BANGUNAN PERSEKUTUAN PETALING JAYA
BANGUNAN PERSEKUTUAN PETALING JAYA
GROUP MEMBERS JAYESH SRINIVASA ELLAYAH ALVIN MUNGUR LIAU WEN BIN LIM MING CHEK EVELYN PAUL
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0317119 0316886 0319062 0317743 0311619
CONTENTS
3
04
INTRODUCTION
07
ARCHITECTURE STYLE
11
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION &MATERIAL ANALYSIS
25
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
35
CONCLUSION
36
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Bangunan Persekutuan in Petaling Jaya was officially opened on the 22nd of October 1958. The opening launch of this building was presided by the then Prime Minister, Yang Teramat Mulia Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-‐Haj. 3 Million Ringgit Malaysia was spent to build the 6 storey building, and it is equipped with modern faciliNes. The construcNon was executed by Kementerian Kerja Raya (Road Work Ministry), Pos, and Telekom. Bangunan Persekutuan was erected to place specifically in Petaling Jaya for government offices. When launching the building, the Prime Minister made it clear that it is the government’s desire to prepare services perfectly to the government staff. Amongst the government departments which have occupied the building are the NaNonal Archieve, Telekom Department, and the NaNonal Bank. It is sNll uNlised by government offices to this day.
Ground floor plan
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FAST FACTS
The building in which we are appointed to is called the Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya. It started construcNon in the year 1957 and was completed a year later in 1958. The total cost of construcNon for this building is RM 3Million and has a total of 6 floors. It is located in the city of Petaling Jaya which is in the state of Selangor. To be even more specific on the locaNon of Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya, it is located along Jalan Sultan, Seksyen 52. The building is built in a very strategic area. It is built in one of the most congested areas in the state of Selangor and also in an area where government buildings are in abundance. Examples of government buildings around it are Jabatan Perkhidmatan Kajicuaca Malaysia, Mahkamah Petaling Jaya, Perbadanan ProdukNviN Negara, Arkib Negara, Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor, Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan Persiaran Barat Petaling Jaya and many more.This area is so congested and so government induced that local people call this are the state. The main funcNon to this building for the public is the Jabatan Penda_aran Negara Daerah Petaling Jaya which is the NaNonal RegistraNon Department (NRD). The NaNonal RegistraNon Department is a department under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is responsible for the registraNon of important events of every individual such as birth, death, adopNon, marriage and divorce. In addiNon, NRD is also responsible for determining ciNzenship status and subsequently, the issue of idenNficaNon document in the form of idenNty card to eligible individuals. There are also many other funcNons to this building which are not so much for the public as shown by the number of departments under this building. This includes Jabatan Kimia Malaysia, Agensi AnN Dadah Kebangsaan Negeri Selangor, Jabatan Perpaduan Dan Integrasi Nasional, Pejabat Perpaduan Daerah Petaling, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat and Kementerian Perdagangan Dan Hal Ehwal Penggunaan Negeri Selangor.
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ARCHITECT
Ar. Chin Yuong Khiun(Chin Y K) is a Professional architect with over twenty years’ experience in Commercial Architecture, Project Management and In-‐ terior Design. His impressive range of projects include residenNal architecture for homes, apartments blocks, while his commercial architecture pro-‐ duced structure such as shopping malls, shop lots, government buildings, schools, restaurants, resorts and hotels. He incorporated Malaysian and Bali-‐ nese architecture into modern architecture to maximum effect. Prior to sebng up his own architecture pracNce, he gained valuable experience work-‐ ing with the Government (Public Works Department), in a private architect’s pracNce and a contractor’s office. Design Style
Ar, Chin employ electric use of design forms to suit specific site condiNons. He believe a design should grow out of the site rather than be transplanted into it. He is very conscious of the tropical climaNc condiNons that prevails in Malaysia and consequently design buildings accordingly which are adapted to these condiNons.
