Back to the Future

Back to the Future Weston Daniel Halkyard ARC 505 | Thesis Preparation | Fall 2012 Syracuse University School of Architecture

Primary Advisor: Secondary Advisor:

Terrance Goode Larry Bowne

Contents 2

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Boston_Twilight_Panorama_3.jpg

PART 1 : Introduction

PART 5 : Current Conditions

6-7 8-9 10-11 12-13

50-51 _ Pier Typology

_ Glossary _ Contention _ Site _ Timeline

PART 2 : Settlement 1630 16-17 _ 1630 - Discovery 18-19 _ Settlement

52-53 _ Shipping Lanes and Water Depths 54-55 _ Museums and Educational Facilities 56-63 _ Boston Walks 64-65 _ Waterfront Program and Transportation 66-67 _ Structures and Building Heights 68-69 _ View Corridors and Zoning 70-73 _ Zoning Relationship

PART 3 : Maritime Industry 1630-1795

74-75 _ Building Typology

22-23 _ Introduction

PART 6 : Redevelopment

22-23 _ Industry

22-23 _ Dry Docking

78-79 80-81 82-83 84-85

PART 4 : Maritime Boston + Industrial Revolution

PART 7 : Synthesis

22-23 _ Wharfing Out 22-23 _ Ships of Boston’s Harbor

34-35 _ Introduction 36-37 _ 1795 Boston Edge Characteristics 38-39 _ Anatomy of Infrastructure 40-41 _ Landfill 42-47 _ Industrial Revolution

88-89 90-93 94-97 98-99 100-101 102-103 104-105

_ Innovation District _ Planned Inovation _ Edge Development and Program _ Axis of Interest

_ Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny _ Precedents _ Oysters and Hatcheries _ General Maritime Building Strategy/Colaborative Zones _ Current Program Impact _ Proposed Condition _ Design Program

PART 8 : Bibliography

108-110 _ Design Program

3

4

PART 1 : INTRODUCTION 5

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

6

Cargo Shipping

Fishing

Fort Point Channel

Ships

Food Transportation

Buisness

harbor

Pier 4

DiningDining

Container Shipping

Cove

Massport Marine Terminal

Fan Pier

Education

Oyster

Rum

Fish Pier

Maritime Oyster

Objects or activities having to do with the sea

Shellfish that live in a marine habitat

Shallow-draft Lighters A type of ship with a shallow hull, able to sail into Shallow water to transport cargo

Wharfing Out

GLOSSARY OF TERMS PART 1 : INTRODUCTION

7

Constantly in flux the waterfront edge of South Boston is influenced by erosion water and seasonal change as well as a matrix of human ecology. Yet the history of its edge is seemingly lost to diverse characteristics of its industrial heritage. Now, one can see very little of the original landform, losing sight of the circumstances which characterized the evolution of its edge condition. The outline of the original form is lost to the development and technology of industry. Since the first English settlers in 1630, Boston’s shores had become a centre for trade and expansion. Eventually by 1795 the Arial view of the original landform began to transform, manufacturing additional topography for trade ships and settlements. By the 19th century bridges and railways began to weave a network of access points between the developing coastlines and peninsulas; and the container shipping industry vacated the waterfront to make way for storage space. The 20th and 21st centuries have brought a nearly inapproachable edge condition. Boston’s legacy as is now narrated only by the abandoned warehouses, industrial piers, ports and parking lots, crumbs from a historical, colonial and industrial advancement. Historically illegible, the edge of South Boston renders incoherent to a contextual future edge strategy that is truly informed by its past. Understanding the geographical and social growth of South Boston is vital in recognizing how historical issues of any given city may inform contemporary and future conditions of the perimeter.

I contend that redefining “museum” can provoke an architectural dialogue with history that can inform contemporary and future waterfront edge conditions, integrating industry, public space and the waterfront into a cohesive system.

8

http://maps.google.com

Maritime industry is the most important factor involved in the development and expansion of Boston’s edge. However, industry public space and waterfront have become separate and isolated along the South Boston waterfront edge. I want to create a new contemporary strategy for that edge using history as an agent for design, truly informing the architecture and program. My design will act as a museum in the sense that it is recalling historical evolution through its formal architecture; however through its program it will act as a social catalyst and precedent for the integration and relationship of industry, public space and waterfront of the South Boston Seaport. My design will accomplish three things.

As architecture it will act as a record, formalizing the social and geographical changes of the South Boston Seaport and educating occupants about the physical history of the site.

Secondly it will Act as a Maritime Institute, providing research and technology development for all marine life. Third it will function as a Maritime Business hub, allowing oversight for the development of maritime business along the South Boston waterfront. And finally it will act as a public annex to the waterfront allowing for a cohesive integration of industry, education and waterfront comfort.

PART 1 : INTRODUCTION

9

Located on the east coast of the United States, Boston marks one of the first Colonial Cities.

10

http://www.vidiani.com/?p=11060

Site Location PART 1 : INTRODUCTION

11

“In 1803, group of Bostonians purchased a significant amount of property on Dorchester Neck. The following year the city of Boston annexed the entire 600-acre peninsula, at that time home to about 60 families.”

1795 Maritime Industry

1852 Much of the current Seaport area was originally tidal marsh.

1880

1916

Dorchester Flats began to expand outwards extending Roadways from the original peninsula as a result of the Industrial Revolution and Expansion of the Maritime Industry.

Flourishing of Maritime Industry.

One can see very little of the original landform, losing sight of the circumstances which characterized and continue to evolve its edge condition. The outline of the original form is lost to the development and technology of an industrial city. Since the first English settlers in 1630, Boston’s shores had become a centre for trade and expansion. Eventually by 1795 the Arial view of the original landform began to transform, manufacturing additional topography for trade ships and settlements.

