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Barbados In Review Vol.1 By William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
Celebrating Barbados’ 50th Anniversary Page 2 of 365
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Barbados In Review Vol.1 By William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
First Edition Š 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner. Edited, Typesetting, Layout Design, Illustrations, and Photography: by William Anderson Gittens Email address devgro@ hotmail.com Website devgro.net Twitter account William Gittens @lisalaron https://www.facebook.com/wgittens2 https://www.linkedin.com/in/william-anderson-gittens-author-media-arts-specialist-b1886b26 Printed by Massy Technologies InfoCom (Barbados) Ltd. Tel: (246) 240 4174 Published by Devgro Media Arts Services A WilMag CreationŠ2016 Page 3 of 365
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Statement Barbadians are the conduits of Identities1, such as race, gender, class, and ethnicity. Correspondingly, the same is considered as identification” 2 according to Stuart Hall William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
Stuart Hall, ”Introduction:Who Needs Identity Questions of Cultural Identity?”, Stuart Hall and Paul duGay,ed., (London: Sage Publications,1996), 1-17(p.5). 1
2
Stuart Hall, ”Introduction:Who Needs Identity Questions of Cultural Identity?”, Stuart Hall and Paul duGay,ed., (London: Sage Publications,1996), 1-17(p.5).
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Foreword
As a Media Arts Specialist it is my opinion that Culture is a way of life, which is learned and practiced by humankind‌ especially Barbadians in their space.
William Anderson Gittens Author CEO, Managing Director, Media Arts Specialist Cultural Practitioner, Publisher
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ...............................................................
PAGE
Foreword..........................................................………..…………...5 Acknowledgements .................................................……………….7 Overview .................................................................…………….…8 Chapter 1 Images of Yesteryear in Barbados .........……………..15 Chapter 2 Building for the Future ...........................……………...53 Chapter 3 Land Marks ........................... ………….……………...69 Chapter 4 Established In Barbados .........................…………..….95 Chapter 5 Monuments .............................................…………….136 Chapter 6 Colour Me ...............................................…………….153 Chapter 7 Mise-en-scene ..........................................……………173 Chapter 8 People .....................................................…………….189 Chapter 9 Technique Demonstration .......................……………211 Chapter 10 Focus .....................................................…………….255 Chapter 11 Have You Considered This Approach . ……………296 Chapter 12 Barbadian Icons..…………………………………...324 Chapter 13 Personal Reflections .............................…………….336 Chapter 14 Activities ...............................................………….....341 About the Author ................................................….…………….350 Works Cited ........................................................….…………….355
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Acknowledgements For this publication I wish to thank God for the inspiration, the idea and the skills He gave me to complete this work. Special thanks to the following for their contributions: My. Beloved wife Magnola Gittens, My dad, the late Charles Gittens, My Mother the late Ira Mayers Gittens, Siblings Arnott, Charles, Cheryl, Emerald, Shurland, Stephen, Marcella, Monty, and Ricardo, and children Lisa, and Laron Gittens. Information researched from the following: Our History of Broadcasting Excellence National Heroes of Barbados Other contributors are: Jennifer Barker, the Late Ilene Branker, Panzi Griffith, The late Rev. Ruby Christie, Matthew Farley Wesley Griffith, Carlos Harding Ventris King, Stewart Russell and the Late Lieutenant Colonel Quintyne, M.B.E,ED,
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Overview 1. This 365 page text is examined through the lenses of a Media Arts Specialist Barbados’ cultural journey 1966-2016. 2. In this space the characters who are Barbadians have provided representation, shared ideas and habits they would have learnt with their generation and future generations3. 3. Further, in this environment its conversation has drawn enormous attention to its approaches in Managing, Mentoring, Parenting, Praying and Voluntarism as a developing nation. 4. Within its landscape there are cultural props such as Building for the Future, Colour Me, Established in Barbados, Focus, Have You Considered This Approach, Images of Yesteryear in Barbados, Land Marks, Mise-en-scene, Monuments, People, and Technique Demonstration that are considered signifiers and symbols . 5. Of note, the architects have added value to its architectural legacy by blending and preserving some of Barbados’ historic buildings, with the Jacobean4, the Georgian5 , and the Victorian6 styles combined with the traditional Barbadian’ chattel houses comprising of wood and stone, and coral construction . 6. Overall what is very undeniable Barbadians have the capacity to adapt its script to a way of life that embraces the philosophy Ask7 not what Barbados can do for you, but ask what you can do for Barbados…
William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Managing Director, Media Arts Specialist, Cultural Practitioner, Publisher
3
Michael Haralambos and Robin Heald
Sociology Themes and Perspectives Great Britain: University Tutorial Press Limited.1980.3.
4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_era The Jacobean era refers to the period in English and Scottish history that coincides with the reign of James VI of Scotland (1567–1625) 5 www.bbc.co.uk/homes/design/period_georgian.shtml Georgian (1714 to 1837) Georgian style embraces a century under the reign of three Georges and is often divided into the Palladian, early and late Georgian periods. 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era The Victorian era of British history was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death, on 22 January 1901 7
Excerpt from the late John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961 the 35th President of U.S.A "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country." the late 35th President’s Inaugural Address
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Reviews His Worship Justice Randall Worrell. A very worthwhile book which should be “required reading” for all primary schools. Cheryl Jordan. An informative book of forgotten traditions. Akiel Cumberbatch. Informative for today’s children. Zaira Roach Very informative, looking forward to future edition. Ventris King Interesting....stimulating....brings back wonderful memories of yesteryear. Cheryl Gil…l It’s a good idea to preserve the past. The Late Lieutenant Colonel Laurence Quintyne...This is a splendid effort by a Barbadian son of the soil who has pulled himself up by hard work and determination to succeed. Good luck William!
Collin Rock MIT System Analysis I read the book "People of Conversation" Vol. 1 and found it to be very inspiring, educational, delightful, and easy to read. I am convinced the author has put a great deal of time and effort in writing the book, and the magnitude of research that was done on the characters portrait in the book has given me a further perspective of the individual leaders and role models who have been written about. I will highly recommend this book to anyone who is interested in expanding his/her horizon about knowing more about these characters; since the research has already been done for us. I am a strong believer that "People of Conversation" Vol. 2 will be just as good or even better. I urge you to not hesitate in purchasing this book and you will find delight in reading it.
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Karl K. A. King Management Consultant Surely deep thought, apt research and profound analysis preceded the unfolding of this valuable document. The book raises the awareness that, although times have changed and technology has improved, human behavior and core personalities remain the same. It also challenges us, through its tactful leadership, to take full advantage of the realized 'edible fruits' of life, while deliberately avoiding the ills of the noted contaminated ones can bring. Congratulations on a job well done on sharing such insights, and we wish you even greater success in the future‌ August 18 2015
Dr. Omowale Elson Vice-President for Business Development , Managing Partner, Elson Consulting United States I'm appreciating the research, this is very good work and I bless you for receiving the work the universe asked you to do and the insight of these stories are generating. Congrats on your latest publication. Hi William, I got a chance to complete the Mother Teresa and Maya Angelou's profiles. I enjoyed them both and Page 10 of 365
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will require my kids to read them also. This is very good work and I bless you for receiving the work the universe asked you to do. August 21, 2015
Mrs. Barbara A. Chase Acquisition Librarian The University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus Sidney Martin Library Mrs. Barbara A. Chase has stated that “This Book People of Conversation Vol.1 will take pride of place in our treasured West Indian Collection. “August 2015
ORAL C. RICARDO ‘RICKY’ JORDAN Oral 'Ricky' Jordan Coastline Communication (CC) People of Conversation Vol. 1’ is almost encyclopaedic in its scope, as author William Anderson Gittens continues to exercise his penchant for detail,
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accuracy and minutiae. So thorough is the research that I8 found myself looking to the ends of each chapter for exercises/questions or some other technique to generally reinforce the salient facts in the reader’s mind. ‘People of Conversation Vol. 1’ can therefore be a timely addition to any school library. This work focuses on people who have been and will be talked about for ages. It is interesting, therefore, how Mr. Gittens is able to bring the past and present together via personalities, traits and occurrences. As the author defies the boundaries of race, ideologies and nationalities in this work – publication Number 14 and counting - each personality piece becomes an insight into their lives and the times in which they lived and are living. At my final reading of this work, Usain Bolt was cementing his irrepressible dominance on the 2015 IAAF World Championships stage in Beijing; hence, I have been able to draw from the wealth of information herein to enhance my conversations – no pun intended – about Bolt’s recent performances. William Anderson Gittens has come a long way in the 15 years that I have known him, and as a result of God’s grace, we have both lived to see the fruits of his firm stand on the need for accuracy, copyright protection, and critical thinking. He is an inspiration.
8 # 1 Cliffdale Prince of Wales Road Bank HallSt. Michael Barbados.email: oraljordan@gmail.com coastliner@hotmail.com Phone: 246-841-9786 Ricky Jordan
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The Hon. Mia Amor Mottley , Q.C., M.P, Leader of Barbados’ Opposition The Hon. Mia Amor Mottley , Q.C., M.P, Leader of the Opposition has stated that “she is very satisfied with your depth of research as it relates to the ten (10) international icons mentioned in your publication. It definitely is a great reference tool for the history student.” September 9, 2015
Andrew Platizky Director OSP/EOF New Jersey City University People of Conversation Vol. 1 by William Anderson Gittens is a great introduction to a diverse group of ten international world icons both living and dead. Mr. Gittens introduces readers to the ideas and contributions of a wide variety of leaders in the fields of literature, religion, politics, and athletics. Most of the chapters in People of Conversation, Volume 1 are about interesting pairs of personalities such as Mother Theresa & Maya Angelou, Jesse Owens and Usain St. Leo Bolt OJ CD, John F. Kennedy and Sir Winston Churchill just to name a few. I would recommend you obtain a copy start reading & learning, and imagine which icons will be featured in Volume II.
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Dr.Cathy Jessamy-Babb Ph.D. Graduate of Bernelli University in Cecila, PA,in Education and International Relations This is a great educational book. One worth keeping and placing in all educational institutions. It will inspire all youngsters to excel to higher heights. Congratulations on a job well done.
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Chapter1
ISBN976-8078-41-3,ISBN 976-8078-30-8
William Anderson Gittens Author CEO, Managing Director, Media Arts Specialist Cultural Practitioner
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The Stand-Pipe
The Stand - Pipe9 was an important land mark of yesteryear in the Barbadian landscape. It was the source of water supply for many. Most Barbadians resorted to the Stand – Pipe because the people could not have afforded water in their homes. At certain times of the day people were seen at the Stand - Pipe washing clothes, bathing their children and talking about like" Portia faces -Life, or, Dr. Paul. People walked long distances in order to get water for everyday use. During that period it was normal to see People walking to the village stand pipe to fetch water and it was common to see women especially, balancing a bucket of water on their head, while carrying another bucket of water in each of their hands. The common practice of carrying water 10 on your head yesteryear in Barbados was an art. Moreover, people were healthier because they walked long distances. Importantly, it is recorded that the Government had installed originally 400 stand pipes across the island of Barbados in every populated area.11
9
Interviewed Ira Louise Mayers Gittens 2000 Interviewed William Anderson Gittens 2000 http://www.totallybarbados.com/barbados/About_Barbados/Local_Information/Facts_about_Barbados
10 11
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Catch a Corner Enthusiasm and entertainment truly described the game "Puss puss, catch a corner 12 ", because Barbadian children of yesteryear enjoyed this game with a passion. To start the game, a minimum of six people and five stones were required. Five of the participants stood in a circle with a foot on each of the five stones. To start the game, each player ran from their stone to place their foot on the nearest vacant stone, while the sixth player standing in the middle who was 'Puss' had to be quick enough to run and set foot on any vacant stone. The one who did not make it to an unoccupied stone became the next 'Puss'. Throughout the game, the players would be shouting "puss puss catch a corner".
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Interviewed Jenifer Barker 2000
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Horse and Buggy13 The wealthy Barbadian families of yesteryear used the horse and buggy as a means of transportation. A man who was called a coachman drove them. When these folk came to the city to do their business the buggies were parked in the area now known as Independence Square. There, their horses were watered and fed. It was also used at weddings especially for carrying the bride. The Horse and Buggy could be regarded as a limousine of yesteryear.
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Interviewed Ira Louise Mayers Gittens 2000
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Hop Scotch Yesteryear the game of Hopscotch14 provided entertainment for the children It was played in the streets with a pattern of squares numbered from 1 to 8drawn on the ground. An object was thrown in each of the squares in turn. Without this object touching the lines, the player hopped in the squares which did not have the thrown object. When the highest number was reached, the player turned and hopped all the way back. Each player did the same until someone lost his or her turn because their foot or the object touched the line or the player fell.
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Interviewed Jenifer Barker 2000
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The Hula Hoop
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This fascinating circular object was spun around the waist the arms, the wrists, the legs, the ankles and even the neck. Competitions were sometimes held to see who could keep the hoop spinning for the longest period of time. There were also exhibitions of fancy movements as the hoop was passed from arm to arm, arm to leg, leg to arm and even from the neck down the entire length of the body! The hula hoop provided countless hours of fun for its users. The circular, plastic toy sometimes contained small beads which made a delightful sound as the hoop revolved.
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Interviewed Jennifer Barker 2000
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Marble Cricket Marble cricket16 was played in very much the same way as the game we all know as cricket. The major difference was that the batsman and the bowler performed their roles with one knee firmly planted on the ground as the bats and stumps used were quite small and so was the playing area. This game was sometimes called kneeling down cricket and it was most amusing to see a batsman strike the ball, get up from his knee, complete two runs, and then return to the batting area to kneel again before receiving the next ball. Marble cricket was mostly played by small boys at school during the break periods and regularly at home especially during the long summer vacation.
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Interviewed Arnott Gittens 2000
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The Mobile Cinema The Mobile Cinema17 formed part of the Visual Education Unit as it was called in the early Forties. The first 16mm mobile cinema unit was donated to the Barbados Government by the British Colonial Government in 1944. The van was previously used in North Africa to entertain troops. The Government of Barbados also decided to use this medium to educate its people. Film and filmstrips which dealt with the issues of the day were shown. For example, films on sanitation, personal hygiene and Family Planning were shown. Films such as “Danger on Wings” (Mosquito) and “Better Living” which were produced by the Visual Aids Section were also shown. Most popular, however were “Bud and Lou” films. Mobile cinema travelled across Barbados. Venues were playing fields, parks, plantation grounds and wherever a large gathering assembled. There were only two cinemas in Barbados; the Empire and the Olympic for the, majority of the population could not afford to attend these cinemas, thus the mobile unit gave them the opportunity to gain cinematic experience and knowledge. The British saw the mobile unit as a tool to educate the people of Barbados and the region, of the role they played in World War II and of the progress by the Allies. The introduction of this new medium (film) was a novel way guarantee large to audiences, and enabled the British to spread propaganda about the war. 17
Interviewed Selwyn Belle 2000
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The Nut Seller The Nut Seller18 was a woman who not only sold nuts but had a wide range of knowledge in the art of confectionary. The Nut Seller was always neatly attired in a floral print dress, over which was a white pleated apron with two strings attached at the back and forming a bow in front. Wearing pumps (soft wear) or shoes, and a broad brimmed hat, she carried a tray on her head where she displayed her produce for sale; she also carried a bench or stool on which to sit. A pocket was worn under the apron to hold the money. (This was similar to the pouch now worn today.) The Nut Seller sold other treats like sugar cakes, (red, brown, and white ;) or black sugar cake (which was given the name because of its dark brown colour). These delicacies were all made from a combination of sugar and coconut grated or chipped accordingly; Added to the sugar and chipped or grated coconut were either bay leaf, ginger, spice, or orange peel this gave them a delicious taste. The nut seller also sold other homemade treats such as corn-cakes (a blend of sugar and corn,) glassie and roly-poly and comfort were made from confectioners’ sugar flavored with pepper mix essence. Nuts were sold in small brown paper bags.
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Interviewed Ira Louise Mayers Gittens 2000
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The Nut Seller also made sweets from boiled sugar, red and light brown in colour and round in shape (sweetie balls) they were also made in the shape of rabbits, roosters and hens. Quite a few ladies earned their living this way and plied their trade in the villages, from the school gates and from the outskirts of the area which the Fairchild Street Bus Terminal now occupies. To the front of the Parliament Buildings on Trafalgar Square was a large Evergreen tree which provided shade. This was a good vantage point for the nut seller to ply her trade. The Jubilee Gardens which was also known as the Lower Green Bus Terminal was also a popular area where one could find the Nut Seller of yesteryear. Some are still around today.
Rediffusion Yesteryear, Barbadians enjoyed Radio Distribution19 which operated from a building in Wildey. The first subscriber was connected to Cable Radio April 2nd, 1935. In 1951, Radio Distribution was taken over by Barbados Rediffusion Service Ltd., a subsidiary of Overseas Barbados Rediffusion Service Ltd., of London. 19
Interviewed Panzi Griffith 2000
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This medium of entertainment was enjoyed by many of its subscribers. Features like" Portia faces -Life, None So Blind, Dr. Paul, Life Can Be Beautiful, Local News, News from Britain at 7 am and4 pm, Classical Music at 1p.m. Mainly for Women was hosted by Carolyn Barrow at 1: 45 p.m., Second Spring, and the Quiet Time at 2.45 p.m." to name a few were listened to by many across the island. The company moved from a small studio at Trafalgar Street in 1947, to Barbados Rediffusion Service Ltd., River Road in 1958. The Nation Corporation purchased Barbados Rediffusion Service Ltd in September 1979. To date, Barbados Rediffusion Service has expanded in the broadcasting arena by launching Voice of Barbados (790 VOB) on May 1, 1981. HOT I95.3 FM. December 1, 1997 LOVE 104.1 FM was rebranded on the eve of the new millennium. Barbados Rediffusion Service Ltd changed its name and image to Starcom Network Inc. on November 27, 1999. The now defunct Starcom Gospel was launched June 28, 2000.
Roasting Breadfruit Roasting breadfruit20 was a special art, perfected mainly by the men and young boys of yesteryear. 20
Interviewed Matthew Farley 2000
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A fireplace was set up in the yard, under a tree or on the beach. With dry twigs or wood a fire was made, on which the breadfruit was placed, to be roasted. When the roasting of this dainty dish of Bajan delicacy was completed it was often eaten with butter or roasted flying fish.
Stick Licking Stick licking served both as a means of self-defence and as a sport in Barbados of yesteryear, mainly among working class men. Nowadays only demonstrations are held occasionally. The art form originated with our African slave ancestors and was popular until around the mid twentieth century. As a form of sport, stick licking contests were held mainly on weekends, excluding Sundays. As a means of self-defence, it was often used in brawls. Stick licking 21 required a great deal of skill and discipline, as well as sharp eyes and reflexes. The stick used was about three feet long and was strong enough to withstand fairly hard blows. The practitioners adopted a number of well- rehearsed postures-and moves. 21
Interviewed Carlos Harding 2000
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However, they were generally reluctant to engage in strikes that would cause severe injury.
Sucking Sugar Cane Watch me break and uproot the liquid food, or take cuttings from a bed of trash; as we suck on the juicy stalk. We sit and suck like Granddad taught o what succulent memories the sugarcane22 has brought. I reflect on the many joys of my childhood; and I know each one of you could. But the sweetest memories I retain Is the sucking of the juicy sugar cane.
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Adapted from the poem ‘Sucking Sugar Cane’ written by Matthew Farley 2000
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The Agricultural Labourer Agricultural 23 production has been the primary occupation of the early settlers to Barbados, not just for local consumption, but for export to England and for trade with other colonial territories. Much of the landscape therefore had to be transformed from natural ecosystems into agricultural ecosystems. The same comprised of large mono specific plantations such as sugar cane, small scale vegetable, root crop and pastures with livestock. It is a fact that Barbados spends $2.1 million dollars daily to feed itself. Further, the Ministry of Agriculture has some major concerns. For instance, capacity building; developing a closer relationship between farmers and the market; working to decrease levels of praedial larceny through adequate legislation; increased investment in the sector, linking agriculture to valuable sectors such as tourism and manufacturing; and exploring the introduction of technology to the sector. To this end, it is hopeful that the Ministry of Agriculture food, Fisheries and Water Resource Management must address the above concerns as they develop a National Agricultural Policy soon. In the final analysis, Agriculture is still considered an asset to the plantation, the family, the community and by extension the economy. 23
Ministry of Agriculture 2000
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The Blacksmith The Blacksmith24 made and repaired the shoes worn by the horses and the donkeys. Occasionally, he did the welding of old metal, such as rings to the donkey carts' wheels as well as other types of metals. The world’s second oldest man, James Emmanuel “Doc” Sisnett of Barbados died25 on Thursday 23 May 2013) was a Barbadian supercentenarian at the age of 113. Sisnett who was born on February 22, 1900 was the second oldest man behind 116 year old Jiroemon Kimura of Japan26 died 20 days after Sisnett . The late James Emmanuel Sisnett who died at age 113 years was born in Barbados 22 February 1900 was verified as the oldest living man in the Western Hemisphere.
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Interviewed Ira Louise Mayers Gittens 2000
25
http://repeatingislands.com/2013/05/24/second-oldest-man-in-the-world-dies-in-barbados-at-the-age-of-113/
26
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sisnett
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It must be noted that he performed the task of a Blacksmith at various sugar plantations and a chief engineer on Barbados’ sugar factories.
The Bread Cart The bread cart27 was a very important feature in the Public Markets and the streets of the city. The vendor obtained his or her supplies of bread products from bakeries such as J&R, Purity and Zephirin. Some of the items available for purchase were salt bread (as loaves for slicing and as rolls for the "cutters"), light sweet, jam puffs, rock cakes and collars. Large purchases were placed in brown paper bags while the smaller items were wrapped in white tissue paper.
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Interviewed Jenifer Barker 2000
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The Barbadian Chattel House The Barbadian Chattel 28 house of yesteryear was a building which was a very interesting aspect of the Barbadian landscape. After slavery ended in 1834, the former slaves were allowed to live on plantation land (tenantries) as long as they continued to work on the plantation. Since they did not own the land, they built wooden houses which they could easily dismantle and re-position elsewhere, should they be forced to move.
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Interviewed Daniel Holder 2000
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The Copper Man A character came through the village, calling out 'Any old brass or copper, he was known as "The Copper Man"29. You could hear him from the distance, calling out any old brass or copper", as he walked along repeating it continuously. Children were very excited at the fact that he was passing and shouting so they began running to see him. Some children went to see how the people repaired their houses and the way the gutter ridging caught the rain water. When the unwanted pieces of guttering were thrown away, the children would pick them up, and take these unwanted pieces to the Copper Man to be paid six cents, twelve cents, 18 cents or may be a shilling which was 24 cents.
