Grapes Cultivation Guide

Grapes

Cultivation From seed to fruit complete fruit protection

Grapes belong to the family of “Vitaceae� and originated in Western Asia and Europe.

Grapes occupy 16% of world fruit production.

Grape is one of very popular crops in the world. This crop is grown commercially in most of the countries.

Grapes usually grow on the perennial and deciduous woody climbing vine.

FACTS

About Grapes

There are more than 8,000 grape varieties from about 60 species. Grapes appear in many colors. White, red, black, blue, green, purple and golden.

One cup of grapes, with about 100 calories, provides more than a quarter of the daily recommended values of vitamins K and C. Grape seeds, which are edible, are chock-full of antioxidants.

Grapes berries can be rounded, egg-shaped or elongated.

Berries of most types of grapes contain seed. Grapes consist of about 80% of water, which makes them a low-calorie food.

Botanically speaking, fruit belongs to the group of berries. Fruit grows in pyramid-shaped clusters. One cluster contains 75 berries on average. They can be rounded, egg-shaped or elongated.

Berries of most types of grapes contain seed. Seedless varieties of grapes are used in the manufacture of raisins.

About

Grapes

Grape is an important commercial fruit crop of south India. Grape cultivation or farming is one of the most lucrative and proďŹ table farming in India. In the harvest of grapes, dry canes are removed which is called "Growth Pruning". The agriculture labor work very hard in the month of September and October. Hard work is required for canes to be pruned again from February to April when Grapes are full to bear fruits. It is interesting to mention that some innovative farmers made some changes in two pruning. By doing this they get production in December-January which can fetch higher price for their produce by harvesting crop before season.

Soil & Sowing The best soil types for grapes are known to be well drained loam to sandy loam with good organic matter. Poorly drained, alkaline soils should be avoided. Grapes grown well on soils having less than pH 8.7 and EC upto 1.5 mmhos/cm, calcium carbonate up to 10 percent and lime concentration up 10 20 percent. The land is tilled and laid into plots of 120 m x 180 m separated by 3m wide roads. Land within a plot is leveled perfectly to have a gradient of less than 1 percent in any direction manner to make sure uniform distribution of water through the emitters of drip irrigation systems. Trenches of 75 cm width, 75 cm depth and 118 m length in a north-south direction with a gap of 3 m between trenches are opened with heavy machinery. They are closed with topsoil, up to a height of 45 cm after 15 days exposure to sun. The remaining gap is ďŹ lled with a mixture of soil, cattle manure, single superphosphate, sulphate of potash and micro-nutrients. Usually, 50 kg of cattle manure, 2.5 kg of superphosphate, 0.5 kg of sulphate of potash and 50 g each of ZnSO, and FeSO, are added to the soil for every running meter length of the trench.

Climate Grapes are grown in both temperate and tropical climate. In tropical climate vines remain evergreen. Grapes perform well where there is no or little rain at the ripening time of the grapes.

Usually dry weather during owering and ripening is preferred for high quality grape production. Regions having heavy rainfall or hail storms are not suited for grape cultivation.

Irrigation Grapes are relatively drought tolerant, but young grape plants need watering until they establish strong roots.

Watering can also increase fruit production, so many farmers choose to water whether the plants need water for survival or not.

There is some debate as to whether mature grape vines need supplemental irrigation at all, but some irrigation can deďŹ nitely help fruit production and plant health. Water grape vines regularly throughout their ďŹ rst growing season. When the plants are just starting out from cuttings, keep the soil consistently moist. Once the plants start to become larger vines, they should only need watering once every two or three weeks during the temperate parts of the growing season. Mature grape vines do not need much supplemental water throughout the rest of the year. If grape vines show slowly developing fruit accompanied by very vigorous vine growth, reduce their irrigation as the fruit matures to help some vines grow fewer shoots and more fruit.

Thrips Damage is caused both by nymphs and adults by rasping the lower surface of the leaf with their stylets and sucking the oozing cell sap. The injured surface is marked by the number of minute spots thereby producing a speckled silvery effect. Curling of the leaves is observed in case of heavy incidence. The thrips also attack blossoms and developing berries. The affected berries develop a corky layer and become brown and fetches low price in the market.

