ARCHI PORTFOLIO JINGWEN HUO (WENDY)
2015-2019
Technical Drawings & Documentation Series
INDEX
01
NATIONAL TRANSPORT MUSEUM
Design project - Technical Drawing Documentation
02
THE ANNEXE THEATER RENOVATION
Renovation project - Technical Drawing Documentation
03 STONE BUILDING
CAFE INTERIOR Interior detail esign project - Construction Detail Drawing
04 UTAS WILLS STREET
STUDENT CENTER
Design project - Construction strategy & Detail Documentation
05 MUILT - RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING PROJECT 1. Individual - Envelopes & CLT Structure Development 2. Group - Architectural Report
01 NATIONAL TRANSPORT MUSEUM Design project - Technical Drawing Documentation
02 THE ANNEXE THEATER RENOVATION Renovation project - Technical Drawing Documentation
03 STONE BUILDING CAFE INTERIOR Interior detail esign project - Construction Detail Drawing
STONE BUILDING
CAFE INTERIOR DETAIL DESIGN Original paper Size : A3
MATERIAL ABSORPTION REFLECTANCE suspended timber acoustic panel
0.5
0.45
0.1
0.85
13mm gyprock aquachek
0.1
0.85
light colour timber
o.1
0.4
light grey tile
0.43
0.68
brown carpet
0.3
0.3
Smooth unpainted concrete(exis ted wall)
0.05
0.4
Gyprock Aquachek 13mm
0.1
0.85
Gyprock Standard 13mm Plasterboard
0.1
0.85
acoustic glazed wall
0.09
0.1
0.09
0.1
o.1
0.35
0.24
0.4
13mm
CEILING gyprock plasterboard
FLOOR
WALL
WINDOW double glazing bookcase:dar k colour plywood
FUNITURE light colour chair:hard chair
Original paper Size : A3
Original paper Size : A3
Original paper Size : A3
Original paper Size : A3
ACOUSTIC CALCULATION FOOD PREPARATION ZONE SURFACES MATERIAL CEILING(plasterboard) FLOOR(light grey tile) WALL( Plasterboard) WINDOWS(no curtain) ∑SÎą V(volume)
A ABSORPTION TOTAL 17.3 0.1 1.73 17.3 0.43 7.439 46 0.1 4.6 3.4 0.09 0.306 14.075 48.4
RT=0.16V /∑SÎą
0.6
EATING AND COUNTER ZONE SURFACES MATERIAL
A
CEILING(plasterboard) FLOOR(timber) WALL(plasterboard) WINDOWS(no curtain) CHAIR(Hard chair) ∑SÎą V(volume)
62.4 62.4 80.5 14.7 37
RT=0.16V /∑SÎą
0.9
ABSORPTION TOTAL 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.24
6.24 6.24 8.05 1.323 8.88 30.733
175
READING ZONE CEILING(acoustic ceiling panel) FLOOR(carpet) WALL(plasterboard) WALL(Smooth unpainted concrete) WALL(glass) WINDOWS(no curtain) CHAIR(Hard chair) ∑SÎą
A ABSORPTION TOTAL 15.9 0.50 7.95 15.9 0.3 4.77 18 0.1 1.80 7.6 0.02 0.15 16.2 0.09 1.46 6.8 0.09 0.61 12 0.24 2.88
19.62
V(volume)
44.5
RT=0.16V /∑SÎą
0.4
Original paper Size : A3
DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION CAFÉ AREA
W
(include counter zone and eating zone) 1. 1x1.8mx1.5m=2.7m2 Glazed 14.7 2. 2x2mx3m=12m2 area(m2
W
Glazed area(m2
ELECTRICAL LIGHTING CALCULATION
KITCHEN AREA
READING AREA
(food preparation zone)
(include counter zone,reading zone and eating zone)
2x1.7mx1m=3.4m2
3.4
W
T
Transmittance 0.7(diffuse tansmittance of glazing of double galzing)
0.7
T
Transmittance 0.7(diffuse tansmittance of glazing of double galzing)
0.7
T
ø
Angle of visible sky
60
ø
Angle of visible sky
60
ø
M
0.8(maintenance factors Maintenance of for glazing vertical galzing urban atmosphere)
M
0.8(maintenance factors vertical galzing urban Maintenance of for glazing atmosphere)
Measured in section
Ceiling:62.3 Wall:95.2
A
Area of enclosing room surfaces(m2 Floor:62.3
R
Ceiling:0.85(gyprock plasterboard white) Wall:0.4(smooth Mean unpainted concrete) reflectance of room surfaces Floor:0.4(light colour timber) Windows:0.1(double glazing)
DF =WTĂ˜M/A(1-R2) =493.92/163.3 DF sefaire calculation data
0.8
219.8
111.56/ A=0.51
A
R
Measured in section
Ceiling:17.3 Wall:50.4
Area of enclosing room surfaces(m2 Floor:17.3
Ceiling:0.85(gyprock plasterboard white) Wall:0.4(smooth unpainted concrete)
Mean reflectance of room surfaces Floor:0.68(light grey tile )
0.8
85
45.6/A= 0.54
Windows:0.1(single glazing)
3.02% 2.80%
DF =WTĂ˜M/A(1-R2) =114.24/60.2 DF sefaire calculation data
2.01% 2.12%
M
A
R
Glazed area(m2
EATING ZONE GENERAL LIGHTING SOURCE
4x1.7mx1.m=6.8m2
6.8
0.7 60 0.8
70.5
Ceiling:0.85(gyprock plasterboard white) Wall:0.4(smooth Mean concrete) 31.3/A= reflectance of 0.44 room surfaces Floor:0.3(brown colour carpet ) Windows:0.1(double glazing)
DF =WTĂ˜M/A(1-R2) =228/57.1 DF sefaire calculation data
4.00% 2.97%
KITCHEN ZONE GENERAL LIGHTING SOURCE
READING ZONE GENERAL LIGHTING SOURCE
E axb
Rated Illuminance Room Area
160 47.4
E axb
Rated Illuminance Room Area
160 14.9
E axb
Rated Illuminance Room Area
240 17.3
Black Aluminium PENDANT LED LIGHT CP1230AL (18W) E Rated Illuminance 320 axb Room Area 15.9
Ό ΡLB
Luminous Flux Luminaire Efficiency
2000 0.81
Ό ΡLB
Luminous Flux Luminaire Efficiency
3700 1
Ό ΡLB
Luminous Flux Luminaire Efficiency
3120 1.11
K
relative to đ?œ‚R
1.59
K
relative to đ?œ‚R
1.1
K
relative to đ?œ‚R
0.9
ΡR N
0.9
ΡR N
CETUS LED 2000 HF 840 FP(24.6W)
0.7(diffuse Transmittance tansmittance of of glazing double galzing) Angle of Measured in section visible sky 0.8(maintenance factors for vertical Maintenance of glazing galzing urban atmosphere) Ceiling:15.9 Area of enclosing WALL:38.7 room surfaces(m2 Floor:15.9
COUNTER ZONE GENERAL LIGHTING SOURCEE
