Dvd2014

People Vol.2

By

William Anderson Gittens Author, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist and Publisher

ISBN 976-8080-59-0 Page 1 of 90 In memory of my father the late Charles A. Gittens

People Vol.2 By

William Anderson Gittens Dip. Com. B.A. Media Arts,

Author, Media Arts Specialist, Post Masters Works in Cultural Studies, and Publisher

ISBN 976-8080-59-0 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner.

Typesetting, Layout Design, Illustrations, and Digital Photography by William Anderson Gittens Edited by Stewart Russell, Magnola Gittens and William Anderson Gittens Published by William Anderson Gittens Printed by Illuminat (Barbados) Ltd. Email address devgro@ hotmail.com Twitter account William Gittens@lisalaron https://www.facebook.com/wgittens2 www.linkedin.com/pub/william-gittens/95/575/35b/

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Foreword Through the lenses of a Media Arts Specialist I have discovered that People are ambassadors of their Creator and representatives of their Diaspora, operating within the universal space 1 .

In this space the people whom I have referenced in this text are part of the world’s population totalling seven billion 2 who provided representation3, shared ideas and habits they would have learnt, with their generation and ultimately with generations to come.�4

William Anderson Gittens Dip. Com. B.A. Media Arts; Author, Media Arts Specialist, Post Masters Works in Cultural Studies, and Publisher

1

Elaine Baldwin Introducing Cultural Studies (Essex: Prearce Hall,1999).p.141.

United States Census Bureau (USCB)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population Elaine Baldwin Introducing Cultural Studies (Essex: Prearce Hall,1999).p.141.

4 Michael Haralambos and Robin Heald Sociology Themes 2 3

and Perspectives Great Britain: University Tutorial Press Limited.1980.3.

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Acknowledgements In memory of my father, The Late Charles Gittens, who would have had a great influence on my life.

Special thanks to the Creator for his guidance and the creative gifts he has given me. Thanks also to my wife Magnola, my family, friends, and well-wishers who contributed to the developmental process of this text which can be categorized as a work in progress.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

PAGE

Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 3 Overview..................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1The Rt. Excellent Grantley Adams, The Rt. Excellent Errol Barrow ............................... 7 Chapter 2 Anthony Carter, Aretha Franklin ................................................................................ 12 Chapter 3 President William Jefferson Clinton,President Barack Hussein Obama II ................... 13 Chapter 4 The. Rt. Hon. Owen Arthur, The Rt. Hon. Sir Lloyd Sandiford .................................... 17 Chapter 5 Dame Nita Barrow, The. Hon. Mia Mottley................................................................. 20 Chapter 6 Mohandas Gandhi, Pres.Mandela, Rev. Dr. M. King Jr .............................................. 21 Chapter 7 Sir David Simmons, Mr. Eric Holder Jr ...................................................................... 24 Chapter 8 The Hon. David Thompson, The Rt. Hon. Freundel Stuart ......................................... 26 Chapter 9 Sir John Stow, Sir Arleigh Scott................................................................................. 28 Chapter 10 Dame Antoinette Miller, Baroness Margaret Thatcher.............................................. 29 Chapter 11 Sir Garfield Sobers, Sir Frank Worrell...................................................................... 30 Chapter 12 Comparative Features............................................................................................. 32 Chapter 13 Personal Reflections ............................................................................................... 43 About The Author ...................................................................................................................... 44 Works Cited .............................................................................................................................. 45

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Overview The scope of this text highlights a few selected people who, being part of the world’s population totalling seven billion 5, have been defined and influenced by distinctive characteristics such as Ancestry, Alma Mater, Colour, Culture, Ethnicity, Geography, Identity, Political affiliation, and Religion.

The text provides some analysis of their journeys, of how they6 operated within the universal space, how they provided representation7, shared ideas and habits learnt, with their generation and ultimately with other generations8.

These Icons are outstanding and well known locally, nationally, and internationally.9 In their quest to succeed they used the many obstacles such as, limited education, financial constraints, economic crisis, resistance to social reform, imprisonment, jeopardized health, and even assassination of others, as motivating stepping stones to propel them to the pinnacle they had envisioned.

In executing their respective roles as Activists, Artistes, Attorneys General, Chemists, Chief Justices, Cricketers, Doctors, Economists, Entertainers, Musicians, Nurses, Lawyers, Lecturers, Politicians, Presidents, Prime Ministers, Reverends and Specialists, they used their analytical, critical, creative, observant, investigative and other skills, and allowed their tenacity and convictions to empower them to make their significant contributions to improve the well-being of other people in this global space.10 Using their education, qualifications, skills, training, gifts, talents and wit to function in this global village, they have excelled and in so doing have created legacies for current and future generations.

5

United States Census Bureau (USCB)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population United States Census Bureau (USCB)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population 7 Elaine Baldwin Introducing Cultural Studies (Essex: Prearce Hall,1999).p.141.

8 Michael Haralambos and Robin Heald Sociology Themes 6

and Perspectives Great Britain: University Tutorial Press Limited.1980.3.

9

Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams QC, KT. Bachelor, CGM, The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow, P.C., Q.C., President William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton President Barack Hussein Obama II, The Rt. Excellent Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers AO OCC Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell, Dame Nita Barrow GCMG, Honorary FRCN. The Hon Mia Amor Mottley Q.C., M.P., the Hon. David John Howard Thompson Q.C, M.P. The Rt.Hon. Freundel Stuart Q.C. M.P. Prime Minister of Barbados,Sir John Montague Stow, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O Sir Arleigh Scott, K.C.M.G. K.C.V.O (1900-1976), The Rt. Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur M.P. Right Honourable Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, .K.A Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Mahatma Gandhi ), MargaretHildaThatcher,BaronessThatcher, LG OM PC FRS (née Roberts), Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA., Sir David Anthony Cathcart Simmons, K.A., B.C.H., Q.C., LL.M. (Lond.), Hon. LL.D (Lond.), Attorney General Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. President Nelson Mandela, Aretha Louis Franklin and Anthony “Mighty Gabby” Carter 10

Woodward, Jeannette A.

Writing Research Papers: Investigating Resources In

Cyberspace. (Lincolnwood Chicago: NTC Publishing Group, 1997). p.7.

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Chapter 1 The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams QC, KT. Bachelor, CGM 1898-1971 The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow, P.C., Q.C. January 21,1920-June 1, 1987 In 1998 the Barbados Parliament passed the Order of National Heroes 11 Act. That being established, it started the process of candidates’ selection for our Heroes of Barbados.

Those chosen candidates were deemed social reformers, who by and large had contributed significantly to the development of this country and changed the course of history by their deeds, against a background of resistance.

Two of the ten National Heroes12 on whom I will focus are the Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams and the Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow. 13 The information 11

th

11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadian_national_heroes Importantly, April 28 is celebrated each year as National Heroes Day in their honour.

12

National Heroes are styled by "The Right Excellent." The ten National Heroes are: The Right Excellent Bussa (Born in Africa and killed during a 1816 slave uprising fighting for his freedom in Barbados.)

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researched clearly illustrates that they were passionate about making life better for Barbadians. 14 Their ideas and dreams, when developed, greatly advanced the Barbadian civilization. That being highlighted, let us examine some comparable distinctive features of these two great icons.

On 28 April 1898 in Barbados, the most easterly island in the West Indies chain, Grantley Herbert Adams was born at Colliston, Government Hill, St. Michael.

On completion of his secondary school education at Harrison College in 1918, the young Grantley won a Barbados Scholarship15 and departed the following year to Oxford University in Britain to pursue his undergraduate studies in law.

After successfully pursuing his bar finals at Gray’s Inn, and being politically active in England for a while, he returned to Barbados in 1925.

The training and education he received empowered him to put in motion the framework to establish the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) in 1938 16. During the period 1958-1962”17he was leader of the party. He became the first Premier of Barbados and later the only Prime Minister of the now defunct West Indies Federation.

Knighted18 in 1957, and after making significant social changes resulting in much improvement to the lives of the masses of his generation, and subsequently to the country as a whole, The Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams died on Nov 28, 1971.

The Right Excellent Sarah Ann Gill (1795–1866) The Right Excellent Samuel Jackman Prescod (1806–1871) The Right Excellent Dr. Charles Duncan O'Neal (1879–1936) The Right Excellent Clement Osbourne Payne (1904–1941) The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams (1898–1987) The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow (1920–1987) The Right Excellent Sir Hugh Worrell Springer (1913–1994) The Right Excellent Sir Garfield St. Auburn Sobers (1936– ) The Right Excellent Sir Frank Leslie Walcott (1916–1998)

13

th

13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadian_national_heroes Importantly, April 28 is celebrated each year as National Heroes Day in their honour.

14

Michael Haralambos and Robin Heald

Sociology Themes

and Perspectives Great Britain: University Tutorial Press Limited.1980.3.

15

www.caribbeanedu.com/coral/refcen/Biography/readbio.asp?id=3

16

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantley_Herbert_Adams http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Barbados

17 18

http://caribbeanheroes.com/index.php/27-sir-grantley-herbert-adams.html

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On June 10, 189819, the same year The Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams was born, U.S. Marines landed at Guantánamo Bay. In this era yet another great Barbadian was destined to greatness. In 1920 on January 21, the Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow was born in Barbados in the parish of St. Lucy.

