Shades of a Global Cultural Vol.1

ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4

Page 4! of 5!

ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4




Page 5! of 5!

ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4

NORMATIVE STATEMENT

Traditionally, all global citizens regardless of their identity consciously and intuitively use their lens figuratively, metaphorically, philosophically, and symbolically to enunciate their testimony within Shades of a Global Cultural1space.

William Anderson Gittens ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4 Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cultural Practitioner, Publisher

1 William Anderson Gittens ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4 Author, Dip., Com.,Arts., B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cultural Practitioner, Publisher

Page 1! of 240 !

ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4

Shades of a Global Culture Vol.1 William Anderson Gittens Media Arts Specialists’ Cultural Practitioner First Edition Š 2018 All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner. Typesetting, Layout Design, Illustrations, and Photography by William Anderson Gittens Edited by William Anderson Gittens ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4 Printed by Printed by Massy Technologies InfoCom (Barbados) Ltd Published by Devgro Media Arts Services Email address wgittens11@gmail.com Twitter account William Gittens @lisalaron https:// www.facebook.com/wgittens2 https://www.linkedin.com/in/william-anderson-gittensauthor-media-artsspecialist-b1886b26

Page ! 2 of 240 !

ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4

RECOGNITIONS Special thanks to the Creator for his guidance and choosing me as a conduit to express the creative gifts he has given me and my late parents Charles and Ira Gittens.

Thanks to those who assisted me along this journey namely my Beloved wife Magnola Gittens, my Brothers- Shurland, Charles, Ricardo, Arnott, Stephen, Sisters- Emerald, Marcella, Cheryl, Cousins-Joy Mayers, Kevin and Ernest Mayers, Donna Archer, Avis Dyer, Jackie Clarke, UnclesClifford, Leonard Mayers, David Bruce, Collin Rock. My children Laron and Lisa. Well-wishers-Mr.and Mrs. Andrew Platizky, Mr. Matthew Sutton, Mr.& Mrs. Gordon Alleyne, Mr. Juan Arroyo, Mr. and Mrs. David Lavine, Mrs. Ellen Gordon, Dr.Nicholas Gordon, the late Dr.Joseph Drew,

Page ! 3 of 240 !

ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4

Merline Mayers, Mr. and Mrs. Trevor Millington, Rev. & Mrs. Donavon Shoemaker, Ms. Geraldine Davis, Rev.Carl and Rev Angie Dixon, Mrs. Gloria Rock, Rev.Pauline Harewood, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart Russell, Mrs. Shirley Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Felton Ince, Mr. and Mrs. David Brathwaite, Mr.and Mrs. Ryan Miller Mr.and Mrs. Neilo Mascoll. All of the above contributed to my academic developmental journey.

William Anderson Gittens Author, Media Arts Specialists’ Cultural Practitioner, Publisher ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4

Page ! 4 of 240 !

TABLE OF CONTENTS Normative Statement

1

Copyright

2

Recognitions

3

Table of Contents

5

Foreword

7

Setting

8

Abstract

10

Definitions

12

History

40

Introduction

72

Chapter 1

80

Chapter 2

87

Chapter 3

94

Chapter 4

105

Chapter 5

192

Chapter 6 Personal Reflections

197

Chapter 7 Conclusion Reflections

200

Page ! 5 of 240 !

Chapter 8 Conclusion

202

About The Author

205

Works Cited

211

Page ! 6 of 240 !

FOREWORD

Undoubtedly2, there is this presumption that Cultural Heritage3 is an expression of the ways of living as developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation.

The same includes customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values which can be characterized as an infectious nuance.

In this context, Shades of a Global Culture has always occupied the annals of history pre B.C. and will continue post A.D.

2 William Anderson Gittens Author Media Arts Specialist c.2018 3 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/

Page ! 7 of 240 !

SETTING Cultural Heritage is either intangible or tangible Cultural Heritage (ICOMOS, 2002). As part of human activity Cultural Heritage produces tangible representations of the value systems, beliefs, traditions and lifestyles. As an essential part of culture as a whole, Cultural Heritage, contains visible and tangible traces form antiquity to the recent past.

Cultural Heritage is also described as a wide concept.

Heritage encompasses a broad and overarching term: “it� is something that someone or a collective considers to be worthy of being valued, preserved, catalogued, exhibited, restored, and admired. (Kersel& Luke 2015: 71) Central European University’s cultural heritage studies program explains that cultural heritage4 is the legacy of physical artifacts (cultural property) and intangible attributes of a group or society inherited from the past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.

4 https://medievalstudies.ceu.edu/concept-and-history-cultural-heritage

Page ! 8 of 240 !

Therefore, there is that presumption that Heritage encompasses a broad and overarching term: “it� is something that someone or a collective considers to be worthy of being valued, preserved, catalogued, exhibited, restored, and admired. (Kersel& Luke 2015: 71) The Central European University’s cultural heritage studies program describes cultural heritage

is the legacy of physical artifacts (cultural

property) and intangible attributes of a group or society inherited from the past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.

Consequently, in my view the aforementioned admissions has created a space for a conversation and therefore, the pertinent question that should be advanced Are Children our Cultural Heritage?

Page ! 9 of 240 !

ABSTRACT Shades of a Global Culture Volume One by William Anderson Gittens is a conversation examining through the lens of an Author and Media Arts Specialist the various views of experts, studies and writings and the various reactions of global citizens to Shades of a Global Culture in Volume1 in a global context.

To ascertain the relevance of Ellen Smithies5 assertion that with both schools and heritage sites having smaller budgets to facilitate trips outside the classroom, the question of heritage in children’s lives and education is becoming increasingly important.

This is a great shame, for heritage and history can have a huge impact on children as they grow up; here are a few reasons why heritage is so

5 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/

Page 10 ! of !240

important to the lives and wellbeing of our young people. Therefore humans and culture will always be an inseparably link.

What is family culture heritage?

“Heritage” is a property, something that is inherited, passed down from previous generations. In the case of “cultural heritage,” the heritage doesn't consist of money or property, but of culture, values and traditions.

Heritage can refer to practices or characteristics that are passed down through the years, from one generation to the next.

Cultural heritage implies a shared bond, our belonging to a community

William Anderson Gittens Dip. Com. Arts, B.A. Author, Media Arts Specialists’ Cultural Practitioner, Publisher ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4

Page ! 11 of !240

DEFINITIONS The term cultural heritage encompasses several main categories of heritage: Cultural heritage6 Tangible cultural heritage: movable cultural heritage (paintings, sculptures, coins, manuscripts) immovable cultural heritage (monuments, archaeological sites, and so on) underwater cultural heritage (shipwrecks, underwater ruins and cities) Intangible cultural heritage:Â oral traditions, performing arts, rituals Natural heritage:Â natural sites with cultural aspects such as cultural landscapes, physical, biological or geological formations Heritage in the event of armed conflict 6

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-trafficking-of-cultural-property/unesco-database-of-national-cultural-heritage-laws/frequently-asked-questions/ definition-of-the-cultural-heritage/

Page 12 ! of !240

What is Cultural Heritage7 Cultural Heritage8 is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values. Cultural Heritage is often expressed as either Intangible or Tangible Cultural Heritage (ICOMOS, 2002).

As part of human activity Cultural Heritage produces tangible representations of the value systems, beliefs, traditions and lifestyles. As an essential part of culture as a whole, Cultural Heritage, contains these visible and tangible traces form antiquity to the recent past. Cultural Heritage is a wide concept.

We prefer to concentrate on the similarities between the various heritage sectors, instead of on their differences.

Cultural Heritage types 7 http://www.cultureindevelopment.nl/Cultural_Heritage/What_is_Cultural_Heritage 8 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/

Page 13 ! of !240

Cultural Heritage can be distinguished in: Built Environment (Buildings, Townscapes, Archaeological remains) Natural Environment (Rural landscapes, Coasts and shorelines, Agricultural heritage) Artefacts (Books & Documents, Objects, Pictures) Driving force behind all definitions of Cultural Heritage is:

it is a

human creation intended to inform (John Feather, 2006).

Tangible & Intangible Heritage Having at one time referred exclusively to the monumental remains of cultures, cultural heritage as a concept has gradually come to include new categories. Today, we find that heritage is not only manifested through tangible forms such as artefacts, buildings or landscapes but also through intangible forms. Intangible heritage includes voices, values, traditions, oral history. Popularly this is perceived through cuisine, clothing, and forms of Page 14 ! of !240

shelter, traditional skills and technologies, religious ceremonies, performing arts, storytelling. Today, we consider the tangible heritage inextricably bound up with the intangible heritage. In conservation projects we aim to preserve both the tangible as well as the intangible heritage.

Heritage Cycle The Heritage Cycle diagram gives us an idea how we can make the past part of our future (Simon Thurley, 2005). In a clockwise direction the wedges and arrows read: By understanding (cultural heritage) people value it By valuing it people want to care for it By caring for it It will help people enjoy it From enjoying it comes a thirst to understand By understanding it………..etc.

Page 15 ! of !240

Cultural heritage9 is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.

Cultural heritage includes tangible culture, intangible culture, and natural heritage. The deliberate act of keeping cultural heritage from the present for the future is known as Preservation or Conservation, though these terms may have more specific or technical meaning in the same contexts in the other dialect.

Cultural heritage is unique and irreplaceable, which places the responsibility of preservation on the current generation. Smaller objects such as artworks and other cultural masterpieces are collected in museums and art galleries. Grass roots organizations and political groups, such as the international body UNESCO, have been successful at gaining the necessary 9 https://www.definitions.net/definition/cultural%20heritage

Page 16 ! of !240

support to preserve the heritage of many nations for the future.What is Cultural Heritage?

Cultural heritage10 is a broad and nebulous concept, and discussions often assume an understanding meant to capture its heterogeneity.

For instance, a representative definition reads as follows: Heritage encompasses a broad and overarching term: “it� is something that someone or a collective considers to be worthy of being valued, preserved, catalogued, exhibited, restored, and admired. (Kersel& Luke 2015: 71)

However, although a commonplace understanding of cultural heritage is assumed in many discussions, attention to these conceptual assumptions can also yield criticisms with moral and political implications.

The following subsections cover some of the conceptual questions that are raised about what precisely cultural heritage is.

10 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/#WhatCultHeri

Page 17 ! of !240

What is heritage?

At its core, the concept of ‘heritage’ 11 is typically taken to mean the inheritance of something from the past (in the case of cultural heritage, culture; Harrison 2009: 9; Prott & O’Keefe 1992: 311).

Increasing attention to the range of ways that heritage is employed and interpreted in contemporary contexts has led to an emphasis on the use of the past for present purposes as an integral aspect of the definition of heritage itself (Harrison 2013: 14; Smith 2006: 44; Ashworth, Graham, & Tunbridge 2007: 3).

Recognition of this facet of heritage has opened up avenues for critique and reinterpretation of the concept of heritage (Lowenthal 1998).

11 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/#WhatCultHeri

Page 18 ! of !240

By making manifest how heritage is used for present purposes, we can identify tacit evaluative assumptions that may have gone unremarked upon in the past. In particular, scholars have come to distinguish between “official” and “unofficial” heritage (Harrison 2013: 14–15).

The idea of “official heritage” has been shaped in particular by Laurajane Smith’s analysis of what she calls the Authorized Heritage Discourse (Smith 2006).

This is the presentation of heritage familiar to us from museums, national monuments, and other institutionally endorsed understandings of heritage, such as the UNESCO World Heritage List. “Official heritage” is thus often used by governments and cultural institutions to cultivate a sense of national or cosmopolitan identity around some aspect of the past.

As Smith summarizes:

Page 19 ! of !240

This dominant Western discourse stresses materiality, monumentality, grandiosity, time depth, aesthetics and all that is ‘good’ in history and culture. (Smith 2010: 63)

Official heritage on the global scale of UNESCO is typically presented as having a universal value that transcends local attachments (Cleere 1996; Omland 2006; Matthes 2015).

According to Smith’s critique, the material focus of official heritage impedes recognition of the fact that heritage is best understood as a process of interpretation that is ongoing, in contrast with the pre-digested lists and museum displays presented by the official line.

Heritage… is a cultural process that engages with acts of remembering that work to create ways to understand and engage with the

Page ! 20 of ! 240

present, and the sites themselves are cultural tools that can facilitate, but are not necessarily vital for, this process. (Smith 2006: 44)

Thus, in contrast with the “top-down” nature of “official heritage”, “unofficial heritage” is characterized by the “bottom-up” ways in which individuals sort out their relationship to, and uses of, the past, which may be in tension with, or at least unrecognized by, official characterizations of heritage (Harrison 2009: 8).

Examples include local festivals that are not recognised as of interest to the state, or the heritage of migrant groups or the working class.

(Harrison 2013: 16)

This critique also draws our attention to “intangible” forms of heritage, in contrast with the material focus of the traditional line, discussed further in section 2.5.

Page 21 ! of !240

Though the distinction between official and unofficial heritage is useful both for drawing attention to how heritage is subject to constant reinterpretation and for challenging dominant historical narratives, some might be hesitant about the extent to which certain understandings of heritage that emphasize process do so at the expense of the traditional material concerns of official heritage.

For instance, one might think there is something significant (aesthetically, ethically, etc.) about the kinds of old material values that official heritage tends to endorse (e.g., Korsmeyer 2016; James 2013; Saito 2007), even if these values should also be challenged and supplemented from other cultural perspectives.

As noted above, heritage (and official heritage in particular) tends to be associated with positive evaluations of the past (Harrison 2013; Weiss 2007), though not universally so (Smith 2017).

Page ! 22 of ! 240

Indeed, “the word for ‘heritage’ in many languages has an overwhelmingly positive public connotation” (Macdonald 2009: 9). This makes the identification of sites of injustice and atrocity as heritage a particularly fraught affair (often referred to as negative, difficult, or dissonant heritage) raising questions about how to reconcile the positive associations of the heritage concept with sites that people experience as traumatic (Meskell 2002; Macdonald 2009, 2016; Tunbridge & Ashworth 1996; Sandis 2014a).

These tensions can bring to the fore competing conceptions of national identity or historical narrative, especially in the context of regime change or civil war.

Hue12 is a term that seems more complicated than it is. A hue is just a colour. More specifically, a hue is any colour on the colour wheel. There

12 https://www.craftsy.com/art/article/hues-tints-tones-and-shades/

Page ! 23 of ! 240

are three primary colours, red, blue and yellow. Most of us also know that combining any two of those primary colours will give you one of the secondary colours: red and blue make violet, yellow and blue make green, and red and yellow make orange.

A third set of colours, the tertiary colours, fill in the six gaps between the primary and secondary colours — red-orange, blue-green, redviolet and so on. Tertiary colours are pretty simple to figure out based on their names, so we won’t cover them here.

Colours on exact opposites of the colour wheel are known as complementary colours. Mixing a colour with its complement will give you a muddy brown.

You might have noticed that black and white are not colours on the colour wheel, and thus are not hues. So where do they fit in when it comes to mixing colours?

Page ! 24 of ! 240

Tints, tones, and shades are variations of the hues found on the basic colour wheel when white, black or both are mixed in. To illustrate this, I painted a Tint, Tone and Shade colour wheel using Liquitex Basics acrylic paint for each of the 6 primary and secondary colours.

Tints are created when you add white to any hue on the colour wheel.

This will lighten and desaturate the hue, making it less intense. Tints are often referred to as pastel colours, and many feel they are calmer, quieter colours.

To make the tints below, I used equal parts white and the hue straight from the bottle. Again, the amounts needed will vary by manufacturer and paint variety, depending on the intensity of the pigment in a given paint.

Tones are created when you add both black and white to a hue. You could also say grey has been added.

Page ! 25 of ! 240

Depending on the proportions of black, white and the original hue used, tones can be darker or lighter than the original hue, and will also appear less saturated or intense than the original hue.

Tones can reveal subtle and complex qualities in a hue or combination of hues, and are more true to the way we see colours in the real world.

Shades are created when only black is added to a hue. This results in a rich, often more intense and darker colour. Because of the overpowering nature of many black pigments, adding black to a hue is a tricky and sometimes frustrating exercise when mixing paint.

Many blacks will change the character of a hue even in small amounts, so they should be used sparingly. Alternatively, a hue can often be made darker by adding another dark hue rather than black. Testing different mixtures is the best approach Page ! 26 of ! 240

Culture13 is a word for the 'way of life' of a groups of people, meaning the way they do things. ...

Excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behaviour.

The outlook, attitudes, values, morals goals, and customs shared by a society.

Race14 is defined as a group related by common descent or heredity.

Often, these groups also share similar phenotypic traits. Outside of genetic characteristics, race can also include cultural and ethnic similarities of a people.

13https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture 14 http://knowgenetics.org/dna-and-race/

Page ! 27 of ! 240

The Basic Races of Humanity Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid Australoid along with their various sub-races (as a result of biological interaction of people belonging to different races) that can be seen on Earth at present.

The word Caucasoid15comes from 'Kavkas', who is believed, according to ancient legends, to be the forefather of the Vainakh-speaking people (the Chechens, Ingush and Georgian Kist people), all of whom trace their ethnic origins to the Caucasus mountains, mainly along the North and South Caucasus regions.

In essence, it means that either 'Kavkas' could have come from 'Caucasus' or vice versa.

15 https://biologywise.com/list-of-human-races

Page ! 28 of ! 240

The exact place of origin of the Caucasians is a matter of debate among anthropologists but most seem to agree with the aforementioned theory.

The Caucasoids are further classified into various sub races such as Aryans (including some Indo-European populations), Semitic (Arabs, Hebrew speaking people), Hamitic (Berber-Cushitic-Egyptian native races), Nordic, Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine, Arabid, East Baltic, Turanid, Iranid and Armenoid. These sub races are primarily based upon geographic location and language.

The Caucasian race and all its sub races are characterized by light skin colour ranging from white to dark wheatish, straightish to wavy hair with colour ranging from flaxen to brownish to dark ebony, prominent eyes, pronounced and well-shaped nose and sharp features, medium built and average to stocky musculature.

Page ! 29 of ! 240

Owing to the very cold conditions of the place of its origin, the Caucasian race has light and sparse skin pigmentation and, as a result, they are not very well suited to living in very hot equatorial climates and are illsuited to remain exposed to strong sunlight for long.

Negroid16 Thomas Huxley, the prominent Darwinian biologist, believed that Aborigines, Papuans, Negritos, and Melanesians should be categorized under the Australoid race, although a lot of his predecessors and contemporaries were unanimous about inclusion of these sub-races under the Negroid race.

The Negro race is subdivided into sub races such as Aborigines, Melanesians, Negritos, Papuans, Dravidians, etc. People belonging to the Negroid race are physically characterized by dark skin due to dense

16 https://biologywise.com/list-of-human-races

Page ! 30 of ! 240

pigmentation, coarse black and wooly hair, wide noses and foreheads, broad, often thick lips, and large built and broad skeletal structure.

