ],IJ.epJKMBaflM 6pMTaH!4bl.

1749-1750 rr. BTOP>KEHII1E HACII1PA A>KAHrA B KAPHATAK. npM aHmMMCKOM noJ],IJ.epJKKe HacMp )J.JKaHr nonbtTancH nOJJ.'IMHMTb ce6e KapHaTaK XaiiiJJ.apa6aJJ. M JJ.aJKe 'lacTM'IHO J].06MflCH ycnexa.

AeKa6pb 1750 r. Y6111"'CTBO HACII1PA A>KAHrA. He MCKniO'IeHo, 'ITO oHo 6btno noJJ.cTpoeHo My3arj)rj)apoM )J.JKaHroM, KOTOpbtiii nocne CMepTM OTI4a 3aXBaTMfl BflaCTb M CTafl HOBbiM HM3aM yn-MyflbKOM. MapKM3 )1.10nneKc npoao3macMn era cy6aJ].apoM )J.eKaHa. B cao10 o'lepeJJ.b, My3arj)rpap )J.JKaHr Ha3Ha 'IMn )1.10nneKca HaMeCTHMKOM BCeX 6b!BWMX MOrOflbCKMX BflaJ].eHMM Ha BOCTOKe nnaTo )J.eKaH - aT peKM KpMwHa JJ.O Mbtca KyMapM. B 6naroJJ.apHOCTb caeJKeMcne'leHHbtiii HaMeCTHMK npeJJ.OCTaBMn B pacnopHJKeHMe HOBOrO HM3aM yn-MyflbKa CBOIO He60flbWYIO, HO rp03HYIO apMMIO nOJ]. KOMaH,lJ.OBaHMeM reHepana MapKM3a WapnH J].e 510CCM-WacTeHO.

582

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

BOCTOqHAH II QEHTPAJihHAH A3IDI M3 TM6eTa Tex ,D.)I(yHrap/..leB, KTO

KMTAH

oc-

Tane>~ B )I(MBb/X. TeM BpeMeHeM BTO-

paR KMTaMCKaR apMM>I BTOpmacb B 3TOT nepMOIJ. MaHb'OKypcKaR ,D.MHaCTM>I ,D.OCTMrna 3eHMTa Moryllje-

B )J,)I(yHrapMIO M,D.BMHynacb Ha 3axBaT YpyM'IM M TyprpaHa.

6bma nep-

rpopM ( 1732 r.) ,D.)I(yHrapcKMe CMflbl 6bmM HaronoBy pa36MTbl.

1736-1795 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE

LI,~HbllYHA. 0pM HeM Mory-

LljeCTBO M npeCTM)I( MaHb'l)l(ypoB ,D.O-

CTBa, npeCTM)IW M Me)I(,D.yHapO,D.HOrO

BaR KaMnaHM>I, B XO,D.e KOTOpoiiJ

CTMrflM cBoero anoreR.

BflMRHMR. B nocne,D.HMe ro,D.bl cBoe-

,IJ.)I(yHrap/..lbl aKTMBHO npMMeHRflM

ro npaBneHMR MMnepaTop KaHcM yn-

MYWKeTbl; Bnpo'leM, OHM He CMOrflM

1747-1749 rr. nPIIIrPAHIII'-1HbiE KAMnAHIIIIII B TIIIEiETE. Ha

po'IMn anacTb MaHb'l)l(ypoB Ha 3aBo-

3rprpeKTMBHO npOTMBOCTO>ITb 6onee

TM6eTCKOi1JrpaHM/..leB0306HOBMflMCb

eBaHHbiX KMTaMCKMX M MOHrOflbCKMX

MHOrO'IMCfleHHOM, ny'IWe BOOp}/)KeH-

BOflHeHM>I M O)l(eCTO'IeHHaR napTM-

3eMfl>IX M npO,D.Ofl)I(Mfl 3KCnaHCMIO B

HOM M CHapR)I(eHHOM KMTaMCKOM ap-

3aHCKaR60pb6a; c 6onbWMM TPYADM

TM6eT. 8HyK era L(RHbflYH npo,D.on-

MMM. VfMnepaTop KaHcM npMBen

KMTaMCKOM apMMM y,D.aflOCb BOCCTa-

)I(Mfl 3KCnaHCMOHMCTCKYIO nonMTMKY

K BnacTM B TM6eTe HOBoro, 6onee

HOBMTb nopR,D.OK.

M K cepe,D.MHe BeKa cTan HaM6onee

nonynRpHoro B Hapo,D.e ,D.anaill-naMy;

MorylljeCTBeHHb/M MOHapXOM 3a BCIO

a B flxace 6bm pacKBapTMpoBaH

KMTaMCKYIO MCTOpMIO nocne Xy6M-

MaHb'l)l(ypCKMM rapHM30H.

1721 r. BOCCTAHIIIE HA OP-

naR.

1662-1722 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE KAHCIII. 1700 r. KIIITA~CKIIIE BO~CKA BbiXOASH HA rPAHIIIU,Y TIIIEiETA.

BHYTPEHHHH A3MH

M03E (nopTyranbcKoe Ha3BaHHe ocTposa TaV.saHb). KMTaillcKMe Boiii-

PoccMillcKaR M KMmillcKaR MMne-

CKa 6b!CTpO B3>1flM Bepx Ha,D. MRTe)I(-

PMM npO,D.Ofl)l(aflM CBOIO 3KCnaHCMIO

HMKaMM, KOTOpb!X B03rnaBfl>lfl Lf)l(y

BO BHyTpeHHIOIO A3MIO. fiBHO He

VfMnepaTop KaHcM 6bm o6ecnoKoeH

Vfryill.

OC03Ha BaR, 'ITO BOKpyr HMX npOMCXO-

pOCTOM ,IJ.)I(yHrapCKOrO BflM>IHM>I

1723-1735 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE IOH'-I>K3HA (CbiHa KaHCH). Ha

,D.MT, MOHrOflbCKMe M TIOpKCKMe nne-

B TM6eTe, M era apMMR OKKynMpoBana HeKOTOpb!e norpaHM'IHb/e 3eMflM

BCeM era npoTR)I(eHMM B KMme no,D.-

HYIO yco6ML.lY, B npol..lecce 3TOM cna-

Me)I(IJ.Y KMTaeM M TM6eTOM.

,D.ep)I(MBancR MMp, O,D.HaKo Ha 3ana,D.-

6eR caMM M ocna6nRR coce,D.eil! AD

Hb!X rpaHM/..laX nocTORHHO npoMcxo-

Ta KOM CTeneHM, 'ITO HM 0/],HO M3 06M-

1705 r. KIIITA~CKOE BMEWATEJlbCTBO B TIIIEiETE.

KMTaMCKMe

BoillcKa nocTaBMnM HOBoro ,D.anaill-

MeHa npO,D.Ofl)l(aflM CBOIO 6eCKOHe'I-

AMflM CTOflKHOBeHM>I C L.leHTpanbHO-

TaiOLljMX Ha npocTpaHCTBax BHYT-

a3MaTCKMMM nneMeHaMM.

peHHeill A3MM nneMeH y)/(e He 6bmo K~XTE.

B COCTO>IHMM OKa3aTb a,D.eKBaTHOrO

6onbWMHCTBa TM6en~eB.

3ToT 3aKniO'IeHHblill c PoccMeill ,D.oro-

npOTMBO,D.eMCTBM>I KOflOHMaflbHOM

1716-1718 rr. A>KYHrAPCKOE BMEWATEJlbCTBO B TIIIEiETE. )J,)I(yHrapcKaR apMMR 'IMcneHHOCTbiO B 6 Tb/Cf/'1 'leflOBeK- KOMaH,D.O-

Bop ycTaHaBnMBan ,D.anbHeBOCTO'I-

3KCnaHCMM BOCTO'IHOM M 3ana,D.HOM

Hble rpaHM/..lbl Me)I(,D.y IJ.BYMR ,D.ep)l(a-

BenMKMX ,D.ep)l(aB.

Ban e10 LfeBaHnanYTaH ( MnM, MHa'le,

1727-1728 rr. rPA>KAAH-

naMy, HeCMOTPR Ha conpoTMBneHMe

1727 r. AOrOBOP B

BaMM, a TaK)I(e perynMpoBan ToproBble M npO'IMe OTHOUJeHM>I.

1714-1717 rr. POCCIII~CKA~ BOEHHA~ 3KCnEAIIILI,III~

nPOTIIIB XIIIBbl. 0Ha 6b!na ompaaneHa 0eTpOM I, KOTOpb!M RBHO paCC'IMTbi-

L(eBaH ApanmH), nneMRHHMK lan,D.a-

CKA~ BO~HA B TIIIEiETE. 0opRIJ.OK

Ha, -

BTopmacb B TM6eT, 'IT06bl no-

6blfl BOCCTaHOBfleH 15-Tb/C>I'IHOM KM-

Ban, 'ITO XMBa cornacMTCR co CTaTY-

y'laCTBOBaTb B HeCKOH'IaeMOM cno-

TaMCKOM apMMeill. )J.anaill-naMy Ha

coM npoTeKTopaTa. XMBMH/..lbl )l(e yc-

pe M3-3a npecTona ,D.anaill-naMbl.

ceMb neT oTnpaBMnM B ccbmKy, a KM-

TpoMnM 3aca,D.y M yHM'ITO)I(MflM OTPRA

OHM 3axBaTMnM flxacy M noca,D.MnM

TaillcKMill rapHM30H yBenM'IMnM.

'IYTb nM He AD nocne,D.Hero 'lenoBeKa.

B TIOPbMY ,D.anaill-naMy, nocmBneH-

1729-1735 rr. A>KYHrAP-

1720 r. KIIITA~CKA~ 3KCnE-

rCM.