ΡR Room utilisation factor N Number of Lamps N=(1.25*E*A*B)/(Ό*ΡLB*ΡR) Wattage Total Wattage general lighting power LPD densities(W/m2)
7 24.6 172.2 4.54
SECONDARY LIGHTING SOURCE N of Lamps LIGHTING SOURCE 3
PENDANT LED LIGHT 9W
ELEVAT LED 3700 HFI MPT AC WL5 597ďźˆ37W)
POPPACK LED3000-840 HF L1200(28W)
Room utilisation factor Number of Lamps N=(1.25*E*A*B)/(Ό*ΡLB*ΡR) Wattage Total Wattage general lighting power LPD densities(W/m2)
1 37 37 3.10
SECONDARY LIGHTING SOURCE Total Wattage 27
5
LED WALL LAMP 6W
30
3m
MISSIONED INGROUND LINEAR LED 20W/METER
60
N of Lamps 3 7m
LIGHTING SOURCE ERCO OSERIS.NARROW SPOT 2W STR-AUDRO LED STRIP P17 10.8W/METER
Room utilisation factor Number of Lamps N=(1.25*E*A*B)/(Ό*ΡLB*ΡR) Wattage Total Wattage general lighting power LPD densities(W/m2) SECONDARY LIGHTING SOURCE
Total Wattage 6 70.8
N/A
Ό ΡLB
Luminous Flux Luminaire Efficiency
1
K
relative to đ?œ‚R
0.6
ΡR N
3 28 84 6.07
Room utilisation factor Number of Lamps N=(1.25*E*A*B)/(Ό*ΡLB*ΡR) Wattage Total Wattage general lighting power LPD densities(W/m2)
2000 0.96 1.1 0.85
4 18 72 5.66
SECONDARY LIGHTING SOURCE N of Lamps
LIGHTING SOURCE
6.5m
STR-AUDRO LED STRIP 10.8W/METER
Total Wattage 70.2
2
ERCO OSERIS.NARROW SPOT 2W
4
LED STRIP
LED STRIP
N-GROUND 20W/METER
Original paper Size : A3
Original paper Size : A3
04 UTAS WILLS STREET STUDENT CENTER Design project - Construction strategy & Detail Documentation
UTAS
WILLS STREET STUDENT CENTER
Original paper Size : A3
Original paper Size : A3
Original paper Size : A3
Original paper Size : A3
Original paper Size : A3
05 MUILT - RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECT 1. Individual - Envelopes & CLT Structure Development 2. Group - Architectural Report
Part 1 Individual Envelopes & CLT Structure Development
Part 2 Group Architectural Report
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION PART 1. Architecture report Roles of Architect I 1.1. Strategies used to design External building Fabric 1.2. Fire resistance of the building Roles of Architect II 1.3. Egress of fire 1.4. Provision of amenity 1.5. Movement of people PART 2. Structural report 2.1 Site information 2.2 Summary of structure design criteria 2.3 Below ground construction 2.4 Above ground lightweight construction PART 3. Service report 3.1 Power and Energy 3.2 Telecommunication 3.3 Ventilation 3.4 Heating and Cooling 3.5 Rainwater Harvesting 3.6 Fire service 3.7 Movement 3.8 Service shaft PART 4 .Ecologically sustainable development report PART 5 .Reference
Produced by: Jingwen Huo Jie Jun Low Dorene Tay Ka Yin Peck
PART 1 ARCHITECTURE REPORT 1.1 External Building Fabric External building fabric is the insulation, material, finishes and ‘skin’ of the building. The elements of it including external wall, roof, window, door and lowest floor of a building. Four strategies were used in building fabric design, the approach of window size in response to purpose and microclimate, various composition of wall, cost saving construction method and additional sun shading device.
1.1.1 Design of window size based on different function of the building There are advantages and disadvantages in glass curtain wall and window wall. Based on research, glass curtain wall is aesthetically pleasing but cost more, has long installation time and involve special fixing method (Marquis and etc.). Whereas window walls is cheaper, has short installation time and can be easily install or replace. Nevertheless, it is aesthetically less appealing. So, it is believe that window wall is more suitable for a sustainable approach. In addition, the design of the window is referred to the BCA. According to BCA volume 1, the minimum height of a spandrel is 900mm and extend not less than 600mm above the floor. It also states that the minimum window to floor area ratio is 15%. 1.1.1.1 Retail The retail is facing South side of the building. In Launceston, North side of the wall gets direct sunlight while south wall could only get natural daylight. There is less heat gain from the south wall, hence window opening should be minimised. However, it is the commercial or retail area of the building, display window is necessary as a method of visual merchandising. 1.1.1.2 Office Due to the demand of natural light in the office area, the aperture in these floor level is design to be as large as possible, excluding west facade of the building. It is known that there is an existing property next to the west facade, the daylight might not be able to reach the office space if there is an opening on the west facade. The spandrel in the office level is 900mm/1100mm as opening below this height may direct unnecessary sunlight or daylight that does not reach the working plane. indow height should be maximised to allow maximum area that received daylight. 1.1.1.3 Hall As the multifunctional hall rely on artificial lighting, it is suggested to design a clerestory on the east wall of the hall. The natural lighting from the window above eye level provide sufficient lighting for minor task such as eating. Some additional light fittings are necessary for other events that needed special lighting.