The Negro race people are known for their stamina and ability to survive in very adverse environmental conditions, especially extreme heat.

The dense pigmentation of their skin equips them to face the intense heat and strong sun of the equatorial belt of the earth, which is where this race is believed to have originated.

Even today, the maximum number of Negroid race people can be found in the equatorial regions such as Africa, Southern India, etc.

Negroid sub-races also include the following:-
 
 The Nilotic people, The Bantu race, The Sudanic race, The Pygmy people, The Khoisan people

Page 31 ! of !240

Mongoloid17 Due to the vast and diverse geographical distribution of the Mongolian race, the term "Mongoloid" seems more appropriate than "Asian", as an umbrella term to refer to people belonging to this race.

The Mongoloid race includes all those people who are classified under the sub races East Asian, North Asian and Native American.

Mongoloids are characterized by yellowish or light wheatish skin, extremely straight and black hair, very less hair growth upon their bodies, small, almond-shaped eyes, slight built and very lean musculature.

The facial features are usually small but clear. The regions of the world that are regarded as the homelands of Mongoloid race people are the far Orients, Northeastern India, certain American countries where Native American people can still be found, etc.

17 https://biologywise.com/list-of-human-races

Page ! 32 of ! 240

The Mongoloid race can be classified into - the Neo-Mongoloids, which include ethic groups like Eskimos, Buryats, Chinese, and Chukchis.

These groups have physical features that are extremely Mongoloid in appearance and are typically found in Mongoloid populations that have adapted to living in extremely low temperatures and cold climatic conditions.

The second category is the Paleo-Mongoloids, which include ethnic groups such as Polynesians, Filipinos, Burmese, certain Native American people, JĹ?mons, etc.

The physical features of these ethnic and genetic groups are less Mongoloid in appearance and such features are usually found in Mongolian populations whose lifestyles are adapted for living in warm to temperate climatic conditions over several generations.

Australoid

Page ! 33 of ! 240

According to the 'Out of Africa Theory', Proto-Australoids (believed to be ancestors of the Australoid races) are thought to have migrated from the African continent and moved along the Southeast Asian coast towards the Australian landmass.

The Aborigines, Melanesians, Papuans, and Negritos come under the Australoid race. In short, the original native races local to the Australian subcontinent come under this category. Most anthropologists debate the distinctiveness of this race as they believe that sub races like Aborigines, Negritos, etc., are genetically and physiologically very close to the Negroid race.

This belief conforms to the Out of Africa theory.

This could be the reason behind the racial similarities between the Australian aborigines and the native inhabitants of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. Hence, many anthropologists and

Page ! 34 of ! 240

genetic biologists believe that these should be categorized as sub races of the Negroid race.

Therefore, it is believed that the Australoid race is a classification of humanity which is based upon geographical location and regional culture rather than genetic and biological traits.

Cultural changes18 are set in motion in three ways.

The first is invention19, the process of creating new cultural elements.

Invention has given us the telephone, the airplane and the computer each of these elements of material culture has had a tremendous impact on our way of life.

18 http://www.sociologyguide.com/culture/causes-of-cultural-change.php 19 http://www.sociologyguide.com/culture/causes-of-cultural-change.php

Page ! 35 of ! 240

The same is true of the minimum wage, school desegregation, and women's shelters each an important element of nonmaterial culture. The process of invention goes on constantly.

Discovery20, a second cause of cultural change, involves recognizing and understanding more fully something already in existence perhaps a distant star or the foods of another culture or women's political leadership skills.

The third cause of cultural change is diffusion21, the spread of cultural traits from one society to another.

20 h http://www.sociologyguide.com/culture/causes-of-cultural-change.phpttp://www.sociologyguide.com/culture/causes-of-cultural-change.php 21

Page ! 36 of ! 240

Because new information technology sends information around the globe in seconds, cultural diffusion has never been greater than it is today.

Culture evolves around invention, Discovery, and diffusion Global Citizens were constructed to around invention, Discovery, and diffusion culture (n.) mid-15c., "the tilling of land22, act of preparing the earth for crops," from Latin cultura "a cultivating, agriculture," figuratively "care, culture, an honoring," from past participle stem of colere "to tend, guard; to till, cultivate" (see colony).

Meaning "the cultivation or rearing of a crop, act of promoting growth in plants" (1620s) was transferred to fish, oysters, etc., by 1796, then to "production of bacteria or other microorganisms in a suitable environment" (1880), then "product of such a culture" (1884).

22 https://www.etymonline.com/word/culture

Page ! 37 of ! 240

The figurative sense of "cultivation through education, systematic improvement and refinement of the mind" is attested by c. 1500; Century Dictionary writes that it was, "Not common before the nineteenth century, except with strong consciousness of the metaphor involved, though used in Latin by Cicero." Meaning "learning and taste, the intellectual side of civilization" is by 1805; the closely related sense of "collective customs and achievements of a people, a particular form of collective intellectual development" is by 1867.

For without culture or holiness, which are always the gift of a very few, a man may renounce wealth or any other external thing, but he cannot renounce hatred, envy, jealousy, revenge. Culture is the sanctity of the intellect. [William Butler Yeats]

Page ! 38 of ! 240

Slang culture vulture "one voracious for culture" is from 1947. Culture shock first recorded 1940. Ironic or contemptuous spelling kulchur is attested from 1940 (Pound), and compare Kultur. Merriam Webster

Page ! 39 of ! 240

HISTORY CHILD Old English cild23 "fetus, infant, unborn or newly born person," from Proto-Germanic *kiltham (cf. Gothic kilĂžei "womb," inkilĂžo "pregnant;" Danish kuld "children of the same marriage;" Old Swedish kulder "litter;" Old English cildhama "womb," lit. "child-home"); no certain cognates outside Germanic. "App[arently] originally always used in relation to the mother as the 'fruit of the womb'" [Buck]. Also in late Old English, "a youth of gentle birth" (archaic, usually written childe). In 16c.-17c. especially "girl child."

The wider sense "young person before the onset of puberty" developed in late Old English. Phrase with child "pregnant" (late 12c.) retains the original sense.

23 https://www.dictionary.com/browse/children

Page ! 40 of ! 240

The sense extension from "infant" to "child" also is found in French enfant, Latin infans. Meaning "one's own child; offspring of parents" is from late 12c. (the Old English word was bearn; see bairn).

Figurative use from late 14c. Most Indo-European languages use the same word for "a child" and "one's child," though there are exceptions (e.g. Latin liberi/pueri).

The difficulty with the plural began in Old English, where the nominative plural was at first cild, identical with the singular, then c.975 a plural form cildru (genitive cildra) arose, probably for clarity's sake, only to be re-pluraled late 12c. as children, which is thus a double plural. Middle English plural cildre survives in Lancashire dialect childer and in Childermas.

Page 41 ! of !240

Child abuse is attested by 1963; child-molester from 1950.

Child care is from 1915. Child's play, figurative of something easy, is in Chaucer (late 14c.).

, is the legacy of physical artifacts (cultural property) and intangible attributes of a group or society inherited from the past.

C e n t r a l E u r o p e a n U n ive r s i t y ’s C u l t u r a l H e r i t a g e Studies Program explains that Cultural Heritage

24 ,

is a concept which

offers a bridge between the past and the future with the application of particular approaches in the present. Due to its attached values for these groups or societies, cultural heritage is maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.

24 https://medievalstudies.ceu.edu/concept-and-history-cultural-heritage

Page ! 42 of ! 240

The concept of cultural heritage developed as a result of complex historical processes and is constantly evolving. The concept of the cultural and natural heritage is based on historically changing value systems.

These values are recognized by different groups of people. The ideas developed and accepted by these different groups create various categories of cultural and natural heritage (world heritage, national heritage, etc.).

Cultural heritage objects are symbolic. They represent identities in terms of culture and natural surroundings. Connection to and traditional activities around these objects create a sense of community. At the same time, the selection of which objects, monuments or natural environments are preserved sets the future trajectory for various cultural narratives and societal consensus about both the past and present.

Since the 19th century, the concept of national heritage has been one of the key factors in this process. This led to the creation of Page ! 43 of ! 240

national museums and of commissions or institutions of monument protection.

In the second half of the 20th century, both spontaneously evolving movements, organizations and political groups – such as the international body UNESCO – have been successful in gaining the necessary support to preserve some particular aspects of the heritage of many nations, through including concepts such as World Heritage, World Memory.

Despite the inherent biases in the World Heritage approach, the door was opened to a more holistic approach in contemporary heritage studies or heritage business. At the same time, recent developments in Page ! 44 of ! 240

cultural heritage practices and more generally the uses and abuses of the concept of cultural heritage led to a strong critical approach in the context of “heritage business�. While the concept of cultural heritage contributed to the protection of values and objects, it has also often played a negative role in renewed nationalist movements, extremist and even chauvinistic grass-root organizations. Deliberate destruction of heritage values and objects on the one hand and distorted, a historic or propagandistic interpretations on the other can be found in different parts of the world, influenced by varied ideologies, religious or political movements.

Now, in the 21st century, it is better understood that heritage has meaning on multiple levels served best by multidisciplinary approaches and methodologies that can be developed and used worldwide.

Page ! 45 of ! 240

Cultural heritage is in the scope of inquiry of a range of humanities, social sciences and environmental studies. Solutions to Cultural Heritage and resource management issues are best achieved by acknowledging differences and legitimating conflicting interests, so as to seek common ground.

The annals of history have recorded that Race and culture25 refers to people, groups, and their classifications although both words are very different in how they classify people.

To start with the concept of race and culture, it is important to know what each of them mean.

“Race” is a classification of people according to their physical appearances, geographic ancestry, and heritable characteristics. “Culture” is

25 http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/culture-miscellaneous/difference-between-race-and-culture/

Page ! 46 of ! 240

a classification of people according to their beliefs and values that include spirituality, religion, region, language, and livelihoods.

To further explain “Race” is a label given to people based on their physical characteristics and skin tone while culture is a shared belief and values such as the notion of good versus bad and right versus wrong.

Therefore a person’s race can be determined through their physical traits and through their biological family. It is a label that is given to someone whether they want it or not.

Consequently, Culture can be determined on how we express ourselves, on our spiritual beliefs, and how we see things. It is not based on physical characteristics but the way of life of a person.

Page ! 47 of ! 240

The beginnings of an identifiable Christian art26 can be traced to the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century.

Considering the Old Testament prohibitions against graven images, it is important to consider why Christian art developed in the first place. The use of images will be a continuing issue in the history of Christianity. The best explanation for the emergence of Christian art in the early church is due to the important role images played in Greco-Roman culture.

As Christianity gained converts, these new Christians had been brought up on the value of images27 in their previous cultural experience and they wanted to continue this in their Christian experience. For example, there was a change in burial practices in the Roman world away from cremation to inhumation. Outside the city walls of Rome, adjacent to major roads, catacombs were dug into the ground to bury the dead.

26 https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/early-christian1/a/early-christian-art 27 https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/early-christian1/a/early-christian-art

Page ! 48 of ! 240

Families would have chambers or cubicula dug to bury their members. Wealthy Romans would also have sarcophagi or marble tombs carved for their burial. The Christian converts wanted the same things.

Christian catacombs were dug frequently adjacent to non-Christian ones, and sarcophagi with Christian imagery were apparently popular with the richer Christians.

Before AD, what did people of the BC era call their years?28 The dominance of one calendar for world events is quite recent and many other calendars remain in use: the Ethiopian calendar, for instance, has 13 months. The references AD and BC are sometimes replaced by CE and BCE: Common Era and Before the Common Era.

28 https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jan/13/how-ancient-rome-counted-years

Page ! 49 of ! 240

The Guardian has reported that The Roman calendar was counted Ab urbe condita ("from the foundation of the city"), in 753 BC; and it continued in use until the Anno Domini calendar was introduced in AD 525. The monk who calculated AD from AUC forgot that the Emperor Augustus ruled for four years as Octavian before he changed his name, and this error remains in the system. Also, as he counted in Roman, not Arabic, numerals, he did not include the years 0 BC and AD 0.

The Chinese calendar dates back to about 2700 BC and the Hindu calendar to about 3100 BC. The Jewish calendar has an even earlier starting point, 5,770 years ago, calculated as the date of the creation as described in scripture.

Official records of the Roman empire and its successors used two systems in parallel. One, used in legal documents, dated from the Page ! 50 of ! 240

accession of the current emperor, and started again with each new emperor (a system still used with each new monarch in English law). The other, used in historical works, was AUC, Ab urbe condita. In "the year of the consulship of Probius Junior" (1278 AUC) Dionysius Exiguus, a member of the Roman curia, invented the AD system by recording that it was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ".

He probably arrived at that date by looking up the recorded dates of incidents mentioned in the Christian gospels. Matthew 2:1 has Jesus born during the reign of Herod, who died in 749 AUC after a long illness. Luke 2:2-6 has Jesus born at the time of the census of Judea instituted by Quirinius, which took place in 759 AUC. Dionysius seems to have decided on a compromise, putting the birth of Jesus between the two ascertained dates, at 753 AUC.

Page 51 ! of !240

Much later, in AD 731 (1484 AUC), the custom of dating events AD, using Dionysius's date, was originated by the historian the Venerable Bede.

There are also many conflicts under race and culture, such us discrimination among the two different parties.

People criticize other people with different races and label them with unpleasant words which are called racism.

In “culture,� people also criticize other people with different beliefs and values with conflicting ideas on the moral code resulting in a cultural war. The only way to avoid such conflicts is when people respect the race and culture of others.

Page ! 52 of ! 240

In conclusion, “race” is based on physical appearance while “culture” is based on beliefs, values, and life symbols. People with the same race may have different cultures, and people with the same culture may have different races.

The Australoid 29 was classified as a race towards the end of the late 19th century by Thomas Huxley when he classified races into four groups namely the Mongoloid, Negroid, Xanthochroic, and Australoid.

Huxley30 made the conclusion that the races in the Mediterranean region known as the Melanochroi showed a mix of the eastern Europeans and the Australoids races.

29 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-australoid-race.html 30 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-australoid-race.html

Page ! 53 of ! 240

Research31 has shown that most of the southern mongoloid people have the Australo-Melanesian gene in their genetic heritage.

The Australoid32 people mixed with other races over the continent in the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, Japan, Australia, Melanesia, Singapore, and Thailand among other areas.

The annals of history have recorded that Race and culture33 refers to people, groups, and their classifications although both words are very different in how they classify people.

To start with the concept of race and culture, it is important to know what each of them mean.

“Race” is a classification of people according to their physical appearances, geographic ancestry, and heritable characteristics. “Culture” is

31 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-australoid-race.html 32 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-australoid-race.html 33 http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/culture-miscellaneous/difference-between-race-and-culture/

Page ! 54 of ! 240

a classification of people according to their beliefs and values that include spirituality, religion, region, language, and livelihoods.

“Race” is a label given to people based on their physical characteristics and skin tone while culture is a shared belief and values such as the notion of good versus bad and right versus wrong.

A person’s race can be determined through their physical traits and through their biological family. It is a label that is given to someone whether they want it or not.

Culture34 can be determined on how we express ourselves, on our spiritual beliefs, and how we see things. It is not based on physical characteristics but the way of life of a person.

34 http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/culture-miscellaneous/difference-between-race-and-culture/

Page ! 55 of ! 240

The beginnings of an identifiable Christian art35 can be traced to the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century.

Considering the Old Testament prohibitions against graven images, it is important to consider why Christian art developed in the first place. The use of images will be a continuing issue in the history of Christianity. The best explanation for the emergence of Christian art in the early church is due to the important role images played in Greco-Roman culture.

As Christianity gained converts, these new Christians had been brought up on the value of images36 in their previous cultural experience and they wanted to continue this in their Christian experience. For example, there was a change in burial practices in the Roman world away from cremation to inhumation. Outside the city walls of Rome, adjacent to major roads, catacombs were dug into the ground to bury the dead.

35 https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/early-christian1/a/early-christian-art 36 https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/early-christian1/a/early-christian-art

Page ! 56 of ! 240

Families would have chambers or cubicula dug to bury their members. Wealthy Romans would also have sarcophagi or marble tombs carved for their burial. The Christian converts wanted the same things.

Christian catacombs were dug frequently adjacent to non-Christian ones, and sarcophagi with Christian imagery were apparently popular with the richer Christians.

Before AD, what did people of the BC era call their years?37 The dominance of one calendar for world events is quite recent and many other calendars remain in use: the Ethiopian calendar, for instance, has 13 months. The references AD and BC are sometimes replaced by CE and BCE: Common Era and Before the Common Era.

37 https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jan/13/how-ancient-rome-counted-years

Page ! 57 of ! 240

The Guardian has reported that The Roman calendar was counted Ab urbe condita ("from the foundation of the city"), in 753 BC; and it continued in use until the Anno Domini calendar was introduced in AD 525. The monk who calculated AD from AUC forgot that the Emperor Augustus ruled for four years as Octavian before he changed his name, and this error remains in the system. Also, as he counted in Roman, not Arabic, numerals, he did not include the years 0 BC and AD 0.

The Chinese calendar dates back to about 2700 BC and the Hindu calendar to about 3100 BC. The Jewish calendar has an even earlier starting point, 5,770 years ago, calculated as the date of the creation as described in scripture.

Official records of the Roman empire and its successors used two systems in parallel. One, used in legal documents, dated from the Page ! 58 of ! 240

accession of the current emperor, and started again with each new emperor (a system still used with each new monarch in English law). The other, used in historical works, was AUC, Ab urbe condita. In "the year of the consulship of Probius Junior" (1278 AUC) Dionysius Exiguus, a member of the Roman curia, invented the AD system by recording that it was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ".

He probably arrived at that date by looking up the recorded dates of incidents mentioned in the Christian gospels. Matthew 2:1 has Jesus born during the reign of Herod, who died in 749 AUC after a long illness. Luke 2:2-6 has Jesus born at the time of the census of Judea instituted by Quirinius, which took place in 759 AUC. Dionysius seems to have decided on a compromise, putting the birth of Jesus between the two ascertained dates, at 753 AUC.

Page ! 59 of ! 240

Much later, in AD 731 (1484 AUC), the custom of dating events AD, using Dionysius's date, was originated by the historian the Venerable Bede.

There are also many conflicts under race and culture, such us discrimination among the two different parties.

People criticize other people with different races and label them with unpleasant words which are called racism.

In “culture,� people also criticize other people with different beliefs and values with conflicting ideas on the moral code resulting in a cultural war. The only way to avoid such conflicts is when people respect the race and culture of others.

Page ! 60 of ! 240

In conclusion, “race” is based on physical appearance while “culture” is based on beliefs, values, and life symbols. People with the same race may have different cultures, and people with the same culture may have different races.