Some of his completed projects are: -‐
1) NaNonal RegistraNon Office(Jabatan Penda_aran Negara) 2) Kolam Plaza Complex 3) Tawau General Post, Tawau
4) Paitan Government Quarters(Jabatan Kerja Raya) 5) Sabah Forestry Industries Office, Sipitang 6
2.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE
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Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya has 2 main disNnct architectural
Apart from Modern Architecture, Brutalist Architecture are buildings
styles, Brutalist and Modern Architecture.
which are usually formed with repeated modular elements creaNng
Modern Architecture are buildings which represent simplicity and clarity with materials at 90 degrees to each other. Truth to materials which means that true nature or natural appearance of a material is necessary to be seen as the visual expression of structure rather than hiding structural elements.
masses which portrays specific funcNonal zones that are disNnctly arNculated and grouped together into a unified whole. This concept can be seen in the floor plan of the building and also the repeNNve pakern of the exterior wall of the front of the building. As to compare, this can be seen in many famour brutalist architectural iconic buildings such as the Unite d'HabitaNon by Le Corbusier and also the Humphery
As one of the Masters of Modern Architecture, Le Corbusier idenNfies
Building in Washington D.C by Marcel Breuer. One can see the
the 5 points of architecture as free plan, piloNs, free façade, horizontal
similariNes in all these 3 buildings which are typically massive in
strip window, and roof garden. This can be applied to Bangunan
character (though it may not be large), fortress-‐like with a
Persekutuan as you can see the window placement in the stairway is
predominance of exposed concrete construcNon, or someNmes
as of the same concept.
brickwork and concrete detailed ruggedly together. In a nutshell,
Modernist Architecture in the Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya can
Brutalist architecture encourages dullness, strength, and most
also be seen by the structure and materials used. The structure of the
importantly, funcNon.
building is not hidden and can be seen from the exterior. The materials
The display of Brutalist Architecture can be seen clearly and will not be
used for the façade if the building are industrially-‐produced materials
mistaken when one pictures the enNre exterior part of the building.
which are also at 90 degrees to each other. Other likle details can also
The solid geometry of the building represents both brutalist and
be seen in the use of plaster ceilings and Nling styles.
modern because of the simple form and aestheNcs of Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya. 8
MODERNIST
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BRUTALIST
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3.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS
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STEEL
Figure 3.1: Steel facade Source: Jayesh Ellayah
Most of the building is built using concrete, however metal is used for It’s front to allow the building to be more akracNve. Metal frame system enables architectural and design flexibility that is cost efficient, sustainable, durable and safe with excepNonal resistance to fire, corrosion and pests. It has a structural integrity that means it stays straight, true and most importantly, safe. Steel have more advantages over disadvantages as follows. Advantages: 1) Easy to build 2) Strong and design flexible 3) Durable because it doesn’t need treatments 4) It is fire resistance and can withstand more than 1000°C 5) Environmentally friendly since it can be fully recycled 6) Can be build using high quality workmanship Disadvantages: 1) General cost of steel might be more costly than other type structures 2)Maintenance. To avoid paint to avoid corrosion as done in this building.
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CERAMIC TILES
Figure 3.2. 3.3, 3.4: Ceramic tiles Source: Jayesh Ellayah
A Nle is made from clay that has been permanently hardened by heat, o_en having a decoraNve glaze. Advantages of Nles: 1) Durability of ceramic surfaces have a relaNvely longer life if com-‐ pared to most of the other materials used for floor and wall cover-‐ ing. 2) They are fireproof, they do not burn, nor give off smoke or toxic fumes 3) Ceramic Nle materials are highly resistant to chemical agents 4) Direct exposure of ceramic Nles to sunlight neither alters their color, nor causes them to fade. 5) Being hygienic and easy to clean, ceramic Nles are recommended for all areas where high sanitary standards are a must. Disadvantaged: 1) Due to density of ceramic, it takes longer to heat or cool than other flooring materials, thus ceramic is cold and can be uncomfort-‐ able during winterNme in colder climates 2) The grout lines between the Nles are suscepNble to stains, mold and mildew and must be periodically sealed to maintain the integrity of the grout lines. 13
STONE
Figure 3.5, 3.6: Stone wall Source: Jayesh Ellayah
Stone walls are a kind of construcNon that has been used for thou-‐ sand of years. The first stone walls were constructed by farmers and primiNve people by piling loose field stone into a dry stone wall. Advantages: 1) Long durability 2) Preky much maintenance free 3) It blend in easily, seeming more natural than wood, brick or vinyl wall 4) A large variety of stone types and colors are available 5) Can be polished when scratched Disadvantages:-‐ 1) Limited chemi-‐ cal and stain resis-‐ tance 2) Higher installa-‐ Non cost than ce-‐ ramic Nle
