SOLUTIONS MANUAL for Frank Wood’s Business Accounting Volume 2 Thirteenth Edition. Alan Sangster by welldoneassistant

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answers Answer to Question 1.4A BA 2 (a) All in £000 Balance b/d Goods to branch Branch accounts receivable: returns

Balance b/d Returns from branch Head office trading a/c

Returns from branch Branch inventory deficiency Branch profit and loss Unrealised profit c/d

Balance b/d Branch inventory

Branch Inventory (Selling price) 75 Returns 600 Cash sales 8 Branch accounts receivable Inventory deficiency to branch adjustment Balance c/d 683

30 120 437 6 90 683

90 Goods Sent to Branch (Cost price) 20 Branch inventory 380 400

400 400

Branch Adjustment (Profit loading) 10 Unrealised profit b/d 6 Goods to branch 179 30 225

225

Unrealised profit b/d

Branch Accounts receivable 66 Branch inventory: returns 437 Bank Discounts Bad debts Balance c/d 503

Balance b/d

Balance b/d Cash sales Branch accounts receivable

Branch Bank 3 General expenses 120 To HO bank 390 Balance c/d 513

Balance b/d

25 200

8 390 9 15 81 503

42 459 12 513

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) Revenue: Cash Credit Less

Paper Products Income Statement for the year ending 31 March 2016 Head Office Branch 1,500 120 1,960 429 3,460 549

Cost of goods Opening inventory Add Purchases

180 2,400 2,580 220

Less Closing inventory Gross profit Less Expenses: General expenses Discounts allowed Bad debts Net profit

2,360 1,100

410 29 24

463 637

50 380 430 60 42 9 15

370 179

66 113

Total 1,620 2,389 4,009 230 2,780 3,010 280 452 38 39

2,730 1,279

529 750

(c) See text, but merits mainly concern tight control as HO can see what profits the branch ought to be making; also saves branch staff having to keep full accounting records. Demerits depend on whether branch staff are given room for initiative within the above system, or else the HO stupidly lets the system strangle all initiative.

Answer to Question 1.6A BA 2 LR Income Statement for the year ending 31 December 2016 Head Office Revenue 83,550 Less Cost of goods sold: Purchases 123,380 Goods to branch 44,264 79,116 Less Closing inventory 12,276 66,840 Gross profit 16,710 Less General expenses 8,470 Net profit 8,240

Branch 51,700 44,264 2,664

41,600 10,100 6,070 4,030

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2016 Non-current assets Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Cash in transit Bank

39,000 14,940 15,020 1,000 5,260

Less Current liabilities Accounts payable

12,690 62,530

Equity Capital introduced Add Net profit Less

36,220 75,220

52,000 12,270 64,270 1,740 62,530

Drawings

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Workings: Inventory: Head office Purchases Less Cost of sales: 100/125 × £83,550 Cost of goods to branch: 100/125 × £56,250 Add

123,380 66,840 45,000

111,840 11,540 736 12,276

Cost of goods in transit: 100/125 × £920

Inventory: Branch Cost of goods sent Less Cost of sales: 100/125 × £51,700 Cost of goods in transit: Inventory shortage at cost: 100/125 × £300

45,000 41,360 736 240

42,336 2,664

Answer to Question 1.8A BA 2 (a) (All in £000)

Star Stores Income Statements for the year ending 31 December 2016 Head Office Revenue 1,200 Goods transferred to branch 360 1,560 Less Cost of goods sold: Opening inventory 80 Add Purchases 880 Transfer of goods from head office 960 Less Closing inventory 100 860 Gross profit 700 Less Administrative expenses 380 Distribution costs 157 Increase in provision for profit included in branch inventory* 13 550 Net profit 150 * (48 × 1/6) − 5 + (60 × 1/6)

Branch 570 570 30 300 330 48

282 288

30 172 202 86

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2016 Non-current assets Cost Plant and equipment 330 Motor vehicles 700 1,030 Current assets Inventory (100 + 48 + 60 − 18) Accounts receivable and prepayments Bank and cash (25 + 2 + 15)

Depn 150 400 550 190 206 42

Less Current liabilities Accounts payable and accruals

Net 180 300 480

438 918 196 722

Capital: Balance at 1.1.2016 Add Net profit

550 236 786 64 722

Less Drawings

Workings Balance b/d Net profit

Balance c/d

Answer to Question 1.11A

Branch Current Account 255 Inventory in transit c/d 86 Cash in transit c/d Balance c/d 341 Head Office Current Account 266 Balance b/d Net profit 266

180 86 266

BA 2

Conversion of currency to sterling: Dr Balances: Non-current assets at cost Accounts receivable and cash Operating costs Cr

60 15 266 341

Balances: Sales Accounts payable HO current account Accumulated depreciation

Mics 900,000 36,000 225,000 1,161,000

Rate 8 to £ 4 to £ 5 to £

£ 112,500 9,000 45,000 166,500

480,000 25,000 420,000 236,000 1,161,000

5 to £ 4 to £ actual 8 to £

96,000 6,250 42,600 29,500 174,350

Difference represents exchange loss: to be written off

Home Ltd Income Statement for the year ending 31 December 2017 Revenue (96,000 + 186,300) Less Operating costs (103,700 + 45,000) Exchange losses Net profit for the year Add Retained profit 31 December 2016 Retained profit at 31 December 2017

7,850 166,500

282,300 148,700 7,850

156,550 125,750 110,800 236,550

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2017 Non-current assets (W1) Current assets Accounts receivable and cash (17,600 + 9,000) Creditors: amounts falling due within one year Trade accounts payable (9,700 + 6,250)

425,900 26,600 15,950

Capital and reserves Called-up share capital Retained profits

10,650 436,550 200,000 236,550 436,550

(W1) Cost 450,000 + 112,500 = 562,500 – accumulated depreciation 107,100 + 29,500 = (net) 425,900.

Answer to Question 2.2A BA 2 (a) 2015 Jan 1 Pear Ltd 2015 Dec 31 Balance c/d 2016 Dec 31 Balance c/d

2017 Dec 31 Balance c/d

2015 Jan 1 Bank Dec 31 Bank 31 Balance c/d 2016 Dec 31 Bank 31 Balance c/d 2017 Dec 31 Bank

Computer 2,192 Accumulated Provision for Depreciation 2015 836 Dec 31 Profit and loss 2016 1,338 Jan 1 Balance b/d Dec 31 Profit and loss 1,338 2017 1,640 Jan 1 Balance b/d Dec 31 Profit and loss 1,640 Dowe Ltd 2015 600 Jan 1 600 Dec 31 1,041 2,241 2016 600 Jan 1 545 Dec 31 1,145

Computer HP interest (10% of 1,492)

Balance b/d HP interest (10% of 1,041)

600 (b) Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2015 (extract) Non-current assets Computer at cost 2,092 Less Depreciation 836 1,256 Current liabilities Owing on HP 1,041

836 502 1,338 1,338 302 1,640

2,092 149 2,241

2017 Jan 1 Balance b/d Dec 31 HP interest (10% of 545)

600

836

1,041 104 1,145 545 55 600

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 2.4A BA 2 (a) 2016 July 31 Nov 30

2017 Jan

Motor Vehicles HP Company: Cash price DL1 HP Company: Cash price DL2

27,000

2016 Dec 31 Balance c/d

63,000

36,000 63,000

Balance b/d

63,000

63,000 2017 Sept 1 Disposal DL1 Dec 31 Balance c/d

27,000 36,000 63,000

63,000 (b) 2016 Dec 31

2017 Sept 1 Dec 31

Depreciation 3,563 2016 Dec 31 Profit and loss: DL1 25% × 5/12 × £27,000 DL2 25% × 1/12 × £36,000 3,563

Balance c/d

Disposals re: DL1 Balance c/d

7,313 9,750

2,813 750 3,563

2017 Jan 1 Balance b/d Sept 1 Profit and loss: DL1 25% × 8/12 × £27,000 DL2 25% × £36,000

Hire Purchase Company DL1 DL2 Cash: deposit 4,680 2016 Motors Cash: deposit 7,200 July 31 Cash: instalments Nov 30 5 × £1,050 (W1) 5,250 Dec 31 1 × £1,350 1,350 Balance c/d 17,670 27,600 27,600

2017 Jan–Aug 31 Cash: 8 × £1,050 8,400 Sept 20 Cash to settle 10,700 Jan–Dec 31 Cash 12 × £1,350 Balance c/d 19,100 (d) 2017 Sept 1

(W1)

Motor vehicles DL1

DL1

36,150

Cash price 27,000 Cash price Profit and loss: HP interest 5 × £120 600 1 × £150 27,600

16,200 13,200 29,400

2017 Jan 1 Balance b/d 17,670 Sept 20 Profit and loss: HP interest 1,430 Dec 31 12 × £150 19,100

Assets Disposal 27,000 2017 Sept 1 Depreciation Sept 20 Cash Dec 31 Profit and loss: Loss on disposal 27,000

27,000 + 2,880 − 4,680 = 1,050 24

3,563 4,500 9,000 17,063

DL2 36,000

150 36,150 27,600 1,800 29,400

7,313 18,750 937 27,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 2.8A BA 2 Object Ltd Income Statement for the year ending 31 August 2016 Hire purchase sales Cash sales

540,000 71,000 611,000

Less Cost of goods sold Opening inventory Purchases Inventory repossessed

15,000 342,000 2,500 359,500 12,000

Less Closing inventory (see W1) Add Profit on repossessed goods (see W2) Less Provision for unrealised profit (see W3) Gross profit Less Administration and shop expenses Depreciation Net profit for the year

130,000 15,000

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 August 2016 Non-current assets Premises and equipment at cost Less Depreciation to date Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable (see W4) 223,560 Less Provision for unrealised profit (W3) 99,360 Bank and cash

100,000 60,000

347,500 263,500 700 264,200 99,792 164,408 145,000 19,408

40,000

12,000 124,200 6,208

Current liabilities Trade accounts payable Net current assets

142,408 182,408 80,000 102,408

Equity Called-up share capital Retained profits

75,500 27,408 102,408

Workings: (W1) Opening inventory Purchases Cash sales Less Repossessed Accordingly: Cost of sales 67,500 × 100/150 HP sales: Cost £540,000 × 100/180 Closing inventory

15,000 342,000 71,000 3,500

67,500 45,000 300,000

357,000

345,000 12,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(W2) HP Accounts receivable Profit to trading a/c

(W3) Repossessions £3,240 × 80/180 Balance c/d £223,560 × 80/180

Repossessions 3,240 Provision for unrealised profit 700 Purchases 3,940

1,440 2,500 3,940

Provision for Unrealised Profit 1,440 Balance b/d 99,360 Trading account 100,800

1,008 99,792 100,800

HP Accounts receivable 2,268 Cash 540,000 Repossessions Balance c/d 542,268

315,468 3,240 223,560 542,268

(W4) Balance b/d HP sales

Answer to Question 2.9A BA 2 (a) First assumption F Ltd Hire Purchase Income Statement (extract) Hire purchase sales Cost of sales Provision for unrealised profit Loss on repossessed goods Gross profit

1,815 1,210 229 53

1,492 323

Statement of Financial Position (extract) Hire purchase accounts receivable 687 Less Provision for unrealised profit 229 458 Workings: Cost Jan 10 Mar 8 May 12 July 6 Sept 20 Oct 15 Nov 21

£ 150 350 90 200 70 190 160 1,210

HP sales price £ 225 525 135 300 105 285 240 1,815

Cash collected £ 180 420 81 247 42 57 48 1,075

Balance £ 45 105 54 – 63 228 192 687

Balance of profit Earned (W1) Unearned % £ % £ 80 60 20 15 80 140 20 35 60 27 40 18 100 47 – – 40 14 60 21 20 19 80 76 20 16 64 323 229

Cost £ 30 70 36 – 42 152 128 458

W1: 180/225 = 80%; 420/525 = 80%; 81/535 = 60%; etc. (b) Second assumption F Ltd Hire Purchase Income Statement (extract) Hire purchase sales Cost of sales Provision for unrealised profit Loss on repossessed goods Gross profit

1,815 1,210 405 53

Statement of Financial Position (extract) Hire purchase accounts receivable 687 Less Provision for unrealised profit 405 282

1,668 147

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Workings: Cost Jan 10 Mar 8 May 12 July 6 Sept 20 Oct 15 Nov 21

150 350 90 200 70 190 160 1,210

HP sales price 225 525 135 300 105 285 240 1,815

Cash collected 180 420 81 247 42 57 48 1,075

Balance 45 105 54 – 63 228 192 687

Balance of profit Earned Unearned 30 45 70 105 – 45 47 – – 35 – 95 – 80 147 405

Cost – – 9 – 28 133 112 282

Answer to Question 2.10A BA 2 (a) (i) 1.1.12

Machinery 20,000

HP Loan

(ii) 31.12.13

Balance c/d

31.12.14

Balance c/d

(iii) 1.1.12 31.12

31.12.13

Provision for Depreciation: Machinery 31.12.12 Profit and loss 8,000 31.12.13 Profit and loss 8,000 1.1.14 31.12.14

12,000 12,000

Bank Bank Balance c/d

Hire Purchase Loan 6,000 1.1.12 5,828 31.12 9,852 21,680

Bank Balance c/d

5,828 5,206

1.1.13 31.12.13

4,000 4,000 8,000

Balance b/d Profit and loss

8,000 4,000 12,000

Machinery Profit and loss (12% × 14,000)

20,000 1,680 21,680

Balance b/d Profit and loss (12% × 9,852)

9,852 1,182 11,034

11,034 31.12.14

Bank

5,831

1.1.14 31.12.14

Balance b/d Profit and loss (12% × 5,206)

5,206 625 5,831

5,831 (b)

(Extracts) Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2016

Non-current assets Machinery at cost Less Depreciation to date

20,000 4,000 16,000

Non-current liabilities Owing under hire purchase Current liabilities Owing under hire purchase

2017

2018

20,000 8,000 12,000

20,000 12,000 8,000

5,206 4,646

5,206

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 3.3A BA 2 Cantilever Ltd – Contract Account 9,411 Architect’s certificates (64,170 × 10/9 ) 71,300 28,070 Inventory of materials 2,164 6,149 Plant (12,180/60 months = 203 × 50 months) 10,150 2,146 18,493 12,180 366 49 76,864 Profit and loss (6,750 × 2/3) 4,500 Reserve (part of apparent profit not recognised as being earned yet) 2,250 83,614 83,614

Materials issued Materials bought Direct expenses Administration charge Wages Plant bought Accrued wages c/d Accrued expenses c/d

Answer to Question 3.4A BA 2 Plant Materials Wages Sundry expenses Head office charges

Contract Account – Year ended 31 December 2017 30,000 Sale of materials (at cost) 124,000 Unused materials c/d 95,000 Plant c/d 5,000 Cost of contract to date c/d 9,000 263,000

Cost of contract b/d Unused materials b/d Plant b/d Profit and loss account Profit taken to date

8,000 10,000 20,000 225,000 263,000

225,000 10,000 20,000 43,000

Workings: Cash received to date Value of work certificated (100/75 thereof) Work completed but not yet certified Total value of work executed to date Further costs to be incurred: Wages Materials 74,400 + 10,000 Sundry expenses Plant 25,000 + 20,000 Plant residual value Head office charges (6/9 × 9,000) + 10% Contingency provision

Value 195,000 260,000 30,000 290,000

Cost

Profit

225,000

65,000

520,000

209,000 434,000

86,000

64,000 84,400 9,000 45,000 (15,000) 6,600 15,000 209,000

Work certified to date 260,000: Profit to be taken now 260/520 × 86,000 =

43,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 3.5A BA 2 (All in £000) (a) Workings: (i) Profits/(losses) Contract price Less Costs to date 664 Estd further costs to completion 106 Estd post-completion costs 30 Estd total profits/(losses) Profit/loss recognised Profit: Cost of sales to date Total cost: Contract 1 580/800 × 300 Contract 2 470/620 × 330 Overall losses

1 1,100

800 300

Contracts 3 1,400

2 950

5 1,200

535

810

640

1,070

680

800

165

620 330

1,535 ( 135)

1,460 ( 160)

5 (

1,240 40)

218 250 (135)

(ii) Payments on account Turnover to 31.10.2017 Progress payments: Received Awaited Retained Yet to recover Excess paid Transferred to long-term (W1) Payments on account (net)

4 1,300

680 40 80 800

Contracts 3 646 615 25 60 700

(80) 65 (15)

(54) 29 (25)

1 798 615 60 75

750 48

(160)

2 720

(40) 4 525

385 200 65

650

5 900 722 34 84

840 60

(125) (125)

(W1) Costs not changed to cost of sales – foreseeable losses (iii)

Data for Income Statement for the year ending 31 October 2017 Contracts 1 2 3 4 5 Cost of sales to 31.10.2017 580 470 646 525 900 Profit to 31.10.2017 218 250 Turnover to 31.10.2017 798 720 Cost of sales to 31.10.2016 560 340 517 400 610 Turnover for year 238 380 129 125 290 Cost of sales to 31.10.2017 Loss to 31.10.2016

580

470

646 135 781

525 160 685

900 40 940

Cost of sales to 31.10.2016 Cost of sales for year

460 120

245 225

517 264

470 215

610 330

Profit/(loss) (proof) to 31.10.2017 to 31.10.2016 Profit/(loss) for year

218 100 118

250 95 155

(135)

(160) ( 70) ( 90)

664 580 84

535 470 65

65 –

810 646 164 135 29 29 –

Costs to 31.10.2017 To cost of sales Costs not yet changed to C of S Less Losses foreseeable Transfers from payments on a/c Long-term contract balances

(135)

Provision for losses

40)

(

40)

640 525 115 160 ( 45)

1,070 900 170 40 130

–

130

( 45)

(

Profit or Loss

1,162

1,154

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) Statement of Financial Position extracts at 31 October 2017 Current assets Inventory Long-term contracts (84 + 130) Accounts receivable Recoverable on long-term contracts (48 + 60) Creditors Payments on account (15 + 125 + 25) Provisions for liabilities and charges Foreseeable losses provision Note attached to Statement of Financial Position: Long-term contract balances (84 + 65 + 29 + 130) Less Payments on account (29 + 65)

214 108 165 45 308 94 214

Answer to Question 5.4A BA 2 (Dates omitted) (a) Forfeited shares (5,000 × £1) Balance c/d

Ordinary Share Capital 5,000 Balance b/d Application and allotment 595,000 First and final call 600,000 Balance b/d Amber

Balance c/d

600,000 600,000

(b)

Share Premium Application and allotment 52,500 Forfeited shares 52,500

Balance c/d

Application and Allotment 48,750 Bank (200,000 × 65p) Bank (100,000 × 55p) 16,250 70,000 50,000 185,000

(d) Ordinary share capital (100,000 × 30p)

First and Final Call Bank (95,000 × 30p) 30,000 Forfeited shares (5,000 × 30p) 30,000

(e) First and final call Amber Ltd Share premium

Forfeited Shares 1,500 Ordinary share capital 1,000 2,500 5,000

(f ) Ordinary share capital

Amber Ltd 5,000 Bank (5,000 × 80p) Forfeited shares* 5,000

* Discount on reissue

500,000 70,000 30,000 600,000 595,000 5,000 600,000

50,000 2,500 52,500

130,000 55,000

185,000

28,500 1,500 30,000

5,000 5,000

4,000 1,000 5,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 5.6A BA 2

Cash: Return of unsuccessful application monies 8,000 × 0.75 Share capital: Due on application and allotment 150,000 × 0.80 Share premium 150,000 × 0.15

Grobigg Ltd Application and Allotment Cash: 180,000 × 0.75 6,000 Cash: Balance due on allotment 120,000 22,500 148,500 Call

Share capital 150,000 × 0.20

30,000

Cash: 149,600 × 0.20 Forfeited shares

Forfeited Shares 80 Share capital 400 Cash: 400 × 0.90 280 760

Forfeited shares Balance c/d

13,500 148,500

29,920 80 30,000

30,000 Call Share capital Share premium

135,000

400 360 760

Share Premium Application and allotment Forfeited shares

22,500 280

Share Capital 400 Application and allotment 150,000 Forfeited shares Call 150,400

120,000 400 30,000 150,400

Answer to Question 6.2A BA 2 (a) (A1)

Dr 7,000

Bank (A2) Preference share applicants Cash received from applicants

Cr 7,000

(B1)

Preference share applicants (B2) Preference share capital Preference shares allotted

7,000

(C1)

Retained profits (C2) Capital redemption reserve Part of purchase price of shares not covered by new issue, to comply with Companies Acts

3,000

(D1) Ordinary share capital (D2) Ordinary share purchase Shares being purchased

10,000

(E1)

10,000

7,000

3,000

10,000

Ordinary share purchase (E2) Bank Payment made for share purchase

10,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Net assets (except bank) Bank Preference share capital Preference share applicants Ordinary share capital Ordinary share purchase Capital redemption reserve Share premium Retained profits

Balances before 31,000 16,000 47,000

Effect Dr

(A1)

7,000

(B1) (D1) (E1)

7,000 10,000 10,000

(C1)

3,000

8,000 20,000 4,000 32,000 15,000 47,000

(E2)

10,000

(B2) (A2)

7,000 7,000

(D2) (C2)

10,000 3,000

(b) (A1)

Dr 12,000

Ordinary share capital (A2) Ordinary share purchase Shares being purchased Retained profits (B2) Ordinary share purchase Premium on purchase of shares not previously issued at premium

2,400

(C1)

Retained profits (C2) Capital redemption reserve Transfer because shares purchased out of distributable profits

12,000

(D1) Ordinary share capital (D2) Bank Payment of redemption

14,400

Preference share capital Ordinary share capital Ordinary share purchase Capital redemption reserve Share premium Retained profits

15,000 – 10,000 – 3,000 4,000 32,000 12,000 44,000 Cr 12,000

(B1)

Net assets (except bank) Bank

Balances after 31,000 13,000 44,000

2,400

12,000

14,400 Balances before 31,000 16,000 47,000 8,000 20,000

Effect Dr (D2)

(A1) (D1)

12,000 14,400

4,000 32,000 15,000 47,000

(C1) (B1)

12,000 2,400

Cr 14,400

Balances after 31,000 1,600 32,600 8,000 8,000

(A2) (B2) (C2)

12,000 2,400 12,000

12,000 4,000 32,000 600 32,600

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Dr 8,000

Preference share capital (A2) Preference share purchase Shares to be purchased

8,000

(B1)

Preference share purchase (B2) Bank Cash paid on purchase

8,000

(C1)

8,000

Retained profits (C2) Capital redemption reserve Transfer per Companies Acts

Net assets (except bank) Bank Preference share capital Preference share purchase Ordinary share capital Capital redemption reserve Share premium Retained profits

8,000 Balances before 31,000 16,000 47,000 8,000

Effect Dr

(A1) (B1)

8,000 8,000

(B2)

8,000

(A2)

8,000

(C2)

8,000

20,000 4,000 32,000 15,000 47,000

(C1)

8,000

(d) (A1)

Dr 12,000

Bank (A2) Preference share applicants Cash received from applicants Preference share applicants (B2) Preference share applicants Preference shares allotted

12,000

(C1)

Ordinary share capital (C2) Ordinary share purchase Shares to be purchased

12,000

(D1) Ordinary share purchase (D2) Bank Payment made to purchase shares

12,000

Preference share capital Preference share applicants Ordinary share capital Ordinary share purchase Share premium Retained profits

Balances after 31,000 8,000 39,000 – – 20,000 8,000 4,000 32,000 7,000 39,000 Cr 12,000

(B1)

Net assets (except bank) Bank

12,000

12,000 Balances before 31,000 16,000 47,000 8,000 – 20,000 – 4,000 32,000 15,000 47,000

