Великие сражения средних веков 1000-1500 by Watra

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Kelly Devries, Martin Dougherty, lain Dickie Phyllis G. J estice, Christer Jorgensen BATTLES

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ISBN 978-5-699-20378-9

©Amber Books Ltd 2006. This translation of BATILES OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD, first published in 2007 is published by arrangement with Amber Books Ltd. © A.3. KoJIHH. IIepeBO,ZJ;, 2007 © 000 «113,ZJ;aTeJILCTBO <<3KCMO», 2007

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1300 4000-5000 5300-6300

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3aTeM oH, corAacHo MeHecTpeAIO, o6pa-

« MeccMpbi,

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COI03HHKl1 (no ou;eHKaM) TIDKeAonoopy)KeHHhie 1500 6000 7500

BCMHl1Kl1: IIexoTa:

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(

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Bouvinis)

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D11TBA llP11 BYB11HE B

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8 t:Jnt ti" ll F. CPAili:l:!llllH CP t:Jt llllX Ht: ti"OH. 1000 - 1:>00 rr.

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BE.l.Hiii1E CPA;.KEHI1H CPE,ll,HI1X BEiiOB. 1000-1500 rr.

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Relatio marchianensis.

pellll1J\0Ch

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104

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106

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108

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ToHyAM l1J\J1 )Ke cTaHOBJ1J\l1Cb )KepTBaMJ1

capa Po6epTa l<AMcpcpopAa ITOITbiTMC..H c

)KeHl1..H. Bol1Hbi IIIJ\J1 MapIII eM ace YTPO l1

BOJ1HOB

XOAY ITpopaaTbC..H K KpeiTOCTM. Ha rryTJ1 ero

yciTeJ\M ycTaTb el..l.\e AO Toro, KaK HaqaJ\OCb

cpa7laHr. AoiiiMl1 c ITepeiTyry 6poca7\.J1Cb

500 KO-

ITOcTpoeHJ1e. KorAa HaKoHeu; ITpou;ecc 3a-

BCIT..HTb, J\J1IIIb ciToco6cTay..H pocTy xaoca B

paCITOJ\0)KJ1J\J1Cb

aepiiiJ1J\C..H, 3AyapA ITpl1IIIeJ\ K BbiBOAy, l.JTO

TbiJ\OBbiX IIIepeHrax aHrJ\J1qaH.

300

BCTaJla QlOpMa.QJ1JI J13 ITpl1MepHO ITbeHOCQeB,

KOTOpbie

Ha Aopore a 3aMOK. ECJ\M 6bi KAl1cpcpopA Ao6paAC..H AO Hero, TOrAa corAaiiieHJ1e ITO-

B TOT AeHb aTaKOBaTb y)Ke IT03AHO.

6biJ\J1

ITepaoro HaJ160J\ee

ITOCJ\eAHMX

p..HAOB

)Ke

CTOJ\K-

y)KaCHbiMJ1.

aTaKyiOI..l.\l1X

HecMoTp..H Ha cToi1KOCTb l1 xpa6pocTb

paccTpoeHHbiM

aHrJ\J1qaH, OHJ1 HaxOAJ1J\J1Cb B OTl.Ja..HHHOM

Tep..HAO 6bi CJ1J\y J1 rapHl130H CMOr 6bi Ha

TeM, KaK ITOIIIAJ1 AeAa, KOpOJ\b 3AyapA pe-

ITOJ\O)KeHJ1J1 ITOA HeOCJ\a6eBaBIIIJ1M HaTJ1C-

3aKOHHbiX OCHOBaHJ1..HX CAeJ\aTb Bbll\a3KY

IIIJ1J\ ITOA ITOKpOBOM TeMHOTbl o60MTJ1 IIIOT-

KOM

J1 aTaKOBaTb IIIOTJ\aHACKOe BOMCKO. 06or-

J\aHAQeB c cpAaHra. AHrAJ1MCKOMY aoi1cKy

J\0Cb, HeJ1CTOI..l.\l1MOM aHeprl1.eM J1 HarrOpOM.