Horo KMTaiiiL.laMM. KMmillcKaR apMMR,

CKIII E KAM nAH 111111. B

BblcTynMBWaR TOMY Ha noMOLljb, no-

/],Qfl)l(aBweeCR ,D.)I(yHrapcKoe BMe-

nana B 3aca,D.y M 6b!na pa36MTa

waTenbCTBO B TM6eTe, a TaK)I(e Ha

(1718r.).

nocTORHHble npMrpaHM'IHble Ha6erM

Ha BCTpe'le c neTpOM

KMTaill cHapR,D.Mn cepMIO KapaTenb-

flb/M ToprYTCKMill xaH A10Ka no,D.TBep-

1720 r. MAHb'-I>KYPCKOE 3ABOEBAHIIIE TIIIEiETA.

OTBeT Ha npo-

AIIILI,III~

B A>KYHrAPIIIIO.

Bb/We.)

1722 r. ACTPAXAHCKIII~ MIIIP. I npecmpe-

V1Mnepamp

HbiX 3KCne,D.M/..lMM. 0oHa 'lany- rna B-

,D.Mn npM3HaHMe CI03epeHMTeTa Poc-

KaHcM nocnan B TM6eT ABe apMMvr:

Hb/M o6pa3oM M3-3a nnoxoill opraHM-

CMillcKoill MMnepMM.

DAHY M3 laHbCY, ,D.pyry10 M3 Cbl'lya-

3al..lMM- KMTaiiJL.laM He OC06eHHO

HM.

OHM HaronoBy pa3rpoMMnM

Be3no. Ho nocne npoBe,D.eHMR B KM-

3aKniO'IeH Me)I(IJ.Y PoccMeill M KMTa-

IJ.)I(yHrapcKMe BoillcKa M BbiTecHMnM

Tae BOeHHO-a,D.MMHMCTpaTMBHb/X pe-

eM. (CM. Bb/Llle.)

1727 r. AOrOBOP B

K~XTE.

BOCTOLJHA~ 1729-1735 rr. KHTA~CKHE KAMnAHHH B A>KYHrAPHH. (CM. Bb!We.)

1730-1731 rr. KA3AXH nPH3HAIOT CI03EPEHHTET POCCH~CKO~ HMnEPHH. B MTOre no.a KOHTponeM PoCCMM OKa3aflMCb 3eMflM, Ha KOTOpb!e npeTeH,aOBaflM XMBa M 5yxapa.

1738 r. nOKOPEHHE 5AnXA nEPCHE~.

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

1740 r. nOKOPEHHE XHBbl H 5YXAPbl nEPCHE~. 1741 r.OTKPbiTHE5EPHHrOBA nPonHBA. nponMa 6bln oTKPbiT BMTycoM 5epMHroM - .aaTCKMM MOpennaaaTeneM Ha cny)l(6e PoccMi4cKoi4 KOpOHbl.

17 47 r. XHBA BOCCTAHABn HBAET HE3ABHCHMOCTb. npoM3owno aTo B pe3ynbTaTe pacna.aa 14apcTaa Ha,aMp-waxa.

583 HITOHIHI

B npasneHMe ceryHaTa ToKyraaa flnOHMfl OCTaBanacb npaKTM'IeCKM B nonHOM BHeWHenonMTM'IeCKOM M30flf/J4MM; Ha CaMMX flnOHCKMX OCTpoBaX J4apMn MMp.

584

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXO,lJ,CTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

IOrO-BOCTOqJIAH A3IUI IJMPMA B cna6oi1 5MpMe npo,D.on)l(ancR yna,D.OK. L(apCTBO CTpa,D.ano OT Ha6erOB KpOWe'IHb/X M TaK)I(e cna6b!X COCe,D.eM (MaHMnyp M ApaKaH), a KpoMe Taro - OT BHYTpeHHMX 6ecnopR,D.KOB M BOnHeHMM. HM O,D.HOMY npaBMTen/0 He y,D.aaanocb cnpaBMTbCR c aTMMM npo6neMaMM.

1714-17 49 rr. HASEr Ill MAHIIInYPU,EB (MeHTXeeB). Kor,D.a B MaHMnype npaaMn pa,D.)I(a lapM6 Heaa3, BepxHRR 5MpMa 6b!na coaepweHHO pa3opeHa M onycToweHa noCTORHHbiMM KOHHb/MM Ha6eraMM, KOTOpb!e ,D.OXO,D.MnM 'IYTb nM He /],0 caMb/X BOpOT 6MpMaHCKOM CTOnMJ4bl ABbl(oco6eHHO B 1738 r.).

1740-1752 rr.

MOHCKOE

IJ.flR CMaMa aTo 6blfl OTHOCMTenbHO

naHCMOHMCTCKMxycTpeMneHMM BbeT-

cnoKOMHbiM nepMOIJ..

HaMa M CMaMa, npM'IeM BbeTHaMy y,D.anOCbaHHeKCMpOBaTb3Ha'IMTenbHYIO 'laCTb KaM60IJ.)I(MMCKOM TeppMTOPMM. Bnocne,D.CTBMM, KOr,D.a BOCCTaHOBMnaCb XOTb KaKaR-TO CTa6MnbHOCTb, KaM6o,IJ.)I(a nonb!Tanacb 6bmo aepHYTb YTPa'leHHble npoBMH-

1717 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE B KAMEiOA>KY (eM. HM)I(e). XoTR M3 ABYX CMaMCKMX apMMM 0/],Ha 6b/fla HaronoBy pa3rpoMneHa, B KOHe'IHOM MTOre BTOp)l(eHMe OKa3anOCb y,D.a'IHb/M.

1733-1758 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE EiOPOMOKOTA. Ha'lanocb oHo C O)l(eCTO'IeHHOM 6opb6b/3a npecmn Me)I(,D.y 5opOMOKOTOM, Mna,D.WMM 6pamM npe,D.biiJ.Ylljero 14apR Tai1cpa M Cb!HOM Tai1cpa. O,D.ep)l(aB B KOHe'IHOM MTOre no6e,D.Y, 5opOMOKOT6e3)l(anocTHO nepe6Mn acex caoMx rna BHb!X npoTMBHMKOB, nocne 'lero npaBMn yMeno M pa3yMHO.

JIAOC

BOCCTAHIIIE. BMAR cna6ocTb npaBRLljeM 6MpMaHCKOM,D.MHaCTMM, o6MTa BWMe B HM)I(HeM 5MpMe MOH bl ( MnM TanaMHbl) BOCCTanM C 14enb/O o6pa30BaTb He3aBMCMMoe J4apcTBO. OHM 3axaaTMnM Ta yHry ( OTKy,D.a Bena npoMCXO)I(,D.eHMe ,D.MHaCTMR, npa BMBWaR B Aae) M '!acTo coaepwanM Ha6erM B BepxH/010 5MpMy, IJ.OXOIJ.R nopoi1 ,D.a)l(e ,D.O CaMOM CTOnM/4bl. 8 KOHJ4e KOH/40B, KOr,D.a MOHaMM CTan npaBMTb DMHbR Jl.ana , OHM Ha'lanM CMCTeMaTM'IeCKOe noKopeHMe BepxHeM 5MpMbl, yBeH'IaBweeCR B3RTMeM CTOnMJ4bl M caep)l(eHMeM IJ.MHaCTMM TayHry

( 1752 r.).

CHAM HaM6onee xapaKTepHoi1 'lepmi1 CMaMCKOM MCTOpMM OnMCb/BaeMoro nepMO,D.a RBnReTCR CTa6MnbHOCTb. 5bmo ocylljeCTBneHo OAHO nonHoMacwTa6Hoe BTOp)l(eHMe, npoMcxo,D.Mna O,D.Ha nonHoMacwm6HaR rpa)I(,D.aHcKaR BOMHa, a Henpepb!BHb/e npMrpaHM'IHb/e CTOnKHOBeHMR TaK M aoo6Llje RBnRnMCb,D.nR IOro-BocTO'IHOM A3MM HOPMOM. Ho, noBTOPMM,

B Ha'lane aeKa flaoc coTpRcanM KPOBa Bble 6ecnopRIJ.KM Mrpa)K,ll,aHCKaR aoi1Ha. BcKope am npMaeno K pacKony J4aPCTBa Ha ,D.Ba - flyaHmpa6aHr M 8beHTbRH. Xorn OHM Henpepb!BHO BOeaanM, 3Ha 'IMTenbHb/MM C06b!TMRMM HM O,D.Ha KaMnaHMR He OTMe'leHa.

BbEfHAM

/4MM, HO Hey,D.a'IHO; B pe3ynbTaTe AflMTenbHOM cepMM BOMH KaM6o,IJ.)I(a nMWb BbiHY)I(,D.eHa 6b!na ycTynMTb BbeTHaMy,D.ononHMTenbHble 3eMnM.

1714-1716 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI B0171HA Ill BMEWATEJlbCTBO BbETHAMA. L(apb 0pea Cpei1 TxoMea 6blfl caeprHYT c npecTona caoMM ,D.R,D.eM Keo cPa, KOTOporo no,D.,D.ep)I(MBanM BbeTHaMCKaR apMMR M He6onb1110M naoCCKMM OTPRIJ.. 0pea Cpei1 TxoMea 6e)l(an B CMaM, r,D.e nonpocMn o noMOLljM 14apR Tai1cpa (ro,D.bl npaaneHMR- 1709-1733).