The Australoid 38 was classified as a race towards the end of the late 19th century by Thomas Huxley when he classified races into four groups namely the Mongoloid, Negroid, Xanthochroic, and Australoid.

Huxley39 made the conclusion that the races in the Mediterranean region known as the Melanochroi showed a mix of the eastern Europeans and the Australoids races.

38 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-australoid-race.html 39 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-australoid-race.html

Page 61 ! of !240

Research40 has shown that most of the southern mongoloid people have the Australo-Melanesian gene in their genetic heritage.

The Australoid41 people mixed with other races over the continent in the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, Japan, Australia, Melanesia, Singapore, and Thailand among other areas.

The proto-Australoids42 who are the ancestors of the Australoids, are thought to have been among the first group to migrate from Africa in 60,000 BCE. The migration is believed to have occurred along the submerged continental shelf of the north shore of the Indian Ocean they arrived in Australia in 50,000 BCE. However, different

40 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-australoid-race.html 41 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-australoid-race.html 42 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-australoid-race.html

Page ! 62 of ! 240

researchers and archeologists have their explanations as to how the Australoids got to where they are today.

P Tiwari has asserted that Race43 as an expression has been used in different contexts, viz. culture, tradition, language and nationality.

There has been some difference of opinion regarding the origin of different races. One school of thought argues that racial differences existed from the very beginning, while another school of thought believes that different races developed from one single ancestral species.

The scientific classification of human racial types is based on certain combinations of fixed, inherited, as far as possible measurable and

43 http://www.geographynotes.com/human-geography/major-physical-characteristics-of-racial-groups/1012

Page ! 63 of ! 240

visually identifiable traits, such as head shape, facial features, nose shape, eye shape and colour, skin colour, stature, blood groups etc.

These traits represent morphological, biological and genetical aspects. With the inclusion of more and more traits, the number of combinations increases and the analysis becomes more complex.

There is no single way of classifying mankind into biological races. In the past, physical characteristics, such as skin colour and hair type, were used to delineate three to five biological races (Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid and later, Australoid and American Indian).

More subtle techniques, taking into account blood types and hereditary diseases as well as terrain barriers, result in classifications that may include as many as eight or nine geographical races.

Page ! 64 of ! 240

Although difference44 of opinion exists regarding terminology and the exact classification, the following divisions are generally accepted: 1. Caucasoid (European) 2. Negroid (African) Mongoloid (Asiatic or Oriental) 4. Indie (Hindu) 5. Australoid (Australian aboriginals) 6. Polynesians/Melanesian/Micronesian (sometimes, these three are classified as the Oceanic) 7. American Indian.

I. The Culture Concept

44 http://www.geographynotes.com/human-geography/major-physical-characteristics-of-racial-groups/1012

Page ! 65 of ! 240

Anthropology45 began as a specialized discipline in the 19th century within a theoretical school called evolutionism46. This approach was related to the dominant Darwinist and, more importantly, social Darwinist paradigms of the period.

Evolutionists proposed a developmental framework for recording and interpreting cultural variations around the world and understanding them in relation to contemporary Victorian standards. Culture was reduced to separable traits, which were collected by travelers, traders, and missionaries and collated by "armchair anthropologists" in much the same way as natural specimens and fossils.

45 Boas 1920.

46 https://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/courses/122/module1/history.html

Page ! 66 of ! 240

Grand catalogues of these items were used to chart the stages of the human cultural development under an assumption that some traits were representative of earlier or more "primitive" historical periods.

This view ultimately rested on a racial theory that these progressively arranged cultural differences were attributable to unequal genetic propensities and endowments among peoples.

The theses of early anthropology are evident in Edward Taylor's 1871 work, Primitive Culture, which includes the first formal definition of culture:

Culture or Civilization, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

Page ! 67 of ! 240

The telling point of this definition is that, although labelled a whole, culture is actually treated as a list of elements. In effect, culture traits were understood as representing one of a series of stages of mental and moral progress culminating in the rational society of industrializing England.

Although most of these prejudices about non-Western peoples are still with us, anthropologists have thoroughly repudiated the 19th century approach as an expression of racialism and ethnocentrism, the practice of interpreting and judging other cultures by the values of one's own.

Franz Boas, an early 20th century anthropologist, was instrumental in this reversal of perspective and laid out the ground rules for the modern anthropological orientation of cultural relativism. This

Page ! 68 of ! 240

approach rests on four major postulates, which directly confront the evolutionist position.

Cultural aspects of human behaviour are not biologically based or conditioned but are acquired solely through learning.

Cultural conditioning of behaviour is ultimately accomplished through habituation and thus acts through unconscious processes rather than rational deliberation, although secondary rationalizations are often offered to explain cultural values.

All cultures are equally developed according to their own priorities and values; none is better, more advanced, or less primitive than any other.

Cultural traits cannot be classified or interpreted according to universal categories appropriate to "human nature". They assume meaning

Page ! 69 of ! 240

only within the context of coherently interrelated elements internal to the particular culture under consideration.

Origin of Culture47 (Latin: cultura, lit. ... The origin of language, understood as the human capacity of complex symbolic communication, and the origin of complex culture are often thought to stem from the same evolutionary process in early man.

Culture48 (/ˈkʌltʃər/, from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate,")49 is the social behavior and norms found in human societies.

Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies.

47https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/culture-and-adaptation/ 48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture 49Harper, Douglas (2001). Online Etymology Dictionary Archived February 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine..

Page ! 70 of ! 240

Cultural universals are found in all human societies; these include expressive forms like art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies like tool usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing.

Page 71 ! of !240

INTRODUCTION At the outset as Media Arts practitioner I use colours on a daily basis to communicate. What captivated my attention about colours is its starkness and beauty that constitute any environment and beyond.

For example, when I look through the window in my study I am humbled when I considered the array and the varying hues, tones, and shades of colours that pervade and compliment that the lawn and the trees.

This expresses the reality to the importance of colour in my life and presumably global citizens.

The aforementioned paragraph is the point that frames the parallel for this conversation. Shades of a Global Culture is employed as a pretext to answer the question Are Children Our Cultural Heritage philosophically, figuratively, symbolically in context.

In this space the definition Hue50 is a term that seems more complicated than it is.

50 https://www.craftsy.com/art/article/hues-tints-tones-and-shades/

Page ! 72 of ! 240

A hue is just a colour. More specifically, a hue is any colour on the colour wheel. There are three primary colours, red, blue and yellow.

Most of us also know that combining any two of those primary colours will give you one of the secondary colours: red and blue make violet, yellow and blue make green, and red and yellow make orange. A third set of colours, the tertiary colours, fill in the six gaps between the primary and secondary colours — red-orange, blue-green, red-violet and so on.

Tertiary colours are pretty simple to figure out based on their names, so we won’t cover them here. Colours on exact opposites of the colour wheel are known as complementary colours.

Mixing a colour with its complement will give you a muddy brown. You might have noticed that black and white are not colours on the colour wheel, and thus are not hues. So where do they fit in when it comes to mixing colours?

Page ! 73 of ! 240

Tints, tones, and shades51 are variations of the hues found on the basic colour wheel when white, black or both are mixed in.

Let us examined how Linda S. Wallace who is a cultural workshop facilitator and who writes a weekly advice column, 'The Cultural Coach.'Linda S. Wallace views tints in culture52sometimes it seems that we are so far apart - as if African-Americans and white Americans live next to one another in starkly different worlds.

Wallace has asserted that many white Americans sincerely believe that skin colour no longer matters. They have shut their eyes to the facts that: this nation's churches remain heavily segregated, research shows children perform better in school when they are taught by members of their own race, and in the singles ads, many whites still seek white partners.

Wallace makes the telling point that Meanwhile53 , in the black community - which I'm a part of - we find people believing the other 51 https://www.craftsy.com/art/article/hues-tints-tones-and-shades/ 52 https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0916/p09s01-coop.html 53 https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0916/p09s01-coop.html

Page ! 74 of ! 240

extreme: that racism is at the root of nearly every problem. They have shut their eyes to the facts that: minorities are this nation's new and fastest growing group of entrepreneurs, black public officials are found in the highest levels of government, and parental involvement is a key component of academic success.

Think of it this way: When race is involved, most of us are wearing cultural shades. These lenses, or filters, are shaped by information we keep in our libraries of experience. We decide if others are truthful - or not - by using our family culture, values, and beliefs to help us evaluate their claims.

Wallace believes that if we once were falsely accused of racial discrimination54 , then we are more likely to be suspicious of all those who make the claim that others are being discriminatory.

After all, we didn't do it, so why should we believe anyone else did? On the other hand, if we have repeatedly felt the awful sting of

54 https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0916/p09s01-coop.html

Page ! 75 of ! 240

racism, we are far more likely to believe the folks who make those charges and less likely to give the accused a fair hearing.

Wallace underscores the point that Michael Morris, a professor at Columbia University's graduate school of business, has conducted fascinating research on cultural lenses.

Professor Morris and his colleagues have found that these cultural shades operate like Transitions lenses: They activate, automatically, whenever we encounter triggers like deadline pressure, stress, or tension.

We can't control them; we only can learn to manage them.

Wallace added Let's say that one evening I watch a film on the civil rights movement55. The next day, a white waitress keeps me waiting at a crowded restaurant. Is it an act of discrimination or just my cultural shades making me think it is?

Once we learn to manage our lenses, we can take a deep breath and consider a far wider range of possibilities - perhaps the waitress didn't see me, for example. Unfortunately, researchers find that in the times when

55 https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0916/p09s01-coop.html

Page ! 76 of ! 240

we need the greatest clarity and objectivity, we are most likely to be wearing our cultural shades.

Wallace states that Hurricane Katrina is the most recent example. We will each have on our cultural shades as we evaluate the actions of players in this tragic human drama: former FEMA Director Michael Brown, the impoverished and disabled evacuees trapped in the Superdome and Convention Center, the looters and murderers, and the people who still refuse to abandon their homes.

Since we don't always know when our cultural shades56 are on, we don't always ask the questions that will lead us to the truth. We don't know what it is that we don't know, so we never learn how to be a seasoned cultural detective.

Morris57 finds that if we show to Asian executives a photo of a person standing in front of a group, the executives are likely to conclude that the person standing alone is an outcast.

56 https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0916/p09s01-coop.html 57 https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0916/p09s01-coop.html

Page ! 77 of ! 240

In Asian cultures, community is widely viewed as the key to success. Show the same photo to American executives, and the executives are likely to conclude that the person standing alone is the leader.

Americans see individual effort as the key to achievement. So which cultural lens is right? Well, we can't tell unless we do additional detective work. Most of us, however, never get around to digging for truth.

Since we aren't even aware that other cultural filters exist, we assume that our view is right.

Unfortunately, this tendency keeps many of us from confronting our hidden biases and developing the cultural skills that would help us expand our profitability and influence.

The Pew Center for Research58 for the People and the Press reported this past week that 7 in 10 blacks felt the disaster aftermath shows that racial inequality remains a major problem in the country. In contrast, only 32 percent of whites felt similarly.

58 https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0916/p09s01-coop.html

Page ! 78 of ! 240

Two-thirds of African-Americans, moreover, said that the government's response to the crisis would have been faster if most of the storm's victims had been white.

More than three-quarters of whites (77 percent) believed this would not have made a difference. America's rich diversity of cultural views provides us with an asset because no group will be right all the time.

The broader our cultural spectrum, the more likely we are to find the truth. Actually, the greater challenge is to understand why our cultural filters differ, and to teach students and workers how to view life through a multitude of cultural shades. It's the things we don't know about one another that really hurt us.

Page ! 79 of ! 240

CHAPTER 1 Tones59 are created when you add both black and white to a hue. You could also say grey has been added.

Depending on the proportions of black, white and the original hue used, tones can be darker or lighter than the original hue, and will also appear less saturated or intense than the original hue.

Tones can reveal subtle and complex qualities in a hue or combination of hues, and are more true to the way we see colours in the real world.

Liyu Cao and Joachim Gross under the caption Cultural Differences in Perceiving Sounds Generated by Others: Self Matters has advocated that auditory60 processing is influenced by top–down processes.

For example, self-generated tones are perceived as lower in intensity as compared to externally generated tones (Sato, 2008; Weiss et al.,

59 https://www.craftsy.com/art/article/hues-tints-tones-and-shades/ 60 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667006/

Page ! 80 of ! 240

2011), known as the sensory attenuation effect (sensory attenuation for the self).

Interestingly, Sato (2008) also found that merely watching others generate a tone (by pressing a button) also makes the tone be perceived lower in intensity (sensory attenuation for others).

This indicates that the fact of watching/knowing a tone was generated by others’ acts as a top–down factor to modulate auditory perception.

However, sensory attenuation for others was not successfully replicated later with a very similar testing paradigm (Weiss et al., 2011), noting that Sato (2008) study was from Japan and Weiss et al. (2011) study was from Germany.

This raises the possibility that the effect is contingent on the cultural backgrounds of participants.

Page 81 ! of !240

Findings from cross cultural studies61 indicate that easterners (including but not limited to people from Asian countries like China and Japan) have more interdependent selves and westerners (including but not limited to people from European countries like UK and Germany, and North American countries like USA) have more independent selves (Markus and Kitayama, 1991).

The difference between interdependent and independent selves manifests in many aspects. Generally speaking, people with more interdependent selves give more weight to their social (interpersonal) self than their personal self, which makes the influence from others more profound.

On the contrary, people with more independent selves are influenced by others to a lesser degree (Markus and Kitayama, 1991).

Numerous studies have demonstrated how self-construal has a profound influence on various aspects of social cognition (Han and Northoff, 2008; Cross et al., 2011).

61 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667006/

Page ! 82 of ! 240

For example, Chinese62 participants have less preference to their own face over others’ faces than British participants (Sui et al., 2009), and further studies showed that this difference may be modulated by selfconstrual priming (Sui et al., 2013).

When interacting with others, people with more interdependent self-construal tended to unconsciously mimic other’s behavior (e.g., face rubbing) more than people with more independent selfconstrual (van Baaren et al., 2003).

It was suggested that the difference in self-construal could be fundamental to cultural differences in cognition (Varnum et al., 2010). The dominance of interdependency over independency may make the differentiation between self and others less salient among easterners than among westerners.

Thus we hypothesize that easterners’ perceptual experience toward a tone generated by others is similar to a self-generated tone and they show sensory attenuation for both self and others.

62 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667006/

Page ! 83 of ! 240

While for westerners, there is a clear differentiation between self and others so that others generated tone is just like an external tone.

Thus we hypothesize that there is sensory attenuation for the self but not for others among westerners.

To summarize,

63

we predict a cultural difference in sensory

attenuation for other-generated tones, with people from collectivismdominated cultural backgrounds (e.g., Chinese) showing this effect and people from individualism-dominated cultural backgrounds (e.g., British) not showing this effect.

We hypothesize that there is no cultural difference with respect to sensory attenuation for the self, which is accounted for by the common forward model mechanism (Wolpert and Ghahramani, 2000;). Further support for this hypothesis is that sensory attenuation for the self was shown in both Sato (2008) and Weiss et al. (2011) studies.

In both studies, the perceived intensity of a standard tone was estimated through a volume comparison task between the standard tone and tones of differing intensities.

63 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667006/

Page ! 84 of ! 240

Then the perceived intensity64 of the standard tone was compared between different conditions, e.g., between the self-generated tone and the computer generated tone.

The same method will be used in the current study, with participants (Chinese and British) from both cultural backgrounds being tested in the same experimental setting to reduce any possible confounds.

We also included a battery of questionnaires, including Self Construal Scale (Singelis, 1994), short forms of Empathy Quotient (EQshort), short forms of Systemizing Quotient (SQ-short) (Wakabayashi et al., 2006) and Peters et al. (2004) Delusion Inventory (PDI), to measure cultural differences and cognitive style (for more information, please see Materials and Methods). Relevant to the focus of this study, we predict a correlation between sensory attenuation for others and self-construal, as self-construal plays an important role in cultural differences as outlined earlier.

There is a profound cultural difference in processing sensory consequences generated by others, with people from collectivism64 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667006/

Page ! 85 of ! 240

dominated culture backgrounds showing sensory attenuation and people from individualism-dominated culture backgrounds not.

Sensory65 attenuation in this case is related to independent selfconstrual; however, it may operate in a deeper layer thus being a more reliable measurement of one’s social orientation.

Further studies should address its development and cognitive mechanisms (especially its relationship to sensory attenuation for the self).

65 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667006/

Page ! 86 of ! 240

CHAPTER 2 Shades66 are created when only black is added to a hue.

This results in a rich, often more intense and darker colour.

Because of the overpowering nature of many black pigments, adding black to a hue is a tricky and sometimes frustrating exercise when mixing paint.

Many blacks will change the character of a hue even in small amounts, so they should be used sparingly.

Alternatively, a hue can often be made darker by adding another dark hue rather than black.

Testing different mixtures is the best approach therefore just as colors have shades likewise culture.

Ellen Smithies67 has argued heritage under the caption Why is it important that children experience heritage?

that with both schools and

heritage sites having smaller budgets to facilitate trips outside the classroom,

66 https://www.craftsy.com/art/article/hues-tints-tones-and-shades/ 67 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/

Page ! 87 of ! 240

the question of heritage in children’s lives and education is becoming increasingly important.

This is a great shame, for heritage and history can have a huge impact on children as they grow up; here are a few reasons why heritage is so important to the lives and wellbeing of our young people.

Smithies68 Heritage sites, most importantly, give children a sense of pride and a greater awareness of their local area and the heritage contained within it.

Heritage and its history give young people a greater awareness of the history surrounding these institutions, and give them a wider awareness of the issues that faced, are facing, and will face the world they are growing up in – it can provide an awareness of national issues that they might otherwise find hard to possess.

It is also important to highlight that an awareness of heritage and local history can give children a sense of national identity – it gives them something in common with other groups that they otherwise might not

68 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/

Page ! 88 of ! 240

identify with, either because of the lack of common ground, or the lack of reason to do so.

Smithies69 - a more direct experience of history can also help to bring history to life. To the average schoolchild in a classroom, the industrial revolution can seem a far cry from current life, but if they visit an old textile mill and see the reality for themselves, it becomes a lot more tangible – I remember having no enthusiasm for my GCSE History topic of cotton mills until we visited Quarry Bank Mill, at which point it became much more interesting for me.

Similarly, the Romans might not seem too interesting when viewed on a classroom screen, but when confronted with actors playing Roman soldiers, or huge architectural remains like those at Vindolanda or Hadrian’s Wall, children’s enthusiasm often sky-rockets.

69 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/

Page ! 89 of ! 240

Smithies70 A visit to a heritage site, such as a museum, can also provide an alternative learning route to that of the traditional classroom.

It is becoming more and more apparent that children learn in many different ways – some can absorb lectures without fault, others lose interest after thirty seconds.