12

Mapping Boston Alex Kreiger, Mapping Boston, (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999).

http://livinginsouthboston.com/history-of-south-boston-cattle-grazing-city-building

1934

1950

1995

2012

Maritime Industry introduction to the Shipping Container use required more waterfront space container storage.

By the 19th century bridges and railways began to weave a network of access points between the developing coastlines and peninsulas. Eventually by the 20th and 21st centuries the only knowledge we have left of the original land is an abstract ideology grounded upon the perception of what we knew it to have been.

Timeline PART 1 : INTRODUCTION

13

I contend that redefining “museum� can provoke an architectural dialogue with history that can inform contemporary and future waterfront edge conditions, integrating industry, public space and the waterfront into a cohesive system.

14

Settlement 1630 < 15

1629 Uninhabited Boston

1630 Settlement

1630 - Discovery 16

Shavelson, . Alumni Books, "Westward(Eastward,Southward,and Northward) Ho!." Accessed 2012. http://www.bu.edu/bostonia/

http://texasliberal.wordpress.com/tag/boston/

Uninhabited Boston was originally a small peninsula 487 acres little more than one square mile.

The land form was scattered with hills and slopes and abundant with inlets and small peninsulas.

In 1630 Puritans from England landed on the Shawmut Peninsula.

PART 2 : SETTLEMENT

17

In 1630 the Puritans travelled across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe with the intention of creating the ideal Christian community. When they found Boston, the terrain of the land mass was littered with hills. The city was labelled “City upon a Hill.”

Puritains arriving in Boston

Settlement 18

Finley, . “Puritan History;Past, Present and Future.” Accessed 2012. http://endtimepilgrim.org/puritans.htm.

Lloyd, Joanne. “Beneath the “city on the hill” The lower orders, Boston 1700-1850.” Boston. .

http://endtimepilgrim.org/puritans.htm

First Settlement 1635 1,500 settlers followed within a year of the first Puritan settlement establishing the first street system.

Beacon Hill

Rather than setting up a grid system from the beginning, the city was organized around the large hills, avoiding them in an unorganized matrix of circulation, which reflects even still today.

Only Development of grid system

Finger Circulation

The Puritans first settlement complex was in Charleston however the water supply was tainted so they migrated towards the now beacon hill located on the left hip of this small 475 acre peninsula.

Considering the rocky and hilly terrain, the idea that their future rested inland was futile. Thus, the development of the Boston Maritime Industry was born, and a relationship with the West Indies was founded.

Washington Street (The Neck)

PART 2 : SETTLEMENT

19

20

Maritime Industry 1630 - 1795 21

22

http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer php?CISOROOT=/vanolinda&CISOPTR=299&CISOBOX=1&REC=6

1629 Uninhabited Boston

1630 Settlement

1708 Boston has 78 wharfs

1710-1721 Long Warf

1770 36 Distilleries

Maritime Industry developed as a product of seaport interaction and networking.

http://www.vidiani.com/?p=11060

PART 3 : MARITIME INDUSTRY 1630 - 1795

23

Boston Harbor in 1768

Maritime Trade Establishment

Begin to established trade inland, however maritime trade is the primary source of importation and exportation

1630

1768

From 1630 - 1768, the once fluid edge of Boston’s natural landform becomes static with wharfs docks and piers.

Industry 24

Lloyd, Joanne. “Beneath the “city on the hill” The lower orders, Boston 1700-1850.” Boston. .

Boston Looked to West Indies for the future

Canary Islands in 1645

Before the Industrial Revolution In 1775, Boston thrived off of their access to the sea. Upon their discovery of the West Indies in 1645 and the established trade route, the Puritans mission for the ideal Christian city was lost. Slave trade revealed rich possibilities for the future of the early Boston city.

Slaves

http://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/6055542405/lightbox/ http://africanhistory.about.com/od/slaveryimages/ig/Slavery-Images-Gallery/TippuTibCaptives.htm http://fantastic-flavour.com/alcoholic_beverages/spirits

The 17th Century maritime economy was fuelled by rum. Rum was used in trade with West Africa for slaves, gold dust and ivory. By 1770 almost half of the distilleries of North America were in or around Boston. 36 to be exact.

At the end of the 18th century fishermen produced more dried cod than could be used. It was traded with the West Indies who grew plenty of sugar but practically no food. Cod became the linchpin in Atlantic Slave Trade.

Rum

http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/artifact.do?shortName=salt_cod http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/triangulartrade.htm

Salt Cod

Trade networked between Boston, the Canary Islands, West Africa, and the West Indies.

Trade Routes

PART 3 : MARITIME INDUSTRY 1630 - 1795

25

Maritime Towns, 1697 - 1714 Newbury

Tonnage of Vessels

1708 Boston had 78 wharves and shipping Houses were the principal emporium for distributing European Goods.

59,350 (Boston)

Manchester

1,120 - 3,387 Salem Charlestown

0 - 190 Boston

Plymouth

Wharfing Out 26

200 - 390

(Kreiger 1999) National Park Service, “Maritime history of Massachusetts.” Accessed 2012. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/text.htm.

With the success of Boston’s maritime industry and the need for more ships and yards to harbor them, Boston’s shoreline found the need to wharf outward to provide space for larger ships.

lat s Tid al F

Long Warf

Wharfing Out

Boston’s ports and wharfs reflected the flourishing and successful shipping industry, with the addition of the Long Wharf. This wharf allowed for larger amounts of importation and exportation with the addition of larger ships.