GEAPES P E S T

Mites Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from lower surface of tender leaves causing the cells to collapse and die. In heavy infestations, the mites remove chlorophyll up to 70% leading into development of brown burnt patches on the infested leaves, which wither and finally dry.

Discoloration of leaves leads to reduction in photosynthesis thereby affecting the vigour of the plants. Severe infestation of spider mites results in delay in maturing and ripening of bunches and reduction in sugar content thereby affecting the quality of grapes.

Mealybugs Nymphs and adult mealybugs suck the sap from the trunk cordons, buds, spurs, aerial roots, leaves, shoots, nodes, flower panicles and bunches. Infestation of the growing point especially with the pink mealybug results in malformation of leaves and Shoot tips. Honeydew excreted by mealybug nymphs and adults, support the growth of sooty mould on leaves, shoots and bunches Sooty and sticky bunches harbouring mealybugs and their white cottony wax masses are unfit for marketing as table grapes. Raisins cannot be prepared from such infested bunches. The pest attack weakens the grownup vines. In case of severe mealybug infestation young vines often die. The grape mealybug causes losses up to 100 per cent in severe cases in the vineyard.

Grape leaf folder A larva is large enough it folds the leaf, exposing the under surface; the edge is held in place by bands of silk thread. It is within the protection of this fold that the larva feeds, skeletonizing the leaf of the upper surface. When the larvae are numerous the injury to the vine becomes conspicuous, even at a considerable distance, because the light color of the under surface of the folded leaves contrasts boldly with the dark green of the upper side normally presented, thus giving the vine a patchy appearance. Larvae roll muscadine leaves, which are thinner than bunch grape leaves.

Grape cane girdler Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from lower surface of tender leaves causing the cells to collapse and die. In heavy infestations, the mites remove chlorophyll up to 70% leading into development of brown burnt patches on the infested leaves, which wither and finally dry.

Discoloration of leaves leads to reduction in photosynthesis thereby affecting the vigour of the plants. Severe infestation of spider mites results in delay in maturing and ripening of bunches and reduction in sugar content thereby affecting the quality of grapes.

Grapevine stem borer Nymphs and adult mealybugs suck the sap from the trunk cordons, buds, spurs, aerial roots, leaves, shoots, nodes, flower panicles and bunches. Infestation of the growing point especially with the pink mealybug results in malformation of leaves and Shoot tips. Honeydew excreted by mealybug nymphs and adults, support the growth of sooty mould on leaves, shoots and bunches Sooty and sticky bunches harbouring mealybugs and their white cottony wax masses are unfit for marketing as table grapes. Raisins cannot be prepared from such infested bunches. The pest attack weakens the grownup vines. In case of severe mealybug infestation young vines often die. The grape mealybug causes losses up to 100 per cent in severe cases in the vineyard.

GEAPES P E S T

Downy mildew

Powdery mildew

The fungus is an obligate pathogen which can attack all green parts of the vine. Symptoms of this disease are frequently confused with those of powdery mildew. Infected leaves develop pale yellow-green lesions which gradually turn brown.

Severely infected leaves often drop prematurely.

Infected petioles, tendrils, and shoots often curl, develop a shepherd's crook, and eventually turn brown and die.Young berries are highly susceptible to infection and are often covered with white fruiting structures of the fungus. Infected older berries of white cultivars may turn dull gray-green, whereas those of black cultivars turn pinkish red.

Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Uncinulanecator, can infect all green tissues of the grapevine. Tissues are generally susceptible to infection throughout the growing season. Diseased leaves appear whitish gray, dusty, or have a powdery white appearance. Petioles, cluster stems, and green shoots often look distorted or stunted. Berries can be infected until their sugar content reaches about 8%. If infected when young, the epidermis of the berry can split and the berries dry up or rot. When older berries are infected, a netlike pattern often develops on the surface of the berry.