Effect Dr (A1)

12,000

(B1) (C1) (D1)

12,000 12,000 12,000

Cr (D2)

12,000

(B2) (A2)

12,000 12,000

(C2)

12,000

Balances after 31,000 16,000 47,000 20,000 – 8,000 – 4,000 32,000 15,000 47,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(e) (A1)

Dr 10,000

Bank (A2) Preference share applicants Cash received from applicants

Cr 10,000

(B1)

Preference share applicants (B2) Preference share capital Preference shares allotted

10,000

(C1)

Ordinary share capital (C2) Ordinary share purchase Shares being purchased

6,000

(D1) Share premium account (D2) Ordinary share purchase Amount of share premium account used for redemption

1,200

(E1)

Retained profits (E2) Ordinary share purchase Excess of premium payable over amount of share premium account usable for the purpose

1,800

(F1)

9,000

10,000

6,000

1,200

1,800

Ordinary share purchase (F2) Bank Amount payable on purchase

9,000 Balances before 31,000 16,000 47,000

Net assets (except bank) Bank Preference share capital Preference share applicants Ordinary share capital Ordinary share purchase

8,000 – 20,000 –

Share premium account

4,000 32,000 15,000 47,000

Retained profits

Effect Dr

(A1)

10,000

(B1) (C1) (F1)

10,000 6,000 9,000

(D1)

1,200

(E1)

1,800

(F2)

9,000

(B2) (A2)

10,000 10,000

(C2) (D2) (E2)

6,000 1,200 1,800

Balances after 31,000 17,000 48,000 18,000 – 14,000 – 2,800 34,800 13,200 48,000

Answer to Question 6.4A BA 2 (a)

2018 Dec 31 Balance c/d

2019 Dec 31 Balance c/d

Loan Note Redemption Reserve 2017 Dec 31 Retained profits* 2018 Dec 31 Bank: Interest 22,601.15 Dec 31 Retained profits 22,601.15 2019 Jan 1 Balance b/d Dec 31 Bank: Interest Dec 31 Retained profits

34,928.65 34,928.65

2020 Jan 1 Balance b/d Dec 31 Bank: Interest Dec 31 Retained profits (10,971.43 + 4.2**)

2020 Dec 31 Retained profits: Loan notes now redeemed 48,000.00 48,000.00 * 0.22857142 × 48,000 = 10,971.43 **Balancing figure

10,971.43 658.29 10,971.43 22,601.15 22,601.15 1356.07 10,971.43 34,928.65 34,928.65 2,095.72 10,975.63 48,000.00

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) 2017 Dec 31 2018 Dec 31 2019 Dec 31 2020 Dec 31

Loan Note Sinking Fund Investment Bank

10,971.43

Bank

11,629.72

Bank

12,327.50

Bank

13,071.35 48,000.00

2020 Dec 31 Bank

Loan Notes 2017 48,000.00 Jan 1

Bank

Retained Profits (extracts) for the years ended 31 December Loan note Redemption Reserve Loan note Redemption Reserve Loan note Redemption Reserve Loan note Redemption Reserve

48,000.00 48,000.00

48,000.00 10,971.43 10,971.43 10,971.43 10,975.63

Answer to Question 6.6A BA 2 (Dates omitted) Dr (a) Bank 1,320,000 Application and allotment Application monies received (b) Application and allotment 1,032,000 Bank Oversubscriptions refunded (c) Application and allotment 340,000 Ordinary share capital Share premium (treated as paid in full on application – see Section 5.4) Amount due on allotment ordinary shares (d) Bank (see workings W1) 51,975 Application and allotment (e) Call 60,000 Ordinary share capital First and final call made (f ) Bank 59,910 Call Amount paid on call (g) Ordinary share capital 300 Forfeited shares Shares forfeited (h) Forfeited shares 115 Application and allotment Call Amounts not received cancelled (i) Forfeited shares 300 Ordinary share capital Forfeited shares now reissued (j) Bank 500 Forfeited shares Cash received on reissue (k) Forfeited shares 385 Share premium Profit on reissue transferred (l) Bank 800,000 Application and allotment – redeemable shares Monies received on issue

Cr 1,320,000 1,032,000 140,000 200,000 51,975 60,000 59,910 300 25 90 300 500 385 800,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Dr 800,000

(m) Application and allotment – redeemable shares Share premium Redeemable shares Redeemable shares allotted (n) (Old) redeemable preference shares Share premium Redemption of shares Shares to be redeemed at premium 40p (o) Redemption of shares Bank Monies paid on redemption (p) Investments Ordinary share capital 400,000 March Hares shares of 25p purchased, payment being 200,000 50p ordinary shares (q) 8% Loan notes Share premium Loan note redemption Amount due on loan notes to be redeemed (r) Loan note redemption Bank Redeemed loan notes paid for (s) Bank Share premium 7% Loan notes Issue of 7% loan notes at 5% discount Workings (W1): Due on application and allotment Received on application Less Returned

Cr 300,000 500,000

500,000 200,000 700,000 700,000 700,000 100,000 100,000 400,000 40,000 440,000 440,000 440,000 475,000 25,000 500,000

340,000 1,320,000 1,032,000

Less Unpaid 100 × 25p

288,000 52,000 25 51,975

Answer to Question 6.8A BA 2 (All in £000) (a)

Balance c/d

(b) and (c) Bank (10,000 × 3) Ordinary share capital Share premium

(d) Balance c/d

(e) Ordinary share capital

Ordinary Share Capital Balance b/d Ordinary share application Ordinary share allotment Ordinary share first call 1,000 Ordinary share final call 1,000 Ordinary Share Application and Allotment 30 Bank (85,000 × 3) 300 Bank (50,000 × 8) − 75,000 250 580 Share Premium Ordinary share allotment 305 Investments (own shares) 305 Ordinary Share: First Call 100 Bank

500 150 150 100 100 1,000

255 325 580

250 55 305

100

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(f ) Ordinary share capital

Ordinary Share: Final Call 100 Bank Investments (own shares) 100

(g) Ordinary share capital: Final call Share premium

Investments: Own Shares 10 Bank 55 65

90 10 100

65 65

Answer to Question 7.4A BA 2 (a) Cash Freehold premises Gain on sale of non-current asset Sale of freehold premises

Hubble Ltd: Journal

Dr 75,000

Cr 55,000 20,000

Freehold premises Revaluation reserve Surplus on revaluation of premises (400,000 − (375,000 − 55,000))

80,000

Freehold premises Plant and machinery Inventory Vendor: A Bubble Assets taken over as per purchase agreement

100,000 10,000 55,000

Vendor: A Bubble Ordinary share capital Share premium Cash Discharge of purchase consideration by issue of 120,000 ordinary shares £1 each and a cash payment of £25,000

165,000

80,000

165,000

120,000 20,000 25,000

(b) Hubble Ltd: Statement of Financial Position as at 31 May 2017 Non-current assets Freehold premises at cost or valuation Plant and machinery at cost 160,000 Less Depreciation 48,765 Motor vehicles at cost 8,470 Less Depreciation 1,695 Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Bank Cash Current liabilities Trade accounts payable Financed by: Share capital Authorised: 650,000 ordinary shares

157,550 96,340 11,825 105

500,000 111,235 6,775 618,010

265,820 883,830 63,200 820,630 650,000

Issued: 520,000 ordinary shares Reserves Share premium Revaluations reserve Retained profits

520,000 20,000 80,000 200,630

300,630 820,630

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Workings Freehold premises Plant and machinery Bank Retained profits

375,000 + 100,000 + 80,000 − 55,000 = 500,000 101,235 + 10,000 = 111,235 75,000 − 38,175 − 25,000 = 11,825 180,630 + 20,000 = 200,630

Answer to Question 7.5A BA 2 VU Limited Pre-incorporation 1.4.2016 to 30.6.2016 Revenue Less Cost of sales

30,000 20,779 9,221

(A)

Less Depreciation Directors’ fees Administration expenses Sales commission Interest on purchase consideration Distribution costs: Variable Fixed Loan note interest

(B)

555

(B) (C) (B)

2,210 1,050 1,400

900 625

Postincorporation 1.7.2016 to 31.3.2017 95,000 59,221 35,779 1,665 500 6,630 3,325 467 2,850 1,875 1,600

6,740 2,481

Net profit for the periods Less Goodwill impaired written-off Preliminary expenses written-off Dividend paid

(D) (D)

1,000 1,481

18,912 16,867 169 7,560

2,481

7,729 9,138

Retained profit carried forward

Notes: (A) See workings below. (B) Time basis. (C) Pro rata to sales. (D) The goodwill impaired is written-off against the pre-incorporation profit of £2,481, as are preliminary expenses (so far as possible). The split of cost of sales is rather tricky. The answer will be demonstrated in an arithmetical, rather than algebraic, fashion: Sales are: Pre-incorporation Post-incorporation

30,000 = 24% 95,000 = 76%

As post-incorporation cost of sales fell by 10% then the relationship between pre- and post-incorporation cost of sales is: Pre-incorporation 24 Post-incorporation 76% − (1/10 76%) 68.4 92.4 ∴ Pre-incorporation costs are 80,000 × 100/924 × 24/100 = 20,779 Note: The proposed dividend is not relevant as it is an appropriation of profit and is not part of the calculation of profit.

Answer to Question 7.6A BA 2 Rowlock Ltd Income Statement for the year ending 31 May 2016 Revenue Cost of goods sold: Opening inventory Add Purchases

52,185 5,261 38,829 44,090 4,946

Less Closing inventory Gross profit © Pearson Education Limited 2016

39,144 13,041

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Postincorporation 9,936

Pre-incorporation Gross profit (allocated per workings on basis of sales 5:16) 3,105 Variable expenses: Wrapping 840 Postage 441 Packing 1,890 (5:16) 3,171 755 Fixed expenses Office 627 Warehouse rent, etc. 921 (4:8) 1,548 516 Expenses attributable to company: Director’s salary Loan note interest 1,271 1,834 Formation expenses 218 Net profit 1,616

2,416

1,032 1,000 525 4,973 4,963 – 4,963

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 May 2016 Non-current assets Goodwill Sundry

4,434 25,000 29,434

Current assets Inventory Sundry Total assets

4,946 9,745

Current liabilities Non-current liabilities 7% Loan notes Net assets

4,162 15,000

14,691 44,125

19,162 24,963

Equity Ordinary share capital

20,000 4,963 24,963

Workings: Gross profit allocated per volume sales in each period: Oct 2

Nov 2

Dec 2

Jan 2

Feb 2

Mar 2

Apr 2

May 2

Jun 1

16 Drawings Purchase consideration: Ordinary shares Debentures

July 1

Aug 1

Sept 2

5 Purchase of Business Account 500 Balance Rowlock’s capital account at 1.6.2016 = net assets 20,000 Pre-incorporation profits 15,000 Goodwill (difference) 35,500

29,450 1,616 4,434 35,500

Answer to Question 8.2A BA 2 (a) 2017 Jan 31 Bank Jul 10 Bank

Ordinary Dividends 2017 48,000 Dec 31 Profit and loss 40,000 88,000 © Pearson Education Limited 2016

88,000 88,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

2017 Oct 1 Bank Dec 31 Accrued c/d

2017 Dec 31 Balance c/d

2017 Jan 30 Bank Dec 31 Loan note Int. receivable Dec 31 Balance c/d

2017 Dec 31 Bank Dec 31 Income tax

2017 Dec 31 Profit and loss

Corporation Tax 2017 145,000 Jan 1 Balance b/d 160,000 Dec 31 Profit and loss 305,000

145,000 160,000 305,000

Deferred Taxation 2017 28,000 Jan 1 Balance b/d Dec 31 Profit and loss 28,000 (30,000 × 40%)

16,000 12,000 28,000

Income Tax 2017 3,500 Jan 1 Balance b/d 2,100 Dec 31 Loan note Interest payable 1,400 7,000 Loan note Interest Payable 2017 14,000 Dec 31 Profit and loss 3,500 17,500

7,000

17,500 17,500

Loan note Interest Receivable 2017 10,500 Dec 31 Bank

8,400

Dec 31 Income tax (8,400 × /80) 20

2017 Dec 31 Profit and loss

3,500 3,500

2,100

10,500

Investment Income 2017 4,200 Sep 30 Bank

4,200

(b) Income Statement (extract) for the year ending 31 December 2017 Net trading profit Add Loan note interest received 14,000 Investment income 4,200 Less Loan note interest payable Profit before taxation Taxation: Corporation tax Deferred tax Profit for the year

160,000 12,000

Statement of Financial Position (extract) as at 31 December 2017 Current liabilities Corporation tax 160,000 Non-current liabilities Deferred taxation 28,000

540,000 18,200 558,200 17,500 540,700 172,000 368,700

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 8.4A BA 2 Joytan Ltd Income Statement for the year ending 31 December 2017 Trading profit Income from other non-current asset investments Other interest receivable and similar income

500,000 13,500 8,000

Interest payable and similar charges Profit before taxation Tax on profit on ordinary activities Profit for the year

21,500 521,500 30,000 491,500 210,000 281,500

Answer to Question 8.7A BA 2 (a) Tax on profit on ordinary activities (£000): Corporation tax at 35% (740 + 104) (W1) Deferred taxation Corporation tax overprovided in previous years (W2) Workings (W1) £740,000 plus tax relief £104,000 (W2) Balance due at 31 March 2017 Less: CT paid to Revenue and Customs

844 20 864 ( 80) 784 600,000 (520,000) 80,000

(b) Corporation tax liability: Estimated CT charged on profits for year ended 31 March 2018 Less Tax credit on investment income (12 × 20/80) Total tax liability (c) Deferred taxation: Balance at 31 March 2017 Transfer from profit and loss

740,000 3,000 737,000

300 20 320

No provision has been made in respect of timing differences totalling £400,000.

Answer to Question 10.4A BA 2 (a) Goodwill Non-current assets Inventory Work in progress Accounts receivable Bank Formation expenses

Retained profits Loss on realisation Rags Ltd: Shares

Realisation 50,000 Rags Ltd (see b(i) below) 190,000 Loss on realisation 21,000 3,000 25,000 18,000 3,000 310,000 Sundry Shareholders 80,000 Ordinary share capital 70,400 Preference share capital 149,600 300,000

239,600 70,400

310,000

200,000 100,000 300,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) (i) To Loan note holders: Cash + 6% Loan notes To Creditors: Cash Shares To Preference shareholders: Dividend arrears Shares: 9 for every 10 To Ordinary shareholders: 50,000 shares (1 for 4) Total purchase consideration

30,000 30,000

60,000

18,000 12,000

30,000

9,600 90,000

99,600 50,000 239,600

(ii) Agreed value of assets Inventory Work in progress Accounts receivable Bank Non-current assets (balance) (c)

15,000 3,000 25,000 18,000 178,600 239,600

Rags Ltd Statement of Financial Position as at 1 January 2016

Non-current assets Current assets Inventory Work in progress Accounts receivable Bank Total assets Non-current liability Loan notes

178,600 15,000 3,000 25,000 58,400

101,400 280,000 30,000

Equity Issued share capital

250,000 250,000 Bank

Balance b/d Shares issued (250,000 − 161,600)

18,000

Loan note holders Accounts payable Balance c/d

88,400 106,400

30,000 18,000 58,400 106,400

Answer to Question 10.5A BA 2 Workings Development expenditure Debit balance of the retained profits Plant (balance)

Timely Ltd Capital Reduction 198,000 Preference share capital 217,800 Ordinary shares 439,200 855,000 Journal

Capital reduction Development expenditure Retained profits

180,000 675,000 855,000 Dr 415,800

Cr 198,000 217,800

Preference share capital Ordinary shares Capital reduction

180,000 675,000

Capital reduction Plant

439,200

855,000 439,200 © Pearson Education Limited 2016

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2018 Non-current assets Freehold premises Plant

162,000 100,800 262,800

Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Cash at bank Total assets

147,600 172,800 19,800

Current liabilities Accounts payable Net assets

340,200 603,000 108,000 495,000

Equity Issued capital: Ordinary shares 900,000 of 25p each Preference shares 450,000 8% of 60p each

225,000 270,000 495,000

Answer to Question 11.3A BA 2 (a) (i)

Turnover should not include VAT on taxable outputs. It would be permissible to show gross turnover only where VAT is deducted to clearly describe turnover net of VAT. (ii) Where there is irrecoverable VAT in respect of non-current assets, or other items needing disclosure, these should all be shown inclusive of VAT. (b) (i) IAS 33 requires that earnings per share should be shown with the income statement for the current and preceding year. (ii) Where the basic EPS differs materially from the diluted EPS, this should also be shown. (c) IAS 16 and IAS 36 require that the following are disclosed: 1 Methods of depreciation used. 2 Useful lives or the depreciation rates in use. 3 Total depreciation charged for the period. 4 Where material, the financial effect of a change in either useful lives or estimates of residual values. 5 The cost or revalued amount at both the start and end of the accounting period. 6 The cumulative amount of provisions for depreciation or impairment at the beginning and end of the financial period. 7 A reconciliation of the movements, separately disclosing additions, disposals, revaluations, transfers, depreciation, impairment losses and reversals of past impairment losses written back in the period. 8 The net carrying amount at the beginning and end of the financial period. (i) depreciation methods in use; (ii) useful lives, or alternatively the depreciation rates; (iii) total depreciation for the period; (iv) gross amounts of these assets and accumulated depreciation. (d) IAS 38 – expenditure for research and development concerned with research to be written off immediately. (e) IAS 20 – such grants are to be: credited to profit and loss over expected useful life of the asset, by treating it as a deferred credit, where a proportion of it is transferred annually to profit and loss; Grants are not to be shown as part of shareholders’ funds. (f ) IFRS 3 (Chapter 25) states that goodwill should be capitalised and shown on the face of the balance sheet. It should be reviewed annually for impairment. It should not be amortised. (g) IAS 8 and the Framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements deal with this. Financial statements should be drawn up on the accrual basis and on the assumption that the entity is a going concern. See Chapter 13 Section 13.9 for a fuller answer. (h) The parent company should prepare consolidated accounts covering both of them. Uniform accounting policies should be used and, if possible, the same accounting date.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 11.4A BA 2 (a) (i)

Leasehold land and buildings (IAS 16 and IAS 17) The total cost of £375,000 can be amortised over a period longer than the lease where there are sufficient reasons for believing that the lease will be renewed for a further period. A more permanent state would appear to be indicated by the fact that £300,000 was spent on buildings; such a period would be permissible, given sufficient reasons regarding lease extensions. (ii) Freehold land and buildings (IAS 16) Cost of building should be separated from that of land. Land (normally) is not to be depreciated. Buildings are to be depreciated over normal expected useful life. Increase in value due to inflation could result in a revaluation which in turn would mean increased charge for depreciation. Costs of maintenance do not mean that depreciation should not be charged. (iii) Plant and machinery (IAS 16) Depreciation rate to be fixed by reference to expected useful life. The degree of obsolescence and the full physical life will have to be taken into consideration. Straight line 25% would take only 4 years to write cost down to nil. On the other hand, 15% reducing balance would take over three times that period. Some compromise between these figures must be the obvious choice. If repairs and maintenance are likely to be light in early years and heavy in later years, it may make sense to use a fairly high rate using the reducing balance method. (iv) Research and development (IAS 38) The £250,000 spent on grass-cutting characteristics is purely research and should be completely written off. It will depend on whether the £100,000 spent has resulted in an asset with a future which is economically viable. If it has, then this sum can be written off over an appropriate period. The £75,000 for market research has not produced an identifiable product and consequently should be written off. (v) Inventory (IAS 2) Included in the Statement of Financial Position valuation should be all costs attributable to bringing the inventory to its existing location and condition. Sales prices are only used in certain cases, e.g. in retailing where the usual gross profit percentage is used to find cost price which will then be used for the valuation.

(b) (Figures in £000) Profit per draft accounts Add Amortisation of leaseholds added back (125 − 7.5) Less: Depreciation of freeholds (assuming land is 200 and buildings 150) over 50 years Plant and machinery (assume 25% reducing balance) Research and development – write off Drive system treated as viable – to be written off over 4 years Market research Already charged Revised figure of profit

370.0 117.5 487.5 3 131 250 25 75 350 50

300

434.0 53.5

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 12.4A BA 2 (i) (Internal use) Sales Less Returns inwards Less Cost of sales: Inventory 1.4.2016 Add Purchases Less Returns outwards

Breaker plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 March 2017 1,450,000 29,000

1,421,000

208,000 700,000 22,000

Less Inventory 31.3.2017 Gross profit Distribution costs: Wages and salaries Motor expenses Hire of motors General distribution expenses Depreciation: Plant and machinery Administrative expenses: Wages and salaries Motor expenses Hire of motors General administrative expenses Discounts allowed Directors’ remuneration Auditor’s remuneration Depreciation: Plant and machinery Less Discounts received

678,000 886,000 230,000

177,000 8,800 14,000 26,000 17,500

243,300

98,000 2,200 5,000 19,000 7,000 41,000 8,000 8,750 188,950 6,000

182,950

Licence fees receivable Operating profit Bank interest receivable Profit before taxation Taxation Profit for the year Retained profit brought forward from last year Transfer to general reserve Ordinary dividend paid Retained profit carried forward to next year

25,000 80,000

656,000 765,000

426,250 338,750 13,000 351,750 3,000 354,750 143,000 211,750 88,000 299,750 105,000 194,750

(ii) (Published) Breaker plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 March 2017 Revenue Cost of sales

1,421,000 656,000 765,000

Distribution costs Administrative expenses

243,300 182,950

Licence fees receivable Operating profit Bank interest receivable Profit before taxation Taxation Profit for the year

426,250 338,750 13,000 351,750 3,000 354,750 143,000 211,750

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 12.5A BA 2 (i) (Internal use)

Mitchell plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 July 2016

Sales Less Returns inwards Less Cost of sales: Inventory 1.8.2015 Add Purchases Less Returns outwards Carriage inwards

1,790,000 29,000

1,761,000

317,000 1,310,000 57,000

Less Inventory 31.7.2016 Cost of goods sold Wages Hire of plant and machinery Gross profit Distribution costs: Salaries and wages Motor expenses Rent and business rates General distribution expenses Advertising Depreciation: Motors Plant and machinery Administrative expenses: Salaries and wages Motor expenses Rent and business rates General administrative expenses Bad debts Discounts allowed Auditor’s remuneration Directors’ remuneration Hire of plant and machinery Depreciation: Motors Less Discounts received Operating profit Income from shares in group entities Income from shares in associates and joint ventures

1,253,000 10,000 1,580,000 303,000 1,277,000 109,000 12,000

41,000 26,000 12,750 7,000 19,000 15,000 1,300

122,050

62,000 8,000 4,250 6,000 3,000 11,000 15,000 35,000 2,000 6,000 152,250 15,000

137,250

1,398,000 363,000

259,300 103,700

8,000 5,000

Loan note interest Profit before taxation Taxation Profit after taxation Profit on disposal of investments Tax on profit from disposal of investments Profit for the year Retained profit brought forward from last year

14,000 3,000

Transfer to general reserve Preference dividend paid Ordinary dividend paid Retained profits

50,000 20,000 110,000

13,000 116,700 7,000 109,700 29,000 80,700 11,000 91,700 141,000 232,700 180,000 52,700

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(ii) (Published) Mitchell plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 July 2016 Revenue Cost of sales

1,761,000 1,398,000 363,000

Distribution costs Administrative expenses Operating profit Profit on disposal of investments

122,050 137,250

259,300 103,700

14,000

Income from shares in group entities Income from shares in associates and joint ventures

8,000 5,000

Interest payable and similar charges Profit before taxation Taxation Profit for the year