Wharfing Out - Is a term used for filling in the between space of docks as they are extended.

Long Wharf, Boston’s First wharf that extended beyond the tidal flats into deep water, allowing ships to load and unload directly without the need for shallow-draft lighters to ferry cargo.

PART 3 : MARITIME INDUSTRY 1630 - 1795

27

Maritime Industry Ships

Fishing Smack

Shipbuilding became a successful industry in Massachusetts. The Massachusetts coastline featuring extensive supplies of raw materials, protected bays and harbors enabled profitable sucess.The early wooden vessels built for commercial fishing and foreign trade also gave rise to a variety of trades and industries in the area, including sail making, chandleries, rope walks and marine railways.

One of the most popular ships used during the 19th century for fishing.

Length: 28’ Depth: 8’ Bredth: 12’

Ships of Boston’s Harbor 28

Ossian, . “Complete List of Sailing Vessels.” Accessed 2012. http://www.thepirateking.com/ships/ship_types.htm.

Norfold Wherry This particular ship would carry around 25 tons of goods.

Length: 60’ Depth: 3’ Crew: 2

Brighton Hog Boat This was a very traditional fishing vessel design.

Although fish was their primary transport, they were also used to run other cargo.

Length: 66’ Depth: 9’ 6”

Brigantine This was a ship used in large numbers both for aval matters and as a merchant ship. It was equipped with 16 guns, and was built for speed.

Length: 110’ 8” Depth: 16’ Crew: 100 - 120

Hermaphrodite Brig 19th Century brig was popular in the shipping world. It is a smaller ship and was therefore cheaper to operate. It could be used within smaller ports on the coastline.

Length: 125’ 8” Depth: 12’ 9” Tonnage: 234 tons

Clipper Europe discovered after the Napoleonic war that the long the ship and the more sails it had, the faster it would go.

Length: 245’ Depth: 20’ Tonnage: 1,053 tons

Windjammer Used for cargo in the 19th century.

They were the most spectacular of cargo ships.

Length: 260’ Depth: 20’ Bredth: 30’

PART 3 : MARITIME INDUSTRY 1630 - 1795

29

Dry Docking 30

http://www.dipity.com/tickr/Flickr-navy-yard/ http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&tab=wl

Constructed dry dock

Water dam

The Developement of large scale dry docks became necessary with the rapid growth of the maritime industry.

Ship is built or repaired within the dry dock.

Dry dock flooding

Dry dock is flooded and ship regresses into the harbor.

PART 3 : MARITIME INDUSTRY 1630 - 1795

31

32

1795 Maritime Boston + Industrial Revolution 33

1750-1850 34

http://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/6055541557/in/photostream/

Apple Island Bird Island

Back Bay

Govenors Island

South Bay

PART 4 : 1795 MARITIME BOSTON + INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

35

Districts of Trade

Quincy Market

Neucleus of Buisness District

Primary Shipping Wharfs

Secondary Wharfs within the Central Buisness District

Dry Goods

Provisions and Fresh Produce

Meat and Fish

Finance

1795 Boston Edge Characteristics 36

Rum, Slaves Provisions

Primary Import Export Outlets

Wharf Growth Projection

Merchant Trade (Dry Goods)

PART 4 : 1795 MARITIME BOSTON + INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

37

Inns

Taverns These buildings tended to look very residential with an ale stake or ale bench to mark them as taverns.

Along the waterfront there was a variety of building types and use that characterized Boston as the pivot point of primary orbit Atlantic Trade at the end of the 17th century

Old Kings Tavern Built 1660 raised 1870

Tavern Ale Bench

Ale Stake

Street

Building Scale

Building Scale

Anatomy of Infrastructure - 18th - Beginning of the 19th 38

Nathan, Gavin R. Historic Taverns of Boston. 2021 Pine Lake Road, Suite 100 Lincoln,NE 68512: iUniverse, http://books.google. com/books?id=u58YAnQNuegC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0

http://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/6055541557/in/photostream/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/6055541557/in/photostream/

Coopers

Blacksmiths

Craftsmen who make wooden staved vessels, bound together with hoops usually have flat heads. ex. Barrels, casks, Tubs, Churns..etc

An artisan that works with different irons using an anvil hammer and furnace.

Building Scale

Ropemakers

Building Scale

Building Scale

PART 4 : 1795 MARITIME BOSTON + INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

39

Back Bay

Mill Dam

Landfill 40

Brighton Allston Historical Society, “Building The Mill Dam.” Accessed 2012. http://www.bahistory.org/

http://www.bu.edu/bostonia/winter04/seasholes/

In 1814, Boston’s Back Bay was created by the construction of a long mill dam.

Irish immigrants were fleeing famine and pouring into Boston, stretching the cities limits.

420 acres were filled near the Charles River.

This reduced the bay’s tidal flow rerouting the water to the hydropower plants.

The result of this construction was a swamp, filled with industrial runoff and city sewage.

In 1849 the area was declared an issue for the health of the city.

PART 4 : 1795 MARITIME BOSTON + INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

41

1821, Hydropower mills 1830

42

Brighton Allston Historical Society, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Building The Mill Dam.â&#x20AC;? Accessed 2012. http://www.bahistory.org/

These pressures pushed the city to fill in the Back Bay, the South Bay, and other areas, totalling about 2,000 new acres which set a literal foundation for the Industrial Revolution

1880

http://www.iec.ch/etech/2011/etech_1011/store-1.htm

The Industrial Revolution demanded the need for an expansion of Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s periphery.

