DIGITAL DESIGN + FABRICATION SM1, 2017 Mysterious Armour Wenxiao Zhu 825825 Lyle - Group One
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Contents: 0.0 Introduction
1.0 Ideation
1.1 Object 1.2 Object + System Analysis 1.3 Volume 1.4 Sketch design proposal Journal Reflection
2.0 Design
2.1 Design development introduction 2.2 Design proposal v.1 + v.2 2.3 Precedent research 2.4 Design proposal v.1 + v.2 2.5 Prototype + Testing Effects Journal Reflection
3.0 Fabrication
3.1 Fabrication introdution 3.2 Design development 3.3 Design development & Fabrication of prototype v2 3.4 Prototype development 3.5 Prototype optimisation 3.6 Final Digital model 3.7 Assembly Drawing + Fabrication sequence 3.8 Completed 2nd Skin Journal Reflection
4.0 Reflection 5.0 Appendix 5.1 Bibliography 5.2 Credit
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0.0 Introduction My project is about Section and Profile system, which can simply apply support from joints that each two components intersect together, always in solid form. The stiff sense can be related to the feeling of protection, which is essential as the second skin. Also some developed function will be designed at later stage.
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1.0 IDEATION
To get familiar with the material system I chose, which is Section and Profile system, a Deer Head puzzled model has been measured, analyzed and assembled to understand the basic principles and some inspiration that enable me to develop a model with high response with the system.
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1.1 OBJECT Measuring Methodology The 3D Deer Head model was placed at a plat plane after assembling, then was pho-tographed in overlook view to accurate its size. The photograph was later printed out and traced by hand.
Measured Drawings
200 mm
PLAN Scale 1:2
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90 mm
119 mm
175 mm
110 mm
The best method to measure this kind of assembled object is, measure the particular components before assemble them together as it is pretty hard to do it after assembling. This deer head is consist of components via two dimensions, which suggets the required measurements are denitely on one of the two dementions, which makes the measurement of this complicated model become simple.
110 mm
Due to the large size of this model, I make the plan, section and elevation in the scale of 1 : 2.
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1.2 OBJECT + SYSTEM ANALYSIS Deer’s horns are placed on deer’s ears, which is the last part of assembling and will be setted on one of the top vertical component that is shown via arrow. Timber components join the main objects vertically from the top in order to create a 3- dimension sense.
These 3 components are main object of the deer head, which is placed horizontally for other components to join vertically.
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Another set of vertical components join the main object vertically from the bottom.
Digital Plan
Traced Model
Digital Model
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Modelling Method: 1. Scan the graph paper of each component and save as pictures 2. Trace every picture in Rhino in 1:1 scale 3. Make close curves into planes then extrude to become 3- dimensional components 4. Rotate each component to their actual orientation 5. Assemble them by dargging them vertically or horizontally
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1.3 VOLUME
Sketch Model
Unlike the skin and bone system which should keep the model in a stretched form by suffering tensions that comes from banned elastic components. It is simple for Section and Profile system to apply force as they come from the support of joints. The conceptacle model was made to explore the different types of joints. Based on the cutting direction, some joints are half cut through to make the components join together. Some of the components
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#1
#3
#2
This simple model is made to represent my understanding of profile and section, which is about different types of joints. There are mainly two kinds of joints, which are full-section joint and half-section joint. Full-section joint means the section of one component completely going through the other one’s plane to become junction, which is shown in #1. Half-section joint means two components intersect their edges by placeing one’s edge to the other one’s gap, which is shown in #2 and #3.
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Sketch Design #1 Shoulder - Comfort - Protection - Hug - Full-section joint
What is your idea? [Maximum 5 key words]
Full-section joint
The overall shape looks like someone is putting arms across your neck and shoulder to hug you, in order to appy a sense of safe and belonging. How does this respond to your personal space? Full-section joints are commonly used as framing. Frame work is capable of demonstrating spatial sense of comfort and also shown as a reliable protection cover the body.