1.1.1.4 Apartment The technique used in apartment window design is providing a reasonable window size, capturing daylight and comply to BCA volume 1. 2.1.2 Component of building fabric base on orientation of the building
Out In 1.1.2.1 Load bearing wall for extruded air handling room This wall is adjacent to the existing properties on the west, so it needs to has a FRL of 240/240/240. A layer of vapour membrane is sandwiched between the batten and plasterboard.
Out In 1.1.2.2 South Wall The South wall received no direct sunlight, so it should have more insulation compare to other walls. A layer of rigid insulation is added compare to other walls for a better performance. A layer of vapour membrane is sandwiched between the batten and rigid insulation.
Out In 1.1.2.3 Other walls facing North, East and West as well as Apartment’s wall. This is the normal wall type we picked for the facade. A layer of vapour membrane is sandwiched between the batten and timber frame stud. 1.1.3 Selection of wall construction method for cost saving
The reason why lightweight construction is selected as our wall construction method is because it reduce building load , and hence, save on the size of foundation. The lightweight stud system is comply with BCA specification C1.8 and AS/NZS 1684. The timber stud frame wall can also be prefabricate in a factory and hence lower the rate of delay due to weather and a better control in quality or performance of the wall. 1.1.4. Additional Sun shading device In a site where there is four season, it is important to gain sufficient sunlight in the winter and reduce direct sunlight penetration in Summer. The sunlight can be control through shading device such as louvres and awning,
To design a north facade shading device, we need to refer to the sun diagram. The winter sun at 12pm in the afternoon is 25degree altitude while the summer sun at 12pm in the afternoon is 72degree altitude. Hence, an awning which is 300mm above the window should extend 640mm to block the summer afternoon sun and allow the penetration of winter afternoon sun
Whereas for the east side of the wall, it is means to collect winter morning sun at 9 am and blocking summer sun at the same timing. So vertical louvres are install on the east wall of the office. The sun angle is relatively low in the morning, so the azimuth of the sun has become the key factor that determine the angle of the louvres. The winter sun has an azimuth of 42 degree while the summer sun has a azimuth of 79 degree. Diagram shows how the louvres work.
1.2 Fire Resistance of structure According to the brief, this type A construction timber building is a fully sprinklered building, so the FRL of the internal structure of the building is 60/60/60. This is different from the BCA Deem to Satisfy requirement, it is considered as the performance solution to a mid-rise building. We strictly follow the requirement of the brief. Other than that, the fire resistance level of the external wall should comply to BCA section D. The design solution for the structure and internal element of the building is using a single layer of fire rate plasterboard to wrap most of the structural elements to meet FRL of 60/60/60. These element included internal lining of external wall, internal wall, ceiling, floor slab, lift shaft, beams and columns.
There is some exceptional case such as the external wall of the air handling wall located on the west side of the building. The wall should have a FRL of 240/240/240 for safety reason. 3 layers of plasterboard on each side of the timber stud wall are sufficient.
1.3 Egress of Fire - An exit must be providing continuous egress to a road ot openspace. It can be any or any combination of the following: (i) an internal or external stairway (ii) a ramp (iii) a fire-isolated passageway
(iv) a doorway opening to a road or open space. (NCC 2016 BCA VOL 1, A1.1). - Exits must be provided for any building to allow users to safely evacuate, with proper amount, location and travel distance based on different requirement to suit different building height, function of building, and etc. - According to BCA Part D1.2, for building height more than 25M, two choices of exits needs to be provided. -When the egress connects more than 2 floors, it is required to be fire rated by providing fire resistant enclosure around the path of travel from the door of the exit to an open space. In the refined scheme: -Provision of fire egress is reduced from 3 at ground floor to 2, while remaining the two access and egress stairs that serve the multifunctional hall on first floor. -The width of egress is 1100mm wide clear between handrails in order to fulfill the minimum requirement of 1m width (NCC 2016 BCA VOL 1, A1.6). Doors are open in direction of travel. The fire resisted shaft encloses the fire egress. -Since the building is beyond 25m height, there are two fire egress in each floor for building user to exit the building from basements and floor level above ground floor. However, the multi-function hall on first floor is designed to have separate egress with the office , apartment as well as the retail space. -As the fire egresses are designed in the middle of the building, a fire isolated corridor connected to each fire egress in ground floor that leads them going out to the open space. -People at ground floor has the type of direct exits to the exterior open space. - Based on the BCA part D1.4: (i) For apartments which is class 4, the entrance doorway of each apartment units must not be more than 6m form an exit. From a point from which travel in different directions to 2 exits is available. (see Figure 1.x) (ii) While for office which belongs to class 5, no point on a floor must be more than 20m from an exit, from a point from which travel in different directions to 2 exits is available, which means the maximum distance to one of those exits cannot be exceed 40m, and minimum 9m apart from each exit. The diagrams show that the location of fire egress complies to this regulation. (iii) Car park egress travel distance from all point is maximum 60m.
Two choices of exits.
Distance between door and fire egress is less than 6m.