1717 r. CIIIAMCKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE. B KaM6oiJ.)I(y ampmMcb ,D.Ba KpynHb/X CMa MCKMX 3KCne,D.M/4MOHHb/X Kopnyca. /Q)I(HaR apMMR 6b!na Haronoaypa3rpoMneHa y5aHTea-MeacB OCHOBHOM M3-3a naHMKM, Bb/3Bana KOTopy10, cy,D.R no aceMy, rM6enb B MopcKoM 6ype cMaMcKoro rpnoTa, npM3BaHHoro no,a,aep)I(MBaTb /0)/(HY/0 apMM/0. Ho ceaepHaR apMMR B cepMM CTb/'leK pa36Mna KaM60,IJ.)I(MMJ4eB MMX BbeTHaMCKMX C0/03HMKOB M,D.OWna /],0

B aToT nepMOA Me)I(IJ.Y apa)I(,D.y/0Ll.jMMM ceMeMCTBaMM LfMHb M HryeH 6bmo 3aKn/O'IeHo nepeMMpMe. Ce-

Y.D.oHra, cmnM/4bl Keo cPa. Tor,D.a Keo cPa npM3Han C/03epeHMTeT CMaMa, M Tai1cpa TYT )l(e OTKa3an B no,a,aep)I(Ke

MeMCTBO HryeH BOCnonb30Banocb BHYTpeHHMM MMPOM, 'IT06bl paCWMpMTb rpaHMJ4bl BbeTHaMa Ha 10r M Ha 3ana,D. 3a c'leT KaM60IJ.)I(M M flaoca. HaM6onee aKTMBHble 6oeBble ,D.ei1CTBMR 8beTHaM Ben B KaM60,D.)I(e; KpynHb/X BOMH 6b!nO Tpvr: B 17141717, 1739 M 1749 rr. ( CM. HM)I(e.)

npea Cpei1 TxoMea. Bnpo'leM, BbeTHaM/4bl TeM apeMeHeM aHHeKcMpoaanM HeCKOnbKO He6onb111MX npOBMHJ4MM Ha rpaHMJ4e c KaM6o,IJ.)I(eM B pai1-

KAMIJO~ B nepaoi1 'leTaepTM XVIII aeKa KaM6o,IJ.)I(a RBMnacb )/(epTBOM aKc-

0He peKM MeKoHr.

1739-1749 rr. B0171HA C Bb ETHAMO M. KaM60,D.)I(MMCKaR apMMR nonb!Tanacb oTaoeaaTb npM6pe)I(HbiM pai1oH XaTMHb, 3axaa'leHHbiM BbeTHaMJ4aMM B npe,D.biiJ.Yll.jY/0 BOMHy, HO 6b!na OT6MTa. 8beTHaM/4bl B OTBeTCHOBa BTOprnMCb B KaM60,D.)I(y M aHHeKcMpoaanM ,D.ononHMTen bHble 3eMnM no6nM30CTM aT MeKOHra.

1010-BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~

MAJIAMH

585

paM ( no11. KOHTponeM Komporo no-

COB Oro y6MMCTBa 6aTaBCKMX KMTa£1-

npe)J(HeMy HaXOAMnacb 6onbwafl

LJ,eB B pe3yflbTaTe nO/],Hf/BWeMCfl B

'-laCTb BocTO'-IHOM M LteHTpanbHOM

ropo/],e naHMKM. Yu,eneawMe KMTa£1-

B ManaKKCKOM nponMBe npaKTM-

flab!}, ronnaHIJ.LJ,bt opraHM3oaanM MH-

U,bt 6e)J(aflM M3 ropOIJ.OB M BMeCTe C

'-IeCKM nOCTOf/HHO wna 3an}'TaHHaf/

TepaeHLJ,MIO,HM3flO)J(MflMBpa)J(IJ.e6Ho

f/BaHLJ,aMM, He/],OBOflbHbiMM ronnaH-

aoi1Ha c y'-laCTMeM cyMaTpaHcKoro

OTHOCMBWerOCf/ K HMM MOHapxa M

/],CKMM npMCYTCTBMeM, nO/],Hf/flM MOf..LtHOe BOCCTaHMe. 8 KOHLJ,e KOH-

KHfi)J(eCTBa CMaK M Manai1cKMX rocy-

yca/],MnM Ha npecTon caoero MapM-

/],apcTBj],)J(oxop, Ke/],aX, nepaK M Ce-

oHeTO'-IHoro npaBMTenf/.

KpoMe

LJ,OB ronnaHIJ.LJ,bt no11.a BMnM era M aH-

naHrop. lonnaH/],LJ,bl B KOHr:/'JflMKT9TOT

Taro, OHM paCWMPMflM nO/],KOHTpOflb-

HeKcMpoaanM ace ceaepHoe no6e-

BMeWMBaTbCf/ M36eraflM. 8ocnonb-

Hbte MM 3eMflM Ha 3ana/],e flBbl M aH-

pe)J(be flBbl,

30Ba BWMCb BOflHeHMf/MM B j],)J(OXOpe,

HeKCMpOBaflM BOCTO'-IHYIO nonOBMHY

flOBMHY MaAYPbt.

OCTpOBa Ma11.ypa.

TaK)J(e CMaKCK0-/1,)/(0XOpCKOM BOM-

HOM, MH/],OHe3MMCKMe nMpaTbt-6yrM,

TaK)J(e OCTaflbHYIO no-

1743-1744 rr. BOCCTAHHE

1706-1707 rr. BO~ HA ron-

HA MAAYPE.

Ma11.ypu,bt,

apeMfl

ocHoaa BWMe Ha ocTpoaax apxMnena-

11AHAU.EB CCYPAnATH.

9mTcon-

KMTai1cKoi1 BOMHbt nO/],IJ.ep)J(aBwMe

ra PMay nMpaTcKoe rocyiJ.apcTBO,

IJ.aT y/1,a '-IM C OCTpOBa banM OTBOeBan

ronnaH/],LJ,eB, pacc'-IMTbtBanM nony-

BCKOpe B3f/flM Bepx Ha/1, cynTaHaTaMM

yceMei1cTBa MampaM '-laCTb 3eMenb

'-IMTb He3aBMCMMOCTb M, 06MaHyB-

j],)J(oxop, Ke/1,ax, nepaK M CenaHrop.

Ha CeBepO-BOCTOKe flBbl M OCHOBan

WMCb B Q)J(M/],aHMf/X, BOCCTaflM.

Bo3maBnf/fl 6yrM JJ.ai1Hr napaHM npM

TaM co6cTBeHHoe u,apcTBO. OH Mr-

ne Q)J(eCTO'-IeHHbiX 6oeB BOCCTaHMe

nOJJ.aep)J(Ke '-leTBepbiX CTOflb )J(e OT-

pan Ba)J(HYIO pOflb B MHTpMrax, npM-

6btno no11.a sneHo.

'-Iaf/HHbiX M 6e3)J(aflOCTHbiX 6paTbeB.

Be/],WMX K 0epBOM BOMHe 3a f/BaH-

Bnpo'-leM, no COCTOf/HMIO Ha cepe/],M-

CKMM npecTon. Kor11.a oH 6btn caepr-

17 49-1757 rr. TPETbSI BO~ HA 3A SIBAHCKH~ nPECTOJl ,lJ,M-

HY aeKa, He MCKniO'-Ianacb aepof!T-

HYT M y6MT, npaKTM'-IeCKM BCfl nonHo-

HaCTM'-IeCKM£1 KOHr:/'JflMKT B CeMe£1-

HOCTb B03HMKHOBeHMfl B 6flM)J(aMWeM

Ta anacTM Ha Ceaepo-BocTO'-IHOM

CTBe MaTapaM CTan pa3BMBaTbCf/

6YAYt..LteM TpeHMM Me)J(IJ.y 6yrM M ron-

ropa31J.O aKTMBHee, Kor/],a B Hero

6ym yrpO)J(aeT ronnaH/],CKMM MH-

Hse nepewna K ronnaHALJ,aM. 1712-1719 rr. nPOA011>KEHHEB011HEHH~ HACEBEPO-BOCTOKE SIBbl. CmpoHHMKM M Ha-

TepecaM B ii1HIJ.OHe3MM M ManaKK-

cne/],HMKM CypanaTM nbtTanMcb M3-

111Mxorprp. 9Ta aoi1Ha f/BMnacb HaM-

naH/],LJ,aMM: nocne/],HMe o6HapYJKMflM, '-ITO paCT MOryf..LteCTBa M BflMf/TeflbHOCTM

CKOM nponMBe.

HH)1;GHE3HH

0oc-

BMeWaflCf/ ( M, KaK Bblf/CHMflOCb, 3pf/) ronnaHACKMM reHepan-ry6epHaTop 5aTaBMM

lycms BMnneM,

6apoH BaH

rHaTb ronnaH/],LJ,eB, HO B KOHe'-IHOM

6onee Q)J(eCTO'-IeHHOM M30 BCeX

MTOre 6btnM YHM'-ITO)J(eHbl.

f/BaHCKMX BOMH, /],a M ronnaH/],LJ,bl

1719-1723 rr. BTOPASI BO~ HA3ASIBAHCKH~ nPECTOJl. Ho-

6neMaMM, TaK KaK 0/],HOBpeMeHHO

BCTpeTMflMCb C HaM60flbWMMM npo-

Bafl BCnbiWKa pa3/],0pOB B CeMeM-

BCnbiXHyno BOCCTaHMeHa 3ana/1,HOM

CTBe MampaM norpy3Mfla BeCb OCT-

Hse.

B 9TOT nepM0/1. ronna H/l.U,bt ycm-

pas B ny'-IMHY xaoca M onf/Tb npMBe-

U,bt noTepnenM nopa)J(eHMe aT MaH-

HOBMflM npaKTM'-IeCKM 6e3pa3/],eflb-

na K ronnaH/],CKOMY BMeWaTeflbCTBy;

rKy6yMM, B03rnaBnf/Bwero apa)J(-

HbiM KOHTPOflb Ha/1, OCTPOBOM flBa,

KOH'-IMflOCb BCe /],OnOflHMTeflbHbiMM

Ae6Hyl0 MaTapaMCKYIO rppaKLJ,MIO

Ha peKe 5oroaoHTO ronnaHA-

a TaK)J(e paCWMPMflM CBOM Bfla/],eHMfl

TeppMTOpMaflbHbiMM npMo6peTeHM-

( 1751 r.);

M Ha IJ.pyrMX OCTpOBaX fi1H/1,0He3MM-

f/MM IJ.flfl ronnaH/],LJ,eB.