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Interviewed Eureta Trotman 2000
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.
The Clothes Iron 30
The clothes iron was the tool used by most Barbadians until about the Seventies, to press their clothes or any linen which needed the wrinkles taken out. The iron was made of a heavy metal, of triangular shape with a round or pointed tip, having a curved handle about ten inches long weighing between three to four pounds. From tip to back it measured five or six inches. When preparing for use, the iron was placed on a coal-pot of burning coals or on the burning stove. When hot, it was rubbed in clean sand or a dry crushed banana leaf to remove any dirt picked up from the coals or flames from the stove. It was then reheated and cleaned with some rags at which point the pressing was started. Pressing at that time took longer and was hard because there was no electric iron.
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Interviewed Ira Louise Mayers Gittens 2000
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The Donkey and the Cart Yesteryear, The Donkey Cart31 was used extensively for selling produce, transporting people, groceries and lumber from the hardware store. Construction32 of donkey carts in Barbados involved the proficiencies of three different craftsmen to make the cart come alive. It is important to note that the carpenter, the blacksmith and the wheelwright. Not much variation is seen between donkey carts of years gone by and what is seen today. The only slight variation is that the wheels are now made of tires as it is quite difficult to find the craftsmanship today that caters to this level of expertise associated with this kind of wheel assembly. The durable wooden sections of the box cart were constructed by the carpenter along with the hubs, spokes and rims of the wheels which were also made of wood. The blacksmith made the axles, hooks, pins, braces and other metal parts. The wheel-wright, along with the blacksmith's assistance, constructed the wheels.
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http://www.barbadospocketguide.com/our-island-barbados/history-of-barbados/donkey-carts.html
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The Dray Cart The Dray Cart33 was used extensively to transport sugar cane to the sugar cane factories. There is a view that the Dray Carts transported less than a ton. In addition, some of the Carts used a donkey, or a mule, or sometimes both hitched together. Since achieving independence in 1966, the island nation of Barbados has transformed itself from a low-income economy dependent upon sugar production, into an upper-middle-income economy based on tourism and the offshore sector. Barbados34 went into a deep recession in the 1990s after 3 years of steady decline brought on by fundamental macroeconomic imbalances. After a painful readjustment process, the economy began to grow again in 1993. Growth rates have averaged between 3%–5% since then. The country's three main economic drivers are: tourism, the international business sector, and foreign direct-investment. These are supported in part by Barbados operating as a service-driven economy and an international business centre. Historically, the economy of Barbados had been dependent on sugarcane cultivation and related activities, but since the late 1970s and early 1980s it has diversified into the manufacturing and tourism sectors. Offshore finance and information services have become important foreign exchange earners, and there is
33 34
Interviewed Ira Louise Mayers Gittens 2000 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados
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a healthy light manufacturing sector. Since the 1990s the Barbados35 Government has been seen as business-friendly and economically sound. The island saw a construction boom, with the development and redevelopment of hotels, office complexes, and homes. This slowed during the 2008 economic crisis.
The Family But look how times have changed The family 36is not the same. For example, the family of yesteryear; with a Mama, Papa, Grannie and Auntie; Caring and protecting everybody. Mama and Papa would go out to work, while Grannie would mind the babies; And they would be washing and cooking and doing their chores, Discipline was everybody's concern. No child could ever be spoiled; 35 36
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados Adapted from the poem ‘The Family’ written by Matthew Farley.2000
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For punishment was swift and brutally firm. The family was a tower of strength for all; Caring and sharing, loving and praying. Do you think those days would ever return? Adapted from the poem ‘The Family’ written by Matthew Farley.37
The Fly Stick The Fly-stick38 was set up by the boys of yesteryear, to catch birds. They would drive some short sticks into the ground, with a long string attached to them, and a loose noose left on the ground. They would use rice or scratch grain to throw on the ground between the sticks to entice the birds. The boys would them hid in nearby bushes, holding the end of the string. When the bird, such as a sparrow, ground dove or wood dove swooped down and started to eat the grains, the boys who were hidden in the nearby bushes would pull the attached string which was attached to the sticks, towards them and the loose noose left on the ground which the bird would have stepped into would catch the bird. The boys would then run out from the bushes and hold the birds.
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Adapted from the poem ‘The Fly Stick’ written by Matthew Farley.2000
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Lighter The Lighter39 was a large boat about twelve feet to fourteen feet long and nine feet wide. It had a similar shape to that of the Moses (small boat) which the fishermen use to bring ashore his catch. Generally the lighter was manned by four people, two men called lighter men and two boys called line boys. The boats were moved by large, long, heavy oars which the men pushed and pulled while the boys assisted by pulling a piece of marlin attached to them. The oars were fitted into slots at both sides of the boat. These lighters left the wharf with molasses and sugar and went to ships which were anchored off Carlisle Bay. The crew brought back cargo from the ships to the wharf to be stored in bonds for merchants; at that time there was no Deep Water Harbour.
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.
The Potato Man 40
The Potato Man visited the communities every Saturday morning and sometimes during the week. He sold sweet potatoes, eddoes, yams, cassava and pumpkins and any other ground provisions in season. Research has revealed according to Heather-Lynn's HABITAT: Digging... WHEN BARBADIANS think of potatoes41, we think English, Irish or the varieties of our sweet potatoes. It is about how the communities, which have been farming potatoes before the Spanish conquest of their lands, are dealing with climate change and ensuring the sustainability of their root crops.
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http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/58333/farming-potato-sustainability Heather-Lynn's HABITAT: Digging...
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The Roller Almost every Barbadian child of yesteryear rolled a roller 42 or had the opportunity to see or play with one. Playing with a roller was entertaining and it encouraged the children to organize competitions to show off their art, speed and control.
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William Anderson Gittens 2000
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The Mauby Woman The Mauby Woman43 provided Mauby, a refreshing beverage to workers in the agricultural, construction and maintenance areas and other offices across Barbados. The bark from the Buck Horn tree was boiled in water to which sugar and spices were added to create the tasty beverage. Today a glass of mauby with lots of ice is still a favourite drink for many Barbadians. In today’s setting the Mauby Woman would be considered an entrepreneur and she also supported her family.
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The Monkey
We are told that pottery44 is the oldest in the handicraft section. The monkey, the water vessel is a great example of this craft. Yesteryear when there were no refrigerators, people used this vessel to keep water cool. Some people had windows built especially for the monkey. It had a roundish shape. It was placed at the outer window of the house so that the water could be kept cool. Some of those windows are being built today and are used for plants. People still work in the handicraft industry and are making the monkeys or water vessels. These great pieces can be purchased from the craftsmen (potters) in Chalky Mount St. Andrew.
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Interviewed Ilene Branker 2000
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The Mortar and the Pestle The mortar45 and the pestle was a very handy gadget to the housewife of yesteryear. It could be likened to our food processor of today, but it was controlled by manpower instead of electricity. The majority of the population could not afford this utility. Both rich and poor benefited from its uses, which were many. The mortar was a wooden utensil about ten inches deep, twenty inches in circumference and was dug out in the center about six inches deep by fourteen inches wide. The pestle was also made of wood , being ten inches long with a circumference of seven inches at the bottom shaping at least five inches on the top with a knob somewhat like the top of the policeman's baton' This was specially used for making seasonings. In order to make your seasonings, locally grown herbs were placed in the dugout and then beaten and stirred with the pestle until it reached the desired
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requirement. Other spices such as orange peel, clove, black pepper, tumeric, spice, etc. were added to complete the home made seasoning.
Picking Rice Picking rice yesteryear was a chore practiced by children and adults alike even though it was not an easy task. The children preferred pitching marbles, scooting, and rolling rollers as opposed to picking rice46. This chore required patience because it had so many bad grains, small insects, and stuff to be removed. Saturdays were used specifically or picking rice because Barbadian families looked forward to eating peas and rice, with chicken, pork or lamb on Sundays. Rice was imported from British Guyana, now the Republic of Guyana.
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Interviewed William Anderson Gittens 2000
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The Kerosene Lamp Children were sent to the shop especially on Saturdays to purchase kerosene47 oil for the lamp. The wick had to be trimmed or changed and the chimney was cleaned with old newspaper. The kerosene lamp can be described like the noir effect because the lighting was used extensively to light the areas for children picking rice and preparing homework within urban, suburbia, and rural areas. Electricity was not so popular at that time and therefore the citizens resorted to the kerosene lamp.
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Pitching Marbles Pitching Marbles48 was a popular sporting activity practiced by most Barbadian children of yesteryear, especially the boys. The children practiced this activity more in the summer.
The Scooter Children loved to ride the scooter49 because it was fun. On occasions the children looked for roads with steep hills to scoot down. Scooters were used to visit their friends in other neighbourhoods
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Interviewed William Anderson Gittens 2000 Interviewed Ira Louise Mayers Gittens 2000
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The Snowball Man The snowball man50 in Barbados? Yes, there were many of them walking or riding about the country just a few years ago. He was not made of snow but was a vendor of an ice product called snowball. This was made by shaving small pieces off a large block of ice which were then placed in a container and covered with a thick sugary solution, made from boiled sugar to which dye was added after it was cooled. This trade was mainly a weekend job for the snowball man in the rural districts although his urban counterpart made it a daily routine. Whether he was in the country or in town, the snowball man was a favorite with children. You had to be sure that you got your treat early because the demand for this product soon depleted the store of ice. You had to wait for another weekend if you lived in the country or perhaps you could take the bus to the city bus stand where you might find a vendor plying his trade. Although the snowball was generally placed in a drinking glass or cup, at sometimes it was placed directly in your hands if there was no container. This was called by a different name. It was called a 'traveller'. It got its name because the buyer travelled with it and did not use the vendor's container. Unfortunately, the snowball has been replaced by the snow cone.
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Although they are very similar in that they use sugar, ice, dyes, and essence. There was an unmistakable taste and aroma of the snowball.
The Speculator The speculator51 or the 'what's fat' man was a very prominent character in the Barbadian communities of yesteryear. He travelled by foot or by donkey cart to each village in search of animals to take away to be slaughtered. He negotiated with villagers who kept cows, sheep, and pigs, to be butchered. If the negotiation was successful, the 'what’s fat' man took away the animal with him. He walked through each community calling out "what's fat man". He had in his possession, a piece of rope, a butcher's knife and other gadgets that he used on the job. On rare occasions he butchered the animal or animals on the-spot. 51
Interviewed Ira Louise Mayers Gittens 2000
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The Village Shop Many years ago in Barbados, there were three primary centres of activity; the church, the school, and the village shop52. The village shop was a very important aspect of community life. The women went there to buy their groceries and would order their items over the counter and be 'dispatched' by the shop attendant. Items such as sugar, flour and butter were weighed on demand from the barrels stored in the back. Very often persons purchased items on a daily basis and would not require more than a few ounces at a time. Palm Tree cooking butter was a popular item. The shop attendant would often display exceptional skill by neatly folding these items in strips of brown or grey 'shop' paper without any being spilled. Sometimes the women lingered to have their usual morning gossip and the occasional quarrel at the shop was not uncommon. The village shop was also the centre for the daily news. Some shops were equipped with a "swing door" which led to the ever popular bar, which was located at one side.
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This section was reserved for the men who would spend long hours drinking three gill bottles of rum, chased with tap water since ice was often delivered in block and was kept in the icebox to keep the drinks cold. The men also listened to the Rediffusion and sometimes arguments would break out about boxing or any other current topic. Children were not allowed to enter this section of the shop. The occasional visit by a woman beyond the swing door meant that she was looking for her husband who more often than not was squandering his weekly earnings. Today, the village shop which served as the principal meeting-place of the past is still with us even though in many instances it has been replaced by the minimarts and the supermarkets.
The Vendor The Vendor53 was another important person within the Barbadian landscape of yesteryear. She set up her tray in the market or the sidewalk to sell her produce.
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The Tuk Band Tuk is a musical form in its own right, and has earned a place in the minds of music conscious Barbadians. It has historically been linked to the landship movement, but it has also flourished independently of the latter. A number of characters including Shaggy Bear, Mother Sally, Stilt man and Donkey have traditionally been associated with many tukbands and are seen at Cropover54. Tukbands have constantly serenaded people in town and country on holidays, in return for donations. They have provided music at many social events. The TukBand music continues to flourish on the Barbadian musical landscape. The sounds and rhythms of the TukBand55 are distinctive and uniquely Barbadian. These sounds emanate from a number of instruments, including the kettle and snare drum, the flute and triangle. 54
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Crop Over (formerly called "Harvest Home") is a traditional harvest festival which began in Barbados, having had its early beginnings on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. The crop over tradition began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing and accompaniment by bottles filled with water, shak-shak, banjo, triangle, fiddle, guitar, and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting and drinking competitions. Originally a celebration signaling the end of the yearly sugar cane harvest, it has since evolved into Barbados' biggest national festival similar to Carnival in Brazil and Trinidad. With the harsh effects of World War II on Barbados, the festival was disbanded. It was later revived in 1974 by local stakeholders including Julian Marryshow, Flora Spencer, Emile Straker, and Livvy Burrowes with the Barbados Tourist Board.[1] With the gradual change, the general schematic of Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, The Grand Kadooment.
Interviewed Carlos Harding 2000
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The Windmill Windmills56 were a common sight in Barbados during the early part of the twentieth century. They represented the first sugar factories in Barbados. They were machines used to grind canes. Of course, if the winds were favorable, their energy was used to turn the blades of the windmills. As the blades turned, the large metal wheels to which they were attached squeezed the juice from the canes that came between them. As the sugar industry expanded, there was a shift to more reliable and efficient means of grinding canes. The speed of the wind was no longer a concern since steam now produced the power to grind the canes. The windmills consequently became redundant as modern factories were erected across the island. However, one windmill remains functional after being renovated recently. This is located at Morgan Lewis in the parish of St. Andrew.
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Chapter 2
Building For The Future Vol.1 First Edition ©2000Revised Edition ©2013 ISBN976-8078-30-8 William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
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Building for the Future By William A. Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
Building for the future57 is an art; it gives us ideas how to start; Building for the future is a task; it requires application in order to last; Building for the future is not a game; Opportunities wasted could never be regained; Building for the future is a must; Faith is required in order for trust; Building for the future is a philosophy; it sensitizes us about our nationality; Building for the future must be a decision; supplemented by love, patience and vision. Building for the future is a command; Adams and Barrow were in demand; Because building for the future was a must; Bussa and Gill had to have faith in order to trust; Building for the future created a need; for this reason, O’Neal had to lead; If Building for the future necessitates Payne; it was obvious that we would gain; Building for the future will never be the same because Prescod and Sobers did not labour in vain; If Building for the future required tanasity, Springer and Walcott had to have capacity.
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by William A. Gittens Media Arts Specialist B.A.c.2000
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The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams Q.C., Kt. Bachelor, CMG [1898-1971] They spoke of him with a degree of awe that was never before or since accorded a leader of this country; and that regard found expression in names such as "Moses" and "Messiah". To have lived in his day was to be able to appreciate why this Barbadian legend, skillfully and bravely taking on the entrenched conservative power structure, drew political comparisons with the Biblical rescuers of old. And yet, Grantley Herbert58 Adams sought neither that adulation nor such exalted personifications. His vision was fixed on nothing but the task of bringing the oppressed masses out of social and economic bondage. By this means, he judged, the entire society would be free to develop in harmony. This, then, is what led Sir Grantley to become the first Premier of Barbados and the only Prime Minister of the now defunct West Indies Federation. He was a social reformer bent on achieving human rights for The Barbados Workmen's Compensation Act; Barbadians despite resistance by the exploitative plantocracy and merchant ruling classes. Adams was successful in the legislating of the following changes in Barbados:Amendment to the Barbados Education Act by modernizing the system and improving facilities; Establishment of a Wages Board and the Labour Department; The ability of women to vote on equal terms with men; Erdiston Teachers' College was started (1948); -
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Old age pensions were increased; improved working conditions came for shop assistants; Increases in the public service; Building the Deep Water Harbour and The Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Secured the introduction of Universal Adult Suffrage (1951). Sir Grantley Adams' image is engraved on the $100 note. On November 28, 1971, he died, at age seventy-three.
The Right Excellent Hon. Errol Walton Barrow P.C., Q.C. [1920 - 1987] Acclaimed as the Father of Barbados' in- dependence, Errol Walton Barrow59 was born in the parish of St. Lucy on January 21, 1920. He was the son of the Rev. and Mrs. Reginald Barrow and the nephew of Charles Duncan O'Neal. He won an Island Scholarship to Codrington College, but volunteered instead for the Royal Air Force, earning a very real reputation as an air force hero.
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This earned him the name of "Dipper" He studied law and economics in London and set up his law practice on his return home in 1950. A founder-member of the Democratic Labour Party, Barrow swept to power as Premier in 1961 and held that opposition until 1966. Over the 15-year period of his Administration – First as Premier and then as Prime Minister – Ending in 1976, he was particularly successful in securing many social changes for Barbados. Indeed, Barrow was twice Prime Minister, in 1966 to 1976 and again in 1986 to 1987. He took the island into Independence from Britain in 1966 after his party won elections and he thus became Barbados' first Prime Minister. He served as Opposition Leader during part of the interregnum which be interrupted for an academic sabbatical in the United States and, as he declared, "To recharge his batteries."
Barbados Prime Ministers Premier - Pre-Independence 60 Incumbent - Tenure - Political Affiliation Grantley Herbert Adams - February 1st, 1954 - April 17th, 1958 BLP Hugh Gordon Cummins - April 17th, 1958 - December 8th, 1961 BLP Errol Barrow - December 8th, 1961 - November 18th, 1966 DLP Prime Minister - Elected - Incumbent - Tenure - Political Affiliation Errol Barrow - October 18th, 1966 - September 8th, 1976 - DLP J.M.G.M (Tom) Adams - September 8th, 1976 - March 11th, 1985 - BLP Bernard St. John - March 11th, 1985 - May 29th, 1986 - BLP Errol Barrow - May 29th, 1986 - June 1st, 1987 - DLP Erskine Sandiford - June 1st, 1987 - September 7th, 1994 - DLP Owen Arthur - September 7th, 1994 - January 16th, 2008 - BLP David Thompson - January 16th, 2008 - October 23rd, 2010 - DLP The Honourable Freundel Jerome Stuart, Incumbent - October 23rd, 2010 - DLP (current)
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https://www.totallybarbados.com/barbados/About_Barbados/Local_Information/People/Barbados_Prime_Ministers/
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The Right Excellent Bussa In history, he is recorded as Bussa61, or Busso or Bussoe. But whatever his original and true name, there is no doubt that he is the most fascinating freedom fighter in the annals of Barbados. Like thousands of his countrymen, he was born a free man in Africa, but was captured and brought to Barbados in the late 18thcentury as a slave. From that lowly status, he emerged to be celebrated in the folk. Memory of Barbadians as the man who struck a resounding blow to freedom by leading Barbados' longest slave revolt in April 1816 against racist and oppressive white Barbadian planters. That rebellion has been known to generations of Barbadians as Bussa's Rebellion, a testimony to the perceived transcendent importance of Bussa himself as the major militant leader of the rebel slaves in the actual fightings and as one of the major planners and organisers of the slave revolt.
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The Right Excellent Sarah Ann Gill [1795 - 1866] Her final resting place is very modest, even contrastingly simple, when compared with the monumental role she performed on the religious and social landscape of Barbados. The headstone on her grave (revised in Heritage Year 1988) located in the small cemetery at the back of James Street Chapel reads: Sarah Ann Gill Born62 February 161795 Died February 25 1866 heroine of Methodism in Barbados. The defender of Methodism when its existence was threatened in 1823-1825. was persecuted and prosecuted. Like many whose lives and value to society are not always fully appreciated, the significance of Mrs. Sarah Ann Gill's contribution must be measured in terms of the context of the role played by Methodists at that time.
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That was her chosen faith, hence the focal point of hostility by powerful forces against its challenge to the existing social order. The Gill Memorial Church at Eagle Hall is named after Sarah Ann. A large, wooden structure built in 1893; it was replaced by a new Gill Memorial Church built at Fairfield Road, Black Rock, St. Michael in the late 1980s. Her cowage, perseverance and commitment to religious freedom set Sarah Ann Gill apart, even among the unnumbered fine Christian stewards of her day. In thus discharging her primary duty to God, she undoubtedly endured a standard by which the Barbadian society has been greatly uplifted and enriched.
The Right Excellent Dr. Charles Duncan O'Neal [1879-1936]
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The way for social transformation of Barbados in the early 20th Century was prepared largely by Charles Duncan63 O'Neal, and this he did contrary to accepted norms, for he held high social and professional status. His; father sent him to Edinburgh University in Scotland to study medicine. He gained distinctions in almost all academic areas and a Blue Ribbon in surgery. Although a medical doctor and especially a member of the privileged class, he dedicated most of his working life to the poor. He agitated against deep-seated racism of the 1920s and 1930s which the planter class perpetrated against Blacks in education, religion, at the work place and in housing. O'Neal is also credited with being the politician in Barbados to campaign for improved conditions for women in the workplace. The fact that women held leadership positions in the Democratic League and the Working Men's Association is testimony to the high regard in which he continues to be held. O'Neal's portrait appears on the $10 note while the Charles Duncan O'Neal Bridge in Bridgetown bears his name.
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The Right Excellent Clement Osbourne Payne [19041941] "Educate, agitate, but do not violate!" For most of his life Clement Osbourne Payne 64 conveyed the powerful message of this slogan as he tirelessly advocated the economic wants and political needs of working people in the West Indies. Whether in Trinidad, the land of his birth, or Barbados, his parents' homeland, he sought to educate the masses about their lot in life and urged that they transform themselves into a militant community of workers.
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He is best remembered for four momentous months in 1937 when he struggled to help the poor working population of Barbados to see the importance of coming - together to resist the elite white .Planter class. He held several public meetings in the City and its environs, denouncing the deplorable conditions under which ordinary people were forced to live. These events came under the observation of the Police day and night, and hence Payne was seen as a threat at the first meeting held in the City. On July 22 he was summoned to appear before the City Magistrate to answer to the charge of willfully making a false statement to the Harbour Authorities concerning his birth place. On arrival in the island, he had falsely declared that had been born in Barbados rather than Trinidad. and he was found guilty and ordered to pay 10 pounds forthwith or spend three months in prison. He again appealed. He organized a peaceful march of about 300 and marched to the Governor's house. He was arrested and while others were granted bail, Payne was remanded. Before his dream was realized he was expelled from Barbados on July 26, 1937 but had already sown the seeds of discontent which led to the "14 days of revolutionary upheaval." He pleaded not guilty and the case was adjourned, but when it resumed he did not have legal representation.
