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UJYM C,l.\aBJr e J-IJ-IbiX

TI O/.(aBJJeHHYJO, yTOH'IeHI-l)'IO H M p a LIHYJO

pbi.L\31-IHH. O r-1 n p H 6Jl~DKaeTCH 11, ocr3BaHCb

cj:mry py rep011 I-II1 ManeJ-IbKOH cecrp11LJKH

H e BI1/.(HMbiM 13 l'')'CTOH JIHCrBe, 06 I-I3!J)OIG1-

JlHJ-Ib).

B3e'r MOJIOA)'IO 3KTp11cy, CHA51 ll1)'10 H3 KOpTOYJ<ax !1 L\3!J3TI310IJ.zy!O 3eMJIIO AJIHHHOH UJDHJlbKOH

AJUl BOJIOC. CI-IaLJaJJ3 OI-l riOI-(y-

M aJI, LJTO 01-13 3 TOH Hinl1JlbKOH 3aKanbiB3cr B 3eMJIIO nen eCTJili 1..\De'rOB, TIOTOM, 6ecn eLII-IO OTAaBTJJHCb co3e pl\at-ll1IO ee Kpaco-

4'iucyc,

1·la1UlOI-lU8LUUt'iat,

'-lm06bt nucamb~, TiacKaJib KHI-Jb!Ip

•l(;zuea:JJC->, NQ7, m -rBapb, 1983

2 10

CBYiLI,ETEJibCTBA Y1 LI,OKYMEHTbi V ThiOJYeneTllii .liO H. 3. B H illK-

<(3rroc

B H a Yaiie

0 riiJibraMeiiie >)

KJ)biB B3f'Jl51.ll)' H OBble 3eMJll1.

H e i;I M eCOilOTaMHH MOp e OTCryilHJIO, OT -

H e H 3 Becnm OTK)',lla npHWJIH lli)' M ep bi , OCeBLUH e B ,liOJI I-IHe ,lJ,By p e Li bil , 110 6e-

Cpeau nepBat:x meKcmoB) 80Ute8UtUX 80 1-taC) - Be.JlU1WJten1-l'btU «3noc o I'UJZa2a.MeUte») me1ecm nompRcmou~eu xpacomat) Komopatu 6a!Jl U3Becme1-l1-la BCeM EJlUJIC1-leM Bocmo1ee c XXV no VII B. ao 1-t. .9. ApxeoJt02a.M no1-ta8o6~/JlOC'b cmoJtemue) 'Ltmo6at om ¢pa2.Me1-tma 1C ¢pa2.Me1-lmy Boccma1-toBUma Bmy 2U2a1-lmC1CJ10 20JlOBOJlO.M1CJ!) noClle81-tue 1-taX081CU Om1-lOCJlmCR 1C 1974 2.

p eraM TH rpa H EscppaTa. 0 I-IH 6bUII1 CKOTOBO,llaM H, 3a HI1 MaJ1 11Cb 3eMJie,lleJ111eM 11, KaK H erHnTiii-Ie , B.ll a,llell H TeXHH KOM , 6e3 KOT OJ)OM HHI<aKail )1(1131-lb T a M l-Ie 6 b!JIJ 6 bl B03M 0 )l(Ha: M eTO,llaMH 11pp11raL\ I1H. '-le p e3 Tbi OJ4)' n eT 0 1-111 n ocrpO HJIH x p aMbl 11 ,liBOpl\bl. KH w , Y p , Y p YK- ro p o,~:~a- rocy,~:~a p CTBa ,

KHpnYNH bi e creHbi KOTO -

p biX BeJIH4eCJ' BeHHO B03BbiWa iOT Cll Ha cpo i-Ie 30JI OT Or o ro pi•I 30 ~rra.

ll n e psy 10

OYe p e,llb ,llllil o praH11 3aL\ 11H X 0 3HHCI"Ba,

,llllll p eJIHI'l103HblX I<O,lleKCOB, 3ari!1CI1 3JI<Ol-IOB 11 3JKp enneHHJJ ycrH OM T (J a,ll11l\HI1, ~e H a ri OJ1 H e HHO I1 M 11cj:Ja MI1 , 3 11114eCKI1 M I1

p accKa3aMI1, n o3M a MH, wyMe pbi rrpH.li)'MaJIH 11,lleOrpacjmYeCKYIO rii1 CbMe i-IH OC I'b. Ca M bl M ,~:~pe BI-IHI1 B MHpe pa cc Ka 3 6bil1