Heritage sites, more often than not, can teach children in engaging and exciting ways, be it through dress-up, actors, interactive exhibitions or workshops – this can help facilitate the needs of children who otherwise struggle to engage with historic materials, and thus is an invaluable resource for education in general.

Smithies71 In addition to all these arguments, it is also worth pointing out that without experiencing heritage for themselves, children cannot be expected to have interest in and enter the sector in

70 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/ 71 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/

Page ! 90 of ! 240

the future – indeed, introducing children to heritage and museums is the best way of guaranteeing future visitors and supporters.

Education and outreach programs are the best ways to introduce heritage to young people, and initiatives like the Kids in Museums takeover day allow children to get hands-on experience that they otherwise might be denied.

Indeed, interactive experiences can often unearth budding heritage professionals long before they realise their interest in the sector!

There is also evidence that heritage and history can also provide children with something of a moral education.

While teaching children how to be good members of society at home and in the classroom is a great foundation, it can sometimes take seeing the aftermath of large conflicts or issues to really drive the point home – seeing the aftermath of world-changing events shows the consequences of some behaviour and can spark children to amend their own accordingly.

Page 91 ! of !240

Visiting topical museums such as the Holocaust Museum or the International Slavery Museum can make talking about important issues much easier for children, and spark conversations that would be difficult to accommodate in the classroom, but help form the social awareness of young children.

This is at the centre of the Museum Week discussions – how museums play a role in structuring the future of society.

Smithies72 On the flipside of this issue, it is also worth considering how children are important to heritage as well.

Interaction with children can provide heritage73 sites and museums with a greater awareness of children’s needs and the needs of local schools – the museum can learn what is relevant to the curriculum and adjust their services accordingly.

It also generates a loop of positive feedback – the more schools and young people that interact with heritage organisations, the

72 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/ 73 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/

Page ! 92 of ! 240

more proficient the organisation becomes, thus attracting more children and families to them.

Provision for children also makes sites more attractive to families who might otherwise be hesitant to visit if there was nothing to keep their children entertained – activities for young people therefore open up heritage sites to wider audiences in general.

Smithies74 makes the final argument that Despite the decline in heritage75 funding over recent years, heritage and local history is as important as ever in the education and lives of our children, as evidenced above.

Learning about the past is integral to knowing our present, as well as preparing for and predicting our future, and nowhere is this more important than for the youngest members of our society.

74 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/ 75 http://www.culturesyndicates.co.uk/2018/04/important-children-experience-heritage/

Page ! 93 of ! 240

CHAPTER 3

From archaeological sites to architecture, from medieval castles to folklore traditions and arts, Europe's cultural heritage is at the very heart of the collective memory and identity of European citizens.

European rich national, regional and local diversity is a unique catalyst for exchanges between people of all ages, social backgrounds and cultures76.

The European Year of Cultural Heritage will be a truly European initiative with a series of events taking place at all levels: European, national, regional and local.

It will be an opportunity to involve citizens from all backgrounds, in particular children and young people, in events and

76 http://www.europeanheritagedays.com/Home/Heritage-and-communities.aspx

Page ! 94 of ! 240

projects emphasising Europe's heritage and values, helping to strengthen a sense of belonging to a European family.

The objective is to allow increased access to heritage for all and encourage people to get involved in managing and caring for it. The Year will also provide the opportunity to debate, reflect on and make a 'quality leap' in preserving and restoring heritage.

The involvement of Member States and cultural heritage stakeholders will be key to the success of the Year. In addition, the Year will highlight the strong economic role that cultural heritage plays.

More than 300,000 people are directly employed in the European cultural heritage sector and 7.8 million European jobs are indirectly linked to cultural heritage, for example in tourism and building work, as well as ancillary services such as transport, interpretation services and maintenance and security of cultural sites.

The 50 European countries taking part in the European Heritage Days have decided to take active part or give credit to the Page ! 95 of ! 240

European Year of Cultural Heritage through the common vision of "The Art of Sharing".

In South Africa 77 the vision of the constitution is for everybody to be equal. This means that nobody should be permitted to discriminate against anyone else because of things like skin colour, age, religion, language or gender.

South Africans have human rights that are protected. For example, some schools have turned away children who have AIDS. However, the law protects these children’s rights to an education.

In the same way the right to practice different religious beliefs is protected. Every person has the right to be part of any religion and to use the language of their choice. For this reason South Africa has 11 official languages so that all the major languages used in the country are given recognition.

77 https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/defining-culture-heritage-and-identity

Page ! 96 of ! 240

These languages are Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu.

Languages used by smaller groups such as the Khoi, Nama, San and sign language must also be respected under the constitution. Other languages used in South Africa include Shona, French, Swahili, Lingala, Portuguese, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil, Portuguese, Telegu and Urdu.

Other languages like Arabic, Hebrew and Sanskrit, used in certain religions, must also be respected.

Lyndel V Prott has underscored A variety of conservation concerns that challenge the professional communities in the Asia/Pacific region, focusing on a broad range of issues from historic town centers to museum collections to offshore archaeological sites.

Prott also added that the aforementioned was discussed at a symposium, where the United States Information Agency (USIA) sought to increase the general awareness of cultural heritage issues in the Asia/

Page ! 97 of ! 240

Pacific region, bearing in mind the considerable diversity of heritage and of environmental settings in which those issues are confronted today.

Prott under the caption The Impact of Policy on Cultural Heritage Protection78 has argued that Administrators in charge of cultural heritage are often faced with a difficult problem: The objects and sites under their care can be damaged -sometimes severely-by decisions in which they took no part.

Policy decisions made in other areas may have implications for cultural heritage that are overlooked in the decision making process.

Having a carefully thought-out cultural policy and a ministry or unit to administer it is not sufficient, if its best efforts can be frustrated by policies adopted elsewhere.

Prott added that many of the threats to the cultural heritage come from other agencies of government. The decision to flood the Valley of the Kings had earlier been rejected by British engineers, who built a lower dam in order to avoid endangering these heritage sites of 78 file:///C:/Users/devgro/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/PP3YC48T/cultural_heritage_asia.pdf

Page ! 98 of ! 240

outstanding universal value. When it was later decided to flood the valley, on the grounds of economic development, no provision was made to save the monuments.

One set of concerns relates to the selection of technical or managerial means for the protection of treasured material and places.

Another important set of concerns relates to the policies and mechanisms common in societies all over the world that have the effect of allowing the inadvertent destruction of cultural property.

Damage or destruction of significant sites or materials usually occurs because of conflicting interests of public or private agencies or sectors, and results from miscommunication or misstatement of goals.

There is a rich heritage of art, archaeology, and architecture in Asia and the Pacific, and the USIA was particularly interested in bringing together the individuals most concerned with its protection to discuss potential solutions to shared regional challenges.

Page ! 99 of ! 240

The Agency also sought to stimulate opportunities for increased regional cooperation while establishing new linkages between the region and the United States.

Many USIA programs could be enlisted to help counter the diverse threats to the Asian and Pacific cultural patrimony.

These include the Fulbright and Humphrey Fellows exchanges, the university and museum linkages projects, overseas libraries and information services, the traveling professional development seminars operated by the U.S. International Visitors Office, and the lecturing and consulting specialists operations.

These program opportunities may be utilized at the initiative of the USIS officers at American embassies throughout the region.

A major factor in our support of this symposium is the Agency's responsibility for exercising the President's executive functions under the U.S. Cultural Property Act, which is the legislation that enables

Page 100 ! of 240 !

American participation in the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the unauthorized trade in cultural property.

As a major art importing country that has ratified the 1970 Convention, the U.S. government is part of the institutional mechanism for making the Convention operational for other signatories, particularly those that are losing unrecorded archaeological and ethnographic material to the u.s. art market.

Thus far, the Asia/Pacific region has been underrepresented in this process, but we would welcome the opportunity to collaborate with governments in this region to curb such unauthorized trade.

At the same time, we recognized that for such collaboration to be effective in the long term, nations must develop comprehensive cultural resource management systems that are better integrated with national policies for economic development and the environment.

Page 101 ! of 240 !

Thus, the overarching purpose of the symposium was to advance the notion that successful long-term preservation of cultural resources rests on this premise.

Together with our experienced and knowledgeable partnersus /ICOMOS and the Getty Conservation Institute, both of which provided considerable support and substantive guidance in its development-we earnestly hope that the Hawaii symposium was a major step in achieving the objectives we all so enthusiastically endorse.

In light of Lyndel V Prott assertion, Prott has advocated that there are ways that government officials can encourage citizens to value cultural heritage?

79

Establish80 conservation and protection of cultural heritage as a high national priority. Persuade elected representatives interested in cultural heritage to pressure their governments to control sites and to coordinate activities with other ministries.

79 file:///C:/Users/devgro/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/PP3YC48T/cultural_heritage_asia.pdf 80 file:///C:/Users/devgro/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/PP3YC48T/cultural_heritage_asia.pdf

Page 102 ! of 240 !

Using other regional examples as models, design a project to develop an inventory of cultural property, which should then be prioritized according to carefully considered criteria.

This inventory, along with a clear set of objectives for conservation, could be incorporated into legislation. Link communitybased plans for conservation education to other local/regional planning processes.

Promote "grassroots" educational campaigns in the countryside to encourage appropriate action by local residents who encounter archaeological materials or sites.

Declare81 local or national "cultural heritage days" (or months, weeks, etc.) to focus public attention and political action on a single event.

Where officials change jobs frequently, ask representatives from the official heritage body to give periodic lectures to civil servants and to heads of government sections.

81 file:///C:/Users/devgro/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/PP3YC48T/cultural_heritage_asia.pdf

Page 103 ! of 240 !

If according to Prott the government implements the aforementioned suggestions regarding cultural heritage Our Children will certainly be part of our cultural heritage in the Shades of a Global Culture.

Page 104 ! of 240 !

CHAPTER 4 World Heritage List

Afghanistan82 Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley Albania Barbados83 Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison - World Heritage sites Butrint84 Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe *

82 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list 83 https://www.visitbarbados.org/discover/barbados-heritages/world-heritage-site 84 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list

Page 105 ! of 240 !

Algeria85 Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad DjĂŠmila M'Zab Valley Tassili n'Ajjer # Timgad Tipasa Kasbah of Algiers Andorra86 Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley Angola Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites

85 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list 86 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list

Page 106 ! of 240 !

Argentina87 Los Glaciares National Park # Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) * Iguazu National Park Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas Península Valdés Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba Quebrada de Humahuaca Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System * The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement * Los Alerces National Park 88 Armenia

87 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list 88 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list

Page 107 ! of 240 !

Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley Australia Great Barrier Reef Kakadu National Park Willandra Lakes Region Lord Howe Island Group Tasmanian Wilderness Gondwana Rainforests of Australia 1 Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park 2 Wet Tropics of Queensland Shark Bay, Western Australia Fraser Island Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte) Heard and McDonald Islands Macquarie Island Page 108 ! of 240 !

Greater Blue Mountains Area Purnululu National Park Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens Sydney Opera House Australian Convict Sites Ningaloo Coast Austria Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape Semmering Railway City of Graz – Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg Wachau Cultural Landscape Historic Centre of Vienna Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape * Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps * Page 109 ! of 240 !

Azerbaijan Walled City of Baku with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape Bahrain Qal’at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun Pearling, Testimony of an Island Economy

Bangladesh89 Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur The Sundarbans Barbados Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison Belarus Białowieża Forest * 89 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list

Page 110 ! of 240 !

Mir Castle Complex Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh Struve Geodetic Arc * Belgium Flemish BÊguinages La Grand-Place, Brussels The Four Lifts on the Canal du Centre and their Environs, La Louvière and Le Roeulx (Hainaut) Belfries of Belgium and France * 3 Historic Centre of Brugge Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels) Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons) Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Page 111 ! of 240 !

Stoclet House Major Mining Sites of Wallonia The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement * Belize Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System Benin Royal Palaces of Abomey W-Arly-Pendjari Complex * Bolivia (Plurinational State of) City of PotosĂ­ Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos Historic City of Sucre Fuerte de Samaipata Noel Kempff Mercado National Park Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture Qhapaq Ă‘an, Andean Road System * Page 112 ! of 240 !

Bosnia and Herzegovina Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards * Botswana Tsodilo Okavango Delta Brazil Historic Town of Ouro Preto Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) * Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas Iguaçu National Park Brasilia Serra da Capivara National Park Page 113 ! of 240 !

Historic Centre of São Luís Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina Central Amazon Conservation Complex 4 Pantanal Conservation Area Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás São Francisco Square in the Town of São Cristóvão Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea Pampulha Modern Ensemble Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site Bulgaria Boyana Church Page 114 ! of 240 !

Madara Rider Rock-Hewn Churches of Ivanovo Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak Ancient City of Nessebar Pirin National Park Rila Monastery Srebarna Nature Reserve Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Burkina Faso W-Arly-Pendjari Complex * Ruins of LoropĂŠni Cabo Verde Cidade Velha, Historic Centre of Ribeira Grande Cambodia Angkor Temple of Preah Vihear Page 115 ! of 240 !

Temple Zone of Sambor Prei Kuk, Archaeological Site of Ancient Ishanapura Cameroon Dja Faunal Reserve Sangha Trinational * Canada L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site Nahanni National Park # Dinosaur Provincial Park Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / TatshenshiniAlsek # * 5 Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump SGang Gwaay Wood Buffalo National Park Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks # 6 Historic District of Old Québec Gros Morne National Park Old Town Lunenburg Page 116 ! of 240 !

Waterton Glacier International Peace Park * Miguasha National Park Rideau Canal Joggins Fossil Cliffs Landscape of Grand Pré Red Bay Basque Whaling Station Mistaken Point Pimachiowin Aki Central African Republic Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park Sangha Trinational * Chad Lakes of Ounianga Ennedi Massif: Natural and Cultural Landscape Chile Rapa Nui National Park Churches of Chiloé Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaíso Page 117 ! of 240 !

Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works Sewell Mining Town Qhapaq Ă‘an, Andean Road System * China Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Mogao Caves Mount Taishan Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian The Great Wall Mount Huangshan Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa 7 Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde Page 118 ! of 240 !

Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu Lushan National Park Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area Ancient City of Ping Yao Classical Gardens of Suzhou Old Town of Lijiang Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing Dazu Rock Carvings Mount Wuyi Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui – Xidi and Hongcun Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Longmen Grottoes Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System Yungang Grottoes Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas Page 119 ! of 240 !

Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom Historic Centre of Macao Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries - Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains Yin Xu Kaiping Diaolou and Villages South China Karst Fujian Tulou Mount Sanqingshan National Park Mount Wutai China Danxia Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in “The Centre of Heaven and Earth�

West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou Chengjiang Fossil Site Site of Xanadu Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Page 120 ! of 240 !

Xinjiang Tianshan Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor * The Grand Canal Tusi Sites Hubei Shennongjia Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape Kulangsu, a Historic International Settlement Qinghai Hoh Xil Fanjingshan Colombia Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagena Los KatĂ­os National Park Historic Centre of Santa Cruz de Mompox National Archeological Park of Tierradentro San AgustĂ­n Archaeological Park Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia Page 121 ! of 240 !

Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System * Chiribiquete National Park – “The Maloca of the Jaguar” Congo Sangha Trinational * Costa Rica Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park * Cocos Island National Park Area de Conservación Guanacaste Precolumbian Chiefdom Settlements with Stone Spheres of the Diquís Côte d'Ivoire Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve * Taï National Park Comoé National Park Historic Town of Grand-Bassam Croatia Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian Page 122 ! of 240 !

Old City of Dubrovnik Plitvice Lakes National Park # Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Poreč Historic City of Trogir The Cathedral of St James in Šibenik Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Stari Grad Plain Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards * Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar * Cuba Old Havana and its Fortification System Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios San Pedro de la Roca Castle, Santiago de Cuba Desembarco del Granma National Park Viñales Valley Page 123 ! of 240 !

Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the South-East of Cuba Alejandro de Humboldt National Park Urban Historic Centre of Cienfuegos Historic Centre of Camagüey Cyprus Paphos Painted Churches in the Troodos Region Choirokoitia Czechia Historic Centre of Český Krumlov Historic Centre of Prague Historic Centre of Telč Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora Kutná Hora: Historical Town Centre with the Church of St Barbara and the Cathedral of Our Lady at Sedlec Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape Page 124 ! of 240 !

Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž Holašovice Historic Village Litomyšl Castle Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc Tugendhat Villa in Brno Jewish Quarter and St Procopius' Basilica in Třebíč Democratic People's Republic of Korea Complex of Koguryo Tombs Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong Democratic Republic of the Congo Virunga National Park # Kahuzi-Biega National Park Garamba National Park Salonga National Park Okapi Wildlife Reserve Denmark Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church Roskilde Cathedral Page 125 ! of 240 !

Kronborg Castle Ilulissat Icefjord Wadden Sea * Stevns Klint Christiansfeld, a Moravian Church Settlement The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand Kujataa Greenland: Norse and Inuit Farming at the Edge of the Ice Cap Aasivissuit – Nipisat. Inuit Hunting Ground between Ice and Sea Dominica Morne Trois Pitons National Park Dominican Republic Colonial City of Santo Domingo Ecuador City of Quito Galåpagos Islands Sangay National Park # Page 126 ! of 240 !

Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System * Egypt Abu Mena Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis Historic Cairo Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae Saint Catherine Area Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) El Salvador Joya de Cerén Archaeological Site Eritrea Asmara: A Modernist African City Estonia Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn Struve Geodetic Arc * Page 127 ! of 240 !

Ethiopia Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela Simien National Park Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region Aksum Lower Valley of the Awash Lower Valley of the Omo Tiya Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town Konso Cultural Landscape Fiji Levuka Historical Port Town Finland Fortress of Suomenlinna Old Rauma Petäjävesi Old Church Verla Groundwood and Board Mill Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki Page 128 ! of 240 !

High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago * Struve Geodetic Arc * France Chartres Cathedral Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay Palace and Park of Versailles Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley Vézelay, Church and Hill Amiens Cathedral Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay Palace and Park of Fontainebleau Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange From the Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains to the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans, the Production of Open-pan Salt Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe

Page 129 ! of 240 !

Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve # Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) Strasbourg, Grande-Île and Neustadt Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Rémi and Palace of Tau, Reims Paris, Banks of the Seine Bourges Cathedral Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge Canal du Midi Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne Pyrénées - Mont Perdu * Historic Site of Lyon Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France Belfries of Belgium and France * 8 Page 130 ! of 240 !

Jurisdiction of Saint-Emilion The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes 9 Provins, Town of Medieval Fairs Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret Bordeaux, Port of the Moon Fortifications of Vauban Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems Episcopal City of Albi Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps * The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agropastoral Cultural Landscape Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin Decorated Cave of Pont d’Arc, known as Grotte ChauvetPont d’Arc, Ardèche Champagne Hillsides, Houses and Cellars The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy Page 131 ! of 240 !