27,000 130,700 7,000 123,700 32,000 91,700

Answer to Question 12.6A BA 2 (All in £000) Bunker plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 March 2017 Revenue (note 1) Cost of sales (5,000 + 24,000 − 6,000 + 500 + 1,000 + 400) Distribution costs (1,200 + 40 + 700) Administrative expenses (30 + 3 + 800 + 100 + 300) Operating profit (note 2) Income from non-current asset investment (note 3) Loss on disposal of discontinued operations (note 4) Profit before taxation Taxation (note 5) Profit for the year Earnings per share (1,057/1,000) (note 6) Notes 1 Revenue is net of value added tax. 2 Operating profit is found after charging: Depreciation (500 + 40 + 3) Auditors’ remuneration Directors’ emoluments Staff costs (700 + 400 + 100) 3 Income from listed companies 4 Closure of overseas operations 5 Taxation UK corporation tax at 35% Previous year’s overprovision Deferred taxation – transfer Tax relief on overseas operations closure costs

35,000 24,900 10,100 1,940 1,233

3,173 6,927 1,600 8,527 350 8,177 7,120 1,057 105.7p

543 30 300 1,200 1,600 350 7,200 ( 200) 150 ( 30)

7,120 6 Earnings per share: Based on 1 million ordinary shares of £1 each and ordinary profit after taxation of £1,057,000. 7 Dividends: Ordinary interim 100 Ordinary final 200 300

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 13.4A BA 2 (a) (For internal use) Sales Less Returns inwards Less Cost of sales: Inventory 1 April 2015 Add Purchases Add Carriage inwards

Jeremina plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 March 2016 1,320,000 34,000 184,000 620,000 6,000 810,000 163,000 647,000 104,000 25,200

Less Inventory 31 March 2016 Wages Depreciation: Plant and machinery Gross profit Distribution costs: Warehouse wages Wages and salaries: Sales staff Motor expenses General distribution expenses Depreciation: Plant and machinery Motor vehicles Administrative expenses: Wages and salaries Motor expenses General administrative expenses Directors’ remuneration Bad debts Discounts allowed Depreciation: Plant and machinery Motor vehicles Less Discounts received

40,000 67,000 23,200 17,000 7,200 19,200

173,600

59,000 5,800 12,000 84,000 10,000 14,000 3,600 4,800 193,200 11,000

182,200

Other operating income: Royalties receivable Loan note interest Profit before taxation Taxation Profit on ordinary activities after taxation Retained profits from last year Preference dividend Ordinary dividend Retained profits carried forward to next year

12,000 40,000

1,286,000

776,200 509,800

355,800 154,000 5,000 159,000 2,000 157,000 38,000 119,000 21,000 140,000 52,000 88,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) (For publication) Jeremina plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 March 2016 Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Distribution costs Administrative expenses

1,286,000 776,200 509,800 173,600 182,200

Other operating income Operating profit Interest payable and similar charges Profit before taxation Taxation Profit for the year Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2016 Non-current assets Intangible assets Development costs 24,000 Goodwill 200,000 Tangible assets Plant and machinery 132,000 Motor vehicles 48,000 Current assets Inventory: Finished goods and goods for resale Trade accounts receivable Total assets Current liabilities Bank loans and overdrafts 7,000 Trade accounts payable 45,000 Bills of exchange payable 7,000 Corporation tax payable 38,000 Non-current liabilities Loan notes

224,000 180,000 163,000 188,000

404,000

351,000 755,000

97,000 30,000

Equity Called-up share capital Reserves: General reserve Exchange reserve Retained profits (21,000 + 119,000 − 12,000 − 40,000)

355,800 154,000 5,000 159,000 2,000 157,000 38,000 119,000

127,000 628,000 500,000

25,000 15,000 88,000 128,000 628,000

Note: It is assumed that both the ordinary dividend and the preference dividend were paid during the year. Notes 1 The called-up capital consists of: 400,000 Preference shares of 50p each 300,000 Ordinary shares of £1 each

200,000 300,000 500,000

2 Plant and machinery: Cost Depreciation to 31 March 2015 Depreciation for the year to 31 March 2016

72,000 36,000

3 Motor vehicles at cost: Less Depreciation to 31 March 2015 Less Depreciation for the year ended 31 March 2016

48,000 24,000

240,000

108,000 132,000 120,000 72,000 48,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 13.5A BA 2 (All in £000) Plott plc Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2018 Non-current assets Tangible assets Investments

2,400 100 2,500

Current assets Inventory Trade and other accounts receivable Total assets

400 5,500

Current liabilities Trade and other accounts payable Bank overdraft Current tax

Notes (1) (2)

5,900 8,400

2,300 500 900 3,700

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax Net assets Equity Called-up share capital Reserves

Notes to the Statement of Financial Position (1) Tangible assets: Cost at 1.4.2017 Additions Disposals At 31.3.2018 Depreciation at 1.4.2017 Additions Disposals At 31.3.2018 Net book value: at 31.3.2018 at 31.3.2017

(5)

3,780 4,620

(6)

2,100 2,520 4,620

(7) (8)

3,400 600 ( 200) 3,800 1,200 500 ( 300) 1,400 2,400 2,200

(2) Investments: Cost at 1.4.2017 and 31.3.2018 No purchase or sales of non-current asset investments took place during the year. Market value of investments at 31.3.2018 was £110,000.

100

(3) Inventory: Finished goods No significant difference between replacement cost and value shown on balance sheet.

400

(4) Accounts receivable: Trade 5,300 + Other 200 (5) Trade and other accounts payable Trade accounts payable Other accounts payable

5,500 2,000 300 2,300

(6) Provisions for liabilities and charges: Deferred taxation

(3) (4)

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(7) Called-up share capital Ordinary shares £1 each (8) Reserves

Authorised 2,500 Share Retained premium profits 315 1,200 1,005 315 2,205

At 1 April 2017 Profit for the year (585 + 420) At 31 March 2017 (9) The proposed dividend will be shown as a note

Issued 2,100 Total 1,515 1,005 2,520

Answer to Question 13.6A BA 2 (All in £000) Quire plc Income Statement for the year ending 30 September 2018 Revenue Cost of sales (500 + 12,000 + 720 − 400) Gross profit Distribution costs (2,800 + 360 − 50) Administrative expenses (3,000 + 130 + 120) Operating loss Income from non-current asset investments 40 + (1/4 × 40)

19,000 12,820 6,180 3,110 3,250

Interest payable Loss before taxation Taxation (80 + 10 − 60) Loss for the period ⎛ 560 ⎞ Loss per share ⎜ ⎟ ⎝4,000 ⎠ Note: The proposed dividend should not be accrued. Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2018 Non-current assets Tangible assets (3,500 − 1,100 − 1,200) Investments Current assets Inventory Trade and other account receivables (5,320 + 160 + 50) Total assets Current liabilities Trade and other accounts payable (100 + 180 + 130) Bank overdraft Current tax Non-current liabilities Deferred tax (200 − 60) Total liabilities Net assets Equity Called-up share capital Retained profits (820 − 560 − 60)

6,360 (180) 50 (130) (400) (530) ( 30) (560) (14.0p)

1,200 100 400 5,530

1,300 5,930 7,230

410 2,400 80 2,890 140 3,030 4,200 4,000 200 4,200

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Workings: 1 Depreciation: Fixed assets at cost Less Depreciation to 1 October 2017

3,500 1,100 2,400

× 50% Apportioned: Cost of sales (60%) Distribution (30%) Administration (10%)

1,200 720 360 120 1,200

Answer to Question 13.7A BA 2 (All in £000) Patt plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 March 2017 Revenue Cost of sales (130 + 3,700 − 170 + 42 + 2,230) Gross profit Distribution costs (100 − 15 + 12) Administrative expenses (200 + 6 + 290 + 20) + [5% × (2,290 − 290)] Profit before taxation Taxation Profit for the year Earnings per share (195 ÷ 1,440) Note: Dividends proposed of 10p per ordinary share = £144,000 Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2017 Non-current assets Tangible assets Current assets Inventory Trade and other accounts receivable Total assets Current liabilities Trade and other accounts payable Bank overdraft Current tax Net assets

Notes 7,000 (1) 5,932 1,068 97 616

170 1,965

2,135 2,255

(4)

(6)

(7) 420 1,835 1,440 395 1,835

(2) (3)

Notes 120 (5)

235 25 160

Equity Called-up share capital Retained profits

713 355 160 195 13.54p

(8) (9)

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Notes (1) Revenue is in respect of invoices sent to customers, exclusive of value added tax. (2) Profit on operating activities before taxation: After charging: Depreciation Bad debt Allowance for doubtful debts (3) Tax on profit on ordinary activities: UK corporation tax at 35% (4) Earnings per share. Based on the profit on ordinary activities, after taxation, on 1,440,000 ordinary shares £1 each in issue. (5) Tangible fixed assets Total cost at 1 April 2016 and 31 March 2017 300 Depreciation at 1 April 2016 120 Charge for year 60 180 (6) Trade and other accounts receivable: Trade (2,290 − 100 − 290) 1,900 Other accounts receivable 50 Prepayments 15 (7) Trade and other accounts payable Trade 160 Other accounts payable 55 Accruals 20

60 290 100 160

120

1,965

235 (8) Share capital Ordinary shares £1 each

1,440

(9) Retained profit At 1 April 2016 Profit for year (10) Dividend proposed of 10p per share = 144,000

200 195

395

Answer to Question 14.3A BA 2 Cosnett Ltd Income Statement for the year ending 30 September 2018 Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Distribution costs Administrative expenses (W1)

3,058,000 2,083,500 974,500 82,190 484,480

Loss on disposal of discontinued operations Dividends received from investments Interest payable Profit before taxation Taxation: Current tax Deferred tax Profit for the year

120,000 26,500

566,670 407,830 86,100 321,730 2,800 324,530 19,360 305,170 146,500 158,670

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2018 Non-current assets Tangible assets Plant and machinery Current assets Inventory 421,440 Trade accounts receivable (W2) 332,100 Investments (W3) 20,000 Cash at bank 17,950 Total assets Current liabilities Trade and other accounts payable (245,820 − 30,000 − 3,260) Taxation (W4) Accruals Bank loan Non-current liabilities Loan notes Bank loan Deferred taxation Account payable for plant

1,184,300

791,490 1,975,790

212,560 120,000 3,260 5,000 340,820 150,000 20,000 71,600 30,000

271,600 612,420 1,363,370

Net assets Equity Ordinary share capital Retained profits

600,000 763,370 1,363,370

Workings: (W1) Administrative expenses: Salaries: Office staff Directors’ emoluments Travel and entertainment Political and charitable donations Rent and rates: Offices General expenses Allowance for doubtful debts (80,000 ×

42,100 63,000 4,350 750 82,180 221,400 80 ) 100

Hire of plant

64,000 6,700 484,480

(W2) 396,100 − (80% × 80,000) = 332,100 (W3) Obviously a current asset was bought with temporary surplus cash (W4) Mainstream corporation tax

120,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Notes to Published Accounts 1 Accounting policies. These were . . . [should be given.] 2 Directors’ emoluments were £63,000. [Details should be shown of highest paid and bands of payments.] 3 Depreciation. [Details of methods, etc. to be given.] 4 Plant and machinery account showed cost £1,475,800 and aggregate depreciation £291,500. [Details of year’s movements should be stated.] 5 Auditors’ remuneration was £ . . . 6 Hire of plant and machinery cost £6,700. 7 The closure of the factory at . . . incurred a loss of £86,100. 8 Tax charged for the year is calculated: Corporation tax on profit 120,000 Deferred tax 26,500 146,500 9 Deferred taxation consists of: Balance 1 October 2017 45,100 Add Change to profit or loss 26,500 71,600 10 Retained profits Balance at 1 October 2017 625,700 Profits for the year 158,670 Balance at 30 September 2018 784,370 Interim dividend paid 21,000 763,370

Answer to Question 14.4A BA 2 (All in £000) Arran plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 March 2017 Revenue Cost of sales (140 + 1,210 − 150) Gross profit Distribution costs Administrative expenses (95 + 5 + 40) Operating profit

2,265 1,200 1,065 500 140

Income from non-current asset investment Profit before taxation Taxation: Current tax (180 − 5) Deferred tax Profit for the year

640 425 12 437

175 4

Earnings per share (W2)

179 258 129p

Note: Dividends proposed at 20p per ordinary share = £60,000.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2017 Non-current assets Tangible assets Land and buildings (W3) Plant and machinery (W3) Investments Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Cash and bank Total assets

165 190

150 230 25

Current liabilities Trade accounts payable Taxation (W4)

Equity Called-up share capital Retained profits (229 + 258 − 21)

374 666 200 466 666

Workings: (W1) Corporation tax for the year Less Overprovision in previous year

180 5 175 4 179

Deferred tax

405 1,040

130 180 310

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax (60 + 4) Net assets

(W2) EPS =

355 280 635

Profit after tax Number of ordinary shares issued 258 = 129p 200

(W3)

Land and buildings 200

Cost 1 April 2016 Depreciation b/d Depreciation for year Written-down value 31 March 2017 (W4) Corporation tax for the year

30 5

35 165

Plant, etc. 400 170 40

210 190 180

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 14.5A BA 2 (All in £000) Greet plc Income Statement for the year ending 31 March 2018 Notes Revenue Cost of sales (140 + 960 − 150) Gross profit Distribution costs Administrative expenses Operating profit Gain on disposal of discontinued operations

1,950 950 1,000

(1) (1) (1)

420 210

(2)

Income from other non-current asset investment Profit before taxation Taxation: Current tax Deferred tax Profit for the year

(3) (4)

Earnings per share

(5)

630 370 60 430 72 502

27 16 43 459 76.5p

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2018 Non-current assets Tangible assets Investments

(7) (8)

Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Cash and bank Total assets

530 560 1,090 150 470 40

Current liabilities Trade accounts payable Taxation

660 1,750

261 52 313

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax Total liabilities Net assets

(9)

196 509 1,241

Equity Called-up share capital Retained profits (182 + 459)

(10)

600 641 1,241

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Notes attached to the accounts for year ended 31 March 2018 1 In calculating distribution and administrative costs, the following items have already been charged: Hire of plant 35 Depreciation 32 Directors’ emoluments 45 Auditors’ remuneration 30 2 Sale of factory 60 3 Non-current asset income is on listed non-current asset investments. 4 Tax on profit on ordinary activities: UK corporation tax (estimated) 52 Previous year’s overprovision (25) Deferred tax: Increase in provision 16 43 5 EPS based on 600,000 shares in issue and the profit after tax 76.5p 6 Proposed final dividend 50p a share 300 7 Plant and machinery: Cost 31 March 2017 750 Depreciation to 31 March 2017 188 Depreciation for the year 32 220 530 8 Investments: These comprise of non-current asset investments at cost, with market value £580,000 (see Note) No movements during year 560 9 Deferred taxation: at 31 March 2017 180 Add Provided during year 16 196 10 Called-up share capital: Ordinary shares £1 each Authorised 1,000 Issued 600 Note: Under IAS 39, the fair value of £580,000 should be used in the Statement of Financial Position with the £20,000 increase taken to profit or loss. As IAS 39 is outside the scope of this book, this has not been done in this solution.

Answer to Question 14.7A BA 2 Per text.

Answer to Question 15.2A BA 2 See text.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 15.4A BA 2 Pennylane Ltd (IAS 7) Statement of Cash Flows (using the indirect method) for the year ending 31 December 2016 (£000) Cash flows from operating activities Profit from operations ((140 − 80) + 80 + 120 + 20 + (75 − 25)) Adjustments for: Depreciation (340 − 290 + 40) 90 Loss on sale of tangible non-current assets 13 Profit on sale of financial investment ( 5) Operating cash flows before movements in working capital Increase in inventories ( 16) Increase in accounts receivable (105) Increase in accounts payable 14

330

98 428

(107) 321

Cash generated by operations Tax paid Interest paid

(110) ( 75)

Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Interest received Payments to acquire intangible non-current assets Payments to acquire tangible non-current assets (740 − (615 − 90) − (100 − 90)) Receipts from sale of tangible non-current assets Receipts from sale of financial investments Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Issue of ordinary share capital Dividends paid Long-term loan Net cash from financing activities Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

(185) 136 25 ( 50) (205) 37 30 (163) 60 ( 80) 100 80 53 (181) (128)

Answer to Question 15.8A BA 2 (All in £000) (a) Income Statement for the year ending 30th April 2016 Trading profit Less Depreciation on property Depreciation on plant and vehicles Loss on sale of plant and vehicles Net profit before tax Less Taxation: Provision for corporation tax Transfer to deferred tax Net profit for the year

520 36 84 20 172 176

140 380 (348) 32

Note: The transfer of profit for the year to a general reserve would be shown in the statement of changes in Equity.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) Statement of Cash Flows for the year ending 30 April 2016 Cash flows from operating activities Profit before taxation Adjustments for: Depreciation Loss on sale of tangible non-current assets Increase in inventories Increase in accounts receivable Decrease in accounts payable

380 120 20 ( 24) ( 76) 24 64 444 (450) ( 6)

Cash generated from operations Taxation paid Net cash used in operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Payments to acquire tangible non-current assets Payments to acquire intangible non-current assets Receipts from sales of tangible non-current assets Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issue of share capital Payment to redeem share capital Net cash from financing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

(420) ( 40) 40 (420) 440 (125) 315 (111) 50 ( 61)

Workings: Loss on sale of tangible non-current assets = 40 − 60 = (20) Cash and cash equivalent at end of period = 64 (per movement of assets table) less 125 (unrecorded redemption of shares) ( 61)

Answer to Question 15.10A BA 2 (All in £000) (a) Statement of Cash Flows for V Ltd for the year ending 31 December 2016 (indirect method) Cash flows from operating activities Profit before taxation 331 Adjustments for: Depreciation 74 Loss on sale of tangible non-current assets 4 Increase in inventories ( 3) Increase in accounts receivable ( 9) Decrease in accounts payable ( 5) 61 Cash generated from operations 392 Interest paid ( 23) Taxation paid ( 68) Net cash from operating activities 301 Cash flows from investing activities Payments to acquire tangible non-current assets ( 98) Receipts from sales of tangible non-current assets 2 Net cash used in investing activities ( 96) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issue of share capital 91 Payment of long-term loan (250) Dividend paid ( 52) Net cash used in financing activities (211) Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents ( 6) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 37 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period 31

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Working Loss on sale of tangible non-current assets = 2 − (18 − 12) = (4) Taxation paid = charge in income statement 87 new provision (100) ( 13) old provision 81 paid 68 (b) In the long term, if a business is not profitable, it will not produce sufficient revenues to cover its expenses. Despite the importance of short-term cash flow to meet payments as they fall due, it is in the long-term interests of the business to invest in non-current assets, research and development, and advertising in order to generate future revenues in a profitable manner. Sometimes, management is accused of short-termism, for example delaying necessary capital expenditure in order to keep costs low. While this will indeed improve short-term cash flow, the long-term viability of the business can be at risk.

Answer to Question 15.11A BA 2 Item 1 Fees collected for services 2 Interest paid 3 Proceeds from sale of equipment 4 Cash (principal) received from bank on loan note 5 Purchase of treasury stock for cash 6 Collection of loan made to company officer 7 Cash dividends paid 8 Taxes paid 9 Wages paid to employees 10 Cash paid for inventory purchases 11 Proceeds from sale of common stock 12 Interest received on loan to company officer 13 Utility bill paid

Classified as I O I I O I O O O O I I O

Reported under OA OA IA FA FA IA FA OA OA OA FA OA OA

Answer to Question 15.12A BA 2 (a) a. Bank Ordinary shares (3,600 shares × £10 par) Share Premium b. Bank Accounts receivable c. Dividends Paid Bank d. Bank Interest Revenue e. Insurance Expense Bank

126,000 36,000 90,000 270,000 270,000 220,000 220,000 3,200 3,200 9,200 9,200

(b) a. The £126,000 cash inflow would be classified as a financing activity. b. The £270,000 cash inflow would be classified as an operating activity. c. The £220,000 cash outflow would be classified as a financing activity. d. The £3,200 cash inflow would be classified as an operating activity. e. The £9,200 cash outflow would be classified as an operating activity.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 17.4A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Goodwill Non-current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Bank

10,000 217,000 58,000 44,000 11,000 340,000

Share capital

340,000 340,000

Answer to Question 17.5A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Non-current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Bank

198,000 73,000 100,000 19,000 390,000

Share capital Retained profits (gain from a bargain transaction)

340,000 50,000 390,000

Answer to Question 17.8A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Non-current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Bank

107,000 24,000 25,000 9,000 165,000

Share capital Reserves Non-controlling interest (40% × £30,000)

150,000 3,000 12,000 165,000

Answer to Question 17.9A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Goodwill Non-current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Bank

4,800 90,000 20,000 24,000 12,000 150,800

Share capital Non-controlling interest

140,000 10,800 150,800

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 17.12A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Goodwill ( 3/4 × 60,000 = 45,000 − 53,000) Non-current assets Current assets Share capital ((84,000 + 14,000) Retained profits General reserve Non-controlling interest (60,000 × 1/4)

8,000 272,000 80,000 360,000 195,000 98,000 52,000 15,000 360,000

Answer to Question 17.13A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Goodwill* Non-current assets Current assets

17,600 321,000 129,000 467,600

Share capital Retained profits General reserve Non-controlling interest (40% × 184,000)

260,000 124,000 10,000 73,600 467,600

* Goodwill 9,600 + 8,000 = 17,600

Answer to Question 18.3A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 October 2018 Goodwill* Non-current assets Current assets Share capital Retained profits: 82,000 + (52% of 7,000) Non-controlling interest 43,200 + [48% of (16,000 + 20,000)]

18,120 224,000 64,000 306,120 160,000 85,640 60,480 306,120

* Goodwill: Cost 80,000 − [52% of (90,000 + 9,000 + 20,000)] = 18,120

Answer to Question 18.5A BA 2 P, S1 and S2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2016 Goodwill 3,400 Non-current assets (130,000 + 79,000 + 49,600) 258,600 Current assets (140,000 + 34,000 + 24,800) 198,800 460,800 Share capital Retained profits: 41,000 + 14,800 − (60% of 3,000) + (80% of 8,400) General reserve Non-controlling interest: [40% of (100,000 + 2,000 + 11,000) + 20% of (50,000 + 14,400 + 10,000)] Goodwill S1 Cost 73,000 − [60% of (100,000 + 5,000 + 11,000)] = 3,400 Gain from a bargain transaction S2 Cost 38,000 − [80% of (50,000 + 6,000 + 10,000)] = 14,800 © Pearson Education Limited 2016

300,000 60,720 40,000 60,080 460,800

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 18.6A BA 2 (All in £000) (a) Cost of acquisition Nominal value shares bought Retained profits (50 × 80%) Goodwill

150 80 40

(b) Heather Thistle (120 − 50) × 80% Group retained profit

120 30 700 56 756

100 120 220

Non-controlling interest 220 × 20% = 44

Answer to Question 19.4A BA 2 (All in £000) Seneley Group Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2016 Non-current assets Goodwill (W4) Other non-current assets Total non-current assets Current assets Inventory (225 + 45 + 150 − 4) Accounts receivable (W1) Cash and bank Total assets

58 745 803 416 420 65

Current liabilities: Accounts payable (W1)

901 1,704 430 1,274

Equity Called-up share capital Retained profits (W2)

800 289 1,089 185 1,274

Non-controlling interest (W3)

(W1)

Accounts Receivable 240 180 50 470

Seneley Lowe Wright Less Intercompany debts: Wright owed Lowe Lowe owed Seneley Seneley owed Wright