At the age of 11 Master Errol Barrow had demonstrated excellent competency skills having won a scholarship to attend the Combermere 20School. He continued to hone these skills and at age 14 he won yet another scholarship, this time, to Harrison College. In December 1939, he was the recipient of a scholarship in Classics to Codrington College. However, he did not pursue those studies.

Mr. Barrow, like Mr. Adams studied Law. He also studied economics.

In 1947, Mr. Barrow pursued his law studies at the Inns of Court and economics at the London School of Economics. He was successful in his Bar finals in 1949 and graduated with a B.Sc. in Economics the following year.

Mr. Barrow, on completion of his studies returned to Barbados in 1950. In 1951 Mr. Barrow was elected to the Parliament of Barbados as a member of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP).

In 1955 September 22, the year that hurricane Janet21 impacted Barbados, Mr. Barrow departed the BLP and formed the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) as a progressive alternative to the Barbados Labour Party.

The DLP won a decisive victory in the December 4, 1961 General Elections with the Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow at the helm becoming Premier. From this post he successfully led Barbados into Independence on November 30, 1966 bringing the long process of decolonisation to an end.

His record of achievement led to the DLP's landslide victory in the September 1971 General Elections, capturing 18 of the 24 seats in the House of Assembly. During the years to follow, Mr. Barrow’s popularity was on the decline and in 1976, 22 he was defeated at the polls by the Barbados Labour Party (BLP). By this time the BLP23was

19

http://worldhistoryproject.org/1898

20

http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/about-us/errol-barrow/

21

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Janet

22

http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/barrow_errol.asp

23

March 1985 John Michael Geoffrey Manningham "Tom" Adams former Barbadian Prime Minister became the first sitting Prime Minister of Barbados (1976 until 1985) to die in office. On March 11th his deputy-PM, Bernard St. John, succeeded him. The Hon 23 Bernard St. John served the shortest tenure as Prime Minister in the history in Barbados. (11 March 1985 – 29 May 1986) In 1987 when the Rt Excellent Errol Walton Barrow died, Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford was sworn as Prime Minister of Barbados.

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led by the Rt. Hon. John Michael Geoffrey Manningham "Tom" Adams 24, the son of Sir Grantley Adams, Mr. Barrow’s predecessor.

Mr. Barrow was elected twice as Prime Minister, 1966 to 1976 and again in 1985 to 1987. Below is a list of strikingly similar achievements the two aforementioned heroes accomplished.

Scholarship winners Were lawyers Served in the same party Formed and lead their party Achieved Prime Minister25 Status Barbados National Heroes Status Have Monuments erected in their honour Have their images recorded on Barbados’ currency Were affectionately known by their nick names Despite the ideological differences between the Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams and the Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow, they both instituted several progressive social programs which furthered the advancement of Barbados.

In the year 1920, the same year the Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow was born, the League of Nations held its first meeting on Saturday 10 January, 26 and ratified the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I. Of note, the late Dr. Sir Richard Christopher Haynes, KA, former Minister of Finance in the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) departed that political party to form the National Democratic Party.

In February27 1989, four MP’s of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) government left the party to form a new one, the National Democratic Party (NDP) with Dr. Richard Haynes as its leader. The other members were Richard Byer, Peter Miller and Edgar Bourne. The NDP unsuccessfully contested the 1991 election losing all four of its seats in parliament. Dr. Haynes was however the only successful NDP candidate in the 1994 General Election. Dr. Sir Richard Christopher Haynes KA, died 23 June 201328.

24

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Adams_(politician)

25

The Prime Minister advises the crown, appoints ministers, controls a majority in the House of Assembly, and appoints 12 senators.

Although the Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-General of Barbados, they are almost always the leader of the majority party.

26

http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/1920/

27

http://www.caribbeanelections.com/blog/?p=2392

28

http://www.caribbeanelections.com/blog/?p=2392

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Another note of interest on the political scene: Mr. David Andre' Comissiong29 is the Chairman of the Peoples Empowerment Party (P.E.P), and President of the Clement Payne Movement (CPM). Mr. David Comissiong is a 45 year old Attorney-at-law who was educated at the University of the West Indies Cave Hill (Barbados) and the Hugh Wooding Law School (Trinidad & Tobago). He is married and is the father of 3 children.

Mr. Comissiong has been involved in public life in Barbados for the past 21 years. He first came to prominence in 1985 as a member of the youth arm of the opposition Democratic Labour Party.

After assisting the D.L.P during it’s successful 1986 election campaign, Mr. Comissiong was appointed to the Senate, affording him the honour of being the youngest Senator in the history of Barbados.

Events continued to unfold in 1955 namely: Hurricane Janet30 that impacted Barbados September 22,1955 195531 Margaret Thatcher was not a candidate in the general election 1955 April 27th Mr. Barrow departed the BLP and helped formed the Democratic Labour Party32

29

http://www.caribbeanelections.com/barbados/candidates/pep/DavidComissiong.asp

30

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Janet

31

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher

32

http://www.barbadospocketguide.com/our-island-barbados/politics/democratic-labour-party-dlp.html

On the night of 27th April, 1955, twenty-six persons met at "Glenhurst", Lands End, St. Michael, Barbados. They represented varied backgrounds and outlooks. Some had already had considerable experience in Politics, because four of them were then members of the House of Assembly, and two of them had sat in that Chamber some years before. By the time the meeting ended, twenty-five people had started something that would change the course of Barbadian history. Thus was the Democratic Labour Party born. At the "Glenhurst" meeting, the Constitution of the Party, which was to come into force on 1st May, 1955, was adopted by the following foundation members who formed the first Provisional General Council of the Party: Mr. O. T. Allder, Mr. E. W. Barrow, Mr. J. Best, Mr. O. Blackman, Mr. J. M. Bonnett, Mr. J. M. Brathwaite, Mr. L. B. Brathwaite, Mr. L. D. Burrowes, Mr. H. Coulston, Mr. D. Farrell, Mr. C. A. Gill, Mr. D. Holder, Mr. A. E. S. Lewis, Mr. A. H. Lewis, Mr. F. G. Smith, Mr. H. Springer, Mr. J. B. Springer, Snr Mr. J. B. Springer, Jnr Mr. D. Straker, Miss. E. Tudor, Mr. J. C. Tudor, and Mr. L. Wood.

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Chapter 2 Anthony “Mighty Gabby” Carter and Aretha Louise Franklin March 25, 1942 –The famous American singer-songwriter and musician Aretha Louise Franklin was born.

Also born in March 25, 1942 is Richard O’Brien, an English actor and writer.

Aretha began her career at age 14, performing before the congregation of her father, Minister C. L. Franklin's church.

In 1987 Aretha became the first female performer to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Seven years later33, she became the youngest artist to receive the Kennedy Centers Honor.

Being very prominent in the 1960’s and 1970’s she was dubbed the ‘Queen of Soul’. She was the Godmother to another singing sensation, the late Whitney Huston.

On March 30,1948 Anthony Carter was born.

33

https://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/announcements/amm-aretha-franklin/

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This famous Barbadian, familiarly known as "Mighty Gabby" would become a legendary singer-songwriter ,musician and a Cultural Ambassador for the country.

Anthony "Mighty Gabby" Carter has the honour of being the youngest calypsonian to have won the calypso crown in Barbados. This feat was achieved in 1968 at the age of 1934. He subsequently won that title again in 1969, 1976, 1985, 1997, 1999, 2000 and 2010.

Apart from his singing talent, “Gabby” as he is affectionately called, is also a prolific song writer, having written hundreds of songs, not only for himself, but for other young aspiring calypsonians.

These two iconic artistes are legendary entertainers who have served their diaspora with resounding success.

Chapter 3 President William Jefferson “Bill” Clinton President Barack Hussein Obama II

34

http://www.barbadospocketguide.com/our-island-barbados/meet-a-bajan/the-mighty-gabby.html

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On August 19, 1946 William Jefferson Blythe III, was born in Hope, Arkansas35.

His name was later changed to William Jefferson Clinton.

Also born in 1946, was Charles F. Bolden Jr., American space shuttle astronaut, and NASA Administrator since 2009.

William Jefferson Clinton, familiarly known as "Bill" Clinton, became the 42nd President of the United States, succeeding George Bush Sr. He was first elected in 1993 and re-elected in 1998–2001.

In 1996, 1998 and 2000 he made attempts to capture Osama Bin Laden, but they were unsuccessful. However, one of his greatest achievements was the improvement of the American economy, due to the prudent measures he implemented.

Regarding the issue of universal health , President Clinton made a major speech to Congress regarding a health care reform plan on September 22, 1993, aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan.

This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton.

Though at first it was well received in political circles, it was eventually doomed by well-organized opposition from conservatives, the American Medical Association and the health insurance industry. However, John F. Harris, a biographer of Clinton's, states that the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.

Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromised legislation by George J. Mitchell failed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. It was the first major legislative defeat of Clinton's administration.36 Rev. Dr. King Jr. was one of Bill Clinton's heroes. President Clinton watched the famous “I have a Dream” speech on television and was so deeply moved by Dr. King's words that he memorized them. He admired Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King's gift for communicating a clear vision and his ability to pull people together to work toward a common goal.

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." 37 When Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s quotation is examined in this context I humbly suggest that this citation may have: Framed the national discourse that impacted the American cultural and political landscape Established the framework for the legislating of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 35

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1946

36

Klein, Joe (2002). The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton. Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-1412-0.

Bill Clinton, New Democrat". DLC. July 25, 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved August 30, 2010.

Blumenthal, Sidney (2003). The Clinton Wars (1st ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-12502-3.