1.4 Provision of Amenity -Building amenity includes, provision of sanitary, internal room sizes, light, air lock, car park and so on. (NCC 2016 BCA VOL 1, Part F2). 1.4.1 Sanitary and other facilities -Sanitary facilities include toilets, urinals, washbasins, kitchen, laundries and cleaning facilities. -For apartment at the top floor, each unit are provided with a kitchen sink and facilities to enable food preparation and cooking, bathroom with a shower, a closet pan and a washbasin as well as clothes washing facilities to enable occupants to carry out laundering (NCC 2016 BCA VOL 1, Part F2.1). -According to BCA (pg. 303), the provision of sanitary needs to be calculated based on the number of occupancy (the number of persons accommodated, in NCC 2016 BCA VOL 1, Part D1.13) in order to efficiently provide sufficient amount of toilet for buildings users, including the number of closet pan, urinal and washbasin. Table 1.1 Sanitary calculation: Function
Area (m^2)
Number of Occupants
Number of toilet Female
Male
Retail
1500
500
2 unisex disabled toilets
Multifunctional hall
600
600
7 closet pans 3 washbasins
2 closet pan 6 urinals 3 washbasins
Each office levels
1240
124
5 closet pan 3 washbasins
4 closet pan 3 urinals
3 washbasins -Accessible sanitary for disables are required in this building. These are also provided as unisex sanitary compartments. The size of accessible sanitary is at least 1900m x 2300m (AS1428.2). To comply with this, the accessible sanitary in the design is 1900m x 2600m. The construction of sanitary compartments must have at least 1.2m clear space between the closet pan the the doorway.
-In order to satisfy the requirement of client and the standards, kitchen, storage and sanitary are provided for the multifunctional hall. Those amenities are positioned at both sides of the hall to well-served the hall during happening to events. 1.4.2 Room Height -A certain room or space within a building is required to have sufficient height suitable for functional intentions of that room or space. The room height is calculated from top of floor slab to the ceiling. -To comply with NCC 2016 BCA VOL 1, Part F3.1, the minimum room heights are required as the following: -Apartment (class 4): Habitable room (such as living rooms, bedrooms, dining area) -2400mm Kitchen, laundry -2100mm Corridor -2100mm -Office (class 5), Retail (class 6), Car park (class 7): Generally -2400mm Hallways -2100mm -Multifunctional Hall (class 9b): Generally -2400mm if less than 100 occupants, 2700 mm otherwise Sanitary facility -2100mm if less than 100 occupants, 2400mm otherwise According to the number of occupants in Table 1.1, the multifunctional hall which has 600 occupants is needed to have above 2700mm room height. In order to well serve as a ‘multifunctional’ hall with flexible activities and events held in the space, the height of the hall is 5400mm.
Room Functions Apartment
Room height (mm)
Habitable room
2800
Kitchen, laundry, corridor
2300
Office
2700
Hall
5400
Retail
3400
Carpark
Overall hallways, sanitary facilities, services room
Basement 1
2600
Basement 2
3500 2400
1.4.3 Light Natural light: Well-lit internal space within a building is important so that natural lighting must be provided in the building. In order to achieve this, windows are provided and area is to be 10% of the room’s floor area. The windows are required to open to the sky or face a courtyard, an open verandah or the like. (NCC 2016 BCA VOL 1, Part F4.2) The design of building can be improved through maximising natural daylight. Providing sufficient daylight penetration into a room during daytime can reduce the demand for artificial lighting. Subsequently, it can reduce the energy consumption of the building while achieve good thermal performance of the building. However, the sunlight penetrating through the window is reasonably controlled to minimise solar heat gain through the application of awning (see external building fabric). The orientation of rooms plays important role in gaining natural light penetrating into the rooms. For instance, the orientation if apartment is refined into two rows. Living areas and most of the bedrooms are facing north with window opening facing north as well. However, some of the units located in between is added with skylight in order to increase natural light getting into the units. A horizontal skylight is proportionately three times more effective as a source of daylight than a vertical window. (Lewis & McNicholl 1994)
1.4.4 Airlock Entryways An airlock entryway is an area or room between a pair of doors that able to decrease the amount of air infiltration and heat loss when the external door is opened, since there is at least one door is kept closed at all times. This facility creates a buffer zone to block the wind and remain the inward flow of air and improve building’s energy efficiency. In the refined design, main entrance and lift lobby at ground floor are designed to have a pair of sliding doors in order to create an airlock space. A central hallway for each office floor and apartment floor are also be an airlock space. All the airlock space has a floor area of not less than 1.1m2 and fitted with self-closing doors.
1.4.5 Car park, Bike park, Loading bay -The size of car park space is based on the requirement in AS 2890., which is approximately 2.5M x 5.3M for each space in the refined design. -Disabled car park is provided near to the lift for convenience. (AS/NZS 2890.6:2009) -Bike park and changing room for cyclist at the North side is provided. -Loading bay at the North side close to the foyer space of hall allow to unload and deliver of goods through the lift and to the storage or kitchen in upper level.
1.5 Human movement -Human movement is important for architect to understand especially designing a public accessible building. Travelling of occupant toward, around and through the building is considered as it affects their perception of the building. -The estimation of human movement in the buildings may bring advantages to the access control, building energy simulation, elevator scheduling and HVAC system control. -Thus, for refining functional arrangement of in planning, vertical movement and horizontal movement has been taken into consideration and prediction. It affects the arrangement of main entrance, foyer space and lift lobby which has to be compromised with the travel distance regulation in Australian standards. Hall: -There are two foyer spaces serving for hall. Both of them include 1 staircase and 1 lift provided at both North and South sides, allowing users entering to the hall and exit from it with two choices of entrance. The intention to have two foyer space especially for hall instead of using the same entrance as the retail and the same fire egress as the office, it not only considers the security but also the different operation time of the hall and the office.