The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement * Taputapuātea Chaîne des Puys - Limagne fault tectonic arena Gabon Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda Gambia (the) Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites Stone Circles of Senegambia * Georgia Gelati Monastery Historical Monuments of Mtskheta Upper Svaneti Germany Aachen Cathedral Speyer Cathedral Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square Page 132 ! of 240 !

Pilgrimage Church of Wies Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at Hildesheim Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier Frontiers of the Roman Empire * 10 Hanseatic City of Lübeck Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management System # Maulbronn Monastery Complex Town of Bamberg Collegiate Church, Castle and Old Town of Quedlinburg Völklingen Ironworks Messel Pit Fossil Site Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau Cologne Cathedral Page 133 ! of 240 !

Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg Classical Weimar Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin Wartburg Castle Garden Kingdom of Dessau-WĂśrlitz Monastic Island of Reichenau Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar Upper Middle Rhine Valley Dresden Elbe Valley Delisted 2009 Muskauer Park / Park MuĹźakowski * Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Berlin Modernism Housing Estates Wadden Sea * Fagus Factory in Alfeld Page 134 ! of 240 !

Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps * Margravial Opera House Bayreuth Bergpark Wilhelmshรถhe Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement * Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura Archaeological Border complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke Naumburg Cathedral Ghana Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions Asante Traditional Buildings Greece Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae Acropolis, Athens Page 135 ! of 240 !

Archaeological Site of Delphi Medieval City of Rhodes Meteora Mount Athos Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus Archaeological Site of Mystras Archaeological Site of Olympia Delos Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern name Vergina) Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns The Historic Centre (Chorรก) with the Monastery of SaintJohn the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse on the Island of Pรกtmos Old Town of Corfu Page 136 ! of 240 !

Archaeological Site of Philippi

Guatemala Antigua Guatemala Tikal National Park Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua Guinea Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve * Haiti National History Park – Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers Holy See Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura * 11 Vatican City Honduras Maya Site of Copan Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve Page 137 ! of 240 !

Hungary Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue Old Village of Hollókő and its Surroundings Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst * Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural Environment Hortobágy National Park - the Puszta Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs (Sopianae) Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape * Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape Iceland Þingvellir National Park Surtsey India Agra Fort Ajanta Caves Ellora Caves Page 138 ! of 240 !

Taj Mahal Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Sun Temple, Konârak Kaziranga National Park Keoladeo National Park Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Churches and Convents of Goa Fatehpur Sikri Group of Monuments at Hampi Khajuraho Group of Monuments Elephanta Caves Great Living Chola Temples 12 Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Sundarbans National Park Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Humayun's Tomb, Delhi Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi Page 139 ! of 240 !

Mountain Railways of India Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) Red Fort Complex The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur Western Ghats Hill Forts of Rajasthan Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar Khangchendzonga National Park The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement * Historic City of Ahmadabad Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai Page 140 ! of 240 !

Indonesia Borobudur Temple Compounds Komodo National Park Prambanan Temple Compounds Ujung Kulon National Park Sangiran Early Man Site Lorentz National Park Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy Iran (Islamic Republic of) Meidan Emam, Esfahan Persepolis Tchogha Zanbil Takht-e Soleyman Bam and its Cultural Landscape Pasargadae Soltaniyeh Page 141 ! of 240 !

Bisotun Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System Sheikh Safi al-din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex The Persian Garden Gonbad-e Qābus Masjed-e Jāmé of Isfahan Golestan Palace Shahr-i Sokhta Cultural Landscape of Maymand Susa Lut Desert The Persian Qanat Historic City of Yazd Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region Iraq Page 142 ! of 240 !

Hatra Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) Samarra Archaeological City Erbil Citadel The Ahwar of Southern Iraq: Refuge of Biodiversity and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities Ireland Brú na Bóinne - Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne Sceilg Mhichíl Israel Masada Old City of Acre White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement Biblical Tels - Megiddo, Hazor, Beer Sheba Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev Bahá’i Holy Places in Haifa and the Western Galilee

Page 143 ! of 240 !

Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel: The Nahal Me’arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves Caves of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves Necropolis of Bet She’arim: A Landmark of Jewish Renewal Italy Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura * 13 Historic Centre of Florence Piazza del Duomo, Pisa Venice and its Lagoon Historic Centre of San Gimignano

Page 144 ! of 240 !

The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto Crespi d'Adda Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta 14 Historic Centre of Naples Historic Centre of Siena Castel del Monte Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna Historic Centre of the City of Pienza The Trulli of Alberobello 18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex Archaeological Area of Agrigento Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena Page 145 ! of 240 !

Costiera Amalfitana Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto) Residences of the Royal House of Savoy Su Nuraxi di Barumini Villa Romana del Casale Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological Sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula Historic Centre of Urbino Villa Adriana (Tivoli) Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites City of Verona Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) Villa d'Este, Tivoli

Page 146 ! of 240 !

Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily) Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy Monte San Giorgio * Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia Val d'Orcia Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Mantua and Sabbioneta Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes * The Dolomites Longobards in Italy. Places of the Power (568-774 A.D.) Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps * Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany Mount Etna Page 147 ! of 240 !

Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar * Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century Jamaica Blue and John Crow Mountains Japan Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area Himeji-jo Shirakami-Sanchi Yakushima Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome) Page 148 ! of 240 !

Itsukushima Shinto Shrine Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara Shrines and Temples of Nikko Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range Shiretoko Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape Hiraizumi – Temples, Gardens and Archaeological Sites Representing the Buddhist Pure Land Ogasawara Islands Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement * Page 149 ! of 240 !

Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region Jerusalem (Site proposed by Jordan) Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls Jordan Petra Quseir Amra Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a) Wadi Rum Protected Area Baptism Site “Bethany Beyond the Jordan” (Al-Maghtas) Kazakhstan Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor * Page 150 ! of 240 !

Western Tien-Shan * Kenya Lake Turkana National Parks Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest Lamu Old Town Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests Fort Jesus, Mombasa Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site Kiribati Phoenix Islands Protected Area Kyrgyzstan Sulaiman-Too Sacred Mountain Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor * Western Tien-Shan * Lao People's Democratic Republic Town of Luang Prabang Page 151 ! of 240 !

Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape Latvia Historic Centre of Riga Struve Geodetic Arc * Lebanon Anjar Baalbek Byblos Tyre Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab) Lesotho Maloti-Drakensberg Park * Libya Archaeological Site of Cyrene Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna Archaeological Site of Sabratha Page 152 ! of 240 !

Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus Old Town of Ghadamès Lithuania Vilnius Historic Centre Curonian Spit * Kernavė Archaeological Site (Cultural Reserve of Kernavė) Struve Geodetic Arc * Luxembourg City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications Madagascar Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve Royal Hill of Ambohimanga Rainforests of the Atsinanana Malawi Lake Malawi National Park Chongoni Rock-Art Area Malaysia Gunung Mulu National Park Page 153 ! of 240 !

Kinabalu Park Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley Mali Old Towns of DjennĂŠ Timbuktu Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) Tomb of Askia Malta City of Valletta ÄŚal Saflieni Hypogeum Megalithic Temples of Malta 15 Marshall Islands Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site Mauritania Banc d'Arguin National Park

Page 154 ! of 240 !

Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata Mauritius Aapravasi Ghat Le Morne Cultural Landscape Mexico Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albรกn Historic Centre of Puebla Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan Sian Ka'an Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza Historic Centre of Morelia El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City Historic Centre of Zacatecas Page 155 ! of 240 !

Rock Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco Historic Fortified Town of Campeche Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro Luis Barragán House and Studio Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila Page 156 ! of 240 !

Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System Archipiélago de Revillagigedo Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley: originary habitat of Mesoamerica Micronesia (Federated States of) Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia Mongolia Uvs Nuur Basin * Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape Page 157 ! of 240 !

Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape Landscapes of Dauria * Montenegro Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor Durmitor National Park Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards * Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar * Morocco

Medina of Fez Medina of Marrakesh Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou Historic City of Meknes Archaeological Site of Volubilis Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin) Page 158 ! of 240 !

Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador) Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida) Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage Mozambique Island of Mozambique Myanmar Pyu Ancient Cities Namibia Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes Namib Sand Sea Nepal Kathmandu Valley Sagarmatha National Park Chitwan National Park Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha Netherlands Schokland and Surroundings Page 159 ! of 240 !

Defence Line of Amsterdam Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout Ir.D.F. Woudagemaal (D.F. Wouda Steam Pumping Station) Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder) Rietveld Schröderhuis (Rietveld Schröder House) Wadden Sea * Seventeenth-Century Canal Ring Area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht Van Nellefabriek New Zealand Te Wahipounamu – South West New Zealand 16 Tongariro National Park # New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands

Nicaragua Ruins of León Viejo Page 160 ! of 240 !

León Cathedral Niger Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves W-Arly-Pendjari Complex * Historic Centre of Agadez Nigeria Sukur Cultural Landscape Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove Norway Bryggen Urnes Stave Church Røros Mining Town and the Circumference Rock Art of Alta Vegaøyan – The Vega Archipelago Struve Geodetic Arc * West Norwegian Fjords – Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord Rjukan-Notodden Industrial Heritage Site Oman Page 161 ! of 240 !

Bahla Fort Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn Arabian Oryx Sanctuary Delisted 2007 Land of Frankincense Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman Ancient City of Qalhat

Pakistan Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol Taxila Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta Rohtas Fort Palau Rock Islands Southern Lagoon Palestine Page 162 ! of 240 !

Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines – Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town Panama Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo Darien National Park Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park * Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection Papua New Guinea Kuk Early Agricultural Site Paraguay Page 163 ! of 240 !

Jesuit Missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue Peru City of Cuzco Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu Chavin (Archaeological Site) Huascarán National Park # Chan Chan Archaeological Zone Manú National Park Historic Centre of Lima 17 Río Abiseo National Park Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa Sacred City of Caral-Supe Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System * Philippines Baroque Churches of the Philippines Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Page 164 ! of 240 !

Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras Historic City of Vigan Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary Poland Historic Centre of Kraków Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945) Białowieża Forest * Historic Centre of Warsaw Old City of Zamość Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork Medieval Town of Toruń Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica Page 165 ! of 240 !

Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski * Centennial Hall in Wrocław Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine * Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System

Portugal Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores Convent of Christ in Tomar Monastery of Batalha Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon Historic Centre of Évora Monastery of Alcobaça Cultural Landscape of Sintra Page 166 ! of 240 !

Historic Centre of Oporto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde * 18 Laurisilva of Madeira Alto Douro Wine Region Historic Centre of Guimarães Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia Qatar Al Zubarah Archaeological Site Republic of Korea Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks Jongmyo Shrine Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple Changdeokgung Palace Complex Page 167 ! of 240 !

Hwaseong Fortress Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites Gyeongju Historic Areas Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong Namhansanseong Baekje Historic Areas Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea Republic of Moldova Struve Geodetic Arc * Romania Danube Delta Churches of Moldavia Monastery of Horezu Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania 19 Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains Historic Centre of SighiĹ&#x;oara Page 168 ! of 240 !

Wooden Churches of MaramureĹ&#x; Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Russian Federation Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments Kizhi Pogost Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye Virgin Komi Forests Lake Baikal Volcanoes of Kamchatka 20 Golden Mountains of Altai Page 169 ! of 240 !

Western Caucasus Curonian Spit * Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin Central Sikhote-Alin Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent Uvs Nuur Basin * Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl Struve Geodetic Arc * Putorana Plateau Lena Pillars Nature Park Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk Landscapes of Dauria * Saint Kitts and Nevis Page 170 ! of 240 !

Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park Saint Lucia Pitons Management Area San Marino San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano Saudi Arabia Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih) At-Turaif District in ad-Dir'iyah Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah Rock Art in the Hail Region of Saudi Arabia Al-Ahsa Oasis, an Evolving Cultural Landscape Senegal Island of Gorée Niokolo-Koba National Park Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary Island of Saint-Louis Stone Circles of Senegambia * Saloum Delta Page 171 ! of 240 !

Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes Serbia Stari Ras and Sopoćani Studenica Monastery Medieval Monuments in Kosovo Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards * Seychelles Aldabra Atoll Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve Singapore Singapore Botanic Gardens Slovakia Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity Levoča, Spišský Hrad and the Associated Cultural Monuments Page 172 ! of 240 !

Vlkolínec Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst * Bardejov Town Conservation Reserve Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Wooden Churches of the Slovak part of the Carpathian Mountain Area90 Slovenia Škocjan Caves # Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps * Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija * Solomon Islands East Rennell South Africa Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa 90 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list

Page 173 ! of 240 !

iSimangaliso Wetland Park Robben Island Maloti-Drakensberg Park * Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape Cape Floral Region Protected Areas Vredefort Dome Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains Spain Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada 21 Burgos Cathedral Historic Centre of Cordoba 22 Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid Works of Antoni Gaudí 23 Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain

Page 174 ! of 240 !

Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias 24 Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) Garajonay National Park Historic City of Toledo Mudejar Architecture of Aragon 25 Old Town of Cáceres Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville Old City of Salamanca Poblet Monastery Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe Doñana National Park Historic Walled Town of Cuenca Page 175 ! of 240 !

La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia Las Médulas Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona Pyrénées - Mont Perdu * San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde * 26 Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture San Cristóbal de La Laguna Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco Archaeological Site of Atapuerca Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí Palmeral of Elche Roman Walls of Lugo 27 Page 176 ! of 240 !

Aranjuez Cultural Landscape Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Ăšbeda and Baeza Vizcaya Bridge Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Teide National Park Tower of Hercules Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana Heritage of Mercury. AlmadĂŠn and Idrija * Antequera Dolmens Site Caliphate City of Medina Azahara Sri Lanka Ancient City of Polonnaruwa Ancient City of Sigiriya Sacred City of Anuradhapura Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications Sacred City of Kandy Sinharaja Forest Reserve 28 Page 177 ! of 240 !

Golden Temple of Dambulla Central Highlands of Sri Lanka Sudan Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park Suriname Central Suriname Nature Reserve Historic Inner City of Paramaribo Sweden Royal Domain of Drottningholm Birka and Hovgården Engelsberg Ironworks Rock Carvings in Tanum Skogskyrkogården Hanseatic Town of Visby Church Town of Gammelstad, Luleå Page 178 ! of 240 !

Laponian Area Naval Port of Karlskrona Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago * Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun Grimeton Radio Station, Varberg Struve Geodetic Arc * Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland Switzerland Abbey of St Gall Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair Old City of Berne Three Castles, Defensive Wall and Ramparts of the Market-Town of Bellinzona Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch Monte San Giorgio * Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes * Page 179 ! of 240 !

Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps * The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement * Syrian Arab Republic Ancient City of Damascus Ancient City of Bosra Site of Palmyra Ancient City of Aleppo Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din Ancient Villages of Northern Syria Tajikistan Proto-urban Site of Sarazm Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) Thailand Historic City of Ayutthaya Page 180 ! of 240 !

Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries Ban Chiang Archaeological Site Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region 29 Togo Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba Tunisia Amphitheatre of El Jem Archaeological Site of Carthage Medina of Tunis Ichkeul National Park Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis Kairouan Medina of Sousse Page 181 ! of 240 !

Dougga / Thugga Turkey Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği Historic Areas of Istanbul Hattusha: the Hittite Capital Nemrut Dağ Hierapolis-Pamukkale Xanthos-Letoon City of Safranbolu Archaeological Site of Troy Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape Ephesus Page 182 ! of 240 !

Archaeological Site of Ani Aphrodisias Göbekli Tepe Turkmenistan State Historical and Cultural Park “Ancient Merv” Kunya-Urgench Parthian Fortresses of Nisa Uganda Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Rwenzori Mountains National Park Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi Ukraine Kiev: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre Struve Geodetic Arc * Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe * Page 183 ! of 240 !

Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine * United Arab Emirates Cultural Sites of Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd Durham Castle and Cathedral Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast Ironbridge Gorge St Kilda Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey Blenheim Palace City of Bath Page 184 ! of 240 !

Frontiers of the Roman Empire * 30 Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret’s Church Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church Henderson Island Tower of London Gough and Inaccessible Islands 31 Old and New Towns of Edinburgh Maritime Greenwich Heart of Neolithic Orkney Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda Derwent Valley Mills Dorset and East Devon Coast New Lanark Saltaire Page 185 ! of 240 !

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal The Forth Bridge Gorham's Cave Complex The English Lake District

United Republic of Tanzania Ngorongoro Conservation Area 32 Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara Serengeti National Park Selous Game Reserve Kilimanjaro National Park Stone Town of Zanzibar Kondoa Rock-Art Sites United States of America Mesa Verde National Park Page 186 ! of 240 !

Yellowstone National Park Everglades National Park Grand Canyon National Park Independence Hall Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / TatshenshiniAlsek # * 33 Redwood National and State Parks Mammoth Cave National Park Olympic National Park Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site Great Smoky Mountains National Park La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico Statue of Liberty Yosemite National Park # Chaco Culture Hawaii Volcanoes National Park # Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville Page 187 ! of 240 !

Taos Pueblo Carlsbad Caverns National Park Waterton Glacier International Peace Park * Papahānaumokuākea Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point San Antonio Missions

Uruguay

Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del Sacramento Fray Bentos Industrial Landscape

Uzbekistan

Itchan Kala Historic Centre of Bukhara Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures Page 188 ! of 240 !

Western Tien-Shan *

Vanuatu91

Chief Roi Mata’s Domain

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Coro and its Port Canaima National Park Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas

Viet Nam

Complex of HuĂŠ Monuments Ha Long Bay Hoi An Ancient Town 91 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list

Page 189 ! of 240 !

My Son Sanctuary Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long Hanoi Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Trang An Landscape Complex

Yemen

Old Walled City of Shibam Old City of Sana'a Historic Town of Zabid Socotra Archipelago

Zambia

Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls # *

Page 190 ! of 240 !

Zimbabwe

Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas Great Zimbabwe National Monument Khami Ruins National Monument Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls # *

Page 191 ! of 240 !

Matobo Hills92

CHAPTER 5 Suggestions 92 1. Extension of the "Australian East Coast Temperate and Subtropical Rainforest Park".name changed 2007 from 'Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves (Australia)' 2. Renomination of "Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park" under cultural criteria.

3. The “Belfries of Flanders and Wallonia” which were previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, are part of the transnational property “The Belfries of Belgium and France”.

4. Extension of "Jaú National Park".

5. Extension of the "Glacier Bay/Wrangell/St Elias/Kluane" property.

6. The "Burgess Shale" property, which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the "Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks".

7. Extension of "The Potala Palace and the Jokhang Temple Monastery, Lhasa" to include the Norbulingka area.

8. The “Belfries of Flanders and Wallonia” which were previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, are part of the transnational property “The Belfries of Belgium and France”.

9. The "Chateau and Estate of Chambord", which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the "Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes".

10. The “Hadrian’s Wall” which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the transnational property “Frontiers of the Roman Empire”.