IJ.OBaBwM£1 ronnaHIJ.CKMM OTPfiiJ.OM

CKOro apxMnenara.

1740-1743 rr. KHTA~CKASI BO~HA. 9To 6btno aoccTaHMe,

1704-1705 rr. nEPBMI BO~ HA 3A SIBAHCKH~ nPECTOJl

B cpa)J(eHMM nom6 KOMaH-

11.e KnepK. Ho ronnaHIJ.LJ,bt cpa)J(anMcb '-lpe3Bbt'-lai1Ho u,eneycTpeM-

06-

acnbtXHyawee M3-3a npecne/1,oBa-

neHHo,

HapYJKMB, '-ITO MX Toproane M nono-

HMfl ronnaH/],LJ,aMM KMTaMCKMX TOp-

HO B03HMKaflM pa3/],0pbl, TaK '-ITO B

)J(eHMIO B baTaBMM yrpO)J(aiOT pa3/],0-

rOBLJ,eB B baTaBMM M IJ.pyrMX f/BaH-

pbl B npaBflt..LteM ceMei1cTBe MaTa-

CKMX ropo/1,ax; Ha'-lanocb ace c

Mac-

cpeiJ.M f/BaHu,ea nocTOfiH-

KOHe'-IHOM MTOre ronnaH/],LJ,aM y/1,afl0Cb B3f/Tb aepx.

586

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

APMKA CEBEPHAH APIIKA 8 3TOT nepVIO,D. TpVInOnVITaHVIR CT8na npaKTVI4eCKVI He3aBVICVIMOi1 OT Typ~VIVI . TpVInonVITaHVIR, MapoKKO VI An)f(VIp (a T8K)f(e, XOTR VI B MeHbWe£1 CTeneHVI, TyHVIC) cyw,ecTaoaanVI 3a C4eT MopcKoro pa360R VI pa6omproanVI. 8npo4eM, 6naro,D.apR pewVITenbHOMY VI 3HeprV14HOMY npOTVIBO,D.eMCTBVI/0 eaponeMCKVIX cpe,D.VI3eMHOMOpCKVIX ,D.ep)f(aB aKTVIBHOCTb 6ep6epVIMCKVIX nVIpama nowna Ha y6blflb.

MAPOKKO 8 Ha4ane BeKa MapOKKO RBflRflOCb HaVI6onee Moryw,ecTBeHHbiM VI o6WVIPHbiM cpe,D.VI ceaepoacppVIKaHCKVIX rocy,D.apcTB , npV14eM nVI,D.VIpoaano c 6onbWVIM oTpbiBOM. CynTaH Mynei1-/11cMaVIn KpoBO)f(8,ll,Hbli1 nocbman 3aaoeaaTenbHble aKcne,D.VI~VIVI ao ace CTOPOHbl caeTa, 11epe3 CaxapyannoTb ,D.a)f(e ,D.O Cy,D.aHa ( 16721727 rr.). 8npo4eM, nocne cMepTVI Myne£1-/ITcMaVIna CTpaHy CTana COTpRcaTb yco6VI~a B pR,D.ax onVIrapxV14eCKOi1 BOeHHOM KaCTbl, C03,D.aHHOM Myne£1-/ITcMaVIflOM,' MOW,b VI BflVIRTeflbHOCTb MapOKKO npaKTVI4eCKVI nepeCT8flVI ow,yw,aTbCR BHe A maCCKVIX rop.

AflJKHP Ha npoTR)f(eHVIVI onVICb/BaeMoro nonyaeKa Afl)f(VIp npe6b!Ban B yna.a.Ke.

~eHTpanbHaR BnaCTb 6b!fla cna6oi1; KpOMe TOrO, Vl3-3a BMeWaTeflbCTBa eaponei1CKVIX cpnoTOB CHVI3VIflVICb aKTVIBHOCTb VI ,D.OXO,D.HOCTb KOpcapCTBa. Y /ITcnaHVIVI, 3aHRTOM eaponeMCKVIMVI aoi1HaMVI, 6bln 3axaa4eH OpaH ( 1708 r.), HO BCKOpe VICnaHCKVIe BOMCKa OnRTb ero OTBOeBaflVI ( 1732 r.). HoMVIHanbHO Afl)f(VIp no-npe)f(HeMy C4VITancR TYPe~KVIM ana.a.eHVIeM.

TYHHC nepBbiM Vl3 6ep6epVIi1CKVIX rocy,D.apcTB TyHVIC nepewen oT nVIpaTCTBa K HOpMaflbHOM MOpCKOM TOproane. TeH,D.eH~VIR am anepBble nony4VIna pa3BVITVIe B npaaneHVIe Xycei1Ha 6eH-AflVI - BOeHa4aflbHVIKa, KOTOPbiM c,D.enancR 6eeM , caepr nocne,D.HVIX,D.eea VI npaKTVI4eCKVI noKOH4VIn C Type~KVIM Bfla,D.b14eCTBOM ( 1705 r.). OH 3aKn/04VIn mprOBble comaweHVIR c maBHbiMVI eapone£1CKVIMVI cpe,D.VI3eMHOMOpCKVIMVI ,D.ep)f(aBaMVI, HO 3TO Bb/3Bano B Afl)f(VIpe MOW,HOe npOTVIBO,D.eMCTBVIe; nneMRHHVIK Xycei1Ha 6eH-AflVI- AnVInawa - B36yHTOBaflCR VI 3aXBaTVIfl anaCTb. Xycei1H 6eH-AnVI 6bln o6e3 rnaaneH . 8 npaaneHVIe AnVI-nawVI ( 1710-1756 rr.) TyHVIC npo,D.Ofl)f(an no,D.,D.ep)f(VIBaTb c eaponei1cKVIMVI cTpaHaMVI cpaBHVITenbHO MVIpHble OTHOWeHVIR, O,D.HaKO ,D.aneKO He CTOnb cep,D.e4Hble, KaK a Te He,D.onrVIe f'O,ll,bl, KOr,D.a y BflaCTVI npe6b!Ban Xycei1H 6eH-AnVI.

TPHflOflHTAHHfl 8 npaaneHVIe AxMe,D.-nawVI KapaMaHnbl TpVInOnVITaHVIR cmna cpaKTVI 4eCKVI He3aBVICVIMOi1 oT Typ~VIVI ( 1714 r.). HoMVIHanbHO ,D.aHb CTaM6yny Bbmna4VIBanacb no-npe)f(HeMy c Hanoroa Ha nVIpaTCTBO.

ErHnET npVI MaMn/OKax ErVIneT, KaK VI TPVI ceaepoacppVIKaHCKVIe CTpaHbl, ne)f(aW,VIe K 3ana,D.y oT Hero, cTan npaKTVI4eCKVI He3aBVICVIMb/M OT Typ~VIVI, XOTR HOMVIHaflbHO OCMaHCKVIM C/03epeHVITeT no-npe)f(HeMy npV13Haaanc>~ . Ha npoTfl)f(eHVIVI onVICb/BaeMoro nonyaeKa B ErVInTe BCR4eCKVI KOHcpnVIKTOBaflVI VI VIHTpVIroBaflVI ,D.Be MaMfl/OKCKVIX rpynnVIpOBKVI- Ka3VIMVITbl VI 4>VIKapVITbl. 8 cepe,D.VIHe BeKa K anacTVI npo6VInCR O,ll,VIH Vl3 BeflVI4aMWVIX MaMfl/OKCKVIX npaBVITene£1 ErVInTa AnVI-6ei1 ( 1750 r.).

3AIIA)J,HAH APIIKA Ha4aawaRcR B npownoM BeKe pa60TOprOBflR CTpeMVITeflbHb/MVI TeMnaMVI WVIpVInacb, ,D.a6bl y,D.OBneTBOpVITb CnpOC H8 nO,D.HeBOflbHb/M TPYA B CeaepHoi1 VI /O)f(H0£1 AMepVIKe . MHorVIe npV16pe)f(Hble rocy,D.apcTBa VI nneMeHa ycTpaVIBanVI Ha6erVI 3a pa6aMVI B my6b KOHTVIHeHTa, a pa60B nOTOM 06MeHVIB8flVI Ha eaponei1cKoe opy)f(VIe VI TOBapbl. nonVITVI4eCKaR CVITya~VIR H8 BCeM npOTR)f(eHVIVI HVIrepa OCT8BanaCb npaKTVI4eCKVI 6e3 VI3MeHeHVIi1; B np04VIX )f(e perVIOHaX Ba)f(He£1WVIe C06b/TVIR CBO,ll,VIflVICb K Cfle,D.yIOW,eMy. 0Kono 1700 r. HA nEPBbiJ/1

nllAH BbiXOA~T LV\PCTBO JlYHAA . 0T4aCTVI 6naro,D.apR ,D.OcTyny MeTaTenbHble HO>KIII Tlll66ycoB, OAHOro 1113 HapOAOB Caxapbl

K eaponei1CKOMY OrHeCTpenbHOMY opy)f(VI/0 ~apcTBO flyH,D.a cyMeno

A<t>Pli1KA

587

CTaTb HaVI60nee MOIYUJ,BCTBBHHb/M B /O){(HOM 3aV1pe VI Cesepo-BocTOLfHOMAHmne.