-They are also allow users exit from the hall in efficiently in short time, avoiding congestion of movement, whether during the break time of events or the ends of events. -The foyer spaces can also serve for ticket box and ticket verification before the events. Ground floor: -In the original design, there are two toilet in the middle of the plan, which is also located in the exterior. It may cause vague circulation for users. Thus, it is moved to the back of house. -In the refined plan, the separated retail spaces have been merged into one. There are two lifts lobby (each lobby has 2 lifts) at ground level serving for office users and residents from first floor to sixth floor. A door entering to the retail in the lobby allow office user and residents entering to the retail space as well. -While east entrance, south entrance, north entrance (bike park space) with a pair of automatic sliding doors are served for public who wants to enter to the retail. -The south entrance which facing to the commercial street is designed to be easy way-finding, which it located in the middle of the centre of building facade. Basement: -Same amount of lifts are provided in basement getting up through the whole building.
3d Massing diagram
Functional space
Services room, Sanitary and other facilities
PART 2 STRUCTURAL REPORT 2.1 SITE INFORMATION: CLIMATE ZONE: 7 (NCC VOL.1) WIND SPEED CLASSIFICATION: Region A3 (AS 1170.2 FIGURE 3.1) WIND CLASSIFICATION: N1 AVERAGE WIND SPEED PER ANNUM: 12 KM/H SOIL CLASSIFICATION: DERMOSO TOPOGRAPHY EFFECT: T0 - < 1:20 – VERY FLAT TERRAIN SITE TERRAIN CATEGORY: TERRAIN CATEGORY 4 (AS 1170.2 4.2.1) 2.2 SUMMARY OF STRUCTURE DESIGN CRITERIA: 2.2.1 Building Dimensions: · Basement: Height: 8m,width: 45m, length: 70m · Above ground: Height: 26.7m,width: 41m, length: 70m 2.2.2 Grid spacing: · Basement level: 8.6x 8.6m (concrete construction) · Ground floor – fifth floor: 5.5m x 5.5m (timber construction) · Single span multifunctional hall: 5.5m x 22m ( timber construction)
2.2.3 Design of structure Elements based on Rule of Thumb: · Timber glulam beam within the building determined using rule of thumb for heavily loading structure: Depth = span /18 (maximum span 5500 mm in plan), which is approx. minimum beam depth 305mm. -Using 125 x 600 mm GL18 glulam beam as primary beams · CLT floor slab designed based on rules of thumb: slab depth = longest span /25 (span 5500 mm in plan), which is approx. minimum slab depth 220mm.Depth =5500/25=220mm -Using 240 mm THK 7 layers CLT floor slab · Concrete beam designed based on rules of thumb for heavily loading, beam depth x 18 = longest span(longest span 9500 mm in basement level, which is approx. minimum beam depth 530mm. Depth = 9500/18= 527.8 = 530mm · Concrete slab designed based on rules of thumb: slab depth = longest span /30(longest span 9500 mm in basement level, which is approx. minimum slab depth 320mm. Depth = 9500/30= 316.667 = 320mm 2.2.4 Floor height : 2.2.4.1 Floor height parameters applied to the retail level:(GROUND FLOOR) · A 4.5 m floor-to-floor height has been applied to ground floor including a 3.5 m habitable height and a 1,000 mm height for floor structure, mechanical/air conditioning ducts, the ceiling grid and the of tenant zone. 2.2.4.2 Floor height parameters applied to the offices level:(FIRST FLOOR -FOURTH FLOOR) · A 3.7 m floor-to-floor height has been applied to office levels including a 2.7 m habitable height and a 1,000 mm height for floor structure, mechanical/air conditioning ducts, the ceiling grid and the of tenant zone. Typical allowances incorporated into the 1.0 m height for retail and office level include: - Tenant zone – 150 mm - Floor structure depth – 240mm - Mechanical and air conditioning – 560 mm - Ceiling grid – 50 mm 2.2.4.3 Floor height parameters applied to the apartments level:(FIFTH FLOOR - SIXTH FLOOR) · A 3.7 m floor-to-floor height has been applied to apartments levels including a 2.85 m habitable height and a 850mm height for floor structure, mechanical/air conditioning ducts, the ceiling grid and the of tenant zone. 2.2.4.4 Floor height parameters applied to the multifunction hall: · A 5.3m floor-to-ceiling height has been applied to multifunction hall
2.3 BELOW GROUND CONSTRUCTION 2.3.1 Structure Elements: · 450mm thick concrete transfer slab supporting above-ground building load · 320mm thick concrete slab supporting upper floor load · 200mm thick reinforced concrete shaft wall for the core of building · 530mm depth x 1600mm wide one-way concrete band beam supporting floor structure · 300mm x 300mm concrete column · Concrete block retaining walls system with Sheet Pile 2.3.2 Reinforced concrete construction: Both timber and concrete can be used to build two level of basement car park. However, timber has the risk of moisture penetration as well as termite ingression. Hence, reinforced concrete construction is the better solution for below ground works such as foundations and basements in conjunction, it has natural properties as a water barrier ,also can worked with waterproofing membranes to better address issues of water penetration. Concrete construction can be extended to the ground level, so that termite entry can be readily detected for manage termite risk. At the same time, using treated timber for ground floor construction, exposed slab edge on the perimeter of the building and use a stainless steel mesh barrier at all hidden entry points between the concrete floor slab and timber structure also can be used to prevent termite activity. 2.3.3 Sheet Pile Retaining Walls system: Sheet pile can effectively use to solve the issue of limited space. Sheet pile has been used to support excavations for underground car park structure and foundations. It used to retain site boundary during construction and able to provide the necessary structural support for building by using long structural steel sections with interlocking edges. Although the Sheet pile is narrower than other construction choices, they are inserted deeper into the soil to allow them to withstand the heavy loads. Benefits of using Sheet Piling · Recyclable and reusable Sheet piles are made of recycled steel and it can normally be reused, therefore it is a sustainable construction solution. · Quick to install · High cost-effective · Provide better water resistance The sheet piles can help reduced groundwater influx by forming a wall for lateral earth support. (FIG.2.1 Sheet Pile Retaining Walls System Diagram)
2.4 ABOVE GROUND LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION 2.4.1 Timber beam solution: · Paired glulam beams are used as primary beams, sized at 600mm depth x125 mm (each) using GL18 Tasmanian Oak. They are fixed to opposing sides of the column heads (FIG.2.3) · The paired glulam beams configuration is used to allow the beams to pass through the column joint (FIG.2.2), thus enabling the cantilever action to occur. The propped cantilever design makes it possible to make use of the full manufactured glulam billet length for use in the beams (Common maximum lengths up to 18 meters) without creating waste, consequently reducing costs. This also suits the maximum transportable size of the billets.(FIG.2.3) · As the width of the building is 40 meters and the glulam beams billets are 18 m in length, the cantilever design maximizes the structural efficiency of the primary beams allowing the mid-bay to use reduced depth beams (400mm deep). · The paired beam arrangement also reduces the span of the floor system, providing further cost savings. · Smaller in beams B2, sized at 550mm x 300mm depth span the remaining part of the central bay and are simply supported by the main beam ends..The reduced depth beams in the central bay create a ceiling void used for the main run of HVAC ducting which services the full length of the building.(FIG.2.2 ) · All timber blocks and ledgers secured to beams are screw fixed . · Beams are fixed to columns with M16 bolts and timber washers (FIG.2.5 and discussed below). · Using Higher compressive strength timber column on the Ground to first floor columns.