Anthracnose Anthracnose, caused by the fungus Elsinoe ampelina, is also known as bird’s-eye rot from its appearance on the fruit. The disease appears first as dark red spots on the berry. Later, these spots are circular, sunken, ashy-gray and in late stages these spots are surrounded by a dark margin which gives it the “bird’seye rot” appearance. The spots vary in size from 1/4 inch in diameter to about half the fruit. The fungus also attacks shoots, tendrils, petioles, leaf veins, and fruit stems. Numerous spots sometimes occur on the young shoots. These spots may unite and girdle the stem, causing death of the tips. Spots on petioles and leaves cause them to curl or become distorted. .

GRAPE Black Rot

DISEASES

The disease attacks the leaves, stem, flowers and berries. All the new growth on the vineis prone to attack during the growing season. The symptoms are in the form of irregularly shapedreddish brown spots on the leaves and a black scab on berries.

Occasionally, small elliptical darkcoloured canker lesions occur on the young stems and tendrils. Leaf, cane and tendril infection canoccur only when the tissue is young, but berries can be infected until almost fully-grown if an activefungicide residue is not present. The affected berries shrivel and become hard black mummies.

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Qualities Of Apollo It is an insecticide and acaricide with contact and stomach action. It inhibits moulting of nymphs and larvae, leading to death. The products also suppresses ovipositor by adults and treated insects lay sterile eggs. It is not phytotoxic when used as per recommendation.

Mealy Bug

Quantity 400-600 ml/acre

Qualities Of Vadh It is a new generation synthetic pyrethroid insecticide which has stomach and contact action on insect pests. It is used for control of wide range of pests in variety of crops. It has repellent properties giving rapid knockdown and long residual activity. It is compatible with other pesticides allowing the grower to choose the most eective and lowestcost partner products.

Thrips

Flea Beetle

Quantity 100 ml/acre

Qualities Of X-Pert Larvicide having anti- feedent action and post potent lepidoptericide. X-Pert protect plants from feeding damage within few hours of application. Controls range of larval instars by contact activity. It is a rapidly absorbed into foliage and has translaminar action. Immediate paralysis on ingestion It is a natural derived product that does not harm the beneďŹ cial insects. Rainfast & reliable, full protection of foliage, increased residual . It protects plants from feeding damage within few hours of application.

Thrips

Quantity 88 gm/acre

Qualities Of Heera Super It is selective systemic phenoxy herbicide. The product is used for the control of annual and perennial broad leaved weeds in a wide range of crops. Readily absorbed by the roots. Heera Super is used in narrow leaf crops to control broad leaf weeds.

Tridax Procumbens

Convolvulus spp

Quantity 1000 gm/acre

Qualities Of Panther Panther Broad Spectrum Fungicide belonging to the Phthalimide group. Panther is a protective and curative action. It gives tremendous protection against a wide variety of fungal infections in crops equally at seeding stage and in mature plants. Panther serves both as a seed- dresser and as a foliar spray to control seed-borne diseases, soil inhibiting fungi and foliar/fruit diseases. It works by inhibiting respiration of numerous species of fungi and bacteria. Panther also blocks the ability of fungus to produce energy. Panther is eective fungicide of micronized particle size used for the control of brown rot, downey mildew, early blight and late blight in apple, cherry, grapes, potato and tomato etc.

Downey Mildew

Quantity 1Kg in 300-400 liter water/acre

Qualities Of Stuff Mancozeb remains on the plant surface & acts by contact action (Preventive). Carbedazim absorbed through roots and green tissues, acts as protective and curative. Stuff is safe and has not shown any phyto- toxicity, when used at recommended dosages. Effective against many diseases complexes on large number of crops. Multisite activity prevent in developing resistance.

Broad spectrum, Systemic & Contact, with protective & curative action. Being systemic, it enters in system of plant and protects the plant from inside and being contact it protects the plant from outside. Provides long duration control of 7-10 days. It contains plant nutrients Zn & Mn, which improves root growth in plant. It provides excellent phytotonic effect on plants making them appear green and healthy.