25 20 5

(W2) Retained profits: Seneley Wright (50 − 60) × 70% Lowe (150 − 90) × 80%

50 420

Accounts Payable 320 90 70 480 25 20 5

50 430 252 ( 7) 48 293 ( 4) 289

Less Profit in inventory

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(W3) Non-controlling interest: Lowe 550 × 20% Wright 250 × 30% (W4) Cost of control: Cost of investment Share capital Retained profits Goodwill/(gain from a bargain transaction)

110 75 185

80% 80%

Lowe 450 (320) ( 72) 58

(70%) (70%)

Wright 130 (140) ( 42) ( 52)

Answer to Question 19.5A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2018 Non-current assets Goodwill (125,000 − 113,000) + (85,000 − (56% × (135,000 + 4,000))) Other non-current assets Current assets Inventory (101,000 − 350) Accounts receivable (85,000 − 5,700) Bank Total assets

100,650 79,300 48,000

Current liabilities Accounts payable (30,000 − 5,700) Net assets Share capital Retained profits (37,000 − 350 + 26,000 − (56% × 4,000)) General reserve

19,160 322,000 341,160

227,950 569,110 24,300 544,810 325,000 60,410 100,000 485,410 59,400 544,810

Non-controlling interest 44% × (135,000)

Answer to Question 19.7A BA 2 (All in £000) Block Group of Companies Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2018 Non-current assets Goodwill (W1) Other non-current assets (8,900 + 2,280 + 3,240) Total non-current assets Current assets Inventory (300 + 80 + 160 − 50) Accounts receivable (1,600 + 50 + 130 − 30 − 20) Cash (400 + 120 + 110) Total assets Accounts payable (300 + 140 + 130 − 20 − 30) Capital and reserves Called-up share capital Retained profits (W2)

490 1,730 630

100 14,420 14,520

2,850 17,370 520 17,850 10,000 5,190 15,190 1,660 16,850

Non-controlling interest (W3)

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Workings: (W1) Goodwill: Cost Shares Retained profits

Chip

Knot 2,500

3,000 200 3,200 × 80% Goodwill/(gain from a bargain transaction) (W2) Retained profits Block Chip (500 − 200) × 80% Knot (400 − 500) × 60% Inventory profit unrealised 100 × 50%

(

2,560 60)

1,600 2,000 500 2,500

× 60%

1,500 100 5,060 240 ( 60) ( 50) 5,190

(W3) Non-controlling interest Chip 20% × 3,500 Knot 40% × 2,400

700 960 1,660

Answer to Question 20.2A BA 2 Loss on initial investment Fair value at 31.10.2014 (25% × £1,428,000) Carrying amount Loss taken to profit or loss

357,000 364,000 7,000

Goodwill Fair value of consideration for controlling interest Fair value of previously held interest Non-controlling interest (25% × £1,428,000) Less: Fair value of net assets Goodwill

910,000 357,000 357,000 1,624,000 1,428,000 196,000

Answer to Question 20.4A BA 2 Shares bought Reserves at 31 December 2017 36,000 + 28,800 = Add proportion of 2018 profits before acquisition (1/4 × 43,200) Proportion of pre-acquisition profits

315,000 64,800 10,800 75,600

315,000 × 75,600 360,000

66,150 381,150

Paid for shares 432,000 Therefore goodwill is 432,000 − 381,450 = 50,850

Answer to Question 21.2A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2017 Goodwill Other non-current assets Current assets Share capital Retained profits (149,000 + 71,000 − 40,000 + 74,000) Workings: Goodwill: Cost 220,000 − 100,000 − 28,000 − Dividend 40,000 = 52,000

52,000 534,000 168,000 754,000 500,000 254,000 754,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 21.4A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2018 Goodwill [700,000 − 350,000 − (70% of 112,000)] Other non-current assets

271,600 652,000 923,600 290,000 1,213,600 90,000 1,123,600

Current assets Current liabilities Share capital Retained profits (180,000 − 70% of 40,000) Non-controlling interest (150,000 + 30% of 72,000)

800,000 152,000 171,600 1,123,600

Answer to Question 21.7A BA 2 (a) (All in £000) P plc & S plc Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 30 April 2018 Non-current assets Goodwill

22 Cost

Other non-current assets Freehold property Plant

141 440 581

Current assets Inventory (W1) Accounts receivable (W2) Cash (W3) Total assets

Depreciation to date 55 148 203

172 35 25

Current liabilities Trade accounts payable (W4) Taxation

86 292 378 400

232 632

51 80 131 501

Equity Called-up share capital Reserves Share premium General reserve (W6) Retained profits (W7)

300 20 64 73 457 44 501

Non-controlling interest (W5) Workings: Cost of Control Account Cost of investment in ordinary share capital 150 Ordinary share capital (80% × 100) Share premium (80% × 10) General reserve (80% × 20) Profit and loss (80% × 30) Goodwill 150

80 8 16 24 22 150

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(W1) Inventory

P S Less Profit in unsold inventory 20% margin × 20

111 65

176 4

172

45 10

19 2 4

57 6

(W5) Non-controlling interest: Ordinary share capital 20% × 100 Preference share capital 50% × 20 Share premium 20% × 10 General reserve 20% × 15 Retained profits 20% × 45

20 10 2 3 9

(W6) General reserve: P Less 80% reduction S reserve × 5

68 4

(W2) Accounts receivable

P S Less Intercompany account

(W3) Cash

30 15

P S

Cheque in transit (W4) Trade accounts payable P S Less Intercompany account

35 22

(W7) Retained profits P S 80% × 15

65 12

Less Profit on intercompany inventory (see W1)

77 ( 4) 73

(b) ‘Cost of control’ is the excess of the purchase price over the value of the assets acquired when one company takes a controlling interest in another company. It is usually called, ‘goodwill’, although the term ‘cost of control’ is more explicit. The treatment adopted complies with International GAAP.

Answer to Question 22.2A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2017 Non-current assets Goodwill (90,000 − 40,000 − 26,000 − 20,000) Other non-current assets (190,000 + 114,000 + 3,000 − 4,000) 303,000 Less Depreciation (32,000 + (40,000 − 200*)) 71,800 Current assets Share capital Retained profits (120,000 − 1,000 + 12,000 + 200*)

4,000 231,200 76,000 311,200 180,000 131,200 311,200

* Depreciation of £800 on asset ‘which cost £4,000 but cost the group £3,000’, depreciation should be reduced by one-quarter, i.e. £200.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 22.4A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2018 Non-current assets Goodwill (98,000 − (60,000 + 16,000 + 20,000)) Other non-current assets (120,000 + 80,000 + 20,000) 220,000 DD A A 8 Less Depreciation C 12,000 + 8,000 + C × (100,000 − 80,000) F F 22,000 80 Current assets Share capital Retained profits (74,000 + 8,000 − 2,000*)

2,000 198,000 30,000 230,000 150,000 80,000 230,000

* Additional depreciation for the year assuming a 10% depreciation rate on all Subsidiary Ltd noncurrent assets.

Answer to Question 23.2A BA 2 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2016 Non-current assets Goodwill Other non-currents assets Current assets Share capital Retained profits (310,000 + 80% of 16,000 + 56% of 15,000) Non-controlling interest Goodwill: Cost of shares to group in Sub A Ltd Cost of shares to group in Sub B Ltd 80% of 42,000 Less Shares: in Sub A in Sub B 56%* of 30,000 Retained profits: in Sub A 80% of 20,000 in Sub B 56% of 7,000 General reserve: in Sub A 80% of 10,000

800,000 331,200 38,680 1,169,880 130,000 33,600 60,000 16,800 16,000 3,920

Non-controlling interest: Shares in Sub A 15,000 Shares in Sub B 44% of 30,000 13,200 Retained profits: in Sub A 20% of 36,000 7,200 in Sub B 44% of 22,000 9,680 General reserve: in Sub A 20% of 10,000 Less Cost of shares in Sub B to minority interest of Sub A 20% of 42,000

21,000 × 80% = 56% 30,000

58,880 790,000 321,000 1,169,880

163,600

76,800 19,920 8,000

104,720 58,880

28,200 16,880 2,000

47,080 8,400 38,680

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 24.3A BA 2 Old plc & Subsidiaries Consolidated Income Statement for the year ending 30 April 2016 Revenue (1,250,000 + (875,000 − 150,000 − (3/4 × 120,000)) + (3/4 × 650,000) Cost of sales (W4) Gross profit Distribution expenses 255,000 Administration expenses 122,000 Finance expenses 8,000 Profit before taxation Taxation Profits for the year after taxation Non-controlling interest (8,400 L (W1)) Profit for the year (W2)

2,372,500 1,450,500 922,000 385,000 537,000 215,000 322,000 8,400 313,600

Workings: (W1) Lodge: Year Revenue 650,000 Cost of goods sold (Purch. 475,000 + Op. Inv. 80,000 − Cl. Inv. 85,000) (470,000) 180,000 Distribution expenses ( 60,000) Administration ( 72,000) 48,000 Taxation ( 20,000) 28,000 Non-controlling interest 40% (W2) Turnover Purchases Adjust inventory Distribution Administration Finance Corporation tax Profit unrealised (see W3) Non-controlling interest (see W1) (W3) Unrealised profit Opening intra-group inventory Closing intra-group inventory Profit @ 25% (W4) Cost of sales Per W2 Intra-group purchases Cost of purchases Inventory adjustment Profit unrealised in net inventory (W3) Profit in closing inventory Cost of sales

Old 1,250,000 ( 780,000) 20,000 490,000 125,000 28,000 – 337,000 125,000 212,000 ( 8,000)

Field 875,000 (555,000) ( 15,000) 305,000 85,000 40,000 8,000 172,000 75,000 97,000

204,000

97,000

Old 36,000 40,000 4,000 1,000

Field

Old 780,000 (150,000) 630,000 ( 20,000) 1,000 – 611,000

Field 555,000

Lodge 487,500 (356,250) 3,750 135,000 ( 45,000) ( 54,000) – 36,000 15,000 21,000 (

555,000 15,000 – – 570,000

9 months 487,500 (352,500) 135,000 ( 45,000) ( 54,000) 36,000 ( 15,000) 21,000 8,400

8,400) 12,600

313,600

Lodge – 28,000 28,000 7,000

Total

Lodge 356,250 ( 90,000) 266,250 (3,750) – 7,000 269,500

Total

8,000

1,450,500

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 24.4A BA 2 ATH Ltd Consolidated Income Statement for year ending 31 December 2018 Revenue (194,000 + 116,000 + 84,000 − 1,000) Cost of sales (153,000 + 87,000 + 63,000 − 1,000) Gross profit General expenses (32,600 + 22,900 + 18,750) Profit for the year Non-controlling interest (W1) Group profit for the year

393,000 302,000 91,000 74,250 16,750 1,220 15,530

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2018 Goodwill (W3) Non-current assets

5,450 99,000 104,450 91,000 195,450 55,000 140,450 100,000 32,330 8,120 140,450

Current assets Total assets Current liabilities Net assets Share capital Retained profits (W2 + 15,530) Non-controlling interest (W4)

Workings: (W1) Non-controlling interest: 20% × £6,100 for GLE (see below)

1,220

(W2) Profit brought forward: ATH Ltd FRN (1,900 − 700) (W3) Goodwill: Cost of shares Par value Pre-acquisition profit Goodwill

GLE 33,700 (24,000) ( 4,800) 4,900

15,600 1,200

16,800

FRN 21,250 (20,000) ( 700) 550

5,450

(W4) Non-controlling interest: Share capital Retained profits 20% × (6,000 − 1,500 + 6,100)

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit General expenses Net profit Dividend received Dividend paid

GLE 6,000 2,120 8,120

Summarised Income Statements ATH 194,000 153,000 41,000 32,600 8,400 1,200 9,600

GLE 116,000 87,000 29,000 22,900 6,100 1,500 4,600

FRN 84,000 63,000 21,000 18,750 2,250

Total 394,000 303,000 91,000 74,250 16,750

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 24.5A BA2 Consolidated Income Statement for Khang Plc for the year ending 31 March 2016 Khang Plc Yuan Ltd* £000 £000 Turnover 60,000 18,000 Cost of sales (42,000) (15,000) Depreciation ( 600) Gross profit 18,000 2,400 Operating expenses ( 6,000) ( 150) Loan interest received/(paid) 75 ( 150) Goodwill impairment ( 300) 11,775 2,100 Taxation ( 3,000) ( 450) Profit after tax 8,775 1,650 Non-controlling interest (1,650 × 20%) Profit attributable to members Profit brought forward Retained profit * Calculation of Yuan Ltd is based on

Group £000 78,000 (57,000) ( 600) 20,400 ( 6,150) ( 75) ( 300) 13,875 ( 3,450) 10,425 ( 330) 10,095 16,525 26,620

9 months 12

Consolidated Statement of Financial for Khang Plc as at 31 March 2016 £000 Non-current assets Intangible – Goodwill (W1) Tangible (19,320 + 8,000 + 3,200 − 600) Current assets (15,000 + 8,000) Total assets Creditors: Amounts falling due after less than one year (10,000 + 3,600) Creditors: Amounts falling due after more than one year (2,000 − 1,000) Net assets Share capital and reserves Ordinary shares of £1 each Retained profits Non-controlling interest (W2)

900 29,920 23,000 53,820 (13,600) ( 1,000) 39,220 10,000 26,620 2,600 39,220

(W1) At 31 March 2015, the share capital and reserves of Yuan were £2,000 + £5,400 = £7,400; profits earned by Yuan between 31 March and 30 June 2015 were 1/4 × £3,000 = £750; the increase in fair values was £3,200. Adding these together, Yuan had a net worth on acquisition of £11,350. Khang acquired 80% = £9,080 for £10,280. The goodwill is, therefore, £1,200 and must be reduced by the impairment at 31 March 2016 of £300, giving a final figure for the consolidated Statement of Financial Position of £900. (W2) (£2,000 + £8,400 + £3,200 − £600) × 20% = £2,600

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 26.3A BA 2 (a)

Jasmin (Holdings) Group plc Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2017 (£000) Intangible non-current assets (W1 (i)) Tangible non-current assets Investment in associated company (note 1) Current assets: Inventory (285,600 + 151,400 = 437,000 − 300 unrealised profit) Cash

38,300 379,400 8,624 426,324

436,700 319,500 756,200 1,182,524 528,100 654,424

Total assets Current liabilities: Accounts payable Share capital and reserves Ordinary £1 shares Revaluation reserve [W1 (iv)] Retained profits [W1 (v)]

60,000 37,964 553,320 591,284 3,140 654,424

Non-controlling interest Notes to financial statements (extract): 1 Investment in associated company, Fortran plc: (8,000 + post-combination share 624) Share of net assets (pre-combination 7,202 plus post-combination of 52%* × 1,200) Premium on acquisition (not yet written off)

7,696 928 8,624

* 6 million A shares × 80% =4.8 million A shares 4 million B shares × 10% = 0.4 million B shares 5.2 million shares = 52% Workings: (W1) Kasbah: (i) Goodwill on acquisition = 97,600 − [18,000 + 800 (goodwill on preference shares) + 40,500] = 38,300 (ii) Non-controlling interest = ordinary share capital 2,000 + preference share capital 3,200 = 5,200 − (retained profits 1,880 + revaluation reserve reduction 180) = 3,140 (iii) Group share of Kasbah retained profits = balance 18,800 + capitalised at acquisition 40,500 = 59,300 − non-controlling interest 1,880 = 57,420 (post-combination loss) (iv) Revaluation reserve = Jasmin 40,000 − group share of Kasbah revaluation reduction 1,620 = 38,380 − post-combination reduction Fortran 416 = 37,964 (v) Group retained profits = Jasmin 610,000 − (unrealised inventory profit 300 + Kasbah 57,420) = 552,280 + [Fortran post-combination of 52% (3.6 − 1.6 =) 1.04] = 553,320 (W2) Fortran: (i) As Jasmin only controls 40%* of the voting equity of Fortran, Fortran is an associate company, rather than a subsidiary. Nevertheless, it is 52% of the profits and losses that should be included under equity accounting, being the proportion of ownership.

‘A’ ordinary shares ‘B’ ordinary shares (ii) (iii)

Jasmin 4,800 (80%) 800 (10%) 5,600 (40%)

Voting rights Others 1,200 (20%) 7,200 (90%) 8,400 (60%)

Total 6,000 (100%) 8,000 (100%) 14,000 (100%)

Premium on acquisition = cost 8,000 − [52% of (share capital 10,000 + revaluation reserve 2,000 + retained profits 1,600)] = 928 Investment in Fortran = cost of shares 8,000 + share of post-acquisition reserves [52% revaluation reserves of (800) = (416) + 52% retained profits of 2,000 = 1,040] = 8,624

(c) The 63.8 million losses of Kasbah plc (the balance on reserves at 1 April 2016 was 45 million; at 3 March 2017 it was 18.8 million), could indicate a possible going concern problem that should be investigated. * 6 million A shares = 6 million votes × 80% =4.8 million votes 4 million B shares = 8 million votes × 10% =0.8 million votes 5.6 million votes of 14 million = 40% © Pearson Education Limited 2016

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 26.4A BA 2 (a) Huge has 75% of Large’s share capital. Large is therefore quite clearly a subsidiary undertaking and will be treated as such in the consolidated accounts. Huge has 25% of the ordinary share capital of Medium. This means that Medium is an associated or related undertaking. The equity method of accounting therefore applies under IAS 27, where the test of it is based on the ability to exert significant influence. Huge owns only 10% in Small and there is nothing stated in the question to suggest it should be treated as an associated undertaking. It will simply be shown as an investment. (b) (All in £000)

Huge plc and subsidiary Large plc Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2017 Non-current assets Goodwill (W2) Property, plant and machinery (2,004 + 780) Investment in related company (Medium) 180 Add Share of post-acquisition profits (W1) 15 Other investments (Small)

Current assets Inventory (489 + 303) Accounts receivable (488 + 235 + 10) Accounts receivable – related company Bank and cash (45 + 62) Total assets

792 733 40 107

Current liabilities Trade accounts payable (318 + 170)

60 2,784 195 12 3,051

1,672 4,723 488 4,235

Capital and reserves Called-up share capital Revenue reserves (see W3)

2,400 1,530 3,930 305 4,235

Non-controlling interest (see W4)

Workings: (W1) Medium: Post-acquisition profits Reserves 30.9.2017 Less Reserves 1.10.2016 25% of 60,000 =

210,000 150,000

(W2) Purchase of Large shares 600,000 shares at par 600,000/800,000 × Revenue reserves of 320,000

600,000 240,000 840,000 900,000 60,000

Cost of purchase Goodwill (W3) Revenue reserves: Huge Large 75% × post-acquisition profits of 100,000 (420,000 − 320,000) = Medium (W1) (W4) 25% share capital (Large) × 800,000 = 25% reserves (Large) × 420,000 =

60,000 15,000

1,440,000 75,000 15,000

1,530,000

200,000 105,000

305,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 27.7A BA 2 £8,000 will accumulate to £8,000 × (1 + 0.03)10 = £10,751.33 Interest is £10,751.33 − £8,000 = £2,751.33

Answer to Question 27.8A BA 2 6

r = (7,900/4,000) − 1 = 12.01%

Answer to Question 27.10A BA 2 £60,000 = 12.5 4,800 Therefore, from Table 4 in Appendix 1, and using the 15 year line, it lies between 2% and 3%: 2% = 12.849 3% = 11.938 Difference = 0.911 Interpolating, 12.5 − 11.938 = 0.562 and =

562 × 1 = 0.617 911

Therefore the offer represents a rate of interest of 3% − 0.617% = 2.383%. This is well below the 5% compound interest you could obtain by investing the £60,000 and confirms that you should accept the offer.

Answer to Question 27.12A BA 2 Paid in per year = =

Value × (r) (1 + r)n − 1 £70,000 × 0.08 (1.08)7 − 1

= £7,845.07 per year

Answer to Question 28.2A BA 2 See text, Section 28.1.

Answer to Question 28.4A BA 2 See text, Section: (a) 28.3 (b) 28.2 (c) 28.4 (d) 28.6 (e) 28.5

Answer to Question 28.6A BA 2 (a) 800,000:8,000,000 (b) 2% (c) 16p (d) 3.125

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 28.8A BA 2 Any 10 ratios could be selected, but it would be expected that the selection would include ratios from each of the groups given in the chapter. In this case, the company appears as if it may have liquidity problems, possibly due to excessively high inventory. The gross profit percentage is not very high at 30%, and much of it is eroded by the time all the other expenses have been charged to profit or loss. The EPS and dividend cover ratios would need to be compared to those of other companies in the same sector, as would all the other ratios calculated, before any further conclusions could be drawn. It would also be interesting to compare these ratios (and others) with the equivalent figures for the previous year. Ratio category

Formula

Solvency Current ratio

Current assets Current liabilities

= 1.06:1

Acid test ratio

Current assets Inventory Current liabilities

= 0.18:1

Gross profit: Revenue

Gross profit Sales

= 30%

Return on capital employed

Profit before interest and tax Total assets – current liabilities

= 10.32%

Profitability

Efficiency Inventory turnover

Cost of goods sold Average inventory

= 5.09 times

Accounts receivable days

Accounts receivable × 365 Sales

= 10.95 days

Accounts payable days

Accounts payable × 365 Purchases

= 40.28 days

Prior charge capital Total capital

= 23.81%

Capital structure Capital gearing ratio Shareholder ratios Earnings per share

Net profit after tax, interest and preference dividends = 7.67p Number of ordinary shares in issue

Dividend cover

Net profit after tax, interest and preference dividends = 3.19 times Net dividend on ordinary shares

Answer to Question 28.10A BA 2 (a)

(i)

Gross profit as % of revenue

500 100 × = 25% 2,000 1

500 100 × = 35.7% 1,400 1

(ii)

Net profit as % of revenue

60 100 × = 3% 2,000 1

100 100 × = 7% 1,400 1

(iii)

Expenses as % of revenue

440 100 × = 22% 2,000 1

400 100 × = 28.6% 1,400 1

(iv)

Inventory turnover

1,500 = 3.2 times (440 + 490) ÷ 2

900 = 4.7 times (144 + 240) ÷ 2

(v)

ROCE

60 100 × = 5.4% 1,120 1

100 100 × = 14.7% 678 1

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Current ratio

1,250 = 3.86 324

687 = 7.63 90

(vii) Acid test ratio

760 = 2.35 324

447 = 4.97 90

(viii ) Accounts receivable: Revenue ratio

680 × 12 = 4.08 months 2,000

320 × 12 = 2.74 months 1,400

(ix)

324 × 12 = 2.51 months 1,550

90 × 12 = 1.08 months 996

(vi)

Accounts payable: Purchases ratio

(b) T is obviously the more efficient company. It has made £100,000 profit compared with the £60,000 profit of R and also has achieved a return on capital employed of 14.7%, almost three times that of R (5.4%). Reasons: These are conjecture – you really have to know more about the businesses before you can be definite. (i) Somehow T has managed to achieve a far greater percentage gross profit while maintaining a reasonable level of sales. (ii) Because expenses are lower, but gross profit is the same as for R, T has made the higher net profit. (iii) T has kept inventory down to relatively lower figures than R, something made possible by T’s higher level of inventory turnover. (iv) T has almost three times R’s rate of return on capital employed, helped by lower inventory, better accounts receivable: revenue ratio and relatively lower accounts payable. (v) T appears to have far better control over its accounts receivables and its accounts payables than R.