H ai1,~:~e H c p e,1:111 p a3BaJ111H Y pYKa. 0 1-1 ,~:~aTI1p yeTcil BTOpOM llOllOlli-I HOM

IV Tbi Ol 4 eJle-

T I1ll ,!10 H. 3. n e pBbie M 11cj)bl Y p y K a T e pHIOT Cil llO TbM e BpeMeH. 01-m pa cc Ka3hJBa iOT o p m K,lle i-11111 601'06 11 lliO,lle i;j, 0 )1(!13 1-111 11 CMepT I1, ,ll06p e 11 3lle, 0 riOT Ort e , 0 KOT Op OM D I1 6ll llil ri OBe,llaeT CH OBa 4 e p e3 ,liBe Tbi 0!'-111 JieT. illyMe pbl Be,li)'I' CBOIO 11C r OpHIO OT ri OT Ori a, OT H e r O OT CYI1TbiBaiOT CIJ0 11 ,liH H aCTHH .

n e pBO M 6 bJJla ,!1111-laCrllii KHw a . BTOp ai! -

Y p YKa. ni!T bll1 L\a p b 3 T OM BTO[JO I1

,liHHacrl1 11, CBI1,lleTellbiTB)'IOT T J6Jll1l\bl, 6biJI fl.tJi br a M e w , KOTO pbn1 n ocrpO I1ll c r eHbi Y p YKa 1•1 u a p crBO BJJI,liBa,lll\aTb w eCJ' b

ncr. D1llbraMew

Cl'aJI n e pBbiM r e p oeM -oc-

I-IOBaTeJi eM 11 B,li0XH O BI1Jl C03,lla i-I11e n e p 6011 3 TIO ri e H , KOTOpai! ,liOI.LIJla ,!10 H JC l<:!K caM ail

,~:~ p eB HJlfl.

CBI1,ll,ETE11bCTBA 11 ,ll,OKYMEHTbl Bam lljJa!IOZ JleZeNObl Ofl/Jlb2CI.Mellle, CQIINe'tNOAI zuzamne, KomojJbtii, mK zoeopwnCfl Hama6.fluqa:x.; 6b/Jl ma i'iee mpemu 6oz, Net oi'iuyJnjJeJnb - •teJIOBeK•.

Ta6JIH~a

1 (!IJparMeHT)

0 BCC 611,[\aBWCM !J.O l<paJl ~mpa , 0 n0311aBIUCM MOpH, nepCWCIJ.lliCM BCC ropbl, 0 spa roB nOKOpHBWCM BMCCI'C C IJ.P)'I'OM, 0 nOCI"HrlliCM npeM)'!J.pOCI'b, 0 BCe

npoHMLiallUl e~ l

CoKposermoe BHIJ.e.ll OH, Tamme Be!J.an,

nP~llleC HaM BeCTb 0 fJ.IIJIX !J.O noTcma, B IJ.aJibi-IHHnyrb XOIJ.Hll, HO )'CfaJI HCMHpHllCH, Pacc Ka3 o Tpy!J.ax rra KaMHe Bbi CeK, CTe11010 0611eC Yp)'l< OrpaJKIJ.eHHbiH, CBeTJlbll~ aM6ap 3aHbl CBHII1eHHOH. -

0CMOTpH Cl'eH)', YbH BeHLibl KaK no HHTH, nor1151,1111 11a Ball, YTO 11e 31JaeT nO,l\06bH, npHKOCHHCb K noporaM, llelKall1HM H31J.peB!le,

BcrynH B 3a Hy, lKHJI HI.l\e 11W'rap, -

,ll,alKe 6ylJ.)'Il\Hi1 t~apb He nocrpoHT

TaKoro, n olJ.IIHM IICb 11 npor{AH no Cl'eHa~r YpyKa, 06o3p11 OCIIOBa Hbe, K11pn11YH Oll1ynat\: Ero KHpnHYII He o6olKlKeHbl JTH

3aliOlKCI Ibl CI"CI-Ibl I IC CCMbiO m1 MY.L\PC I ~aM H ?

()J.aliCC IIC,l\OC ra eT OKOJlO Tp11,llllanr CI'I1XOB.) Ha !J.BC TpCTH OH 001~ 11a O!J.HYYeJlOBCK 011 , 06pa3 ero Te./la Ha BH,ll HecpaBHeHCH. ()J.anee HC!J.OCrae-r YC'rbrpex CI'HXOB.) CTCH)' YpyKa OH B03110CHT. 6yH i lblr"l M)'lK,YWI rmma, K<II<)'T)'pa, nO,l\'WI't"a,

HnbraM e ru co nbDONt. Pe.TibCCj)

Ha sopoTax ,uooplla Capror-1a.