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Sketch Design #2 Neck - Solid - Half-section joint What is your idea? [Maximum 5 key words]
Half-section joints is capable of showing various height of each conponent.
How does this respond to your personal space? Half-section joints are highly used by solid panels, which are good at emphasizing the safety within the area of the model as it is a relatively personal space.
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Sketch Design #3 Face - Hide - Mixed joints What is your idea? [Maximum 5 key words]
Soild panels joined by Half-section joints.
Framework intersects by Full-section joints.
How does this respond to your personal space? Mixed types of joint are used to indicate the complexity of the model, which is capable to show the person’s mystery as the model is able to hide part of people’s facial emotion.
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MODULE 1 REFLECTION
My assemblage sketch clearly indicated the procedure of assembling the model, generally via vertical and horizontal dimensions. This inspires me that any complex form can be represented by intersections of components with angles. The measurement was taken before actually assembling the model, which also provides me a clear instruction of the procedure while designing our own model, which is take the data of the person via vertical and horizontal dimension first, then import the size into a general shape that fits the body. Through Module 1 study, I have a basic understanding of the Section and Profile system, including how to take the measurement and the way to model it. Planes with width can be intersected with angles to create a 3D sense by indicating the general form via various dimensions. My final sketch proposal is the result of combing components into a big irregular shape to provide a sense of mystery, which is a developed effect behind the solid section protection, the mask motivate me to set it as a start point to design a model that spreads out to the whole body with the idea of providing distance and mystery.
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2.0 DESIGN
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2.1 Sketch Design Development Ka Fai: Supporting Structure The idea of making people close enough to obtain the comradeship but far enough away to stay avoid pricking one another has been carried to the second stage of design. The implementation form of the idea is from Ka Fai’s rib bone extension design. It can be a great support structure system to maintain the structure of the coming design and maintaining the personal space between outer environment the body.
Frank: Panels The idea of creating panels to protect people from increasing population in city and decreasing distance between people has been carried to the second stage of design. The arrangement of panels are arrayed in certain way to form a protective secondary skin.
Edwin: mask The idea of hiding half part of the facial expression and emotion has been carried to the second stage of design. The implementation form of the idea is from Edwin’s mask design. As people always have two faces and we would like to show the emotion which we prefer to show only, the mask could create a sense of mystery and retain the personal space behind the mask.
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Refined Sketch Model
By combining our three ideas together from M1, the design stage is aimed at achieving the following outcomes: 1.The mask can create a sense of mystery by hiding half of the facial expression and revealing another for normal communication. 2.The panels arrangement could be extended from the face to the body, which create a sense of security of the body. Edwin’s sketch model explored the system of profile and section, which is different of joints. Ka Fai’s sketch model explored the formation of a dynamic surface by using profile and section system. By combining the two exploration ideas, a further development was conducted to form a dynamic surface by involving panels idea from Frank. The structure is supported by section and profile system, the orientation of panels in different angles in layers provided a sense of gradual change in surface.
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2.2 2nd Skin proposed design V.1
FRONT ELEVATION
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BACK ELEVATION
SIDE ELEVATION
VERTICAL VIEW
Description: The first design is a mask with strips and the strips is extended from the body to the main body. The repetitive triangular strips along curved logs are placed as a signal of warning in order to keep other people away from distance, meanwhile, increasing the body volume. The extended outward triangle strips also provide a sense of safety to the people who are wearing it. The mask is composited by irrational arrangement of strips. The implication behind is to hide the irrational part of thinking of people but to express it through a second skin as a personal space. Moreover, regarding the relation between personal space and the curved logs with repetitive triangle strips, people is always hard to predict the situations behind the back. With the extended outward triangle strips on the back, it could help people get rid of the sudden attack from the back.