Harris, John F. (2006). The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House (1st ed.). Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-375-76084-9.

37 http://www.archives.gov/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf '(1 HAVE A DREAM ..." (Copyright 1963, Martin Luther King Jr.) Speeoh by the Rev. Martin Luther KING At the "March in Washington"

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Initiated the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in the USA, which paved the way for one momentous change which occurred in 2008.

The year 1961 holds much interesting history for USA. For it was this year which saw one President being elected, and the birth of a future President. It was January 196138 that John F Kennedy was elected and was inaugurated two months later, in March.

As if Mother Nature was preparing to keep the balance of USA Presidents, we saw Barack Obama being born in August of that same year.

Barack Hussein Obama II, born August 4, 1961, wrote a new page in history, by creating that momentous change when he became the first African-American to be elected as President of the United States of America in 2008.

At the end of an historic election campaign of November 2008, Barack Hussein Obama II was elected as President of USA. On Tuesday 20 January 2009 in Washington DC, he was inaugurated as their 44th President. He was re-elected for a second term in November 2012 and was sworn in on January 20, 2013.

Given the cultural and political climate in the USA who would have thought that Barack Obama would have become the first African American to be elected and serve as the 44th President of the United States of America in the year 2008. However, in retrospect, according to Elijah E. Cummings,39 “the tenets of humanity and equality, of which Dr. King could only dream, President Obama remains uniquely positioned 40 to help our nation achieve”. To this end it is highly probable that Cummings’ comments can be interpreted, that Dr. King may have been dreaming of this historic event.

During his first term, one of his most outstanding achievements as Commanderin-Chief was to order the military operation which resulted in the death of Osama Bin Laden in 2011.

Osama Bin Laden (a Saudi), is believed to have orchestrated the terrorist attack on the United States of America on the morning of September 9th 2001, which caused aircraft to strategically crash into the famous Twin Towers as well as the Pentagon, resulting in the death of hundreds of persons.

When an analysis of the distinctive features that define and influence People such as President William Jefferson “Bill” Clinton and President Barack Hussein Obama 38

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080526101217AAQhT4s

39

Elijah Eugene Cummings (born January 18, 1951) is the U.S. Representative for Maryland's 7th congressional district, serving since 1996 He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district includes just over half of Baltimore City, as well as most of Howard County. He previously served in the Maryland House of Delegates.

40

by Rep. Elijah E. Cummings | January 20, 2013 at 10:17 AM Dr. Martin Luther King’s legacy: A road map for President Obama’s new term http://thegrio.com/2013/01/20/dr-kings-legacy-a-road-map-for-president-obamas-2nd-term/

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II is done, there is evidence that suggests that these ordinary men performed extraordinary task qualifying them as extraordinary men. Here are some comparable features between these Presidents: Despite the difficult economic challenges which both the 42nd and the 44th President faced during their first term as President, they were re-elected to office for a second term.

They are statesmen Both were born in August Both are lawyers They both taught law Their wives are lawyers They have no sons only daughters (President Clinton-one, President Obama – two) They won scholarships They have great oratory skills Mahatma41 Gandhi42, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and former South African President Nelson Mandela had an impact on them They did not serve in the military in any capacity Monuments erected in their honour Both fathers died in auto accidents As Presidents, both were preceded by and succeeded by members of the Bush Family.

President Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act, which was later repealed in 2010, but on May 2012 President Obama supported this policy and successfully urged the Supreme Court to rule in favor of same-sex marriage.

March 23, 2010.43 President Barack Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), commonly called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or "Obamacare", 41

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi^ "Obama steers clear of politics in school pep talk". MSNBC. Associated Press. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012. In September 2009, President Barack Obama said that his biggest inspiration came from Mahatma Gandhi. His reply was in response to the question 'Who was the one person, dead or alive, that you would choose to dine with?’ He continued that "He's somebody I find a lot of inspiration in. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics."

42

President of the United States Barack Obama in an address to a Joint Session of the Parliament of India said that:” I am mindful that I might not be standing before you today, as President of the United States, had it not been for Gandhi and the message he shared with America and the world."—Barack Obama in an address to a Joint Session of the Parliament of India, 2010 43

Pub.L. 111–148, 124 Stat. 119, codified as amended at scattered sections of the Internal Revenue Code and in 42 U.S.C.

"Public Law 111–148". 111th United States Congress. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. March 23, 2010. Retrieved 2013-12-22.

Wallace, Gregory (June 25, 2012). "'Obamacare': The word that defined the health care debate". CNN. Retrieved September 4, 2012.

Pub.L. 111–152, 124 Stat. 1029, codified as amended at scattered sections of the Internal Revenue Code and in 42 U.S.C., 19 U.S.C., and 20 U.S.C. Vicini, James; Stempel, Jonathan (June 28, 2012). "US top court upholds healthcare law in Obama triumph". Reuters

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Chapter 4 The Right Honourable Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford K.A. The Right Honourable Owen Seymour Arthur M.P. Mr. Lloyd Erskine Sandiford was born in Barbados on March 24, 1937.

Mr. Sandiford was educated at the Coleridge and Parry School, Harrison College and the University of the West Indies, Mona Jamaica, where he received his Bachelor of Arts in English. He further studied at Britain's University of Manchester, receiving his Master's degree in economics and social studies. Mr. Sandiford returned to Barbados, where he joined the Democratic Labour Party (DLP). In 1967, one year after independence, he was appointed to the Senate. He left the Senate to run in the 1971 election, in which he won a seat in the House of Assembly. The DLP, under Errol Barrow, formed the government.

Within the Government, Mr. Sandiford served in positions including that of Minister of Education, Minister of Economic Affairs & Tourism, and Deputy Prime Minister.

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The DLP lost the 1976 election to the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) becoming the opposition party.

In 1986, the DLP was again voted into power. Mr. Sandiford was made deputy Prime Minister to Mr. Barrow. In 1987, due to Mr. Barrow’s sudden death, Mr. Sandiford was appointed Prime Minister, becoming the country’s fourth Prime Minister. He led the DLP to victory in the 1991 elections. However, in 1994 Mr. Sandiford narrowly lost a no confidence motion brought against him by the opposition when a number of members of his own party broke ranks and voted in support of the motion. Mr. Sandiford called elections that same year, two years before they were constitutionally due, but lost to the Barbados Labour Party(BLP) led by Owen Arthur.

He remained in parliament until 1999 after which he became a tutor at the Barbados Community College, teaching Economics and Caribbean Politics.

In 2000 Mr. Sandiford was conferred the highest honour in Barbados when he was credited with the rank and title of Knight of St. Andrew (KA) of the Order of Barbados. In April 2008 under Prime Minister David Thompson a resolution was brought to the Parliament of Barbados to rename the building previously called the Sherbourne Conference Centre, which was in fact the idea and brainchild of Sir Lloyd, to The Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Conference Centre.[4] In 2009, Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford KA, was assigned the position of Barbados’ Ambassador to The People's Republic of China, becoming the first former Barbadian Prime Minister to be appointed Ambassador to a foreign country.

On March 24, 193744 the National Gallery of Art was established by Congress in the United States of America.

Owen Seymour Arthur was born, October 17, 1949.

He was educated at the Coleridge and Parry Boy's School, and Harrison College (Barbados).

Unlike earlier Caribbean politicians who furthered their studies, in England, Mr. Arthur stayed in the Caribbean to pursue his tertiary education, attending the University of the West Indies - Cave Hill, Barbados where he earned a B.A. degree in Economics and History (1971) , and then won a scholarship45 to pursue graduate studies at the university's main campus in Kingston, Jamaica where he gained a MSc. degree in Economics (1974). After working in Jamaica, he returned to Barbados, and started his contribution to public service in 1981 working in the Ministry of Finance and Planning.

He was appointed to the Barbados Senate in 1983 and elected to the House of Assembly in 1984.

In 1993 he became Leader of the Opposition and in 1994 became Barbados’ fifth Prime Minister, after leading the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) to victory in the General elections. Mr. Arthur was appointed a member of the Privy Council in 1995, which bestowed on him the title of ‘Right Honourable’. [1] 44

http://www.historyorb.com/events/march/24

45

http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthurRead more: http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthur#ixzz2UfjRUh58

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Under his leadership, The Barbados Labour Party (BLP) won the General Elections again in January 1999 and 2003. In the general election held on 15 January 2008, the Barbados Labour Party was defeated by the Democratic Labour Party.

After losing the 2013 General Elections, The Rt. Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur, M.P., announced his stepping down46 from active politics after three terms.

In doing so, The Rt. Hon. Mr. Arthur M.P., passed the leadership baton of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) to The Hon. Mia Mottley M.P. To date he has the distinction of serving as Prime Minister of Barbados for the longest period 1994 to 2008.

Of note, here are some of the similarities between Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford and Mr. Owen Seymour Arthur.

Mr. Arthur lectured in the discipline of Economics at the University of the West Indies in 1984.

Sir Lloyd E Sandiford lectured at the University of the West Indies and the Barbados Community College in Economics and Caribbean Politics.

Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford47 stepped down from politics and handed over the reins of leadership to the Hon David Thompson in 1999.

Likewise, in 2008 The Rt. Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur, M.P., also stepped down from politics48and handed over the reins of leadership to the Honourable, Mia Amor Mottley.