Industrial Revolution PART 4 : 1795 MARITIME BOSTON + INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

43

Invention

Date

James Watt

First reliable Steam Engine

1775

Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets

1793, 1798

Robert Fulton

Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River

1807

Samuel F. B. Morse

Telegraph

1836

Elias Howe

Sewing Machine

1844

Isaac Singer

Improves and markets Howe's Sewing Machine

1851

Cyrus Field

Transatlantic Cable

1866

Alexander Graham Bell

Telephone

1876

Thomas Edison

Phonograph, Incandescant Light Bulb

1877,1879

Nikola Tesla

Induction Electric Motor

1888

Rudolf Diesel

Diesel Engine

1892

Diesel Engine Provided more power and allowed for larger machinery

Orville and Wilbur Wright

First Airplane

1903

Largest Landfill in Boston

Henry Ford

Model T Ford, Assembly Line

1908,1913

Person

44

About.com, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Industrial Revolution Inventors.â&#x20AC;? Accessed 2012. http://americanhistory.about.com/library/charts/blchartindrev.htm.

Impact Allowed for faster transportation of people and goods by land (expansion inland) Increase of cotton manufacturing and need for slaves. (Slave Trade, cotton factories) Increase of cotton manufacturing and need for slaves. (Slave Trade)

Increase of textile manufacturing and need for slaves. (Slave Trade)

With the invention of the aeroplane came the requirement for a large, flat, open port.

The land for Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Logan Airport was the largest fill Boston has ever seen.

PART 4 : 1795 MARITIME BOSTON + INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

45

1852

1880 Dorchester Flats

Dorchester Flats

46

1916

1934

1950

1995 South Boston Waterfront District

Becomes South Boston Waterfront District

PART 4 : 1795 MARITIME BOSTON + INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

47

I contend that redefining â&#x20AC;&#x153;museumâ&#x20AC;? can provoke an architectural dialogue with history that can inform contemporary and future waterfront edge conditions, integrating industry, public space and the waterfront into a cohesive system.

48

Current Conditions 49

1775 2012

Pier Typology 50

Lloyd, Joanne. “Beneath the “city on the hill” The lower orders, Boston 1700-1850.” Boston. .

- In 1940’s US port design and industry.

- Introduction of the container system revolutionized the shipping industry and waterfront of Boston.

By the 1940’s container shipping became a benchmark in port technology and required large amounts of waterfront space and deeper channels to handle container storage and larger ships.

This requirement had a dissolving impact on the industrial warehouses and their waterfront rail methods resulting in urban waterfront abandonment and deserted industrial pieces of enveloping edge conditions. Eventually these spaces became of no use as industrial ports to the city or as a waterfront space.

At that time during the 1950’s the entire pattern of settlement began to shift inland forming centralized cities and sprawl and large amounts of urban land near the waterfront became available - One of the first uses for these abandoned waterfront areas was the highway systems - As this system took hold of the infrastructure a disjointed relationship occurred between the city and waterfront - Today, the Boston waterfront piers have become wedges of mixed public and private enterprises.

Waterfronts should become a public interest rather than a private entity, reconnecting the city’s inhabitants to serenity and a sense of restoration

Shipping Containers

Waterfront Piers

Industrial Yard

PART 5 : Current Conditions

51

40 ft

0 ft

Hull - Quincy Airport - Long Wharf Long Wharf - Harbor Islands Long Wharf - Salem

Hingham - Rowes Wharf Boston - Salem / Gloucester

Importing and Exporting

Shipping Lanes 52

Cargo and Freight Shipping

Freight and Cargo Ships

Water Taxi

15-30

Fishing

30 - 50 50 - 100

Water Ferry

100 +

Water Ferry

Water Depths PART 5 : Current Conditions

53

South Boston Waterfront

North End

Museums 54

South Boston Waterfront

North End

Educational Facilities PART 5 : Current Conditions

55

Harbor walk is about the experience of the contemporary edge while the Freedom trail is focusing on a record of historical events which built the city of Boston.

56

Freedom Trail

Harbor Walk

Boston Walks PART 5 : Current Conditions

57

Freedom Trail Landscape as Historical Narrative

(6) Paul Revere House

(5) Old North Church

(4) Coppâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hill Burying Ground

(2) USS Constitution

(3) Charlestown Navy Yard

(1) Bunker Hill Monument

1

58

http://www.cityofboston.gov/freedomtrail/default.asp

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi

“The Freedom trail is the most famous historical trail in Boston leading one along a very deliberate, but indirect, path of Boston’s most famous 16 revolutionary and colonial era moments, structures and sites.”

(7) Faneuil Hall (8) Boston Massacre

The total length of the footpath is

(9) Old State House

2.5 miles Long.

(10) Old South Meeting House (11) Old Corner Book Store

Marks the start

(12) King’s Chapel and Burying (13) Granary Burying Ground (14) Park Street Church

(15) Massachusetts State House

(16) Boston Common 50 acre city park that’s been around since 1634 and was original used as a common pasture for livestock, a practice established in feudal Europe

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

PART 5 : Current Conditions

59

Harbor Walk

Harborwalk, is considered a re-established shoreline and a continuous walk-way along the harbors edge.

When completed, the walk will stretch some 43

linear miles

One of the unique aspects about the walk is that it changes character along its length depending on the program it encounters.

Walk Experience 60

(Menino )

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Nowhere is it more appropriate to promote these irregularities than on the edge of the harbor, where almost four centuries of large and small alterations and additions have been undertaken pier by pier and block by block without a larger concern for their environments.â&#x20AC;?

http://singleforareason.wordpress.com/2008/09/20/boston-waterfront/

Site

The Skyline is a Visual replica of the physical walking experience of the Harbor walk

Plan of Harbor Walk is physically manoverd in the save fashion as the skyline is experienced visually

Similar Experiences Visually and Physically PART 5 : Current Conditions

61

For Setback of 25 feet or less

For Setback of 25 feet or more

Seaside Walkway 8’ min.