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PLASTER
Figure 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10: Plasterworks Source: Jayesh Ellayah
DefiniNon of plaster:-‐ Plaster is a building material used for many purposes, mainly for coaNng walls and ceilings. Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a paste when used. The reacNon with water liberates heat through crystallizaNon and the hydrated plaster then hardens. Advantages of using plaster: 1) Complex design can easily be produced 2) It are light in weight 3) It will not be easily detached from the ceiling 4) Less likely to crack like concrete 5) High fire resistance 6) Good interior finish Disadvantaged: 1) More expensive than cement 2) Not suitable for exterior finish 3) High labor cost 4) Fragile compared to concrete 15
Figure 3.11: Windows
POLYMER The material used for windows was polymer. These days, professionals are conNnuing to discover the advantages of plasNcs composite building products. Some of the advantages are as follows: -‐ 1) Polymers are resistant to chemicals
Source: Jayesh Ellayah
Disadvantages:-‐ 1) Low use temperature 2) They are flammable
2) Polymers are both thermal and electrical insulators 3) They are light in weight with a significant degrees of strength 4) They can be processed in various ways, for example they can be molded in any shaped such as the form of the building’s front 5) Polymers are renewable materials 6) Require low finishing cost
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LAMINATED GLASS Laminated glass is made by fusing two or more layers of glass with inter-‐layers of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) through the use of heat and pressure. The process creates a safety glass. If the laminated glass is made using sheets of heat strengthened glass, then the sheet of glass will break into large pieces, but it will be held in the frame by the PVB inter-‐layer. This provides safety, but also adds a level of security since the glass remains in place and prevents a person or object from passing through. If the laminated glass is made using sheets of tempered glass, then the sheet will fall out of the frame, but will mostly stay together due to the PVB inter-‐layer. The glass looks a lot like a wet blanket when shakered. Advantages:-‐ 1) Resists penetraNon 2) Remains bonded together a_er breakage 3) Reduces injuries caused by glass 4) Sound reducNon
Figure 3.12: Entrance Source: Jayesh Ellayah
5) UV protecNon 6) Available in Nnted, performance coated and pakerned forms. Disadvantages:-‐ 1) Usually installed with poor condiNon 2) Noise reducNon reduced if the 2 panes of laminated glass is not well placed against pvb film 17
Figure 3.13: Concrete works
CONCRETE
Source: Jayesh Ellayah
The building is mainly built by concrete. Concrete is a composite ma-‐ terial composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. O_en, ad-‐ diNves and reinforcements included in the mixture to achieve the desired physical properNes of the finished material. When these in-‐ gredients are mixed together, they form a fluid mass that is easily molded into shape. Advantages:-‐ 1) Concrete is non economical when ingredients are readily avail-‐ able. 2) Concrete’s long life and relaNvely low maintenance require-‐ ments increase its economic benefits. 3) It is not as likely to rot, corrode, or decay as other building mate-‐ rials. 4) Concrete has the ability to be molded or cast into almost any de-‐ sired shape. 5) Building of the molds and casNng can occur on the work-‐site which reduces cost. 6) Concrete is a non-‐combusNble material which makes it fire-‐safe and able to withstand high temperatures. 7) It is resistant to wind, water, rodents, and insects. Hence, con-‐ crete is o_en used for storm shelters.
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THE CONSTRUCTION OF BANGUNAN PERSEKUTUAN Intro: Bangunan Persekutuan was built on a flat terrain located at petaling jaya. The construcNon took approximately one whole year to be completed, including the building and the surrounding infrastruc-‐ tures such as the landscape. Bangunan Persekutuan adopted the modernism style as its general shape and simplicity. The design concepts, massing, hierarcy and materials selecNon are all from the modernism era. Another style that can be noNced is brutalism for its lavish use of raw concrete throughout the building. Figure 3.14: Shear structure
Structural system: The building makes use of tradiNonal sheer structures with con-‐ crete walls. These are structures such as reinforced concrete shear walls and are commonly used in mulNstory buildings to reduce lat-‐ eral movements due to wind loads and earthquake excitaNons. Shear structures develop primarily in-‐plane shear with relaNvely mi-‐ nor bending stresses under the acNon of external loads. Figure 3.15: Horizontal force applied to building facade [wind]
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At Bangunan Persekutuan, they used concrete waffle ra_ slab in the construcNon to obtain a flat smooth ground and one on which Nles can be placed. Firstly, the process of excavaNon was done to allow the placement of form work and preparing for the slab bedding. Metal wire mesh was added to the concrete layer before pouring the concrete slab, to have a high compressive strength so as to be able to withstand the weight of the building. A_er the concrete slab was le_ to set, grooves of width 20mm was cut every 1500mm length in order to avoid cracking of the enNre slab. A_erwards, the slab can be finished with any topping, such as
Figure 3.16, 3.17: Concrete slab floor, tiles on stairs. Alvin Mungur
carpet, Nles or even Nmber, as seen in Bangunan Persekutuan.