Answer to Question 29.3A BA 2 Calculations

Income Statements for the year ending 31 May 2016 6 months to 30 Nov

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Expenses Net profit Opening inventory Closing inventory Average inventory

6 months to 31 May

% 100 30 70 40 30

140,000 42,000 98,000 56,000 42,000 12,000 16,000 14,000

196,000 70,000 126,000 112,000 14,000 16,000 25,000 20,500

Year to 31 May

% 100 36 64 57 7

336,000 112,000 224,000 168,000 56,000 12,000 25,000 18,500

% 100 33 67 50 17

Average inventory could be calculated for the year as [(opening inventory 12,000 + closing inventory 25,000) ÷ 2] £18,500 or [(12,000 + 16,000 + 25,000) ÷ 3] £17,666 or [(14,000 + 20,500) ÷ 2] £17,250. Inventory turnover

Cost of sales Average inventory

3.4

6.0

Existing business % 126,000 100 42,000 33 84,000 67 91,000 72 ( 7,000) ( 5) 16,000 15,000 15,500 2.7

6 months to 31 May % 196,000 100 70,000 36 126,000 64 112,000 57 14,000 7 16,000 25,000 20,500 3.4

Influence of New Premises

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Expenses Net profit/(loss) Opening inventory Closing inventory Average inventory Inventory turnover

New premises % 70,000 100 28,000 40 42,000 60 21,000 30 21,000 30 – 10,000 5,000 5.6

Note: The New Premises average inventory is probably understated since it is assumed that inventory builds up gradually over the period from 0 to £10,000. In reality it may have held £10,000 throughout the period of trading. © Pearson Education Limited 2016

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Report to Martha The analysis of the results which are shown above indicates a major query associated with the expenses of the existing business in the second half of the year. Gross profit has declined by 3% compared with the first half year but the expenses have increased from 40% to 72% of sales. Even if it is assumed that expenses are largely fixed for rent, business rates, etc. the absolute level has increased from £56,000 to £91,000, i.e. by £35,000 or 62.5% in the 6-month period. This is in a period when, for the existing business, revenue reduced from £140,000 to £126,000, i.e. by 10%. The inventory turnover figure indicates some improvement in the second half which is mainly attributable to the new business. This may not be an entirely acceptable measure until a further full halfyear’s funding had been completed. The return on capital employed is as follows (using the capital employed balances at the end of the period): Capital employed Net profit Return

6 months to 30 Nov £90,000 £42,000 47%

6 months to 31 May 104,000 14,000 13%

12 months to 31 May 104,000 56,000 54%

Despite the decline in profits during the second half of the year, the return on capital employed is high at 54%. Future trends in gross profit margins and the level of expenses need to be examined.

Answer to Question 29.5A BA 2 2017 35,000 19,000 1.8:1 15,000 19,000 0.8:1

(a) (i) Current ratio

Current assets Current liabilities Ratio (ii) Acid test ratio Current assets – inventory Current liabilities Ratio

(b) (i) The change in net working capital is as follows: Items increasing working capital Increase in inventory Trade accounts receivable increase

2018 45,000 50,000 0.9:1 20,000 50,000 0.4:1

5,000 7,000 12,000

Items reducing working capital Increase in trade accounts payable Reduction in net liquid assets: Reduced cash balance Increase in overdraft Net reduction in working capital

4,000 2,000 27,000

29,000

33,000 21,000

The information explains the detailed changes in working capital that have taken place. The reasons behind these changes cannot be given since information is not given. (ii) The main issue is the trend of declining liquidity over the year to 31 March 2018. If this trend continues, the business will be unable to meet its liability to creditors. It could, of course, be that major new funding is imminent for the issue of new long-term capital or rising volume/projects. If this is not managed, the owner needs to be advised of the necessity of urgent action. (c) The Statement of Financial Position can be used to prepare a cash flow statement which indicates changes in source and application of cash balances. It will give some indication if comparisons are made over a period of time as to whether the business is investing and expanding or declining, and whether a proper capital structure is in place. The capital structure will depend on the nature of the business and the risks it is involved with, whether it is high or low geared for example. The Statement of Financial Position, being a position statement at one point in time, does not give a dynamic picture of future prospects which are essential in planning liquidity.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 29.7A BA 2 Note how the question has the years in the ‘wrong’ columns – normally the previous year is on the far right. Examiners have been known to switch them, so always check which is which. (a) Witton Way Ltd The following six ratios could be calculated in answering this part of the question, but other relevant ratios would be acceptable: 2015 2016 (i) Gross profit ratio Gross proﬁt × 100 Revenue

1,850 × 100 7,650

2,070 × 100 11,500

= 24.2%

= 18.0%

1,650 + 50 × 100 5,900 + 5,000 + 350

1,500 + 350 × 10 5,900 + 5,700 + 3,350

= 15.1%

= 12.4%

(ii) Return on capital employed Proﬁt before tax + long-term interest Share capital + reserves + loans and other borrowings

(iii) Acid test or quick assets or liquidity ratio Current assets − Inventory Current liabilities

3,600 − 1,500 2,400 = 0.9

6,300 − 2,450 2,700 = 1.4

(iv) Trade accounts receivable collection period Trade accounts receivable × 365 Credit sales

1,200 × 365 7,650

3,800 × 365 11,500

= 57 days

= 121 days

1,500 × 365 5,800

2,450 × 365 9,430

= 94 days

= 95 days

350 × 100 10,900 + 350

3,350 × 100 11,600 + 3,350

3 1% = 3.1%

22 4% = 22.4%

(v) Inventory turnover ratio Inventory × 365 Cost of sales (vi) Gearing Long-term borrowings × 100 Shareholders’ interest + long-term borrowings

(b) In making a comparison between the 2 years to 30 April 2015 and 30 April 2016, respectively (as required by part (a) of the question), the following points could be made: 1 Profitability (a) In absolute terms, revenue has increased by £3,850,000 (50.3%), the cost of sales by £3,630,000 (62.6%) and gross profit by £220,000 (11.9%). The company’s gross profit on revenue has fallen from 24.2% to 18.0%, presumably because it reduced its selling price. (b) Other expenses have increased by £20,000 (13.3%), probably as a result of the increased sales activity. (c) To fund the extra expansion, it would appear that the company has borrowed another £3 million as a long-term loan. Hence, the interest charges have increased by £300,000. (d) Overall, the profit before tax has decreased by £100,000 although the tax based on profits is down by £50,000. (e) Not surprisingly, the company’s return on its long-term funds employed was down from 15.1% to 12.7%. This is a most disappointing result after experiencing such a marked increase in its sales activity. A decrease in the selling price of goods apparently led to an increase in sales volume, but at the expense of overall profitability.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(f ) In brief, it appears that the increase in the company’s sales did not lead to a corresponding increase in profits. Indeed, the company was less profitable in 2016 than it was in 2015. It should also be noted that these results do not take into account the effects of inflation on the company’s performance. Allowing for inflation would make the 2016 results even more disappointing. 2 Liquidity (a) At the end of 2015, the company has a healthy cash balance of £900,000. By the end of 2016, it was down to £50,000 notwithstanding that the company had raised £3 million in long-term loans during the year. (b) However, its liquidity position appears to have improved in 2016 even though its cash position has declined so dramatically during the year. The company’s current assets (excluding its inventory) more than cover its current liabilities in 2016, while in 2015 its current liabilities exceeded the current assets (excluding inventory) by some £300,000. 3 Efficiency (a) Bearing in mind the company’s increased sales activity, its inventory at the end of 2016 compared with 2015 was proportionate to the increase in trading activity. At each year end, the company held the equivalent of 95 days’ sales in hand. (b) Its efficiency in dealing with its trade accounts receivable has, however, worsened. At the end of 2016, they represented 121 days’ sales, whereas at the end of 2015, they represented just 57 days’ sales (itself not a particularly low level). Of course this is not a surprising result since more generous credit terms were offered in 2016 in order to stimulate sales. The company has been able to finance this policy by running down its cash reserves and by increasing its long-term loans. In subsequent years’, it may not be possible to carry on with this policy unless it is able to raise even more long-term funds. 4 Shareholders’ interests (a) Although the volume of its business increased dramatically, its profitability was down. Hence the company has maintained its dividend at the same level as in 2015. (b) By borrowing an extra £3 million, the company’s interest charges have increased substantially, although interest charges on loans outstanding at the year end fell from 14.2% to 10.5%. Thus at a time when profits were falling, the ordinary shareholders’ dividend may have to be reduced in order to help pay the interest on the long-term debt, especially if even more funds have to be raised in 2017 and onwards. (c) In 2015 the gearing ratio was only 3.1% but by the end of 2016 it had risen to 22.4%. Nonetheless, Witton Way is still a low-geared company, and provided no more long-term loans are raised, the ordinary shareholders have little to fear – unless profitability continues to decline. 5 Conclusion In the short term the company’s new policy appears to have failed. While its revenue has increased substantially, its overall profit is down, its liquidity is threatened and it has had to finance its increased sales activity by a considerable amount of extra borrowing. It would appear that the extra borrowing enabled it to finance its extended credit terms, as well as help to purchase new non-current assets – presumably to cope with the extra activity. (c) The following points could be made in answering part (c) of the question: 1 What was the effect of inflation upon the company’s sales? 2 How many new customers were attracted to the company as a result of the extended credit terms and what extra volume of business did they bring? 3 What increase in sales was achieved by individual products? 4 Were the extended credit terms applied to all products? 5 Were all customers offered the extended credit terms? 6 Were more profitable products displaced by less profitable products? 7 Has the proportion of bad debts increased? 8 What effect has the increase in sales activity had on other costs? 9 To what extent has the expected depreciation rate on non-current assets been affected by the increased sales activity? 10 What facilities has the company arranged in order to finance the more generous credit terms in later years?

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 29.9A BA 2 (a) To: From: Subject: 1

The Chairman The Accountant State and progress of the business

The last 3 years’ trading may be summarised thus: 2014 £000 % Sales 260 100.0 Cost of sales 207 79.6 Trading profit 53 20.4 Depreciation 15 5.8 Loan interest – – Net profit before tax 38 14.6

2015 £000 265 215 50 15 – 35

2016

% 100.0 81.1 18.9 5.7 – 13.2

£000 510 373 137 45 30 62

% 100.0 73.1 26.9 8.8 5.9 12.2

Gross profit fell in 2015 but rose sharply in 2016 – was this caused by an increase in sales prices or a decrease in cost of sales? The additional investment in plant has brought a higher charge for depreciation and created a loan interest cost, but the amount of net profit is sharply up, almost in line with sales. 2

Inventory Closing inventory represents the following days’ cost of sales: 20 × 365 = 35 days 207

45 × 365 = 76 days 215

85 × 365 = 83 days 373

Inventory now seems very high. Is this level necessary? 3

Accounts receivable 33 × 365 = 46 days 260

101 × 365 = 139 days 265

124 × 365 = 89 days 510

89 days seems high, even though a big improvement on 2015 figure. What terms are customers given? 4

Accounts payable Turnover of accounts payable should be calculated on purchases, not cost of goods sold. Purchases cannot be calculated for 2014 but for the later years are: 2009 215 45

Cost of goods sold Add Closing inventory 85

2010 373

260 458 Less Opening inventory 45 Purchases 413

20 240

Purchases for 2014 are taken as cost of goods sold. 20 × 365 = 35 days 207

80 × 365 = 122 days 240

35 × 365 = 31 days 413

The figures of 35 days and 31 days indicate a normal monthly credit period, but the figure of 122 days in 2015 seems strange, unless some large purchases were made just before the Statement of Financial Position date. 5

Working capital or current ratio 63 = 263% 24

161 = 166% 97

209 = 317% 66

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Quick ratio or acid test 43 = 179% 24

116 = 120% 97

124 = 188% 66

Both the above series of figures show a satisfactory position but the difference between the two 2016 figures underlines the large investment in inventory at that date. 7

Gearing 317:0

325:0

445:200

Gearing is comfortably low after loan taken up in 2016. 8

Return on shareholders’ funds 38 = 12.0 317

35 = 10.8% 325

62 = 14.0% 445

2016 shows a welcome rise but all percentages are probably overstated as freehold land and buildings in the Statement of Financial Position are probably at original cost; if they have increased in value, shareholders’ funds will be understated. 9

Conclusion The business appears sound and profitable. The investment in the new plant, part financed by a loan, has caused liquidity problems but these are probably only of a temporary nature.

(b) Answers to specific questions (i) A statement of cash flows best shows how a company can make a profit but still be short of cash. Cash flows from operating activities Operating profit before taxation (62 + 30) Adjustment for Depreciation Operating cash flows before movements in working capital Increase in inventories Increase in accounts receivable Decrease in accounts payable

92 45 137 ( 40) ( 23) ( 45) (108) 29

Cash generated by operations Tax paid (17 + 1 − 6) Interest paid

( 12) ( 30)

Net cash used in operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Payments to acquire tangible non-current assets Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Dividends paid Issue of share capital Loan Net cash from financing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

( 42) (13) (300) (300) ( 12) 100 200 288 ( 25) 15 ( 10)

(ii) A Statement of Financial Position is not a valuation of a business but more like a historic record where non-current assets are concerned. Revaluations of non-current assets do take place in many companies, but these are usually based on the views of professional valuers (e.g. chartered surveyors) and it is not good practice to introduce guesses of current values. Any revaluation surplus would go to a revaluation reserve and would not affect the declaration of annual profits (unless there were consequential changes to the depreciation charge for the year).

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 29.11A BA 2 (a) An Investor Sometown, UK Dear Sir Report on AA plc and BB plc 1 In accordance with your instructions, I give below my report on these companies which I hope may help you in deciding whether to proceed with a purchase of shares in either. Statement of Financial Positions 2 AA has substantial freehold property. Such freehold property gives a large measure of solidarity to an investment, and also provides a useful security on which to borrow money if required. BB appears to own no freehold or leasehold property – at least, no entry for either appears in its balance sheet. 3 If one assumes that plant is depreciated on a straight line basis with no residual value, AA’s plant is 67% time-expired while BB’s is much newer at only 22%. AA may therefore have to face the cost of replacement before long. 4 AA has more than twice as much as BB tied up in inventory. Expressed in relation to usage (and taking sales less operating profit as the measure of cost of sales), AA’s finished goods are 10 weeks’ sales, while BB’s are only 5 weeks’. The work in progress of AA is equal to 7 weeks’ sales, while that of BB is 3 weeks’. As both companies carry on a similar trade, it is surprising that AA appears to need a much larger investment in inventory – or is it just inefficiency? 5 Debtors of AA approximate to 17 weeks’ sales, but those of BB are only 10 weeks’. Again, is this inefficiency on the part of AA? 6 AA needs a bank overdraft, while BB is comfortably liquid. The current or working capital ratio of AA is 188% against 133% of BB. The quick ratio in both companies is 100%. The working capital situation in both companies is satisfactory but the need for the overdraft in AA underlines the high stock and slow-paying debtors in that company. 7 Creditors in AA appear as 15 weeks’ supplies and expenses, while in BB they are 25 weeks’. Both these figures are astonishingly high when one considers that monthly account is the normal basis of trade. How does BB get nearly half a year’s credit? 8 Expressing gearing as Loans/(Loans + Shareholders’ funds), the gearing in AA is 1,400/3,700 or 38%, while that in BB is 1,000/2,500 or 40%. Neither of these figures is regarded as high gearing. Income statements 9 Turning to the income statements, we find the following: AA 16% £70,000 29% 2.7% 1.25 times

Operating profit as a percentage of revenue Net profit before tax Effective rate of tax Dividend yield on market price Dividend cover

BB 24% £360,000 25% 9.6% 2.1 times

10 BB appears both more efficient and more attractive to its shareholders, and of the two is clearly to be preferred as an investment. Yours faithfully I C Essay (b) The P/E ratio of 30 for AA is surprisingly high, since even blue chip companies usually reach only 26 to 28, and there the expected profit growth is seen to be realised every year. What is AA’s attraction to investors? It is not to be seen in the 2017 financial statements. The market price of £1.50 still compares badly with its net asset value of £2.30, and one is left to guess that perhaps the trading results for 2017 were unexpectedly bad, and that it is the asset backing rather than the profits which has kept the market price up. By contrast, the P/E ratio of 5 for BB is exceptionally low and such a figure is normally a warning to prospective investors that the profits may be in danger of drying up shortly. The asset backing is £3 per share. At 9.6% yield, does the market know something bad about the company which we do not? A dividend yield of only 4% or 5% is the normal expectation (and as low as 2% for many blue chip companies).

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 29.13A BA 2 (a) Profitability ratio Gross profit as % revenue Net profit as % revenue Return on capital employed (using operating profit) Operating profit/revenue Distribution costs/revenue Administration expenses/revenue Return on shareholders’ funds (b) Liquidity ratios Current ratio Acid test ratio Inventory turnover* Accounts receivable/credit sales Accounts payable/purchases*

2017 528/2,400 = 22% 138/2,400 = 5.7%

2018 588/2,800 = 21% 142/2,800 = 5.1%

138/900 = 15.3% 138/2,400 = 5.7% 278/2,400 = 11.6% 112/2,400 = 4.7% 138/900 = 15.3%

174/1,362 = 12.8% 174/2,800 = 6.2% 300/2,800 = 10.7% 114/2,800 = 4.1% 142/1,042 = 13.6%

936/256 = 3.7:1 392/256 = 1.5:1 1,872/554 = 3.4 384/2,200 × 52 = 9.1 weeks 256/1,872 × 52 = 7.1 weeks

1414/338 = 4.2:1 754/338 = 2.2:1 2,212/660 = 3.4 644/2,640 × 52 = 12.7 weeks 333/2,328 × 52 = 7.5 weeks

* Opening inventory not known for 2017. Therefore the 2017 ratios must be calculated on closing inventory figures if comparison is to be drawn between the 2 years. The 2018 ratio, if average inventory is used, is 2,216/602 = 3.7. Calculation of Purchases for 2018 is Opening inventory 544 + Purchases ? – Closing inventory 660 = 2,212. By arithmetical deduction, Purchases is therefore 2,328. Purchases for 2017 is taken (opening inventory not being known) as same as Cost of sales. Comments (a) Profitability Loan notes of £320,000 have been issued during the year. The income statement has thus had to bear an extra charge of £32,000 interest. If the rate of interest was 10%, this would mean the loan notes were issued on 1 January 2018, thus financing a full year’s expansion. The extra sales generated of 16.7% have been at the cost of cutting the gross profit percentage from 22% to 21%. The operating profit percentage has improved from 5.7% to 6.2%, possibly due partly to the fixed element in distribution and administration costs and also improved efficiency by the use of the extra loan capital being invested in better equipment. The return on capital employed, based on operating profit, has fallen from 15.3% to 12.8%. This is because the profit generated from an increase in sales at a lower rate of profitability has not been sufficient to compensate for the extra capital employed. Possibly the programme of expansion was only partly completed during 2018 with benefits not capable of being shown up until 2019 and later. Similar remarks also would apply to the return on shareholders’ funds. (b) Liquidity Both the current ratio and the acid test (or quick) ratio have improved. This will be largely due to cash received from the issue of loan notes. The debtors are taking much longer to pay: 12.7 weeks instead of 9.1 weeks as previously. This raises the question as to the creditworthiness of the businesses to whom the extra sales have been made. Every sensible effort should be made to reverse the trend in the accounts receivable ratio. There is a large cash balance which does not seem to be making a return on its funds. This should be utilised more fully. It may of course be planned already to use it profitably.

Answer to Question 29.15A BA 2 From the ratios provided, you can obtain various indicators of whether the Eastown branch is being properly managed: Return on capital employed: The better return of the Eastown branch suggests it is being well managed – it is earning £6 more (i.e. 37.5% more) per £100 invested than the overall average. However, some caution is needed in that analysis – while a consistent basis for the figures in the ratio is probable (as all the branches are in the same company), there is no guarantee that all have similar assets, either in nature or in age. Unless all the branches have similar asset profiles, the ratio result will be distorted. Further information will be needed. © Pearson Education Limited 2016

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Gross profit: Over 15% lower than the overall average (at 38% compared with 45%), which suggests Eastown is not being managed as well as other branches. However, this could have arisen because the Eastown branch has been competing locally and has had to cut prices and offer incentives to retain and/or expand its customer base. Further information will be needed. Selling and promotion costs/sales: The Eastown branch is spending 50% more per £100 of sales on promotion. While this could be an indicator of poor management, it is consistent with the suggestion, made above under gross profit, that the branch may have been competing locally (but, of course, promotion costs do not directly impact gross profit). Further information will be needed. Wages/sales: Eastown is spending 35.7% more on wages per £100 of sales than the average (19% vs. 14%) – another possible indicator of poor management. However, it is also consistent with an attempt to retain and/or expand its customer base through an increased level of service (as a result of employing more staff). Further information will be needed. Accounts receivable turnover: Eastown allows its customers 21% more time to settle their accounts than the average (63 days vs. 52 days) – another possible indicator of poor management. However, it is also consistent with an attempt to retain and/or expand its customer base through an increased level of service (as a result of employing more staff). Further information will be needed. Inventory turnover: Turning over inventory virtually 25% quicker than the average (37 days vs. 49 days) suggests good management of this aspect of working capital. However, it may be caused by inefficient buying policies that are causing inventory shortages and loss of customers. Further information will be needed. Overall: The ratios indicate a higher cost and lower profit profile exists at Eastown compared with the average. This may indicate poorer management, or may be due to the environment in which the branch is operating – it may, for example, be in competition with a price-cutting competitor. Control over debtors appears weak, but may be due to a need to compete. The only positive ratio result is the lower inventory turnover period. However, it could actually be an indication that mismanagement is occurring. The ratios in themselves are insufficient to draw any firm conclusions regarding the quality of management of the branch. However, they do indicate questions that should be asked and points that should be raised if an objective view on the quality of the branch’s management is to be reached.

Answer to Question 29.16A BA 2 Ratios are used to assess managerial performance, and managers may be tempted to focus on producing ‘good’ ratio results, rather than on producing the ‘best’ performance for the company and its shareholders. Thus, short-termism may be adopted in order that profits are maximised in the short term. For example, a policy may be adopted to purchase expensive assets that remain 90% unused, rather than renting them when required, as renting would reduce the profit of the company more than the depreciation charge on the assets. Another example would be whether or not to invest in a new production facility. If the company does, it will appear less profitable in the period up to when the new facility becomes productive and, thereafter, it will start becoming more profitable. A further example would be a form of ‘window dressing’ whereby debtors are encouraged by discounts, or even coerced to settle their balances immediately before the end of the financial period – this could have the effect of customers moving their business elsewhere. By their nature, accounting ratios take a short-term view. Shareholders are interested in the longer term. An aware reader of the financial statements will be able to apply the ratios to the longer-term horizon, and it is the aware reader that managers should be concerned about. By adopting a short-term focus, managers may actually be subject to harsher and more informed criticism than would have been the case had they focused upon the longer-term interests of the company.