Seaside Walkway 8’ min.

Promenade Variable Dimension

Landside Walkway 8’ min

Harbor Walk Setback Boundary For Setback of 80 feet or more

Harborwalk Pedestrian Area 35’ min

62

(Menino )

Vehicular Street 30’ max

Sidewalk 15’ min

Typical Plan

Sidewalk 32’

Typical Streetlight to Tree Spacing 20’

Typical Streetlight to Tree Spacing 15’

Typical Streetlight to Tree Spacing 15’

Back of Sidewalk

Typical Section

Centerline of Second row 16’6”

Back of Sidewalk

Continuity Strip Type A 8’6”

(Menino )

Centerline of Streetlights 4’6”

Centerline of First row of trees 2’6”

“Harborwalk is achieved by requiring that new development set back from the edge of the water a certain distance and then improve that setback area as a pedestrian path open to the public. Thus, Harborwalk is constructed in segments as development occurs.”

PART 5 : Current Conditions

63

John Joseph Moakley Federal Courthouse One Marina Park drive (multi use office complex) Louis (Imported clothing and accessories) Institute of Contemporary Art Anthonyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Pier 4 Restaurant Commonwealth Pier / World Trade Center Boston Fish Pier Liberty Wharf / Legalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Harborside Bank of America Pavillion Dry Dock # 4 / Wharf 6 Ted Williams Tunnel Vent Building Legal Seafoods Headquarters Harbor Seafood Center

Waterfront Program 64

Silver Line T

T

T

T

T

Land Transportation

T

Water Transportation

Interstate 90

MBTA Commuter Rail

Water Shuttle

Access Ramps to I-90 and I-93

SB Transitway Underground (Silver Line)

Water Taxi

MBTA Station

1855

Excursion Vessels

Transportation (Menino )

PART 5 : Current Conditions

65

Structures of the South Boston Waterfront 66

50 - 100 ft

100 - 200

50 - 100

100 - 200 ft

0 -50 ft

0 - 50

Building Heights (Menino )

PART 5 : Current Conditions

67

Interstate Highway View Corridors

View Corridors 68

View between Fish Pier and the World Trade Center Pier -

Fort Point Industrial

Convention Center

Industrial South Boston

Fort Point Historic District

South Boston Inner Harbor

EnhancementtZone

Industrial Port

Zoning (Menino )

PART 5 : Current Conditions

69

Fort Point Channel Intimately scaled, narrow channel similar to a riverfront in the heart of an historic European city with active edges, small- scaled boats and activities in the water.

Many bridge crossings, and a pedestrian scale. As the critical place where downtown meets the potential to be the next great civic space of the city.

The Piers The mid scaled waterfront of the Seaport with large long piers and slips that accommodate larger scaled boats and boating activity. The scale of the Piers, FISH PIER, WORLD TRADE CENTER AND PIER 4, deep water slips and adjacency to the convention center make for a potential activity focus for visitors and tourists. The Piers

The Reserve Channel The largest scale of the three, wide open, the greatest expanse of water, (the North Jetty, Reserved Channel and Dry Dock), an active, gritty location of port uses and industrial activity. The working port provides the great physical character for the Seaport and its continued operations are vital to the city. These operations also contribute to a place of great visual interest. From here one not only gets a sense of the entire harbor, but an overview of the downtown and Harbor islands as well.

70

(Menino )

Civ

ic D

eve

The seaport can be seen as three distinct places. Three different scaled bodies of water. FORT POINT CHANNEL, THE PIERS, THE RESERVED CHANNEL. In this way the size of this vast undefined area can be broken down and thought of as a collection of several neighborhoods.

lop

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Relationship PART 5 : Current Conditions

71

Civic

Site 72

Deve lopm ent

Civic

, Indu strial

Indus t r ia l R

edeve lopm ent (F

ishing )

PART 5 : Current Conditions

73

Industrial Commercial Residential Educational Governmental Parking and Storage Other Vacant

Building Typology 74

Building typology percentage by building count PART 5 : Current Conditions 75

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50% 25% C 25% Goomm e v rcia e E r 50% d n uca me l 50% nta t 80% Com i o n Oth me 20% al l er rc

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Massachusetts Port Authority is preserving this vital local industry, and maintain a working waterfront that is significant to the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maritime heritage.â&#x20AC;?

http://www.massport.com/port-of-boston/pages/bostonfishpier.aspx

Redevelopment

“Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) approved the Seaport Square, a 23-acre, $3 billion mixed-use development in the South Boston waterfront district. The 6.3 million-square-foot scheme is the largest single project in the city’s history.”

Innovation District 78

http://fortpointchannelboston.com/fort-point-seaport-square/

Growth frontier of Boston

Innovation District Framed by the downtown core, interstate highway, airport, deep water port, and South Boston Neighborhood

Inovation District Downtown Core Airport Deep Water Port South Boston Neighborhood

The Required Depth of Waterfront Yard Area Required Setback (Shoreline,excluding Piers) 50’ Required Setback (Sides of Piers) 12’ “The mixed-used plan aims for a lively downtown feel, with pedestrian connections within the neighborhood and to central Boston.”

http://fortpointchannelboston.com/fort-point-seaport-square/

Required Setback (Ends of Piers) 50’

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Fan Pier Status: Board Approved Developer: The Fallon Company Proposal: Fan Pier includes 2.9 million sf mixed use project: Phase 1 office building is complete; Institute of Contemporary Art was completed in 2006. Vertex is under construction

Pier 4 Status: Board Approved Developer: New England Development Proposal: Proposed three new buildings with 314,700 sf of hotel uses, 625,000sf of residential uses, as well as civic and retail spaces.