HaBIIIJ1M TOBapl1I..l.\eM aHrJ\l1MCKJ1M pbiQapb,

ITpl1IIIJ\0Cb ITpOBeCTJ1 HOqb, Kapa6Ka..HCb ITO

Bol1Hbi B 3MHJ1X p..HAax He MOrJ\l1 ITOMOl.Jb

TOITKMM 6epera.M DaHHOK -EepHa. K

Toaapl1I..l.\aM Ha ITepeAHeM Kpae. Bee, l.JTO

cap

r eHpM Ae EoeH' peiiiJ1J\ OTKpbiTb cpa-

)KeHJ1e

eAl1Ho6opcTBOM.

ATaKy..H

ITo acei1 BJ1Al1MOCTJ1,

IIocAeACTBJ1..H

YTPY

ITpOTJ1BHJ1Ka,

061\aAaBIIIero,

Ka3a-

Kopol\..H

aHrJ\MMCKJ1e OTPJI:Abi ITepeiTpaBJ1J\J1Cb qe-

J1M OCTaBal\.OCb, -

Po6epTa, KOTOpbiM el..l.\e He ITepeceJ\ c e3AO-

pe3 BOAifYIO rrperpaAy, OAHaKO HaxOAJ1J\J1Cb

AJ1 J1 ApaTbC..H C OTBarOM o6peqeHHbiX.

r eHpJ1

B coaepiiieHHOM 6eciTOpJI:AKe. ToiTKa..H MeeT-

CTOJ\KHYJ\C..H TeM He MeHee C AOCTOMHbiM

HOCTb He IT03BOJ\JI:J\a T..H)KeJ\OM KaBa7lepl1l1

KOHTPATAKH

OTITOpOM CO CTOpOHbl IIIOTJ\aHACKOrO ITpeA-

ITepeABMraTbC..H 6biCTpo, l1 -

Oco3HaBa..H,

BOAJ1TeJ\JI. YKAOHJ1BIIIJ1Cb OT Ha.QeJ\eHHoro

KOHHJ1Qa OKa3aJ\aCb Me)KAY AYl.J:Hl1KaMJ1 J1

MO)KHO,

Ha Hero KOITb..H, KopoJ\b Po6epT y6J1J\ capa

IIIOTJ\aHACKJ1MJ1 KOITbeHOCQaMJ1.

xpaHeHJ1..H, HeKOTOpbie J13 aHrJ\J1MCKJ1X

BOM J\OIIIaAJ1 Ha 6oeaoro KOH..H' cap

qTo xy)Ke -

r eHpl1 0AHJ1M- eAJ1HCTBeHHbiM YAapoM ITO rOJ\OBe,

ITpopy6MB IIIAeM HeTepiTeJ\MBoro

pbiQap..H 6oeBbiM TOITOpOM. 0Tp..HA KAMcpcpopAa 6pocl11\C..H Ha IIIJ1J\TPOH, OAHaKO BOOAYIIIeBAeHHbie, BHe coM-

0)KJ1AaTb CBOeM oqepe-

qTo ITPOl1CXOAJ1T,

AeMCTBy..H

JlyqHJ1KOB

ITOKJ1HYJ\J1

QeJ\..HX

MeCTO

B03-

CaMOCO-

IT060MI..l.\3

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J1 co6paAJ1Cb Ha ITpaBOM QlJ\aHre, OT-

He )KeJ\a..H yiTycKaTb ITpeACTaBJ\..HBIIIei1C..H

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B03MO)KHOCTJ1,

6pocl1J\

CTpeA ITJ\OTHbie 6oeBbie IT0p..HAKJ1 IIIOT-

KOJ\OHHbl KOITbeHOCQeB BHJ13 ITO ITOJ\OrO-

AaHAQeB. Ha ITpoT..H)KeHJ1J1 KopoTKoro

Po6epT

Eproc

128

BE.li11~11E CPA;.t~EHH.H CPE.rl,lfi1X BEiiOB. 1000-1500 rr.