Answer to Question 32.2A BA 2 (a) F (b) F (c) T (d) F (e) T

Answer to Question 32.3A BA 2 Ascertaining an index for highly specialised assets can be difficult, and applying a general index may not give an accurate valuation. In addition, calculation of current costs takes time, particularly if the enterprise has a large number of different classes of assets. © Pearson Education Limited 2016

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 32.5A BA 2 Historical cost depreciation is £64,000 × 12% = £7,680 Current cost depreciation is £7,680 ×

180 = £17,280 80

Answer to Question 32.7A BA 2 Statement of Financial Position as at: Equipment at current cost Less Accumulated depreciation

31.12.2017 192,000 38,400 153,600

31.12.2018 240,000 96,000 144,000

Adjustments to current cost reserve: Asset revaluation Equipment at cost Credit to current cost reserve at 31.12.2017

120,000 72,000 192,000 48,000 240,000

Credit to current cost reserve at 31.12.2018 Depreciation Historical cost depreciation for year ended 31.12.2017 Adjustment to current cost income statement 160 Current cost depreciation (24,000 × ) 100 Historical cost depreciation for year ended 31.12.2018 Adjustment to current cost income statement 200 Current cost depreciation (24,000 × 100 )

24,000 14,400 38,400 24,000 24,000 48,000 86,400

Adjustment debit to current cost reserve at 31.12.2018 for backlog depreciation

9,600

Current cost depreciation as per Statement of Financial Position at 31.12.2018

96,000

Answer to Question 32.9A BA 2 Opening working capital = 12,000 Closing working capital = 20,000 Change in the year = 8,000 At average values: 140 110 140 = 20,000 × 170

Opening working capital = 12,000 ×

= 15,273

Closing working capital

= 16,471 = 1,198

Change in the year

The monetary working capital adjustment is 8,000 − 1,198 = 6,802

Answer to Question 32.11A BA 2 Current Cost Income Statement for the year ending 30 June 2017 Revenue

4,000,000

Historical cost operating profit

2,600,000

Current cost adjustments: Additional depreciation Cost of sales Monetary working capital

800,000 1,050,000 44,000

Current cost operating profit

1,894,000 706,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 32.13A BA 2 Current Cost Income Statement for the year ending 30 June 2016 Revenue

9,500,000

Historical cost trading profit

6,400,000

Current cost adjustments: Additional depreciation Cost of sales Monetary working capital Current cost operating profit Gearing adjustment (15% × 1,120,000)

300,000 600,000 220,000

Interest payable Profit before tax Taxation Profit for the year Note: Dividends proposed are £700,000.

1,120,000 5,280,000 168,000 5,448,000 800,000 4,648,000 2,100,000 2,548,000

Answer to Question 32.15A BA 2 (a) Historical cost ratios: (i) Gross profit: Gross profit × 100 Revenue

2017

2018

650 × 100 = 50% 1,300

630 × 100 = 45% 1,400

115 × 100 = 8.8% 1,500

130 × 100 = 9.3% 1,400

105 × 365 = 59 days 650

130 × 365 = 62 days 770

142 × 365 = 40 days 1,300

190 × 365 = 50 days 1,400

1,300 = 3.8 times 340

1,400 = 5.5 times 255

2008 1,300 × 111/85 = 1,698

2009 1,400 × 111/111 = 1,400

114 85 29

120 85 35

(ii) Net profit: Profit before tax × 100 Revenue (iii) Inventory turnover: Inventory Cost of sales

× 365

(iv) Accounts receivable collection period: Accounts receivable × 365 Turnover (v) Non-current assets revenue: Revenue × 365 Non-current assets at net book value (b) (i)

Revenue (millions) Historical cost

(ii) Additional adjustment for depreciation Replacement cost (10%) Less Historical cost depreciation Additional depreciation

(iii) It does not make sense to compare historical cost turnover in 2017 with that for 2018. In real terms it has fallen from 1,698 to 1,400. When deciding dividends to be paid, directors should look at the amount needed to replace non-current assets, based on replacement costs rather than historical costs.

Answer to Question 33.9A BA 2 See text, Section 33.6. Difficulties lie in trying to give these measures a value that would be universally acceptable. How can you set a value on living conditions, for example. © Pearson Education Limited 2016

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 33.13A BA 2 There is no set answer to this question. Students should bear in mind the types of information which the various user groups may find useful, distinguishing between quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (narrative) information. In addition, consideration should be given to how useful the information is in helping a user to make a decision about the company.

Answer to Question 33.15A BA 2 See Sections 33.3 and 33.4. Shareholders understand that providing this information reduces the short term returns on their investment but are now willing to make this sacrifice much more than previously. Shareholders and companies are both affected by pressure groups and shareholders want the companies in which they invest to appear legitimate just as much as the companies themselves.

Answer to Question 40.2A BA 2 (i) t, v. (iii) b, d, h, o, y. (v) e, f, j, l, m, r, s, w, x.

(ii) n. (iv) c, g, i, p, q, u, z. (vi) a, k.

Answer to Question 40.4A BA 2 Raw materials consumed (11,400 + 209,000 − 15,600) Carriage on raw materials Direct labour (150,000 × 60%) Royalties (this is a direct expense) (a) Prime cost Factory overhead Factory indirect labour (150,000 × 40%) Rent and rates (factory block) Travelling expenses of factory workers Depreciation of factory machinery Other factory indirect expenses (b) Production cost Administrative expenses Wages and salaries Rent and rates: Admin. block Travelling expenses Depreciation: Cars of administrative staff Office equipment Other administrative expenses Selling and distribution expenses Salaries: Sales team Carriage costs on deliveries Rent and rates: Sales department Travelling expenses: Sales team Depreciation: Sales team cars Delivery vehicles Other selling expenses Finance costs Interest costs (c) Total cost

204,800 1,800 90,000 400 297,000 60,000 4,900 200 1,800 6,000

72,900 369,900

26,000 1,100 300 400 200 4,000

32,000

15,000 1,100 1,000 3,400 500 300 1,000

22,300 800 425,000

Answer to Question 40.5A BA 2 (a) Cost behaviour refers to the manner in which costs arise, e.g. are they fixed for a period; do they change in proportion to the level of activity, etc. Analysis of total cost refers to the elements of specific total costs. © Pearson Education Limited 2016

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) • Factory power and lighting: would have a fixed element (light) and a variable element (power), and therefore semi-variable; however, would normally be classified as indirect factory expenses unless it was clear how much was incurred in producing each unit of the products, in which case, it could be split partly between direct costs and partly as indirect overheads. • Production line workers’ wages: a variable cost; would be analysed as a direct cost. • Sales manager’s salary: a fixed cost; would be analysed as a selling and distribution expense. • Office rent: a fixed cost; would be analysed as an indirect administrative expense.

Answer to Question 41.2A BA 2 Answers to be drafted by students in proper memo form. Introduction: Marginal cost is 3.2 + 4.8 + 1.6 = 9.6 Selling price − Marginal cost = Contribution to overheads and profit. Projects which give negative contributions should be rejected. A change in volume can only be favourable where total contributions with new project are greater than total contributions without new project. (a) Total contributions with new project £14.80 − £9.60 = £5.20 × 240,000 = £1,248,000 Total contributions without new project £15 − £9.60 = £5.40 × 200,000 = £1,080,000 Therefore accept reduction in selling price to £14.80 Proof Direct materials Direct labour Indirect manufacturing costs Variable Fixed Selling and distribution Administrative expenses Finance

At £14.80 768,000 1,152,000

At £15 640,000 960,000

384,000 160,000 80,000 120,000 40,000 2,704,000

320,000 160,000 80,000 120,000 40,000 2,320,000

Sales revenue

3,552,000

3,000,000

Net profit

848,000

680,000

(b) Total contributions with new project £15.4 − £9.6 = £5.8 × 160,000 Add saving in finance costs Total contributions without new project £15 − £9.6 = £5.4 × 200,000 Therefore reject new project.

928,000 4,000

Proof (i) At £15 net profit is (ii) At £15.4 Revenue (160,000 × £15.4) Direct materials (160,000 × £3.2) Direct labour (160,000 × £4.8) Indirect manufacturing costs: Variable (1,600 × £1.6) Fixed Selling and distribution Administrative expenses Finance (£40,000 − £4,000)

932,000 1,080,000

680,000 2,464,000 512,000 768,000 256,000 160,000 80,000 120,000 36,000 1,932,000 532,000

Net profit (c) Marginal cost is £9.6: the extra order at £9.80 would therefore be worthwhile. (d) Marginal cost is £9.6: the extra order at £9.20 should be rejected.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 41.5A BA 2 Year 1 Revenue 36,000 × £64 Less: Variable costs Direct labour £16 × 40,000 Direct materials £12 × 40,000 Variable overheads £20 × 40,000 Total variable costs

(a) Marginal cost (£000) 2,304 640 480 800 1,920

(b) Absorption cost (£000) 2,304 640 480 800 1,920

Less: Closing inventory valuation (A) 4,000 × £1,920, 000 40,000

192 1,728 64

Fixed factory indirect expenses

64 1,984

Less: Closing inventory valuation (B) 4,000 × £1,984, 000 40,000 Total costs Gross profit Year 2 Revenue 40,000 × £64 Less: Variable costs Direct labour £16 × 48,000 Direct materials £12 × 48,000 Variable overheads £20 × 48,000 Total variable costs Less: Closing inventory valuation (A) 9,000 × £2,304, 000 40,000 Fixed factory indirect expenses

198.4 1,792 512

1,785.6 518.4

(a) Marginal cost (£000) 2,560

(b) Absorption cost (£000) 2,560

768 576 960 2,304

518.4 1,785.6 64

64 2,368

Less: Closing inventory valuation (B) 9,000 × £2,368, 000 40,000 Add: Opening inventory b/d Total costs Gross profit Year 3 Revenue 60,000 × £64 Less: Variable costs Direct labour £16 × 51,000 Direct materials £12 × 51,000 Variable overheads £20 × 51,000 Total variable costs

532.8 1,835.2 198.4

192 2,041.6 518.4

2,033.6 526.4

(a) Marginal cost (£000) 3,840

(b) Absorption cost (£000) 3,840

816 612 1,020 2,448

Less: Closing inventory valuation (A)

816 612 1,020 2,448

– 2,448 64

Fixed factory indirect expenses

64 2,512 – 2,512 532.8

Less: Closing inventory valuation (B) Add: Opening inventory b/d Total costs Gross profit

518.4 3,030.4 809.6

3,044.8 795.2

Note how, as there is no closing inventory at the end of Year 3, the same total gross profit is made over the 3 years by both methods. © Pearson Education Limited 2016

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 41.7A BA 2 (a) See text. (b) Direct labour Direct materials Variable overheads Labour: Overtime Special treatment Total variable cost Contribution Selling price (i)

(i) Normal 8 17 11

(ii) +A 8 17 11 2

36 29 65

Normal production Contribution 2,000 × £29 Fixed costs Profit

(iii) +B 8 17 11 2 6 44

58,000 29,400 28,600

(ii) Order A accepted Normal production contribution Order A contribution: Sales Less: Direct costs 600 × £38 Total contribution Fixed costs Profit

58,000 20,000 22,800

(iii) Order B accepted Normal production contribution Order B contribution: Sales Less: Direct costs 750 × £44 Total contribution Fixed costs Profit

( 2,800) 55,200 29,400 25,800 58,000

34,000 33,000

1,000 59,000 29,400 29,600

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 41.9A BA 2 (a) Contribution per product Variable costs: Labour Materials Variable overhead Selling price Contribution per unit

6 20 4 30 45 15

9 24 3 36 44 8

6 16 2 24 37 13

However, September sees a shortage of materials, so work out contribution per kilo of materials. This shows: A £15 ÷ 5 kilos = £3 B £ 8 ÷ 6 kilos = £1.33 C £13 ÷ 4 kilos = £3.25 Total kilos used per month: A 6,000 × 5 = 30,000 B 8,000 × 6 = 48,000 C 5,000 × 4 = 20,000 98,000 September delivery of material = 98,000 − 15% = 83,300 kilos; i.e. shortfall of 14,700. B has the lowest contribution, therefore restrict production by 14,700 ÷ 6 kilos = 2,450 units = 5,550. Contributions: A 6,000 × £15 B 8,000 × £8 C 5,000 × £13 Fixed overhead: A 6,000 × £5 B 8,000 × £5 C 5,000 × £6

30,000 40,000 30,000

July 90,000 64,000 65,000 219,000

August 90,000 64,000 65,000 219,000

100,000 119,000

Maximum net profit possible:

(5,550)

September 90,000 44,400 65,000 199,400

100,000 99,400

£337,400

NB: It is assumed that direct labour cut down for B in September does not have to be paid for. (b) See text.

Answer to Question 41.11A BA 2 Firelighters Ltd Workings 2017 15,000* 105,000 120,000 20,000 100,000

Opening inventory (units) Manufactured Closing inventory Units sold * Balancing figures

2018 20,000 130,000 150,000 20,000 130,000*

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Firelighters Ltd Revenue Statement for the years ended: 2017 £000 Revenue 100,000 @ £10 per unit 130,000 @ £10 per unit Cost of sales Opening inventory: 15,000 @ £4 20,000 @ £4 Manufactured: 105,000 @ £4 130,000 @ £4 Closing inventory:

2018 £000 1,000 1,300

60 80 420 520 600 80 520

480 80 400

20,000 @ £4

Variable selling costs 100,000 @ 1.25 130,000 @ 1.50 Contribution Fixed manufacturing costs Other fixed costs Operating profit before interest Interest charges Net profit for the year

125

525 195* 475

105 155

260 215 70 145

117 176*

715 585 293 292 82* 210

* Balancing figures

Answer to Question 41.12A BA 2 (a) (i) Contribution per unit is the difference between the variable costs of producing a unit of a product and the selling price of that unit. (ii) Key factor is anything that limits the activity of a business (also called the ‘limiting factor’). (b) Direct raw material Direct labour: Grade 1 Grade 2 Variable overheads Selling price Contribution Fixed overheads Profit (c) (i) Total production labour available Grade 1 Full-time Part-time Grade 2 Full-time Part-time

A 147

Products B 87

C 185

64 24 15 250 400 150 12 138

56 27 10 180 350 170 12 158

60 21 15 281 450 169 12 157

28 × 40 × 4

4,480 2,240

12 × 40 × 4

1,920 1,104

6,720 3,024 9,744

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(ii) Hours required to produce each unit A Grade 1 labour cost per unit Divide by hourly rate

£ 64 8

Grade 2 labour cost per unit Divide by hourly rate

24 6

B Hrs

£ 56 8

£ 60 8

Hrs 7.5

27 6 4 12

Total hours per unit

C Hrs

21 6 4.5 11.5

3.5 11.0

(iii) Maximum possible production There is a maximum number of hours available for each grade and therefore production will be limited to the smaller of the calculated figures as follows: Product

Total hours 6,720 3,024

Hours per unit 8 4

Possible units 840 756

Grade 1 Grade 2

6,720 3,024

7 4.5

960 672

672

C Grade 1 Grade 2

6,720 3,024

7.5 3.5

896 864

864

A 756

B 672

C 864

189,000 302,400 113,400

120,960 235,200 114,240

242,784 388,800 146,016

A Grade 1 Grade 2 B

Maximum possible 756

(iv) The product which will give the greatest contribution in Period 7 is C: Units Direct costs (A − £250, B − £180, C − £281) Selling price (A − £400, B − £350, C − £450) Contribution

(d) This part of the question would include material from a number of different parts of the book. It can be answered at a straightforward level from the material in Chapters 35 and 36. However, a more complete answer would need to include material from Chapters 3, 37, 41 and 44. The answer requires that you indicate that relevant costs and revenues would be identified; costs would be classified as fixed or variable, possibly across a range of different activity levels; contribution per unit would be identified; break-even analysis would be undertaken; product mix may also be considered when a multi-product company is involved; etc.

Answer to Question 41.13A BA 2 (a) Year 1 Revenue Less: Variable costs Direct materials Direct labour Variable overheads Total variable costs Less: Closing inventory 2,000 × 132,000 16,000 Fixed costs

Marginal costing 280,000 60,000 48,000 24,000 132,000

Absorption costing 280,000 60,000 48,000 24,000

16,500 115,500 40,000

40,000 155,500

Total production costs Less: Closing inventory 2,000 × 172,000 16,000

172,000 21,500 150,500

Gross profit

124,500

129,500

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Year 2 Revenue Less: Variable costs Direct materials Direct labour Variable overheads Total variable costs Add: Opening inventory

Marginal costing 280,000 49,900 44,000 30,000 123,900 16,500 140,400

Less: Closing inventory 2,000 × 123,900 14,000 Fixed costs

Absorption costing 280,000 49,900 44,000 30,000

17,700 122,700 40,600

40,600 163,300

Total production costs Add: Opening inventory

164,500 21,500 186,000

Less: Closing inventory 2,000 × 164,900 14,000

23,500 116,700

162,500 117,500

Marginal costing 300,000

Absorption costing 300,000

Gross profit Year 3 Sales Less: Variable costs Direct materials Direct labour Variable overheads Total variable costs Add: Opening inventory

52,200 45,000 40,000 137,200 17,700 154,900

Less: Closing inventory 1,000 × 137,200 14,000 Fixed costs

52,200 45,000 40,000

9,800 145,100 41,300

41,300 186,400

Total production costs Add: Opening inventory

178,500 23,500 202,000

Less: Closing inventory 1,000 × 178,500 14,000

12,750 189,250

Gross profit

113,600

(b) See text, Section 41.6.

110,750

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 41.15A BA 2 (a) Direct labour and materials Variable cost

P 45 18 63 12 75 7.5 82.5

Fixed cost Add: Profit 10% Selling price

Q 51 33 84 21 105 10.5 115.5

R 114 30 144 21 165 16.5 181.5

S 147 63 210 30 240 24 264

T 186 66 252 48 300 30 330

U 342 69 411 39 450 45 495

(b) Discontinue Q and T. All other items are above marginal cost. (c)

(i) Followed advice 46,800 – 118,800 135,000 – 396,000 696,600

Sales revenue P 600 × £78 Q 600 × £78 R 600 × £198 S 600 × £225 T 600 × £240 U 600 × £660 Less: Costs Direct labour and materials (i) 600 × (45 + 114 + 147 + 342) (ii) 600 × (45 + 51 + 114 + 147 + 186 + 342) Variable overheads (i) 600 × (18 + 30 + 63 + 69) (ii) 600 × (18 + 33 + 30 + 63 + 66 + 69) Fixed overheads

(ii) Produced all items 46,800 46,800 118,800 135,000 144,000 396,000 887,400

388,800 531,000 108,000

Net profit

34,200 531,000 165,600

167,400 34,200 732,600 154,800

(i) Followed advice

(ii) Produced all items

54,000 59,400 135,000 – 261,000 – 509,400

54,000 59,400 135,000 118,800 261,000 234,000 862,200

(d) Discontinue S and U. All other items are above marginal cost. (e) Sales revenue P 600 × £ 90 Q 600 × £ 99 R 600 × £225 S 600 × £198 T 600 × £435 U 600 × £390 Less: Costs Direct labour and materials (i) 600 × (45 + 51 + 114 + 186) (ii) 600 × (45 + 51 + 114 + 147 + 186 + 342) Variable overheads (i) 600 × (18 + 33 + 30 + 66) (ii) 600 × (18 + 33 + 30 + 63 + 66 + 69) Fixed overheads

237,600 531,000 88,200 34,200 360,000 149,400

Net profit

167,400 34,200 732,600 129,600

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 41.16A BA 2 (a) and (b) see text. (c) (i) Ceres £ Unit price Direct labour Direct material Variable overhead Total variable cost Fixed cost Total cost Profit 20% Selling price

14 8 11 33 17 50 10 60

A S Teriod Ltd Eros Hermes £ 8 10 9 27 13 40 8 48

22 13 16 51 19 70 14 84

Icarus £

Vesta £

Total £

18 12 15 45 15 60 12 72

26 17 19 62 18 80 16 96

88 60 70 218 82 300 60 360

(ii) Produce only those where marginal cost is lower than selling price, i.e. produce Ceres, Hermes and Vesta. (iii) All produced at new prices (100 of each): Total variable cost Fixed cost Total cost Profit/(loss) Selling price

Ceres 3,300 1,700 5,000 900 5,900

Eros 2,700 1,300 4,000 (1,500) 2,500

If only Ceres, Hermes and Vesta produced: Revenue (5,900 + 8,000 + 9,200) Less Variable cost (3,300 + 5,100 + 6,200) Contribution Total fixed costs Profit

Hermes 5,100 1,900 7,000 1,000 8,000

Icarus 4,500 1,500 6,000 (1,600) 4,400

Vesta 6,200 1,800 8,000 1,200 9,200

Total 21,800 8,200 30,000 – 30,000

23,100 (14,600) 8,500 ( 8,200) 300

Answer to Question 41.17A BA 2 (a) Sales Less: Cost of goods sold Direct materials Direct labour Variable manufacturing overhead Fixed manufacturing costs Closing inventory* Gross profit Less: Selling and administration costs Variable Fixed

Absorption costing £ £ 810,000 225,000 135,000 60,000 240,000 660,000 (105,000)

Marginal costing £ £ 810,000 225,000 135,000 60,000 240,000 660,000 (165,000)

(555,000) 255,000 90,000 25,000

90,000 25,000 (115,000) 140,000

Operating profit * Closing inventory Absorption costing: (15,000/60,000) × £420,000 = £105,000 Marginal costing: (15,000/60,000) × £660,000 = £165,000

(495,000) 315,000

(115,000) 200,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) Marginal cost operating profit Difference in value of closing inventory Difference in value of opening inventory Absorption cost operating profit

£ 140,000 60,000 200,000

Answer to Question 42.3A BA 2

P 15,000 2,000 17,000

Q 21,000 3,000 24,000

Production departments R S 9,000 18,000 4,000 4,500 13,000 22,500

4,200

2,800

11,200

5,600

(28,000)

6,440 27,640

4,830 31,630

8,050 41,750

3,220 22,320

–

22,660 8,000

£2.83

22,320 5,000

£4.46

27,640 7,000

£3.95

Dept Q

31,630 9,000

£3.51

Dept S

41,750 14,000

£2.98

Indirect labour Other expenses Apportionment of costs Dept F Dept G

9,660 22,660

(a) Overhead rates per direct labour hour Dept R Dept T (b) Overhead rates per machine hour Dept P

Answer to Question 42.4A BA 2 Job Cost Sheet, Job 701, Dept R Direct materials Direct labour 105 × 8.0 Factory overhead 105 × 2.83 Job Cost Sheet, Job 702, Dept T Direct materials Direct labour 540 × 10 Factory overhead 540 × 4.46 Job Cost Sheet, Job 703, Dept P Direct materials Direct labour 400 × 6 Factory overhead 280 × 3.95 Job Cost Sheet, Job 704, Dept S Direct materials Direct labour 620 × 11 Factory overhead 90 × 2.98

345 840 297.15 1,482.15 3,240 5,400 2,408.4 11,048.4 1,560 2,400 1,106 5,066 196 6,820 268.2 7,284.2

T 12,000 1,500 13,500

Service departments F G 20,000 18,000 8,000 10,000 28,000 28,000 4,200 32,200 (32,200) –

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Job Cost Sheet, Job 705, Dept Q Direct materials Direct labour 860 × 9 Factory overhead 610 × 3.51

11,330 7,740 2,141.1 21,211.1 Job Cost Sheet, Job 706, Depts P and T Dept P Direct materials 1,480 Direct labour 600 × 6 3,600 Factory overhead 540 × 3.95 2,133 Dept T Direct materials 32 Direct labour 36 × 10 360 Factory overhead 36 × 4.46 160.56 7,765.56

Answer to Question 42.6A BA 2 (a) See text, Section 42.5. (b) (i) Equivalent production during April:

Earith Industries Units completed 6,000

Units Equivalent production: Material Labour Overhead

75% completed 800

65% completed 800

55% completed 800

6,600 6,520 6,440

(ii) Cost per complete unit:

Total cost 12,540 8,476 7,084

Material Labour Overhead Cost per complete unit (iii) Value of work-in-progress: Materials Labour Overhead Total value of WIP

Equiv. prodn 6,600 6,520 6,440

Cost per unit 1.90 1.30 1.10 4.30

600 × 1.90 = 1,140 520 × 1.30 = 676 440 × 1.10 = 484 2,300

Answer to Question 42.8A BA 2 (a) Current factory overhead rate 100 180 + 225 + 75 100 Total factory overheads = × = × 1 450 + 500 + 250 1 Total direct labour costs = 480 = 40%factory overhead rate. 1,200 Job 131190 Direct labour costs (2,500 + 2,200 + 4,800) Add: Materials (100 + 400 + 500)

9,500 1,000 10,500 3,800 14,300 2,860 17,160 4,290 21,450

Add: Factory overheads (40% × 9,500) Total factory costs Add: General administration (20% × 14,300) Total cost Add: Profit (25% total cost) Selling price

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) (i) Direct labour hour rate per department: Assembly £180,000 ÷ 150,000 hours = £1.20 per hour Painting £225,000 ÷ 140,625 hours = £1.60 per hour Packing £75,000 ÷ 100,000 hours = £0.75 per hour (ii) Overhead per department as percentage of direct labour costs: Assembly £180,000 ÷ £450,000 = 40% Painting £225,000 ÷ £500,000 = 45% Packing £75,000 ÷ £250,000 = 30% (i) Job 131190 (using direct labour hour rate) Assembly: Labour + 1,000 hours × £1.20

2,500 1,200

3,700

Painting: Labour + 900 hours × £1.60

2,200 1,440

3,640

Packing: Labour + 960 hours × £0.75 + Materials (100 + 400 + 500)

4,800 720

Add: General administration (20% × 13,860) Total cost Add: Profit 25% × 16,632 Selling price

5,520 1,000 13,860 2,772 16,632 4,158 20,790

(ii) Job 131190 (using percentage direct labour costs) Assembly: Labour + 40%

2,500 1,000

3,500

Painting: Labour + 45%

2,200 990

3,190

Packing: Labour + 30%

4,800 1,440

Add: General administration (20% × 12,930) Total cost Add: Profit 25% × 15,516 Selling price

6,240 12,930 2,586 15,516 3,879 19,395

(c) It depends on where there are direct relationships to overheads. Number of hours worked is more appropriate in (b) (i) and (ii). However, machine hours method for its two departments has not yet been investigated. (d) There is no set answer. Basically, the absorption rate may be too high, making for an uncompetitive selling price; or too low, making the product too cheap and uneconomic.