0Kono 1712 r. - oKono 1720 r. BOnHEHIIISI B AWAHTIII. nocne cMepTM OcaVI- TyTy 3aBR3anacb 60pb6a 3a BflaCTb MB>K,JJ,y pa3fiVILfHbiMVI lpynnVIpOBKaMVI, OKOHLfVIBWaRCR, KOI,D,a Ha npeCTOJI B30WBJI OnyKyBape.

0Kono 1712-1755 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE MAMAPIII KYmiiSAnlll (B Cery). 3TOT npaBVITeflb, npVIHa,D,JIB)((aBWVIM K MaJIVIMCKOM 9THOfiVIHIBVICTVILfBCKOM 1pynne 6aM6apa VI VI3BeCTHbti1 no npo3BaHVIto KoMaH,D,VIp, B,D,OXHYfl HOBY/0 ){(VI3Hb B u,ap-

MeTaTenbHbliii HO>K cf>aHOB, OAHOro 1113 nneMeH 3anaAHOiii Acf>PIIIKIII

CTBO Ce1y. Co3,aas npocjJeccVIoHanbHYto apMVI/0 VI peLf HOM cjJfiOT, C VIX noMOUJ,b/0 OH nOKOpVIfl CeBepO-BOCTOLfHb/8 u,apcTBa ToM6yKTy VI JJ.){(eHHe, a TaK){(B /OI0-3ana,D,HOe -

5aMaKO.

8,ao6aBOK OH OT6VIfl BTOp){(BHVIe, OplaHVI30BaHHOe KOHIOJIB3CKVIM u,a-

1730 I.). 0Kono 1720-1750 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE OnYKY-BAPE. 3TOT

peM ( OKOJIO

CnOC06Hb/M npaBVITBflb B03maBVIfl 9KCnaHCVI/O AwaHTVI B my6b KOHTVIHBHTa, Ha cesep, a TatoKe no6e,aVIn nfiBMR aKVIM.

1724-1727 rr. A60ME171CKIIIE 3ABOEBAHIIISI.

CTpeMRCb o6ecne-

LfVITb ce6e ,D,OCTyn K esponeMCKOMy opy){(VI/0, a6oMei1CKVIi1 u,apb Ara,a){(a 3axsaTVIfl Anna,ay (

( 1727 I.) Ha

1724 1.)

VI BVI,aax

no6epe){(b8 tBVIHBMCK0-

10 3anVIBa. Hosoe, ysenVILfVIBweecR u,apCTBO Ha3Baf1VI JJ.amMee£1.

0Kono 1726-1730 rr. 80171HA 01710 c AArOMEE171. LJ,apcTso Ouo, pa36olaTeswee 3a CLfeT KOHTponR Ha,D, TOpiOBb/MVI nyTRMVI, Be,D,YUJ,VIMVI B lfly6b KOHTVIHBHTa, VICnOflb30BafiO CBOe 60I8TCTBO, LfT06bt CHapR,D,VITb 60JibWYIO apMVI/0 npOTVIB /l.aiOMBVI, Lfbfl 9KCnaHCVIR 6ecnoKOVIna Ouo; JJ.amMeR 6btna no6e){(,aeHa.

1738-1748 rr. BTOPASI 01710AArOME171CKASI B0171HA. JJ.amMeR CHOBa noTepnena nopa){(BHVIe VI 6btfla BbiHY){(,D,BHa BnfiOTb ,D,O

1840

IO,D,a nnaTVITb,D,aHb," HBCKOflbKO,D,BCR-

BOIIIH 1113 3anaAHOiii Acf>piiiKIII

TVIJIBTVIM npO,D,Ofl){(afiCR MVIp.

588

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr:.

IO)J{HAH APMKA npo,D.On>KafiOCb BCTpe'-IHOe ,D.B/11)I(eHIIIe: 6ypoa -

BOcroqHAH APMKA CynTaHaT

OMaH

J4111R 3Ta npo,D.Ofl)l(anacb 11.0 KOHJ4a XIX aeKa .

npo,D.Ofl)l(afl

1727 r. COI03 nATE C nOPTYrAilbLI,AMIA. CTpeMRCb ocao6o.D.IIITbCR 1113-nO,D. anacT/11 OMaHa, TOp-

c /Oro-3ana.a.a, 6aH-

y,D.ep)I(IIIB8Tb rereMOH/11/0 H8,D. BOC-

ceaepa 111 c aocTOKa. B cepe,D.III-

TO'-IH08</JpiiiK8HCKIIIM no6epe)l(beM,

IOBblill ropO,D.-IOCy,D.apCTBO naTe

He aeKa no WlllpoKoi!t ,D.yre, npocTIIIpa-

oT6111BaR cna 6bJe nonbJTK/11 nopTy-

(6n1113 coap. flaMy) 3aKf1/0'-IIIIf1 C0/03

IOLl.leillcR OT,D.OfiiiiHbJ peK/11 OpaH)I(eaoill

taf1bJ4eB aepHyTb yrpa'!eHHOe npe-

C nopTytaf1bJ4aM/II.

Ha ceaepe 111 3ana,D.e 11.0 no6epe)l(bfl

aocxo,D.CTBO. OMaH 6oraTen Ha pa6o-

1728-1729 rr. nOPTYrAilbLI,bl CHOBA 3AXBATbiBAIOT MOMSACY. C noMOLl.lb/0 naTe nop-

TY- c

900 C JIIIIWHIIIM KM K ceaepO-BOCTO-

Toproane -

)1(/IIBOill Toaap nocTynan

KY OT KeillnmyHa), ,D.Of1)1(HbJ6bJf1111 npo-

OT HIIIX Ha pb!HK/11 fi1H,D.IIIIII, ErlllnTa Ill

11130MTIII nepBble BCTpe'-1111 3TIIIX .D.BYX

nepCIII,D.CK0/0 3af1111Ba.

Tyraf1b/4bl

,D.IIIHaM/11'-/HbiX Ill arpeCCIIIBHbiX H8p0-

( 1728 1. ) ,

,D.OB. Xom apeMR OT ape MeH!II6ypaM 111

0Kono 1700 r. Ml.1rPALI,IASI MACAEB. Maca111 - KO'!eaoe BOIIIH-

npiiiXO,D.IIIJIOCb nOCbJJiaTb B my6b KOH-

CTBeHHOe nneMR 1113 rpynnbl HIIIJIO-

)l(aHaM/11.

CTaJIO nepeCeJIRTbCR Ha /01 Ill

OTBOeBafllll

MoM6acy

O,D.H8KO B Cf1e,D.y/OL1.jeM

IO,D.y 6bJJ1111 1113/HaHb/ CaM/IIM/11 ropo-

1730-1755 rr. LI,APCTBOBA-

T/IIHeHTa He60J1bW/IIe BOeHHb/e 3KCne-

TOB -

,D.IIIJ4111111 ,D.f1R YMIIIpOTBOpeHIIIR IOTTeHTO-

Ha BOCTOK, Ha TeppiiiTOpllllll COBpe-

H lA E 1.1SICY II.

TOB Ill 6ywMeHOB, O,D.HaKO KpynHb/X

MeHHb/X KeHIII/11111 TaH3aHIIIIII, noKopRR

Hapx BOeBafl C Cy,D.aHCKOM,D.IIIHaCT/11-

3TOT 3</JIIIoncKIIIill MO-

CTOJIKHOBeH/IIM C 6aH1}' ,D.O cepe,D.IIIHbl

/llfl/11 BbJTeCHRR 06/IITaBW/IIe TaM nne-

eill (/)yHt, HO 6blf1 Ha/OJIOBY pa31pOM-

BeKa He npOIIICXO,D.IIIJIO.

MeHa 6aHTY( a Tal()l(e ranna ) . M111rpa-

J1eH y CeHHapa.

1746 r. nPABilEHIAE AlliA IASH-YCMAH AJ1b-MA3PYIA B MOMSACE. 5y.D.y'-1111 caM oMaHCKoro npOIIICXO)I(,IJ,eHIIIR, 3TOT npaB/11Teflb 803/JiaB/IIfl BOCCTaH!IIe, B pe3Yf1bTaTe KOTOpOIO OMaHJ4bl 6blf1111 1113/HaHbJ 1113 MoM6a cbJ. Bcne,D. 3 8 TeM OH 3 a XBa TIIIJ1 neM6y Ill MOl 6 bl 3aBOeBaTb 3 a H3 !116ap, eCJI/11 6bJ H e era paHHRR CMepTb. BcKope OMaH BOCCTaHOBIIIJI KOHTPOflb Ha,D. MOM60eBOH TOnop 11 Me'! B3HIIIKOB, OAHOrO 1113 nneMeH 80CTO'IHOH A<f>pliiKIII

6acoi!t Ill neM60ill.

CEBEPHAS1lt110>KHAS1 AMEPlt1KA

589

CEBEPHAH II IO)I{HAH AMEPMKA CEBEPHAH AMEPJIKA

1711 r. HEY,lJ,A'iA B 3AnHBE CBSITOrO nABPEHTHSI. nnaHIIIpo-

.D.YUJ,eilt 1!1pOKe3CKOM KaMnaHIIIIII, a TaK-

aanocb, LITO ct>p3HCIIIC HI!IKoncoH 6y-

>Ke I./T06bl ,lJ,06111TbCR KOHTpOnR H8,l1,

BOHHA KOPOflEBbl AHHbl,

.D.eT wTypMoaaTb MoHpeanb CMe-

HIII>KHIIIMIII 1113 8eni!IKIIIX o3ep. 8 oTBeT

1702-1713 rr.

waHHbiMIII Clllfl8MIII KOflOHI!ICTOB Ill

6pii1TaHU,bl nOCTpOIIIfl/11 H8 03epe 0H-

3TO 6blfl8 8Mepi!IK8HCK8R aepCIIIR

8 K81./eCTBe WT86-K88PTII1Pbl ,lJ,flR 6y-

1!1pOKe30B; O,lJ,HOBpeMeHHO 8Hrfli!IM-

T8pi!IO ct>opT0cylllro(1725 r.). noce-

CKIIIM ,lJ,eC8HT, B COCT8B KOTOpOrO

neHU,bl Hoaoilt AHm/11111 npi!IHRni!ICb yK-

80MHbl 38 111Cn8HCKOe H8Cfle,l1,CTBO.