2 11

212

CBl1,UETEJibCTBA 11 ,ll,OKYMEHTbi

'-ibe Op)liKbe B 0010 He HMeeT paBHbiX, -

TocKa npoHHKna B ero Y'fpo6y,

Bee ero TosapHll\11 scraiOT no 6apa6atJY!

l1,D,yweMY AaJibH11M !IY'feM CI"aJI JII1L\OM ITOA06e!-I.

ITo cnaJibHIIM crpawa-rC!I M)OKH Yp)'l<a: <•OTL\)' IlvibraMelll He ocraBI1T CbiHa! )J,HeM 11 HO'lb!O 6yt\crsycr OH IDIOTbiO:

0 XOTHI1K YCI"'a OTKpbUI 11 MOJIBHT, Bewacr

f'I<IJibl"'aMeW Jll1 TO, naCI"bi pb

OH OTL\Y CBOeMY:

orpa;K,lleHHoro Yp)'l<a, OH n11 naerbipb CbiHOB Yp)'Ka,

<{}reu, HeKMI1 M)'?K, '-ITO 113 rop i!B111101, Bo scel1 c rpaHe p)'Ka ero Moryya,

MOll\HbiH, CJiaBHbiH, see nOerl1rWI1H?

KaK 113 KaMH51 c He6ec KpenKH ero p)'KH, -

Ma-rep11 I'HJibraMew He ocras11T t~eBbi ,

Epot~MT BeYHO no seeM ropaM 0 1-1,

3aYaTOH repoeM, C)')KeHOH M)'IKY!•>

f10CI"Oi!HHO CO 3BepbeM K BO):(O!IOIO

lfacro HX ?KaJio6y CJib!XI1BaJII1 6or11,

TeCHI1TC51, f10CI"0511-IHO warM I-IanpaBJ15Ie'f K BO):(O!IOIO.

AHy.

'-!aero HX ?KaJio6y CJibiX11BaJI

EOIOCb if ero, np116JIM?KaTbC51 He CMeiO!

Bo33BOJII1 01-IH K semrKOH Apypy:

5J: BblpOIO 51Mb! -

<•Apypy, Thi C03t(aJia IlvibraMewa,

5I !IOCI"3BJIIO JIOByruKH - OH I1X BbipBe-r,

Terrepb co3t~al1 eM)' not~o6be!

l13

OH 11X 3aCbiiDie'I",

PYK MOI-rx ysot~HT 3Bepbe

Kort~a o-rs aroH c fwlhraMeweM

11 TBapb CI"ellli)IIO, -

OH CpaBHHTCil,

O H MHe He t~acr s cren11 TPYt~MTbC51! •>

ITyCI"b copeBHYJOTC!I, Yp)'K ):Ia OT):(biXaeT•>. Apypy, YCJlbilllaB 3TH p eYH,

OTel\ ero y = oTKpblllM MOJIBMT, semacr

f10t~06be AHy C03AaJia B CBOeM cept~L\e,

OI-l OXOTHMKY: <•CbiH MOH, ?Kl1BeT fMJibraMeiJJ B Yp)'Ke,

YMbUia Apypy p)'KH, 0TwHDJ1Yfla rJIHHbl, 6pOCHJia

Hcr HMKoro ero CMJibHee, H3 3eMJIIO,

Cnemma 3HKI1t(y, co3t~ana repoH.

Bo scef\ npaHe p)'Ka ero Moryya, KaK 113 KaMI-151c He6ec, Kpenrn ero p)'KH!

ITopo?Kt(eHbe !IOJIYH0'-111, BOHH HHHypTbi,

VIAH, ili1L\O K HeM)' o6paTH Tbl ,

illep CfbiO !IOKpbiTO BCe ero TeJIO,

EMy paCCKa?KYI 0 CI1Jie YeJIOBeKa.

not~o6I-IO ?KeHwi1 He, sonochi HOCHT,

)J,aCI" Te6e OH 6JIYAHHL\Y- npH BeJII1

f1p51t(11 BOJIOC KaK XJie6a ryCI"bie;

H11 JIIO):(eti, HH MHpa He Bet(aJI,

eecco6mo. ITo6et~MT ero ?KeHll\MHa, KaK MY?K

Ot~e?J(,!IOH OAei. 0 1-1 , CJIOBHO CyMYKaH.