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The Right Excellent Samuel Jackman Prescod [1806 - 1871]
Prescod65 abhorred the treatment meted out to Coloureds and Blacks by the planter class and that dehumanizing and debilitating institution known as slavery. Self-taught, he acquired great skill as a writer and speaker. He came to public attention in 1829 at a public meeting to- draw up a petition on Civil Rights. The vote for free coloureds in 1831 was his first victory The Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytechnic was named after this valiant Barbadian who struggled for the upliftment of the down trodden. Prescod died September 26, 1871, at age 65. 65
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The Right Excellent Sir Garfield St. Auburn Sobers He was the fifth of six children born to Shamont and Thelma Sobers66 of Walcott Avenue, Bay Land, St. Michael. Destiny seemed to have chosen him from very early for great things, endowing him with the capacity to play with dexterity almost any sport involving a ball, particularly cricket, football and basketball. He was picked for the West Indies for the final test against the M CC team in Jamaica in 1954. He also captained Nottinghamshire 1968-71. 66
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Sir Garfield was among the first personalities trying to integrate Apartheid countries through sport by coaching black youths and playing in racist Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1969. In 1974 he retired from cricket, after his knee cartilage gave out. In 1975 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in an open air ceremony at the Garrison Savannah
The Right Excellent Sir Hugh Worrell Springer GCMG, KCMG, GCVO, KA, CBE, OBE [1913-1994] Sir Hugh Worrell Springer67, Barbados' third native Governor-General. For six years up to 1990, Sir Hugh held that post, following the death of his predecessor, Sir Deighton Ward. Sir Hugh had a long distinguished academic career.
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In 1931 he won a Barbados Scholarship in Classics from Harrison College. He attained his Bachelor of Arts Degree in 1936 and his Master of Arts Degree in 1944. He studied law at the Inner Temple, London and was called to the Bar in 1938. He served in the capacity of first General Secretary of the Barbados Workers' Union from 1940 to 1947 and Registrar of the newly established University College of the West Indies 1940. He won on the Barbados Progressive League's ticket for St. George. In 1944 Sir Hugh was appointed a member of the Executive Committee of the Barbados Progressive League. He held the responsibility for Education, Legal Department, Agriculture and Fisheries in 1946.Sir Hugh died in 1994
List of Governors-General of Barbados
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30 November 1966,18 May 1967Sir John Montague Stow(1911–1997)68 18 May 1967 9 August 1976 Sir Arleigh Winston Scott(1900–1976)Died in office 9 August 1976 17 November 1976Sir William Douglas(1921–2003)Acting (first time) 17 November 1976,9 January 1984Sir Deighton Lisle Ward(1909–1984)Died in office 10 January 1984,24 February 1984Sir William Douglas (1921–2003)Acting(second time) 24 February 1984,6 June 1990,Sir Hugh Springer(1913–1994) 6 June 1990,19 December 1995,Dame Nita Barrow(1916–1995) Died in office 19 December 1995,1 June 1996,Sir Denys Williams(1929–2014)Acting 1 June 1996, 31 October 2011,Sir Clifford Husbands(1926–) 1 November 2011,30 May 2012Sir Elliott Belgrave(1931–)Acting 30 May 2012,1 June 2012,Sandra Mason(1949–)Acting 1 June 2012, Incumbent, Sir Elliott Belgrave(1931–)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Barbados
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The Right Excellent Sir Frank Leslie Walcott (1916–1998) He served the island's first trade union - the Barbados Workers Union for 5 years. Beginning as an active unionist it 1941, he rose from the status of humble clerk at Lashley's on Swan Street to become assistant to Sir Hugh Springer, the BWU's firs General-Secretary; He succeeded Springer on July 25, 1948. Sir Frank achieved the following: President of the Caribbean Congress of Labour 1960-1963 1966-1969, 19771980. - Member of the Governing Body International Labour Organization - Vice-President Executive Labour Development, Executive Board ICFTU - Member of AIFLD (American Institute for Free Labour Development) Board of Trustees - Chairman, World Employment' Conference. Page 68 of 365
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Chapter 3
Land
Marks
Š 2002
Vol.1 ISBN976-8078-81-2 William Anderson Gittens
Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
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The Water Fountain This Water Fountain Monument69 was erected by the Public Subscription to commemorate the bringing of piped water to the city of Bridgetown on 29th March 1861. It was opened by the acting Governor General Robert Miller Mundy ESQ. July 27, 1865 who accepted custody of this fountain on behalf of the Government of Barbados. To date, Barbadians are enjoying this precious commodity.
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Water Fountain Monument Bridgetown
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The Barbados Coat of Arms Established 1966 The Barbados Coat of Arms70 was presented by Her Majesty the Queen in 1966. The Golden shield of the arms carries two Pride of Barbados flowers (The National Flower) and the Bearded Fig Tree (Fichus Citriofolia) which was common on the island at the time of its settlement. On the other side of the shield are supporters. On the right is a dolphin symbolic of the fishing industry and on the left is a Pelican. There is a helmet and mantlin which is attached to a wreath with an arm and a hand of a Barbadian holding two crossed pieces of sugar cane which is symbolic of the sugar industry above the shield. Mr. Neville Clarke Connell designed the Coat of Arms.
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The Central Bank of Barbados (The Tom Adams Financial Centre) The Central Bank of Barbados (CBB) 71 is the national monetary authority responsible for providing advice to government of Barbados on banking and other financial and monetary matters. The Central Bank of Barbados was established by Act of parliament on 2 May 1972. Prior to the establishment of CBB, Barbados' monetary policies were governed through its membership in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority (ECCA). The Central Bank operates as the banknote issuing authority for Barbadian currency. The name of the Central Bank's building is the Tom Adams Financial Centre, which is an eight-storey building located on Spry Street in Bridgetown. As part of the complex, the ground floor holds the 491-seat theatre/auditorium known as the Frank Collymore Hall. The building was constructed between 1982 and 1983. 71
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The Global Competitiveness Report for 2008-09 ranked the soundness of Barbados's commercial banks as 21st out of 134 global jurisdictions assessed.
The Supreme Court Established in 1731-1732.In 1958 the name changed from Town Hall to Law Courts. The Supreme Court 72 is located in a five-storey reinforced concrete structure of 183,000 square feet (17,000 m2) which includes both civil and criminal courts, together with office accommodation and facilities for judges, juries, attorneys, prisoners, and the public, as well as the Registry and Records offices Supreme Court of Barbados Complex Whitepark Road, St. Michael.
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The new Supreme Court was opened 10/6/2009 and is located where the Barbados Foundry once operated.
The Queen’s Park Theatre This building accommodated the following: General Vaughan, the Commander-in-Chief and the British troops from 1870. In 1905 this building was rebuilt because it was destroyed by a great hurricane. After the building became vacant by the troops who occupied it the Government of Barbados purchased it and the grounds. Queen’s Park was opened in 1909. To date this picturesque landmark, is managed by National Cultural Foundation especially the Queen’s Park Theatre and Queen’s Park Gallery73.
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George Washington House George Washington House74 in Barbados is a historic house where the future first U.S. President George Washington visited, in 1751. During his visit he stayed at the Bush Hill House, which is located at the Garrison Savannah. He was 19 years old at the time, and with his ailing half-brother, Lawrence Washington. In 2011, the property was designated as a UNESCO protected property within the World Heritage Site of Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison area. Coordinates: 13°04′54″N 59°36′22″W Barbados apparently is the only country outside the present United States that George Washington ever visited. In 1997, during an official visit to Barbados with her husband, President William Clinton, First Lady Hillary Clinton unveiled a plaque outside the house that reads: 74
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_House_(Barbados)
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On the occasion of his visit to Barbados this plaque was presented by President William Jefferson Clinton to The Right Honourable Owen S. Arthur, Prime Minister, and to the People of Barbados in a spirit of friendship and goodwill which binds our two countries and in recognition that George Washington, the first President of the United States of America, lived in this house during his visit to this fair country in 1751. The house is owned and maintained by the Barbados National Trust. George Washington, the fifth President of the United States of America visited Barbados in 1751. It is recorded that he was the 1st President of the United States of America that visited Barbados and spent about two months. Importantly, Barbados was the only country he ever visited outside colonial America. To date, Bush Hill House is still in existence and is considered one of Barbados’ Land Marks.
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completed in 1871. It was handed over to the Government 1872. The House of Assembly was established 1639. The British Parliament and the Bermuda House of Assembly were established before The Barbados House Assembly. The House of Assembly of Barbados is third oldest Parliament in World. The House of Assembly was established 1639. The House of Assembly is a name given to the legislature or lower house of a bicameral parliament. Another aspect of this beautiful piece of architecture is the lower house. This entity comprises of one of the two chambers of a bicameral legislature, and the other chamber being the upper house. The House of Assembly comprises of 30 members elected by adult suffrage on the first past-the post system. The Presiding Officer of the House Assembly is the Speaker. The meetings of The House of Assembly are held in The Public Building75. Sittings of both House and Senate are usually held once per month, with other meetings called as necessary. The House sits on Tuesdays beginning at 10:30am, and is broadcast live on the local radio station, CBC Radio 94.7 FM. Sittings of the Senate take place on Wednesdays. The Speaker's chair is a gift from the Government of India to the People of Barbados on attainment of its Independence on November 30, 1966.
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Overlooking Heroes Square in the center of town, these Victorian buildings were constructed around 1870 to house the British Commonwealth's third-oldest parliament (after Britain and Bermuda). A series of stained-glass windows in the East Wing depicts British monarchs from James I to Victoria. The National Heroes Gallery & Museum is located in the West Wing. http://www.fodors.com/world/caribbean/barbados/things-todo/sights/reviews/parliament-buildings-175553
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The Gun Hill Signal Station The Gun Hill signal station located in the parish of St. George was set up as a military outpost from at least 1697. Gun Hill Signal Station76 is strategically perched on a hilltop in the parish of St. George and is one of the six (6) signal stations erected across Barbados after the 1816 Slave Rebellion. This 19th century signal station arguably offers the best views of the entire island of Barbados and contains a captivating collection of military memorabilia. When it was known as Briggs Hill, it was named as one of the four points where guns were to be placed to give alarm in the event of an invasion. Then the area was known as Briggs Hill. When the signal stations were established in 1818 -1819, it was used as one of four points where guns were set up to give alarm in the event of an invasion. This station was central in passing signals from Highgate in the East to Moncrieffe on the cliffs of St. John/St. Phillip border and north to the Cotton Tower, Grenade Hall and Dover Fort and vice versa. It was also used as a convalescent station for the troops. 76
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This building is also considered one of Barbados’ landmarks.
Old Queen’s College Building This building accommodated the Combermere School, The First Combermere Scout Troup and the Queens’ College School77. A Plaque was erected on this building as a memoir to indicate that the first Barbados Combermere Scout Troup was registered 9th March1912. The Scoutmasters were: C.W. Springer, M.A., V.A. Southwell, B.A., Headmaster G.B.R. Burton, M.A. The said Plaque was unveiled by The Hon. Billie Miller, M.P. It was erected to commemorate the location of Combermere School on this site from its establishment in 1695 until December 1943 when it was re sited at Weymouth, Roebuck Street.
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To date, this landmark is the headquarters of the Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Sports renamed Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development and now Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation.
Haron Nelson and Horatio Viscount78. In 1812 this statue was erected in honour of the hero Haron Nelson and Horatio Viscount. The inhabitants of Barbados were responsible for erecting this statue. Haron Nelson served as Vice Admiral of the White K.B., Nelson served the navy as a commander, during his tenure, and he conquered on August 1st, 1801 at Copenhagen and at Trafalgar. However, on the 21st, October 1805 Nelson fell in the moment of victory. This statue was sculptured by Sir Richard Westmacott R.A. 1744-1830.
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Haron Nelson and Horatio Viscount in Bridgetown
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The National Public Library79 The National Library Service of Barbados80 is governed by the Government of Barbados through the Prime Minister’s Office. The main branch and headquarters for the Barbados Library Service is located in the capital city Bridgetown at the old Modern Living Building in Speedbird House, which is situated in the Independence Square area. The Barbados Public Library was originally established in the 1840s and was located on the West Wing of the Parliament Buildings during the earlier part of the 20th century.
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The library has an impressive reference section with a well preserved heritage collection, stored in both print and non-print formats, dating as far back as the 18th century. HISTORY After an Act was passed in 1847 to establish a Public Library and a Museum in Barbados, the Literary Society and the Library Association donated their books to form the first Public Library, which was located in a house in Coleridge Street, known as the 'New Town Hall' and was once owned by William Codd. This location became inadequate for a public library and had to be temporarily relocated to the Public Buildings and eventually to its official home next to the Old Law Courts Building. Also located in historic Bridgetown, is the Old Public Library building at Coleridge Street, which started construction in 1904 and was built of coral stone, featuring English Renaissance architecture. It was officially opened on January 25th 1906 by the then Governor, Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter. This project was made possible through a grant donated by Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish-American philanthropist, with the understanding that it should always be a free library. Due to structural and health issues with this building, the Library had to be closed for two years before re-opening in December 2008 at its new Independence Square location.
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Ragged Point Light House Barbados has four light houses. There are Ragged Point81 in St. Philip, South Point in Christ Church, Needham in St. Michael and Lucy Harrison’s. These lighthouses were set up as beacons of light used to guide ships safely to land, avoiding them from crashing into the rocks of the coastline, or other ships. Though the light houses are no longer in operation, the Ragged Point light house, which was established in 1875, is used as a tourist attraction today. Standing on a 60 foot cliff, and 213 feet above sea level, it once operated as the key point of view from the east of our island. In addition, just off its coast is a small island called Culpepper Island. On a clear day the tourists who visit it can see all the way across the coastline to the most northernly points of the island such as Cove Bay and Pico Tenerife.
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“Solidarity House” This beautiful piece of architecture known as “Solidarity House 82” was used as a plantation house. This building was erected between 1690 and 1705. Sampson Wood was the original owner of this property before he sold it to the following: William Coppin, Judge Nathan Lucas, The Hudson Family and the physicians until the 1930s. Dr.Felix Kerr, a Grenadian doctor-naturalized Barbadian sold it in 1980 to the Barbados Workers Union. This building was renovated extensively, reopened in 1983 and renamed “Solidarity House”.
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The late Sir Frank Walcott, the then General Secretary of the Barbados Workers ‘Union was responsible for the name change.
The Montefiore Monument This Monument 83 , or drinking fountain located in these gardens was presented to the Bridgetown community by John Montefiore in memory of his father John Castello Montefiore who died of cholera in 1854.
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The fountain which was first opened on the 2nd of November 1865 was originally located in Beckwith Place until it was moved to the present location, Coleridge Street in 1940.
The Independence Arch The Independence Arch84 sits at the southern end of Chamberlain Bridge in the capital city of Bridgetown, Barbados and was built in 1987 in recognition of 21 years of independence which was achieved in November 30, 1966. The arch covers the southern end of the Chamberlain Bridge and is directly opposite the Parliament Buildings of Barbados in Bridgetown, the capital city of Barbados. It features the national emblems of the island which are the broken trident which is found on the national flag; the emblems of the coat of arms; the national flower, the Pride of Barbados; the dolphin and the pelican. The national pledge is 84
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inscribed on each column of the arch. Each side of the arch carries a painting of the Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow, late Prime Minister of Barbados and now national hero, who was instrumental in leading the island into full independence in 1966.
St John’s Parish Church 183685 was the year that this St John’s Parish Church was established. Four of the five buildings were destroyed by hurricanes. The present building is a tourist attraction as well as a landmark 85
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The Holetown Monument In 1625, Holetown 86 was the site of initial English claim of Barbados (although Captain Cataline had previously landed to collect water in 1620). The envoy (led by John Powell) was blown off-course from South America to England and took the opportunity to claim the island for the Kingdom of England. Some 86
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personal possessions were left behind and the crew departed Holetown for England. On 17 February 1627 the brother of Captain John Powell (Captain Henry Powell) aboard the "Olive Blossom" returned with his benefactor, Sir William Courteen, a Dutch-born English merchant trader, and fifty other shareholder settlers (and 10 captive negroes). A monument erected to commemorate this first landing on the island erroneously records the date as 1605. Since 1977, the town has also celebrated the Barbados Holetown Festival to commemorate this landing. The name Holetown comes from the stream, The Hole, which provided a safe landing place for the settlers. Also sometimes called Saint James Town, the settlement was, until 1629, the island's only town. Holetown celebrates the founding of the first five plantations in Barbados, the first major fortification, the first place of Justice, and the first Governor's House. The town was also involved in the transatlantic trade with Bristol, London, and Boston, although this last was deemed illegal. After Lord Carlisle gained control of Barbados as a protectorate of The Crown, he decided to found his own settlement in the southern part of the island. Carlisle's move gave way to Bridgetown being settled along Carlisle Bay and a shift of the capital for the island to that location. The Island's oldest church, St. James Parish Church, was erected here in 1628, a year after the first settlers landed. Barbadians celebrate the Holetown Festival February 13 - 20 annually.
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The Cenotaph Monument “To The Glory of God and in lasting memory of Barbadians who fell in the great war” 1914-1918.
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The monument 87 was erected by the legislature of Barbados. The Barbadians who fell in the Great War are remembered annually November 11, on this location.
The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Established 1964 The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH) Barbados' 88 The current hospital building was constructed in 1963-1964, and officially opened on 14 November 1964. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (Q.E.H) is located in Barbados' capital city Bridgetown, in the parish of Saint Michael. It is the country’s premier public healthcare institution, serving the community since 1964 within the heart of the Martindale's Road..... The hospital is 87 88
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equipped to perform most surgeries, and specialised care includes the areas of: gynecology, pediatrics, obstetrics, cardiac surgery, plastic surgery, psychotherapy, radiology, radiography and ophthalmology. The Q.E.H. boasts also of having a series of operating theaters.
The Central Police Station The Central Police Station89 located on Coleridge Street was established in 1861. The Police Magistrates Courts were established between 1905-1906 the Police Barracks were established in 1925. It must also be noted that the Royal Barbados Police Force was established 1834. To date The Royal Barbados Police Force comprises of 21 police stations namely District A, Worthing, Hastings, Black Rock, Deacons, New Orleans, Holetown, Crab Hill, Belleplaine, District D, District E, Haynesville, District B, Boarded Hall, District C ,Airport, Glebe, St. Andrew, Silver Hill
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The Barbados Horticultural Society The Barbados Horticultural Society 90 was formed in 1927 by a group of thirteen horticultural enthusiasts, led by Mr H N Leacock, who was the first President with a Committee to run the Society which format continues to this day. These have always been voluntary workers. The Society was incorporated by an Act of Legislature on April 19th 1928. The Society has won seventeen Gold medals, ten Silver Gilts and one Silver medal. In 1996 the Society was awarded the Holford medal by the Royal Horticultural Society for the Best Amateur Exhibit for the Year in the UK . “Art must be a guide, a leader in the evolution of mankind towards a higher spiritual goal. YEAR 1988
TITLE OF EXHIBIT Flowers and Orchids of Barbados
AWARD WON91 Silver Gilt
1989
Rum Barrels, Cane Bills and Cane
Gold
1990
Coconut and Plaited Leaves Frontage
Silver Gilt
1991
Baskets and Large Heliconia Feature
Gold
1992
Grass Skirts
Gold
1993 1994
The Chattel House Rum Shop
Gold Silver Gilt
1995
The Old Mill
Silver Gilt
1996
Sun, Sea and Sand
Gold
1997
Many Happy Returns
Silver Gilt
1998
Cricket Lovely Cricket
Gold
1999
Reef Garden
Gold
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2000
Flower Market
Gold
2001
Tropical Spectacular
Gold
2002
Tropical Sunset Garden
Gold
2003
Old Plantation Yard
Silver Gilt
2004
Flowers and Fibre of Barbados
Gold
2005
Moonlight 13º North – Barbados
Gold
2006
Go Barbados
Gold
2007
A Touch of Magic
Silver
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This is Barbados – Where else?
Silver Gilt
2009
Beautiful Barbados
Silver Gilt
2010
Sugar Factory Ruins - Reclaimed
Gold
2011
Into the Light
Gold
2012
Summer Holiday
Silver Gilt
2013
Celebrating UNESCO World Heritage
Silver Gilt
2014
Sailor's Valentine Garden
Gold
2015
Gully Adventure
Gold
The Deep Water Harbour The Deep Water Harbour92 was opened on Saturday, May 6, 1961 by Sir Grantley Adams; Prime Minister of the West Indies, Pelican Island was firmly cemented into the new water gateway to Barbados.
Grantley Adams International Airport Grantley Adams International Airport93 (GAIA) (IATA: BGI, ICAO: TBPB) is in Seawell, Christ Church on the island of Barbados. Its former name was Seawell Airport before being dedicated posthumously in honour of the first Premier of Barbados, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams in 1976
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Chapter 4
Established In Barbados ©2016
Vol.1 & Vol.2 ISBN 976-8080-24-8 William Anderson Gittens © 2013 Dip. Com. Arts;B.A. Media Arts Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
First Edition © 2013 All rights reserved. First Edition ©.2002 Second Edition ©.2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner. Typesetting, Layout Design, Illustrations, and Photography: Edited by Arnott Gittens, Magnola Magnola Gittens, William Anderson Gittens, and Stewart and Lynette Russell William Anderson Gittens
Published by William Anderson Gittens Email address devgro@ hotmail.com Tel: 246 2404174 “Thorsby” #1 Philip Drive, Pine Gardens St. Michael Barbados,
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The National Emblems of Barbados
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http://www.barbados.org/anthem.htm Barbados National Pledge I pledge allegiance to my country Barbados and to my flag, To uphold and defend their honour, and by my living to do credit to my nation, wherever I go. The national flag of Barbados is comprised of three equal vertical panels - the centre panel of gold and the outer panels of ultramarine. A broken trident in black is located in the centre of the flag. Blue represents the sea and sky of Barbados, while gold represents the sand of the island's beaches. The symbol at the centre of the flag represents the Trident of the mythical sea god, Neptune - the shaft of the trident is broken symbolising Barbados' break from Britain. The National Flag should be flown every day from the Public Buildings from 6:00am to 6:00pm. It may also be flown daily from government buildings and schools when they are in session, and places of business. The National Flag should not be flown after 6:00pm except inside a building. The National Flag is flown at half-mast in mourning. The decision on the occasions on which the flag should be flown at half-mast rest with the Cabinet (Government). The flag should never be flown with the trident inverted except as a sign of distress. The flag when on display should not be allowed to touch anything beneath it - floors, furniture, trees, plants, buildings, vehicles, water, etc. The Grant of Arms conveyed by royal warrant was presented to the President of the Senate by Her Majesty the Queen in 1966 - the year Barbados gained independence from Britain. The Golden Shield carries two Pride of Barbados flowers (the National Flower) and the Bearded Fig Tree (after which Barbados is named). The shield is supported by a dolphin (symbolic of the fishing industry) and by a pelican (after a small island called Pelican Island which existed off Barbados). Above the shield is a helmet and mantling and above is a hand of a Barbadian holding two crossed pieces of sugarcane (symbolic of the Barbados sugar industry). The cross formed by the cane is a reference to the cross on which St.Andrew was crucified - Barbados' Independence Day is celebrated on November 30th, Saint Andrews Day.