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2.2 2nd Skin proposed design V.2
FRONT ELEVATION
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BACK ELEVATION
SIDE ELEVATION
VERTICAL VIEW
Description: The second design is a mask with panels and the panels is extended from the mask to the main body. The sheet with repetitive panels with regular shapes is regard as sturdy part of the second skin design which provide a sense of protection. The mask is composited by rational arrangement of panels. The implication behind is to hide the irrational part of thinking of people by showing a rational expression of patterns, with retaining personal space behind the mask. Moreover, regarding the relation between personal space and the arrangement of the panels in body, the individual distance is various with the relationship between the individuals, people who wearing it can choose to use either with panels or no panels part to get along with others.
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2.3 Precedent Research
Use of Scales / Comfortable / Climate Defense What is the concept of the precedent? [Maximum 5 key words]
Japanese Samurai Amour
Description of precedent The precedent is the Japanese Samurai Armour. The Japanese armour was generally constructed from many small scales and plates made from iron or leather. The small scales and plates were then connected to each other by rivets and cord made from leather or braided silk. These armour plates in chain were usually attached to cloth or leather backing. Moreover, the Japanese armour was designed to be light weight as possible as the samurai had many tasks including riding a horse, archery and swordsmanship. Moreover, the amour was usually brightly lacquered to protect against the harsh Japanese climate.
Concept 1: Using of scales By using iron scales and plates, it could provide an absolute defense from physical attack in war. Concept 2: Comfotable Those chains of scales and plates were connected by leather rivets or silk cord, then fully attached to clothor leather backing. As a result, it could provide a comfortable wearing to users. Concept 3: Climate Defense The amour was usually brightly lacquered to reflect intensive sunlight, stop strong wind or drain away water as water-proof membrane to protect against harsh Japanese Climate.
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Precedent applied to design
Panelling / Junction / Mysyery
How can you use this precedent to influence your design ? Concept 1: Using of panels Inspiring by the precedent study, we designed to utilize the panel expression. Instead of using scales and plates, we would like to create new scales-like panels for our second skin highlighting elements.
Concept 2: Junction In our precedent study, we discovered that those protective iron scales were connected by braided silk so that it can directly attached to human skin. However, it is just a protection but not personal space. Therefore, we refined the connection system as those panels are inserted into a serrated section profile. As a result, it creates certain spaces between user and the panels. The retained space could then regard as personal space.
Concept 3: Mystery The function of Japanese Samurai Armour is undoubtedly providing an absolute defense in war. However, we are not going to provide actual armour and create a sealing up second skin design. Instead, we are going to make the panels permeable and arrange those panels in certain way to create a sense of mystery and retain certain personal space.
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2.4 Design development - Version #1
FRONT ELEVATION
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LEFT ELEVATION
BACK ELEVATION
ISOMETRIC VIEW
Design Process: Understand personal space: The original design only concern people can use the part with panels to defense or to protect the individual space. However, we didn’t organise one part as dominant part to help people orient themselves to stay in a comfort zone with others. In the light of this, we decided to extend the panels from the face to the back and finally to the front of body, conceal part of the body with panels as dominant part and exposed part of the body as communication part. Therefore, when concerning the relation between personal space and the arrangement of the panels in body, the individual distance is various with the relationship between the individuals, people who wearing it can choose to use either with panels or no panels part to get along with others. The part with repetitive panels with regular shapes is regard as dominant part of the second skin design which provide a sense of protection to the user.
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2.4 Design development - Version #2
FRONT ELEVATION
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BACK ELEVATION
LEFT ELEVATION
ISOMETRIC VIEW
Design Process:
Designing concept: By using the section and profile system, we further develop an arrangement system of panelling to create a dynamic surface. The panels are arranged in certain angles but not fully conceal the interior part of the space, allowing the internal personal space being permeable to the outer environment. The partly exposed and partly covered design of second skin allows a glance to the inner part of space within a lateral view. It could greatly introduce a sense of mystery. Incoperating precedent study: 1.Connection: Upon stydying the precedent, Regarding the connection of panels, instead of using leather rivets or silk cord, we would like to make use of our section and profile system to create joints to connection different elements together to provide a stable structure support of the second skin design. 2.Panelling: Inspired from the precedent, we utilized the implication of panels as iron scales to provide a sense of absolute security from attacking. Instead of using scales and plates, we would like to conduct new scales-like panels for our second skin highlighting elements.