1

316-322 Summer st.

Status: Under Construction Developer: Lincoln Properties Company Description: Proposal for renovation of existing buildings and conversion to office uses.

2

381 Congress st.

Status: Board Approved Developer: Birkley Investments, Inc. Description: Proposal for 44 units, including 20 units of workforce and/ or innovation housing at accessible rent levels and 16 short term rental units for nearby employers

6

5

49- 63 Melcher Street Status: Under Construction Developer: Archon Group and Goldman Properties Description: 63 Melcher: 38 units, including 5 affordable artists live/work units, 27 Innovation Units and 6 lofts. 51 Melcher: 94,220sf office bldg w/ 4,780sf of retail. 49 Melcher: 14-22 units and 14,000sf of retail/

Waterside Place - Phase 1 Status: Under Construction Developer: The Drew Company Description: Proposal for 372,300sf project, including a grocery store, 235 residential units and 275 parking spaces.

9

Planned Innovation 80

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/pdf/maps/conventioncenter.pdf

10

Seaport Square Status: Board Approved Developer: MS Boston Seaport Description: 6.5 Million Square ft of development, consisting of 2.5 million residential, 1.5 million of new office, two hotels, a cultural and educational center and 1.5 million sf of multi-level retail, restaurant and entertainment

3

Congress st. Hotel Status: Board Approved Developer: Madison Properties Description: Proposal for a 24 story hotel w/ 505 rooms and on site parking for 150 cars and approximately 9,000sf of ground floor retail space

7

411 D Street Status: Board Approved Developer: Cresset Development Description: The proposal includes 197 units of rental housing in two buildings and 129 parking spaces.

11

368 Congress st.

Status: Under Construction Developer: Norwich Partners of Boston LLC Description: Rehabilitation of existing buildings for the provisions of a 120-room hotel and 5,000sf of ground floor retail/ restaurant use.

4

319 A Street Rear Status: Under Construction Developer: Gerding Edlen Development Description: Proposal for 202 residential units and 96 parking spaces.

8

Boston Cargo Terminal Status: Under Construction Developer: The Drew Company Description: Proposal for 372,300sf project, including a grocery store, 235 residential units and 275 parking spaces.

12

1 2

The Massachusetts Port Authority reached a preliminary agreement with a company that pledges to spend $50 million to rebuild the former Subaru Pier, now Massport Marine Terminal in South Boston, construct three huge warehouses, and eventually employ 600 workers in a new freight and cargo operation

3 4

9

5 6 8

7 10 12 11

The Development along the waterfront calls for an abundance of residential space however the only interaction with the site that people are able to see is that of industry.

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81

Fan Pier

claim to 21 acres spanning 9 city blocks transforming the area into one of the most captivating waterfront neighborhoods.

Developed by the Fallon Company seeking a GOLD LEED certification for the entire property 2 million sf of office space Luxury residence with views of waterfront and city skyline an exclusive boutique hotel and spa a six acre Marina enhanced by a public transportation dock and Mediterranean style moorings accommodating grand yachts Several New restaurants and upscale retail shops will be neighbors to the prestigious Institute of Contemporary Art http://www.fanpierboston.com/#/fanPier/theVision/masterPlan/

Pier 4

Pier 4 is a mixed-use project on the South Boston Waterfront that will include approximately 1 million square feet of hotel, residential, office, retail and civic uses on approximately 9.5 acres (including about 4 acres of water).

Boasting a highly visible and accessible location neighboring the Financial District, Pier 4 will become a vibrant place to shop, dine, live, work, and visit - day and night. New England Development has partnered with The Hanover Company, which will be building rental apartments in a 21-story tower as the first phase of development at Pier 4, beginning this year. http://www.nedevelopment.com/portfolio/boston/index.html

once used by large ships, is now a conference, exhibition, and office complex. The World Trade Center project accomplished the renovation and conversion of the 70-year-old former Commonwealth Pier landmark structure into an 800,000-square-foot facility for exhibition space and offices for high-tech and international trade companies.

http://www.bostonharborwalk.com/placestogo/location.

Commonwealth Pier

Seaport World Trade Center

82

Edge Developement and Program

Opened in 1915, provides berthing space with shore-to-ship power for the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fishermen, as well as seafood processing and office space in the East and West buildings. Although alternative uses have been introduced to the Fish Pier, fishing and fish processing remain the primary functions.

Boston Fish Pier http://www.massport.com/port-of-boston/pages/bostonfishpier.

This Pier is used for the repair and matienance of Ships throughout Boston

Dry Dock #4

Marine Terminal Development, a collaboration of three Boston-area companies and one New York firm, plans to build 470,000 square feet of warehouse space devoted to seafood processing and cold storage, shipment of freight including handling of containers, and importing and distribution of bulk cargo like cement, lumber, and paper.

Massport Marine Terminal - Formerly Subaru Pier

http://www.archboston.org/archive/viewtopic.php?t=441&highlight=&sid=94683f78905202f7ed8f2eeb6a62fd0d

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83

Seaport Blvd

Becomes Focal Point

Summer St Seaport District

Residential Neighborhood

Connections between the South Boston neighborhood and the waterfront ensure that the South Boston Seaport is not being planned as separate from the rest of South Boston.

Important connections are being made from the South Boston neighborhood to the harbor. D Street and Summer Street have been identified as key links between these two areas.