Hau6oAblllei1 yrpo3br. Cap Po6epT Kl1T, Mapllla7l lliOTAaHAT1M, ITOBeA

500

KOH-

HMKOB B aTaKy Ha COCpeAOTOqMBlliMXC..H Ha cpAaHre AyqHMKOB. aQMM

ITOA06HbiM

Apyroi1 cuTy-

MaHeBp

ITpeAOTBpa-

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0AHaKO

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He YAal\.MCb, ITOCKOAbKY ITpOTMBHMK aHrAJ1qaH Ayqllle BCerO OKa3a7\.C..H rOTOBbiM K AeMCTBM..HM ITpOTMB CTpeMMTeAbHbiX KaBa7lepl1MCKMX 6pOCKOB Ha OTKpbiTOM MeCTHOCTM.

ropCTKM

T..H)KeAOBOOpy)KeHHhiX

BCMHMKOB, HeCMOTp..H HM Ha KaKYffi MX xpa6pOCTb M OTBary, He CMOrAT1 ITOKOAe6aTb Bpa)KeCKOrO CTpO..H.

3AKJIIQqHTFJibHbiE 3llH30}UJI KoHeu;

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6brcTpo

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CBOIO )Ke ITeXOTy, CMMHa..H ee M ITpMBONI B CM..HTeHMe Aa)Ke Te OTp..HAbi, KOTOpbre

CTPAHT1l(bl U3 XoKeM-

0Tpe3Ka BpeMeHM

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cKou unnroc1npupo6a1i1ioi1 Bu6nuu ( cepeou1ia

3aH..HTbC..H CBOMMT1

ITp..HMbiMM 06..H3aH-

HT1)[(HET1

fiOAOBT1HE

XIV cmonemuR) 6U01ia noonucb: (( KaK 6b1011lCR

HOCT..HMM,

MMeHHO

yAaAOCb

pacceMBaHMeM

y)Ke yciTeAM ITOCTpOMTbC..H. lliOTAaHAQbl YITOpHO ITPOABMral\.MCb BITepeA,

py6..H T1

3aKa7\.biBa..H M ITelliMX T1 KOHHbiX, ITOKa aH-

nroou 1iU3wux cocno6uu >> • KpoMe pa31ioo6pa31iblX Me'lteU U opyJflUR

0JlU1i1iblMU oepe6R1i1iblMU

lliMATpOHOB,

TaK

qTO

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rAMqaHe pa30M He o6paTT1AMCb B 6erCTBO.

ope6KQMU, xyOOJfl1iUK 11lO"i1iO U3o6pa3Ull cmpen-

MOMeHT CTaAO Ka3aTbC..H, qTO CMTyaQM..H

CTOMAO

K06 c ux moncmbtMu u y3ll06ambtMU nyKaMu.

BOT- BOT ITOMeH..HeTC..H.

3aquHaTeAei1 ITOCAeAOBal\.M ace ITpoque, T1

0AHaKo K

Po6epT

Eproc

roTOBMAC..H

ITOA06HoMy ITOBopoTy co6biTMM.

Ero

KOHHbiM pe3epB ITOAyqMA ITpMKa3 ycTpa-

eMy

HaqaTbC..H,

KaK

ITPMMepy

COMaTbl 6pOCMAMCb CITaCaTbC..H B pa3Hbie CTOpOHbl. KaK TOAbKO aHrAMMCKoe aoi1cKo pac-

HMTb MCTOqHMK yrp03bl, KOTOpyiO ..HBA..H-

CTpOMAOCb,

AT1 co6oi1. AA..H KOITbeHOCQeB aHrAMMCKMe

ITOrOHIO 3a 6erAeQaMM. KopOAb 3AyapA T1

AyqHMKM.

1:.JT06bi

HeKOTOpbre M3 ero ITpM6AJ1JKeHHbiX, A06-

OTITpaBA..HTb BCMHMKOB CXOAMTbC..H B ITO-

paalliMCb AO 3aMKa CTepAMHr, ITOTpe6o-

eAMHKax C COQMal\.bHO paBHbiMM -

C AaT-

Bal\.M y KOMeHAaHTa BrryCTMTb l1X B Kpe-

qTo AMKTOBa7\.T1 HeiTM-

ITOCTb. IlOHT1Ma..H, l.JTO ITOpa)KeHMe B ITOAe

l/1TaK,

HOM KOHHMQeM, -

BMeCTO

caHHbie ITpaBMAa 3ITOXM, KOpOAb

ITOCAal\.