Both were educated at Coleridge and Parry School, Harrison College and the University of the West Indies –Mona Jamaica, They both served as Prime Ministers, Both stepped down as opposition leaders, Both won scholarships, Both earned degrees in economics Both lectured in economics, Both are fathers of daughters

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Tuesday, May 21, 2013 Nationnews daily nation, or in the enation edition. Titled Owen out!

by Ricky Jordan | Tue, may 21, 2013 - 12:10 amthe most senior member of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP)told the monthly meeting of the party’s Christ Church West branch Sunday evening that, having given 40 years of his life to the 75 -year-old party, he would not be contesting another general election

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served as Barbados' Ambassador

48

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Tuesday, May 21, 2013 Nationnews daily nation, or in the enation edition. Titled Owen out!

to China

by Ricky Jordan | Tue, may 21, 2013 - 12:10 amthe most senior member of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP)told the monthly meeting of the party’s Christ Church West branch Sunday evening that, having given 40 years of his life to the 75 -year-old party, he would not be contesting another general election

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Chapter 5 Dame NitaBarrow GCMG, 1916-1990 The Honourable Mia Amor Mottley Q.C., M.P.1965Dame NitaBarrow GCMG DA, FRCN was born 15 November 1916.

In 1985 Nita Barrow presided at the international women's conference in Nairobi, Kenya, and was the only woman named to the Eminent Persons Group set up to investigate racism in South Africa. 49. When Dame Nita Barrow GCMG was sworn into the office of Governor-General of Barbados on 6 June 199050, she became the first, and to date, the only female to hold that office. Sadly, Dame Nita died 19 December 1995.

On 1 October 196551 Mia Amor Mottley was born.

In 1986, Mia Amor Mottley finalized her training as an attorney and received a law degree from the London School of Economics (Houghton Street, London, England).

She started her political career in 1991, becoming a member of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP).

In 2001 The Honourable Ms. Mia Amor Mottley Q.C., M.P. Bachelor of Laws was the first, and to date, the only female appointed to the office of Attorney General and Minister of Home Affairs. The Honourable Ms. Mottley also accomplished another first in Barbadian political history, when she became the first female politician elected and sworn in as Leader of any political party in Barbados, that being The Barbados Labour Party (BLP) on January 16, 2008 and again in 2013. (The opposition party during those periods).

These two strong Barbadian iconic women created ‘first’chapters in our history’s pages when they accomplished their individual achievements, 49 50 51

http://universalium.academic.ru/249114/Barrow,_Dame_Nita http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/barrow_nita.asp http://factualworld.com/article/Mia_Mottley

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Namely in Dame Nita’s case: The first and to date, the only female Governor-General of Barbados In Mia Mottley’s case: The first Barbadian female politician elected and sworn in as Leader of Her Majesty’s Opposition in Barbados The first female appointed the Attorney General and Minister of Home Affairs.

They both proved to be very passionate about their careers Other notes from history in the year 1965: On October 3, 196552 two days after the birth of Mia Amor Mottley, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed an immigration bill which abolished quotas based on national origin.

The said year 1965, Sir David Simmons was awarded the LL.M. degree.

Chapter 6

Mohandas Karamch and Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi), President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965

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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. will always be remembered and respected as great men the world over. These statesmen advocated passionately on behalf of all people regardless of their culture but especially the people of India, South Africa and America, respectively.

Being human rights advocates, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma Ghandi) Mr. Nelson Mandela, and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. touched the lives of refugees, immigrants, women, ethnic and religious minorities, children and other marginalized communities whose human rights53 were at risk. Although these icons practiced different cultures they served their Diaspora in their chosen careers.

Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India.

He advocated for the rights of Indians, both at home and in South Africa opposing the discriminatory legislation against them. Gandhi was a lawyer and a leader of India's independence movement. He was responsible for organizing boycotts against British institutions in peaceful forms of civil disobedience.

In 1888, Gandhi's first child (the first of four sons) was born, and he soon sailed to London, England, to continue his legal education. Gandhi became a lawyer and returned to India in 189154, a few months after his mother died; he was 21 years old. After unsuccessfully trying to practice law in India, he moved to Natal, South Africa, to work at a law firm in 1893.

In 1948 Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by a shot fired by a fanatic.

Former South African President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born July 18, 1918, in Transkei, South Africa in the village of Mvezo in Umtatu, then a part of South Africa's Cape Province. The author of this publication William Anderson Gittens was born the same month as President Mandela, July on the 17, but forty years later in 1958.

In 1962, Mandela was arrested, convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the state, and sentenced to life imprisonment at the end of the Rivonia Trial. After twenty-seven years behind bars he was released from prison on Feb. 11, 1990.55 In 1989, President Nelson Mandela obtained an LLB through the University of South Africa while in prison. He graduated in absentia56 (Absentia is Latin for absence. In absentia, a legal term, is Latin for "in the absence" or "while absent". 57) at a ceremony in Cape Town.

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The Advocates for Human Rights helps individuals fully realize their human rights in the United States and around the world. For over 30 years, The Advocates’ innovative programming has touched the lives of refugees and immigrants, women, ethnic and religious minorities, children, and other marginalized communities whose rights are at risk. The Advocates strengthens accountability mechanisms, raises awareness, and fosters tolerance. Adapting traditional human rights methodologies to conduct cutting-edge research, The Advocates has produced 75 reports documenting human rights practices in 25 countries. http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/About_Us.html 54 http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/asia/india/gandhi/ 55

www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Feb/On-this-Day...

56

http://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/biography/

57

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia

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Some seventy-six years after his birth, in 1994 President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela58 was elected as the first black South African President59 and was also elected President of the African National Congress (ANC).

199360 President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela received the joint Nobel Peace Prize with Frederik Willem de Klerk for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime.

The said year that President Mandela was born61 the US Post Office Department (later renamed the USPS) began the first regular airmail service in the world (between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, DC) on Wednesday 15 April 191862.

Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta Georgia.

Rev. Dr. King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil-rights activist opposing all forms of racism. Dr. King adopted Gandhi’s concept of non-violent protest and practiced the same as a model during their own struggles.

On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize63 for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. Rev. King was the first African American and the first non-president honored with his own memorial in the National Mall area. He was credited for the creation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Rev. Dr. King Jr. was assassinated April 1968.

Gandhi and Dr. King practiced organizing peaceful forms of civil disobedience.

These great icons strove for equality for all mankind.

In summary, there are some comparable features such as: All three were Statesmen All three of them were imprisoned Ghandi and Mandela practiced law Monuments have been erected in their honour Ghandi’s and Mandela’s images are engraved on their local currency Only Mandela and King were recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize All three were activists

58 59

1.

2.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela President elected to be first in a fully representative, multiracial election 1994 www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993

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http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/1918/ http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/1918/ 63 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr. 62

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Chapter 7 Sir David Anthony Cathcart Simmons, K.A., B.C.H., LL.M. (Lond.),(Hon.)LL.D (Lond.)

Mr. Eric Himpton Holder Jr. January 27, 194064 during World War II a peace resolution was introduced in the Parliament of South Africa. This resolution was defeated 81–59.

Three months later the said year Sir David Anthony Cathcart Simmons, K.A., B.C.H., LL.M. (Lond.), (Hon.) LL.D (Lond.) was born on April 28, 1940.

Sir David was educated at the Lodge School and during the period 1960 to 1965 he studied Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science, graduating in 1963, with the LL.B. (Hons.) degree and the Master of Laws degree (LL.M) in 1965. Sir David became Barbados’ 12th Chief Justice January 1, 2002.

In 2003, Sir David Simmons was the first Caribbean person to be accorded the Honorary Fellow of the U.W.I. and was also awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) by the University of London. Sir David entered the Faculty of Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1960 and graduated with the LL.B. degree in 1963.After additional reading he was awarded the LL.M. degree in 1965. He is a Barrister-at-Law of Lincoln's Inn. He started his political career in 1976. For his contribution to public service and politics, he was awarded both the Barbados Centennial Honour (B.C.H.) and the Knight of St. Andrew (K.A.).

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940

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Sir David Anthony Cathcart Simmons, K.A., B.C.H., LL.M. (Lond.), (Hon.) LL.D (Lond.) was appointed Attorney-General of Barbados, on two occasions from 1985 to 1986 and again 1994 to 2001.

In 2001, Sir David retired from active politics after serving continuously for 25 years in the Parliament of Barbados . In 2002, he accepted the position of Chief Justice.

Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. was born January 21, 1951, in USA . His father was Barbadian, his mother was from New Jersey USA. In 1976 Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. graduated law school receiving his Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School. After graduating from law school, Holder joined the U.S. Justice Department's new Public Integrity Section during an interval lasting from 1976 to 198865. In 1988, Ronald Reagan appointed Holder to serve as a judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.

In 1993 Mr. Holder stepped down from the bench to accept an appointment as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from President Bill Clinton, becoming the first black American U.S. Attorney in that office.

In 2009, he was appointed the 82 nd Attorney General of the United States of America. Mr. Holder became the first African American to be elected to that position. He also served as a judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and a United States Deputy Attorney General, senior legal advisor to Senator Barack Obama during Obama's presidential campaign and one of three members of Obama's vicepresidential selection committee. Mr. Holder visited Barbados between May 21- 23, 2009 where on May 22,he attended the official opening of the Tamarind Hall Complex 66 which was renamed (after him) Eric Holder, Jr. Municipal Complex.