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Barbados National Flower Poinciana96 pulcherrima LINNAEUS References to this flower were recorded as early as 1657. It is a shrub and is often pruned into a low hedge. If untrimmed it grows to a height of 10 to 15 feet. It is a member of the Legume family and can be found in other tropical countries. The Pride of Barbados blooms most of the year; the more common varieties are a fiery red and yellow although other colour variations can be found. The flower has five petals with a yellow margin in a pyramidal inflorescence. Each flower is about 1½ inches across with five sepals. The ten stamens are long and the pistils project from the centre of the flower. Barbados National Coat of Arms97 The grant of arms conveyed by royal warrant was presented by Her Majesty the Queen to the President of the Senate of the island on February 14, 1966 on the occasion of the Royal Visit to Barbados. Prior to this grant of Arms the only other heraldic device was the seal of the colony. It represented the British Sovereign in a shell chariot, drawn by two sea horses through foaming waves. The Golden Shield of the Arms carries two Pride of Barbados flowers (the National Flower) and the Bearded Fig Tree (ficus Citrifolia) which was common on the island at the time of its settlement. On either side of the shield are the supporters-on the right is a dolphin symbolic of the fishing industry and on the 95
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left is a Pelican, after Pelican Island, a small outcrop later incorporated into the Deep Water Harbour development. Above the shield is a helmet and mantling and on a wreath is the arm and hand of a Bajan holding two crossed pieces of sugar cane symbolic of the sugar industry. This is a saltire cross, the cross upon which Saint Andrew was crucified. Independence Day in Barbados is celebrated on November 30, Saint Andrews Day. The Coat of Arms carries the motto "Pride and Industry." Barbados Flag98 The National Flag of Barbados is composed of three vertical panels - the outer panels of ultramarine and the centre panel of gold. A broken trident in black is the centre of the flag. The British standard colour code numbers for the colours of the flag are as follows Ultramarine -- BCC148, Gold --BS0/002. The flag is designed in the proportion 3:2. The description of the flag - Blue for the sea and sky of Barbados; Gold for the sand of its beaches. The symbol in the centre panel is the Trident of the Mythical sea god Neptune. This symbol appears in the Seal of the colony which was replaced by the Barbados Coat of Arms. The shaft of the Trident is broken indicating Barbados' break with its historical and constitutional ties as a former colony The Lyrics of Barbados’99 National Anthem was written by Mr. Irving Burgie and the music was composed by Mr C. Van Roland Edwards and re-arranged by Inspector Prince Cave of the Royal Barbados Police Band. 98
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The Public Building Tower This piece of architecture located at the east end of the Public Building represents the tower and the clock. It has enhanced the landscape of the Parliament Buildings significantly. The Public Building Tower 100 was established and handed over to the Barbados Government in 1874. The Clock Tower was originally located on the east wing, but within ten years of its construction, began to sink and crack and had to be demolished in 1884. During the rebuilding process, the actual clock was stored at Glendairy 100
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Prison, and both the redesigned clock tower and reassembled clock was shifted to the west wing in 1880. The clock was manufactured and designed by John Moore & Sons of Great Britain in the 1870s. During Tropical Storm Tomas in 2010, the clock was damaged and later refurbished by British clockmaker Andrew Hinks and his colleague Brian Perry of the Smith of Derby Group, England.
Cable and Wireless West Indies Ltd. was established 1939 (BARTEL LIME) Cable and Wireless West Indies Ltd. BARTEL/LIME Communications in Barbados refers to the telephony, internet, postal, radio, and television systems of Barbados. Barbados has long been an informational and communications centre in the Caribbean region. Electricity coverage throughout Barbados is good and reliable. Usage is high and provided by a service monopoly, Barbados Light & Power Company Ltd. (a division of Canada-based Emera). The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) call sign prefix allocated for all radio and television broadcasts in Barbados is 8P, and this replaced the former ZN as a British territory. Page 100 of 365
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Barbados has had various forms of Communications101 as early as the 1840s. Some of the earliest expressions of inter-island communication includes a number of signal stations built along the high points of the island to relay acts of transgression towards the island to the Saint Ann's Garrison on the south-west coast. The first telephone network in the country was developed in 1884. As the former British Empire's All Red Line came into existence during the early 1900s, Barbados played an important role as a crucial link in the transAtlantic communications network. By 1935 a hard wired cable-based radio network was later deployed throughout the country to broadcast the Rediffusion service directly from London to homes and business across Barbados. In 2001 the Government of Barbados and the local Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier (ILEC) provider, Cable & Wireless signed a MOU beginning a phased process of liberalisation of the international segment of Barbados' telecommunications sector. The process was aimed at bringing Barbados' sector into compliance with the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The plan outlined the first phase commencing on 1 December 2001 and the entire process ending with full liberalisation being achieved on 1 August 2003. As these target dates were missed, the Phase I process was later commenced on 1 November 2002, with Phase II and III beginning on 16 November 2003 and 21 February 2004 respectively. Full liberalisation was attained in February, 2005, for the international telecommunications services market. Cable and Wireless West Indies Ltd. was established 1939. This entity was once called BARTEL. The name has subsequently changed to (LIME)102 101 102
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Landline Internet Mobile Entertainment Services. 1851 cables were being laid between the English Caribbean and the USA, for use in telegraph services. By 1914 technology had moved on so that telephone calls could be placed via a wireless station in Barbados. This new technology threatened the cable companies who had invested heavily in the laying of cables, and so in 1929 the British Government merged the cable and wireless companies, which then became the Cable & Wireless project in 1934. By 1935 the manual system that operated in Bridgetown, St. Lawrence, Speightstown and St. John was converted to an automatic system, which was housed at a new building in James Street, Bridgetown. During World War II the need for telecommunications increased and so Barbados developed a high frequency radio facility, which became a key radio relay point in global telecommunications. By the late 1960's the demand for telephone service had grown to a point that the automatic exchange in James Street was no longer able to cope and so, on 22nd of October 1968, the then Prime Minister of Barbados, the Right Honorable Errol W. Barrow, officially opened the Windsor Lodge Complex, which is today the head office of Cable & Wireless in Barbados. For further reading regarding the Barbados’ Telecommunication Laws Barbados See Telecommunications Act, 2001 (Cap. 282B)103 http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=209474
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The Barbados Fire Service The Barbados Fire Service104 was first established as a separate entity 1955. Prior to its establishment the Royal Barbados Police Force carried out the services of the Fire Brigade Service. The Barbados Fire Service was first established as a separate entity 1955. Prior to its establishment the Royal Barbados Police Force carried out the services of the Fire Brigade Service. The Barbados Fire Service is a government department under the aegis of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is the sole agency responsible for fire suppression in Barbados. The Fire Service provides the island of Barbados which is approximately 166 square miles, and has an estimated population of 274 000 persons, with fire coverage and emergency response services twenty-four hours a day. In addition to responding to about 2000 emergency requests for assistance annually, the Department provides a number of proactive services, including fire safety inspections, emergency planning (disaster), consultative services and educational programmes for the general public and business community. The Barbados Fire Service has a complement of 246 career (full time) fire officers who are assisted by a civilian staff of 24 persons. The Barbados Fire Service has six strategically-located stations across the island they are in Arch Hall St. Thomas, Weston St. James, Four Roads St. John, Worthing Christ Church, Grantley Adams International Airport, Christ Church and Headquarters Station at Probyn Street, Bridgetown.
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The National Library Service and The Library at the Barbados Museum 2000
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Anthony "Mighty Gabby" Carter Anthony "Mighty Gabby" Carter born 30 March 1948 is a Barbadian singer-songwriter and musician. This iconic artiste is a legendary entertainer who has served his diaspora with resounding success. Mr. Carter is a legendary Barbadian calypsonian, song writer and a Cultural Ambassador for the country. Anthony "Mighty Gabby" Carter has the honour of being the youngest calypsonian to have won the calypso crown in Barbados. This feat was achieved in 1968 at the age of 19. He subsequently won that title again in 1969, 1976, 1985, 1997, 1999, 2000 and 2010. Apart from his singing talent, “Gabby” as he is affectionately called, is also a prolific song writer, having written hundreds of songs, not only for him, but for other young aspiring calypsonians. Anthony "Mighty Gabby" Carter is the youngest calypsonian to win the calypso crown in Barbados at age 19 in 1968 and went on to win the Calypso king title again in 1969, 1976, 1985, 1999, 2000 and again in 2010. Anthony “the Mighty Gabby ” Carter is the youngest calypsonian to win the calypso crown in Barbados at age 19 in 1968 and went on to win the Calypso king title again in 1969, 1976, 1985, 1999, 2000 and again in 2010. Page 104 of 365
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The UWI, ST Augustine, Trinidad And Tobago – During its 2012 round of graduation ceremonies which begin in October and continue through November, The University of the West Indies (UWI) will conferred a total of 20 honorary doctorates included Doctor of Letters Dr. Anthony ‘Gabby’ Carter105 DLitt in 2012.
The Merrymen The Merrymen 106 , sometimes written as The MerryMen, are a popular calypso band from Barbados. They played their first show in 1962 at the Drift Wood Cellar Bar, one of the many bars along "The Gap", reportedly getting only the equivalent of Bds$36 (US$18) for their performance. Their first album, Caribbean Treasure Chest was released in 1962. The Merrymen's107 career spans five decades, from the early 1960s to the 2000s. The Merrymen are still performing as of 2011. At their height they were popular not just throughout the Caribbean, but they had also managed to reach the number one spot on the charts of several European countries. Their trademark sound is an upbeat form of calypso, reminiscent of what was popular in the Caribbean in the late 60's and early 70's, that samples liberally from Latin, funk, tuk, and spouge musical styles. Lead singer Emile Straker's whistling is one of the most distinctive components of their sound, and often serves as the primary focus of the musical interludes in their songs. They have produced several memorable covers in this style, including versions of "Island in the Sun" (originally by Harry Belafonte), "Jamaica Farewell", "Hot Hot Hot" and "Mary's Boy Child". Their biggest hit was "Big Bamboo". 105
http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/ebcci/documents/Newsletter_2012_3.pdf
106
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merrymen
107
Merrymen at Totally Barbados, 2003, retrieved 2007-12-25
Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary definition of "merry": "merry-man "companion or follower of a knight, outlaw, etc." is attested from c.1386."
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In addition to their characteristic sound, they are also known for the distinctive costumes they wear while performing and on their album and promotional photographs. The costumes are inspired by troubadour costumes from the High Middle Ages, a nod to one of the inspirations for their name (which may also refer to 14th century outlaws, or Robin Hood's band of "Merry Men"). The Merrymen have performed for British Royalty on three occasions. Also, they have performed for Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan during their 1982 visit to Barbados. The Merrymen where invited back by the President and First Lady to the White House. The group has shared the stage with Rich Little, Tom Jones, Dusty Springfield, and many others. They have been the highlight at such venues as The O'Keefe Center, Skydome (Rogers Center), Hamilton Place, Royal Albert Hall, Royal Festival Hall, Massey Hall, and many others. Their most notable appearances were at venues such as the Ontario Place Forum where The Merrymen broke and held the attendance record for 20 years and their 1979 performance at the Super Bowl Half Time Show in Miami. On August 24th 2015 Robin Hunte, Tenor Guitarist of The Merrymen died from cancer.
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Barbados Water Authority Established 1846 Barbados Water Authority Limited (BWA), a government statutory corporation, is the sole provider of water services. Water supplied by the BWA in Barbados is pumped from wells within natural coral aquifers. The geology of Barbados is mostly composed of karst limestone which acts as a filter medium within the aquifers. The water service in Barbados is reliable and the water supply is safe and refreshing to drink. Although the water source is naturally of high quality, the BWA treats the potable water supply with chlorine to comply with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. A new a four-storey Barbados Water Authority (BWA) headquarters was being constructed on 80 000 square feet, at Lot F, Pine Commercial Estate opposite the Pine Hill Dairy the Pine in St Michael. The Barbados Water 108Authority (BWA) is a Statutory Body established by an act of Legislature on October 8, 1980 to replace the Waterworks Department of Government. It commenced operations on April 1, 1981. It is the entity in Barbados charged with supplying the island with potable 108
http://barbadoswaterauthority.com/
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water as well as the provision of wastewater treatment and disposal services to the sewered areas of Bridgetown and the South Coast. The Authority is also responsible for the monitoring, assessment, control and protection of the water resources in the public’s interest.
First established in 1973 the Daily Nation. The Telecommunications Act, Cap 282B (also known as the Telecommunications Act) outlines the regulations for the use of telecommunication media in Barbados. The Minister and Commission are both responsible for the regulation of media under this Act. As such, Part VII (32) of the Act states that "the universal service policy of the Government of Barbados is aimed at ensuring that every resident and every business enterprise of Barbados has access to reliable, affordable telecommunications services throughout Barbados on an equitable basis. The above piece of legislation made it possible whereby the Nation Publishing Company Limited (other media houses) to launch its first publication of the Nation newspaper November 23, 1973 from it offices September 23, 1977 the offices of the Nation newspaper were relocated to Fontabelle. The Nation Publishing Company Limited is the publisher of the Nation Page 108 of 365
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Newspaper, which is the dominant daily newspaper in Barbados with a circulation of 31,533 publications daily. The names of the publications vary according to different weekdays. Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays, it is the Daily Nation. Wednesdays it is the Midweek Nation and Fridays the Weekend Nation. On weekends the newspaper is the Saturday Sun and Sunday Sun respectively. The Nation Publishing Company also publishes a weekly youth magazine called Attitude and a visitors' booklet called Explore Barbados. In 2004, a weekly Canadian print version was created, as a joint venture with the Carib-Cana Media Inc. (CCMI) to service a growing clientele in Canada for weekly news from Barbados. The Canadian version was mainly for the expatriate community of Barbados, and others living in Canada to remain up to date on Barbadian current events. The parent company of the Nation Publishing109 Company is One Caribbean Media Limited (OCM) based in the country of Trinidad and Tobago.
Steelpan Between 1838 and 1883, the beating of skin drums was an integral part of Carnival celebrations110. When a ban on all drum-beating was imposed in 1884, Carnival celebrants had to look for an alternative to the skin drum. They turned to bamboo after they discovered that dried bamboo of various diameters produced different sounds, when cut to differing lengths and struck with wooden sticks. Bands that used bamboo to produce music were called Tamboo Bamboo bands and the first report of such a band taking part in Carnival was in 1891. With the passage of time, Tamboo Bamboo 111 bands were integrated into Carnival and flourished until the 1930s. 109
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With an innate sense of rhythm and a burning desire to express this feeling by beating on something other than bamboo and skin drums during Carnival, some poor, Black, skillful Trinidadians turned to metal containers for music in the 1930s. Although there are varying opinions as to when the first sound from beating on metal cans was heard, there is strong evidence that such a sound occurred in 1935 when the Gonzales (Port-of-Spain) Tamboo Bamboo Band hit the road during Carnival with a bass can. As word of this innovation spread, aspiring metal can players all over Trinidad began crafting the bottoms of any metal containers (pans) that they could put their hands on, by pounding and partitioning the flat ends with hammers and steel punches to create different sounds. This art would later come to be known as tuning and the players were called panmen. By 1937, paint cans and cookie tin-cans were being played alongside Tamboo Bamboo bands during Carnival. In 1938, Victor “Toti” Wilson of the Calvary Tamboo Bamboo Band played a paint pan that had four notes tuned to the chimes of the clock at Queen’s Royal College. By 1939, bands comprised of pans only began to form and were called steelbands. They initially took on names from popular American movies and the first two steelbands in the history of Trinidad were Alexander’s Ragtime Band and Hellyard. In 1940, calypso music and the steelband began their long marriage when the Roaring Lion composed a calypso specifically for Alexander’s Ragtime Band. Barbados jumped on the bandwagon a little later and it is popularly accepted that pan was introduced here in 1945 by the late Albert “Shilling” Grannum, a Barbadian who served in Trinidad with the South Caribbean Regiment during the war.
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Bajan culture is syncretic 112 , and the island's musical culture is perceived as a mixture of African and British music’s, with certain unique elements that may derive from indigenous sources. Tension between African and British culture has long been a major element of Bajan history, and has included the banning of certain African-derived practices and black Barbadian parodies of British traditions.113 Simple entertainment is the basis for most Barbadians' participation in music and dance activities, though religious and other functional musics also occur. Barbadian folk culture declined in importance in the 20th century, but then rekindled in the 1970s, when many Barbadians became interested in their national culture and history114 This change was heralded by the arrival of spouge, a popular national genre that reflects Barbadian heritage and African origins; spouge helped kindle a resurgence in national pride, and became viewed as Barbados' answer to the popular Caribbean genres reggae and calypso from Jamaica and Trinidad, respectively. The religious music of the Barbadian Christian churches plays an important role in Barbadian musical identity, especially in urban areas. Many distinctive Barbadian musical and other cultural traditions derive from parodies of Anglican church hymns and British military drills. The British military performed drills to both provide security for the island's population, as well as intimidate slaves115. Modern Barbadian tea meetings, tuk bands, the Landship tradition and many folk songs come from slaves parodying the practices of white authorities. BritishBarbadians used music for cultural and intellectual enrichment and to feel a sense of kinship and connection with the British Isles through the maintenance of British musical forms. Plantation houses featured music as entertainment at balls, dances and other gatherings. For Afro-Barbadians, drum, vocal and dance music was an integral part of everyday life, and songs and performance practices were created for normal, everyday events, as well as special celebrations like Whitsuntide, Christmas, Easter, Landship and Crop Over. These songs remain a part of Barbadian culture and form a rich folk repertoire. 112
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Western classical music is the most socially accepted form of musical expression for Barbadians in Bridgetown, including a variety of vocal music, chamber and orchestral music, and piano and violin. Along with hymns, oratorios, cantatas and other religious music, chamber music of the Western tradition remains an important part of Barbadian music through an integral role in the services of the Anglican Church. Though inhabited prior to the 16th century, little is known about Barbadian music before the arrival of the Portuguese in 1536 and then the English in 1627. The Portuguese left little influence, but English culture and music helped shape the island's heritage. Irish and Scottish settlers emigrated in the 17th century, working in the tobacco industry, bringing still more new music to the island. The middle of the 17th century saw the decline of the tobacco industry and the rise of sugarcane, as well as the introduction of large numbers of African slaves. Brazilian exiles however, along with sugarcane introduced Samba to the island which featured a mixture of Latin music with African influences which soon developed into SocaSamba which is indigenous to Barbados. Modern Barbadian music is thus largely a combination of English and African elements, with Irish, Scottish, and modern American and Caribbean (especially Jamaican) influences as well116. By the 19th century, the Barbadian colonialists grew to fear slave revolts, and specifically, the use of music as a tool of communication and planning for revolution. As a result, the government passed laws to restrict musical activities among slaves. At the same time, American and other forms of imported music were brought to Barbados, while many important elements of modern Barbadian music, like tuk bands, also emerged. In the 20th century, many new styles were imported to Barbados, most influentially including jazz,ska, reggae, calypso and soca. Barbados became home to many performers of these new genres, especially soca and calypso, while the island also produced an indigenous style called spouge, which became an important symbol of Barbadian identity117. Stedson Wiltshire118 whose is also known as Red Plastic Bag / RPB was born in the parish of Saint Philip, Barbados. Stedson’s genres is Calypso, Soca while his 116
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Barbados
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Barbados
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Occupation(s) is a Musician, singer-songwriter. His Instruments are Vocals and he has been active since 1979–present
Of note, Stedson Wiltshire, 119 better known by the sobriquet of Red Plastic Bag, RPB, or merely Bag, is a calypsonian from Barbados. He has won the Barbadian calypso monarch competition a record ten times. Hailing from the eastern, rural Barbadian parish of Saint Philip, RPB became one of few performers from that region in the island to become successful. He carries a large support group of fans that show up to cheer him on from Stand C when he performs against other calypsonians at Barbados National Stadium. Red Plastic Bag began performing in 1979. He combined the sounds of reggae and soca, and has become one of the most popular performers in Barbados and throughout the Caribbean . His biggest hit, "Ragga Ragga", has been recorded in seven different languages. As a result of the finals of Barbados' Pic o' de Crop Competition in August 2007, RPB became the island's calypso king for a record eight times, following a two-year hiatus, and pledged to defend his title in 2008, where he came in second to Adrian Clarke, but came back in 2009 to win again. In 2011 RPB won the title of Sweet Soca Monarch with his song "Once Upon A Wine", a commentary on how Caribbean music and dance has evolved over time. In 2012, Red Plastic Bag won the Pic-o-de-Crop finals for the 10th time singing "I Thank You Calypso”, a tribute to his 30th year in the art form as well as "The Royal Visit".120 In January 2015 RPB, along with fellow Barbados and St. Lucia stars Charles D. Lewis, Wayne “Poonka” Willock, Anderson "Blood" Armstrong, Lennon “Blaze” Prospere and Nicholas Brancker were invited to Berlin, Germany to participate in a cultural exchange project, receiving high accolades from both critics and the general public. 119
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Stedson Wiltshire whose is also known as Red Plastic Bag / RPB was born in the parish of Saint Philip, Barbados. Stedson’s genre is Calypso, Soca while his Occupation(s) is a Musician, singer-songwriter. His Instruments are Vocals and he has been active since 1979–present
List of Calypso Monarchs 1960121 Michael Wilkinson Michael Wilkinson Kensington Oval Uh Coming Up Nil 1961 Louis Sealy Little Barron Kensington Oval Bachelors Beware Nil 1962 Maurice Ashby Mighty Producer Kensington Oval King Dyal 1963 Don Marshall Sir Don Kensington Oval20th Century Husbands Tax Dodgers 1964 Leopold Kirton Mighty Charmer Kensington Oval Death of Kennedy 1965 Don Marshall Sir Don Kensington Oval Granny's Proverbs Dear Mary Bray 1965 Don Marshall Sir Don YMPC The Offence Dear Mary Bray 1966 No Competition 1967 No Competition 1968 Anthony Carter Mighty Gabby YMCA Heart Transplant Family Planning 1969 Anthony Carter Mighty Gabby Globe Cinema 1970 No Competition 1971 No Competition 1972 No Competition 1973 Charles Smith Mighty Romeo YMPC A Land So Dear Pampalam 1974 Edrick Jordan Mighty Dragon Caribbean Pepperpot Muhammad Ali 1975 Don Marshall Sir Don Marine House, Ch.Ch Tom Say Make CARICOM Work 1976 Anthony Carter Mighty Gabby We Place / Barbarees Hill Licks Like Fire 1976 McDonald Blenman Mighty Grynner Culloden Farm / Culloden Rd. Crop Over Bacchanal 1975 Keith Christian Mighty Destroyer Culloden Farm /. Come Together 1977 No Competition Culloden Rd 1978 Keith Christian Mighty Destroyer National Stadium I Man Bitter Message To The People 121
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Calypso_Monarchs_of_Barbados
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1979 Victor Reid Mighty Liar National Stadium She Want Pan Nobody Don’t Like Me 1980 Anthony Blenman Black Pawn National Stadium The Right To Criticise Politician 1981 Charles Smith Mighty Romeo National Stadium Gem Gone Brother Fuzzy 1982 Stedson Wiltshire Red Plastic Bag National Stadium Mr. Harding Sugar Made Us Free 1983 Rained out 1984 Stedson Wiltshire Red Plastic Bag National Stadium Count The Cost Bim 1985 Anthony Carter Gabby National Stadium West Indian Politician Culture
Tourism The early seaside resorts were developed primarily for curative benefits of bathing in the sea and breathing the warm, ozone-laden air. Lawrence Washington (1718–1752) and his younger half-brother George Washington stayed at the Bush Hill House in Barbados in 1751 for two months to treat Lawrence's tuberculosis. According to an Anthropologist, Barbados 122 was referred to as the "sanatorium of the West Indies" in guidebooks because of its fresh water, sea air, and absence of malaria. The Bath Hotel and Spring House123 was built of stone along Bath Stream in 1778 on the island of Nevis. It was the first official hotel to open in the Caribbean. The mineral hot springs and the hotel attracted visitors such as Prince William Henry, Lord Nelson and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The Royal Victorian Hotel in the Bahamas opened in 1861, Crane Beach in Barbados opened in 1887, and the Jamaican Titchfield Hotel was another early one. By 1900, eleven or more steamships had regular routes to Barbados. In the 19th century, wealthy European tourists traveled across the Atlantic during the winter months for weeks or months at a time.