TOrO

lliOTAaHACKMM

KaBa7lepMCTOB

BbiiTOA-

lliOTAaHAQbl ycTpeMMAMCb B

ITOBAeqeT 3a co6oi1. CKOpyiO CAaqy 3aMKa M, KaK CAeACTBMe, ITAeHeHMe lliOTAaHAQa-

H..HTb HaM60Aee ITOAXOAMBlllee B CAO)KMB-

MM KOpOA..H,

KOMaHAOBaBlliMM rapHM30-

llleMC..H o6cTaHOBKe 3aAaHue: MCITOAb3Y..H

HOM pbiQapb OTKa3a7\.C..H OTKpbiTb BOpOTa

ITOABJ1JKHOCTb, HaHOCMTb yAap ITO oqary

ITepeA 3 AyapAOM.

liAlllfOKiiEPH

llOOIFJJ;CTBIUI Mo)KHO cKa3aTb,

l.JTO 6MTBY rroA EaH-

129

rro6eAy KOpO.lliO rrpl1Hec BOMHCTBeHHbiM

HOM CTaAO o6ecrre'lleHJ1e He3aBJ1Cl1MOC-

Harrop

TM IlloTAaHAJ1M OT AHrAJ1l1,

rrpOCTbiX

lliOT.llaHACKJ1X

KOrrei1.-

no MeHb-

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I.IJ;l1KOB, KOTOpbie He II060JI.llJ1Cb O'llepTJI

llleM. Mepe Ha TeKyl..l.\l1M MOMeHT. 0AHa-

.llaHAQbi, CKO.llbKO rrpOl1rpMl1 aHr.llMl.JaHe.

rO.llOBY 6pOCJ1TbCJI B aTaKy, KOrAa rrpeA-

KO TaKOe IIOJlO)KeHJ1e He rrpoCyl..l.\eCTBO-

Apyr11e

AeMoHcTpl1pOBaAJ1,

CTaBJ1.7laCb IIOAXOA.HI..l.\aJI B03MO)KHOCTb, l1

BaAO AOAro: rrocAe cMepTl1 Kopo.llJI Po-

l.JTO COl.JeTaHMe .7lYl.J:Hl1KOB C T.IDKe.ll(:ri;f Ka-

KOTOpbie He OCAa6.7lJIAJ1 HaTJ1CKa AO TeX

6epTa lliOT.llaHAQbl BHOBb CTaAJ1 rrpOl1r-

Ba.llepMeH rrpl1BOAJ1.7l0 -

nop, IIOKa He 3aBepllll1.7lJ1 Ae.llO IIO.llHOM

pbiBaTb rrepeA .7lJ1QOM KOM6l1HaQJ1J1 aHr-

no6eAoi1.

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cpa)KeHMJI

K IIOpa)KeHMIO

II01:.JTJ1 BeerAa -

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lliOT.llaHACKJ1X

KOIIeMI..l.\l1KOB.

HerrocpeACTBeHHO

K qecTM Po6epTa EpiOca, HMO rrpM-

»eeHJ1J1

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IIOTepl1

cpa-

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COCTaBJ1.7lJ1

3HaTb, l.JTO OH CIIOC06CTB0Ba.ll C03AaHJ1IO

Cl1TYaQl1l1, II03BO.lll1BllleH eMy,

HeCMOT-

xoTMHQeB. MHorMe ApyrMe rrorM6.7lM J1.7ll1

p.H Hl1 Ha l.JTO, OAO.lleTb rrpOTJ1BHJ1Ka, a

IIOIIaAJ1 B IIJleH BO BpeMJI 6erCTBa l1 rrpe-

TaK)Ke cyMe.ll BOCIIO.llb30BaTbC.H lllaHCOM,

cAeAOBaHJ1JI. KopoAIO

rrpeAOCTaB.lleHHbiM

aHr.llJ11:.JaHaMl1.