Powdery Mildew

Downey Mildew

Anthracnose

Quantity 0.15 %/acre

Qualities Of Batista Batista is a Broad Spectrum Systemic fungicide with protective and curative action. It is absorbed through the roots and green tissues with translocation acropetally [upward] to plant parts. It is a Suspension Concentrate [SC] or Flowables in which the solid active ingredient is dispersed in a liquid together with additives to form a lasting stable water dispersible suspension. It is very eective in adverse climatic conditions reduces surface runo and provides uniform coverage over the foliages with enhanced stability & penetration. Seedling dip is recommended against some root diseases and soil infections. Dip the roots of seedlings for 10 30 minutes in this suspension shortly before transplanting.

Powdery Mildew

Quantity 100 ml/100 lit of water

Qualities Of Karishma Karishma has broad spectrum of activity, both contact and preventive action. Multisite mode of action, Karishma interferes at different locations in the metabolism of fungi and inhibits or prevents spore production and germ tube formation. This multi site mode of action of Propineb prevents development of resistance in the fungi. Superior formulation, fine particle size, better suspension in water. Karishma remains mainly on the plant -Rain fastness leading to better efficacy. Availability of Zinc- positive effect on crops as a whole and improve immunity of plants (Phytotonic Effect). Karishma suspension stays stable without settling down for long time.

Controls complex of diseases on Chilli & Groundnut.

Downey Mildew

Quantity 300 gm/100 lit of water

300g/ 100 lit of water

Qualities Of Nidar Systemic fungicide with protective and curative action Its absorption into plant is very fast and provides long duration control. It disrupts the ergo sterol biosynthesis pathway, which is vital to fungal cell wall formation. Rain fast after application of 2 hours of spray. It is having lowest waiting period among other powdery mildewcide. NIDAR when used as Prophylactic or preventive application does not allow the pathogen to get infected and establish in the plant.

NIDAR highly eective fungicide against disease Scab and Powdery Mildew.

Powdery Mildew

Quantity 40 ml/100 lit of water

300g/ 100 lit of water

Qualities Of M-45 It is a broad-spectrum fungicide with protective action. The product is fungi toxic when exposed to air. Broad spectrum disease control - Control diseases caused by all four major classes . Kind of fungicides - Foliar sprays, seed treatment, nursery drenching. Fit for resistance management Multisite mode of action, the risk of resistance development is very low. Cost eective - Cost beneďŹ ts for disease control over non-EBDCs. Provide nutrients - Manganese and Zinc as micro nutrients. Environmentally Safe - Low persistence in environment as it rapidly degrades is soil and water, no leaching potential.

Downey Mildew

Anthracnose

Quantity 600-800 gm/ acre

300g/ 100 lit of water

Qualities Of Hivet A multi-site contact inorganic fungicide. Sulphur is a non-systemic contact and protectant fungicide with secondary acaricidal activity. Hivet is a dust free, owable micronised sulphur granules, ease of measuring & handling. It has instant dispersion and high suspensability in water, therefore it don't cause scorching. It has triple action as fungicide, micronutrient (Sulphur) and miticide. It has sustained action for longer eect. It helps in maintaining the appropriate PH of the soil, thereby better uptake of other nutrients. Better crop stand. It controls metabolic & growth processes within plant cells. It promotes nodulation in the legumes, thereby helps in nitrogen ďŹ xation.

Powdery Mildew

Quantity 750-1000 gm/ acre

300g/ 100 lit of water

Qualities Of All Clear ALL Clear is broad spectrum, non selective & contact herbicide containing 24% Paraquat dichloride A.I which eectively controls broadleaved weeds & grasses. It is absorbed by foliage with some translocation in xylem. An ideal herbicide for conservation and no-till system (only controls the foliage parts of weeds) thus promoting intact roots and preventing soil erosion. It is used as post emergence directed application & pre-plant application in many crops. It damages cell membranes & cytoplasm during photosynthesis by producing superoxide.

Tridax Procumbens

Convolvulus spp

Quantity 1000 ml/acre

Qualities Of Saver Systemic fungicide with preventive and curative action. Absorbed by the leaves, with acropetal and strong translaminar translocation. SAVER is taken up by the plant and acts on the fungal pathogen during penetration and haustoria formation. It stops the development of fungi by interfering with the biosynthesis of sterols in cell membranes. Although the mode of action permits protective and curative use, it is recommended to apply the product early enough to avoid irreversible crop damage and build-up of the disease.