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The Caribbean islands were colonies of European countries, and early tourists went to their nation's colonies. Barbados and Jamaica were visited by the English, Curacao by the Dutch, and Martinique by the French. American tourists traveled to The Bahamas and Cuba. In the 1920s, tourists visited the Caribbean for pleasurable, sunbathing vacations. Sun exposure was considered healthy at that time and tans were a symbol of "spontaneity and sensuality" among the wealthy. Before World War II, more than 100,000 tourists visited the region a year. Tourism became an economically important industry as Caribbean bananas, sugar, and bauxite were no longer competitively priced with the advent of free-trade policies Encouraged by the United Nations and World Bank, many governments in the Caribbean encouraged tourism beginning in the 1950s to boost their thirdworld economies. The Caribbean Tourist Association was founded in 1951.Tax incentives encouraged foreign development of hotels and infrastructure, cultivated by newly formed tourism ministries. Regular non-stop international airplane flights in the 1960s made vacations to the Caribbean more affordable and increased the number of visitors. Visitors from Europe could travel there in eight hours, whereas it used to take three weeks by ship. After World War II, the expanding middle class had more time and money for vacations and travel agencies sold affordable vacation packages to the Caribbean. Friendly native people, a warm climate, very few pests or disease, and natural beauty made it an attractive holiday option. In addition, people could also select islands based upon the language spoken: Spanish, French, Dutch or English. In 1959, 1.3 million people vacationed in the Caribbean, and by 1965 the number of visitors had risen to nearly 4 million per year. Multinational hotel chains124 and tour operators began operating. Tourism became a significant industry by 1985 when 10 million people vacationed on the islands. Islands that had relied on oil production for their revenue, like Trinidad and Tobago, and Aruba, did not vigorously promote tourism
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until revenues from oil declined in the 1990s. In 2007, the number of annual tourists rose to 17 million people.125
Established 1858 Zou-ave Uniform was the ceremonial uniform of the West Indian Regiment The Zouave uniform 126 first came to the attention of the British Military during the Crimea war in which the British, French and Ottoman Empires fought 125
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against the Russian Empire in an effort to prevent the further decline of Ottoman influence in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. However, it was only in 1855, when Queen Victoria was on a state visit to Paris that the notion of the Zouave uniform being adopted and worn by a regiment in the British Army was first tabled. It is believed that Queen Victoria made several sketches of the uniform during her visit to Paris and expressed her desire to see one the regiments in British Army outfitted in a similar uniform. Queen Victoria’s desire came to past as the Zouave uniform was adopted by the Gold Coast Regiment.127 Shortly afterwards the British West India Regiment, in existence since 1796, created to fight Revolutionary and later Napoleonic France and its allies in the Caribbean, were ordered to adopt the Zouave Uniform as its official uniform. The history of the Zouave uniform can be located to North Africa where it was part of the attire of an Algerian ethnic group known as the Zouaoua. This group and their uniform were recruited into the French army in the 1830s during the imperial expansion of France into North Africa. At that time the Zouave uniform was adopted by French European troops. A contemporary account of the uniform described it as ‘a dandified unmilitary and seemingly impractical uniform, it consisted of voluminous trousers, gaiters, a short embroidered jacket and a turban or tasseled cap. It was extremely colourful and, worn with suitable rashness and is very impressive’. The uniform was widely worn and was even adopted by regiments on both sides of the American civil war. The Zouave Uniform was first seen on parade in Barbados at the Garrison in the late nineteenth century and was worn by the 3rd West India Regiment. The Zouave Uniform remained the official uniform of the British West India Regiment until the regiment was disbanded in 1927. However the Band of the Barbados Volunteer Force adopted the uniform in 1927 and it has remained the ceremonial dress of the Barbados Defence Force Band and is worn while on parade events such as Independence Day celebrations at the Garrison128.
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The Zouave Uniform makes the Barbados Museums 80 iconic list because it speaks to a martial heritage of obscure North African origins that became the official attire of Barbados and the Caribbean’s warriors for nearly a century.
Barbados Postal Service 129
British Postal Office established an office in Barbados as early as 1663 in the city of Bridgetown making Barbados one of the countries with the oldest postal services. When the service started it was dependant on regular ships carrrying the mail back and forth between England and the West Indies. Originally a ship would take about 3 to 4 months to return to England as it may have had to make other stops in other islands along the way. Mail was a slow process.
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It was not until the 1745 when a regular monthly service was installed by the British Post Office. Postal markings first appeared in Barbados during the 1760's. The British Post Office was responsible for all mail to Barbados up until 1851. On the September the 7th in 1851 the first postmaster Mr. W,H,Allder was appointed in Barbados at a salary of £300.00 per year. This came after the establishment of an ACT allowing the colony to setup an Inland Post Office. After being in office for a very short time he resigned and Mr. Charles Tinling was appointed to take over. The first set of Barbados Stamps was issue in the same year 1660’s a Packet Agency was set up in Barbados by the Imperial Post Office. This service was maintained between Barbados and England by means of fast sailing vessels call PAC under control of the British Post Office.
The Barbados Advocate was established October 1, 1895 The Advocate ("Barbados Advocate")130 is the second most dominant daily newspaper in the country of Barbados. 130
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First established in 1895, the Advocate is the longest continually published newspaper in the country. Printed in colour, the Advocate covers a wide array of topics including: business, sports, entertainment news, politics, editorials, and special features. In addition the Barbados Advocate also covers investigative journalism, plus local, regional and International news daily. The headquarters for the Barbados Advocate are located to the west of the capital-city Bridgetown, in the Fontabelle, Saint Michael area. The Barbados Advocate came under the ownership of Anthony T. Bryan in the year 2000. This is a significant milestone and achievement as Anthony Bryan is the first black publisher to own the Barbados Advocate since the newspaper began printing in 1895. In 2000, the Barbados Advocate was purchased by Mr. Anthony Bryan. Conversely, with the competition of the media houses especially of the Nation newspaper in 1973, the Advocate has been overtaken in popularity by the Nation news. Be that as it may, the Barbados Advocate is holding its own in this space because it was in circulation for 100 years. This media house is located to the west of the Nation.
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Formal education was introduced in Barbados about 1686 when two St. George planters, John Elliot and Rowland Bulkley donated land and 1000.00 pounds for the venture. This first charity school was established for educating poor white children. Education in Barbados131 is based primarily on the British model. There are presently: 1 infant school, 4 public nursery schools, 71 public primary schools, 2 assisted special schools, 20 registered private schools, 23 public secondary schools, 7 assisted private secondary schools132, 3 tertiary-level institutions UWI Cave Hill, Barbados Community College (BCC) The Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytechnic (SJPP) 1 teachers' training institution 1 central administrative agency 2 departments, namely Audio Visual Aids and School Meals Department the Education Project Implementation Unit In addition, there is 1 public senior school The Audio Visual Aids Department established 1969 Educational Media Resource Centre (EDUTECH) Established 1999
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Barbados
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The Audio Visual Aids Department Established 1969. Renamed the Media Resource Department (MRD) The Mobile Cinema formed part of the Visual Education Unit as it was called in the early Forties. Renamed The Media Resource Department (MRD), formerly known as the Audio Visual Aids Department, is an entity of the Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development133. The department was established by an Act of Parliament in 1969.The concept of revolutionizing teaching methods in Barbados was introduced by the first Director of Education in Barbados, Mr. Howard Hayden in 1945 when he introduced the use of visual aids in the teaching process. These initiatives were undertaken by the department and included the Visual Education Workshop, the Visual Education Library, the Mobile Cinema Unit and the Visual Education Film Unit which came into operation in 1950 and worked in collaboration with the Mobile Cinema which showed all films produced by the Unit. 'Give your child a chance' was the first film produced by the Unit in 1951. The Audio Visual Aids Department was renamed The Media Resource Department in 2008. Another aspect of this entity is the Gordon Corbin Studios, situated at Government Hill, St. Michael. The Media Resource Department (MRD) was using the radio station 91.1 FM to broadcast programmes for primary school students twice a week on Tuesday and Thursday mornings. Children preparing for Caribbean Examination Council certification could listen to the radio station on weekday evenings from 5:00 to 8:00 for information on selected subjects.
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http://mrd.gov.bb/about.php
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THE BARBADOSLIGHT& POWER COMPANY LIMITED Established 17 JUNE, 1911 The Barbados Light & Power Company134 Limited (BL&P Co.) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Light & Power Holdings (LPH) and currently the sole electricity utility provider in the country of Barbados. It started operations in 1911 and has three power generation stations: one located along the Spring Garden Highway, a second at The Garrison and a third located at the Sir Grantley Adams International Airport in Seawell. The company claims it has over 100,000 customers. The fuel provided is natural gas and fuel oil. Power is transmitted at 24 kV, which is then distributed at 11 kV and consumed at 115/200 volts or 115/230 volts (residential), 230/400 volts (commercial), or 11,000–24,900 volts for industry at a frequency of 50 hertz. Electricity rates in Barbados are claimed to be one of the highest in the Caribbean. However, the company is currently in the process of negotiating a direct undersea pipeline of Natural Gas from Trinidad and Tobago through the Eastern Caribbean Gas Pipeline. BL&P is also engaged in a long term study of the feasibility of creating a wind farm off the North coast of Saint Lucy. The Barbados Light & Power Co. is a member of the Saint Lucia based, Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC), and the Solar Electric Power Association (SEPA) based in Washington, DC, USA. 134
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The parent company Light & Power Holdings Ltd. is currently listed on the Barbados Stock Exchange (BSE).
Illustration by William Gittens C.2002
CRICKET... Established 1837 In 1933 the Barbados Cricket Association135 was established by an Act of Parliament. In 1892, the first cricket organisation was formed in Barbados. It was called the Barbados Cricket Challenge Cup Committee. Further, it is important to note that for years Kensington Oval has been accepted as the home to International Cricket in Barbados. In 2005 the Kensington Oval was demolished, renovated, and transformed into ultra-modern stadium. On 17th February 2007 this ultra-modern facility was officially re-opened on for ICC Cricket World Cup 2007. 135
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_Cricket_Association
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The Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation Established 1964 RADIO 900 Establishment 1963
Barbados Rediffusion now Starcom Network Established 1935 Arguably, Radio can be considered as a popular culture in Barbados because of the fact that (a) it is shared by large segments of society (b) it appeals to the populace and (c) it has gained popularity, to the extent that Barbados has 10 radio stations, 2 of these are AM stations while the remaining are FM stations. These stations comprise ofCBC Radio 900 AM HOTT 95.3 FM MIX 96.9 FM Love 104.1 FM or Quality 100.7 FM. BBS, VOICE OF BARBADOS & CITA 90.1FM. The official communications department of the Barbados Government is the Page 126 of 365
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Barbados Government Information Service (BGIS). This entity was established in 1958, and its primary responsibility is to relay public information to news media and the public
Barbados Museum & Historical Society Established 1933 The Barbados Museum136 is located on the environs of the precincts of the Garrison Savannah in the parish of St. Michael. It’s reported that this space was once occupied by the former British Military Prison which subsequently became the Headquarters of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society in 1930. Importantly it must be noted that the prison's top floor was built in 1817 and the bottom floor built in 1853.
Barbados Auto Racing League (BARL)137 BARL was established in 1996, and can be considered the largest ‘exclusive’ membership of any local club. It is the foremost Organising Club of motor racing circuit events at the Bushy Park Circuit in Barbados. Over 100 competitors race annually at the track, with nine groups classified mainly on cubic capacity. The championship usually consists of four to five events annually with three group/class races and a handicap, consisting of the three podium group winners; which defines the race schedule. BARL’s premier event is the International usually held in early September, with an attendance of around 10,000 spectators, the race meet attracts teams from countries including Britain, United States, Canada, Jamaica, Guyana, Cayman Islands to name a few. Motor sport is the single largest spectator sport on the island and across the Caribbean, attracting spectators from all walks of life in Barbados and by extension the Caribbean,
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http://www.barbadospocketguide.com/art-and-culture-in-barbados/barbados-museum.html
http://www.barl.com.bb/?q=content/about
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Europe, South and North America. This spectator base is without a doubt growing larger every year. At any one event the spectator count can exceed 35,000.
St. James Parish Church -1628 the 1st Established Church In 1628 the settlers constructed a wooden building on this site. St. James Parish Church 138 was one of the original six parishes later created under the administration of Sir William Tufton, the sixth Governor of Barbados. After a hurricane on August 31, 1675 which devastated most of the island, a stone structure replaced the former wooden building in the early 1690s. This stone structure was made from coral and limestone from which this non-volcanic island is made. Another violent hurricane struck in 1780 and according to Robert Hermann Schomburgk's History of Barbados only two churches and one chapel remained; St. Andrew, St. Peter and All Saints. There is no specific record of what happened to St. James in the storms of 1675 and 1780 but after the hurricane of 1831 St. James was not among the churches listed as having been destroyed. Schomburgk states that in 1846 at the time of his writing this book, the building was 54' X 40' in size with a seating capacity of 550 and a congregation of approximately '360 souls'. After nearly 200 years the walls of the original stone building began to 138
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Church,_Barbados
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decay and were partly demolished and replaced by a larger, more substantial structure in 1874. In 1874, the nave roof was raised on new pillars and arches. The enlarged building was consecrated by Bishop Mitchinson on Easter Tuesday, 1875. Except for the sanctuary and north porch, added in 1900s, this is substantially the building still in use today. In the southern porch of the church is a bell with the inscription - "God bless King William, 1696". This bell pre-dates the famous American Liberty bell by 54 years. Presently there are several churches of varying denominations established across Barbados; these comprises of Anglican, Baha'i ,Baptist ,Buddhist, Christian Science ,Evangelical, Hinduism, Islamic, Jehovah's Witness, Judaism ,Methodist, Moravian, Pentecostal, Roman Catholicism, Seventh Day Adventists, Spiritual Baptist ,The Church of Jesus of Sir Garfield’s Christ of Latter - day Saints, The Salvation Army ,Wesleyan ,Wesleyan Holiness Church, Abundant Life Assembly Apostolic Church, Church of God of Prophecy Church of the Nazarene, and the New Testament Church of God.
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Protocol IV 139 was implemented for the period 2001-2004. Consultation through bipartite and tripartite social dialogue has its origins prior to the signing of the tripartite protocols in the 1990s. The intent of this agreement was to create a modern efficient economy, able to achieve sustainable economic growth. It sought to facilitate increased employment and to establish equilibrium between prices and incomes. It further sought to create a society which enjoyed a greater degree of inclusiveness in all facets; and to distribute equitably the benefits of economic growth. Witnessing the signing of the Protocol IV was L-R Sir Roy Trotman, Chairman of the CT Sub. The Rt. Hon. Owen S. Arthur Prime Minister of Barbados, and Sir Allan Field Chairman of Private Sector and Cabinet Members and the Coalition witnessed the signing. In the rear L-R The Hon. Glyne Murray, Mr. Sylvester Welch, The Hon. Gline Clarke, Senator Tyrone Barker, The Hon. Rommel Marshall, The Hon. Rawle Eastmond, Mrs. Edla Lowe, and Mr. Alwyn Adams. This event was part of the Barbados Workers union May Day celebrations May 1, 2002. Barbados Workers' Union the Congress of Trade Unions140 and Staff Associations of Barbados is a national trade union centre. Affiliated unions include: the National Union of Public Workers, Barbados Workers' Union, Barbados Secondary Teachers Union, Barbados Union of Teachers, Barbados Association of Principals of Public Secondary Schools, Police Association, Prison Officers, Fire Officers Association, Barbados Registered Nurses Association and the Sugar Industry Supervisors Association. Former Barbados Workers’ Union141 Deputy General Secretary Toni Moore was the first female elected to the office of General Secretary, after Senator Sir Roy Trotman had retired from the same after 22 of the 43years142. 139
Interviewed Sir Roy Trotman, Chairman of the CT Sub 2002
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Trade_Unions_and_Staff_Associations_of_Barbados
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142
http://bwu-bb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=127:sir-roy-trotman-departs-as-toni-moore-becomes-thenew-bwu-general-secretary&catid=10:articles Caswell Franklyn is the President of the new trade union namely the Unity Workers Union (UWU)
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Caswell Franklyn is the President of the new trade union namely the Unity Workers Union (UWU)
The World Heritage Committee granted an official inscription at its 35th session at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, in June 2011. On July 5, 2011, Barbados was officially acknowledged as a Heritage site and the following are now included on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site list. -Arlington House Museum, Barbados Military Cemetery, Barbados Museum, Blackmans Bridge, Bridgetown, Bridgetown Jewish Synagogue, Codrington College, Cotton Tower Signal Station, Fisherpond Plantation House, George Washington House, Grenade Hall Forest & Signal Station, Heron Bay, Holetown, Illaro Court, Jewish Museum (Nidhe Isreal Museum), Main Guard House at Garrison Savannah, Morgan Lewis Mill, Needhams Point Lighthouse, Oistins, Parliament Buildings, Ragged Point Lighthouse, Speightstown, Springvale Eco-Heritage Museum, St. James Parish Church, Page 131 of 365
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St. Nicholas Abbey, Sunbury Plantation House and Tyrol Cot. The island's oldest great house (circa 1650) was named after the original British owner's hometown, St. Nicholas 143 Parish near Bristol, and Bath Abbey nearby. Its stone-and-wood architecture makes it one of only three original Jacobean-style houses still standing in the Western Hemisphere. It has Dutch gables, finials of coral stone, and beautiful grounds that include an "avenue" of mahogany trees, a "gully" filled with tropical trees and plantings, formal gardens, and an old sugar mill. The first floor, fully furnished with period furniture and portraits of family members, is open to the public. A fascinating home movie, shot by a previous owner's father, records Bajan life in the 1930s. Behind the great house is a rum distillery with a 19th-century steam press; cane grinding occurs Wednesdays and Thursdays February through mid-May. Visitors can purchase artisanal plantation rum, browse the gift shop's traditional Barbadian products, and enjoy light refreshments at the Terrace CafĂŠ.