In summary the comparative features between Sir David Anthony Cathcart Simmons, K.A., B.C.H., LL.M. (Lond.), (Hon.) LL.D (Lond.) and Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. are as follows: Both became Attorney Generals Both studied Law Both are part of the Barbadian Diaspora67 Both have Honorary degrees of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) Juris Doctor

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder

66

http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/20/idUS230531+20-May-2009+PRN20090520

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A diaspora (from Greek διασπορά, "scattering, dispersion") is a scattered population with a common origin in a smaller geographic areaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora

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Chapter 8 The Hon. David John Howard Thompson68 Q.C, M.P. December 25, 1961- 23 October 2010 The Rt. Hon. Freundel Stuart Q.C. M.P, Prime Minister of Barbados 27 April 1951David John Howard Thompson was born in London, and moved to Barbados with his parents as a young child.

He attended St. Gabriel’s Junior School, and Combermere School. He graduated with honors from the University of the West Indies in 1984. Having earned a Legal Education Certificate from Hugh Wooding Law School, he was admitted to the Barbados bar in 1984. He opened his own law firm called Thompson Associates.69 As a part time tutor, Mr. Thompson taught law at the University of the West Indies from 1986 to 1988.

He came to elective politics in 1987 in a by-election after the death of the Prime Minister Errol Barrow, gaining his parliamentary seat for St John. During Erskine Sandiford's term as Prime Minister, Thompson served as Minister of Community Development and Culture from 1991 to 1993. He was subsequently appointed Minister of Finance from 1993 to 1994. Thompson became leader of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) when Mr. Sandiford resigned after losing a parliamentary no confidence motion. Thompson unsuccessfully led the Democratic Labour Party in elections in 1994 and 1999. He resigned as party leader in September 2000, and became party leader again in 2006. After the DLP 2008 victory at the polls, Mr. Thompson was sworn in as Prime Minister. He held this post until his untimely death on October 23 2010.

On 27 April 1951 Freundel Jerome Stuart was born in the parish of St. Philip. He was educated at the St. Marks Boys' and St. Martin's Junior, Schools in St. Philip, before entering the Christ Church Boys' Foundation School (now called Christ Church 68

www.nationnews.com/.../view/bio-on-late-pm-david-thompson

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Foundation School), and is a graduate of the Cave Hill Campus of the University of the West Indies, and holds degrees in Political Science and Law. Mr. Stuart was called to the Barbados Bar in 1984. He joined the Democratic Labour Party in 1970, and entered elective politics in 1994.

Upon the death of former Prime Minister the Honourable, David John Howard Thompson Q.C., M.P. on 23 October 2010, The Right Honourable Freundel Jerome Stuart Q.C., M.P. was sworn in, becoming Barbados’ seventh Prime Minister.

On January 24 2014, Mr. Stuart became a member of the Queen’s Privy Council, and accorded the title “Right Honourable”.

Officially becoming The Right Hon70. Freundel Jerome Stuart Q.C., M.P. Prime Minister of Barbados71.

Mr. Stuart like Mr. Thompson, is a trained Lawyer and has practiced criminal and corporate law. During the period 1987 to 2003 both men served Barbados as President of the Democratic Labour Party and General Secretary of the Democratic Labour Party.

Importantly, it must be noted that May 25, 2009, Mr. Stuart was admitted to the Inner Bar and appointed as a Queen's Counsel 72.

Likewise David John Howard Thompson was admitted to the Barbados bar in 1984 and became a Q.C., on 25 May 2009 .

Mr. Thompson like Mr. Stuart represented the constituents and the constituencies that their predecessors represented. The Late Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow and the Late David John Howard Thompson represented the constituency of St John while The Rt. Honourable Freundel Jerome Stuart at present represents the St. Michael South constituency like his predecessor, the Right Honourable Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford had done.

In conclusion here are some other distinctive similaritires of these two very important persons: the late Prime Minister the Honourable Thompson had three daughters while Prime Minister the Right Honourable Freundel Jerome Stuart Q.C., M.P. has one daughter.

Both served as Prime Ministers, Presidents of the Democratic Labour Party and General Secretaries of the Democratic Labour Party They were both trained Lawyers who practiced Criminal and Corporate law.

They were both Queen's Counsels Both represented the constituents and the constituencies of their predecessors who were also Prime Ministers of Barbados Both were teachers.

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The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon., The Rt Hon or The Rt. Hon.) is an honorific style traditionally applied to certain persons and to certain collective bodies in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, some other Commonwealth realms, the Anglophone Caribbean, Mauritius and occasionally elsewhere.

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Chapter 9 Sir John Montague Stow, KCMG, KCVO (1911-1997) Sir Arleigh Scott KCMG KCVO 1900-1976 Sir John Montague Stow was the last colonial Governor and first Governor General of independent Barbados . He held the post of first Governor General for the first six months after independence.

Sir Arleigh Winston Scott was educated at St. Giles Boys' School and Harrison College. He studied medicine at Howard University –USA and the university of Edingburg-Scotland. He returned to Barbados in 1953, where he became a very successful and highly regarded medical doctor. He established the nursing home known as Woodside Memorial Clinic.

Dr. Scott served in the Barbados senate from 1964-1967, and was appointed to the Privy Council of Barbados in 1966.

In May 1967, on the retirement of Sir John Stow, Dr. Scott was appointed Governor General73 (GG) by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, 73

The Governor-General of Barbados is a vice-regal representative of the Barbadian monarch (presently Queen Elizabeth II); and regularly acts within the nation's Office of the Governor-General as the nation's Head of State. Under the Government's Table of Precedence for Barbados, the Office of the Governor-General of Barbados is regarded as being the most important of all personnel of the Barbados Government http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors-General_of_Barbados

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becoming the first native Governor General of Barbados. He held this post from May 18, until August 9th 1976. He was also knighted in 1976 becoming Sir Winston Scott.

In his honour, the Ladymeade Policlinic was renamed Sir Winston Scott Policlinic.

In light of the above mentioned facts it must be underscored that there was a transition of the colonial handing over to the new independent nation.

Chapter 10 Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher LG OM PC nee Roberts 13 October 1925- 8 April 2013 Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA January 8, 1944Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher was the first post-war female Oxford graduate. A barrister, she started her political career in 1959. This British politician was the first female to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom. She was the longest-serving British Prime Minister of the 20th century (1979-1990) and is the only woman to have held that office.

Baroness Thatcher, was also the first female Prime Minister not to be awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Oxford after a 738 to 319 vote of the governing assembly and a student petition.

Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA is a Barbadian politician.

Ms. Miller was called to the Bar of England and Wales in 1968 and to the Bar of Barbados in 1969, becoming Barbados’ first female barrister. She began her political career in 1976 and was the first female to sit in the Cabinet of Barbados, having held Page 29 of 90

the post of Deputy Prime Minister. She was also Leader of the House of Assembly, Member of Parliament for the City of Bridgetown, and held various Ministerial posts. .

In summary: Dame Billie Antoinette Miller and Baroness Margaret Hilda Thatcher Practiced law and politics Were the first females to hold political positions in their respective countries Both were strong female political leaders

Chapter 11 The Right Excellent Sir Garfield St.Aubrun Sobers AOOCC Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell According to Britannica.com Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell was the exceptional all-around cricket player,74 and according to Spiritus-temporis.com the Rt. Excellent Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers AO OCC 75 is widely regarded as cricket's greatest ever all-rounder.

The issue regarding “all-around cricket player” is debatable and a matter of opinion. Further, it must be noted that since this game (a) is considered part of the culture and (b) considered a “game of glorious uncertainties”, invariably the pundits and the lovers of this game will continuously debate this issue.

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http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649180/Sir-Frank-Worrell http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/garfield-sobers/

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Arguably, these two West Indies cricketers of the World displayed exceptional talent during their tenure although they occupied similar spaces but at different times.

Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell was born in Barbados on 1 August 1924, at Bank Hall, in the parish of Saint Michael.

With the influence of CLR James, Worrell was appointed the first black West Indian to captain the West Indies cricket team76 in 1960.77 After an outstanding cricketing career, Sir Frank Worrell retired78 from test cricket after the England tour of 1963, and became a Warden of Irvine Hall at the University of the West Indies Mona Jamaica. He was appointed to the Jamaican Senate by Sir Alexander Bustamante.

Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell was awarded knighthood in 1964.

He died in 1967. In his honour he is recognized at all of the UWI Campuses. In Jamaica there is the Frank Worrell Oval at Mona and the Frank Worrell Memorial Ground79 is a cricket stadium in St. Augustine, Trinidad. In Barbados, Sir Frank is buried on the grounds of the University of the West Indies Cave Hill not far from the playing fields he helped to design. One of the two Halls of Residence there is named after him and a monument is also erected there in his honour.

The said year of Sir Frank Worrell’s birth, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo was born (24 August 1924-30 November 1989). In 1960 he became the first President of Cameroon. He held this position until 1982.80 It was July between the 13th and 14th in 1936 when a heat wave struck the states of Wisconsin, Michigan and Indiana in America with all three states setting new state records for high temperatures. At Mio in northern Michigan, it soared to 113°F (45°C)81.

About two weeks later on July 28, Garfield St Auburn Sobers was born at Walcott Avenue Bay Land St Michael, Bridgetown Barbados. Like the blaze of heat in the USA weeks before his birth, ‘Gary’ as he was affectionately called would later blaze a trail of outstanding victories through the pages of cricket’s history during his illustrious cricketing career, which began as a small boy in his Bay Land neighbourhood.