8XO!J.IIIfllll ceMb y,lJ,apHbiX nonKo8 rep-

pennRTb rp8HIIIU,Y ,lJ,flR 38lli,II1Tbl OT

,lJ,eKa6pb 1702 r. PA3PYWEH H CO>IOKEH CAH-ArYCTHH. 3TOT

u,ora Manb6opo, .D.On>KeH 6bln c MOP>~

a6eHaKCKIIIX Ha6eroa.

amKoaaTb Kae6eK. Ho KOr.D.a a 3anlll-

peilt,lJ,, COBMeCTHO Op18HII130B8HHb/M

ae CaRToro J7aapeHTIIIR 6blfllll nom-

K8pon111HU,8MIII 111 IIIH.D.eiltu,8MIII, nono-

PRHbl ,lJ,eCRTb KOpa6neilt, OT TaKOTO

>KIIIn H81./8fl0 60e8b/M ,lJ,eMCTBI!IRM.

KOM6111HIIIp088HHOTO y,lJ,apa npiii-

1703-1704 rr. KAMnAHHH B,D,Onb IO>KHOIII rPAHHU,bl. l/lc-

WflOCb OTK838TbC!il.

n8HCKII1e MIIICC/11111 B Ann8fl81./8X

1713 r. YTPEXTCKHIII ,D,OrOBOP. no ero no.D.nl!lcaH/11111 a Ceaep-

6blfllll YHIIII./TO>KeHbl cep111eilt K8pO-

Hoilt AMepiiiKe ycTaH08111ncR

fliiiHCKO-IIIH,lJ,eMCKIIIX peilt,lJ,OB, O,l1,H8-

Cfli!IWKOM H8,lJ,e>KHbiM, HO Mlllp.

KO ynopHoe conpoTI!IaneHI!Ie nneMeHI!I 1../0KTO BOCnpenRTCTBOB8fl0

1711-1712rr. BOIIIHACTYCKAPOPAMH. 8 CeaepHoilt 111/0>K-

H86eraM Ha cPP8HU.Y3CKI!Ie nocene-

HOilt KapOfli!IHe BOCCT8fli!IIIIH,lJ,eMU,bi-

HIIIR y 6eper8 M eKCIIIK8HCKoro 38-

TyCKapopbllll nepe61!1fllll OKOflO !J.BYX-

ni!IB8.

COT noceneHu,ea. Kor.D.a aoccTaHI!Ie

1703-1707 rr. CEBEP0-80CTO'iHbiE KAMnAHHH. A6eH8KIII

6b1no no,lJ,aaneHo, yu,eneaw111e Tyc Kapopbl nepe6pan111cb 8 WTaT Hb/0-

111 cPP8HU.Y3CKIIIe OTPR!J.bl 38HIIIM8-

J/topK Ill npiiiCOe,lJ,IIIHI!Ifli!ICb WeCTb/M

nlllcb Ha6eraMI!III13 WT8T8 M3H B ,lJ,O-

nneMeHeM K 111pOKe3CKOM KOHcPe,lJ,e-

fliiiHY KOHHeKTIIIKyTa. 8 OTBeT 1113 Ho -

paU,III/11.

BOM AHrn/11111 6blfl BblcnaH OTPR.D. 1../IIIC-

1715-1728 rr. BOIIIHA SIMACH. I/IH.D.eillcKIIIe nneMeHa RMaclll 111

neHHOCTb/0 500 '-lenoaeK, nepe.D. KOTOpbiM CTO!ilfl8 38!1.81../8 nepepe-

HIII>KHIIIX Kpi!IKOB Bb/TeCHI!Ifliii/O>KHOK8-

38Tb a6eH8K8M KOMMYHIIIK8U,IIIIII,

pOni!IHCKIIIX noceneHu,ea c 3eMenb,

a T8K>Ke 38X88TII1Tb pb16onpOMb/C-

ne>Kaw,111x 3an8.D.Hee peKIII Ca8aHHbl.

fl0Bble y'-laCTKIII ( 1704 r.). AHrnlllilt-

8 OTBeT K8p0fli!IHLJ,bl BMeCTe C IIIH-

CKIIIe KOflOHII18flbHble Clllflbl ,lJ,B8>K,lJ,bl

,lJ,eMU,8MIII nneMeHIII'-IepOK/11 Bb/TeCHIII-

6e3ycnewHo nbiTaniiiCb wTypMo-

fl/11 KOHcPe,lJ,epaU,III/0 RM8CIII BO (/>no-

aaTb rnaaHy/0 cPP8HU,y3CKYIO 6a3y

piii!J.Y ( 1716 r.). ,ll,nR 38W.111Tbl Kapo-

n opT-PoiltRn (a AKa,lJ,IIIIII, lllfl/11 H080M

niiiHbl OT IIICnaHCKOM Ill cPP8HU,Y3CKOM

WomaH.D.IIIIII; 1704 111 1707 rr.). C e-

a rpecc111111 noceneHU,bl ao3aen111 ct>op-

aepHee, Ha ocTpoae Hb/OcP8YH.D.-

Tbl Ha peKax AnbTaMaxa, C8aaHHa 111

neH.D., cPP8HKO-IIIH,lJ,eiltCKIIIMIII 8T8K8-

C8HTIII (1716-1721 rr.). 5ecclllnllle

MIII 6b1no YHIII'-ITO>KeHo no ceneHIIIe

KOflOHII18flbHbiX 8fl8CTeilt B OTpa>Ke-

5oHaBIIICTa ( 18- 29 a8rycm 1704 r.);

H/11111 arpecc111111 RMaclll ( 111 aoo6w,e

n03>Ke cPP8HU,Y3bl ynpO'-IIIIfl/11 KOHT-

a 38W.111Te noceneHu,ea OT IIIH.D.eillcKIIIX

pOnb Ha.D. ocTpoaoM, 3axaaTIIIB CeHT-

Ha6eroa 111 nlllpaTcTBa) .D.ano CoaeTy

,lJ,>KOHC ( 1708 r.).

no Toproane noao.D. aaeCTIII a Kono-

16 OKTS16pSI 1710 r. B3SITHE nOPT-POIIISinA. 5pi!IT8HCK8R apMIIIR

HIIIRX npRMOe KOponeBCKOe npa8ne-

1../IIICfleHHOCTb/0 8 4 Tb/CRI../111 1../eflOBeK

MeHTa OT 1729 r.) .

np111 no.D..D.eP>KKe c M OPR 3axaaTI!Ina n opT-POiltRn, KOTOpbiM 6blfl nepe-

1720-1738 rr. YKPEnnEHHSI HA BEnHKHX 03EPAX. ct>paHu,y3 bl

JlyK Ill CTpenbl IIIHAelli4eB

111Me H088H B AHHanOfli!IC-POiltRn.

nocTpo111n111 ¢opT H111arapa ( 1720 r . )

c aMepHKaHcKoro Cesepo-3anaAa

HI!Ie ( cneu,l!l8flbHbiM aKTOM n8pna-

CEBEPHAs:l l!liO>KHAs:l AMEPI!lKA CH088 nonbtTanMCb 83RTb C8H-AryCTII7H, HO 6btn/11 8biHY)f(,ll,eHbl OTCTynMTb 1173 QJnopM,ll,bt (

.JIATHHCKAH AMEPHKA

1743 r.) . HCnAHCKAR AMEPHKA

1718-1720 rr. <l>PAH~Y3CKASI lt1 lt1CnAHCKASI BOiiiHbl HA nOSEPE>KbE MEKClt1KAHCKOrO 3AJ1lt1BA. 3TOT KOHc:f;J1117KT RBJ1Rf1CR '18CTb/O 80MHbl lfeTbtpeXCTOpOHHero

BOHHA KOPOflR rEOPrA, 1701-1714 rr. BOIIIHA 3A lt1CnAHCKOE HACJlEACTBO. AMep111-

1740-1748 rr.

591

C0/038 . CTOf1KH08eHMR npoMcxo,n,Mfl/11 80 QJnopM,n,e 111 Tex8ce .

0H8 6btn8 8Mep117K8HCK/11M 0Tp8-

K8HCKMe K8Mn8H/11/11 3TOi7t 80MHbl np0117C-

)f(eH/11eM 80i7tHbt 38 88CTpMi7tcKoe H8-

XO,ll,/11J1/11 ma8HbtM o6p830M 8 Ce8epHoi7t

1720-1722 rr.lt1CnAH~bi3A H lt1 MAIOT TEXAC. 0KKyn8LJ,II1R 6btn8

cne,n,cTBo.

AMepMKe; MOPCKMe 6oe8bte ,n,ei7tCT8117R

npe,n,np117HRT8, ,n,86bt 80cnpenRT-

<J>PAH~Y3CKOE

1744 r. nAAEHlt1E

HAAHHAnOJllt1C.

wn111 8 K8p1176CKOM Mope 111 H8 AH-

CT8088Tb c:f;p8HLJ,Y3CKOi7t 3KCn8HC/11/11

TMflbCKMX OCTp088X.

/173 flyii73/118Hbl.

4Jp8HL{y3bl 6btf1/11 OTp8>KeHbl OT 8HIf1/11MCKO/O c:popm AHH8nonMc-Poi7tRn ( 6bt8W/11M c:f;p8HU,y3CK/11M c:f;OpT nopTPoi7tRn) 8 Ho8oi7t Wom8H,ll,ll7117.