FIG 2.2 Beam layout plan and propped cantilever primary beam diagram. FIG 2.3 Beam and column in one lifting unit. 2.4.2 Timber column solution:
A number of different single storey column sections were used to create the more cost-effective solution – The cross-sectional sizes under this scenario include: - Ground floor (retail level) – 550x550 glue laminated column - First floor to fourth floor(office level) – 450 x 450 glue laminated column - Fifth Floor and sixth floor(apartment level) - 300 x 300 glue laminated column All timber columns wrapped by 40mm timber fire breaks out material · Storey high columns suit the use of a twin beam arrangement and allow columns designed as different size depends on floor load for the different level. At the same time, it requires less work in terms of temporary support and smaller-scale materials handling equipment. · The rebate in the columns, to accept side mounting of the primary beams, is designed to allow the maximum wood fiber in the vertical direction for compressive loads and to facilitate the previously discussed propped cantilever of the primary beams. · Columns can be erected on a floor-by-floor basis and the column heads can be nestled in between the paired primary beams. It allows the columns to be combined with the primary beams on the deck and lifted as one unit, it removes multiple lifts required in dealing with individual columns and beam elements. thus allowing a simplified assembly process and speeding up the overall erection process to save the costs of installation. (refer to Figure 2.3). (FIG 2.4 Elevation view of single storey column sections layout.) · In contact transfer connections compressive load is transferred between different levels through the joinery. The contact areas of the beams and columns that located on the lower floors have been increased to deliver heavier loads. The connection of the column and beam on top level can be simply fixed by bolts and screws without notching into column. This type of connection is very common in timber construction system, and the design principle is economical, easy to install and accommodate simple gravity loads easily.(FIG 2.5) 2.4.3 Floor structure solution:
The chosen of 240mm depth CLT massive timber panels supported by primary and secondary beams was found to provide the best mix of cost-effectiveness, structural efficiency, and speed on site. Specific features include: · Compare to the minimum 325mm depth floor cassette assemblies solution (based on the rule of thumb Joist span to depth ratio: 17 to 1, Joint depth minimum 5500/17=323.5mm), the 240mm depth CLT floor structure saved on floor-to-floor height and provided the more space for HVAC and other services. It is only marginally deeper than the 200mm depth used for the concrete solution. However, The CLT floor panels are prefabricated, its erection time is much shorter than concrete slab or floor joint, which improves efficiency and results in lower capital costs. · The floor structure panel effectively spans between primary beams instead of being supported by separate secondary beams. This provides structural efficiency. · The size of CLT panel can be customized and prefabricated that also minimizes the number of craneage lift cycles for installation. 2.4.4 Shaft wall solution: 200mm thick 5 layers Cross-laminated timber (CLT)Wall Panel was chosen for constructing the core of the building, including lifts shaft, fire staircases and MEP shafts). Specific features include: · compare to construct the core with timber stud party wall, the CLT wall panel can be the load-bearing structural to support the building and also provide lateral restraint for the building. Use of the building core to manage lateral resistance is common concrete building solutions, but the CLT is a more cost-effective material for constructing structurally efficient walls in this context. · 200 mm thick CLT panels are used for the lift core walls running longitudinally over three story sections (Improve the structural properties of CLT wall panel by structural continuity from the ground floor to the second floor and from the third floor to the sixth floor). 2.4.5 Roof solution: Beams and purlins roof system has been applied to the apartment level.600mm depth x 125mm paired glulam beams support roof sarking, insulation, purlins, timber batten, and the corrugated roof sheet. The same beams system of the retail and offices level is used for the apartment levels to minimize the complexities of manufacturing different size beam element and to have it more uniform throughout the installation process. The light nailplate trusses usually can span more than 25m in length, it is a highly versatile component for the roof structure to support the roof insulation and ceiling systems, and the roofing materials. Compare to heavy trusses, light nailplate truss system is more economical and easy to transport.Therefore, 22 meters span prefabricated timber trusses have been used for the multifunctional hall.The spacing in between the truss is set at 1.2 meters.The depth of the truss has been calculated by using truss span to depth ratio of 12 to 1(refer to Guide to wood construction systems Nolan & Tingley, 2018.): Minimum depth of truss is 22/12 = 1.83 meters & The depth of trusses are 1.9 meters. The high speed of construction and sustainable construction are also the key benefits of using prefabricated timber trusses.