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We encountered problems in the process from digital model creation to physical model fabrication. At the beginning stage of the digital model making, we had to acquire the exact dimension of model’s head but it is not easy to get the exact value. Later when we constructed the rhino model, we had to previously select the material that we are going to use as the thickness of the joints must be the same as the thickness of the material board. Another technique problem when we were constructing the rhino model is that our panels are all arranged in certain angles. However, the laser cutting technique could only cut the material perpendicularly to the material surface. As a result, some of the joints are not perfectly cut by the laser cutting machine. The unintended effect of the prototype is the charred edge of the plywood which make the prototype looks dirty.
plywood in 3mm
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Front View
Isometric view
Side View
Regarding the effect when people wearing it, the mask can provided a sense of mystery that we are expected. The panels are arranged in certain degree but not fully conceal the interior part of the space, allowing the internal personal space being permeable to the outer environment. The partly exposed and partly covered design of second skin allows a glance to the inner part of space within a lateral view. A sense of mystery is then created. The unsatisfactory part would be the structure of the mask itself. When we constructed the rhino model in computer, we didn’t consider the problem of its own structure. After we assembled the plywood pieces together, we found that the top ring would hang down without wearing it. Since the rings in structure is not as stable as we expected, it required vertical support element to support the rings in the further development.
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MODULE 2 REFLECTION My first sketched proposal was to express this idea in a simple term, which is arranging the triangular components along the curved strips with increasing angles. However, after exchanging our sketch designs, we find that paneling is a more unusual way to achieve this effect, it is still Section and Profile system if we panel the repetitive components by inserting them into junctions. The initial idea started from our 3 member’s sketches. Rings structure from KaFai, Panels from Frank and Mask part from me. Then we started to think about how to combine them in a great harmony. The basic form of the body we decided is based on one of my sketch ideas, which is the safety of the roller coaster. It has an indicated function that applies s sense of protection to people who wearing it. The suggestion of transforming the general shape to our model had soon been agreed by all of us. The first digital test, as well as our first formal prototype is based on my initial sketch, which is the mask that sits around a person’s head to hide half of his face. We extended the rings to let it runs all around the head as a support. The trickiest part is to decide a smooth way to connect our head part and body part as we do not want them seems separated. Finally, three vertical supports are places at the back the the head part and connected to the back. The precedent of our model is the samurai’s armor, which was raised by KaFai, as armor represents an absolute protection, which satisfied our basic demand of the model. Then we used the strategy of paneling to create more opening space on the body by placing multiple panels to the shoulders and body to develop the protection concept to mystery sense. To achieve the proper demand and a satisfied effect, KaFai and I started to hand make some small prototypes to test how angles and distance of panels determine the effect of the model. Finally, we find out the dynamic effect that provided by opening panels become best when the angles between the panel and the support are in a range of 60-70 degrees. The design is mean to apply a contrast with its material system, which is to create a dynamic sense based on the solid and stiff materials.
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3.0 FABRICATION
Physical manufactured step has been taken to examine the realistic effect in response to digital model. Panel arrangement was also tested by making partial prototypes. Full body prototype in full scale was also made as the final check with any issues and space of improvement.
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3.1 Introduction
A second skin with a fundamental section and profile structure is designed to project understanding of personal space in modern society. It illustrates and visualises the features, shape, concept of distance between people and relationships between people using different techniques. The material system is section & profile that has been through a series of experiments constructed not only conceptually but also practically. The ideas have been emerged, evolved, expanded into a more reasonable form that can illustrate the concept of personal space more effectively. Digital design and fabrication is particularly emphasised during the design development processes, with the support of external information source such as online readings and other articles. The fabrication processes are critical and it will be demonstrated in this presentation.