He perfected this special God-given talent and despite his humble beginnings, rose to the heights of being the Captain of the West Indies cricket team. He captained 82 thirty-nine test matches between 1965 and 1972, lead the Barbados team in 1966 and 1967, Nottinghamshire from 1968-1971 and the Rest of the World team for two tours one of England and the other of Australia. This great cricketing icon retired from professional cricket at Queen’s Park Oval at the end of the match against England in 76

http://www.cricketweb.net/blog/features/441.php

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UWI TODAY the University of the West Indies.St. Augustine Campus sta/uwi.edu/uwitoday/archive/September_2010/article17.asp

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http://sta.uwi.edu/pelican/archives/jj07/vcvpoint.asp

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frank_Worrell_Memorial_Ground

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936

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http://westindianencyclopedia.com/wiki/Garfield_Sobers

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March 1974. In 1975, before a large audience at the Garrison Savannah in Barbados, Garfield St Auburn Sobers knelt before Queen Elizabeth II and received his Knighthood, rising as Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers. In 1998, he was made a National Hero of Barbados and was thus accorded the honorary prefix “The Right Excellent”.

The Rt. Excellent Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers AO OCC is one of the ten persons chosen to have received this honour and to date and is the only recipient still alive. Given his outstanding achievements, a statue was erected at Kensington Oval in honour of this cricketing great. In 2003, The Right Excellent Sir Garfield Sobers was also appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia where he played many first class games for South Australia. In 2004 the International Cricket Council (ICC) inaugurated the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy which is awarded annually to the player selected by ICC as its Player of the Year.

In summary, these outstanding cricketing icons have achieved many similar great cricketing feats: These cricketing greats received Knight Hoods for their outstanding service to the game of cricket.

They were excellent all round cricketers Both captained the West Indies Team Monuments have been erected in their honour.

It should also be noted that, in the early 1960s Frank Worrell, Everton D. Weekes, and Clyde L. Walcott (the “Three W’s”) made up what was considered to be the best group of mid-order (middle innings) batsmen in cricket history.

Chapter 12 Comparative Features Affectionate Names In Barbados Sir Grantley Adams was affectionately called “Moses” or “Messiah” The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow earned the name “Dipper”.

In South Africa, President Nelson Mandela was affectionately known by his clan name “Madiba”83.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi84 was commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi or Bapu in India.

Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell was affectionately called Tae Worrell.

Sir Garfield St. Arburn Sobers is affectionately called Garry.

83 84

www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/nelson_mandela http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi

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Margaret Thatcher85 was called the Iron Lady by the Soviet media for her staunch opposition to communism.

In the music world Aretha Franklin is known as the “Queen of Soul”86.

Anthony Carter is affectionately called “Mighty Gabby".

Alma Mater Notably, The Rt. Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur87, M.P. and The Rt. Hon. Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, KA attended Coleridge and Parry Boys’ School.

Sir Winston Arleigh Scott Barbados’ first national Governor General and The Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams were educated at St. Giles Boys' School.

Sir Winston Arleigh Scott, The Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams, The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow, The Rt. Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur and The Rt. Hon. Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, K.A., attended Harrison College (Barbados).

Attorneys General Sir David Anthony Cathcart Simmons, K.A., B.C.H., Q.C., LL.M. (Lond.), Hon. LL.D (Lond.), Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. The Rt. Hon. Freundel Stuart Q.C. M.P, 88 The Hon. Mia Amor Mottley89 Born The Same Year-1961 President Barack Obama The Hon. David Thompson Children 90are a heritage from the LORD President Obama has two daughters Malia Obama born in 1998 and Sasha Obama born 2001.

President Mandela married his second wife, Winnie Madikizela, in 1958 and this union produced two daughters, Zeni and Zindzi.

Government/Country Honours its People.

Importantly, the governments of Barbados, India and South Africa honoured their featured icons by erecting statues and engraving their images on paper currency91.

85

www.ask.com/...is-margaret-thatcher-called-the-iron-lady

86

https://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/announcements/amm-aretha-franklin/

87

He attended the University of the West Indies. , receiving a bachelor's degree in economics in 1971, and then won a scholarship for graduate study at the university's main campus in Kingston, Jamaica. 1984; 88

http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/candidate/mr-freundel-stuart/

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Mottley

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Psalm27:3http://www.bing.com/search?q=children+are+a+heritage+from+the+LORD&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=children+are+a+herit age+from+the+lord&sc=5-37&sp=-1&sk= 91

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Barbados.aspx

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In 1973, the Government of Barbados introduced Sir Grantley Adams' image engraved on the $100 note92 and The Rt. Excellent Errol Barrow’s image on the $50 note.

In 1996, the Government of India introduced the Mahatma Gandhi series of currency notes in Indian Rupee, rupees 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 denomination93. Further, it must be noted that Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi), denominations were issued by the Reserve Bank of India94, except for the one rupee note.

In November 2012 the first South African banknotes95 featuring Nelson Mandela’s image went into circulation.

Civil Disobedience Gandhi and Dr. King practiced organizing peaceful forms of civil disobedience. In fact Gandhi was responsible for organizing boycotts against British institutions in peaceful forms of civil disobedience.

Coined Economic Phrases On the 26 February 2010, Dennis Jones a Barbadian economist coined the phrase “Ego-nomics” 96.

October 2009 “Obamanomics”97 was a term used to describe President Barack Obama Administration economic policies.

1993-2001 The phrase “Clintonomics”98 was implemented by President Bill Clinton during his tenure.

1983 Thatcherism" was a key item of the privatization policy.99 “Father of Independence” According to Jennifer Rosenberg Mohandas Gandhi is considered the father of the Indian independence.100 In South Africa, Mandela is widely considered to be "the father of the nation”, and "the founding father of democracy."

92

Officially introduced on 3 December 1973, the Barbados dollar (bds$) of 100 cents is a paper currency officially pegged to the US dollar. There are coins of 1, 5, 10, and 25 cents and 1 dollar, and notes of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 dollars. bds$1 = us $0.50000 (or us$1 = bds$2; as of 2004).

93 http://www.indyapulse.com/IndiaGuide/MahatmaGandhi.asp 94

Reserve Bank of India – Bank Notes". Rbi.org.in. Retrieved 5 November 2011.

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12305154

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http://www.bing.com/search?q=Owen+Arthurnomics&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=owen+arthurnomics&sc=0-0&sp=-1&sk= Living in Barbados: Transforming The Economy In The Age Of ...livinginbarbados.blogspot.com/2010/02/transforming-economy-in-age...5 posts · By Dennis Jones · Published 2/26/20102/26/2010 · Owen Arthur proudly wore his ego-nomics hat while using his cheshire smile to fool people into thinking he was not responsible for the country economics...

97

www.conservapedia.com/Obamanomics Obamanomics is a term describing the school of economic thought and policy being pushed by the Obama Administration. Its main doctrine is massive government spending (as evidenced by the American Recovery [1] and Reinvestment Act of 2009) in excess of $1 trillion, which is funded by massive borrowing through U.S. Treasury bonds . With unemployment at 10.2% as of October 2009

98

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clintonomics(a portmanteau of Clinton and economics) is a phrase encapsulating the economic policies of United States President Bill Clinton that were implemented during his presidency 99 Seldon & Collings 2000, p. 27 100 http://history1900s.about.com/od/people/a/gandhi.htm

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Errol Walton Barrow was acclaimed as the Father of Barbados’ Independence.

Holidays Observed in Their Honour Since April 1998 National Heroes Day has been celebrated in Barbados.

January 30th is observed as Martyrs' Day in India.

Martin Luther King Day is a federal holiday in USA held on the third Monday of January.

Errol Barrow Day is a national holiday in Barbados, celebrated January 21.

Mahatma Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is a national holiday in India.

The United Nations General Assembly declared Gandhi's birthday 2 October as "the International Day of Non-Violence."101 in 2007.

Icons Quotations The Rt. Excellent Errol Barrow: “We will be friends of all, satellites of 102 none.”

Baroness Margaret Hilda Thatcher: “This Lady's not for turning”103 President Bill Clinton of Mandela: "He was a very, very effective president," Clinton said in an interview with NBC's Brian Williams, "He knew his ability to inspire people around the world would only endure if he could prove that there was not only freedom and forgiveness, but that it worked better for society, that when people worked together, good things happen."104 President Barack Obama II citing (Martin Luther King Jr.)105: "The Arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice."

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King: “If a man is called to be a street sweeper, he should sweep streets even as Michelangelo painted, or Beethoven composed music or Shakespeare wrote poetry. He should sweep streets so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will pause to say, here lived a great street sweeper who did his job well.” 106 Mahatma Gandhi: “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.”107 President Nelson Mandela: “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” 108 101

^ "UN declares 2 October, Gandhi’s birthday, as International Day of Non-Violence". UN News Centre. 15. Retrieved 2 April 2012.

102

http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/friends-of-all-satellites-of-none/

103

http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/ps/sites/politicsguide/hall_of_fame/pages/margaret_thatcher.shtml http://www.latinpost.com/articles/4500/20131206/nelson-mandela-funeral-2013-president-obama-clinton-bush-will-attend.htm

104 105

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_Barack_Obama's_favorite_quote

106

http://www.jimpoz.com/quotes/Speaker:Rev._Dr._Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.

107

http://www.quotesdaddy.com/author/Mahatma+Gandhi

108

http://www.ineedmotivation.com/blog/2008/10/my-favorite-nelson-mandela-quotes/

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Imprisoned Gandhi was arrested and convicted of sedition. He was given a six-year prison sentence, which he began serving on March 18, 1922.