Answer to Question 42.10A BA 2 (a) Power 55:30:15 Rent, etc. 30:20:10 Insurance 22:16:2 Depreciation 22:16:2 Indirect materials Indirect wages

A 66,000 45,000 11,000 44,000 23,000 21,000 210,000

B 36,000 30,000 8,000 32,000 35,000 34,000 175,000

C 18,000 15,000 1,000 4,000 57,000 55,000 150,000

Direct wages

140,000

200,000

125,000

150%

87.5%

120%

Percentage absorption rate

Total 120,000 90,000 20,000 80,000 115,000 110,000 535,000

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) Selling price of Job No. 347 Dept A Materials Direct wages Overhead 150% of £88 Dept B

£ 152 88 132 372 85 192 168 817 52 105 126 1,100 330 1,430

Materials Direct wages Overhead 87.5% of £192

Dept C

Materials Direct wages Overhead 120% of £105 Total production cost Add: 30% Selling price

(c) (i) Absorption rate based direct labour hours Dept A £210,000 divided by 25,000 hours = £8.4 per hour Dept B £175,000 divided by 50,000 hours = £3.5 per hour Dept C £150,000 divided by 60,000 hours = £2.5 per hour (ii) Absorption rate based on machine hours Dept A £210,000 divided by 100,000 hours = £2.1 per hour Dept B £175,000 divided by 40,000 hours = £4.375 per hour Dept C £150,000 divided by 10,000 hours = £15 per hour (d) (i) Allotment: this term is not generally used in relation to overheads. Presumably, the examiner wanted students to demonstrate that they realised it was not another term for either ‘allocation’ or ‘apportionment’. (ii) Allocation: attribution of costs to a cost centre or product based on some base that clearly identifies the expenditure that was incurred on that cost centre or product. This is used for the attribution of costs that can be specifically identified with a cost centre or product. (iii) Apportionment: attribution of costs between a number of cost centres or products on the basis of some common base. For example, rates could be allocated to cost centres on the basis of the dimensions of their floor space. This is used for the attribution of costs that cannot be specifically identified as arising from the activities of one cost centre or product.

Answer to Question 42.11A BA 2 (a) (i) See text, Section 42.6. (ii) See text, Section 42.6. (iii) See text, Section 42.5. (iv) See text, Section 42.9. (v) Split-off point: the point at which joint products are separately identifiable. (b) (i) True: scrap has value, waste has none. (ii) True: a joint product is one that is produced by the same process and at the same time as another; a by-product is one that is produced incidentally as a result of manufacturing the main product. They are further distinguished by their value. By-products have relatively little value compared with the main products whose manufacturing process created them. Joint products are each of significant value compared with their own joint product(s).

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 42.12A BA 2 (a) Standard Cost Sheet cost sheet (per unit) Direct materials 40m2 @ £5.30 per m2 Direct wages: Bonding department – 48 hours @ £2.50 per hour Finishing department – 30 hours @ £1.90 per hour Prime costs Variable overhead:1 Bonding department – 48 hours @ £0.75 per hour Finishing department – 30 hours @ £0.50 per hour

£ 212 120 57 389 36 15 440

Variable production costs Fixed production overhead2

40 480

Total production costs Selling and distribution3 Administration cost4 Total costs

20 10 510

(b) Selling price per unit £510 × (100/85) = £600 Notes 1 Variable overhead rate: Bonding = £375,000/500,000 hours = £0.75 Finishing = £150,000/300,000 hours = £0.50 2 Fixed production overhead rate per unit of output = £392,000/9,800 units = £40 3 Selling and production cost per unit of output = £196,000/9,800 units = £20 4 Administration cost per unit of output = £98,000/9,800 units = £10

Answer to Question 43.4A BA 2 (a) (i) Always able to satisfy customers’ demands; strike in firm’s production could stop production of new inventory; strike at suppliers of part could stop production of new inventory. (ii) So as not to have to lay-off workers; lower costs of production; administratively easier and cheaper. (b) Opening inventory Produced

J 270 300 570 280 290

Less Sales Closing inventory

A 290 300 590 200 390

S 390 300 690 260 430

O 430 300 730 360 370

N 370 300 670 400 270

D 270 300 570 420 150

Inventory (by deduction) 1 July: 270 units. (c) Where higher sales could be made but there is a shortage of: skilled labour, or materials, or finance.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 44.4A BA 2 (a)

Mtoto Ltd Cash Budget for the 4 months ending 31 December 2018 (£) Sept Oct Nov Dec

Receipts Cash sales: Main store Depot 1 Depot 2 Credit sales: Main store* Plant surplus Shop-soiled inventory

18,000 19,700 26,300 21,000 26,500 111,500

Total

26,300 18,000 19,700 32,500

19,200 17,600 21,000 26,000

24,700 17,900 19,100 25,400

17,000 113,500

83,800

87,100

88,200 73,200 86,100 104,900 26,500 17,000 395,900

222,300 38,000 61,000 12,000 25,900 359,200 36,700 (240,000) (203,300)

* Per Statement of Financial Position, debtors pay 1 month after sale. Payments Purchases Fixed overheads Wages and salaries Redundancy Variable costs Surplus/(deficit) Balance b/d Balance c/d

55,800 9,500 17,000

61,200 9,500 19,000

64,300 9,500 13,000

5,600 87,900

6,800 96,500

6,100 92,900

41,000 9,500 12,000 12,000 7,400 81,900

23,600 (240,000) (216,400)

17,000 (216,400) (199,400)

(9,100) (199,400) (208,500)

5,200 (208,500) (203,300)

(b) Briefly: full answer to be in report form. (i) Current ratio 31.8.2018 is 420,900:350,500 = 1.2:1. However, acid test ratio shows 21,000:350,500 = 0.06:1. This latter ratio reveals considerable liquidity problems. Forecast shows a fall in bank overdraft of £36,700 over the period. The overdraft is still far too high. (ii) Find out contributions made by each depot. Reduce inventory. Sell off some non-current assets. Reduce overhead costs. See if gross profit margins can be increased, either by increasing prices or by better buying policies at cheaper prices.

Answer to Question 44.7A BA 2 (a)

Belinda Raglan Cash Budget (£000)

Opening overdraft Receipts Payments Purchases Rent Other Compensation Closing overdraft

May ( 5 ) 85.2 80.2

June ( 8 ) 72.8 64.8

July (54.6) 82.4 27.8

Aug (22.2) 56 33.8

58.2 12 8 10 88.2

116.4 – 3 – 119.4

40 – 10 – 50

43 12 14 – 69

( 8 )

( 54.6)

(22.2)

(35.2)

(b) See text. (c) Items in the letter should include reference to the 3% discount on purchases in May and June. It is probably unwise to attempt to take advantage of the discount. The increase in the overdraft facility required is entirely due to it and the increased overdraft costs would make the actual saving much less than at first appeared. If June purchases were kept to around £76,000, it appears that the overdraft limit would not need to be raised. It may be worthwhile for Belinda to consider negotiating purchasing on credit from her suppliers. She may also consider offering less credit to her customers, etc. © Pearson Education Limited 2016

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 44.8A BA 2 (a)

Periods

Receipts: Capital Hire charges paid in cash (W1) Hire charges (chauffeured cars) (W2) Payments: Cars bought 6 × 5,340 Cars bought 3 × 5,850 Petrol Servicing Fixed costs Drawings Initial staff Chauffeurs

34,000 1,248

1,664

35,248

1,664

1,664 2,400 4,064

300 200 400 960 720 2,580 732

360 300 200 800 960 720 3,340 1,456

32,040

200 400 960 33,600 1,648

Balance at period end Deficit at period end

17,550 360 300 200 800 960 720 20,890 15,370

Workings: (W1) Per week: Weekdays 5 × £10 × 4 cars Weekends 2 × £18 × 6 cars

= 200 = 216 416

3 weeks in period 1; 4 weeks other periods. (W2) Assumed additional to cars in (W1): Per period: £60 × 5 × 4 × 2 cars = 2,400 (b) See text. (c) Internal: Profits, factoring debts, revising payment and receipt schedules where possible, extra own capital. External: Loans from individuals, bank loans and overdrafts, buying cars on hire purchase.

Answer to Question 45.2A BA 2 (a) Cash Budget 2017 (£000) Receipts Jan Accounts receivable: Previous month’s sales 1/3 134.2 Sales 2 months ago 2/3 265.6 Sale of equipment 399.8 Payments: Materials: Current production 1/4 20.4 Previous production 3/4 58.8 New equipment Wages: Last month 1/3 5.3 Current month 2/3 10.8 Overheads: Payable same month 50.0 Last month’s portion 215.2 360.5 Opening bank balance Plus: Receipts Less: Payments Closing bank balance

(10.6) 399.8 (360.5) 28.7

Feb 136.8 268.4

Mar 141.2 273.6

405.2

414.8

Apr 153.6 282.4 9.6 445.6

21.2 56.1 19.0 5.4 11.2 50.0 223.6 386.5

23.4 61.2

22.8 63.6

5.6 12.2 50.0 232.4 384.8

6.1 12.4 50.0 256.7 411.6

28.7 405.2 (386.5) 47.4

47.4 414.8 (384.8) 77.4

77.4 445.6 (411.6) 111.4

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b)

Assets:

Accounts receivable April 2 /3 March × 460.8 Liabilities: Items owing 3 Materials /4 × 93.6 3 /4 × 91.2 Equipment Wages Overheads

456.3 307.2

763.5

70.2 68.4

138.6 19.0 6.2 254.5

Answer to Question 45.4A BA 2 (a) Opening balance Opening overdraft Received (see schedule) Payments (see schedule) Closing balance Closing overdraft

April +60,000

May +6,700

– 60,000 53,300 +6,700

– 6,700 14,460

April

May

Receipts from debtors Legacy

– –

April Payments of accounts payable Wages and salaries General expenses Insurance Business rates Drawings Machinery Motor vehicles Premises

(b)

2,100

1,800 8,000 6,400 35,000 53,300

−7,760

– –

May 10,000 2,100 200

Cash Budget June July

Aug +27,540

Sept +35,440

28,000 55,540 20,100 +35,440

28,000 63,440 20,660 +42,780

Cash Receipts Schedule June July 26,000 28,000 – 17,500 45,500

Aug 28,000 – 28,000

Sept 28,000 – 28,000

Cash Payments Schedule June July 12,000 16,000 2,100 2,100 200 200

Aug 16,000 2,100 200

Sept 16,000 2,100 200 560

−7,760 26,000 18,240 16,100 +2,140

+2,140 45,500 47,640 20,100 +27,540

360 1,800

1,800

14,460

16,100

20,100

20,660

M Lamb Forecast Income Statement for the 6 months ending 30 September 2018

Revenue Less Cost of goods sold Purchases Less: Closing inventory Gross profit Less Expenses: Wages and salaries General expenses Insurance Business rates Depreciation: Motors Premises Machinery Net profit

166,000 102,000 8,000

94,000 72,000

12,600 1,200 280 720 800 875 800

2,475

17,275 54,725

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Non-current assets Premises Machinery Motors

Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2018 Cost 35,000 8,000 6,400 49,400

Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Prepayments (insurance) Cash and bank

Depn 875 800 800 2,475

34,125 7,200 5,600 46,925

8,000 56,000 280 42,780 107,060 153,985

Current liabilities Accounts payable for goods General expenses Business rates

32,000 200 360 ( 32,560) 121,425

Capital Add Net profit Less

77,500 54,725 132,225 ( 10,800) 121,425

Drawings

Answer to Question 45.5A BA 2 (a) See text. (b)

Madingley Ltd Forecast Operating Statement for the 6 months ending 30 November 2017 (£000)

Revenue Cost of sales: Opening inventory (91.7 + 142.4) Materials

1,185.20 234.1 205.6 439.7 227.9 211.8 36.7 340.2 0.47

Less Closing inventory (91.7 + 136.2) Wages Variable overheads Depreciation: Plant Gross profit Fixed overheads Depreciation: Fixtures Profit for the year

226.8 0.27

589.17 596.03 227.07 368.96

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Forecast Statement of Financial Position as at 30 November 2017 (£000) Cost Aggregate depreciation Non-current assets Land and buildings 134.00 – Plant and machinery 9.40 4.23 Fixtures and fittings 2.30 1.32 145.70 5.55 Current assets Inventory: Raw materials 91.70 Finished goods 136.20 Accounts receivable 574.50 Bank 282.20 Current liabilities Accounts payable: Raw materials Overheads

41.00 42.60

Equity Share capital Retained profits Profit for year

272.19 368.96

134.00 5.17 0.98 140.15

1,084.60 1,224.75 83.60 1,141.15 500.00 641.15 1,141.15

Workings Opening balance Sales Cash (594.4 + 193.2 + 201.4 + 216.1) Balance c/d

Accounts Receivable Control 594.4 1,185.2 1,779.6

Purchases Ledger Control Opening balance Materials Cash (82.2 + 41.2 + 42.4 + 49.6 + 31.4) 246.8 Balance c/d 41.0 287.8

1,205.1 574.5 1,779.6 82.2 205.6 287.8

Overheads Opening balance Incurred Cash Balance c/d

127.4 567.0 651.8 42.6 694.4

694.4

Cash Book Opening balance Receipts Payments: Suppliers Wages Overheads Balance c/d

12.4 1,205.1

1,217.5

246.8 36.7 651.8 282.2 1,217.5

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 45.10A BA 2 (a) (i) Sales: June, July, August, November, 121/2% of total × 4 = 50% September and October, 25% of total × 2 = 50% Sales budgets: June 100,000 July 100,000 August 100,000 September 200,000 October 200,000 November 100,000 800,000 (ii) Cost of sales 800,000 − 25% = 600,000 Opening inventory 210,000 + Purchases ? − Closing inventory 252,000 = Cost of sales 600,000. Therefore by deduction purchases = 642,000. June 75,000 July 75,000 Aug 75,000 Sept 150,000 Oct 150,000 Nov 75,000 + 42,000 117,000 Total purchases 642,000 Newland Traders Budgeted Income Statement for the 6 months ending 30 November 2017 £000 Revenue Less Cost of goods sold: Inventory 30.5.2011 Purchases Less Inventory 30.11.2011 Gross profit Less Expenses: Wages and expenses Depreciation (6 × 5,000 + (10% × 80,000 × 3/12)) Net profit (b)*

210 642 852 252 120 32

£000 800

600 200 152 48

Budgeted Statement of Financial Position as at 30 November 2017 £000 690 296

Non-current assets at cost Less Depreciation Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Cash at bank and in hand Total assets

252 300 10

Current liabilities Accounts payable

£000 394

562 956 (117) 839

Equity Issued capital General reserve Retained profits (48 + 41)

600 150 89 839

* Best to tackle (c) cash budget before (b) Statement of Financial Position.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Cash Flow Budget (£000) June July +48 +50 150 165 198 215

Payments Accounts payable Wages and expenses Non-current assets Closing bank balance

Aug +120 100 220

Sept +125 100 225

Oct +130 100 230

Nov −20 200 180 150 20

+10

128 20

75 20

148

150 20 80 250

+50

+120

+125

+130

−20

170

Extra finance needed in October. Assumed that capital expenditure was paid 1 month after incurred. As it appears short term, a bank overdraft or extra capital would be the best option.

Answer to Question 45.11A BA 2 (a)

Len Auck and Brian Land, trading as Auckland Manufacturing Co. Forecast Income Statement for the 4 months ending 30 April 2016

Revenue Less Cost of raw materials: Inventory 31.12.2015 Purchases (43,000 + 1,500*) Less

86,000 10,500 44,500 55,000 12,000 43,000 17,200 15,050 18,500 18,500

Inventory 30.4.2016 Direct wages (20% of sales) Overhead expenses (171/2% of sales) Inventory of finished goods 31.12.2015 Inventory of finished goods 30.4.2016 Net profit Len Auck Brian Land

75,250 – 10,750

5,375 5,375

10,750

Forecast Statement of Financial Position as at 30 April 2016 Non-current assets Plant and machinery at cost 90,000 Less Depreciation 30,800

59,200

Current assets Inventory: Raw materials Finished goods Accounts receivable (22 + 24)

12,000 18,500 46,000

Current liabilities Accounts payable ((22 + 24)/2) + ((17.5% × 24) − 0.7 − 1.0) Bank overdraft (see part (b))

25,500 23,650

Capital accounts: Balance 1.1.2016 Add Share of profit

Len Auck 40,000 5,375 45,375 1,600 43,775

Less Drawings

* Movement in inventory

Brian Land 39,000 5,375 44,375 1,600 42,775

76,500 135,700 ( 49,150) 86,550

86,550

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(b) 2016 Receipts: Accounts receivable Payments: Raw materials Direct wages Overheads: Wages and salaries Other overheads Drawings Plant

Cash Budget

Opening balance Closing balance

Jan 18,000

Feb 18,000

Mar 18,000

Apr 22,000

13,000 3,600

13,000 4,400

10,500 4,400

11,000 4,800

900 1,550 800 25,000 44,850 +4,550 −22,300

1,000 1,550 800

1,000 2,150 800

20,750 −22,300 −25,050

18,850 −25,050 −25,900

19,750 −25,900 −23,650

Maximum amount of finance needed £25,900 in March. (c) Repayment of overdraft: Cash flows: Accounts receivable Less Materials Wages Overheads Wages overheads Drawings Net cash inflows

May 22,000 11,000 4,800 2,500 1,000 800

Overdraft 30.4.2016 – Net cash inflow May Overdraft 31.5.2016

20,100 1,900

June 24,000 12,000 4,800 2,500 1,000 800

21,100 2,900

23,650 1,900 21,750

As following months are at the rate of £2,900 net cash inflows then it will take 71/2 months to clear overdraft: 21,750 = 71/2 months, i.e. cleared by middle of January 2017. 2,900

Answer to Question 46.2A BA 2 (i)

Standard costing: a technique that compares standard costs and revenues with actual costs and revenues to obtain variances. (ii) Standard cost: the cost that should have been incurred. (iii) Standard hours: the amount of work achievable at standard efficiency levels in an hour. (iv) Variance: the difference between a standard cost or revenue and the actual cost or revenue incurred.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 47.2A BA 2 (i)

Actual cost per unit 171 × £11 Standard cost per unit 176 × £11 Materials usage variance (favourable)

£ 1,881 1,936 55

(ii) Actual cost per unit Standard cost per unit Materials price variance (adverse)

50 × £45 50 × £42

2,250 2,100 150

(iii) Actual cost per unit Standard cost per unit Materials usage variance (adverse)

83 × £22 79 × £22

1,826 1,738 88

(iv) Actual cost per unit Standard cost per unit Materials price variance (adverse)

41 × £10 41 × £8

410 328 82

(v) Actual cost per unit Standard cost per unit Materials price variance (adverse)

60 × £30 60 × £29

1,800 1,740 60

(vi) Actual cost per unit Standard cost per unit Materials usage variance (favourable)

78 × £27.5 84 × £27.5

2,145 2,310 165

Answer to Question 47.4A BA 2 (i)

Favourable labour efficiency variance 24 × £5.20 Adverse wage rate variance 426 × 40p Net adverse labour variance

£ 124.80 170.40 45.60

(ii) Favourable wage rate variance Adverse labour efficiency variance Net favourable labour variance

660 × 20p 20 × £4.70

132.00 94.00 38.00

(iii) Favourable wage rate variance Favourable labour efficiency variance

140 × 40p 10 × £5.30

56.00 53.00 109.00

This compares with: Standard cost Actual cost

150 × £5.30 140 × £4.90

795.00 686.00 109.00

(iv) Adverse wage rate variance Adverse labour efficiency variance Total adverse labour variance

520 × 30p 10 × £5.10

156.00 51.00 207.00

(v) Favourable wage rate variance Adverse labour efficiency variance Net favourable labour variance

420 × 40p 30 × £4.80

168.00 144.00 24.00

(vi) Favourable labour variance Adverse wage rate variance Net adverse labour variance

30 × £4.60 780 × 40p

138.00 312.00 174.00

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 47.6A BA 2 Central Grid plc It can be assumed that there has been a planning change concerning the volume of production, reducing it from 16,000 units to 12,000. Flexible budgeting can be adopted (see Section 40.5 in the text) and a revised original budget of 12,000 units used. Assume that all the various standard costs and usage level relationships would be unchanged at the lower level of output and calculate the variances requested on the basis that the budgeted volume was 12,000. This produces the following: (a)

(b)

Total Direct Material Variance for April 2018 £60,000 − £60,390 = £390 (i) Material Usage Variance (12,000 − 12,830) × £5 = £4,150 (ii) Material Price Variance (£5 − £4.70694) × 12,830 = £3,760 £144,000 − £153,000 (i) (36,000* − 34,000) × £4 (ii) (£4.00 − £4.50) × 34,000

Total Direct Labour Variance for April 2018 = £9,000 Labour Efficiency Variance = £8,000 Labour Rate Variance = £17,000

Workings: Material usage Material unit price Standard labour cost for output *

Adverse Adverse Favourable Adverse Favourable Adverse

£64,150 ÷ £5 = 12,830 £60,390 ÷ 12,830 = £4.70694 £12 × 12,000 = £144,000

12 × 48,000 16

(c) Material: Shows an overall adverse variance of £390. Usage: Adverse £4,150. Used more material than expected for this level of output. Could have been because the material was of poorer quality (it was cheaper than expected). Price: Favourable variance £3,760. Purchasing obtained material at a lower price than expected. Labour: Shows an overall adverse variance of £9,000. Efficiency: Favourable £8,000. Perhaps using a different machine from usual? Or, perhaps working harder in order to receive the higher than expected wage rate. Rate: Adverse £17,000. Higher labour hourly cost, possibly because the amount of work was lower than expected. Polishing labour efficiency variance: The £3,000 adverse variance may have been due to the possibly poorer quality material used in machining having caused polishing to take longer than expected. (d) Briefly: Material: Possibly poorer quality material was used (it was cheaper than expected), resulting in waste. If so, it appears it cost more (in waste) than it saved (in reduced purchasing costs). It also appears that it may have led to the adverse polishing labour efficiency variance. Labour: Higher wage rates than were expected led to a significant increase in cost. These increased wage rates may have resulted from the change in the planned level of activity from 16,000 units to 12,000.