PART 3 SERVICE REPORT 3.1 Power and Energy Transformer Room - Transformer and switchgear room is a room that dedicated to electrical equipment and transmit the high voltage electric to low voltage. In the current market, commercial or large building owner, often buy high voltage electric from the electric provider for economical consideration. The high voltage electric then transform into low voltage electric to serve the building. Transformer room need to be located within the boundaries of the building and do not need to be fence, but need to be visually conceal. - The room need to be ventilated due to the large heat that the equipment gives out. Therefore, the location of the transformer room is better to have outside facing wall in order to radiate the heat. If the room is located inside a building with no outside wall facing, then mechanical ventilation system need to be available to reduce the overheating situation. - In the building, the transformer room is located at the north facing side, and has large wall area which allow louvre and exhaust fan to reduce the heat that produce by the electric transverse process. - Building area calculation: Space Type Apartment
160m2 x 6
960m2
Hall
600m2
600m2
Kitchen and amenities
200m2
200m2
Offices
5000m2
5000m2
Retail
1500m2
1500m2
Carpark
2600m2 x 2
5200m2
Total Area -
-
13,460m2
Size of combination room for Transformer and Switchgear = 9.14 x 9.14 = 83.54m2 (Server the entire building) * according to Architect’s Studio Companion, Pg 210 - 213 On every floor, electric shaft is also require to allow the electrical component to run vertically in the building. The horizontal electrical path will be under the floor joist compartment as a philosophical strategy.
3.2 Telecommunication - Telecommunication shaft - 1800mm x 600mm (according to Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Studio Companion, Pg 193). - A telecommunication closet is a small room that conjunct the telecommunication network system to on point, and spread out to individual personnel network. The telecommunication wiring run vertically in a shaft through the building and then horizontally under the floor joist that proposed in the building to serve different tenancy. 3.2.1 Floor Joist The horizontal run of electronic and telecommunication is proposed under the floor, which allow a more flexible tenancy condition. The floor joist is not part of the superstructure of the building, but design to be the accommodate part of the philosophical strategy. 3.3 Ventilation - Retail & Office share a mechanical ventilation system - Stack ventilation for office - Mechanical ventilation (supply, exhaust and fan) for car park - Natural Ventilation for hall - Natural ventilation for apartment 3.3.1 Stack Ventilation - This ventilation principle uses temperature differences to move air. When the air in the space is heated up, the hot air rise and the low pressure in the building pulls fresh air from the outside into the building to create stack ventilation. The ventilation principle requires large height difference between the inlet and outlet to perform better result. - The stack ventilation is introduced in to the office floor of the building to allow nature ventilation during the summer season to reduce the use of mechanical ventilation and cooling system. - Therefore, openable louvres window is proposed in the four office level and openable skylight is proposed on the top of the roof.
Fig 3.1â&#x20AC;&#x2039; - Stack ventilation diagram. Hot air rise out from the chimney, creating low pressure and suck the cool air into the building through the openable window.
3.4 Heating and Cooling - Retail & Office share a Variable Air Volume System (Boiler and Chiller) - Boiler and chiller room require a minimum height of 3660mm for a moderate size building, according to Architect’s Studio Companion. - Split system for hall - Split system for each apartment - Shaft for heating and cooling - 300mm x 1200mm 3.5 Rainwater Harvesting - Rainwater harvesting system for apartment (toilet flushing and laundry) Rainwater harvesting system has been proposed in the building for the use of apartment for toilet flushing and laundry. 20% of the water usage (130 liters per day) of a typical household goes to toilet flushing and 15% goes to laundry (97.5 liters per day), and a typical household use over 650 liters of water a day. Therefore, rainwater harvesting can effectively decrease the water bill for the household and reduce the energy on water purification. 3.5.1 Rainwater Collection Tank Rainwater harvesting tank Roof Area x Annual Rainfall = Maximum Available for Capture 520m2 x 663.4mm = 344968 liter Most Days without Rain x Average Daily Use = Storage Volume on Day One of Dry Spell 15 x 227.5 liters = 3412.5 liters 3412.5 liters x 6 apartments = 20,475 liters 3.6 Fire service 3.6.1 Dry Riser *building that greater than 18.3 meters, but less than 30.5 meters require dry riser system. *according to NCC 2016 Volume One (Part E1, Pg 224), floor area greater than 500m2 requires fire hydrant. 3.6.2 Fire Hose *according to NCC 2016 Volume One (Part E1, Pg 225), fire hose is required when the floor are is greater than 500m2. The distance between the exit and fire hose reel need to be within 4 meters. The location of a fire hose reel can be place internally and externally, or combination, and should not pass through a doorways fitted with fire and smoked door. 3.6.3 Sprinkler system * according to NCC 2016 Volume One (E1.5, Pg 226), if the building height is above 25 meter, sprinkler system is required. The proposed building is a timber structure building which as a result requires performance based fire protection strategy. Therefore, sprinkler system will be proposed even if the height of the building is not over 25 meters.
3.6.4 Sprinkler system water tank *according to AS2118.1 - 2017 (4.2, Pg 32 - 33), water supply of sprinkler system need to be capable of supplying the flow and pressure requirements when needed. The sources of supply should not be share with domestic uses and a on-site water storage tank is required as part of the system. *according to NCC 2016 Volume One (Spec E1.5-7, Pg 232), the water supply tank of the sprinkler system should at least be 25,000 liters, and located on the top of the building storey. 3.6.5 Pressurisation System - Pressurisation system in fire isolated stair is required when the building effective height is above 25 meters. 3.7 Movement 3.7.1 Lift - 4 set of lift serve the entire building - 1 set of lift serve the hall - Internal area of the lift shaft is 4.62m2 (2200mm x 2100mm) - The size of the lift car is 1350 x 1400 mm, with 1900 x 1800 mm lift hoist way. From the information of Mitsubishi, the lift requires a pit depth approximately of 1300mm, and overhead height of 3650 mm above the ceiling height of the top floor. - Machine-room-less-system, motor driven lift. - The building is a mix use building with two-way traffic (incoming and outgoing), the lift need to run between 8 storey (from second low ground level to apartment). - The typical waiting time of passenger lift is around 30s, hence the choice of lift system will need to be motor driven lift due to the height o the building. Hydraulic lift has a longer waiting time due to the system has a slower operating speed, which does not meet the requirement of passenger traffic.