The walls used in Bangunan Persekutuan are load bearing ones mostly. The other types of walls found in Bangunan Persekutuan are cast-‐in-‐situ walls and dry wall for the interior. False ceiling is commonly found in the interior of the building. The design of the façade makes the building appear smaller as one approaches it.
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Figure 3.19: Building Facade
Figure 3.18: Composite of flooring
CAST-IN-SITU CONCRETE WALLING The formwork is prepared with steel bars used to reinforce it and then the concrete is poured into the formwork. A_er the formwork has cured, remove it. The reinforced concrete wall is then com-‐
Figure 3.20: Cast in situ concrete walling Alvin Mungur
pleted. AddiNonal finish can be applied later on the surface of the cured wall.
SKIN OF BUILDING [ LIGHT AND AIR CIRCULATION ] The skin on the outside of Bangunan Persekutuan is made out of steel and has been painted accordingly to avoid rusNng. The primary use of this skin is to shelter the cast in situ walls from direct sunlight. Hence the interior of the building is kept cooler than buildings without it. Its design allows the circulaNon of air to flow easily in and out of the building as well as light to penetrate indirectly.
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Figure 3.21: Metal facade
DRY WALL AND FALSE ROOFING Dry walls are used for most of the individual interior parts. That is, to make separate spaces within a bigger space inside the building. Dry walls was most commonly used in the offices areas. These dry walls consists of many different parts namely: wall tracks, metal studs, gypsum boards and also the support system. Figure 3.22: Dry wall
COMPARAISON BETWEEN BANGUNAN PERSEKUTUAN BUILDING WITH MODERNISM AND BRUTALISM ERA The construcNon of Bangunan Persekutuan can
Figure 3.23: Dry wall
be viewed as similar to that of the modernism
Figure 3.25: Building Facade
era. Geometrically the design of the building has been kept simple and it takes the shape of a rectangular block, and seems to be wrapped around by a pakerned skin. Geometric design of buildings during modernism and Bangunan Persekutuan
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Figure 3.24: Conceptual geometric analysis
The design of Bangunan Persekutuan has been influenced by the modernism era, whereby buildings were made geometrically simple (without carvings on walls or complex shapes) -‐ExoNc use of materials was made in the construcNon of Bangunan Persekutuan which reveals the modern part of the building -‐Pakerns created on the outside The ‘’Unité d'habitaNon’’ is the name of a modernist residenNal housing design principle developed by Le Corbusier, with the collaboraNon of painter-‐architect Nadir Afonso. It proved enormously influenNal and is o_en cited as the iniNal inspiraNon of the Brutalist architectural style and philosophy. Based on the construcNon of Bangunan Persekutuan, we see that the buildings were made out of reinforced concrete. -‐Skin of Bangunan Persekutuan compared to Le Corbusier’s building, Unite d’habitaNon
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Figure 3.26: Cast in situ walls
Figure 3.27: Bangunan Persekutuan
From the two above pictures, we can see that Bangunan Persekutuan has adopted the modernism design of unite d’habitaNon which was designed by Le Corbusier found in Marseille, France. The concept of giving the illusion of depth to a building was adapted to the building’s use; to protect the Bangunan Persekutuan against direct sunlight and to allow air circulaNon. The numerous small windows gives an in-‐depth illusion to the building.
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Figure 3.28: Unité d'habitation
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS 25
Figure 4.1: Curved Staircase
Source: Liau Wen Bin, 2014
Beautiful continuous handrail is fixed to the top of the balustrade.
CURVED STAIRCASE The fundamental purpose of a stair is to move the user safely between
cause all the fundamental details, closed strings, open strings, and
different levels in a building. The design of a stair is decided by the loca-‐
handrails are curved.
Non of it and the requirements of the user.