In 1962 President Nelson Mandela was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government and sentenced to life imprisonment109 in the Rivonia Trial.

On April 16, 1963, Marking Luther King Jr. was imprisoned110 in Birmingham, Alabama, after a nonviolent protest. He used nonviolent civil disobedience in order to force an intransigent community to acknowledge and to respond to serious problems111.

In 1990 Nelson Mandela was granted release from prison after an international campaign lobbied for his release.

Lawyers The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams QC, KT. Bachelor, CGM, The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow, P.C., Q.C., Sir David Anthony Cathcart Simmons, K.A., B.C.H., Q.C., LL.M. (Lond.), Hon. LL.D (Lond.), Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA., President William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton, President Barack Hussein Obama II, The Hon Mia Amor Mottley Q.C., M.P., The Hon. David John Howard Thompson Q.C, M.P. The Rt. Hon. Freundel Stuart Q.C. M.P. Prime Minister of Barbados, Attorney General Eric Himpton Holder, Jr., Former South African President Nelson Mandela, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

Lectured In 1990 President Obama taught constitutional law at the University Of Chicago Law School for twelve years. He was a Lecturer for four years (1992–1996) and a Senior Lecturer for eight years (1996–2004).

Mr. Arthur lectured in the discipline of Economics at the University of the West Indies 1984.

Mr. Sandiford lectured at the University of the West Indies and the Barbados Community College in Economics and Caribbean Politics.

109

On This Day: Gandhi Imprisoned for Civil Disobedience March 18, 2011 06:00 AM by findingDulcinea Staff

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day--Gandhi-Imprisoned-for-Civil-Disobedience-.html 110 Harley Hahn Interesting People Martin Luther Jr. http://www.harley.com/people/martin-luther-king.html

111

"Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension, that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue."

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In 1973, President Clinton after graduating from law school, returned to Arkansas to teach law at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville.

Sir David Simmons lectured in law in London until his return to Barbados in 1970. During the period 1970 to 1974 he was a part-time lecturer in law at the Faculty of Law of the University of the West Indies.

The Hon. David Thompson also lectured part-time in law at the University of the West Indies between 1986 and 1988.

Longest Serving Prime Ministers Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, British Prime Minister of the 20th century from 1979 to 1990 and is the only woman to have held the office of Prime Minister.

The Rt. Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur, M.P., served as longest Barbadian Prime Minister from 1994 to 2008.

Mixed Heritage Thompson was born in London 25 December 1961 to Charles Thompson, an Afro-Barbadian porter and a painter, and Margaret Knight, a white Barbadian author, secretary and nurse112.

President Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. President Obama’s father, Barack Sr., was from Kenya and entered the University of Hawaii as its first-ever student from an African country. He was a member of Kenya's Luo ethnic group, many of whom played a key role in that country's struggle for independence in the 1950s.

President Obama's mother, Ann Durham, was originally from Kansas.

Played Musical Instruments Sir David played trumpet for 9 years in a band in London led by Ivan Chin and he has played alongside Troubadours International, the Royal Barbados Police Force Band, and with outstanding Trinidadian musicians, Ralph Davies and Errol Ince. player113 .

President Clinton played the saxophone and he became a top saxophone player114.

Preceded and Succeeded The Bush Family preceded and succeeded two US Presidents.

President Obama was preceded by President George W Bush.

President Clinton was preceded by President George W H Bush senior and succeeded by his son President George W Bush.

US President Barack Obama and his two predecessors, George W Bush and Bill Clinton travelled to South Africa to honour Nelson Mandela115.

112

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_%28Barbadian_politician%29

113

http://coscap.org/corporate/foundation-board/hon-sir-david-simmons

114

http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/Hope.html

115

http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013-12-07/three-us-presidents-to-attend-mandelas-funeral/

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The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow was preceded by Sir Grantley Adams and succeeded by “Tom” Adams (Sir Grantley’s son).

The Honourable Thompson and the Rt. Honourable Stuart represented the constituents and the constituencies that they predecessors represented.

The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow (deceased) represented the St. John constituency, likewise The Hon. David Thompson (deceased).

The Rt. Hon Freundel Jerome Stuart currently represents the St. Michael South constituency like his successor the Right Honourable Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Knight of St. Andrew (KA) of the Order of Barbados.

Prime Ministers The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams 116 1st Premier of Barbados (1898 - 1971) The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow Barbados 1st The Right Honourable Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford K.A. Barbados 4th The Right Honourable Owen Seymour Arthur M.P. Barbados 5th The Hon. David John Howard Thompson Q.C, M.P. Barbados 6 th The Rt.Hon. Freundel Stuart Q.C. M.P. Prime Minister of Barbados 7 th Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness th Thatcher, LG OM PC FRS (née Roberts,) 11 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom117 Prime Ministers added to the Privy council118 The Rt. Hon. Errol Barrow, 1969; The Rt. Hon. Tom Adams, 1977; The Rt. Hon. Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, 1989; The Rt. Hon. Owen Arthur, 1995; The Rt. Hon. Freundel Stuart, 2014.

Statues Were Erected In Their Honour The Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial is the “Stone of Hope”, a 30foot statue of Dr. King, seemingly gazing into the horizon and concentrating on the future and hope for humanity. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 119 was opened to the public on August 22, 2011.

August 22, 2011 a 30-foot statue of Dr. King Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial is the “Stone of Hope” 120, gazing into the horizon and concentrating 116

he left the island to take up the post of Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation.

117

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110108154125AANgURJ

118

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados#Her_Majesty.27s_Privy_Council

119

http://dc.about.com/od/monuments/a/KingMemorial.htm By Rachel Cooper, Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial in Washington, DC Building a Memorial Honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. 120

http://dc.about.com/od/monuments/a/KingMemorial.htm By Rachel Cooper, Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial in Washington, DC Building a Memorial Honoring Martin Luther King, Jr.

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on the future and hope for humanity Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial opened to the public.

12/10/2009 -- Jakarta, Indonesians unveiled in a park in the Indonesian capital a two-meter-tall bronze statue121 of President Barack Obama II. November 1, 2009 on Clinton's Boulevard a 3-meter (10 foot) statue was unveiled by Former U.S. President William J Clinton in the capital Pristina, Kosovo.

The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams statue is located on the grounds of Government Headquarters at Bay Street, St. Michael and Grantley Adams International Airport, formerly Seawell Airport, located in Christ Church, Barbados, was named after him In 1994122, Barbados the Sherbourne Conference Centre was renamed the Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Conference Centre."123 The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow, P.C., Q.C., statue is located in Independence Square Bridgetown and The Errol Barrow Centre for Creative Imagination, at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill was opened in his honour.

The Rt. Excellent Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers AO OCC - statue located at Kensington Oval.

Sir Frank Worrell’s monument is erected at the University of the West Indies.

There are two temples in India dedicated to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, one is located in Kanyakumari124, and the other Tami Nadu.

May 21 to 23, 2009, Tamarind Hall was renamed Eric Holder, Jr. Municipal Complex 125 This facility is renamed after the 82nd Attorney General of the United States of America Eric Holder, Jr. (of Barbadian Heritage) and it is located on Horse Hill, St. Joseph.

In 2008, another Mandela statue was unveiled at Groot Drakenstein Correctional Centre, formerly Victor Verster Prison, near Cape Town, standing on the spot where Mandela was released from the prison.

On 2007, a President Nelson Mandela126 statue was unveiled at Parliament Square in London

121

Kathy Quiano Jakarta, Indonesia (CNN) -- Statue of young Obama unveiled in Indonesia December 10, 2009 -- Updated 1812 GMT (0212 HKT) http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/12/10/indonesia.obama.statue/index.html

122

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbourne_Conference_Centre

123

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford

124

^ "Gandhi Mandapam".http://www.chennainetwork.com/. Retrieved 17 April 2012.

125

http://www.gisbarbados.gov.bb/plugins/p17_image_gallery/popup.php?categoryid=30&p17_sectionid=6&p17_imageid=68

126

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela

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Their Fathers Died At A Tender Age President Clinton’s father died in auto accident before he was born.

In 1982 President Obama’s father died in a car crash in Nairobi.

The Rt.Excellent Sir Garfield127 Sobers was only five when his father died at sea in January 1942,after his ship was torpedoed by a German U-boat.

The Rt.Hon. Freundel Stuart Q.C., M.P., Prime Minister of Barbados 128 lost his father at the age of 9 The First Among Equals In November 2012 the first South African banknotes129 featuring Nelson Mandela face went into circulation.

In 2009 Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. became the first African American to be elected to the office of Attorney General of the United States of America, becoming the eighty-second Attorney General.

In 2009 Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford KA was assigned the position of Barbados’ Ambassador to People's Republic of China, becoming the first Barbadian Prime Minister to be appointed Ambassador to a foreign country.

In 2003, Sir David Simmons was the first Caribbean person to be accorded the Honorary Fellow of the U.W.I. and was also awarded the high distinction of honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) by the University of London.

January 20, 2009 Barack Hussein Obama II became the first African American elected as the 44th President of the United States.

January 16, 2008 The Honourable Mia Amor Mottley, Q.C., M.P, Bachelor of Laws was the first Barbadian female politician elected and sworn in as Leader of Her Majesty’s Opposition in Barbados and again in 2013.

In 2001 Mia Amor Mottley is the first female to be appointed the Attorney General and Minister of Home Affairs was to hold this position.