(BMA) The Barbados Manufacturers ‘Association (BMA) was established in 144
1964
The Barbados Small Business Association (BSBA)145 is the island's non-governmental, non-profit representative body for micro, small and medium enterprises. The organisation was registered as company no. 3508, and incorporated on March 31, 1982. 143
http://www.fodors.com/world/caribbean/barbados/things-to-do/sights/reviews/st-nicholas-abbey-94224
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http://www.totallybarbados.com/barbados/Business/Economy/Manufacturing/ http://cfa-international.org/NGO%20directory/DFA-270.htm
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The company was re-established in 1993 following a dormant period during the mid-1980s, and officially opened its Secretariat in December 1995. The BSBA seeks to expand business opportunities for its members, provide education & development services and lobby to ensure an enabling environment for the growth and sustainability of the SME sector. The BSBA also explores business financing possibilities for its members. The board of directors is headed by the president, Mrs. Celeste Foster. The Small Business Venture Capital Inc. (SBVCI) was incorporated in 1997 and is registered as company #11740 under the laws of Barbados. The company was capitalized using US $1 million dollars donated to the BSBA by the Government of Barbados. The SBVCI makes equity finance available to qualifying businesses. The SBA Enterprise Inc. (SBAEI) was incorporated in 1998 and is registered as company #15750. The company was established to assist BSBA members to develop commercial opportunities and to increase their revenue streams. SBAEI facilitates joint tendering on contracts, the development of marketing & promotion programmes for the BSBA's sectoral groups, and the generation of commercial projects to be outsourced to BSBA members. Barbados 146 is renowned for being a reputable jurisdiction for secure investment. It is a mature and increasingly sophisticated international business and financial services domicile, offering the professionalism and high level of management necessary to sustain its development. The country has consistently placed highly in the United Nations Human Development Index (“HDI�) ranking 1st in Latin America and the Caribbean and 38th Worldwide in the 2013 survey. 146
http://businessbarbados.com/investor-guide/establishing-a-business/
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The HDI provides a composite measure of three dimensions of human development: living a long and healthy life, being educated and having a descent standard of living. Furthermore, Barbados enjoys a high literacy rate and is very proud of its human capital which includes highly qualified and experienced professionals. Barbados is the only CARICOM country that made the top 50 list of the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitive Report of 2013 – 2014. Barbados 147 has a network or of relations with 103 countries around the world, though principal relations are with the following countries. Principal relations by region. Americas: Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Uruguay, Venezuela Eurasia: Austria, Australia, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, South Korea, The United Kingdom Middle East: Israel, Iran and Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates
Barbados: Economy Economy GNI: US$4.2bn GNI PC: US$15,172 GDP Growth: 0.80% p.a. 2009–12 Inflation: 5.0% p.a. 2009–13 Barbados 148 has an exceptionally high ‘quality of life’ rating for a developing country. The economy, formerly a sugar monoculture, was developed over three decades to achieve a balance of growth and social development, and diversified into three main sectors: services, light industry and sugar. An offshore
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financial services sector, launched in 1985, has become the country’s second biggest source of foreign exchange after tourism. Despite its economic success, Barbados experienced little growth in the 1980s and a recession in the early 1990s, when sugar and tourism earnings slumped. It had to call on the IMF for economic adjustment support and the government introduced economic austerity measures. By 1993 the economy was recovering and it continued to grow well throughout the 1990s, driven by tourism and construction. Action against drug-trafficking since the 1990s has made security and defence a significant item of expenditure. With a small and open economy Barbados lacks scope for further diversification and remains vulnerable to economic downturn in its trade partners. After 2000 the economy went into recession due to the downturn in the USA and Europe and resulting falls in tourist numbers. It picked up in 2003 and grew steadily until 2008 when the world economic downturn again caused a sharp fall in tourism and pushed the economy into reverse. After a sharp recession in 2009 when GDP fell by 4.1 per cent, the economy hardly grew at all in 2010–14.- See more at: http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/barbados/economy#sthash.50Fjfrrh.dpuf
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Chapter 5
Monuments
Š 2013
Vol.1 ISBN 976-8080-22-1
William Anderson Gittens CEO Managing Director, Author Dip. Com. Arts;B.A. Media Arts Post Masters Works In Cultural Studies, Publisher All rights reserved.
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Foreword
Monuments are part of the Barbadian Cultural Landscape... ISBN 976-8080-22-1
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Possession of the Island
1600-1905 erected by the inhabitants of Barbados149 on the 30th November 1905 in commemoration of the first taking possession of the island by the Englishmen who erected across at or near this spot as a mark of such possession about the month of July 1605. Location: Spring Garden Highway on the playing field between Dacosta Mannings Inc. and Courts Barbados Ltd. Saint Michael.
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Possession of the Island Spring Garden Highway
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Blast of StormThe statue Blast of Storm150 was erected at the Garrison Savannah Bridgetown St. Michael to commemorate the first Barbadian Thoroughbred racehorse (foaled 1996 in Ireland) who was the first horse to win three consecutive running’s of the Barbados Gold Cup. This horse was trained by William C. Marshall for owner Lady Sally Arbib, Blast of storm was ridden by Jono Jones in all three of his Gold Cup wins. A life-size bronze statue of Blast of Storm now graces the infield opposite the finishing line.
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Sir Grantley Herbert Adams Q.C., CMG.
1898-1971 Leader of the Government and the Premier of Barbados 19461958 Prime Minister of the West Indies, 1958-1952. Location: Government Headquarters Bay Street, Saint Michael. 151
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See statue at Government Headquarters Bay Street, Saint Michael .
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Lawrence Neville Johnson This Roundabout152 was officially opened by the Honourable George Payne, Minister of Public Works, Transport and Housing on November, 1996, and dedicated in honour of the late Lawrence Neville Johnson community developer and social commentator. Location: Saint Thomas.
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See statue Lawrence Neville Johnson located in St. Thomas
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The Under Named Officers and Soldiers of the Royal York Rangers To the memory 153 of the under named officers and soldiers of the Royal York Rangers who fell in action in the army commanded by Lieut. Gen. Sir George Beckwith, K.B. at the reduction of the French Colonies of Martinique, the Saintes and Guadaloupe in 1809-1910. Location: Opposite the Barbados Museum Saint Michael.
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See statue Opposite the Barbados Museum Saint Michael.
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Henry Wilkinson carved out from the Coral rock, a Lion. At Gun Hill Signal Station154, you will find a 10ft high Lion, which was carved by Captain Henry Wilkinson an officer at Gun Hill Signal Station in 1868 from one single rock. Henry Wilkinson carved out from the coral rock, a Lion. He was the captain in the 9th Regiment of Foot. This monument was erected during the 18th century. Location: Gun Hill, Saint George. 154
Statue located at Gun Hill Signal Station
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Remains Near this spot rest the Remains 155 of fourteen Soldiers and one Married Woman of the 36th Regiment who were killed. August 11th 1801. Location: the Garrison Savannah, Saint Michael.
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See statue of Remains
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Farley Hill National Park Monument was erected during the period 1966. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth 11 officially opened the Farley Hill National Park on Tuesday, 15 February 1966. Location: Saint Peter. 156
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See Monument of Farley Hill National Park
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Boabab Tree There is some speculation regarding whether the Boabab tree was brought to Barbados 250 years ago from Africa, or whether it is 1,000 years157 old. It is believed that the seed from this tree floated across the Atlantic and grew on the edge of a lagoon. The point which must be underscored Boabab Adonsonia Digitata is the largest and oldest tree in Barbados. This tree is approximately one thousand years old. It is 90 feet (28m) tall with a girth of 81 feet (25m) The Boabab Tree originated in Guinea West Africa can be found in Queens Park to the rear of the Spartan Cricket Club. Another Boabab Tree with a girth of 44.5 feet (13.6cm.) It is also known- as bread� In tree September. 2010 the Barbados Government has constructed in Warrens Tower two Boabab Adonsonia Digitata is the largest and oldest tree in Barbados. This tree is approximately one thousand years old. 157
http://www.barbadospocketguide.com/our-island-barbados/plants/trees/baobab-tree.html
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LLOYD C.WILSON FOUNDATION Lloyd Wilson Foundation158 was erected to perpetuate the memory of the fourteen people who were killed during the 1937 Riot on this island and others who were given more severe sentences of imprisonment in history for taking part in this riot. The riot took place July 1937.“ We Will Remember Them”. Location: Callenders Road, Christ Church.
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See the Lloyd C.Wilson Foundation
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Florea Insula Fountain Barbados Florea Insula Fountain 159 Barbados was designed and presented by Lady Carter to Queens Park 10 June 1900 Location: Queens Park, St. Michael opposite the Spartan Cricket Club.
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See Florea Insula Fountain in Queens Park
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Statue of Rt.Excellent Errol Walton Barrow Unveiled on January 21, 2007, this statue160 was erected in memory of the first Prime Minister of an independent nation Barbados. Location: Independence Square. Of note it was within the environs of the said location that the Government of Barbados launched the official celebrations marking the 50th anniversary of Independence in Independence Square, The City January 6 2015
160
See statue of Rt.Excellent Errol Walton Barrow Independence Square
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Rt. Excellent Sir Frank Walcott. A., OBE., LLD. Statue At the NIS Building, just off Collymore Rock you will find a bronze statue to Rt. Excellent Sir Frank Walcott. A., OBE., LLD161. This statue was unveiled by the Prime Minister the Rt. Hon. Owen S. Arthur and Lady Pauline Walcott on April 28, 2003 in recognition of the sterling contribution to the Labour Movement in Barbados. Location: NIS Building, just off Collymore Rock St.Michael.
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bronze statue
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The Rt. Excellent Sir Garfield Sobers National Hero Statue The Rt. Excellent Sir Garfield Sobers National Hero 162 and the Prime Minister of Barbados The Rt. Honourable Owen S/Arthur on Sunday April 28, 2002 National Heroes Day in recognition of Sir Garfield’s invaluable contribution to cricket and sport in general in Barbados the Region and the World. Location Kensington Oval St. Michael
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Location Kensington Oval St.Michael
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.
The Batts Rock Beach Facility Statue The statue titled the Batts Rock Beach Facility 163 was presented to the Government of Barbados and opened by the Honourable Elizabeth Thompson, the Minister of Health and the Environment on Saturday, January18, 1997. This facility was developed by the Rotary Club of Barbados West in Association with the National Conservation Commission and with the Assistance of other Civic and Commercial Organisations and Individuals. Location: Batts Rock Beach, St.James 163
Batts Rock Beach, St.James
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Chapter 6
Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
ISBN 976-8079-28-2
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Foreword
Children generally love art especially things cultural and they use this medium to express themselves. “Colour Me� was produced for nostalgia purposes. William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
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LOOKING THROUGH THE WIINDOW164
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William Anderson Gittens CEO Author Media Arts Specialist 2000
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FAMILY TIME165
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CUTTING CANE166
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What are Primary Colours? The primary colours 167 used in painting are a pinkish red called magenta, a blue called cyan and yellow. With these 3 colours and white it is possible to mix most other colours needed when painting a picture. White is not a colour and is often used to tint colours, for example, mixing it with red to make a pale pink.
Tertiary Colours Mixing all three primary colours creates a tertiary colour, which tend to be earthy tones. Brown’s and khaki’s are examples of tertiary colours mixed with different proportions of primary colours. Black can also be made by mixing equal amounts of red, yellow and blue.
Primary Colours of Light Mixing coloured light is quite different to paint. Your television will make up all the colours you see on the screen by mixing red, blue and green light.
Secondary colours A colour created by mixing two primary colours is called a secondary colour. Green is an example of a secondary colour, which is made by mixing yellow and blue. It’s important to remember that to create secondary colours you need to start with true primary colours.
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source Site design by ttdesign.com
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Making a nice bright green with yellow and a royal blue is impossible as the royal blue also contains some red, so you will be trying to make a secondary green with three colours.
PLAYING A GUITAR168
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CRICKET169 169
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VARIOUS ACTIVITIES170 170
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GARDENING171 171
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TRANSPORTING COCONUTS172 172
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173 174
The Ministry1of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Water Resource Management has advised that a new sea egg closed season will commence on Sunday, November 1, 2015. This means those who wish to harvest sea eggs have just the month of October to legally collect the local delicacy from Thursday, October 1 to Saturday, October 31. Harvesters must also be registered and licensed by the Chief Fisheries Officer of the Fisheries Division of the Ministry. The licence to harvest sea eggs will only be valid during the open season. During the "closed season" any person found marketing or diving for sea eggs is guilty of an offense and is liable to a fine not exceeding $50,000.00 or imprisonment for a term of two (2) years or both.
TRANSPORTING SEA EGGS IN THE BOAT 175
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Tripneustes ventricosus, commonly called the West Indian sea egg, is a species of sea urchin. It is common in the Caribbean Sea, the Bahamas and Florida and may be found at depths of less than 10 metres (33 ft). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripneustes_ventricosus 174
http://www.barbadospocketguide.com/eat-and-drink-in-barbados/bajan-food-and-drinks/sea-eggs.html
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HANGING OUT CLOTHES177 175 176
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William Anderson Gittens CEO Author Media Arts Specialist 2000
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PICKING COCONUTS178 178
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DIVING SEA EGGS179 The Ministry1of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Water Resource Management has advised that a new sea egg closed season will commence on Sunday, November 1, 2015. This means those who wish to harvest sea eggs have just the month of October to legally collect the local delicacy from Thursday, October 1 to Saturday, October 31. Harvesters must also be registered and licensed by the Chief Fisheries Officer of the Fisheries Division of the Ministry. The licence to harvest sea eggs will only be valid during the open season. During the "closed season" any person found marketing or diving for sea eggs is guilty of an offense and is liable to a fine not exceeding $50,000.00 or imprisonment for a term of two (2) years or both. 179
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CARPENTER BUILDING A PROJECT180 180
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PROFESSIONALS IN BARBADOS181 181
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MILKING A COW182
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SHELLING SEA EGGS183
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FEEDING THE LIVE STOCKS184 184
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Chapter 7
CEO, Author, Cultural Practitioner,, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher 2000
ISBN 976-8079-27-4
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FOREWORD This Book was produced as a result of critical exposure in the study of Miseen-scene (staging an action). The aesthetics awareness of Images within the Landscape of Barbados and the artistry of the architects. Mise-en-scene is a French word which basically means composing a scene.
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The building, which houses the Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Sports Complex name, changed twice the Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development and now Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (Dame Elsie Payne Complex) located at Constitution Road, St. Michael is aesthetically pleasing.
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The architects who conceptualized this piece must be commended because it is great artistry. These surroundings are rich in colour, dominated by green lush lawns, flanked by trees of various origins, supplemented with walkways, and layers of brick tiles, which decorate and cover the roof.
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Perhaps the artisan may have been thinking about the concept Mise- enscene, which means staging an action. (Mise – en – scene includes those of film that overlap with art of theatre: Setting, and Lighting, Costume, and Behavior, of Figures.) But the two aspects of Mise-en-scene, which shall be taken out of context and addressed in a Philosophical manner, are: Setting and Lighting.
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Throughout this process, realism is an integral factor of Mise-en -scene and should take precedence. The Elsie Payne Complex, which now occupies the said locale as the Old Queens College School.
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In this kind of setting the architects is similar to the film producer because the model design controls the setting in many ways.
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Sometimes in the day and the night respectively, lighting whether artificial or natural, animates the building thus providing shapes to the building and objects and creating highlights and shadows, because of the position of the light, and because of its exactness and the way it falls on the subject.
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The buildings’ appeal is aesthetic and can cause viewers eyes to focus upon a key aspect, while a shadow may conceal a detail or present a dramatic effect. The light creates articulation of textures, simultaneously creating soft edges, the rough grain on the body of the trees, and the sharp edges of the grass blades.
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A view from the balcony of the Planning Development and Research Department and Testing and Measurement Department shows the Audio Visual Aids Department now Media Resource Department .
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This Complex has a great Legacy and heritage, which should be treasured. Queens’ College185 was once housed at this locale. 185
Queen's College was established as a result of the recommendation of an Education Commission whose report suggested that Barbados required a first grade school for girls similar to that in the top educational institutions in Great Britain.
The school commenced operation at Constitution Road (Bridgetown) on January 29, 1883 with thirty-three female students. Their ages ranged from three to nineteen. The school was managed by a Board of Governors and the first Headmistress was an Englishwoman, Miss Helen Veich-Brown. The school roll steadily increased and in 1946, the place of Queen's College as an institution of academic excellence was firmly established when Elsie Pligrim became the first female in Barbados to be awarded the prestigious Barbados Government Scholarship. In 1970, Elsie Payne (nĂŠe Pilgrim) became the first Barbadian Headmistress, and during her tenure of office, co-education was introduced, when thirty eight first form boys entered the school (1980). After Dame Elsie Payne's retirement, Mrs. Colleen Winter-Brathwaite was appointed Headmistress of the school in 1985. She was followed
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One of the ways in which the architect sought to control the setting was to design and to erect an aesthetically pleasing but functional piece of architecture. This section houses the reception and other offices.
by Mrs. Coreen Kennedy in 1997. The school's first headmaster, Dr. David Browne, was appointed in July, 2008. In 2003, a Continuing Education Programme was introduced after school. This catered to adults who wanted to upgrade their qualifications. Queen's College existed as an all-girls school until 1981 when it became a co-educational secondary school. Queen's College was relocated from Constitution Road to its present site in Husbands, St. James in 1990. It is a multi-racial school with students drawn from a wide cross section of the Barbadian community. The school offers secondary education to approximately one thousand students. It comprises of eleven departments in which approximately thirty three subject areas are taught. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_College_(Barbados)
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The photographer’s eye is always keen and this scene captures the effect of light and shade that leads into the shot186.
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The scene depicts one of the entrances to MRD
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Most importantly, one should note that the locale may be considered as wise and appropriate because the colours support and complement the landscape 187 , which is lush green and can be perceived as animated by such aspects as the sunlight, the people, the birds and the traffic.
187
The scene is located the administration garages downstairs
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Lighting creates mood for the atmosphere, affecting the building’s shape and texture on this locale. At times frontal lighting can be seen on the building, at the same time eliminating shadows, while backlighting creates silhouettes. In this context it is important to note that Barbados’ architecture was influenced by the mother country Britain. Case in point, most of the historic buildings are still standing. In addition to traditional wood and stone, coral was also used in construction, lending a unique Barbadian flair. Jacobean, Georgian 188 , and Victorian styles dominate. But slaves constructed many of these buildings, as well as their own chattel houses, so they were an integral part of the island's architectural legacy. Built of wood, chattel houses were set atop blocks instead of permanent foundations so they could be easily moved from place to place. The vivid colour of these chattel houses shows the West African influence.
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Perhaps we can agree that Mise-en-scene is evident at the Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Sports name changed twice to Ministry of Education, and Human Resource Development and now Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation. copyright 2001
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Chapter 8
ISBN 976-8080-59-0 William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner/Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
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Foreword Communication can only be effective, when the receiver listens and is able to understand and interpret what was said...Š2003
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Saturday Will was cleaning his parent’s car when Lyn passed by. Lyn: Hi! Will, what’s up? Will: As you can see I am cleaning this car. Lyn: Anyway I am attending the School Fair Saturday, but I need your support, are you coming? Will: I’ll get back to you. Page 191 of 365
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The next day, Will met Vere on Swan Street. Will: What’s up Vere? Vere: Cool buddy. Will: Lyn is going to the School Fair Saturday? Vere: Oh, what she knows about the School Fair?
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The same day Vere met Lisa along Constitution Road. Vere: Are you aware that Lyn is playing Mas? She needs your support. Lisa: (with a smirk on her face) How? Vere: I am not sure.
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Market Rose was in the Fairchild Street Market purchasing vegetables when she saw Mike. Mike was helping his granny set up her fruit tray. Rose: Mike, is it true that Lyn is going to School Fair? Mike: I don’t know but I will enquire.
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Cutting Hedges The next day when Mike was cutting the hedges Cheryl rode pass on her bicycle. Cheryl: Mike are you going to the School Fair Saturday? Lyn invited us and is asking for support. Mike: What kind of support? Cheryl: I don’t know.
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Fair Sometime later that same day Lyn saw Ron sitting in his father’s car. She approached him. Lyn: Ron I would like a favour. I would like you to support the school at its Fair Saturday. Ron: Lyn I am so busy. Page 196 of 365
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Lyn: To show solidarity with the school, support is essential.
Ron: Lyn let’s be realistic, you know I am a shy person but I will think about it.
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Reading Not too far from where Ron was sitting in his father’s car, Christopher was sitting reading something about Crop Over. Lyn: Good Morning Chrissie! What’s up? Christopher: Morning Lyn, can’t you see I am reading. Lyn decided not to say another word since she recognised that he was not so friendly, so she travelled on.
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Public Library Lyn walked over to Independence Square where she met Mary waiting for her mother outside the Public Library. Lyn: Hi Mary what are you doing on Saturday? I would like you to support the school. Mary: I am not good at support but I will get back to you. Page 199 of 365
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CSME Mary: I have to research the topic C.S.M.E. and Globalisation for school. Lyn: C.S.M.E. CSME means (Caribbean Single Market and Economy)
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Playing Pan Later, Lyn walked across the street to the Montefiore Fountain to purchase a snow-cone when she met Paul. Lyn: Paul, I am desperately in need of support. Paul: What support Lyn? Lyn: I would like you to support the School Fair. Paul: I don’t know because I usually practice playing steel pan on Saturdays and I am now waiting for transportation to go and practice at the National Cultural Foundation.
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Concert Lyn walked leisurely along Pinfold Street over to Roebuck Street and on to Church Village. At Church Village Lyn met Reesha outside the Frank Collymore Hall waiting to attend a concert. Lyn: Hi Reesha, how are you? Would you like to attend the School Fair Saturday? I need your support. Reesha: Why do you need my support? Lyn: Because the school needs the same.
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.
Frank Collymore Hall Reesha: I heard you are playing Mas but with whom, and what you know about Mas? Before Lyn could respond Reesha had begun walking up the steps of the Frank Collymore Hall because it was time for the show to begin.
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ZR Bus Terminal Lyn went over to the ZR Bus Terminal where she meets Steve. Lyn: Steve I want to share a something with you. Steve: What do you want? Lyn: Steve a word of caution are you aware The Ministry of Transport & Works of Barbados189 oversees the affairs of the nation's roads, highways, and the public transport system. Public transport services in Barbados include buses, taxis, share taxis (Called "ZRs"), and car rentals. Typical ZR-van with markings indicating that it serves the number 11 route. Old Barbados Transport Board bus in Bridgetown.
189
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It is also important to note that the board started as an organization on 24 August 1955190 and has operated ever since. There are currently two hundred buses in use around the island. There are two types of buses, large blue buses and yellow buses. The usually larger blue buses are government-operated by the Barbados Transport Board and charge the same fee as the other services ($2.00 BDS). Adults have to pay the fee, but the public bus is free for all children in school uniforms, students with an institution ID that are under the age of eighteen and senior citizens. Unlike other transportation, Public government buses run on an exact fare system and are unable to give change. Lyn: Steve there are also privately operated Minibuses that are yellow with a blue stripe. They operate mainly on the west and south coastline. The most popular routes are Bridgetown–Speightstown and Bridgetown–Sam Lord's Castle. They charge $2.00 and are able to give change.
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Crying Steve: I hear that you are playing Mas, but I do not know if I can come. Lyn: Why Steve? He did not say another word but began sobbing. Lyn: What is wrong? Steve? I lose my wallet. Steve look dejected as he walked away looking for his wallet.
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Relaxing At this stage, Lyn had begun to experience some frustration, but remained calm. However she was still optimistic when she met Terry. Lyn: Hi Terry what’s up? Terry: I am just here relaxing. Lyn: I want to share a surprise with you. Terry: What kind of surprise. Lyn: I want to invite you to the School Fair on Saturday. Terry: I have to get permission from my parents
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.
Curiosity Saturday Morning at approximately nine o clock Mike, Ron, Reesha, Steve, Lisa, Mary, Terry, Paul, Will, and Vere turn up at their School Premises. Apparently, they had turned up to give support. Lyn was surprised because the guys either appeared to be so busy or disinterested, but they still came. She felt good.
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Friends Support is essential and is appreciated more especially when friends give it. Let’s analyse the events as they unfold among characters in this story “People.”