Curved stairs can be made from a variety of materials and can create a
Curved Stairs are the stairs with a flight resembling an arch in its
hugely impressive structure. A beauNfully created and funcNonal
shape. They provide a soluNon to small space. Thus, curved stairs are
curved staircase is the embodiment of modern architecture. The de-‐
ideal for the main lobby of Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya where
sign challenges both the designer and the stair builder to let their
space is limited. The treads in such stairs are wedge-‐shaped as well,
mind run free: resulNng in either the gloriously simple or the wonder-‐
but tapering at one side is not very vital as that at Winder Stairs. They
fully intricate. A curved staircase can dominate an entrance foyer
are elegant in appearance, and with appropriate components the stair-‐ case can be very effecNve. The difficulty of making staircase is high be-‐ 26
Source: Liau Wen Bin, 2014
Figure 4.2: Plaster Ceiling Decoration
PLASTERWORK Plaster and gypsum board are commonly used to finish the interior
Plaster can also be carved, modeled, cast, incised, colored, stamped or
wall and ceiling surfaces of buildings. Both are reasonably resistant to
stenciled, and shaped geometrically or naturalisNcally to look like
wear and cleanable, addiNonal surface finishes improve these
vines, leaves, and flower details that simulate wood or stone carving.
qualiNes, as well as appearance. Plaster is valued aestheNcally for its monolithic hard surface. As large planes, plaster ceilings present smooth, cool surfaces that can be straight or curved. When folded, plaster produces clearly defined three-‐dimensional details that add interest and generate small shadows. 27
Figure 4.3: Metal Facade Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna.
Source: Liau Wen Bin, 2014
FACADE The building’s external façade is composed of hundreds of
and void created by the metal facade create both dynamic
metal holes. Free facade refers to it not being governed by
feeling and balance appearance at the same time.
structural elements and the separation of the structure from the skin. The angle and the length of shadow of the metal surfaces The facade itself continues the use of stacked element, composed of thousands of these holes, offering a unique and untypical texture to the exterior of the federal building. Each surface and each hole are all in same sizes. Together they are arranged uniformly to achieve a visual equilibrium. The mass
changes with the angle of the sun. Thus, people are able to see different dynamic looks of Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya over the course of the day. The contrast of light and shadow adds an interesting layer to the building that serves as government building 28
Source: Liau Wen Bin, 2014
Figure 4.4: Stone Wall
STONE WALL Natural stone possesses qualiNes that are both pleasing to the eye and
Wall parNNons are aligned in a repeNNve pakern, creaNng rhythm on
graNfying to the soul. It is always at one with the landscape, conveying
the outside of the building. The use of materials which is stone creates
a sense of place, Nmelessness and integrity. Its strength and huge vari-‐
a unique and elegant look to the exterior of Bangunan Persekutuan Pet-‐
ety of color and texture make it one of the most seducNve and endur-‐
aling Jaya. Also, their appearances are very stand-‐out among other ma-‐
ing materials to use.
terials used. The horizontal stone walls bring out the horizontal ele-‐ ments of the building perpendicular to the verNcal elements which are the columns. The outcome is a feeling of balance.
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Figure 4.5: Column In other words, columns are the main support structure that holds a building upright.
COLUMNS
Source: Lim Ming Chek, 2014
Columns are an integral part of a building that transmits through compression the weight of the structure above to the structural elements below. This in other words means that columns are the main support structure that holds a building upright. In recent years, columns serve not only as support structures but also as decoraNon purposes to a building.
This is exactly what is happening in the Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya. The columns are all painted in blue to provide contrast to it from the surrounding structures. Although not much of the columns are seen from the exterior, the visible columns sNll bring out the verNcal elements of the building. This verNcal element communicates solidity and stability which gives the impression of reliability and safety. This element makes the building pleasing to look at from far. Other than that, the repeNNve element of the columns shows the Brutalist Architecture present in the building.
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Figure 4.6, 4.7: Windows
Source: Lim Ming Chek, 2014
Windows are another form of opening of a building.