Anpenb-IIIIOHb 1745 r. OCAAA J1Ylt1C6YPrA. Ho808HmMi7tcKMi7t 3Kcne,n,MLJ,II70HHbti7t Kopnyc, 803rn88neHHbti7t YMnbRMOM nennepeneM, np111 no,n,,n,ep>KKe 6p117TaHCKOi7t 3CK8,ll,pbt OC8,ll,/11f1 MOW,Hy/0 KpenOCTb fly111c6ypr; H8 Tepp111TOp117117 8Mep117K8HCK/11X KOJ10H/11M 3TO 6btf18 C8M8R M8CWT86H8R onep8LJ,/11R 38 8C/O 80i7tHy. 8 KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,08 c:f;opT K8nMTynMpo88n (

16 117/0HR).

Cne,n,y-

eT OTMeT/11Tb: 3TO 6btf1 O,ll,/11H /113 nep8b/X cny'l8e8, Kor,n,8 8 Ce8epHoi7t AMepMKe npMMeHRn8Cb none88R 8PTMnnepMR.

1746 r.

<J>PAH~Y3CKASI

3KCB HOBYIO WOTJlAHAl-110 lt1 HA OCTPOB KEiiln-SPETOH. MopcKoi7t ,n,ec8HT 6btn yHM'ITOnEAlt1~lt1SI

)f(eH wmpMOM y 6epero8 Ho8oi7t WOTJ18H,ll,/11/11.

1746-1748 rr. KAMnAHlt1lt1 HA CEBEPHOIII rPAHlt1~E. nonbtTK/11 oTpR,ll,08, omp88f1eHHbtX 1173 Ho80i7t AHm/11117, npoHMKHYTb 80 c:f;p8HU.Y3CKYIO K8H8,n,y np1178ef1117 K c:f;p8HU.Y3CKII7M /17 /11H,ll,ei7tcKII7M pei7t,ll,8M npoT/118 noceneHMi7t 8 wmTe M3H . YMnbRM ,ll,>KOHCOH, ynOJIHOMO'IeHHb/M HbtO-tltopK8 no ,n,en8M MH,n,ei7tu,e8, 111 KoHp8,n, 88i7tcep, KOTOpbti7t npe,n,CTa8f1Rf1 117pOKe308 8 /11X Tepp117TOp1178 f1bHb/X npeTeH3117RX K ,n,en888p8M, o6ecne'l/11f1117 no,ll,ll,ep>KKY c:pe,n,ep8LJ,II7117 «WeCT/11 H8pO,ll,08>>.

1748 r. AAXEHCKl-1111 AOrOBOP. 8 Ce8epHoi7t AMepMKe ycmHoBII7f1CR He Cf1/11WKOM H8,ll,e>KHbti7t, HO 8Ce-TaK/11 M117p. K 803Myut,eHII7/0 KOJ10H/11CT08, fly111c6ypr 6btf1 8038p8ut,eH c:f;p8HU.Y38M 8 o6MeH H8 M8,n,p8c.

MeKCIIIK3HCKIIIe Ill 6pa3111nbCKIIIe MeTaTenbHble AOCKIII

592

BOEHHOE nPEBOCXOACTBO EBPOnbl. 1700-1750 rr.

1721-1735 rr. BOCCTAHHE B nAPArBAE. AcyHCbOHCKMM ry6epHaTOp Xoce ,lle AHTMKepa, o6ecnoKoeHHbiM npeTeH3M'i/MM 6y::JHOC-aMpecCKMX TOPIOBLJ,eB Ha MOHOnOflM/0, nO,llH'ilfl BOCCTaHMe. 0H OTK838flC'il npM3HaTb HOBOIO ry6epHaTOpa, Ha3Ha'leHHOIO fTMMOilf, M31H8fl Me3yMTOB M p836Mn apMM/0, nocnaHHYIO M3 Sy:=JHocAillpeca ( 1724 r. ). Xom AHTMKepa 6&/n CXBa'leH ( 1726 I.), BOCCTaHMe ,llflMflOCb

eLL(e ,lleB'i/Tb neT, noKa 3Kcne,llMLJ,MOHHbiM KOpnyc, B03maaneHHb/M 6y3HOCaMpeccKMM ry6epHampoM Ca6anoM, He pasrpOMMfl M'i/Te)I(HMKOB.

1723 r. BOCCTAHIItE APAYKAHU.EB. 0Ho RBnRno co6oill non&ITKY HeCnOKOilfHb/X M BOMHCTBeHHb/X MH,lleilfu,ea-apayKaHLJ,eB M31HaTb MCnaHLJ,eB M3 /O)I(HQIO '-IMflM.

1726 r. OCHOBAHHE MOHTEBHAEO. lopo,ll 6&m ocHoaaH c u,e-

n&/0 aocnpenRTCTBOBaTb nopTyran&CKOM 3KcnaHCMM a cnopHy/0 ypyraailiCK}'/0 npOBMHLJ,M/0 5aH,lla-0pMeHTafl ( McnaHLJ,bl M nopryran&LJ,bl no-pasHaMY MHTepnpeTMPOB8flM ycnOBM'il Top,llecMn&RCCKoro ,llaroaopa).

1736-1737 rr. BOCCTAHHE B OPYPO. /ITH,lleillu,&l as6yHmaanMCb M3-3a T'i/)/(eflbiX ycnoaMill Tpy,lla a waxTax L/,eHTpanbHOIO nepy. npe)I(,IJ,e '/eM 6yHT6blflnO,llaBneH, M'i/Te)I(HMKM, 803maBMfl KOTOpblX X yaH CaHToc, HaHecnM cep&e3Hb/M yLL(ep6 ropo,lly Opypo.

1739-1748 rr. BOII'IHAI!13-3A YXA A>KEHKHHCA 111 BOII'IHA 3A ABCTPIItii'ICKOEHACnEACTBO. XOT'il 6oeBble ,lleMCTBM'il WflM B O'leHb 06WMpHOM perMOHe, rnaBHOilf MX apeHoM ace-TaKM 'iiBn'ilnac& CeaepHa'il AMepMKa. TeM He MeHee 5pMTaHCKMill rpnoT aen onepau,MM a KapM6CKOM 6acceil!He: 6blflM 3aXBa'/eHblnopT0-5enno(MflM, MHa'le, nopT0-8enbO) M '-larpec; a BOT Hana,lleHM'il Ha Ky6y M KapmxeHy OKOH'IMflMCb Hey,lla'IHO. KpoMe TOIO, aHmM48He npe,llnpMH'ilflM cepMIO peM,llOB Ha no6epe)/(&e B eHecy3nbl.

1749 r. MSITE>K B BEHECY3nE. nocne Q)l(eCTO'/eHHb/X CTOflKHOBeHMilf npaBMTeflbCTBeHHb/e BOilfCKa no,llaBMflM BOCCTaHMe BeHeCy3flbCKMX Kpeonoa.

nOPTYrAJlbCKAfl AMEPHKA

1701-1714 rr. BOII'IHA3AI!1CnAHCKOE HACnEACTBO. ct>paHu,ys&l '/aCTO ycTpaMBaflM peM,llbl M Hana,lleHM'il Ha no6epe)/(&e SpasMnMM. ct>paHu,yscKMM a,llMMpan PeHe ,D,10r3- Tpy3H saxaaTMn M He,llonroe apeM'il y,llep)I(MBan ropo,ll KonoHM'il ( coap. KonoHMR-,llen&-CaKpaMeHTO; 1702 r: ), a T8K%e 3aXBaTMfl, y,llep)I(MBan ,llO BblnflaTbl KOHTpM6yLJ,MM M C)l(er PMo-,lle->KaHeMpo ( 17 11 r .) .

1708-1709 rr. 3M60A6CKASI BOII'IHA. B ee xo,lle KonoHMan&Hoe npaBMTeflbCTBO nO,llaBMflO M nO,ll'IMHMflO ,llBM)I(eHMe naynMCTaC - 3KCnaHCMOHMCTCKM HaCTpOeHHb/X nonyHe3aBMCMMb/X nopTyraflbCKMX aBaHTIOpMCTOB M3 CaH-nayny.

1710-1711 rr. MACKATCKASI BOII'IHA. 0Ha npe,llCTaBnRna co6oill Boopy>~<eHIIIe 111 MaCKIII IO>KHOaMepiiiKaHCKIIIX IIIHAei'il.leB

MeflKMilf KOHqJflMKT Me)I(,IJ,y pacnono-

CEBEPHA~ VliO>KHA~

AMEPVlKA

593

)1(8HHb/Mit1 B WT8T8 nepH8M6yKy rOpO,!J,8Mit1 OnMH/1,8 111 PecwjJ111 .

1735-1737 rr. HCnAHO-nOPTYrAJlbCKASI BOIIIHA. 0H8 RBnRn8cb '18CTb/O BOi'IHb/38 nOflbCKOe H8Cfl8/],CT80 . /11cn8H~bl 38X88Tit1fllt1 KonoHMIO( co8p. KonoHMR-,D,enb-C8Kp8MeHTO;

1735 r.),

O,D,H8KO 6pii1TaHU,bl

y6e,D,It1fllt1 lt1X 8038p8Tit1Tb nopT nopTyr8flbU,8M (

1737 r . ).

KonOHMR -

m88 -

Hbli1 nopTyr8nbCKMi1 nopT 8 38flM8e fl8-nn8Ta ( c

1680 r.)

no-npe)I(He -

R8flRflCR K8MH8M npeTKH088Hit1R

8 lt1Cn8HO-nOpT}'r8flbCKOM KOHcj>fllt1KTe 1113-38 ypyrB8i1CKOi1 np08111HU,It1111 58H,D,8-0pMeHTan.