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 47.8A BA 2 (a) See text. (b) (i) Total materials variance: (Standard price × standard quantity) − (actual price × actual quantity) = (£8.42 × 1,940) − (£8.24 × 2,270) = £16,334.8 − £18,704.8 = £2,370 adverse. (ii) Materials price variance: (Standard price − actual price per unit) × quantity purchased = (£8.42 − £8.24) × 2,270 = £408.60 favourable. (iii) Material usage variance: (Standard quantity required − actual quantity) × standard price = (1,940 − 2,270) 330 × £8.42 = £2,778.60 adverse. (iv) Total labour variance: (Standard rate × standard hours) − (actual rate × actual hours) = (£6.53 × 800) − (£6.14 × 860) = £5,224 − £5,280.4 = £56.4 adverse. (v) Wage rate variance: (Standard rate − actual rate) × actual hours worked = (£6.53 − £6.14) × 860 = £335.40 favourable. (vi) Labour efficiency variance: (Standard hours − actual hours) × standard rate = (800 − 860) × £6.53 = £391.80 adverse.

Answer to Question 47.9A BA 2 Direct material variances Boards Price variances: Gamesmaster Actual 5,050 Budget 5,050 × 5 Adverse

26,000 25,250

Gotchya Actual Budget Adverse

28,390 20,100

2,010 2,010 × 10

(750)

(8,290)

Usage variances: Gamesmaster Actual 5,050 × 5 Budget 5,000 × 5 Adverse

25,250 25,000

Gotchya Actual Budget Adverse

20,100 20,000

2,010 × 10 2,000 × 10

(250)

(100)

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Components Price variances: Gamesmaster Actual 5,060 Budget 5,060 × 20 Favourable

75,000 101,200

Gotchya Actual Budget Favourable

56,409 60,750

2,025 2,025 × 30

26,200

4,341

Usage variances: Gamesmaster Actual 5,060 × 20 Budget 5,000 × 20 Adverse

101,200 100,000 ( 1,200)

Gotchya Actual 2,025 × 30 60,750 Budget 2,000 × 30 60,000 Adverse Total direct material variance: Favourable Direct labour variances Assembly Wage rates Actual Budget 10,000 × 5 Favourable Efficiency Actual 10,000 × 5 Budget 7,000 × 5 Adverse

( 750) 19,201

49,000 50,000 1,000 50,000 35,000 (15,000)

Testing Wage rates Actual 35,700 Budget 7,000 × 5 35,000 Adverse Efficiency Actual 7,000 × 5 35,000 Budget 9,000* × 5 45,000 Favourable Total direct labour variance: Adverse

(

700)

10,000 ( 4,700)

* (2,000 × 2) + 5,000

Answer to Question 47.10A BA 2 (i) Standard cost – BCDE – standard hours at standard rates. (ii) Actual cost – ACJG – actual hours at actual rates. (iii) Total labour cost variance – ABGH and EDJH – difference between (i) and (ii) above. (iv) Efficiency variance – EDJH – additional hours required. (v) Wage rate variance – ABGH – additional hours at wage rate differential.

100

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 48.2A BA 2 (a) Actual fixed overhead Budgeted fixed overhead Favourable fixed overhead expenditure variance

£ 18,109 19,000 891

(b) Actual hours × standard rate (280 × £12) Budgeted hours × standard rate (300 × £12) Favourable variable overhead efficiency variance

3,360 3,600 240

28,000 27,600 400

(d) Actual overhead Overhead applied to production (6,000 × £2) Favourable variable overhead expenditure variance

11,400 12,000 600

(e) Actual fixed overhead Budgeted fixed overhead Adverse fixed overhead expenditure variance

88,700 84,100 3,600

(f ) Actual hours × standard rate (20,000 × £10) Budgeted hours (14,600 × 1.33) × standard rate £10 Adverse variable overhead efficiency variance

200,000 194,667 5,333

Answer to Question 48.4A BA 2 The variable overhead rate is: £80,000 = £1.33 per direct labour hour or £0.33 per unit 60,000 The fixed overhead rate is: £120,000 = £2 direct labour hour or 50p per unit 60,000 The variances are: Variable overhead (i) Expenditure variance Actual overhead Overhead applied to production 64,000 × £1.33 Favourable expenditure variance (ii) Efficiency variance Actual hours × standard rate 64,000 × £1.33 Budgeted hours × standard rate (236,000 units which should be produced in 236,000 ÷ 4 = 59,000 hours × £1.33) Adverse efficiency variance

£ 78,000 85,333 7,333 85,333 78,667 6,666 667

Fixed overhead (i) Budget (or spending) variance Actual overhead Budgeted overhead Favourable expenditure variance

104,000 120,000 16,000

(ii) Efficiency variance Actual units produced × standard rate 236,000 × 50p Actual labour hours × standard rate per hour 64,000 × £2 Adverse efficiency variance

118,000 128,000 10,000

(iii) Capacity variance Actual volume × standard rate 64,000 × £2 Budgeted volume × standard rate 60,000 × £2 Favourable capacity variance

128,000 120,000 8,000 6,000

101

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

The variances can be explained further: Variable overhead Actual overhead Budgeted overhead for actual production 236,000 units × £0.33 per unit Net favourable variance (made up of favourable expenditure variance £7,333 less adverse efficiency variance £6,666) Fixed overhead Actual overhead Overhead based on units of production 236,000 × £0.50 Net adverse variance (made up of adverse efficiency £10,000 − favourable expenditure £16,000 less favourable capacity variance £8,000)

78,000 78,667 667 104,000 118,000 14,000

Answer to Question 48.6A BA 2 Actual units sold

75,000 × Budget price 75,000 × Actual price Favourable price variance

£6.00 = £6.40 = £0.40

Actual units sold 75,000 × Budget gross profit Budget units sold 80,000 × Budget gross profit Adverse volume variance

£3.30 = £3.30 =

£ 450,000 480,000 30,000 247,500 264,000 16,500

Answer to Question 48.8A BA 2 Actual units sold Product A B C

A B C

1,000 800 3,000 4,800

Budget price £ 60 50 80

Actual Unit price price variance £ 58 −2 54 +4 78 −2 Adverse price variance

Actual units sold

Actual units in budget (%)

Budget sales units

Variance in units

1,000 800 3,000 4,800

686 1,027 3,087 4,800

800 1,200 3,600 5,600

−114 −173 − 513 − 800

Actual units in budget (%)

Actual units sold

Variance in units

686 1,027 3,087* 4,800

1,000 800 3,000 4,800

+314 − 227 − 87 −

A B C

Total price variance − 2,000 +3,200 − 6,000 − 4,800

Budget gross profit per unit £ 10 8 20 Adverse volume variance

Total variance £ −1,140 −1,384 − 10,260 − 12,784

Budget gross profit per unit £ 10 8 20 Adverse mix variance

Total variance £ +3,140 − 1,816 − 1,740 − 416

Summary of sales variance Adverse price variance Adverse volume variance Adverse mix variance Net adverse variance

4,800 12,784 416 18,000

* Note: Either this figure must be rounded to 3,087 or if recorded as 3,086 the Product A figure shown of 686 needs to be rounded to 687. Either would be correct. It would not be correct to leave both at their possible lower amounts of 3,086 and 686 as the total of ‘actual units in budget %’ must add up to 4,800.

102

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 48.10A BA 2 (i)

Flint Palatignium Ltd Trading Account part of the Income Statement for the month of April 2018 Actual (£) Sales units 31,000 Revenue (534,750 + 8,691) 543,441 Materials (155,000 − 4,662 + 1,743) 152,081 Labour (77,500 − 600 + 292) 77,192 Overhead (232,500 − 147 + 9) 232,362 461,635 Operating profit 81,806 Valuation of inventory 1.4.2018 1,000 at £5 = £5,000 30.4.2008 1,750 at £5 = £8,750

Budget (£) 534,750 155,000 77,500 232,500 465,000 69,750

Workings: Units sold = £sales ÷ selling price = £534,750 ÷ £17.25 = 31,000. (ii) Standard costing uses standards of performance and of prices derived from studying operations and of estimating future prices. Each unit produced attracts a standard materials, labour and overhead cost. Flint Palatignium negotiates fixed-price contracts utilising standard costing which enables it to set standards that will remain unchanged for long periods. For example, the average cost method of pricing material issues needs a price recalculation each time there are additional receipts. The standard cost of materials will remain unchanged for a long period. Using the standard costing system would enable the company to check on the efficiency of the service provided. It would also enable faster reporting to be carried out.

Answer to Question 48.11A BA 2 (a)

HGW Limited Income Statement for March 2017 £

Revenue Less: Materials Labour Overheads

£ 46,750

9,734 18,720 12,500 40,954 5,796

Profit for the month (b) (i) Sales variance Price Actual 550 × 85 Budget 550 × 86 Adverse Volume Actual 550 × 86 Budget 520 × 86 Favourable Total sales variance: Favourable

46,750 47,300 ( 550) 47,300 44,720 2,580 2,030

(ii) Direct materials variance Price Actual 785 × 12.40 Budget 785 × 12 Adverse Usage Actual 785 × 12 Budget 825 × 12 Favourable Total direct material variance: Favourable

9,734 9,420 ( 314) 9,420 9,900 480 166

103

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(iii) Direct labour variance Rate Actual 2,400 × 7.80 Budget 2,400 × 7.50 Adverse Efficiency Actual 2,400 × 7.50 Budget 2,420 × 7.50 Favourable Total direct labour variance: Adverse

18,720 18,000 ( 720) 18,000 18,150 150 570

(c) Reconciliation Budgeted profit on actual sales [550 × 13(86 − 73)] Variances Sales (price variance only) Direct material Direct labour Overheads

7,150 (550) 166 (570) (400) (1,354) 5,796

Profit as per (a) above (d) See text, Section 46.2.

Answer to Question 49.3A BA 2 (a) (i) £24,000 (b) (i) £18,000

(ii) £36,000 (ii) £48,000

(iii) £44,000 (iii) £33,000

(iv) £30,000

Answer to Question 49.5A BA 2 (i) Loss £2,000 (ii) Profit £12,000 (iii) Neither profit nor loss (iv) Profit £6,000 (v) Profit £9,000

Answer to Question 49.8A BA 2 (a) Workings: Sales volume – units Selling price (£) Sales (£) Variable cost (£) Fixed cost (£) Profit (£)

Current 1,000 2 2,000 1,000 500 500

(i) 1,100 2 2,200 1,100 500 600

104

Changes (ii) 1,000 2.20 2,200 1,000 500 700

(iii) 1,000 2 2,000 900 500 600

(iv) 1,000 2 2,000 1,000 450 550

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Break-even charts: (i)

10% increase in volume

(ii) 10% increase in unit selling price

105

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

(iii) 10% decrease in unit variable cost

(iv) 10% reduction in fixed costs

106

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 49.9A BA 2 (a) Sales units (W1) Unit selling price

Monarch Ltd Profit Statement Original statement 60,000 £30

(i) 78,000 £27

1,800 480 240 240 960 840 260 90 100 450 390

2,106 585 312 312 1,209 897 290 95 110 495 402

Options (ii) 62,000 £30

(iii) 75,000 £30

1,860 496 248 248 992 868 260 90 127 477 391

2,250 577.5 300 300 1,177.5 1,072.5 285 94 147 526 546.5

14.3

£000 Revenue Direct material Direct labour Variable overhead Contribution Production cost Administration Selling, marketing and distribution Profit Contribution per unit (£)

11.50

(W1) Contribution = £840,000 for 60,000 units = £14 each. Contribution + total variable cost = selling price, therefore £14 + £16 = £30. Monarch Ltd Profit Statement Original statement Sales units Unit selling price

Managing director’s option (iv) 78,000 £29

60,000 £30 £000 1,800 480 240 240 960 840 260 90 100 450 390

Revenue Direct material Direct labour Variable overhead Contribution Production costs Administration Selling, marketing and distribution Profit Contribution per unit (£)

(F) (+ 30% × 93.75%) (E) (C)

(B) (A) (D)

£000 2,262 585 312 312 1,209 1,053 417 – 150 567 486 13.5

(b) Break-even point − £567,000 = 42,000 units. First insert (A) and (B). This means that (A) + (B) = (C). Given sales increase in units of 30% = 78,000 sales. Means that (C) ÷ 78,000 = contribution per unit of £13.50. (E) calculated so that (C) + (E) = (F).

107

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Contribution/sales graph

(c) The report should include the following: 1 Marginal costing takes account of the variable costs of products. 2 It states that fixed factory overhead is a function of time and should not be carried forward into the next period by including it in inventory valuations. 3 To apply marginal costing means splitting up fixed and variable costs. This is not always straightforward. 4 Not all variable costs are a 100% variable. 5 Intelligent cost planning and control is dependent on the knowledge of how costs behave in a particular firm. 6 Raw materials are examples of variable costs. Labour costs usually move in steps.

Answer to Question 49.12A BA 2 (a) See text, Section 49.1. (It should be remembered that a break-even point is relevant only to a specific range of activity and within a specific timescale. If the volume of activity shifts onto a new level, some fixed costs may alter – e.g. a second warehouse may need to be rented. This will result in a different break-even point. Also, the break-even point will alter over time as the nature of all costs change.) (b) (i)

Cost of 2,000 additional units Direct materials Direct labour Overheads

(36,000 − 30,000) (33,000 − 28,000) (24,100 − 20,500)

6,000 5,000 3,600 £14,600

(ii) Based on the cost for 2,000 units calculated in (i), the variable costs of 10,000 units would be £73,000 (£14,600 × 5). (iii) There appears to be a fixed element in both direct labour and overheads. In the case of direct labour, this would appear to be £3,000 [£28,000 − (5 × £5,000)]. In the case of overheads, it appears to be £2,500 [£20,500 − (5 × 3,600)]. (iv) On the basis of (ii) the variable cost of one unit is £7.30 and the contribution per unit is £5 [£12.30 − £7.30]. Break-even point is 1,100 units [(£3,000 + £2,500)/£5].

108

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 50.4A BA 2 Year: Cash outflows Equipment Working capital Tax on profit @ 30% Cash inflows Profit before tax and depn WDA Working capital Net cash flow

Cash Flow Budget for the Project 1 (start) 2 3

(63,600)

212,000 6,000

212,000 4,500

154,400

152,900

212,000 3,375 45,000 181,775

(80,000) (45,000) 212,000 (125,000) 212,000

8,438 (55,162)

Notes 1 Net outflows are shown in brackets. 2 WDA is 25% reducing balance on the machine multiplied by the tax rate of 30%. 3 At the end, as it has no residual value, the machine has an unexpired WDA that can be claimed of £80,000 − £46,248 = £33,752.

Answer to Question 50.5A BA 2 Year 0 1 2 3 4 5

Net cash flow (125,000) 212,000 154,400 152,900 181,775 (55,162)

Discount factor (6%) 1.000 0.943 0.890 0.840 0.792 0.747

Present value (125,000) 199,916 137,416 128,436 143,966 (40,875)

Net present value of the net cash flows

443,859

Answer to Question 50.6A BA 2 Year: Cash outflows Machine Tax on savings @ 30% Tax on sale of old machine Cash inflows Savings on material Sale of old machine WDA on new machine Net cash flow

1 (start)

Cash Flow Statement 3 4

6 (9,000)

(90,000)

30,000 18,000 (90,000)

48,000

(9,000) (1,800)

(9,000)

30,000

5,400 24,600

4,320 25,320

3,456 24,456

2,765 23,765

11,059 2,059

Notes 1 Net outflows are shown in brackets. 2 WDA is 20% reducing balance on the machine multiplied by the tax rate of 30%. 3 At the end, as it has no residual value, the machine has an unexpired WDA that can be claimed of £11,059.

109

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

4 The old machine is sold at a gain of £6,000 over its book value of £12,000 (4 × £3,000). The impact on annual reported profits would be: (i) Operating profit would increase by £30,000; (ii) Depreciation would increase by £15,000 (assuming the straight line method was used); (iii) Tax payable would change by the difference between the tax and WDA rows in the statement.

Answer to Question 50.11A BA 2 Year 0 1 2 3

Amount (60,000) 41,000 23,000 8,000

Balance (60,000) (19,000) – –

Payback at 1 plus 19,000/23,000 years = 1.826 years.

Answer to Question 50.12A BA 2 Year 0 1 2 3

Cash flow (60,000) 41,000 23,000 8,000

Discount factor (5%) 1.000 0.962 0.925 0.889

Net present value of the project

Present value (60,000) 39,423 21,265 7,112 7,800

Answer to Question 50.13A BA 2 Year

Amount

0 1 2 3

(60,000) 41,000 23,000 8,000

Discount factor (12%) 1.000 0.893 0.797 0.712

Present value (60,000) 36,607 18,335 5,694 637

16% discount rate gives NPV of 18% discount rate gives negative NPV of

The IRR is

637 938 1,575

637 × 2% = 0.81 + 12% = 12.81%. 1,575

110

Discount factor (14%) 1.000 0.877 0.769 0.675

Present value (60,000) 35,965 17,698 5,400 ( 938)

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 50.14A BA 2 From Table 4 in Appendix 1, the present value of an annuity of £1 for 3 years at 4% is 2.775. The NPV accounting to the answer to Question 50.12A is £7,800. Therefore the annualised amount is: £7,800 = £2,810.81. 2.775

Answer to Question 50.15A BA 2 Average return Average investment

= 98,000 = (140,000 + 15,000) ÷ 2 = 77,500

Accounting rate of return =

98,000 77,500

= 126.45%

Answer to Question 50.16A BA 2 Period

Amount

0 1 2 3 4 5

(180,000) 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 155,000

Discount factor (70%) 1.000 0.588 0.346 0.204 0.120 0.070

Present value (180,000) 82,353 48,443 28,496 16,762 10,917 6,971

70% discount rate gives NPV of 80% discount rate gives negative NPV of

The IRR is

6,971 13,468 20,439

6,971 × 10% = 5.18% + 70% = 75.18% 13,468

111

Discount factor (80%) 1.000 0.556 0.309 0.171 0.095 0.053

Present value (180,000) 77,778 43,210 24,005 13,336 8,203 (13,468)

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 50.19A BA 2 Period 0 1 2 3

Discount factor (7%) 1.000 0.935 0.873 0.816

Project A net cash flows (68,000) 30,000 – 48,000

Present value (68,000) 28,050 – 39,168 ( 782)

Project B net cash flows (58,000) 42,000 – 21,000

Present value (58,000) 39,270 – 17,136 ( 1,594)

Neither should be selected on the basis of this criterion – both projects have a negative net present value.

Answer to Question 50.20A BA 2 Project X = 6.4% Project Y = 5.2% Project X would be preferred.

Answer to Question 50.22A BA 2 Period 0 1 2 3 4 5

Discount factor (6%) 1.000 0.943 0.890 0.840 0.792 0.747

Project X net cash flows (50,000) ( 8,000) (12,000) ( 8,000) ( 8,000) ( 8,000)

Present value (50,000) ( 7,544) (10,680) ( 6,720) ( 6,336) ( 5,976) (87,256)

Project Y net cash flows (110,000) ( 12,000) ( 12,000) ( 2,000) ( 2,000) ( 2,000)

The present value of an annuity of £1 for 5 years at 6% = £4.212 ∴ The annualised cost of Project X

= £87,256 = £20,716 4.212

and the annualised cost of Project Y = £136,754 = £32,468 4.212 As the cost of Project X is cheaper than that of Project Y, Project X should be selected.

112

Present value (110,000) ( 11,316) ( 10,680) ( 1,680) ( 1,584) ( 1,494) (136,754)

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 50.25A BA 2 Hirwaun Pig Iron Co. 2016 2017 120,000 120,000

(a) Exco Tonnes Price: 80% @ 20% @ Revenue (£000) Labour (£000) Other payments Net cash flow

2015 120,000

18,000 ( 1,200) (15,600) 1,200

17,760 ( 1,200) (15,600) 960

17,760 ( 1,200) (16,200) 360

18,240 ( 1,200) (16,200) 840

Ohio Tonnes Price Revenue (£000) Labour (£000) Other payments Net cash flow

2015 240,000 £130 31,200 ( 2,500) (28,800) ( 100)

2016 240,000 £130 31,200 ( 2,500) (28,800) ( 100)

2017 240,000 £140 33,600 ( 2,500) (30,000) 1,100

2018 240,000 £170 40,800 ( 2,500) (30,000) 8,300

£150 £150

£150 £140

2018 120,000

£150 £140

(b) Exco (£000) Period 0 Capital outlay 2015 Net cash flow 2016 Net cash flow 2017 Net cash flow 2018 Net cash flow Net present value Ohio (£000) 0 Capital outlay 2015 Net cash flow 2016 Net cash flow 2017 Net cash flow 2018 Net cash flow Net present value

£150 £160

(2,000) 1,200 960 360 840

PV factor for 12% 1.00 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636

NPV (2,000) 1,072 765 256 534 627

(3,500) ( 100) ( 100) 1,100 8,300

1.00 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636

(3,500) ( 89) ( 80) 783 5,279 2,393

(c) The calculations of net present values indicate that the Ohio investment produces a higher NPV over the 4-year period. In order to determine whether this represents a reasonable decision, the management would need to consider the reliability of estimates used – on volumes, sales forces and costs. Exco involves a lower capital outlay, which is expected to produce a payback just before the end of 2016. Ohio does not achieve payback until over 6 months through the fourth year. Ohio only really comes into profit in the fourth year. If these fourth year estimates are reliable, and may extend into the future period after 2018, then Ohio is clearly preferable. The method using net present value is entirely appropriate, assuming that the cost of capital figure has been reliably estimated. However, the NPV can only be valued if the information on which it is based is accurate. Great care must be taken to assess the sensitivity of the data to changes in the inputs in order to be aware of the underlying risks involved.

113

Sangster, Frank Wood’s Business Accounting 2, 13th Edition, Solutions Manual

Answer to Question 50.27A BA 2 Rovers Football Club Exhibit A Jimmy Jam Year Incremental receipts Salary Transfer fee Exhibit B Johnny Star Year Incremental receipts Salary Transfer fee

0 (200,000) (200,000) 0 (100,000) (100,000)

1 200,000 ( 50,000)

2 200,000 ( 50,000)

3 200,000 ( 50,000)

4 200,000 ( 50,000)

5 200,000 ( 50,000)

150,000

1 400,000 (200,000)

2 400,000 (200,000)

(200,000)

Exhibit C Year 0 1 2 3 4 5

Cash flow (200,000) 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000

Jimmy Jam PV factor NPV 1.00 (200,000) 0.893 133,950 0.797 119,550 0.712 106,800 0.636 95,400 0.567 85,050 340,750

Cash flow (100,000) 200,000 200,000

Johnny Star PV factor NPV 1.00 (100,000) 0.893 178,600 0.797 159,400 238,000

Report to Rovers Football Club The proposed transactions have been evaluated in Exhibits A, B and C to calculate the likely returns from the two players. On the figures quoted, both transactions produce a positive net present value using 12% interest, with the Jimmy Jam proposal providing the higher of the two. However, the club should consider the fact that the J Star proposal provides a payback in the first year whereas the J Jam transfer would not achieve payback until after 6 months through year 2. If J Jam is successful, his 5-year contract will provide benefits for 3 years more than J Star. In both cases the whole proposal hinges on the validity of the assumed increase in revenue and the probability that the players will be fit to play and be popular with the crowds.

114