D Street

Oringinal landform

Axis of Interest (Connection to Residential Commercial and Industrial Neighborhood) 84

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/pdf/ZoningCode/Article27p.pdf

Fidelity Investments Seaport Hotel Eastport Park South Boston South Boston Maritime Park World Trade Center (Silver Line) Waterside Place (NEW) Renaissance Boston Waterfront Hotel Boston Convention & Exhibition Center The Westin Boston Waterfront Hotel 1st Naval District Headquarters in Boston

Buisness Public Space Governmental Residence Transportation Outlet

Important Functions along access - Primarily Residential and Public

Focal Point PART 6 : Redevelopment

85

I contend that redefining â&#x20AC;&#x153;museumâ&#x20AC;? can provoke an architectural dialogue with history that can inform contemporary and future waterfront edge conditions, integrating industry, public space and the waterfront into a cohesive system.

Synthesis

Industry, Public Space and Waterfront have become isolated. The Boston waterfront used to be a zone for trade, interaction and public activity, however, with the introduction of large container ships and the need for storage space at the waterfront edge, the public waterfront has been privatized to the maritime industry.

A cohesion between industry, public space and waterfront 88

Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny The idea that the doctrines or principles of a certain being may be distinguished through the evolution of that being

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sometimes the stone bears the mark of a riverbed, sometimes the outline of county lines, sometimes the mark of writing. Thus the stone of this architecture, instead of representing the museum, records the traces of a lost and future civilization.â&#x20AC;?

- Peter Eisenman

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Institiute of Contemporary Art (ICA) Diller Scofidio + Renfro “Reads more as a sculptural object in stunning isolation against the sky than as part of a dense urban composition.”

“Visitor leaves the city behind to indulge in a contemplative experience.”

“Physically and visually linked to downtown by the pedestrian boardwalk.”

Layered Public Space Physically and Visually linked to downtown by the harbor walk

Precedent - Art Museum 90

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/arts/design/08ica.html Cities of Artificial Excavation The work of Peter Eisenman 1978 - 1983

University Art Museum of the California State University at Long Beach Long Beach, California 1986 “Is it possible for someone who stumbles upon the site in 2049 to learn about the culture that existed for the 200 years previous to the discovery by reading the building as an architectural artifact...?”

history is known in the same way as the way a museum functions is known.

However the future is unknown therefore the function of a future museum is also unknown “And in recognition of this, the building, the stone, is also metamorphic. It is layered and shifting, continually exposing different surfaces.”

Eisenmen superimposes preexisting site topography over the contemporary site as a guideline for program and parti.

Precedent - Art Museum PART 7 : Synthesis

91

Submission to the International Seminar of Design for Cannaregio West, Venice 1978

A grid which follows the transforming irregularity of the site conditions prior

Eisenman uses L shaped moduals that represent the visual connection with the interior as well as the exterior

Precedent - Memory and modernism 92

San Francisco Ferry Building marketplace

Ground Floor Market for the Public

Marine Institute Headquaters, Galway,Ireland Architectural Services, OPW Clarity of circulation.

Flexibility of use for laboratory and office space over time.

“Genus Loci” – a sense of place not just space.

St. Petersburg Pier Competition, Tampa Florida BIG Architects Alexander Daxböck - Entry Winner 2010 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA INTERNATIONAL - STUDENT DIGITAL/MIXED

Public Waterfront Accessability

Program offers a ground plan for public amenities, such as swimming, boating,

Pier+ (Navy Pier), Chicago AECOM and BIG Provides a public draw towards the waterfront rather than a barrier

Precedent - Mixed PART 7 : Synthesis

93

“Twenty five years ago Boston Harbor was a sewer.”

“Untreated sewage routinely flowed into the harbor. But a state of the art treatment plant and expensive work to reroute pipes has turned the harbor around.”

The storm water runs down drains and into the harbor, polluting it with bacteria. And that means the clam beds can become contaminated as well. “It’s got bird and animal and dog waste. It’s go grease and it’s got oil. It’s got everything you find on the streets,” says Bruce Berman who heads Save the Harbor, Save the Bay.

South Boston Waterfront

Deer Island Treatment Plant

Oysters are able to stimulate growth of mussels, eel grass as well as other marine life and are capable of cleaning millions of gallons of harbor water.

Oyster reef will orient public life around a new cleaner water based community Fish farming is an ancient industry that has become increasingly sophisticated in recent years. A huge global demand for seafood has made fish farming, or aquaculture, the world’s fastest-growing food industry. Nearly half of all seafood is farmed, and that number is rising every year.

Oysters, Hatcheries, Water Interaction 94

http://boston.cbslocal.com/2011/09/23/curious-about-boston-harbor-pollution-and-clam-digging/ http://oceana.org/en/our-work/stop-ocean-pollution/aquaculture/learn-act/infographic-fish-farming

Rising Currents: Projects for New York’s Waterfront

By Barry Bergdoll

Industry Buisness and Education

Salt Water Oyster Fish Farming Infograph

“The development of a reef culture reorients public life around the water. The oyster tecture life cycle involves a series of components that not only fosters the growth of oysters but also provides recreational outlets for city dwellers and boosts the local economy - including a complex system of oyster husbandry new pathways and parkland in the area and a system of gardens that filter sewer overflow”

Rising Currents: Projects for New York’s Waterfront

By Barry Bergdoll

http://jodieotte.com/?tag=outer-banks

http://oceana.org/en/our-work/stop-ocean-pollution/aquaculture/learn-act/infographic-fish-farming

PART 7 : Synthesis

95

Current oyster industry / waterfront relationship

Primarily Retail

Oyster Waterfront Activation 96

Focal Point

Oyster Industry Public Activation

Wholesale

Current maritime trade / waterfront relationship

Primarily Retail

Focal Point

Maritime Industrial Buisness HUB and Social Educational Facility

Wholesale

Hatcheries Waterfront Activation PART 7 : Synthesis

97

Site and Form - Seperate The historical character of building in Boston is a representation of building mass on site. My design supports this historical trace yet offers a new strategy for unity within context.