OracrnaeHHe XIII. IICIIAHCKOE KAPE II JIIIHEHHbiH KOPAEJib BoennLie Teu.uenQIUI ............................................. 6 Py'II:Ioe ornec1peJibHoe opymiie ...................... 7 Apnumeprm ................................................. 11 YKpeiUieHIIHII oca,UHoe IIcKyccrno ................ 15 TaKTlfKa cyxonynmx 6oeBhiX .ueH.crnllli ........ 21 BoeHHaH oprann3au;m1 .................................. 26 BoeHHo-MopcKaH TaKTI1Ka II ClpaTerrm .......... 36 3aua.unaH EBpoua .............................................. 42 DpliTaHCKlfe OClpOBa .................................... 42 <l>paHu;mi, 1495-1600 IT................... .... ....... 55 fepMaHIIH ..................................................... 80 CKaH,UnnaBIIH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 HII,UepnaH,Uhi, 1566-1609 IT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 IIIBeffiiaprm ................................................ 113 llTaJillil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 IillpeHeHCKIIH IIOJIYOClpOB .......................... 125 BocmqnaH EBpoua .................................. ........ 128 IIoJibma ...................................................... 128 BeHrpllil II BoreMllil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Poccrm ....................................................... 133 EBp33IUI u Enumuuu BocTOK ............................ 168 OcMaHCKaH IIMrreprm, 1500-1606 IT. . . . . . . . . . 168 IIepcrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 KaBKa3 ........................................................ 185 IDmuaH k11H . .......... .......... ........... .......... ........ 189 CeBepHmi llH,Ullil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

XIV.

3APO~EHIIE

IDii<RaH llH,Urm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 IIoPTYraJibcKaH KOJIOHlfaJihHaH IIMIIeprm B ilH,UllliCKOM OKeaHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

:QeUTpaJJhHaH 11 BocmquaH A3HH ........ .......... .... 197 BHylpeHHHH A3llil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 KIITaH. II MaHblDKyprm ................................ 203 KopeH ......................................................... 208 JlrroHIIH ...................................................... 211 IDro-BocmqnaH A3nH ...................................... 216 DIIpMa ............................... ..... .................... 216 CHaM .......................................................... 216 naoc ........................................................... 217 PernoH BbeTHaMa ....................................... 217 ManaH.H II llH)J;oHe3llil ................................. 217 Alf>pnKa .......................................................... 219 CeBepHaH A<l>piiKa ...................................... 219 BocTO'II:IaH A<l>piiKa ............. ..... .................. 232 3arra,UHaH A<l>piiKa ....................................... 233 CeBepnaH 11 IDmnaH AMepnKa, 1492-1600 IT•........................................... 235 Baccell.H Kapii6cKoro MopH ......................... 262 MeKciiKa .................................................... 264 IIepy II 3arra,UHoe rro6epeil<be ..................... 265 IIoPTYraJibcKaH AMepiiKa,

1494-1600 rr....................................... 266 paHIIy3CKaH AMepiiKa .............................. 266

COBPEMEHHbiX CTPATEfiiii II TAKTIIKII

rnaBHhie TeH,UeHQIIH ......................................... 268 KoMaH,UOBanne ................................... ........ 268 Py'II:Ioe ornec1peJibHOe opymiie .................. 269

ApTIIJIJieprm ............................................... 272 YKpeiUieHllillf oca)J;Hoe IIceyccrno .............. 273 TaKTlfKa cyxonyTHhiX 6oeBbiX .ueH.crnllli ...... 278

OIJlABJlEHV1E Boemnrn opraHH3aWUI H Teopllil ................. BoemmH cncTeMa fyCTaBa II A.a;oJibcpa, OKOJIO 1631 r ......................................... <l>paHIJ;y3cKaH cncTeMa Tho.a;oBHKa XIV ....... JBOJIIO.Qllil cl>nOTa ....................................... Bamueumue BonuM .......................................... TpH}J;.QaTHJieTHIDI Boillia, 1618-1648 IT...... Bo:HHa 3a rrcpaJ1b.QCKoe Hacne.a;crno (HJIH Boillia <!>paH.QHH c Ayrc6yprcKoll: JIHroll:), 1688-1697 IT.......................... 3ana.a;uan EBpona ................................. ........... AHr.Jillil, IlloTJiaH}J;llil H llpnaH}J;llil ............... <l>p~ .................................................... fepMaHllil ................................................... CKaH}J;HHaBllil .............................................. HH}J;epJiaH}J;hi .............................................. IIIBell:.Qapllil ................................................ llTa.Jillil .. ....... .. .. ....... .. . ....... .. . ....... .. .. ....... .. . IillpeHeHCKHH IIOJiyOCTPOB .......................... BoCToquan EBpona .......................................... IIoJibma ...................................................... PoccHH ....................................................... BeHrpHH ..................................................... EBpa3un u Enumuuu BocTOK ............................ 0cMaHCKa51 HMIIepllil .................................. IIepcHH ......................................................

279 289 294 29 5 301 301

335 340 340 366 383 384 391 394 394 394 396 396 403 435 440 440 445

595

IOmuan A3HB .................................................. CeBepHaHilH}J;llil ........................................ IOii<HaH llH}J;H5I H IJ,ell:JioH ........................... Bocroquan u :QeuTPaJJhHaB A3HB ...................... BeyTPeHHHH A3HH ...................................... KJrrall:, 1600-1700 IT................................ JlrroHHH, 1600-1700 IT.............................. KopeH ......................................................... IOro-Bocroquan A3HB ...................................... BnpMa ........................................................ CnaM .......................................................... Jlaoc ........................................................... BheTHaM ..................................................... KaM6o.a;)l{a .................................................. llH}J;oHe3HH H Manall:H ................................. A<)JpuKa .......................................................... CeBepHaH Acl>pHKa ...................................... 3arra.a;Ha51 Acl>pHKa ....................................... BocTo~aH Acl>pHKa .................................... IOii<HaH Acl>pHKa ......................................... CeBepuan 11 IOmuan AMepuKa .......................... Boillihi c HH}J;ell:.QaMH ................................... BpHTaHCKaH AMepHKa ................................. <l>paHIJ;y3cKaH AMepHKa .............................. HoBbie HH}J;epJiaH}J;hi H HhiO-HopK ............... llcrraHcKaH AMepHKa .................................. IIopryraJibCKaH AMepHKa ...........................

448 448 453 456 456 457 460 462 463 463 463 464 464 465 465 466 466 466 469 470 472 472 473 475 476 477 478

XV. BOEHHOE IlPEBOCXO,IJ;CTBO EBPOilbl rnaBHbie TeH}J;eHIJ.HII ......................................... 480 BoeBbie .a;ell:cTBllil XVIII BeKa ..................... 481 3BOJIIO.Qllil BoopymeHHll: .............................. 48 3 TaKTHKa cyxorryTHhiX 6oeBhiX .a;ell:crnnll: ...... 486 Boll:cKOBaH opraHH3aiillil ............................. 486 Boenno-MopcKoll: cpnoT ............................... 487 Bamueumue BOHHhi .......................................... 491 Be.JIHKaH CeBepHaH Boillia, 1700-1721 IT........................... ............ 491 Bo:HHa 3a ncrraHcKoe Hacne.a;crno, 1701-1714 IT....................................... 504 Bo:HHa qeThipexcToponnero COI03a, 1718-1720 IT....................................... 519 Bo:HHa 3a rroJibcKoe Hacne.a;crno, 1733-1738 IT....................................... 520 ABcTPo-pyccKo-TYPe.QKaH Boillia, 1735-1739 IT....................................... 521

Bo:HHa 3a aBCTPHHCKoe Hacne.a;crno, 1740-1748 IT....................................... 3anaJ]_uan EBpona ............................................ Be.JIHKo6pHTaHHH ........................................ <l>paHIJ;llil ...... .......... .......... .......... .......... ...... IInpeHell:cKHll: rronyocTPOB .......................... HH}J;epJiaH}J;hi .............................................. llTa.Jillil ...................................................... liiBell:.Qapllil ................................................ fepMaHHH ................................................... CKaH}J;HHaBH51 .............................................. Bocroquan EBpona .......................................... IIoJibma ...................................................... Poccllil ....................................................... EBpa3un u Enumuuu BocTOK ............................ OcMaHCKaH HMrrepllil ........ .......................... IIepcllil ......................................................

523 537 537 53 9 539 540 540 541 541 547 548 548 548 573 573 573

596

0 IJlABJl EH V1 E

IOm:uru~ A3uH ..................................................

578 A<l>raHIIcTaH ............................................... 578 ~Illl ........................................................ 578 BocmqnaH 11 :QeUTpaJibHaH A3HH ............ ..... ..... 582 KirraH: ........ .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... 58 2 Bey1pemum A3IIH ...................................... 582 .HrroHIIH ...................................................... 583 IOro-BocmqnaH A3uH ...................................... 584 DIIpMa ........................................................ 584 CHaM .......................................................... 584 ITaoc .......... ..... .................................... ........ 584 BheTHaM ..................................................... 5 84

KaM6oWJ{a ..................................................

Manall:H ...................................................... ~OHe3IIH .................................................

A<j:>p11Ka .................................. ..... ................... CeBepHaH A<l>pHKa ...................................... 3arra)l;HaH A<l>pHKa ....................................... KnKHaH A<l>pHKa ......................................... BocTO'IHaH A<l>pHKa ....................................

CeBepnaH 11 IOm:naH AMepiiKa .......................... CeBepHaH AMepHKa .................................... ITaTHHCKaH AMepHKa ........... ..... ..................

584 585 585 586 586 586 588 588 589 589 591