Final Model Effect
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3.2 Design development
After constructing the first prototype, based on the feedback on the first prototype, the general complexity needs to be increased. Another problem is the second skin cannot be worn directly, this is because the junction of lacks strength, glue was used to join pieces and therefore it can only be assembled on the user and unable to be taken off easily. Therefore the dimension of the horizontal rings around the head and neck are enlarged to make sure the head can go through all members and hence the second skin sits on the user’s shoulders. Additionally, some variations is mentioned on the panelling effects to bring more interests and complexity. This includes changing angels, density, shape, alignment and colour of the panels.
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3.3 Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.2
The first partial prototype is made to test the effect with horizontal rotation of panels. By setting up the angle of each junction on the beam, each panel is able to have a unique orientation with the vertical support. It does not only generate a dynamic sense, but also shows the trend of the opening.focuses on changing the angle that
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This feature of showing the trend of opening could be used to the shoulder part to tranform panels from the front vertical part to the wrap area at the back as the change of dimension just occour at the shoulders.
3.3 Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.2
By creating this prototype, we discover that when the angle of the junction is within 60-80 degrees, the overall effect is pretty dense. However, the panels become less dense when the angle was becoming 50-60 degrees. The changing degrees of openings of panels could affect the density of the distribution of panels. Therefore, we discovered that the changing of density of panels is possibleto create the sense of mystery, which is onw of our design concept.
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3.3 Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.2
For the extension of chest, vertical supports are developed with longer and curved distance. The longer curved support enables more space for panel arrangement by adding curved junctions. This model introduces how panels can be arranged on a curved support that numbers of flat surfaces can form a smooth curved surface. We also experimented different colours can be presented onto the panels but the overall effect on the prototypes was too random and irregular hence is discarded in the final design.
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3.4 Prototype development
FRONT ELEVATION
BACK ELEVATION
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3.4 Prototype development
LEFT ELEVATION
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RIGHT ELEVATION
3.4 Prototype development
Horizontal Development Highlight the transparency effect of shoulder by placing the vertical supports in different orientated angles. The junctions at each support are also cut in different angles to make sure each panel has a unique angle with the support. The overall effect can be considered as the extension from back to the chest as well as the connection between front and back panels. So the angles are specifically designed to show a great response with the other panels in a continuous way.
Vertical Development In order to wrap around the body, the panels in front of the chest are placed in unique angles to express hide and open feelings. Panels are overlapping with each other and fill the empty space to balance the overall space. The panels above the shoulders are orientated in a smooth way by increasing the angle with the vertical curved logs from front to back so as to provide an open sense. The changing orientation and difference density of panels along the vertical support will apply a fluency and continuous sense to the audience.
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3.4 Prototype development
Curved Development As the extension of chest, vertical supports are developed with longer and curved distance. The longer curved support enables more space for panel arrangement by adding curved junctions. we decided a wide range of opening angles for multiplesof panels to create density changing from shoulder down to the body. As a result, the shoulder could be highly protected by high dengity of panels and the decreasing density of panels to chest would act as welcoming communications with other people.
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3.4 Prototype development
FRONT
LEFT
BACK
RIGHT
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3.5 Prototype optimisation- Fabrication
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In Laser cut file, the surface facing to the top is the cutting point, which will be massive after cutting. However, the other plane will not be affected. Since we know the panels of our prototype are belong to the massive surface,it is easy to optimise its outlook by just reversing the laser cut file. The massive surfaces will all hide via bottoom which will not affect the overall result.
3.5 Prototype optimisation- Effects
Prototype Development Model
Final Prototype
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3.5 Prototype optimisation- Effects
To approach to the ideal effect, only changing the orientation of panels is not enough. The distance between each two panel should also be changed to a unique and organized setting. To provide enough spatial changes, the front vertical supports are also extended down, as well as highlighting the front panels.