WINDOWS Windows are major visual elements as they provide a bridge between
The windows used for other parts of the building are also with high
inside & outside by admibng light, controlling venNlaNon and
reflecNvity to provide privacy to the building. However, the windows
influencing thermal comfort. A room with no windows will make
used here are primarily side hung windows which can be opened. The
people feel enclosed and compact.
windows here can be opened to give the building an increased
The windows used for the facade have the same concept as the entrance. They are also Nnted and have high reflecNvity. The windows used here are fixed light windows, this means that the windows here cannot be opened and have a fixed amount of light penetraNng
venNlaNon or even an increased natural light intensity. For example, the windows beside the staircase area provide natural lighNng to the staircase and are occasionally opened to provide venNlaNon so that people will not feel uncomfortable or even difficulty in breathing while using the staircase. 31
Figure 4.8,4.9: Doors Doors are one of the most important components of a building.
Source: Lim Ming Chek, 2014
DOORS Doors funcNon as an entrance to a space and acts as a barrier that
privacy to the building as the interior cannot be seen from the outside.
swings, slides or folds. Other than playing a very important role in
This reflecNve glass facade also shows a whimsical view of the
influencing the circulaNon system, doors also carry the idenNty of a
surrounding cityscape.
specific space. Hence, choice for the type of door to be installed is very important. There are a number in types of doors used in the Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya. The door used for the entrance of the building is a simple glass door. The glass used for the door is Nnted and has a high reflecNvity from the outside. The dark Nnted glass helps in
The doors used behind the recepNon in the main lobby are wooden doors with glass panels. The glass panels provide illuminaNon and a sense of welcome while it also provides a degree of privacy for the room behind it.
reducing the amount of light penetraNng into the building as well as reducing the heat entering. The high reflecNvity of the glass provides 32
Source: Lim Ming Chek, 2014
Figure 4.10: Flooring
FLOORING The choice in flooring is also very important in determining the
Penda_aran Negara Daerah Petaling Jaya is heavily circulated are
idenNty of a space. The colours, the texture and even how shiny the
requires to be cleaned on a daily basis. Therefore, the white Nles used
floor will affect the nature of a space. The Jabatan Penda_aran Negara
are also very easy to be cleaned which helps the cleaners.
Daerah Petaling Jaya is a general area for the public. The Jabatan Penda_aran Negara Daerah Petaling Jaya in return uses while floor Nles as its flooring. This white floor Nles used makes the whole room feel light, clean, bright and even a sense of luxuriousness. This Jabatan
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Source: Google Image, 2014
Figure 4.11: Exterior of the building Roof is part of a building envelope
ROOFING Roof is part of a building envelope, covering the building or as a shelter providing protecNon from the exterior. There are many factors that can influence the type and shape of a roof. The roof of the Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya consists of 10 small arches at the centre of the building. These small arches not only provide cover and shelter like ordinary roofs but they also produce a repeNNve modular element which enhances the Brutalist Architecture in the building.
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CONCLUSION Bangunan Persekutuan Petaling Jaya is a 6 storey building located in Petaling Jaya which contains many government departments. It is simple, rigid and interesNng building to look at which is born from the Brutalist and Modern architectural style. The main
elements to this building are the visible columns, stone wall and the metal holes on the
facade which all contributes to the architectural style. The solid geometry of the building represents both brutalist and modern because of the simple form and aestheNcs. Lastly, the building should be well maintained and preserved so that it can exist for many years to come. This is to ensure the next generaNons can visit the building as a historical site and understand the country's architectural history.
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REFERENCES
• hkp://www.kkr.gov.my/files/content/bangunan/bangunan%20persekutuan%20petalin g%20jaya,%20selangor.pdf
• hkp://www.mbpj.gov.my/web/guest/393
• hkp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture#CharacterisNcs
• hkp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture#CharacterisNcs • hkp://www.stairking.com.au/Page/design-‐centre/staircase-‐design • hkp://www.elevestairs.com/half-‐spiral-‐kit.php
• hkp://popularstairs.com/basic-‐stair-‐building/stairs-‐types • hkp://www.dexigner.com/news/21871
• Corky Binggeli, 2007, Materials for Interior Environments Hardcover • hkp://www.biography.com/people/le-‐corbusier-‐9376609#synopsis • hkp://www.marcelbreuer.org/Biography.html
• hkp://anibal.gyte.edu.tr/hebe/AblDrive/73746022/w/Storage/987_2011_1_310_7374 6022/Downloads/5-‐points-‐of-‐arch.pdf • hkp://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-‐corbusier-‐unite-‐d-‐habitaNon-‐cite-‐radieuse-‐ma rseille-‐brutalist-‐architecture/ • hkp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Building 36