MOrY'JHHI

BMeCI"e C ra 3eJiiiMH en OH TpaBbl,

KOrAa 01-1 ITOHT 3Bepbe y BO):(O!IOH ,

BMeere CO 3BepbMl1 K BOAO!IOIO TeCI-IHTC!I,

ITycrb copscr OHa OAe?KA)', Kpacbi CBOH OTKpOe-r, -

BMeCI"e C TBapi!MI1 cepAL\e pat(yeT BOAOIO.

YBI1t(eB ee, np~I 6JII13HTC!I I< HeH OH '-ieJIOBeK- JIOBei_\-OXOTHHK ITepet( sot~onoeM ero scrpeYae-r.

f10KI1HY"f ero 3Bep11, '-ITO p0CJII1 C HHM B rryCI.biHei

ITepBbiH t~eHb, 11 BTOpOH, 11 TpeTHH

CoBe-ry OTL\a 01-1

ITepet~ BOAonoeM ero scrpeyae-r.

0XOTHHK HarrpaBHJICil K fwlbraMewy,

YB11t1eJI oxo-n-!YIK -

f1yCI"I1JICH s !IY'fb, nonbi o6pa-rHil K Yp)'KY,

s JIHL\e H3MeHI1JIOI,

Co CKOTOM CB011M AOMOH sepi·JYfiCH, Ynpawi1JICH, YMOJII(, OHeMeJI OH, B rpy1111 ero -

CKop6b, ero JIHK 3aTMHJICH,

6bm

noCJiymeH,

ITpet~ JII1L\OM fi.UibraMewa npoMOJIBMJI

CJIOBO. <•HeKMH ecrb M)'?K, CJTO 113 r op ilBI1JIC!I,

CBI1)J,ETEJ!bCTBA l1 )J.OKYMEHTbi

2 13

.11HI·IHa,!IJ.1aTaH Ta6n wJKa anoca o r'HllbraMeru e, 1-1a KOTopo>i )J,)Kop,li)K CMHT o6Hap)')KJ'Ill B 1872 I~ paCCKa3 0 BaBH/101-lCKOM nOTOne.

Bo ucei1 crpa 11e p yKa e r o MOryYa,

fl1llbi<JMelll eMy Bell.\ae'r, OXOTHHI<)':

KaK 113 KaMHH c H e6ec, Kpe mrn e r o p y lo-J!

<•V!,!IH, MOM OXOTHHK, 6li)',!I H I1L~)' lliaxJVt aT

5pO,!IHT BeYHO n o BCeM ropaM 0 1-1, 0 0Cf0ill·fl-1 0 CO 3Bep beM I( BO,!IOri a,!l)' TeCHHTCH,

nplfBe,!IH c co6o1o , Kor11a 01-1 riOHT 3 Bepei1 )' BO,!IOriOH, O ycrh COpBeT OHa O,!le)K,ll)', KpaCbl CBOH OTKpOeT, -

n ocrom -IHO ru a r11 11a npaBlUlcr K BOAOriOJO. 50I0Cb H ero, npH6li H.l KaTbCH He CMeJO!

Ee )'BI1.!\ell, K HeJ1 no,liOi1Acr 01-1 -

H Bbl p OIO HMbl - o H HX 3achmncr, H riOCI'aBJIIO I I OB)'WKH - OH 11X BblpBe'l',

00KMJ-l )'l' e r o 3BepH, 4'1'0 p OCJIH C HMM B ll)'CfbiHe •>.

Vl3 p)'l< MOHX )'BO,!IHT 3Be pbe VI T Ba pb crenH)'IO, 0 1-1 MI-le 1-1e ,[lacr B cre n11 TPY.liHTbCH! •

•3noc o IiutbZa.MeUJe• O epeBOA

VI. ,lJ,hHKOHOBa

214

CBYI.[I,ETEJibCTBA I1.[1,0KYMEHTbi

.... ··

·.

\.l \l.

~0er·- ~

OCHOBHbiE mtCbM EHHOCTl1 M l1PA

~ ~

0 0

JlantHCKS SI

K"p~nmtu,a

Apa6cKaH

illlii

HHA11 ~CK3H

Kpam'K:u[i zeozpa¢u'teCJcua 01.tep1c pacnpocmpartertuJl nucbMe1-t1iOC11UJtt 7-ta2/lflorto no1ca.Jtcem coepe.Mem·tbte JIC17e:xu JTamurtc'K:ozo a.Jtcjjaeuma u coepe.Mertrty/0 cumya~(WO JcaJtcooa "Kpymwa cucme.Mbt nucbMe7·mocmu 1·ta 3e.M1·tOM wape.