11. At the time the property was extended, cultural criterion (iv) was also found applicable.

12. The "Brihadisvara Temple, Tanjavur", which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the "Great Living Chola Temples".

13. At the time the property was extended, cultural criterion (iv) was also found applicable.

14. At the time the property was extended, criteria (iii) and (v) were also found applicable.

15. The Committee decided to extend the existing cultural property, the "Temple of Ggantija", to include the five prehistoric temples situated on the islands of Malta and Gozo and to rename the property as "The Megalithic Temples of Malta".

16. The Westland and Mount Cook National Park and the Fiordland National Park, which were previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, are part of the "Te Wahipounamu - South West New Zealand".

17. The "Convent Ensemble of San Francisco de Lima", which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the "Historic Centre of Lima".

18. Extension de « Sites d'art rupestre préhistorique de la vallée de Côa », Portugal 19. Extension of "Biertan and its Fortified Church".

20. At the time the property was extended, natural criterion (iv) was also found applicable.

21. Extension of the "Alhambra and the Generalife, Granada", to include the Albayzin quarter.

22. Extension of the "Mosque of Cordoba".

23. The property “Parque Güell, Palacio Güell and Casa Mila in Barcelona”, previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the “Works of Antoni Gaudí”.

24. Extension of the "Churches of the Kingdom of the Asturias", to include monuments in the city of Oviedo.

25. Extension of the "Mudejar Architecture of Teruel".

26. Extension de « Sites d'art rupestre préhistorique de la vallée de Côa », Portugal 27. Following a survey of ownership carried out in the late 1960s, ownership of the totality of the walls was vested in 1973 in the Spanish State, through the Ministry of Education and Science. It was transferred to the Xunta de Galicia by Royal Decree in 1994. The Spanish Constitution reserves certain rights in relation to the heritage to the central government. However, these are delegated to the competent agencies in the Autonomous Communities, in this case the Xunta de Galicia. For the Lugo walls the Xunta is in the position of both owner and competent agency. Under the Galician Heritage Law the Xunta is required to cooperate with the municipal authorities in ensuring the protection and conservation of listed monuments, and certain functions are delegated down to them. The Xunta operates through its General Directorate of Cultural Heritage (Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural), based in Santiago de Compostela. The Master Plan for the Conservation and Restoration of the Roman Walls of Lugo (1992) covered proposals for actions to be taken in respect of research and techniques of restoration. This was followed in 1997 by the Special Plan for the Protection and Internal Reform of the Fortified Enceinte of the Town of Lugo, which is concerned principally with the urban environment of the historic town. However, it has a direct impact on the protection afforded to the walls, in terms of traffic planning, the creation of open spaces, and regulation of building heights. Another planning instrument which affects the walls is the Special Plan for the Protection of the Miño [river], approved by the municipality at the beginning of 1998. There is at the present time no management plan sensu stricto for the walls in operation in Lugo: work is continuing on the basis of the 1992 plan. Nor is there a technical unit specifically responsible for the conservation and restoration of the walls. It is against this background that serious consideration is being given to the creation of an independent foundation, under royal patronage and with representatives from government, academic, voluntary, and business institutions, to work with the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage of Galicia.

The work plan of this body would include the development and implementation of integrated conservation, restoration, and maintenance programmes.

28. The WH area is managed directly by the Divisional Forest Officer from the Forest Dept. A national steering Committee co-ordinates institutions for Sinharaja as a National Wilderness Area, Biosphere Reserve (1988), and WH site. There are two management plans, prepared in 1985/86 and 1992/94, which emphasise conservation, scientific research, buffer zone management, benefit-sharing, and community participation.

29. In 1979, the Committee decided to inscribe the Ohrid Lake on the World Heritage List under natural criteria (iii). In 1980, this property was extended to include the cultural and historical area, and cultural criteria (i)(iii)(iv) were added.

30. The “Hadrian’s Wall” which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the transnational property “Frontiers of the Roman Empire”.

31. Extension of "Gough Island Wildlife Reserve".

32. (renomination under cultural criteria) 33. Extension of the "Glacier Bay/Wrangell/St Elias/Kluane" property. *: transboundary property #: As for 19 Natural and Mixed Properties inscribed for geological values before 1994, criteria numbering of this property has changed. See Decision 30.COM 8D.1

Page 192 ! of 240 !

As a result of my lens, as Media Arts Specialist practitioner I wish to underscore Lyndel V Prott suggestions- certainly provides some noteworthy approaches that seems rationale logical to create a framework to answer this question Can Our Children Benefit from Our Cultural Heritage.

These includes government officials can encourage citizens to value cultural heritage?

93

Continue exchanges, universities and museum linkages projects, overseas libraries and information services.

The traveling professional development seminars, International Visitors Office, lectures and consulting specialists must continue the process of program opportunities across the globe Cultural Property Act in concert with UNESCO. Global Governments must curb such unauthorized trade recognize cultural property archaeological and ethnographic material

93 file:///C:/Users/devgro/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/PP3YC48T/cultural_heritage_asia.pdf

Page 193 ! of 240 !

Nations must develop comprehensive cultural resource management systems that are better integrated with national policies for economic development collaboration to be effective in the long term, Advance successful long-term preservation of cultural resources to provide considerable support and substantive guidance in its developmentEstablish94 conservation and protection of cultural heritage as a high national priority.

Persuade elected representatives interested in cultural heritage to pressure their governments to control sites and to coordinate activities with other ministries.

Using other regional examples as models, design a project to develop an inventory of cultural property, which should then be prioritized according to carefully considered criteria.

94 file:///C:/Users/devgro/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/PP3YC48T/cultural_heritage_asia.pdf

Page 194 ! of 240 !

This inventory, along with a clear set of objectives for conservation, could be incorporated into legislation.

Link community-based plans for conservation education to other local/regional planning processes.

Promote "grassroots" educational campaigns in the countryside to encourage appropriate action by local residents who encounter archaeological materials or sites.

Declare95 local or national "cultural heritage days" (or months, weeks, etc.) to focus public attention and political action on a single event.

Where officials change jobs frequently, ask representatives from the official heritage body to give periodic lectures to civil servants and to heads of government sections.

If according to Prott the government in concert with their global citizens implements the aforementioned suggestions regarding

95 file:///C:/Users/devgro/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/PP3YC48T/cultural_heritage_asia.pdf

Page 195 ! of 240 !

cultural heritage as a consequence Our Children will certainly be Part of Our Cultural Heritage in the Shades of a Global Culture.

Page 196 ! of 240 !

CHAPTER6 Personal Reflections I would like to bring this intellectual conversation to a close by promoting the fact that our children’s cultural heritage and respect for diversity is critical.

Therefore, People96 from all over the world regardless of their status or ethnicity have joined people of First Nations heritage—who have lived in this region from time immemorial—to make Greater Sudbury their home.

The Paris Street Bridge of Nations is a visual reminder of the cultures and nationalities represented in our community.

96 http://sudburyfamilies.ca/topics/promoting-your-childe28099s-cultural-heritage-and-respect-for-diversity/

Page 197 ! of 240 !

The Canadian Child Care Federation97 has developed a resource sheet to help parents encourage their children to respect and appreciate diversity.

This kind of respect begins at home, with a healthy appreciation of one’s own culture.

Tell your children stories about your family’s history. Introduce them to family traditions. Ask your child’s teacher how your son or daughter can share your traditions with his or her classmates at school or daycare.

If you’re francophone—or you want to learn more about francoOntarian culture—you’ll find lots of opportunities to connect with French language and culture in Sudbury.

Check out Le Carrefour francophone de Sudbury, Le Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario (TNO) and Le Centre franco-ontarien de folklore for high quality French-language services, events and programs.

97 http://sudburyfamilies.ca/topics/promoting-your-childe28099s-cultural-heritage-and-respect-for-diversity/

Page 198 ! of 240 !

And, for more information about French-language programs for your children, check out the topic titled preparing my child for Frenchlanguage school.

If your first language is neither English nor French, teach your mother tongue to your children to help them stay connected to their culture.

This will actually help them build stronger language skills in other languages. See this article on our site for more information.

Many cultural98 groups in our community offer activities such as festivals, dances and language classes to help children learn about and appreciate their heritage.

98 http://sudburyfamilies.ca/topics/promoting-your-childe28099s-cultural-heritage-and-respect-for-diversity/

Page 199 ! of 240 !

CHAPTER 7 Conclusions Reflections When all of these expressions are evaluated, this question Can Our Children Benefit from Our Cultural Heritage? Still remains to be answered.

This clichĂŠ Shades of a Global Culture was conceptualized, staged, analysed, examined opinions, comments, values, lived experiences between the period pre B.C.99 and post A.D.100 as a pretext to answer the question Can Our Children Benefit from Our Cultural Heritage?

Likewise, since culture is learned, communicated, preserved and transferred culturally, ostensibly the same also provided a frame work whereby I applied the same to analyse and examine the various opinions,

99 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bc 100 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini

Page 200 ! of 240 !

comments, values, lived experiences between the period pre B.C.101 and post A.D.102 to add value to this conversation.

101 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bc 102 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini

Page 201 ! of 240 !

CHAPTER 8 Conclusion Regardless of your cultural prisms, Culture will always occupy and possesses our global space.

By way of my lens Cultural globalization103,is a phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization of cultural expressions around the world.

A person’s race is critical in this conversation since the same can be determined through their physical traits and through their biological family.

It is a label that is given to someone whether they want it or not.

Culture104 can be determined on how we express ourselves, on our spiritual beliefs, and how we see things.

103 https://www.britannica.com/science/cultural-globalization 104 http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/culture-miscellaneous/difference-between-race-and-culture/

Page 202 ! of 240 !

It is not based on physical characteristics but the way of life of a person.

This discussion certainly evoked some analysis because Culture is learned, communicated, preserved and transmitted culturally.

It also stirred up an intellectual consciousness within my mind and presumably the mind of global citizen’s figuratively, philosophically, symbolically, theoretically.

Of note, the information collected analyses and examined thru my lens as an Author and Media Arts Specialist helped me to appreciate the fact that humans and culture are an inextricably linked within their geographical space.

In addition, to this admission, the question must be asked Can Our Children Benefit from Our Cultural Heritage. The answer will facilitate reasons to frame the conversation of the shades of a global culture and our cultural heritage.

Page 203 ! of 240 !

Undoubtedly105, Cultural Heritage106 is not only an expression of the ways of living developed by a community but passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values which is an infectious nuance occupying the 105 William Anderson Gittens Author Media Arts Specialist c.2018 106 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/

Page 204 ! of 240 !

annals of history pre B.C. and will continue post A.D. in Shades of a Global Culture space.

About the Author BELIEFS Developing and growing in the context of excellence, professionalism and quality in Multimedia Services Married Children Lisa Gittens and Laron Gittens Page 205 ! of 240 !

2018 Produced Multimedia Documentary-Belmont Methodist Church Celebrating 180 Years in Barbados 2017 Produced Multimedia Trailer- Codrington College Estate Committee 2017 Produced Centennial Multimedia Documentary & Murals Carrington Wesleyan Holiness Church 2015 CEO/Managing Director Consultant Devgro Media Arts Services 2011Project Manager Thorsby EDUCATION: 2004-2006 Post Masters work at the University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus Cultural Studies 2002 Management Course BIMAP 1995 Bachelors of Arts in Media Arts Jersey City State Universityspecial concentration pre and postproduction 1992 General Education Diploma (U.S.A.) 1992 pursued the Diploma Video Production at the Barbados Community College.

1991 Diploma in Communication Arts at the University of the West Indies the course concentrated primarily upon public speaking; Journalism techniques, Writing and speaking; Audio and video production, and the legal aspect of journalism.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 2015 CEO ,Managing Director, Consultant, 12th January 2015, Devgro Media Arts Services was registered in the Register of Business Names under No. 54463 and a Member of Small Business Association # 20912 Devgro Media Arts Services We will develop and grow in what we do best in this Global Space in the context of Excellence, Professionalism and Quality in the production of Multimedia PowerPoint Presentations for Anniversaries, Birthdays, Conference Planning, Consultancy Services, Documentaries, Funerals, Graduations, Publishing and Page 206 ! of 240 !

Weddings .. July 4-8 2011 Coordinator 47th Caribbean Food Crops Society Conference Managing a budget of BDS. $200.000.00 dollars as well as managing the logistical aspect of the conference, networking information to international delegates, soliciting sponsorship, coordination 12 subcommittees, drafting the president’s speech, Liaising with the following; the Chief Immigration Officer requesting the waiving of visas for international delegates from Haiti, Chief Protocol Officer Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade regarding seating of diplomats and specially invited guests.

Ministry of Health, requesting information of the countries that will require vaccinations to facilitate their at Conference; CEO at Grantley Adams International Airport Incorporated requesting passes for Liaison Officers and Transportation Officers in facilitating delegates. The Commissioner of Police requesting Police Officers to provide security and to serve on the Protocol Committee for the conference. Managed a budget of BDS$110,489.91the 21st Conference of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Regional Commission for the Americas held in Barbados November 26-29, 2012 at two hundred and forty-three thousand six hundred dollars (BDS$110,489.91) Barbados dollars; AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER FROM OCTOBER 2000: 13.75 Barbados in Review Vol.1, Belmont Methodist Church Celebrating 180 Years of Service and Witness on The Hill Vol.1 Building for the Future Vol.1, Colour Me Vol.1, Digital Insurgency Vol.1 Established in Barbados Vol.1, Established in Barbados Vol.2, Excerpts from Icons Vol.1 Page 207 ! of 240 !

Expressions of a Century Vol.1 Focus Vol.1, Global Landmarks Vol.1 Have You Considered This Approach? Vol.1, Illustrations Vol.1 Images of Yesteryear in Barbados Vol. 2, Images of Yesteryear in Barbados volume 1, Is the Pen Mightier Than the Sword Vol.1?

Shades of a Global Culture Vol.1 https://youtu.be/HR18nlWshCA Is There Anything New Under The Sun? Vol.1, It’s the Lens Vol.1 It’s The Lens Vol.2 Land Marks Vol.1, Mediterranean Memories.Vol.1 Mia the Leader Vol.1 Mise en scene Vol.1, Monuments Vol.1, Our Matriarch Vol.1 People of Conversation Vol.1, People Vol.1, People Vol.2, Singular Island Vol.1 Technique Demonstration Vol.1, The Children of Immigrants Vol.1, The Launch Vol.1 The Optics Vol.1 The Shades of a Culture Vol.1 Through The Lens of a Media Arts Specialist Vol1 Page 208 ! of 240 !

To Classic or not to Classic Vol.1 What’s That In Your Hand Vol.1 Who’s Culture Is It Anyway Vol.1 Editor In Chief 1992-1994 -Duties included setting up meetings to discuss tender proposals. With prospective tenders of publishing firms and - photography firms for selection. Managed a staff of ten students; managed a budget of $35,000.00 to $50,000.00 in U.S. currency pages, laying out pages press ready.

Taking photographs of students and activities on campus 1992- 1994 -Member of the Judicial Committee Jersey City State University Duties included listening to student's complaints that contravened the institutions 'regulations.

1990 ~ 1991 Seconded to the Faculty of Education, University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus. Duties included preparing workshops for CARNEID and UNESCO. Teaching graphic arts, video and still photography to teachers in the Dip Ed Programme and Masters programme Graphic Artist1990 -1991 Technical Assistant- Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Sports Audio Visual Aids Department. Duties-processing black and white, colour film and Transparencies slide, graphic arts and illustrations.

1983-1988 1 Official Composite Artists of The Royal Barbados Police Force Duties included -sketching composites of suspects, stolen items jewelry from written information, 1989 –2005 Freelance Photojournalist –Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation Duties - field assignments, live broadcast, and shell umbra cup football Jazz festival, Arial photography 1978-1979 Supervisor at Barbados Knitting and Spinning 1972-2015 Member of the Barbados Regiment and the Barbados Boys Scouts Association HONORS AND AWARDS Page 209 ! of 240 !

➢ Inducted in the Hall of Professionals of St.Giles Primary ➢ Recipient of the 12th International Prestigious Scout Award Arco Italy ➢ Presented to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of England for outstanding contributions in the field of art. ➢ Presented to His Excellency Governor General Sir Hugh Springer for outstanding contributions in the field of art and Scouting in Barbados. ➢ Received Special accreditation from Hackney England International Art Exhibition. ➢ Designer of postage stamps commemorating 60 years of scouting in Barbados

Page 210 ! of 240 !

Works Cited A.J.J.M. A.W. Abe,1971. Abizadeh, Abortion Academic académicoen Accessed Accomplished". account Acculturation acculturation Aceto,The achievement across Action action actions actions. actions: activity actual Adalian,B.,B. adaptation adaptation. adaptation: Adaptational Adelman, [Google Adjustment adjustment. adolescent adolescents’ Advanced Advice Aesthetics Affect. Africa African After Age Age". agency agency,but Aging ago by Aguirre,106–39. Aizpurúa,pp. al. Alan Albert,1977) Aldaz-Carroll, 19,19(61),19-29. Algunos Alibhai,A. All Allsopp,Lynn Alois alpha alphaoscillations also alternative Am. America America,707-727. America,Claire.

America. America: America:The American Americas. Aminu among América AméricaLatina. AméricaLatina: An an analyses: Analysis analysis Anatomy ancestral And and and-adaptation/ and/or Anderson Anderson, Andrew Andrew,Joseph Ang. Angarita,Ann. Angela Angeles: animal Ann Annual anomie. Anthony, Anthropological Anthropology,K. anticipation Antiquities, Antzen, Anyway?”, Apart? apologies’,“Bridging aporte appeal".

Appiah, applied Applied appraisal,couple approach Approach Approach". approach. approaches approaches,Culture appropriation-in-dance-81375 Page 211 ! of 240 !

April April—by Aqili,2011. Arabic: Aranda Arash, Arbor: Arch.

Archaeological Archived Archives archives are Arends-Kuenning,16,165-174.

Argument Argyle,[Google Argyle,London: Ariza,26p Arntzen, around Arriagada Arriagada,9-26. Arriagada,76–90. Arriagada,1492-Present,149–54.

Art Art,Nathaniel,Nathaniel article] arts Arts as Ashby,West Ashworth, Asia.

Asia: Asian aspects assimilation associatedwith At at at. Attachment Attention attenuation attenuation. attenuation: audition: auditory August Augustine: Australia Australian Author) authorised authorship autism.

Automation Automation,No. autonomous-relational Available available Ayres,Christopher. b B. B., B.,D. B.,R. B.,T.H. Baaren Baayen Back bacteria Bahia,Aune,Australia Bainbridge Balcells Balcells,2,2 Baldwin,Tuesday,U.S.A. Bard,9-22. Baron-Cohen Barrass Barthes,University based Basic basic basis Baskette,London: Bates Battle Battle: Bauer Bays BBC be Beach,1974).