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Support Lyn: Guys the surprise is the School Fair! Are you aware that our school is participating in the School Fair today and needs our support? It is essential, and therefore we should give it. Everyone shook their heads in the affirmative and started the process as they prepared to participate in the School Fair.
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Chapter 9
Technique Demonstration Vol.1 ISBN 976-8079-96-7 By William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
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FOREWORD
Performing the task of Manager, Media Arts Specialist, Mentor, Parent, and Voluntary Art Teacher of the Wesley Hall Junior School and Cricket Team; I believe that Prayer, Practice and the Pursuit of Excellence are the basic criteria for success especially in Herman Griffith Memorial Piton Malta Tournament. May God continuously bless the children, the coaches, the Teachers, the National Sports Council and the Parents of the Wesley Hall Junior School, and, with God all things are possible. This book is dedicated to the Wesley Hall Junior School Cricket Team and all the children in Barbados. Mr. William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
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Excerpts of the Finals
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Laron Anderson Gittens receiving his award from the Managing Director of Illuminant Barbados Ltd now Massy Technologies Applied Imaging Ltd.
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Technique Demonstration Vol.1 © 2002
ISBN 976-8079-96-7
William Anderson Gittens © 2002 First Edition ©.2002 All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner. Typesetting, Layout Design, Illustrations, and Photography: Edited by Stewart H Russell, Selwyn Belle, and William Gittens William A. Gittens Printed by Devgro Publishing Published by William Anderson Gittens Email address devgro@ hotmail.com
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For this publication I wish to thank God for the inspiration, the idea and the skills he gave me to complete this publication. Special thanks to the following for their contributions: The Wesley Hall Junior Team: Roston Chase (captain), Laron Gittens, Ankoma Phillips, Kareen Legal, Kori Farnum,Brian Deane, Levar Arthur, Dario Nicholls, Dario Prescod (vice-captain), Dario Harris, Rohan Ryan, Nigel Franklyn,Sheane Bailey, Devon Clarke, Darrell Springer, Maria Gill, Ron Peterkin, Kyle Mayers, The teachers, The Passage Road Staff and technical Crew, The National Sports Council, The umpires, Mr. Thelston Payne, Mr. Wendell Coppin, Mr. Louis St. John, and Mr. Richard Straker. Parents: Mr. Radcliffe Chase, Mr. & Mrs. Albert Farnum, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Phillips and Mr. William Gittens. Other contributors are: Richard Clarke, Owen Nurse, Dudley Walkes, George Linton, Richard Lorde, Adrian Donovan, Laron’s Granny Gittens for her prayers, The sponsors, The Barbados Public Workers Cooperative Credit Union Ltd.
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Retrospect
The all-rounder told his audience that playing and working can go together. He emphasized that one should always prepare just in case one’s athletic career is brought to a premature end. Programme Co-ordinator, Adrian Donovan who organized the event on behalf of the Council and cricket coach George Linton spoke highly of the special guest. Rohan is a successful product of NCS’s coaching developmental programme that has gone on to improve himself both on and off the field. Principal Richard Lorde and Master in Charge of cricket, John Edwards also showered praises on the former Wesley Hall skipper. After speaking, Rohan answered several questions from the enthusiastic audience and signed many autographs. The National Sports Council would want to wish Rohan continued success and happiness in his future endeavours.
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Victory!
Laron Gittens and Devon Clarke of the Wesley Hall Team returning to the Passage Road pavilion. The Wesley Hall Team defeats St. Marys’ at the Passage Road Grounds.
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Sir Everton Weekes meets Wesley Hall Junior Cricket 2002 Team
Sir Everton DeCourcy191 Weekes, KCMG, GCM, OBE192 (born 26 February 1925) is a leading former West Indian cricketer. Along with Frank Worrell and Clyde Walcott, he formed what was known as "The Three Ws" of West Indian cricket meets Laron Gittens of the Wesley Hall Junior Cricket Team before the final match against St. Catherine’s Cricket Team at Empire Cricket Club, November 29, 2002.
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https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjhieSs5J_KAhXIm R4KHRhQBnwQtwIIQDAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmrNTK2qD7DY&usg=AFQjCN HK0YqJENrvKkW2Ktlt-P_LrY9r7w&sig2=dRglcqvBOR1O0vwyWEtBqQ&bvm=bv.111396085,d.dmo
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Who’s Who
Catherine Farnum hugs her son Kori Farnum, November 29, 2002
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Anthony Alleyne captain of St. Catherine’s cricket team shakes the hand of Roston Chase the captain of Wesley Hall Cricket team before the final match against St. Catherine’s’ Cricket Team at Empire Cricket Club November 29,2002.
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Mr. John Edwards Former Physical Education Teacher- Coach
Since the inception of the Herman Griffith Memorial Cricket Competition in 1980, the Wesley Hall Junior School has had the distinction of the Winning Competition on 6 occasions. A thanks is in order for Mr.Ralston Headley who sterling effort and leadership have resulted in 5 of the 6 coveted titles. With dedication and commitment, I am sure that the pupils will continue to do their school and supporters proud in the future. Page 222 of 365
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Mr. Richard Lorde Former Principal of the Wesley Hall Junior School
I am happy to report that cricket is alive and well at Wesley Hall Junior School. There are boys and girls who are daily playing the game and enjoying every moment of it. Over the last twenty years the school has won the Herman Griffith Memorial Trophy on six occasions and has reached the final on other occasions. During that period one player, Adrian Griffith who captained the winning team of 1982 has gone on to represent the West Indies at test level. We are proud of our record and hopes that over the next twenty years more of our players will go on to represent the West Indies. I will urge the youngsters to play hard but fair, enjoy the game, work hard to improve their skills, watch great players and listen to sound advice. Aim to reach the highest level. The entire Wesley Hall family is behind you!
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THE NATIONAL SPORTS COUNCIL’S CRICKET PROGRAMME Mr. Adrian Donovan Program Co-ordinator at the National Sports Council
The cricket coaching programme at the National Sports Council is structured mainly around the primary and secondary schools. Depending on the number of requests for coaching assistance from the schools, the Sports Council would then be in a position to plan a programme for the school year. The schools would indicate the preferred days, times and proposed venues, age groups and the number of participants to be involved. It is from here that the Council’s administration would assign each of the five (5) coaches, if possible, to a particular zone which would include most of those schools seeking assistance from within the parish. The zoning system works in most cases but sometimes when there are a number of requests for the same day or time, then alternate arrangements can be put in place. Page 224 of 365
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In the primary schools (7-11) the students are drilled mainly in the fundamentals which include an awareness of the game for those very young ones. The real beginners start playing with tennis balls and using other improvised equipment. Due to the great demand for assistance, the Council’s coaches are only able to conduct sessions at each school once a week. These sessions can vary between one and two hours. Most schools have their own playing facilities but in some cases the students have to travel to other grounds. Of the three (3) terms in the school year, two (2) are spent on coaching while in the third term the students are prepared for the annual Herman Griffith Primary Schools’ Cricket competition. Between sixty (60) to sixty-five (65) schools take part in the actual competition and they are placed geographically into eight (8) zones. The number of entries may vary from year to year depending on the schools’ readiness for competition.
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Who’s Who
The Wesley Hall Junior Cricket Team-2001 Annual Herman Griffith Primary Schools’ Cricket Champion Back row left-right Mr. Richard Clarke-Coach, Matthew Gill, Dario Weir, Kareem Currency, Alston Graham, Brett Carrington, Lemar Mascoll, Ramon Harris, Mr.Radcliffe Chase, Mr.Richard Lorde-Principal. Front row left-right Mr.John Edwards- P.E. Teacher, Brian Deane, Maria Gill, Dario Prescod, Jared Bernadin,Harry Husbands, Roston Chase,Shamon Small, Lorando Best,Dwayne Phillips and Mr.Dudley “Doctor” Walkes- ardent supporter. The Barbados Public Workers’ Cooperative Credit Union Limited Wesley Hall Primary triumphs over Bayleys Primary Cricket Team, Thursday, December 6, 2001 winning the Herman Griffith Memorial Piton Malta Competition-played at the Empire Club ground. Prizes were awarded – 1. Highest team score-218 runs, 2. by Shamon, 3. Man-of -the match -Roston 4 Page 226 of 365
Highest individual score-86 A record 11 consecutive wins. Celebrating 50 Years
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Friendship
Roston Chase, Brian Deane, Ron Peterkin, Laron Gittens, Levar Arthur.
Friendship Coaches Lowe and Edwards demonstrating friendship at Friendship pavilion after St.Matthews is defeated. Page 227 of 365
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The Late Mr. George Linton Representative of the National Sports Council
The National Sports Council has employed me in the capacity as a Coach since 1991. I have also performed the task of selector for the Barbados Youth Cricket and have been associated with Youth Cricket in Barbados for a very long time. In addition, I’ve seen the children moved from primary level through to the Barbados Youth Service Team. I have seen the Wesley Hall Team for a number of years and have been very impressed with their attitude to the game and their hunger for success. I am very pleased to be associated with this book and wish the school and all involved all the very best.
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Professional Wesley Hall demonstrating comradery after St. Matthew’s defeat at Friendship pavilion November 8, 2002.
Opening Pair Wesley Hall opening pair captain Roston Chase and Brian Deane walking out to the strip at Friendship during the match against St. Matthews November 8, 2002.
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Preparation Ron Peterkin November 8, 2002.
practicing
catching
at
Friendship
pavilion.
Dario Harris taking an excellent catch at a warm up session at Friendship pavilion before the match against St. Matthews on November 8, 2002.
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Sherphine Howell scoring during the game against St. Matthew’s Primary at Friendship Pavilion on November 8, 2002.
Chad Bowen operating the scoreboard at Friendship pavilion during the match against St. Matthews November 8, 2002. Page 231 of 365
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Participation
Roston Chase captain of Wesley Hall presenting a book to Lamar Hope, captain of the St.Matthews’ Team. This presentation took placed at Friendship pavilion before the match against St. Matthew’s November 8, 2002.
Albert Farnum and Chesterfield Nicholls parents demonstrating solidarity as they provided moral support during the match at Friendship pavilion St. Matthews November 8, 2002. Page 232 of 365
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The Barbados under 13 Cricket Team takes a photo before departing the Grantley Adams International Air Port for Trinidad December 8, 2002.
Roston Chase captain of Wesley Hall presents the publication Land Marks to umpire Wendell Coppin after the match between St. Matthews’ Team and Wesley Hall, November 8, 2002 at Friendship pavilion. Page 233 of 365
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Previous Winners WHEN STARTED: 1980 SHORT HISTORY: Herman Griffith Primary193 School Cricket Competition was started back in 1980 to promote healthy competition between the primary schools in Barbados. This Competition is the nursery for cricket in Barbados; over two thousand boys take part in the annual event from this competition children were selected for specialize coaching by members of the National Sports Council staff. Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1997 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Champion Team194 Wilkie Cumberbatch Primary St. Christopher Primary Wesley Hall Juniors Wesley Hall Juniors St. Christopher Primary All Saints Boys Ignatius Byer Primary Boscobel Primary Holy Innocents Primary Holy Trinity Holy Trinity Wesley Hall Juniors Wesley Hall Juniors Bayley's Primary Wesley Hall Juniors St. Jospeh Primary St. Joseph Primary St. Martins Four Roads Primary Erdiston Primary St. Giles Primary Charles F. Broomes Wesley Hall Juniors St. Chaterine's Primary St. Giles Primary St. Chaterine,s Primary St. Giles Primary Bayley's Primary Erdiston Primary Wesley Hall Juniors Charles F. Broomes Christ Church Boys Bayley's Primary Wesley Hall Juniors Wesley Hall Juniors West Terrace Primary Wesley Hall Juniors
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Retrospect Rohan Nurse
The National Sports Council recently organized a discussion at the Wesley Hall Primary School. The special guest was a former Wesley Hall captain, Rohan Nurse. The Piton Malta Herman Griffith Primary Schools Cricket Competition defending champions are Wesley Hall. In fact, the city based school has won the tournament more than any other primary school. Young Nurse is at present in England studying after being awarded a cricket scholarship through the Barbados Cricket Association. The former Combermerian and Combined Schools player is playing cricket for his English school while preparing to take ‘A� Level exams. Without a doubt Rohan looked as if he was at home since he was very comfortable while addressing the students in a packed school hall.
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Tossing of the Coin The captains of Wesley Hall and St. Marys’ tossing of the coin. ... While Laron Gittens demonstrating a hook shot before the St.Marys’ Game.
Hook Shot
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Training Coach Richard Clarke is seen training the team at the Passage Road Grounds...
(Image 1)Ankoma Phillips receiving an Award from his mother Mrs. Patricia Phillips. (Image 2) Kori Farnum receiving his award, as well, while umpire Mr. Dudley Walkes looks on in the background. (Image 3)Umpire Richard Straker supervised tossing the coin by Roston Chase captain of Wesley Hall Cricket Team and Captain of St.Silas Team Shammari Clarke at Speightstown Grounds
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Wesley Hall Junior Team Sitting left - right Rohan Ryan, Levar Arthur, Kyle Watson, Anthony Nelson, Ron Peterkin, Roston Chase, captain, Dario Prescod, Vice-captain. Brian Deane, Laron Gittens, Maria Gill, Devon Clarke, Darell Springer, Kareen Legall. Standing left - right Nigel Franklyn, Kori Farnum, Kyle Mayers 195 (born 8 September 1992) is a West Indies Under-19 player. He is a regular player of his home-side Barbados. He was also in the West Indies under-19 squad for the 2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup. Kent Hall, Dario Nicholls, Ankoma Phillips. Wesley Hall Junior Team mantra throughout the competition was Prayer, Practice, in Pursuit of Excellence... Of note the Herman Griffith Competition196 has produced some outstanding players such as Ryan Hinds, Shamarth Brooks, Corey Collymore, Carlos Brathwaite, Fidel Edwards Johathan Carter, Pedro Collins, Dwayne Smith, Courtney Browne, Christopher Jordan, Sherwin Campbell Kevin McClean, Jason Holder, and Kraigg Brathwaite
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196
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Former principal of Wesley Hall Junior School Mr. Hal Edwards congratulating Roston Chase, captain of the Wesley Hall Cricket Team after Wesley Hall bowled out St.Silas Cricket Team for 59. Wesley Hall made 165 for 5 after 25 overs. Roston Chase made 92 not out at the Speightstown grounds on November 14, 2002.
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(Image 1) Roston Chase, Wesley Hall Team Captain receiving his Award from Mrs.Patricia Phillips while umpire Dudley Walkes looks on.
(Image2) Dario Nicholls receiving an award from his dad Chesterfield Nicholls.
Wesley Hall’s Kori Farnum and Ankoma Phillips walking off the field at Passage Road. St.Giles Primary School was defeated. Page 240 of 365
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Wesley Hall’s Cricket Team demonstrating the traditional hand shake to the Eagle Hall Primary School Team after victory over them. Wesley Hall made 188 for 4 after 25 overs, whereas Eagle Hall 20 all out for 25 overs. November 11, 2002. This game was played at the Passage Road grounds .
The Annual Herman Griffith Primary Schools’ Cricket competition Tournament, certainly cemented Roston Lamar Chase197 Right-hand batsman and Right-arm off-break bowling. It is important to note that he was born on 22nd March 1992. He resides in Kingsland, Christ Church, and is now playing for Barbados as Barbados (Main Twenty20: 2012/13); West Indies Board President's XI (Other FC: 2015) as he plays for Barbados (Main FC: 2010/11-2015/16). 197
http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/432/432598/432598.html
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Kori Farnum not out 74
Ankoma Phillips in discussion with Kori Farnum his session at the wicket. Kori Farnum made 74 not out. In this match, Wesley Hall defeated St.Giles Primary School.
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Wesley Hall practicing before a match. The session which was supervised by Mr. Owen Nurse.
Wesley Hall Junior Team Celebrating
L-R, Laron Gittens, Darrell Clarke, Nigel Franklyn, Dario Prescod, Levar Arthur, of Wesley Hall Team celebrating at Passage Road grounds after defeating the Eagle Hall Cricket Team November 11,2002.
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Maria is Professional
Friendship
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The Official Handshake
Comradery among St.Giles Primary and Wesley Hall Junior .
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Examining the pitch
Left - Right - members of the Wesley Hall Cricket Team-Laron Gittens, Devon Clarke, Ron Peterkin, Richard Clarke, Owen Nurse, Brian Deane and Captain Roston Chase examining the strip at Friendship November 8, 2002.
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Father and Son
Manager of the Wesley Hall Junior Cricket Team William Anderson Gittens and his son Laron Anderson Gittens bonding.
The Wesley Hall Cricket opening pair-Captain Roston Chase and Laron Gittens, walking out to the strip at Speightstown, St.Peter to play against Iganatius Byer November 25, 2002. Page 247 of 365
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Water Break!
Congrats! Roston Chase Wesley Hall’s Cricket Team captain receives a hug from his mother Margaret Chase having made 92 not out. In Roston’s Team defeated of St.Silas Cricket Team at Speightstown, St.Peter November 14, 2002.
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Friendship Rohan Ryan, Dario Nicholls, Devon Clarke, Dario Harris, Levar Arthur
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Recording of the score is Essential
Mr.Chesterfield Nicholls, Father of Dario Nicholls, Mr. John Edwards, Wesley Hall’s Physical Education Teacher and Mr.Owen Nurse recording the score at Passage Road Pavilion.
Well Done Boys…
Captain Roston Chase raised his bat after a well executed 80 not out, while Levar Arthur made 9 not out for Wesley Hall’s Cricket Team at Passage Road Grounds after defeating Eagle Hall Cricket Team on November 11, 2002. On this occasion Wesley Hall advanced to the quarter final to play St.Silas. Page 250 of 365
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The Quarter Final
Wesley Hall’s Cricket Team extends the official handshake to the Ignatius Byer Team after defeating them at Speightstown St. Peter on November 25, 2002. Wesley Hall made 81 from 20 overs and Ignatius Byer 20 all out from 10.3 overs.
Wesley Hall’s Cricket Team captain inspects the coin with Ignatius Byer Cricket Team captain...... Umpire Thelston Payne supervising this event November 25, 2002 at Speightstown St. Peter Page 251 of 365
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Image 1 Wesley Hall’s Cricket Team meets Sir Everton Weekes. Image 2 Below: Captain Roston Chase receives an award from Minister of Sport The Hon. Rudolph “Cappy” Greenidge.
Congratulations St.Catherines
The champions St. Catherine witnessed this ceremony at Empire grounds November 29, 2002 St.Catherine made 158 for 5 after 25 overs. Wesley Hall 152 for 9 after 25 overs. Congratulations St. Catherines. The Hon.Cappy Greenidge Minister of Education meets the players and sitting in the background is Mr. David Holford former West Indies player and Mr.Steve Marshall Director of Courts Page 252 of 365
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Louis St.John being presented with a book by Lamar Hope, captain, of the St. Matthew Team. St. John participated as an umpire-between St.Matthews’ and the Wesley Hall Cricket Team at Friendship pavilion November 8, 2002.
Three members of the Barbados under 13 cricket team posing for a photo session before departing Grantley Adams International Airport for Trinidad. Jered Bernadin Theo Barnett, former members of the Wesley Hall Junior School cricket team and Roston Chase the current captain of the Wesley Hall Junior School. Richard Clarke, Wesley Hall coach stands in the back.
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William Anderson Gittens, Manager of the Wesley Hall cricket team poses with his son Laron Gittens after the Ignatius Byer match against Wesley Hall November 25, 2002.
Standing left - right Ankoma Phillips, Radcliffe Chase, Owen Nurse, Dario Nicholls John Edwards (Physical Education Teacher & Coach).Levar Arthur Ron Peterkin, Nigel Franklyn, Richard Clarke, (Coach) Dario Prescod, (Vice-Captain)Sheane Bayley, and Devon Clarke. Squatting left -right Dario Stewart Kori Farnum, Darell Springer, Brian Deane, Dario Harris, Roston Chase, (captain)Maria Gill,Rohan Ryan, Laron Gittens, William Gittens (Manager,198)and Kyle Mayers. 198
Designed, Produced, and Photographed by William Anderson Gittens Media Arts Specialist Š 2002 Printed by Devgro Publishing ISBN 976-8079-96-7
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©2003
Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist and Publisher ISBN 9768080-53-1
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FOCUS
Š2003
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner. Typesetting, Layout Design, Illustrations, and Digital Photography by William Anderson Gittens Edited by Magnola Gittens and William Anderson Gittens Published by William Anderson Gittens Printed by Illuminat (Barbados) Ltd. Email address devgro@ hotmail.com Twitter account William Gittens@lisalaron https://www.facebook.com/wgittens2 www.linkedin.com/pub/william-gittens/95/575/35b/
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Foreword Focus is a person, a pseudonym, a journey a task and an attitude that will enable you to accomplish anything199 ‌copyright2003 William Anderson Gittens Dip. Com. B.A. Media Arts; Author, Media Arts Specialist, Post Masters Works in Cultural Studies, and Publisher
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William Anderson Gittens Dip. Com. B.A. Media Arts; Author, CEO Media Arts Specialist, Post Masters Works in Cultural Studies, and Publisher
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Acknowledgements In honour of my mother Ira Louise Gittens who would have had a great influence on my life. Special thanks to the Creator for his guidance and the creative gifts he has given me. Thanks also to my wife Magnola, my family, friends, and well-wishers who contributed to the developmental process of this text which can be categorized as a work in progress.
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Overview The social clichĂŠ Focus was deliberately used as a pseudonym. William Anderson Gittens Dip. Com. B.A. Media Arts; Author, Media Arts Specialist, Post Masters Works in Cultural Studies, and Publisher
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Easterly, somewhere off the beaten track is a Caribbean island called Barbados. On this island resides William Anderson Gittens. Born July 17, 1958 to the proud parents of the late Charles Alderson Gittens and the late Ira Louise Mayers Gittens and sibling to 5 others. He enjoyed life like any other child in his community. He learned the skills of the roller, the scooter, the flystick, marble pitching and socialized with all kinds of children in and around his district. His parents ensured that he attended church every Sunday and said good morning to all people. The chores were a daily task which William had to perform before school. These tasks included taking out the sheep, and the carrying of water from the standpipe to fill a barrel for daily use. William and his friends enjoyed outdoor events such as cricket, football, cooking, and the roasting of breadfruit during the summer vacation. If Focus disobeyed his parents and overextended his time at the various summer activities he received punishment. This punishment was either lashes or sometimes being barred from the exhibition in Queen’s Park located on Constitution Road, St. Michael. William discovered the skill of art at age 7. In this space, he also recognized that he had to be focused, keep the faith, prayer, set his goals, and prioritize them in order to succeed. In retrospect he discovered that his attitude throughout his working journey was profoundly influenced by an excerpt from the 35th President of U.S.A the late John F. Kennedy200 Inaugural Address that aired on January 20, 1961, "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country"201 . In light of this fact William borrowed, adapted, and practiced in a cultural context the said excerpt from late John F. Kennedy’s speech. William’s adaptation of the said excerpt read “Ask not what Barbados can do for you, ask what you can do for Barbados”
200 201
late John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961 the 35th President of U.S.A https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/johnfkennedy
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Overall this philosophical excerpt motivated him to function as a professional, working beyond the call of duty during his career from 1972 as a trainee artist thru to retirement September 1st 2014 as an Administrative Officer with the Government of Barbados. During the period 1962-1995, he attended St. Giles Infants and St. Giles Primary Schools, Parkinson Secondary, Modern O’ Level Institute, Barbados Community College, School of Continuing Studies, University of West Indies and Jersey City State University, USA.