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3.6 Final digital model
FRONT
LEFT
BACK
RIGHT
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3.7 Assembly Drawing panels
curved support
head rings vertical support
transitional panels
body rings
panels
vertical support
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3.8 Completed 2nd Skin
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MODULE 3 REFLECTION
The really challenge became to manufacturing and assembling. To avoid getting outer surface massive we decided to reverse the laser cutting file. The issue of our second prototype is it looks too solid. A further optimization had been taken based on our tutor’s suggestion, which is arrange the panels with more violent orientations and highlights the density of panels from high two low to provide a dynamic feeling and suggest the transform of each panel in a more obvious way. There are two ways to approach to the final effect, which is increase the orientation of each panel and arrange the distance between each two panels in a unique distance. In the way of approaching to our final effects, more prototypes were tested, to ensure the proper opening angles as well as distance between each two panels to emphasize the dynamic open feeling. The process of optimization is the process of critical correction. After taking multiple partial prototype tests, we find out the most proper range of panel orientation is 70-80 degrees. The principle of dynamic panelling was captured by us during manufacturing and assembling prototypes. The result was directly applied to our final model to provide a more dynamic transforming opening sense. The last stage we do is removing some of the panels at front and increasing the front vertical supports to provide more space to show the transform effect. Junctions are also recut into new angles to show a dynamic orientation. The final model looks more attractive and has more impact effect than the previous prototype.
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4.0 REFLECTION Throughout the subject, I found that the importance of an analyzed design, which requires a truly considered design at each step. As the project is a vector approaching the final model, we are all required to balance each task as well as link them together. Sometimes the interaction among these non-linear tasks can even provide valuable inspirations. ‘Design and fabrication, and prototype and final design become blurred, interactive, and part of a non-linear innovation.’ (Lwamoto, 2009) The concept and design of the model and sketches are the main area that I focused on, during the process I realized the most direct way to express a model’s form and concept is still drawing. However, to accurate and model and test the effect, digital modelling and manufacturing plays another important role. For me to design the model, I chose to form an irregular shape by applying elements via simple dimensions. As the reading mentioned, sectioning can use series of profiles and edges to follow the lines of surface geometry (Lwamoto, 2009)The other thing is, digital technologies free the designer’s thoughts that now is restricted and more creative. (Branko, 1969) The reason why I am willing to design a second skin to make people keep a proper distance with you is, the inspiration of ‘Environmental psychologists who regard personal space as a spacing mechanism tend to refer to personal space as interpersonal distance’ (NAZ KAYA AND FEYZAN ERKIèP, 1999) This model is quite suitable for people nowadays, with various privacy and complexities. For Catwalk we kept thinking what actions we should take to indicate the effect and function of our model to the audience. In the end we decided to let Frank walk on the stage as well to perform an attacker that try to approach and touch KaFai, but be rejected by his armor. As a comprehensive finish of our analyzed development from our initial ideas, our profile and section model shows a relatively effective sense and function to highlight the concept of mystery. Throughout the process of imagining, testing, modelling and manufacturing, critical thinking is required for design development and optimization, multiple effects should be tested by digital modelling to have a visual view before physically manufacture. Overall, it is a great opportunity to experience the whole procedure from ideation to the final model finish as well as the rational thinking of the optimization, everything along the process is analyzed and fully based on enough reasons such as the samurai amour precedent and prototype tests., The suggestions from tutor also provides a second opinion from objective consideration, which helped us to clearly ensure the way of model development. The amour we designed is not only keeping people away, but also as the opening panels indicates, is to be connected with people in a proper distance, while maintaining some factor of unknown and secrets, which shows the variety of people in modern society.
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5.0 APPENDIX
Bibliography Lwamoto, L 2009, Digital fabrications: architectural and material techniques, Princeton Architectural Press, New York
NAZ KAYA AND FEYZAN ERKIèP,1999, INVASION OF PERSONAL SPACE UNDER THE CONDITION OF SHORT-TERM CROWDING, Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, pp.1
Sommer, R. 1969. Personal space : the behavioral basis of design / Robert Sommer. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall, c1969.A
Kolarevic, B 2003, “Digital Production” in Architecture in the Digital Age- Design and Manufacturing, Spon Press, London, pp. 31
Image Citation Page30 Japanese Amour: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_armour Amour image: http://img.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2016-05-26/656/20160526004619.jpg
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