l1Tore AOCTJ1rHyTh 3aMKa AaH6ap l1 Hai1-

llR AHznuu 3oyapoa

TaKTJ11:.JeCKMM rrpl1eM, cocTOJIBllll1M B TOM,

Tl1 B HeM yKpbiTJ1e. lliOT.llaHAQbl IIOTepJI-

Hbti'J ycno6URMU coznaweHuR, no KomopoMy e"tY

1:.JT06bi 3Mep)KaTb KOHHJ1QY B pe3epBe l1

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l1CII0.7lb30BaTb ee IIOTOM A.7l.H pacceJ1BaHJ1JI

T JI)Ke.llOBOOpy)KeHHbiX BCaAHJ1KOB. C Tep-

Bpa)KeCKJ1X AY1:.J:Hl1KOB, roBopMT o EpiOce

.7lJ1Hr CAaACJI BCKOpe IIOC.lle 6J1TBbl B COOT-

KaK 0

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eMy

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npeMeHM.

111

Bee )Ke IIOA EaHHOK6epHOM

6apoHa,

68 pbiQapei1M OKOAO 1000 rre-

500

3 AyapAy YAaAOCb B

neXOTJ1HQeB J1 BCero AByx

AAHHOf1

11AAJOCTPAL(1111

JflYPHana

XVIII cmonemuR noKa3a1io, KaK nocne pa3zpoMG noo DQ1i1iOK6ep1ioM KOMe1iOa1im zap1iU301iQ CmepnuHza omKa3bu3aemcR 6nycmumb Kopo-

II 6 Kpenocmb. C6R3a1i-

npeocmOflllO coamb 3QMOK KQK pa3 6 mom CQMblU Oe1ib. c3p Po6epm My6pe He uMen uHozo 6btxooa. KpoMe KaK 6ocnpenR1ncm6o6amb 6oe3oy KoponR

corAallleHMeM.

CAeACTBMeM

rropa)KeHMJI aHrAJ11:.JaH rroA EaHHOK6ep-

6 Kpenocmb. Koponb 3oyapo 6 umoze yKpbtllCR 6 /J.aH6ape. OoHaKo llt1iOZUN u3 ezo 1to6une1'J no6e3no Kyoa Me1ibUte.

.. -..... CJIEJ1C 1340 r. rroqEMY 3TO

IIPOJ130IDAO? KTO: aHrJU1HCKJ1M cpAOT J13120 -

Eumea npu CJleuce yeert'LtaJlaco nepeou zpoMKou no6eoouArt2JlUU B CmoJlemrteu eourte u cmaJla oortuM u3 Kpynrteumux MopcKux cpa:JICertuu BEepone B Cpeortue BeKa. CJleuc npooeMortcmpupoeaJl Bee npeuMy1J1eCmBa BaJlJlUUC1CUX JlY1i1iU1COB art2JlUUC1C020 BOUC1Ca nepeo ap6aJlem1.tuKaMu, cpa:JICaBUtUMUCRrta cmoporte C/Jpart71uu, a maK:JICe U36aBuJlArt2JlU10 om yzpo3ot epa:JICecKozo emop:JICertuR.

160 eyAOB IIOA KOMaHAOBaHJ1eM KopoJUI3AYapAaill (1312-1377)

<f>paHQY3CKl1i1

Hl1Kl1. Ha Jape CTo.n.eTHei1 noi1.Hbi Q>paH-

III

AHr-

QY3CKl1i1 KOp0.7lb Ha.JUIJl. KpynHYJO reeya3-

BbiC3,AJ1Tb BO <l>.n.a.HApl1l1, CpiDKallOI

.n.l1i1CKl1i1 cqJ1TaAl1, qTO .n.yqrnl1Ml1 KOpa6-

CKyro 3CKMPY raAep, OAHaKo IIOCJ\e pa-

C 213 cppaHQY3CKJ1MJ1 KOpa6JUIMJ1

.7l...HMl1 AJUI BOMHbl Ha Mope l1M IIOCJ\y)KaT

3birpanrneroC..H 6YHTa ocTa.n.C..H acero .7l.l1lllh

DOA HaqaJlOM 3AMl1paAOB r10ra

ra.n.epbi -

C 22 Q>paHQY3CKl1Ml1 raAepaMl1, 18 J13 KO-

l<.hepa l1 Hl1KOJUI Ee10I1Ie.