Beasley,Mary Beck,[Google Beck,New Beck,Operating Beckett,and Beckett,Ian Before before-the-arab-conquest-of-the-7th-century Behav.

Behavior behavior: behavioral Behavioral behaviors Behaviour behaviour Behavioural belief Belief Believing Bellamy,Ideology: Belly benefit Benhabib, Benjamins, Berkowitz Bernard Berredo-Peixoto,In Berry,13(3),13(53),13-41.

Page 212 ! of 240 !

Ber r y,[Google Berschinski,Chuck. between betweenmar ried betweenparenting Bienestar,A. Bill Binary binding Binstock,& Biol.

Biologically Bird Birth birth. Björkman,K. Björnberg, Black Blackwell,Holmes Blackwell,I. Blench,and Block,2p; Bloomfield,R.H. Boarding Boardwell,2006. Boas Bochner Bochner,[Google Bochner,A. Bojanova,S.,S. Bolivia,F. Bond,[Google Books Books. Bordwell,1994). Boski bosquejo Bou Bouter Bouvy Bowlby,[Google Boxill, Bradley,Journeys Brady brain Brain Brandford. Brasileras Brathwaite,199–217. Brathwaite, 1983,1984),1986,1988 Brenda Brian British Broadcasters Brookes Brown Brown, Brown,20,2001)"Mission Brown,[Google Brown,London: Bryan Budget Buhaug,10,10(1),10(40),105,1067–70. Bull. Buller,2008. Bulletin Bullock,1-31. Bullock,eds. Bullock,Model Burgoon,S.P. Bush,& Business business but Butt, By by By: Byman,2:134-142. Bäckström,2003). C. C., C.,B. C.,J. C.,John C.,M. C.Hodges,1993. C:/Users/devgro/Desktop/ text_1%20culture%20discussed.pdf Cabré,& Cabré-i-Plá,& CalderónMagaña California California),2002. Cambiantes,I. Cambios Cambridge Cambridge, Cambridge,The Cameras Cameras: Campbell,eds. Campos,000 cancer Cao,Varieties Cape Capitalist Caribbean Caribbean" Caribbean,& Page 213 ! of 240 !

Caribbean,Costenbader,Cross-cultural Caribbean: Carolina Carpenter, Case Cashmore,1974. Cashmore,R. Cashmore.ed. casos Catmur cause,A. caused Cdoberra Cecchini,36,37,38,38(1),38(114),38(4),39,39-65. Cecilia cells censal. century. CEPAL,I. CEPAL,Reliability Cereb. Chalk,Dari,David. Chambers: Chang,[Google change Change" Changes changes Change”, Chapman Chapter characteristics characteristics-of-racial-groups/1012 Charter.

Chartrand checking Checkmark Chen: Chernow,Inc. Chicago Chicago: chief Child Child, childless children’shealth Chile Chile: Chin. China Chineseversion. Christchurch,R. Chuang,& Chuck Ciencias Cienciasdel Cienfuegos, 55-81. CLACSO: Claims class Classical Cleere, Clifford Clin. clinical Clinton Close co-occurrenceof coding: Cogn. Cognition cognition, cognition: cognitive Cohabitación Cohabitation cohabitationand cohabitationboom,A. cohabiting Coherence Coker,& Colborn Cold colleagues. College College,Richard. Colombiana Colombo,115-133. Colombo,Hilbert Colombo,R. Colonization Columbia Columbus coming commanders". commission-ers,2011. Committee. Common Common-Cause Communicating Communication communication,Yale Communication.

Community Comp. Company Company, Company,The Company.

Page 214 ! of 240 !

comparativa. Comparative comparative Comparativo Comparison".

Complex complex compliance". Comportamiento Computational Computer Conant,Katz,L.,L. concept conceptual Concise confederation Conference Conferencias Conflict Conflict" conflict,http://www.onr.org.uk/ software.pdf. Conflict. Connections, Conquest Conscious. Consejo Consensual consensuales consequence consequences consequences.

Conservation Considered Constitution.Essential Contact Contact,The contact: Contemporary context Continuing Contradictory contrasting Control control control, control,ISTec,Ian Convention”, Convergencia: conyugales Cooperación cooperation Coping coping,W.R. Corne,V. corollary Corollary correlation Cortazzi,672–82. Cortex cortex Cosmopolitanism, Counter-Insurgencies. countries countries. counts,1,1(2),1-12. couples Course Cover Covre-Sussai,9-41. Create creating creoles,and Creoles: crisis crisis? CRISPR,acculturation critical Critical critique cross-cultural CrossCultural crossed Cuadernos Cuban cuidado. cuidado: cuidados cuidados: ¿oportunidad cultural Cultural cultural-studies culturas culture Culture Culture, Culture-sensitive Culture. Culture: Culture? Culture?, cultures. cultures: Cunnington Cuno. cures Curr Curr. Current Curriculum,Cultures Page 215 ! of 240 !

Cuéllar,77,777–98. Cyberspace. Cycles: D. D., da Dallas,17,17(1),171. Dancer, 2017. Daniel, Das Data database.(UMI datos David Davidson Day de De deal". Deaux,1: Debate Debjani,Steven Decade Decision decline,Y.Y. dederechos Def's Defense Deficits deficits Del del Delaney delusional Delusions demands Democracy: Democratic Denise Department derived desafío Desantis design design,Every design,Schvaneveldt,Second desigualdad desigualdad: desiguales. Desktop Dev'. development Development development,Aristizábal-Vallejo,Ar thur,Ar ticle Development,R.J. Development.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Human_development_(humanity) developments. Diagnóstico dialectical Dialogues Dictionary Dictionary: Diego.[Appiah Dif. Diferencias difference differences differentially differentiation Digest DigiBarn digital Digital digital-insurgency.html Digital_Divide Dimensions Dir. discharge discipline discrepancy Discussion diss.,Políticas Dissecting dissertation). dissertation,M. Dissertations Distancia distribution disturbance diversidad Diversidad diversidad? Diversity diversity: divide,“Second divide,“Trading Divide.

Divide.” divide: Djelfa,M.,M. DNA do Do Documental. documentary Documentos Documents Documents,Michel-Rolph DOI: doi: doi:10.1002/ Page 216 ! of 240 !

ijpg.234 doi:10.1007/s10677-014-9530-z doi:10.1007/s10834-006-9011-1 doi:10.1007/s10896-005-9002-2 doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9142-7 doi: 10.1007/s11113-012-9263-4 doi:10.1017/S0940739105050010 doi:10.1023/ A:1022826929393 doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218240.001.0001 doi: 10.1111/1470-9856.00059 doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00201.x doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00303.x. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00472.x doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00533.x doi:10.1111/j.

1728-4465.2011.00282.x doi:10.1177/0898264305285668 DOI: 10.1177/146144480354003. DOI:10.1177/1461444805056012. doi: 10.1179/135050396793139042Abdulhadi,2011. doi:10.1300/J002v35n03_08 doi:10.4067/S0717-68212001011400003 doi:10.4067/ S0718-48082014000200009 doi:10.5212/emancipação.v13i3.5711 doi: 10.5964/ijpr.v10i1.227 doi:10.7764/psykhe.24.2.765 Dolan domain,N.,N. domestic Domestic dominant Donaldson,1996),1996). Dorling dspguide.com. dualnuptiality Duchac,A. duGay,Stuart duGay,Stuart. during Duryea,& Dyer,Psychological Dynamic Dynamics. dysfunction D’Agostino. e E. E., E.T. E.Walker E.Whitten,McCaa,Mexico Eagleton,eds. Eastern economia,R. economic Economic Economics, Economics. Ecuador. Ed. ed.

Page 217 ! of 240 !

ed.). Edinburgh. edit edited Editing Editing” Edition edition,growing edition,Robert. Edition,The Edition. editor educación Education E d u c a t i o n , A c e ve d o - Tr i a n a , A d va n c e s e d u c a t i o n , O x f o r d education,pidgins,pobreza educational educativa,S. educativa? Edvardsson, Edward Edward. effect Effects effects effects: Efforts el El Electronic eleventh Elgar,Chiley Elizabeth Elizabeth, Eloy,& Ely,S. Email: Emancipação,familias embryo Emerging Emily emotion, Empathy Employee Emtage". en enables enAmérica Encyclopedia Encyclopedia,pp.

End enfoque engineering Engineering English Englishes Enhanced Enigma Entre entrelazamientos. Envejecimiento,S. environment,S. Environmental environments. Epidemiology,D. EPRI,2017. Epstein,exclusióno Equality Era Era, Ernest ERP error,Josef Error-related Escaping Escuela Espejo,47-71.

Essay Essential Essex:Prearce Esteve,709–22. Estimate Estimates. estrategiasfamiliares Estructura Estudio Estudios et Ethical Ethics Ethics, Ethics. Ethnic ethnic Ethnicity Ethnicity: Ethnohistory;Fall Ethnological Ethnologue Etymology Eur. Europe: European Every evidence Evidence Evolution Exp. Expectancy-value Expectations expected Experience experimental Expert explanations". Exploring expresses extended extension Page 218 ! of 240 !

extreme F. F., F.,D. F.,J. F.J.R. F.W. faces. Facet. fact. factors. Failures false Fame familia Familia,I. familiar familiares Familias familias Familias,O. familias,Prentice Families, families: families:The family Family familyhouseholds Faustman FCC FCC". FCC. fear-related Feather Feather, February Federation Fertility Fighting Film Filter Fine First first fit. Fitting, five Flake,9,9-21. Fletcher Flores-Paredes,& Flying focus Folkman,RSF follow Fontana For for Ford Foreign foreign Forman forms Forste,& found Four francas." Francis free Freeman frente Frick,John Friendship friendship friend’s Friston Frith Frits,J. fro From from fromhttp:// r e p o s i t o r i o. c e p a l . o r g / b i t s t r e a m / h a n d l e / 1 1 3 6 2 / 3 7 6 3 2 / 1 / np99011037_es.pdfdoi:10.18356/55932b57-es Fromthe Front. Frontier function. function: functional Furnham,[Google Furnham,NKS-304,NPIC future. Futures,"Technological futuro Féres-Carneiro,& G. G., G.E. gap Garcia,1-15. Garcia,5–34.[Crossref],5–44. Garcia,167-8. Garcia,1970-2007.

García,1-12. García,183-193. Garety Gay; gaze Geelhoed,DT&SC Geertz Geertz,Roy Gen. Gender gender,S. gene-editing General Genet genetically g enomic g eog raphic Geog raphic g eog raphical Geog raphy".

Geography,founder George,fourth George,‘Post-Marxism Gerber,John Page 219 ! of 240 !

Gercek-Swing Gerontologia,(London: Gerontology,S. Ghahramani Ghardaïa Gittens Global Goes Going Goldenfeld Good good Good,& GoodheartWillcox.,Richard. Goodheart-Willcox.,U.S.A.1990. goodness Google Graham, Grammar,Thompson. Grass Gray Gray,3,31(78),32,32(2),327–42.

Grossmann Group group Group,2017. Group,Jeannette Group,Jeff Group,Nathaniel. Group,Y. groups: Groves. Gudykunst Gudykunst,[Google Gudykunst,CSN,CT Gudykunst,London: Guerrilla Guerrillas guide.

Guidelines Guilford Gunkel,”Introduction:Who género. H. H., H.,D. H.,J. H.-J., Haan,15(60),15. Haan,Stuart. hacia Haggard Hall Hall,21(1),21(4),213– 18. Hall,1997 Hall,Applying Hall,Ellis Hall,Richard Hall,Stuart Hall. Hall: hallazgos hallucinations. Hammer,W.B. Han Handbook Handling Hannigan,New Haralambos,14p Harbrace Hardin Harper,and Harper,B. Harris Harris,I. Harris,M.R. Hartmann Hartwick Harvard has Hassig,p.239 Have Haven,un Hayes,73-98. headship Heald Health Health,at healthy Heaton,183–204. Heaton,259–76. Heavy hegemonia Hegemony,Tom Heine,Sheryl Heinze Heljanko,K.-M. Hemakumara,Australian Henkin Henry, Heritage Heritage, heritage: Herwig Heyes Higgins higher Hill Hill: Hillman,1979. Hinde,1-17(p.5). Hinkle,R.S. his Hispanic historical History Page 220 ! of 240 !

History". History; Histรณria HMIT Hodges,and Hogar Hogarth Holmberg,J.W. Holmes Holmes,11,11-36. Holst Home Home.

Homesickness homogamia homogamy Hong Horizon?". Horner,Wolcott Horton,USA,United hosts: Houde House. household households housing Housing Hove,R. How how, http://562digitaldivide.wikidot.com/history-ofthe-divideLevy,16th http://archivo.cepal.org/pdfs/NotasPoblacion/ NP87Oyarce.pdf http://biblioteca2012.hegoa.efaber.net/system/ebooks/ 1

2

1

3

9

/

o

r

i

g

i

n

a

l

/

cambios_y_desigualdad_en_las_familias_latinoamericanas.pdf http:// biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/gt/20101011112038/03-Robichaux.pdf http://digitalartscorps.org/node/717 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ Web_2.0_and_Emerging_Learning_Technologies http://expertchoice.com/ rational-decision-making-is-subjective-decision-making/ http://ftp.iza.org/ dp8933.pdf http://gravity.video/3-reasons-why-video-editing-is-stillessential/ http://igadd.org/dd/history.html. http://knowgenetics.org/dnaand-race/ http://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/3-2-the-elements-ofculture/ http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37633/1/ np99039065_es.pdf http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/ Page 221 ! of 240 !

11362/37713/1/NP04078_es.pdf http://revistarelap.org/ojs/index.php/ relap/article/view/99 http://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/kairos/article/ view/19652 http://revistas.unisinos.br/index.php/historia/article/view/ 5 4 0 0 h t t p : / / r e v l a t i n o f a m i l i a . u c a l d a s. e d u . c o / d o w n l o a d s / Rlef1_(completa).pdf http://rhodes-enviroethics.wikidot.com/intrinsicvalue http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Information-Age http:// theconversation.com/when-does-borrowing-become-cultural- http:// www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/14182/1/3-8003-PB.pdf http://www.cepal.org/ es/publicaciones/2593-proteccion-social-inclusiva-en-america-latina-unamirada-integral-un-enfoque-de http://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/ 3805-familias-latinoamericanas-organizacion-trabajo-remunerado-cuidado http://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/3859-envejecimiento-sistemascuidados-oportunidad-o-crisis http://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/ 6795-politicas-hacia-las-familias-proteccion-e-inclusion-sociales http:// www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/6909-futuro-de-las-familias-y-desafiospara-las-politicas http://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/27871-redistribuirel-cuidado-el-desafio-de-las-politicas http://www.differencebetween.net/ miscellaneous/culture- http://www.geographynotes.com/humanPage 222 ! of 240 !

geography/major-physical- http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=28441209 http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=11211340002Deshpande,8,81-102. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503801.pdf http://www.redalyc.org/ pdf/3238/323827302003.pdf http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php? script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-74252007000300002 http:// www.sociologyguide.com/culture/causes-of-cultural-change.php http:// www.techlawjour nal.com/agencies/slc/80605clin.htm. http:// www.terracerestaurantandlounge.com/ancient-art-belly-dancing/ https:// biologywise.com/list-of-human-races https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ boundless-sociology/chapter/culture- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ boundless-sociolog y/chapter/culture-and-adaptation/ https:// dialnet.unirioja.es/ser vlet/ar ticulo?codig o=3038282 https:// digitalculturist.com/what-is-digital-culture-5cbe91bfad1b https://doi.org/ 10.21315/kajh2018.25.2.5 https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/29/opinion/ goodman-ted-crime/index.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Anno_Domini https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Geertz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording https://en.wikipedia.org/ Page 223 ! of 240 !

wiki/Culture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hegemony https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Williams https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The_Interpretation_of_Cultures https://face2faceafrica.com/article/howbelly-dancing-originated-from-africa- https://face2faceafrica.com/article/ this-ancient-dance-is-as-african-as- https:// historyoftechnologyif.weebly.com/information-age.html https:// j a m a i c a n s. c o m / j a m a i c a n b e l l yd a n c e r m i s s r o s e / h t t p s : / / pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6cde/acd1b9cca44aac722fde1631f0353a5 https:// singularityhub.com/2017/07/31/the-era-of-human-gene-editing-is-herewhat-happens-next-is-critical/ https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/fapos/ pastprojects/cohabitation-latin-america https://techterms.com/definition/ analog https://techterms.com/definition/digital https://viconsortium.com/ opinion/the-digital-age-arrived-30-years-ago/Amaziah https:// whatis.techtarg et.com/definition/digital-divide https://www.

7continentslist.com/asia/ https://www.7continentslist.com/asia/asianculture-facts-and-history.php https://www.bartleby.com/essay/John-FiskePage 224 ! of 240 !

Argues-That-Popular-Culture- https://www.bartleby.com/essay/John-FiskeA r g u e s - T h a t - Po p u l a r- C u l t u r e - L i e s - P K P 3 2 4 K T J h t t p s : / / www.businessballs.com/self-awareness/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-2026/ https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/topics/Digital-Strategy/ g etting-citizens-online/Pag es/Advantag es-of-Being- https:// www.dictionary.com/browse/divide https://www.diffen.com/difference/ Analog_vs_Digital https://www.etymonline.com/word/culture https:// www.forbes.com/sites/brianrashid/2017/06/13/digital-transformation-andinnovation-in- https://www.foundersmentality.com/2017/05/05/create-acompany-of-insurgents/ https://www.ft.com/content/a0588886a42d-11e8-8ecf-a7ae1beff35b https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/ j . c t t 1 2 8 7 t 8 6 h t t p s : / / w w w. l i v e m i n t . c o m / L e i s u r e / sBnCaxrMEDHHdamny2hJjO/The-sting-of- https://www.livescience.com/ 4 2 9 7 5 - f a c i a l - r e c o g n i t i o n - t e ch - r e a d s - e m o t i o n s. h t m l h t t p s : / / www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/ m ck i n s e y % 2 0 d i g i t a l / o u r % 2 0 i n s i g h t s / d i g i t a l % 2 0 r e i nve n t i o n / digital%20reinvention.ashx https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Page 225 ! of 240 !

ancestry https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/insurgent https:// w w w. m e r r i a m - w e b s t e r. c o m / d i c t i o n a r y / r e b e l l i o n h t t p s : / / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g ov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC3115284/ https:// www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/stuart-hall-and-the-rise-ofhttps://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/13/business/media/wondering-howfar-magazines-must-fall.html https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/ article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=12110793 https://www.questia.com/ magazine/1G1-471553720/digital-insurgency https://www.quora.com/ What-are-some-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-digital-communication h t t p s : / / w w w. r e s e a r c h g a t e . n e t / p u b l i c a t i o n / 259904634_Consensual_Unions_in_Latin_America_Persistence_of_a_Dual _ N u p t i a l i t y _ S y s t e m h t t p s : / / w w w. s i m p l y p s y c h o l o g y. o r g / whatispsychology.html https://www.slideshare.net/katierothery/history-ofediting https://www.sofigate.com/insight/investing-in-digital-why-strategymatters-more https://www.sofigate.com/insight/investing-in-digital-whystrategy-matters-more-than-ever/ https://www.technologyreview.com/s/ 534516/holding-data-hostage-the-perfect- https://www.techopedia.com/ definition/23336/digital-commerce-d-commerce https:// Page 226 ! of 240 !

w w w. t h e f r e e d i c t i o n a r y. c o m / P h y s c o l o g y h t t p s : / / www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/trevin-wax/stop-technology-holdshostage/

h t t p s : / / w w w. u c 3 m . e s / . . . /

A_study_on_human_behavior_has_identified_ur_basic_perso... https:// www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/courses/122/modu https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-dna Huenchuan,University Hull,O. human Human Humanities25(2): Humanities. Humans Humphreys Huxley hypothesis. I&C I. I., I.,J. I.,R. I: Ian ibid.p.189 ICOMOS ICOMOS, ideation ideation: identification. Identity identity Identity: Identity?”

