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Warren Seymour Johnson
1847 The son of pioneer farmers, Warren Seymour Johnson was born on November 6, 1847 in Leicester, Vermont. His family moved to Wisconsin in 1849, eventually settling at their homestead near Downsville.
1883
Self taught, with little formal schooling, it was evident that as a young boy Johnson had a gift for discovery. He kept a book in which he sketched and described mechanical, chemical and electrical inventions. At the age of 25 he had already become the Dunn County Superintendant of Schools, working his way up from his start as a county surveyor.
In 1876, Johnson became a professor at the State Normal School in Whitewater. He worked in the Department of Natural Sciences where he taught mathematics, science, drawing and penmanship. His real passion, however, remained in experimentation and invention. He conducted experiments in many areas, including electrochemistry – a glamour science of the day. Colleagues there considered Johnson “one of the most strikingly original teachers.”
1876
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Winters in Wisconsin are unforgiving and Professor Johnson’s classroom was always uncomfortable. Hourly monitoring by custodians to check temperatures and then adjust a system of hand-controlled dampers in the basement furnace was disruptive. Johnson’s wife, Cora, grown tired of hearing him talk about how to redistribute hot and cold air, nudged him to invent something already.
1901
By 1880, he set out to solve the problem.
After three years of research and experimentation, Johnson invented a device that could control and regulate room temperature. On July 24, 1883, he received his first U.S. patent for the “electric tele-thermoscope.” The mechanism used a sealed bimetal element with one wire of an electrical circuit attached to the fixed end, and the other wire connected to a small pool of mercury in a cup-like reservoir. Changes in air temperature moved the free end of the thermal element into and out of the mercury to close or open the electrical circuit, which in turn rang a bell in the basement that signaled to the custodian to shift dampers, thereby controllingthe temperature in the room. It was an invention that would become the impetus for a new company and eventually launch an industry. Shortly after receiving the patent, Johnson moved to Milwaukee to further develop his ideas. He formed a partnership with businessman and financier William Plankinton. On May 1, 1885, the Johnson Electric Service Company was founded (later to be renamed Johnson Controls). An intelligent, proud, and foresightful businessman, Johnson led the company for 26 years until his death from kidney failure on December 5, 1911.
1911
Warren Johnson was the quintessential innovator. Of the more than 50 patents he received, most were for devices aimed at harnessing the sustainable power derived from air, steam or fluid pressure. He created huge pneumatic tower clocks, experimented with electric storage batteries and started a wireless telegraph business. He also developed steam-powered vehicles, from luxury touring cars to the first fleet of motorized postal service trucks. A rapid series of improvements followed his initial 1883 invention. In 1895, Johnson patented the Pneumatic Temperature Control System - the first automatic zone control system for buildings that required no electricity. It would go on to become an industry standard. In 2008, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers designated this Control System as a historical mechanical engineering landmark, dubbing it “the grandfather of all control systems in any industry”. Yet it was Johnson’s first temperature regulation system, discovered while in Whitewater, that began a global legacy of providing comfortable and sustainable buildings.
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