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Wednesday, November 14, 2012
Western crosscountry teams put on impressve show at Canadian Interuniversity Sport. >> pg. 7 today high 3 low -2
tomorrow high 5 low -2
canada’s only Daily Student Newspaper • founded 1906
Volume 106, Issue 40
Western breaks through vegetative state Brain and mind researchers communicate with unresponsive patient Megan Devlin Gazette Staff Western researchers are making history by discovering a way to communicate with patients in vegetative states. Recently, a patient at London’s Parkwood Hospital was among the first in Canada to communicate with researchers. The research, headed by Adrian Owen of Western’s Brain and Mind Institute, was made into a documentary by the BBC, released last night. While comatose patients appear to be asleep, patients in a vegetative state may open their eyes, sit up in bed and appear to be awake. However, they appear to be unaware of their environment because they fail to respond to external stimuli. But just because a patient isn’t physically able to respond to stimuli doesn’t necessarily mean they are completely unaware, Owen’s research suggests. “What we’ve been doing in the last few years is using brain imaging techniques to find out if there’s anything these patients can do which you can’t detect from their external behavior,” Damian Cruse, a post-doctoral fellow with Western’s Brain and Mind Institute, said. The researchers put vegetative state patients in an fMRI scanner, and first asked them to imagine themselves playing tennis. In the vegetative state patients, they ob-
served the pre-mortal cortex activate, just as it did with healthy controls. Next, they asked patients to envision themselves walking around their home. A completely different region of the brain lit up with this question—one associated with spacial navigation. Again, the pattern of activation was the same as that of healthy control subjects asked to imagine walking around their home. “Patients in the vegetative state are actually able to activate these regions of the brain when we ask them to. They’re basically showing us that they understand our instructions, that they understand the question, they understand what they need to do and they’re doing it. They’re aware of us,” Cruse said. The researchers then decided to take the concept further and try to turn it into a communication tool. “We ask a patient a yes or no question and say, ‘If you want to answer yes, imagine that you’re playing tennis, and if you want to answer no, imagine that you’re walking around your home,” Cruse explained. “What we’ve been able to show recently is that there is a small number of patients who are actually able to communicate using this device.” Cruse said up to 20 per cent of patients previously thought to be vegetative are actually aware of what is going on around them, though it is unknown what per-
Courtesy of Western News
BREAKING NEW GROUND. World-renowned Western neuroscientist Adrian Owen and his team of researchers are innovating new ways to communicate with patients in vegetative states.
centage are able to communicate using this device. With the yes and no system, the researchers began by asking patients simple questions they already knew the answer to, like whether they had siblings, to check they were able to use the communication tool properly. However, with the Parkwood patient, researchers decided to ask a question they didn’t know the answer to.
“We asked him whether he was in pain or not,” Cruse explained. “He showed us with his fMRI activity that he imagined walking around his home to show us he was answering no to that question.” In another groundbreaking discovery using the communication tool, the researchers discovered patients in vegetative states are able to form new memories since their injury. “To another patient we asked if
he knew whether his sister had a daughter or not. His sister had had a daughter since he’d had is injury. He was able to answer the question that yes, he was aware he had a niece, which is quite exciting,” Cruse explained. Cruse hopes these discoveries can be translated into a tool that can be used at the bedside. “To be able to provide communication to these patients is really very profound,” Cruse said.
Concordia sued for bumping A- to B+ Cam Smith News Editor A B+ just really isn’t the same as an A-, but few students have taken this philosophy quite as seriously as Concordia University student William Groombridge. After his political science mark was dropped due to a policy Groombridge alleges will not allow more than 25 per cent of students to receive an A grade, he is suing the department. “They changed my grade on it, according to an email from my professor. The students that were the closest to [having a B] had their marks switched,” Groombridge said. “It was arbitrary. It wasn’t based on merit. It was crazy.”
In fact, according to Groombridge, Csaba Nikolenyi, political science department chair at Concordia, refused to admit to a grade reduction policy. “I never really got an answer from the department chair on why the mark was changed,” Groombridge said. “When I went to see the department chair, he denied it even existed.” For what he sees as academic injustice, Groombridge is taking the school, and the political science department, to court. “[I’m taking the department to] small claims court. I’m claiming that this is a product, or service, and that they have not fulfilled mandatory expectations,” he explained.
In most [MIT] courses it’s impossible to argue that you deserve either extremely low or extremely high marks, since your work couldn’t be infinitely worse or better. —Elizabeth Sarjeant
Vice-president academic for FIMS Students’ Council
According to Groombridge, his professor was discontent with the need to reduce the grade, and the university is attempting to make reparations to him while leaving students affected without academic recourse. “The professor was unhappy about it. [He said in his email] ‘A little piece of me died in this,’” Groombridge said. “Now they want to actually fix it, but if they hadn’t wanted the bad press, they really should have fixed this months ago.” Not unlike the kind of gradecapping Groombridge experienced, Western’s faculty of information and media studies implements a similar stance on
grades. “FIMS uses a grade cap policy to prevent grade inflation, and to eliminate some of the subjectivity inevitable in the marking process,” Elizabeth Sarjeant, vice-president academic of the FIMS Students’ Council, explained. “In the mandatory courses, which are now the only ones subject to the grade cap, assignments are marked by different TAs who will all have slightly different standards.” According to Sarjeant, the nature of media courses necessitates the policy that states required courses must have a pre-determined average, falling between 67 >> see capping pg.3