In 1994 President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela130 was elected as the first black South African President and in a fully representative, multiracial election. He was awarded the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Order of Canada. He was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen.

In 1990 Barak Obama was the first African-American student to be elected president of the Harvard Law Review. Obama taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, as a Lecturer for four years (1992–1996), and as a Senior Lecturer for eight years (1996–2004).

6 June 1990 Dame Nita Barrow GCMG, was sworn in as Barbados’ first female Governor General.

1979 Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG OM PC FRSLG OM PC FRS (née Roberts, 13 October 1925 – 8 April 2013) the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom and the first 127

http://www.jayblessed.com/2012/02/08/black-history-month-day-7-sir-garfield-sobers/

128

http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/candidate/mr-freundel-stuart/

129

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12305154 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela

130

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Oxford-educated post-war Prime Minister not to be awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Oxford.

In 1985 John Michael Geoffrey Manningham "Tom" Adams was the first sitting Prime Minister of Barbados to die in office (1976 until 1985).

In 1987, Aretha Franklin was the first female performer to be inducted in to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Seven years later131,she became the youngest artist to receive the Kennedy Centers Honor.

Sir Arleigh Winston Scott (1900-1976) first native Governor General of Barbados.

In 1969 Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA was called to the Bar of Barbados and was the first female to sit in the Cabinet of Barbados.

In 1968 Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA was Barbados’ first female barrister called to the Bar of England and Wales.

In 1960 Sir Frank Worrell was selected as the first black captain of the West Indies cricket team.

1966 The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow was Barbados’ first Prime Minister.

On October 14, 1964, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King received the Nobel Peace Prize132 for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. King was the first African American and the first non-president honored with his own memorial in the National Mall area133 In 1938134 the Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams was Barbados’ first Premier and the only Prime Minister of the now defunct West Indies Federation.

In 1843, Samuel Jackman Prescod was the first coloured man to sit in the House and one of the two members elected to the House of Assembly for the new constituency of the City of Bridgetown, which Dame Billie Antoinette Miller also represented.

The Nobel Peace Prize Recipients Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, among several other honors.

President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela135 received the joint Nobel Peace Prize with De Klerk in 1993.

131

https://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/announcements/amm-aretha-franklin/

132

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.

133

^ Tobias, Randall L. (January 18, 2007). "Celebrating the Birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.". U.S. Department of State.

Archived from the original on 2007-11-15. Retrieved 2012-01-16.

134

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantley_Herbert_Adams

135

According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace [2] congresses." Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is les s

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In 2009 U.S. President Barack Obama Nobel Peace Prize� for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between people.

These Icons Will Be Remembered for: Gandhi will be remembered forMaking his own clothes, Eating a vegetarian diet, and Using fasts for self-purification as a means of protest.

Rev. Dr. King will be remembered for his historic "I Have a Dream" speech given at the foot of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington.

President Nelson Mandela, Gandhi and Dr. King were committed to nonviolent protest.

Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. will be remembered for their peaceful forms of protest and commitment to non-violence.

The Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Adams, the Rt. Excellent Barrow and the Rt. Excellent Sir Garfield Sobers will be remembered in Barbados for the significant contributions they made within the Barbadian cultural space.

The Youngest In 1968 Anthony "Mighty Gabby" Carter is the youngest calypsonian to win the calypso crown in Barbados at age 19.

The Honourable Mia Amor Mottley, QC, M.P., was made the youngest ever Queen's Council in Barbados.

Mr. Comissiong136 was the youngest Senator appointed to the Senate in the history of Barbados.

In the election of 1950 Margaret Hilda Thatcher became the youngest woman Conservative candidate137.

Won Scholarship In 1918, the Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams QC, KT. Bachelor, CGM won the Barbados Scholarship.138

clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner, a peace activist and later recipient of [3] the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category. Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently [4] during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out [5] dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel company to an armaments company. It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden. It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation [3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize and arbitration.

136 After assisting the D.L.P during it’s successful 1986 election campaign, 137 138

http://www.famouspeople.co.uk/m/margaretthatcher.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantley_Herbert_Adams

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At the age of 11 young Errol Barrow won a scholarship to attend Combermere 139School. At age 14 he won another scholarship to Harrison College.

In December, 1939, Mr. Barrow won a scholarship in Classics to Codrington College but did not pursue those studies.

In 1968, Clinton won a Rhodes scholarship140 to Oxford University after graduating from Georgetown University.

In 1979 thru 1981 President Barack Obama had a full scholarship141 at Occidental College.

Mr. Arthur won a scholarship142 for graduate study at the university's main campus in Kingston, Jamaica.

The Rt. Hon. Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, KA also won a scholarship.

Chapter 13 Personal Reflections These icons documented in this text experienced imprisonment, ill health, assassination, barriers, never-the-less, they honed their skills to assist them as they mastered their professions such as Activists, Artistes, Attorney Generals, Chemist, Chief Justices, Cricketers, Doctors, Economists, Musicians, Entertainers, Nurses, Leaders, Lawyers, Lecturers, Politicians, Presidents, Prime Ministers, and Reverends and served their countries at the local, national and international level. In doing so they have undoubtedly established legacies that have, and will continue to impact their generation and generations to come.

Despite their ideological differences, one common thread running through them, is that they served their Diaspora successfully, in spite of the obstacles they encountered. A case in point Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela and U.S. President Barack Obama II were of African descent and that they were recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize.

Finally, I would like to bring this meaningful conversation to a close with this excerpt from Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., ‘I Have a Dream’ 1963 Speech143.

I believe that Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s words “that all men are created equal” certainly framed the global discourse for major changes which are constantly influencing this global village, and should remind us that all People are created equal and therefore if given a chance they will perform the role that their creator has predestined for them.

139

http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/about-us/errol-barrow/ http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamjclinton/ http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 142 http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthurReadmore: http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthur#ixzz2UfjRUh58 143 http://www.mlkonline.net/quotes.html 140 141

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About the Author

William Anderson Gittens

I believe that excellence and professionalism are key players in quality production.

Marital Status: Married Children:Two EDUCATION: 2004-2006 Post Masters works in Cultural Studies at the University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus 2002 Management Course Barbados Institute Management and Productivity 1995 Bachelors of Arts in Media Arts – New Jersey City State University1992 General Education Diploma (U.S.A.) 1992 Pursued the Diploma Video Production at the Barbados Community College.

1991 Diploma in Communication Arts - University of the West Indies School of Continuing StudiesPROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Administrative Officer II Government July 4-8 2011 Coordinator 47th Caribbean Food Crops Society Conference 2006-2010- HIV and AIDS Coordinator for the Ministry of Home Affairs AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER: October 2000 -2014 Author and Publisher of 12 Educational/Historical Children’s Books Yesteryear In Barbados Vol 1, Yesteryear In Barbados Vol 2 Colour Me Vol 1, Landmarks Vol 1, Technique Demonstration Vol 1, Focus Vol 1, People Vol 1, Building For The Future, Established in Barbados Vol 1, Mise-en-scene Vol 1, Monuments Vol 1, Established In Barbados Vol 2 Editor In Chief 1992-1994 New Jersey City State University – 1988 ~ 2006 Technical Assistant/Graphic Artist -Audio Visual Aids 1990 ~ 1991 Seconded to the Faculty of Education, University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus.

1980-1990 Member of Kiwanis Club South 1983-1988 First Designated Composite Artist- The Royal Barbados Police Force 1989 –2005 Freelance Photo journalist –Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation 1978-1979 Supervisor at Barbados Knitting and Spinning 1972-1979 Member of the Barbados Regiment and the Barbados Boys Scouts Association HONORS AND AWARDS 1976-Recipient of the 12th International Prestigious Scout Award Arco Italy 1977-Received Special accreditation from Hackney England International Art Exhibition.

1982-Designer of postage stamps commemorating 60 years of scouting in Barbados 1988-Presented to His Excellency Governor General Sir Hugh Springer For outstanding contributions in the field of art and Scouting in Barbados 1989-Presented to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of England for outstanding contributions in the field of art.

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Wallace, Gregory (June 25, 2012). "'Obamacare': The word that defined the health care debate". CNN. Retrieved September 4, 2012.

Pub.L. 111–152, 124 Stat. 1029, codified as amended at scattered sections of the Internal Revenue Code and in 42 U.S.C., 19 U.S.C., and 20 U.S.C. Vicini, James; Stempel, Jonathan (June 28, 2012). "US top court upholds healthcare law in Obama triumph". Reuters a b "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu". Department of Health, State of Hawaii. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.

"American President: Barack Obama". Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009. "Religion: Christian" "The Truth about Barack's Faith". Obama for America. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2012.

Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2010. "He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago."

Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family". msnbc.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009. "The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church."

"Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President". United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. "Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States."

Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home—away from home". Time. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergree n Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.".

Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say". The Washington Post. p. A6.

Retrieved February 5, 2010. "Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there."

Shear, Michael (January 21, 2013). "Obama Cites Nation’s Ideals in Call to Act". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2013.

Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved October 28, 2008.

Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Retrieved January 22, 2011.

Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). "Today's Junkie segment On TOTN: a political review Of 2009". Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog). NPR. Retrieved April 18, 2010. "We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii" Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.

Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2012. ab Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.

Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.

Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.

Maraniss (2012), p. 154–160.

Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2007.

Scott (2011), p. 86.

Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.

Maraniss (2012), p. 160–163.

Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.

Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.

Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.

Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.

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