/:~. •·

;

~· ; ...

_Ar?

K11raHpKaS1 MoHronbcKaR SIOOH CK8R

Kope ~ cKas:~

c ro<mo11 Espon e, 6onee

200 M!IH LJeJIOBeK

,lJ,aJi bHeBOC!'O<U·IbiH 6!101< I<HTatiCKOI"O npOHCXOli<.L\eHH.ll cocraBJU1e-r BTOpyto n o Cfi1 CJi e HHOCI'I1 rpy nny M11p0BblX 1111CbMeHHOCI'eH, ):IOBOl'lbHO 3aMKI·l)'lYJO, OHa OXBaTbtBacr 600 M!II-I <t en oseK. Cne,':IOM HA)'I'

06naCr b HCI10!1b30BaHH.ll !laTHHCKOI'O a!l-

MH OI'OLJHCJlei·IH bl e rtHCbMeHH OC1'1111H):IHH-

cpaBH'I'<I, KOTOpblH npHMeHJIIOT B ocreHb

CKO T'O THrta: B f.1 H):IHH 11 Jlaoce, 1·1<1 f.11-lf.\Hi1-

MHOI'I1X H3bll<ax, ,[\eHCl'BHTe!lbi-IO BeCbM<I

CKOM llOJI)'OCI'pOBe HMH ll0Jib3YIOTCH OK0-

o6un-rp1-1a. H c ropwteorni\ l.\eHTp naTHH-

!10

CKoro ancpaswra -

ll11CbMeH H0Cl'b H Meer O KOJIO

3a rta):IH<LH Espona . 1-Io

400 MJIH

LJe!IOBeK. J-lai<OHel..\ apa6CI<aJI

250 MJIH

0 1-1 pa c npocr paH11!1CJI · r~lloKe B o6e AMepH-

nplmep)t<eH I.\eB, oT n aKHCJ'aHa AO crpa1-1

I<H, Ha ocrposa 0Keai-IHI1 11 Ha s ecb ascrp a-

Marp116a, c HeCKO!IbKHMH MepHAHOHa!lb-

JI I1t1CJ<Hl1 KOHTHI-I e i-IT. 01-1 ocn ap11saeT n ep-

HbiMH BbJC i ynaMH. MaJteHbt<He rpy nrtbt

BeHcmo y apa6ct<otl rtH CbMeHI-IOCJ'H s Ce-

3cj)H0 11CJ<O H 11 HCbMe ii ii 0CrH 11 HBpHTa 1-le-

sepi·IOH Acj)pvme. LJe p e3 Typl..\1110 OH t<pe n -

MI-IOl'OLJHC!Iel-IH b l no c pam-t e t-111 10 c onl1-

KO ymep):IHJICH B A311H, 1'/.\e H MeeT 11 B Apy-

c aHHblMH pa1-1ee r p y nnaM H.

1'11X c rpa 1-1ax CHJibHbJe TQLJKH O rtOpbl. C rpaHbJ 11 l·lapOAbl, HCrtOl'l b3YJOI1.\H e llaTHHcKH A ancj)aBHT, o6pa3YJOT coo6l.I.(ecmo B

962 MJ IH

Ye!IOBeK (6e3 p a3rpaHY14 e i-IHH

TeX, KTO yMee'r 11 KTO He fMee'l' rti1CaT b). fpe LJeCKI1H ancpaBHT Hero C!laBHHCKHe npoH3BOA Hble o6pa3y1oT co6cm e m1 y1o rpynny, B OCI·IO BI-IOM B IJ;e t-npa!lbHOH H BO-

f eorpaCpvlil 11HCbMeiiJ-10CI'H He Tal< CJIOli<Ha, KaK reoq Jacp1151llHl-D"'lHCrYll<H. H<II..\HOHaJIJ13M B o6naCI111111CbMeHHOCJ'H He 'l'al< CHJie!-1, Kai< HaJ-\HOI-Ia!li1 3M ll513bi'Ke. :>:}ro ll03BOJlHJIO, l'JiaBHb!M o6pa30M B 'J'eLJeJ·IHe rtOC!Ie):IHe i'O se1<a, nooceMecn -to p acnpoctpaJ-IHTb y m 1cp111.\HpyrOU.\HT1 JI<rt11HCKHH aJicj)aBHT.