Fig 3.2 - Lift Movement Diagram. The lift serve 8 storey of building in total.
3.8 Service shaft According to Architect’s Studio Companion (Pg 192), the service shaft area should take up around 4% of the floor area for tall building, or half of the amount for low-rise building. The shaft should be at least divided into two separate shaft to relieve the congestion that might occur. The service plant room in the building is located on the ground floor, therefore the total shaft area for the building will be calculate by the area of floor above. The area of first floor is around 1444m2, so the estimated shaft are on the floor will be around 28m2 to serve the entire floor. 3.8.1 Services Distribution The pattern of service distribution of the building is appeared to be on the edge of the building on the ground floor retail space to provide a more flexible rental area for different tenants. And all the service shaft on the level above and basement is centralize into a central core. This allow a more flexible office rental layout for the future tenancy.
Fig 3.3 - Services space in building. Red is where the plant room located. Blue is the service shaft. Yellow is service ceiling space.
Fig 3.4 - Service run direction in the building.
PART 4 ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (ESD)REPORT: Cases Study: CASE ONE: 25 King St in Brisbane
This project is a 10 levels timber construction. The construction process produce zero waste and using certified timber from manageable forest (Bates Smart, 2017). · The service of the building is located in the cantilever part of the beam where that part of the beam is thinner than the other part of the beam. Design provided by Aurecon. · The modular of building elements are prefabricate and assemble on site like a lego. · It is design to reduce 67% electricity use and 55% water usage through maximised daylight penetration through curtain wall and collecting rainwater as well as recycling grey water. · Structurally, it has contact transfer beam and column connection to hold the structure. CASE TWO: Nab Dockland · Stack Ventilation · Natural ventilation provide a more healthy environment for the occupancy and reduce the energy consumption on mechanical ventilation. · Studies has been made on natural ventilated building, and shown that naturally ventilated building reduce the sick building syndrome such as headache, nausea, eye-irritation, dizziness and etc. For office, natural ventilation can also increase the productivity of staff. · As on energy aspect, natural ventilation reduce the cooling operation in the building.
Strategies taken from the case study(25 King St in Brisbane): · The case has the main service of the building located in the cantilever part of the beam where that part of the beam is thinner than the other part of the beam. · Our building has the propped cantilever design with 600mm depth primary beam and half depth 300mm beams span the remaining part of the central bay and are simply supported by the main beam ends. The reduced depth beams in the central bay create a ceiling void used for the main run of HVAC ducting which services two ways of the building. Architectural design · Compact design Solution: The building is design to be as compact as possible, which means the volume to external surface is the largest we could get. According to Preisig (2001), a compacted shape can save energy used as it has less surface area (floor, roof and wall) contact to the outside which cause heat loss. · Weather protected facade : 250 mm high concrete plinth on ground floor is design to avoid direct connection of timber cladding on ground. This could prevent the moisture infiltration into timber and termite activity. Hence, extend the life span of the timber cladding. Structure of the building · Material selection: Both glulam structure element and CLT panel can be manufactured in wood that from sustainably managed forests, they are natural resources that are friendly to the environment. As the only major renewable building material that can be grown naturally, many life cycle assessment consistently shows that wood outperforms steel and concrete in terms of embodied energy, air pollution, and water pollution. They also have a much lighter carbon footprint. · Rational construction process: Prefabricated building elements have been used, such as the roof truss, wall and floor panel. They can be exactly manufactured in a factory shed before arriving at the construction site ，which results in little to no material waste. During the prefabricate process, manufacturers can reuse the excess material to make the other prefabricated element or as biofuels. In our design, especially the post and beam unit which can also be prefabricated and become a one lifting unit to be easily and exactly lifted onto the right position on site. All of those principles can help to avoid the extra cost and reduced on materials waste during the construction process. · Building durability: All of the CLT panels, lightweight roof trusses and timber stud external fabrics are belong to replaceable building material, they all can be easily disassembled and be replaced by new building materials. This could expand the lifespan of the whole building and contribute to sustainability.
Service Easy maintenance - one of the techniques to achieve this is to plan the services room and compartment in an accessible space for the technician to maintain. Other feature is an easy maintenance interior, sufficient space for cleaning and maintenance is considered in the design. Therefore, when maintenance is required, no fabric will be wasted due to force entering. Solar Energy Water Heater Solar energy can be used in many aspect, the most common kind is to use solar energy to heat up the water. Solar panel need to be installed at a top of the building or a high level space without too much shading of other neighbouring building. Most of the energy production process is harmful to the environment and the pollution is vital to not only natural environment, but also human-being. Solar energy is one of the clean energy that has least environmental impact compare to many other energy resource. And many households today, also has installed solar panel as one of their energy supply, not only that it is renewable energy, but reduce their expenses on electric bill. And solar energy development nowadays has been prompt around the globe. Solar panel has been proposed in this project for the apartment for water heating. This method allow the reduction of energy consumption and reduce the greenhouse carbon emission from using gas boiler that can commonly found in some of the old household.
Rainwater Harvesting- Reduce water supply and disposal cost. Rainwater collection is another common way of water reuse method. Rainwater collect and reuse can reduce the water bill for a household. It can also reduce energy consumption on filtering water and help sustain our resource. The rainwater collected in to storage and can be use in various household activity such as laundry, toilet flushing, gardening, car washing and etc. In a temperate climate region like Launceston, rainfall can be various due to season, therefore, rainwater harvesting activity might be a little challenging during the summer season.
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