General Maritime Building Strategy 1630 - Present 98

The commercial, Industrial and Residential and Waterfront zones of the city are isolated. My project offers a hub for education, Business and Industry activating the waterfront and precedenting the functional ability of zoning relationships.

Colaborating Zones PART 7 : Synthesis

99

Industrial Barrier

Public Currnet View

Current Program Impact 100

Public Accessability and amenities

B A

Industry, Public and Waterfront Interac-

Acts as a wall to waterfront Interaction (Inaccessable)

A

B

The Architecture along the Bullevard acts as a barrier not just for waterfront accessability, but also for the view of the harbor

PART 7 : Synthesis

101

Opportunity for Active Waterfront Space

Proposal 1 Remove the piers and design a new strategy for wharfing out.

Proposed Condition 102

Proposal 2 Adjust Fish Pier maintaining a shipping lane for large maritime vessels

Re-Organize

Re -Design

Activate

Before

After

PART 7 : Synthesis

103

Maritime Buisness Public Program:

Private Program:

Seafood marketplace/Restaurants Oysterbeds Hatcheries

Market/Restaurant 75,000

150

Buisness Facilities 75,000

150

500

Maritime Buisness Offices Meeting Rooms

500

Oysters and Hatcheries 200,000

250

800

Maritime Institute Public Program:

Library Public Seminar Oyster beds Hatcheries

Classrooms/Research 187

Library/Public Seminar 187

35,000

Private Program:

187

Classrooms, Research Labs Oyster beds Hatcheries 250

35,000

187

Oysters and Hatcheries 200,000

800

Waterfront Annex Public Program:

Swimming and water recreation Boat Slips and Sailing Launch Performance

150

Park 75,000

500

100

Performance 25,000

200

Program - Maritime Institute, Maritime Buisness, Public Waterfront Annex 104

200

Boat Slips and Sailing Launch 50,000

250

Site of Pier 444,000 sf

370

250

Building 200,000 sf 800

1200

Park

Oyater Farm and Hateries

306

Research and Education

Buisness Facilities

Landscape and Public Space 244,800 sf 800

Market / Restaurants

Performance / Sailing

Swimming / Water Interaction

PART 7 : Synthesis

105

Bibliography

Water and Industrial Herritage Rinio Bruttomesso, Water and Industrial Heritage - The Reuse of Industrial and Port Structures in Cities on Water, (A.p.a., Venice: Marsilio Editori, 1999).

- In text (Bruttomesso 1999) Mapping Boston Alex Kreiger, Mapping Boston, (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999).

- in text (Kreiger 1999) The South Boston Seaport Thomas M. Menino, The South Boston Seaport - A Master Plan for the Fort Point and South Boston Waterfront, (Boston: City of Boston Massachusetts, ).

- in text (Menino ) Boston Waterfront study Bennitt Jenkins, Boston Waterfront Study, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975).

- in text (Jenkins 1975) One if by Land, Two if by Sea Tom Sung-Jin Chung, One if by Land, Two if by Sea, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).

- in text (Chung 1999) North End - Waterfront Preservation Planning Study for Boston, Massachusetts Vincent Marsh, North End - Waterfront Preservation Planning Study for Boston, Massachusetts, (New York: Cornell University Press, 1981).

- in text (Marsh 1981)

Primary Works Cited 107

16 Shavelson, . Alumni Books, “Westward(Eastward,Southward,and Northward) Ho!.” Accessed 2012. http://www.bu.edu/bostonia/winter04/seasholes/.

(Shavelson) 18 Finley, . “Puritan History;Past, Present and Future.” Accessed 2012. http://endtimepilgrim.org/puritans.htm.

19,24,50 Lloyd, Joanne. “Beneath the “city on the hill” The lower orders, Boston 1700-1850.” Boston. .

26 National Park Service, “Maritime history of Massachusetts.” Accessed 2012. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/text.htm.

28 Ossian, . “Complete List of Sailing Vessels.” Accessed 2012. http://www.thepirateking.com/ships/ship_types.htm.

38 Nathan, Gavin R. Historic Taverns of Boston. 2021 Pine Lake Road, Suite 100 Lincoln,NE 68512: iUniverse, http://books.google.com/books?id=u58YAnQNuegC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0 40 brighton Allston Historical Society, “Building The Mill Dam.” Accessed 2012. http://www.bahistory.org/HistoryMillDam.html. 42 43 About.com, “Industrial Revolution Inventors.” Accessed 2012. http://americanhistory.about.com/library/charts/blchartindrev.htm.

57 http://www.cityofboston.gov/freedomtrail/default.asp 78 http://fortpointchannelboston.com/fort-point-seaport-square/

Secondary Works Cited PART 8 : Bibliography

108

80,82,84 http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/pdf/maps/conventioncenter.pdf 90 - Cities of Artificial Excavation The work of Peter Eisenman 1978 - 1983 - http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/arts/design/08ica.html 94 -http://boston.cbslocal.com/2011/09/23/curious-about-boston-harbor-pollution-and-clam-digging/ -http://oceana.org/en/our-work/stop-ocean-pollution/aquaculture/learn-act/infographic-fish-farming

109

PART 8 : Bibliography