BI1EJ1l10fPA<lll1H ,[i,OJTb6xocpep 3. 31·tmat u '0'ileca: M., 1963 Kawrp)f(aK E., 11cmopuR17UCMteNuocmu u /(1/LIZU: M., 1955. KepaM KEozu, zpo6uULjbi,Y'-teNble: M., 1960. K~-tuzone<tama~tue K£tx: UCJ;1'ccmeo. nmozpacpbt U U30ameJtU X\1111-XX eex:oe 0 CeKjJema.x ceoezo jJe.JiteC!laANmQ/lozuR: M., 1987. Jl e6e,AeBa E. B., Lfep!-lb!X P.M. i1C'9'CC!n80 xy-

215

Goody ].Ia Logique de Ncriture, A. Co lin,

1986. lfrah G. 1-Jis toire uniuerse/le des chiffres, Seghers, 1984. jakson D. 1-Jis toire de !'ricriture, Denoel,

1983 Karan]. N. f-lieroglyphes, l 'ecriture de /'em cienne hgypte, Ecole d es loisirs, 198 1.

00.71UIUK£t-Ocp0jJMU111(!JIJI: M., 198 1.

Lefebvre G. Grammat-re de l 'egyptien

nTaXOBa Yl.17jJOC/11CIJl KjJacoma 6)1K8bt:

classique, l nst itut fran ~a is clu Ca ire, 1950. Malherbe M .les Langages de l'hwnanite,

c n 6., 1997. CJ)OJICOM (j)_ /(/-IUZa Ofl3btKe. M., 1974. ll!pucplnbl iJ.nR :;.yoo.JtCNUICOe-ocpojJ.MumeJLetl (coer. I<JTHI<)'WKHH [ ): MI1HCK, 1974. llleJTKYI-IOB M. J1cmoptm, mexNUKCL, UC'9'CCI/180 1CNU201Je<LamaNLIJl: M.- Jl, 1926.

Abela net]. Signes sans paroles, 1-!achette,

1986 Ail ero n V.I' Ecl"itum chinoise, PUF, 1980. Bottero ].Ia Mesopotamie, Gallimarcl, 1986. Champo llio n j.-F cl i t Le j eune: Lettreset )01 m1au.x t!crits pendant le voyage d'Egypte, Christian Bourgois, 1986. Cla irbo rne R./e Miracle de Ncriture, T imes-LiFe, 197 4. Cohen M./a Grande in vention de Ncriture, Klincksieck, 1958. Co hen M. I'ECiilure, Eel. Social es, 195 3. Delachaux S. Ecritures d 'enfcmts, Delachaux et Niestle, 1955. Doblho fer E. /e Decl?lffi·ement des t!critures, Arta ucl, 1959. Druet F et Gregoire 1:-1./a Ciw!isation de l 't!criture, rayarcl, "1980. L'Epopt!e de Gilgamesh, Berg Internat io nal,

1979 Etiemblc R.I'Ecriture, Delpire, 1978. revrier]. 1-Jfsto i re de Ncriture, Payor, 1958. Gelb !.). Pour une tht!orie de Ncriture, Flammarion, 1973. Cheng E l'Ecrilum pot!tique cbi noise, Se uil,

1984. Goocly]. laRaisongrapbique, A. Colin. 1979.

Seghers, 1983. Martinet (sous Ia direction ci 'Anclre Martinet). te Lcmgage, Encyclopeclie cle Ia Pleiacle, Ga llimarcl, 1968. Massin./a Lettre et /'image, Gallimarcl , 1972. Massoucly H. /a Calligraphie arabe uiuante, Flammarion, 198 1. Munsch. 1-Jistoire de Ncriture, Blo nd et Goy, 196 1.

I, {,lm.l'iJ~u-tioiiS Jes ../fit,e.,·

(. 1'1 n

Munsch R. H. l 'Ecriture et son dessi n, Eyroll es, 196 1. Pai ll asso n t'Art d 'ecrire, Libraires assoc ies, 1957. Peignot ]. De Ncriture a Ia typographie, Idees, Gall imarcl, 1967. Peignot]. Du calligramme, Ecljtions clu Chene, 1980. Pernoucl R et V igne ]. Ia Plume et le parcbemin, 1983. Richaucleau F (sous Ia direction cle) Ia Chose imprimee, Retz, 1977. Rossini S. J-Jic!roglypbes, lire el t!crire, l nterligne, Litl e 1987.

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