Anthracnose

Powdery Mildew

Quantity

300 ml/100 lit of water

Qualities Of Hitazol It is Protective, curative and eradicant in action. It is strong antisporulant and translaminar action. Broad-spectrum fungicide. It is quickly absorbed & translocated within the leaf and system. Gives excellent control of Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Lower dose required & longer Duration Control. More stable in comparison to Hexaconzole 5 % EC. Cost Eective. Phytotoxicity has not been reported, when used as recommended.

Powdery Mildew

Quantity 200-400ml/acre

Qualities Of Superhit Specialty Dual action fungicide i.e. contact and locally systemic, which controls diseases by its protective as well as early curative action. It exhibits unique multi-site action which leads to low disease resistance development. Good kick-back action – Controls fungi even after 2 days of infection. Specialty fungicide to control diseases caused by oomycetes fungi. (Downy mildew, late blight, etc.) Rapid uptake and trans-location in plant. Long duration disease control.

Downey Mildew

Quantity 600-800 gm/acre

Qualities Of HPM Gold HPM GOLD is unique product containing microbes as Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and has broad spectrum action in granular form. It contains granular spores and other propagules of VAM Mycorrhizal Fungi in a granular carrier and has broad spectrum fertilizer activity. Due to high solubility in water it is absorbed rapidly through plants and roots, resulting maximum supply of compost and micronutrient to the crop. HPM Gold improves the roots growth with excellent root setting, resulting greenness by vanishing yellowing in crop. It helps in greater utilization of nutrients, and provides plant protection from disease causing organism to the root and also makes insect resistant plant. It is completely safe to use HPM Gold. It also combats with the drought and stress loss by the crop.

Quantity 4Kg. / acre

Qualities Of 24 Karat 24 Karat is unique combination of Sea weed extracts and GA. Gibberellic Acid acts synergistically with plant metabolism and accelerates the growth functions of the plant. Also improves the physiological efficiency of the crop by stimulating the hormonal and enzymatic activities and increases the yield and quantity of the crop produce. 24 Karat mobilizes reserves in seed to germinating point leading to breaking of seed dormancy and faster germination. 24 Karat stimulates cell division and elongation that causes internodes to stretch leading to better growth of the plant. Improves taste and quality of fruits , and enhances their marketability specific to crop. Improves photosynthesis and plant metabolism, Improves leaf area and root system.

Regulates GA: ABA ratio leading to less flower and fruit drop. It increases stem length in flowers grown for export.

Quantity 1.2 -2ml / ltr of water

Qualities Of 24 Karat Aasra is a unique new generation spray booster and activator, having novel technology to farming community of India which makes the agrochemicals (Insecticide, Fungicide, Herbicide, Plant Growth Regulator, Fertilizer and Micronutrient) performs better. Aasra solution spreads quickly, and provides enhanced spreading of agrochemicals on the leaf surfaces and leads to better spray coverage, which improves the eďŹƒcacy of the agrochemical used. It is when added to spray water tank lowers the tension of spray water on leaf surface, which promotes the better spreading and penetration of Agro product. Aasra is compatible with most agrochemical formulations and can be used on a wide variety of crops. It has improved deposition of the agro product which enhances its coverage and retention on foliage. It ensures the solution doesn't wash o even after immediate rain.

Quantity 5 ml/ 15 lit. of water

Harvesting Grapes will not continue ripening once picked from the vine. Test a few to see if they are to your liking before harvesting, usually in late summer or early fall.

Grapes are ripe and ready to harvest when they are rich in color, juicy, fullflavored, easily crushed but not shriveled, and plump. They should be tightly attached to the stems.

Sample different grapes from different clusters, and the taste should be between sweet and tart. Grapes can be stored for up to six weeks in the cellar, but grapes can absorb the odors of other fruits and vegetables, so keep them separate. Use cardboard boxes or crates lined with clean, dry straw. Separate bunches with straw or sawdust. Check often for spoilage.

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