Identity?”,Stuart. III. Illusion image Image Immigration,Jablonski,James implications Implicit importance imprecise imprint In in In: inappropriate inclusiva inclusión increased independent Independent,Ilya Indian Indies Indigenous indigenous Individ. Individualist-collectivist individuals.

Industrial indígenas Inequality: información Informatics information Information Ingoldsby,pp. Ingram inicios initial injected Injustice, Injustices Innovator Insights insights/raising-your-digital-quotient Institute institutions,innovators,its Instruction: instrumentation Instrumentation Insurgencies Intangible integral,R. intensity intensity. intentional interaction Page 227 ! of 240 !

interaction,D.,D. interaction,M. interactions interactions. Interamerican intercourse,S. intercultural Intercultural interdependent intergroup Internal International international International,John Internet internet-crime/ Interpersona,F. Interpessoais interview Interview intimate into intracultural Introducing introduction Introduction introduction,David.

Introduction,Timothy Introduction. Inventory inversion. investigación Investigación Investigating Ironies Iroquois Is is Is. ISBN Isolates,Roland. isolates. Issue issue issues Issues,and IT It It, items. iterative its IUSSP. ix. J, J. J., J.Walker J; Jamaica. Jamaica: Jamaican James January Jargon Jaspers-Faijer Jasso,LC/W.354). Jeannette Jelin,143-161. John Jonathan Joseph Journal Journal, Journal,W.B. Journal. July Jump June Jussi K. K., K.,R. K.. K.Miller Kairós Kalyvas Kang Karanta,I. Karin Katyal, Katz. KEMANUSIAAN Kennedy,[Google KGB Khale Khartoum,pp. Kim Kim,W.F. Kindersley kingdom. Kingdom: Kingdon Kitayama Klineberg,[Google Klineberg,Natividad,Nettleford Knight,Canadian Knippenberg Knopf."Admitting Kole,Eduardo. Kristen Kristin Kristin,David.

Kroker,Calderón,Camargo,Cambio Kruglanski Kuan Kulczycki,132,139-159.

Kwame Kyari L. L., L.,VTT L.; La la laboral. Lahtinen,pp.3–17 Page 228 ! of 240 !

Lahtinen,VTT-R-00213-14 Laia Land Land, Land: lands: Landscape, Landscape: Lang. Language language Language,coping languages Languages Languages: Lanka. Laptop Larman,2011. Las las Last last Latin LatinAmerican Latina. Latina.In Latina: Latina:Una LatinAmerica. LatinAmerica: Latinoamericana latinoamericanas. latinoamericanas: Latinoamericanas: Latinoamericano Latinoamérica:Una Laurie,1991. Law Lazarus,New le1/ history.html Leaders’ leading League Learning learning learning. learning?.

Lectures Lee Left legislación Leske lesson Lesthaeghe,& Leuven,Kamau Levy Levy,167-8. Levy,1999). Levy,doi: Liberal Liberty,D. librarians libraries, Library Libros Licensing Lies-PKP324KTJ Light Limited Lin,BEL Lin,New Lincoln, linear lingua Lisse: Listen Literature. Littlefield. Liu live living LLC. Lockean London London. London/ London: Long Longhouse: los Los loss,J. loudness Louçã,Issue4,J.,J. Louçã,pp. Lowenthal,Charlotte,Charlotte Lt,and Lyle López,& López-Gay,& López-López,& M. M., M.,A. M.,D. M.,Hill M.,L. M.,Roger. M.-P., M.A.L. MA: Machine." Machine..

Macionis,and Macionis,at Macmillan Maddux mainly Making Malden: Maldonado male Man management Management Managing mankind.

Manual Manuscript,National Manxymuk,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Page 229 ! of 240 !

The_Interpretation_of_Cultures many Maras,L. March marco Marie Marriage Marshall Martino Martínez,& Marzecová Masuda,L.A. Mathalon matlab matrimoniais matrimoniosen matters. May Mc-Graw-Hill. McFadyen McLeod,S. McNamara meaning meanings. measurement Measuring Mechanics. mechanisms Mechanisms media Media medial mediators Meeks,Inc.Publishers,Int. Meeting Mem. mental Merton,[Google Metal Methodology Methods Methods. Methuen. Mexican mexicana Michael military millenium,“Cultural mimic: mind: Minton,Sri mirada Mirror mirror miscellaneous/difference-between-race-and-culture/ Missing Misunderstood MIT Mitrokhin. Mittelstaedt Mixed-effects mixed-effects model model. modeling modelling Modelling modelo models models. Modern modernidad. modifications modified modulates modulation Molina,& Mona: Monografías Moral Morley,27(2),27-45. Morán,& motherhood motivation. motivation: motor Mouffe. movement movement,Publishers,PérezAngarita,R.,R. Mukamel multi-level Multicultural Mumford,[Google Museum Museums museums. must my My Mythologies,Routledge Myths N1 N. N. (2016). N., N.,Jonvanovich,Jorge. N.T. Naciones names Nat. Nation,” Nationai National Nationalism Nationalism”, Nationalist Nations. Native Page 230 ! of 240 !

Nature Naturwissenschaften Naïl NC NE: Neal-Schuman Nebraska Needs Nettleford. networks Neural neural neuroimaging neuron neurons: Neuropsychologia Neurosci. neuroscience. Neutrality new New Newbury News News. newsletter Newsletter. Newsletters,Jonathan Nichols,1996).

Niemelä,IAEA Nigeria". Nisbett NJ: No. norms North Northoff Norton Norway. Not not Notas Nov November Nowack,[Google NPP NTC nuclear nuevo nuevosiglo number Nunes,& o O. O., Oaks.

Oberg,NewLeft...http://www.essex.ac.uk/methods/Courses%202004/ Outlines/2U%20outline05.htm object-oriented observation observed OCLC October Of of often Ogden olderpersons Oliveira,(2014). Olmeda, [PubMed],[Web Omens. Omens” On on ONE One one one’s Online Online.aspx online] Online],28,29(4),295–310. Online],35(3-4),35(87),35-55.

Online],71–81. open Open Opin opponents optokinetic or Ordeal ordinary: organisations,pp.89-97 organisms. orientation orientations origin original Ortega-Ponce,49,4th Oslo Oslo: others’ Otterstrom,& Ouled OUP Our outcomes. over overseas Overview own Owns Oxford Oxford: p. P. p.7. P. 559. P., Pages Panamá: Papeles Paper Papers,J. Papers: paramount parental Park Park,1085–90. partner Pasts: patients. patriarcal patrones patterns Page 231 ! of 240 !

patterns; Paul Paul,Writing países Peace Peace.” Pearson peer People's Peoples peopling Per Perceived perceived perceiving: Percept. perception perceptions Pereira,& Perez,and Perez,pp. performance. Pergamon.

[Crossref],6,65-96. Pers. Persistence person" Perspectivas. perspective Perspective,Editors perspective. Perspectives Petch,O. Petch. Peter Peters Philosophy, Photography Photography. physical Physiol. Place Place,Yale Places Planning,and Plantation PLoS Pluralising Pluto Población,A. Población,Christopher Población,doi: Población,familia Población,J. Población,ONR,Oct2003,Ohio Población,pp. policies policy Policy Political políticas Políticas Pomedli. Popolo,& Population population. populations.

Portland,p1,p109-110,p317,p319,parents’ position positive Post Post; poverty Power power power; pp. Practical Practice Practice, practice,A. Practice.

Practices Practices. Practitioner Prada,& Praeger. predicted prediction prediction, prediction. Predictive prefrontal preliminar. preliminary Premdas,"Self-Determination Premdas,Oxford: Prentice preparation. presence,S. present presented Preservation Press Press, Press,Macedo,Mark.

Press,Oxford: Press,University Press. Pressley. Prevalence priming Princeton Princeton, Principles principles principles,Solidarity. Printing Prinz Problem Page 232 ! of 240 !

problem. problemas problems Process. processes. Procter,https:// simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australoid_(race) produced Professional professionals Profile program Programme. Promise Property, Property”, proposalsfor propuesta ProQuest Prospect Protección Protection Province,consequences Proyectos práticas PSA,Abba Psicología,W.B. Psicológica,W. psychiatric Psychiatric Psychiatry Psychiatry,M. Psychol.

Psychological psychological Psychologist,A. psychology Psychology psychology,[Google Psychology,A. psychology,Agree,Alan; psychology,K.,K. Psychology,L.C. Psychology,N.Sharaf. Psychology,S. Psychology,T. psychology. Psychology: psychology: psychometric Psychophys.

Psychophysiology psychophysiology. Psychosomatic Psykhe: Pub. public Publications,. Published published published.” Publishers,A Publishers; Publishing purposes,just públicas Q. Q., qualitative Quarterly; questionada.

Questions Quiroz,& Quotient R. R., R.,R. R.C. Race Race, Rahe,Tautology,Texas Randle Randle,2009. Randle,Networks,New random Random Range,Supple,Suzanne rate rating Rational Raymond reactions reactors ReadingRockets. readjustment reafferenzprinzip. real Realidades,B. Rebellion: Recent recent recientes Recognising Recognizing recolección Page 233 ! of 240 !

Recovering Rectifying Red reduction Ref] Reference Reflections refugees: region. Region: Regional Regions". regulator regulators Rehman,2008.

Rehrauer,NC Reich Reinert,PhD relación related Relations Relations,M.N. Relations,W.B. relations. Relations. relationship Relationship relationships.

Relationships: Relações reliability Remez,129–41. rendimiento Reparations”, Repatriation”, replication report Report Representation: Representations Res. research Research Research,family Research,R.J. research. Research. researchers Researching reserved.ISBN Resources response response. responses results retrieved Retrieved Rev. reveals Review Review,1971).

Review,an Review,K. Review,L. Review,R. Revision Revisited Revista Revolution Revolution" Revolution". Revolution,As Revolution,Augie.

Revolution: Revolutions Revolutions,"The Rex,2003),2003). Rex. Richard Richard,S. Richardson,Castañeda,Chapel Rico,& rights Riley, Roach Robert Robichaux Robichaux,116–19.[Web Robin Robust Rodríguez-Vignoli,99,A Rodríguez-Vignoli,539–47.[Crossref],545-575. Rojas,& role Rolston Rolston, 2009. Rolston,A.,A. room Rose Rosenau,Winifred Ross Rothery,2003.

Ro u s s e l e t Ro u t l e d g e Ro u t l e d g e, D e c e m b e r Ro u t l e d g e, E l l i s.

Routledge,Envejecimiento Routledge. Rowman rurales?In Ríos,No. S. S., Page 234 ! of 240 !

Safety safety Safety,Religion,Report safety-critical Sage Sage,Sudan. Sage: Saleh sampling, Samson San SanMiguel Santiago SARPN. Sassi,2011.

Savacou,Kamau. Savacou,Katie. Savioja,1991.p.23 Saâda,American Saúde. scale scale. scales Schifferes,protección Schizophr. schizophrenia schizophrenia. Schmitz Schneider,2008. Schoenher r,155-190.

Schoenherr,founder Scholar] School schooling Schuetz-Bosbach Schumpeter,Daniel Schütz-Bosbach Sci. Sci.,Interrogantes Science Science, 2017. Science,Safety Science. Sciences,R. Scientists scientists screen,p.

Seasons: Secession segregation? Segundo Selected selection selective self self-agency, self-agency: self-centric self-construal. self-construals. selfconstructionals self-efficacy self-generated self-made self-ownership. selfproduced self-recognition. self: Seminarios sense sensory September Series,Equality,Esteve,Esteve-i-Palós,Ethnohistory;Fall Series,I. Series,on Series,room Series,vii. Services). seven Seyla, shape,both Shaped Shapiro,Michael Shep Sheridan,D.M. shock shock. shock: short Sidarus Significance. significant Signifying Silverberg,225–54. Similarities similarity since Singapore Singaporean single Sinikka Sistemas sistemas Sites, Skoglund Soc. Social social sociales Sociales Sociales,Irena. Socialeswebsite: socialy Page 235 ! of 240 !

Societies, Societies,2018.Seyed Societies,William society Society Society. sociodemographic Sociological Sociology Sociology,O. Sociology,T. Sociology. Sociología,familia software Software sojourn. sojourners: Solomon,2003. some Sommer Sonia sound sounds sounds. source Southern Spanish Spatial Spatio-temporal Specialists Speech speech spontaneous Springer. Start State state States States,la Stathis stathis.kalyvas@yale.edu Statistical status. Stenner Steven Still stimulation. stimuli. Stolberg,2008.

Strangers strangers: stranger–host strategy Strategy: stress Stress,S. structure structure,first Stuart student Student student. students students: studies Studies Studies,Los Studies,Stephen,Steve Studies,T. study su subalternas Subjective subjects Subliminal substrates succeeded Suggestions Sui Summer95,Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Summit Superb support suppression Sven Sven, Swets Sydney system System system,F.,F. system. systemic Systemizing Systems systems Systems,M'Sila Systems,Ore.,Overseas Szebenyi T. T., T.,M. T.H. takes Talbot,J. Tanner Taurines. Taylor Taylor,2007.

Tazuma,KU teams team’s Tech Tech. technical technologies Technologies Technologies." Technology temporal Tendencias Terapia Territory Terry test tested testing Teufel than-ever/ that the The their them Themes Page 236 ! of 240 !

Theoretical,Josh theory Theory Theory,Miranda,Miss there these,its Theses They Thinkers. third Third this Thomas Thompson.: Thought thoughts: Thousand Tilburg Tilburg: Time Time-Series-Cross-Section Time. To to to: Tobago","Structural todays-business-world/#3ec4d1ee4905 Today” Tom,Stuart tones toolbox. tools” Toronto Toronto: total Tourism Toward toward tradición transcultural transfor maciones,Cambridg e: Transformacionesen transformations transition,A. transitions Transitions,and trap Trek Trends trials—one tribal tribe Trinidad: Trombley,Algeria. Trouble: Truth, Tunbridge, Turner TV two typology U.S. UML un Una Unarmed: unauthorised Unauthorised uncertainty Understanding undone: unfamiliar Unidas.Retrieved union Union Uniones uniones unions Unipub Unisinos,D. United universal Universily University University8 University. university: Unpublished up urban usability Usage,Douglas used using Using Utopia V,Barbara V. Vahid Valera,& validation Valkonen,1997),1997). Valkonen,J.-E. Vallasi,Belgium). Valley Value Value." Values), value’ van Van Varnum Vassili Vejez Verso,Ignore veterans". Vetoes video Vietnamese view viewed Vijver Vingerhoets violence Violence,diversas violence,R. Violence,R. Violent visionaries,2003. visual Viswesvaran,SSM,STUK,Safety Vitória,T. Viudez Page 237 ! of 240 !

Vivek Vol. von Vos,277–97. W. W., W.,Familia W.B. Wadhwa Wahlström,7(1), 7. Wahlström,Cheltenham: Wahlström,pp.775-779 Wakabayashi Wang War War. Warfare. Was Washington Waszak Wave Waves Way. Wayback Webb,T. Webpages,and website. Wedgwood,beyond Weekend Weiland,R. Weiss Weisz West Westminster What What's what, Wheelwright where White who Who Whose why, Wichmann Wider Wikibooks. Wilcox William. Williams Williams,R.E. willing'". Wisconsin with without Wolpert women Woodward,U.S.A.1990 work Work work-time work; Works". World World,"The World,Evaluating World,Vol. World. write. writing Writing www.internethalloffame.org. X. Xerox Xu XXIV y Y. Y., Y.Y. Yale yArgentinas: Yasuda year years yExplicativo. York York, York: You Your yourself: you’,Clifford,Contact Yuan Z. Zealand Zeitlinger.

Zeleny,Shweder,Singh,Social © ®],12,12(1),12(38),121-149. ®],a ¿dos ¿Modernidad,J. ¿Un áreas ˈnaɪl/; ‫– – )أوﻻد ﻧـــﺎﯾـــﻞ‬Hsing –––, ‘I ‘outstanding “A “Camcorders “Contradictory “Digital “Exhibiting “Heritage “Historic “Historical “In “Myth “President “The “Whose ”Introduction:Who Trouillot,P.,P. Taylor,P.G. Fox-Cardamone,Paradigm Shifts and SocioInstitutional Change Page 238 ! of 240 !

Tutorial Press Limited twerking-is Veterans’ Perspectives on the Iraq War. Yale Journal of International Affairs 2,and David Brannan. 2001. Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation,and Jeffrey P. Williams (eds),and Michael Y. Dartnell. “Foreword.” Insurgency Online: Web Activism and Global Conflict,and Palmer,and Richard Tucker.1998. Taking Time Seriously in Binary Time- Series Cross-Section Analysis." American Journal of Political Science 42(4):1260-1288.

Voeux,according to Technology Review. A team led by Shoukhrat Mitalipov of Oregon Health & Science University is reported to “have broken new ground both in the number of embryos experimented upon and by demonstrating that it is possible to safely and efficiently correct defective genes that cause inherited diseases.”

Voeux,Solidarity. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 2.

Walker,Sense". Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Wayback Machine..

Wheeler,U.S.A. 1983.p.178 Woodward,and leaders from around the world". www.internetsociety.org.

Woodward,vol. 15,with a French and Spanish Supplement,www.jstor.org/ stable/10.3138/j.ctt1287t86.3.

Page 239 ! of 240 !

www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/features/the-seven-universal-emotions-wewear-on-our-face

ISBN 978-976-96220-7-4 Published by Devgro Media Arts Services Printed by Massy Technologies InfoCom (Barbados) Ltd Page 240 ! of 240 !