B0.7l.l1 neTpa B nepeABJ1)KeHl1l1.

C AecaHTOM , KOTOpbiM rrpeACTO..RJ\.0

KAK:

6oii pa3ropeAC.H MeJKAy Q:>paH -

QY3CKOH J1 aHr.7l.J1HCKOH 3CKaApaMJ1 l1 npMH..HJl cpopMy JaT..H)KHoro o6 MeHa MeTaTeJlhHbiMJ1 CHap..HAaMJ1, npeAillecTnonanmero a6opAa;KHOMY IIITYPMY.

rAE: B ycrhe peKJ1 3nei1H OKOJl.O C.n.e'i1ca, "t.J.TO n

15 KM OT Ep10rre n ceroA -

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24 l110IDI 1340 r.

IIO~MY: cppaHQY3CKl1i1 cpAoT

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l1CX0A: OKa3aBim1Ch B HeBhlrDAJIOM no.n.O)KeHMM n pe3yJ\hTaTe l136prunm J1MJ1 npol1TpbllliHOM o6opoHHTeJ\b -

HOM CTpaTernM J1 l13 - Ja HexnaTKJ.1 COM.a.T Ha 6opTax KOpa6.n.e"i1. ~ cppai--1 QY3bl noA,Bepr.7l.J1Cb caMOW HaCTOmiJ.eM 6oiffie B XOAe o6cT}JeA.a aHrJ\l1MCKJ1MJ1 .7l.yqHJ1:KaMJ1 J1 IIOC7l€,AOBaBIIIeH3aTeM pyKOIIaiiiHOH CXBaTKl1.

PE3bEA

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1337 z. zna61ibte co6btmun npa6ne1iuR C!Jununna 6bmu C6R3a1ibt c 1ia"iallb1ibtMU 3manaMu npomu6o6opcm6a c A1iznueu, 1iG36a1i1iozo no301iee

IIocne

Cmonem1teu 60U1iOU.

l1M,

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(1293-1350) l1 3AyapA

rpe6Hbie cyAa, He3aBl1Cl1Mbie oT 1340 r.

TOpbiX aHr.n.J1qaHe CIIal\.J1.7l.J1 BO BpeM..H Ha-

npl1XOAl1.7l.OCb IIO.n.araTbC..H

6era Ha Ey.n.OHb paHee B TOM *e 1340 r.

ToproBbie KyrreqecKl1e napyc-

<f>l1.7l.l1IIrry npl1I1IJl.OCh nepeHTJ1 K o6opOHl1-

OAHaKo,

Ha KOrl1 -

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131

Te.llbHOH TaKTJ1Ke, KOTOpCUI, B OT.lll11:.JJ1e OT

IIAAYBHOE KOPABEAbHOE BOOPYXEHJ1E

3aTI.llaHl1pOBaHHoro pcrnee KpynHoMacrnTa6Horo BTOp)KeHJ1JI B AHrAMIO,

rro3BO-

JUI.lla o60HTJ1Cb « M06J1.7ll130BaH-

Ilooo6n:bte 6opmo6'bte 6a:n:nuc-

HbiMJ1 >> Ha BOeHH)'IO C.7ly)K-

m'bt Mo't:nu ycmana6:nu6amtJc.R na

6y TOprOBbiMJ1 KOpa6.7lJIMJ1.

cman1ee o:n.R npuoanUJt ~ 6o:ntJUteu

KopoAb cKMH

3AyapA

ycmou"lu6ocmu npu cmpe:ntJ6e. B EJnoxy (<6btco1Co'to>> Cpeone6e1Co6bR

AHrAMM-

rrpeAIIPl1HJI.ll

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A01:.JHbie ycMAJ1JI A.7lJ1 aep6oaKJ1 BeHeQJ1aHCKJ1X rMep npeAOTBp~eHJ1JI

6opmo6blM 6oopyJJCe1lUeM, OOnateo, ec:nu mO'lO mpe6o6a:rta cumya'ijUJl, noOo61t'bte ycman061CU 6no:nne Mo't:nu 6'btmb npUMe-

AJU1

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( 1333- 1379)

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(1338-1380).

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II ( 1332-138 7).

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(1341-1408),

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