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In 1974, William became a member of the Band of the Barbados Boys Scouts, before going on to serve in the Barbados Regiment. The training and discipline that he received in these two organizations were critical to his developmental, growth and success in later his adult years.
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Along this journey he met the late Lt. Col. Lawrence Quintyne M.B.E. ED. J.P., in 1976 who recognised William’s talent and encouraged him to enter the coveted & Prestigious World Scout Organization’s International Art Competition held in Italy.
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In 1977 He received Special Accreditation in Hackney England for his paintings. William won the coveted & Prestigious World Scout Organization’s International Art Award in Arco Italy
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ISBN 978-976-95731-3-0 Coveted & Prestigious World Scout Organization’s International Art Award
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In 1976 William designed the first Caribbean Cuboree Badge
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In 1982, William designed the World Scout Commemorative Postage Stamps.
1987 he designed the 9th Caribbean Jamboree badge.
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In 1988 in recognition of the excellent work done in the field of art and his contribution to scouting, William was presented to the Governor General of Barbados, the late Rt. Excellent Sir Hugh Springer.
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In order to gain certification it was necessary that he pursued studies in CXC English, GCE “O” Level Art, History, Commerce, “A” Level Law “A” Level Art, Video Production I and II, Diploma in Communication Arts, G.E.D, Bachelors of Arts Degree, Post Masters Works in Cultural Studies Employed with the Following 1973 Cameron Advertising, Apprentice Graphic Artist 1974 Boys Scouts Association, Graphic Artist 1975Smith & Oxley, Graphic Artist 1976 Barbados Knitting & Spinning, Supervisor 1978 Visual Arts, Graphic Artist 1982 HCA Advertising, Graphic Artist January 21, 1983 he enlisted to serve in the Royal Barbados Police Force and created history by becoming its first designated Composite Artist.
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During P.C. 407 William Gittens’ tenure he received commendation from the Commissioner of Police Mr. Orville Durant for outstanding work. William reflects on 3 outstanding achievements as a police officer (a) the repairing of old deteriorating photographs (b) sketches for the Police Update Program that aired on CBC TV Channel 8 on Monday Nights with the late Supt. Allan Lounge and (d) composite sketches.
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1988 William was transferred to Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Culture (now Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation) Began Freelancing as Videographer with C.B.C for 10 years. 1989 William made submissions of art to the Commemoration of the 350th Anniversary of the establishment of Barbados’ Parliament Committee. The Committee reviewed his submissions and made a decision to present him to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the Queen of England and His Royal Highness, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, In 1991 he was offered secondment to the faculty of Education, University of West Indies Cave Hill Campus. This opportunity exposed him to teaching Graphic Arts, Videography, and Still Photography in the Dip. Ed. Program for teachers. Page 277 of 365
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His experience was enriched because of the following: Much research, the students’ participation, and the workshops throughout the Caribbean. To further advance himself, William applied for leave to pursue the Bachelors of Arts Degree programme in Media Arts. In 1991 William’s application was approved and funded by the Student Revolving Loan Fund. It is important to note that his leave was approved without a salary yet William had to support his family and pay a mortgage. He accepted the challenge and pursue his dream since he was accepted as a freshman in 1992 at formerly New Jersey State College U.S.A. now New Jersey City University. During his tenure of study, he was elected for the office of Editor–in-Chief by the ballot. William was reimbursed his full tuition at the end of every semester as Editor–in-Chief. The same was used to support his family in Barbados.
‘92-’94 William served as Editor –In –Chief, a member of the student guild, and member of the Judicial Committee of New Jersey City University. Page 278 of 365
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He was also featured in the Campus’ Magazine.
William believes that “A man's gift makes room for him, and brings him before great men”. Proverbs 17:8 Thanks to the Creator, my parents Charles & Ira Gittens, siblings, family and friends for your prayers, support, and encouragement during this journey. Page 279 of 365
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Prayer, Practice, and Pursue Excellence was William’s methodology in 1995 leading up to his graduation. The same mantra Prayer, Practice, and Pursue Excellence was used as part of Wesley Hall Junior School Cricket Team training. Page 280 of 365
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On completion of his 4 years of studies in 1995, William returned to Barbados, to his substantive post at Audio Visual Aids Department.
During the period 2000-2002, he functioned as a Judge for the National Cultural Foundation - Crop Over Band Costume, Cart Parade and Kiddies Costumes.
2001 William had experienced some challenges in spending quality time with his children. To this end, he wrote a letter to the Chief Education Officer outlining a Media Arts proposal. In 2002 the Chief Education Officer approved William’s request and notified the principal of Wesley Hall Junior School of his approved request. The proposal outlined (a) to teach daily Media Arts during his lunch break (b) bond with his daughter and his son and (c) Manage Wesley Hall Junior School Cricket Team in the annual Herman Griffith Primary Schools’ Cricket competition. The team beat all of the opposing teams made it to the finals but was defeated by St. Chaterine's Primary.
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William’s Publications were selected for display in Suriname at the 2003 CARIFESTA.
That said year 2002 Dr. Bradley Niles made a request of William to teach Media Arts as a subject at the School of Continuing Studies, U.W.I.
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2006 he was transferred to Ministry of Home Affairs as an acting Admin Officer II
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During the period 2010 - 2014 William worked as acting Administrative II & I with Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries, and Water Resource Management & Ministry of Health he coordinated the 47th Caribbean Food Crops Society Conference
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William retired after 42 years, 31 years with the Barbados Government and 11 with the Private sector.
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2 0 0 0 , Wi l l i a m A u t o g r a p h i n g h i s 1st P u b l i c a t i o n “I ma g e s o f Ye s t e r ye a r i n B a r b a d o s ” a t P a g e s B o o k s t o r e l o c a t e d i n C a v e S h e p h e r d B r i d g e t o wn .
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th
2 0 1 3 , a u t o g r a p h i n g h i s 1 2 p u b l i c a t i o n “E s t a b l i s he d I n B a r b a d o s ” a t C l o i s t e r B o o k s t o r e t h e S h e r a t o n M a l l ( f o r me r l y k n o wn a s S h e r a t o n C e n t r e ) S a rg e a n t s ' Vi l l a g e C h r i s t C h u r c h .
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William authored and published the books listed below since October 2000
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On the 16th July 2011 William and Magnola exchanged matrimonial vows. In 1972 William thought of setting up a business after his departure from secondary school. This was just a theoretical construct. At that stage the pursuance of his dream would have been the ideal and noble action to take. However, the Creator who is all wise ordered his steps differently due to the fact that it was necessary that he attained certification and experience. These occurred between the periods 1972 thru 2015. William had the distinct pleasure of serving his country Barbados. 11 years in the Private Sector and 31 years in the Civil Service. Of note, for him this was considered a lived experience. In this context it is noteworthy, that these 42 years validated William’s experiences due to the fact that he have functioned in several post at various levels by representing Barbados with distinction and honor locally regionally, and internationally. William gained many practical and theoretical experiences in the disciplines of academia in Media Arts, Page 294 of 365
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Communication Arts, Human Resource Management, General Management Level 1, As Editor-In- Chief, Post Master Studies Works in Cultural Studies, and Teaching Media Arts at the University of The West Indies Faculty of Education the School of Continuing Studies and Wesley Hall Junior School and Managing the said Wesley Hall Junior School. These experiences were further solidified because of the disciplined learnt as a Solider in the Barbados Regiment, How to Be Prepared as a Boy Scout, becoming familiar with the Laws and the Constitution of Barbados as a Law Enforcement Officer, and accepted the teachings of Jesus Christ. At this juncture this theory was now translated to practicality because Devgro Media Arts Services was registered 12th January 2015; Devgro Media Arts Services was registered in the Register of Business Names under No. 54463 and a Member of Small Business Association # 20912. William is the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director in concert with Director Technical his wife Magnola in managing Devgro Media Arts Services. Quality, Excellence, and Professionalism is what we do best in Multimedia PowerPoint Presentations production for Anniversaries, Birthdays, Conference Planning, Consultancy Services, Documentaries, Funerals, Graduations, Publishing and Weddings developing and growing in this global space. Devgro Media Arts Services is now a member of the International Societies of Business Leaders isobl member
.
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Chapter 11
Š2016
ISBN 978-976-8233-38-7
By William Anderson
Gittens
Media Arts Specialist Author, CEO, Dip. Com. B.A. Media Arts; Post Masters Works in Cultural Studies, and Publisher
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Have You Considered This Approach? Vol.1
©2016
ISBN 978-976-8233-38-7
By William Anderson
Gittens
Author, CEO, Dip. Com. B.A. Media Arts; Post Masters Works in Cultural Studies, and Publisher,
This question can only be answered on a personal level…… No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, Or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner. Digital Photography, Edited, Typesetting, Layout Design, Illustrations, and Published by William Anderson Gittens Printed by Massy Technologies InfoCom (Barbados) Ltd. www.devgro.comEmail address devgro@ hotmail.com Twitter account William Gittens@lisalaron https://www.facebook.com/wgittens2 https://www.linkedin.com/in/william-anderson-gittens-author-media-artsspecialist-b1886b26
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Statement
Author, and Instructional Technology Practitioner Robert Heinich, has argued that “Learning is the development of new knowledge skills, or attitudes as an individual interact with information and the environment. The learning environment includes a physical methods media, and technology.” 202 Heinich’s explanation of learning and development is relevant in this context; therefore the logical question which must be asked is, have you considered this approach?
William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
202
Heimich. Et al. Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. p.6
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Foreword “Learning is the development of new knowledge skills, or attitudes as an individual interact with information and the environment emphasizing the physical methods such as media, and technology� 203 especially for the children and the teacher in this postmodern culture. William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO, Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
203
Heimich. Et al. Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. p.6
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Acknowledgements Special thanks to the Creator for his guidance and the creative gifts he has given me. Thanks also to my wife Magnola, my family, friends, and well-wishers who contributed to the developmental process of this text which can be categorized as a work in progress.
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Overview In this postmodern way of life Digital Technology and chalk and talk is a nuance204. A study205 was conducted using this nuance among 57 participants206 from classes 2, 3, and 4, between ages 7 through 11 at one city primary school and one rural primary school207 which formed part of the Edutech pilot project. The areas included comparing and contrasting, critical thinking skills evaluating, interpreting of lyrics, memorizing, silent dialogue, and problem solving. Ann Gray’s “qualitative methods, of in-depth interviews”208 were employed in area of questionnaires especially when interviewing professionals. (Appendix I pages 322). The foundation of this conversation includes comments made by Sociologist Ralph Linton and the former Minister of Education, the Honourable Reginald Farley in context. Ralph Linton has argued that culture “as the way of its members; the collection of ideas and habits which they learnt, share and transmit from generation to another generation”209 While Farley210 has also said that “students’ inability to analyze and solve problems”211. In my view Linton’s and Farley’s expression validates this conversation regarding Have you considered this approach?. The critical aspect of this narrative has identified issues such as techno phobia, appreciation for, becoming familar with the digital technology, other related technologies and developing confidence in expressing themselves. Revisiting the educational appraisal system helps because according to Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore “The needs of the industry for skilled and 204
Douglas Davis explains in his book title Photography As Fine Art that it is no accident that the rise of the portable camera obscura in the West coincided almost exactly with the rise of realism in painting. The nineteenth century was not only the century of photography’s birth p.8-9 205 2006-2007 206 Some of the participants were preparing for the Common Entrance Examination. 207 Education Sector Enhancement Programme (Edutech) component 208 Ann Gray, Research Practice for Cultural Studies (London: Sage 2003).p. 16 209 Michael Haralambos and Robin Heald Sociology Themes and Perspectives Great Britain: University Tutorial Press Limited.1980.3. 210 Donna Sealy entitled “English blues.” featured in the Weekend Nation, 10 June 2005, page3. 211 Donna Sealy. “English blues.”Weekend Nation, 10 June 2005, 3.
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trained manpower are met by the educational system” 212 Because for whatever reason if it is lacking in any way the economy will fail. The reality is there has to be a functional relationship between the education that a country delivers and its ability to sustain the economy. Now that Barbados will be celebrating 50 years as an independent nation perhaps it can revisit its educational system to ensure that its curriculum covers all essentials areas that must be covered. In this context this decision would go a long way ensuring that there are sufficient skilled educated personnel hence minimizing harm in the society and by extension its economy. Conversely if the opposite takes place it would have a devastating impact upon any country furthermore Barbados. In retrospect, digital technology was not as prevalent during the implosion of the Hilton Hotel213 1999. However, this historical event undoubtedly was captured with technology available and later digitized. In this context, the same event captured on camera can be downloaded from an iPhone or transferred unto a computer/lap/ iPad, to be used within the social media et cetera and presented on to a screen in the classroom for discussion.
Further in this setting the students will be given the opportunity to engage their analytical skills to practice critical thinking as referred to by Jeannette A. Woodward. Woodward describes critical thinking as, “when you think critically, you first observe, and then question, investigate, and analyze.” 214 Woodward’s theory has relevance in this context because the participants would have practiced criticalness, observation, questioning, investigation, as they analyzed the Hilton’s implosion. Problem solving exercises created unconsciously some kind of criteria that requires questions with a deeper understanding in critical thinking? Research was conducted from other sources such as interviews, magazines, practitioners, selected
212
Michael Haralambos and Robin Heald and Robin Heald Limited.1980.p.177 213 issuu.com/nation publishing/docs/hilton_5th_anniversary 214
Woodward, Jeannette A. Group, 1997). p.7.
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Writing Research Papers: Investigating Resources In Cyberspace. (Lincolnwood Chicago: NTC Publishing
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journals, structured questionnaire, and the internet to confirm that the digital technology could be used as a tool in the classroom. Analysis of Tom Ang’s 2002 and 2004 Digital Photographer’s Handbook and Daniel Lezano’s 1999 book entitled The Compact and Digital Camera Handbook provides an analytical technological narrative concerning interpreting protocols and using the following equipment:Digital Camera; Images; Digital Pathways; Difference between film and Digital technology, Copyright Concerns; Image–manipulating; Digital Photography Characteristics Roles and Functions; Steps in Digital Photography; The Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital photography. Importantly, Digital technology must be seen as one of the critical components, that can be used in a responsible way as an aid to stimulate critical thinking and pedagogy skills. Analysis of Digital Technology Introduction Research has shown that there was a technological paradigm shift since the introduction of Digital technology. According to Tom Ang“digital photography is a new era.” 215 Daniel Lezano supports this view but he adds the fact that the Digital Camera can be categorize into three groups according to “the resolution.” 216 A case in point, there are as follows: “Low resolution, Medium resolution, and 215 216
Tom, Ang. Handling Cameras Digital Photography. (London: Published by Dorling Kindersley Limited 2002),15. Daniel Lezano The main types of compact. The Compact and Digital Camera Handbook. (London:. Marshall Publishing Ltd. 1999),34.
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High resolution.” Digital Cameras have Digital pathways. Ang frames the point that“Most types of data file are produced by an application software to be used specifically by that software, and so there is only limited potential for interchange with other programs.” 217 This process is interpreted as digital pathways through photography that must be adhered. These pathways are considered processes that facilitate the digital camera to capture an image. The said image can be transferred to and from the CD-ROM, or downloaded to a Web site on the Internet, or transferred from a video camera. In other words, the aforementioned process can be interpreted as procedure.” Digital information is transforming the way we learn, the way we communicate, and the way we think. It is easy to overstate—and underestimate—the Transformative power of a new technology, especially when we do not yet understand the full implications of its many applications. Importantly all careers have some technological component. As we take an extreme close look at this subject we see that although the camera is not human it has the facility to calibrate data/images. A case in point people namely students see and record events, information and things and practice analyses as well as use pedagogy to facilitate learning skills in the classroom. Digital technology and all technological training prepare them for a career and this technology, places the children at the center of their learning. Likewise, this new technological thrust is a guarantee that life will take on a new meaning for the children and the teacher. Moreover, digital technology’ has the capacity to influence and shape the teaching/learning landscape, which is vital in providing aspects of those building blocks. These building blocks are the students and the elements of identification that comprises of race, class and gender. Cultural theorist Stuart Hall made the telling point that “Identities are elements of identification” 218 When Hall’s theory is examined in this setting, evidently the students’ are elements of identification namely race, class and gender and are also part and parcel of the primary level. In this discussion, Hall’s theory seems to be implying that it is unlike traditional methods, which are not flexible, 217
Ibid p.222. Stuart Hall, ”Introduction: Who Needs Identity Questions of Cultural Identity?” Stuart Hall and Paul duGay,ed., (London: Sage Publications,1996), 1-17(p.5). 218
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because Digital Technology can be used as an aid since it becomes part of the educational syllabus postmodern culture. The methods of this nuance provide approaches for practicing critical thinking in a case study. The study incorporated interviews, experiments and the randomly selecting of participants in the primary school setting. Mark Ray, the then Director of the EDUTECH (Education Sector Enhancement Programme) explicitly and unequivocally suggested that in 1995, “Digital photography as technology is extremely vital in today’s society. Further, he also noted that teachers using the technology of chalk and talk can also add the digital technology since “everything has a technological base.” 219 Ray’s point has some merit simply because this technology in this environment will give the students an occasion to reinforce their ideas as to whether or not they are academically inclined. Since the student’s aptitude is relevant to this conversation I dare say that the classroom in this framework does not simply refer to the four walls in a fixed location but can be interpreted as a temporary space set for the purpose of the digital camera. At this intersection, permit me to draw your attention to the elements that make up the Primary School. These include primary or elementary education which is considered the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. As you know Education220 is the act or process of educating or being educated while curriculum is the set of courses and the contents that are offered by an institution such as a school or university. Nonetheless, people have embraced this technology enthusiastically, often as an answer to questions that had not, in many cases, yet been posed. Consumers/practitioners and producers alike recognized that photography is developing so rapidly that it is virtually impossible to manage change. Digital technology has become a critical element of the social media. If one just take a glance, at the elements that make up social media namely face book, educational literature, print journals, magazines, and news agencies, digital technology is a common denominator. This point just seeks to demonstrate the fact that if this technology used responsibly it has a place in schools and would be an asset in the primary school 219 220
Mark Ray. Interview in Person. Friday, 08 March 2005 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education
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environment. Digital technology and leisure time transfix the popular culture landscape. Derek Bowskill strongly believes that whether “Photography is film base or digital, it is seen as a leisure-time activity for millions.” 221 However, to date Digital photography is applied to many more functions. These functions include, “Digital photography can be applied in many areas such as: aerial survey; air force; archaeology; architecture; astronomy ballistic; commercial; crime; dental; dermatological; document; ecological; evidence; expedition; forensic science freelance; fingerprint industrial; magazine; photojournalism; press; school;” 222 Given the specifics outlined above it is fair to suggest that it is in the Barbadian school environment that digital photograph can be an asset if manage responsibly. There is this notion that some Barbadian students are not engaging more of their critical thinking skills and hence, they may lack the ability to deal with critical issues. In my view, if the previous thought is true then it is highly probable that it can be considered as a serious indictment on the society. And therefore the pedagogy/methodology used by teachers perhaps could be reviewed. My response is opened for discussion on this issue since I am looking at the same through the lenses as a Media Arts Specialist. However; in order to obtain results and to address this critical problem, maybe the strategy critical thinking is required. Importantly, the parents are also having a 223 stake in the education process. All things being equal a continuous study conducted will determine whether this will have significant benefits, for the education system and the country. It is for this reason that I wish to embrace Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle‘s 224 theory “only the trained mind is prepared to see beneath the deceptive appearances to the deeper realities of life.” In my view to deny the fact that Barbados does not need more critical thinkers is like editing of reality. According Derek Roundtree
221
Derek Bowskill
222
K, K.A. The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 1 Focal Press London and New York. Focal Press Limited.1965). (xlii). Derek. Roundtree. Educational Technology in Curriculum Development. (London: Harper and RowPublishers.1974),42. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/
223 224
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Some Basic Principles: Photography Made Simple. (London: Butler and Tanner Frome. 1975).1.
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advocates, “The editing of reality has its dangers. We may be getting rid of “extraneous” detail.” 225 Kenneth C.Laudon et al. explain that, “Information technology helps us understand problems better, design solutions, and ultimately create the kind of society we want.” 226 Former Edutech Director Mark Ray advocated that ‘digital technology gives teachers the opportunity to capture various aspects of subjects (science/English language) in their most effective form. Further, this environment provides scope for flexibility in the delivery of teaching and receipt of information, which invariably may captivate student’s attention who were not previously interested in a particular area.” 227 The introduction of digital technology in the classroom by teachers certainly gets more of the students’ attention. He further added that Children are fascinated by this nuance because it is a new methodology and students will gravitate to new things. Case in point everywhere across Barbados’ landscape citizens especially children of every status are utilizing the technology. Since this is true the technology should enhance the pedagogy, and it would therefore engage critical thinking. For example, in this setting most of the exercises planned for the students included the analysis of photographs, poetry, and music. These exercises will determine (a) if this approach produces the desired outcome for students and (b) if teachers can use the same to identify the changes in social studies. Digital Technology is now being used to gather facts in order to test any inferences or hypotheses about any given topic. Robert Heinich, et al. Heinich, made the point that “Learning is the development of new knowledge skills, or attitudes as an individual interact with information and the environment. The learning environment includes a physical methods media, and technology.” 228 Post the previous point through the demonstration of this proposed approach, analytical
225
Ibid p.110.
Kenneth C. Laudon, et al. London. Information Technology “Concepts and Issues” (Cambridge, Mass. U.S.A.Boyd and Fraser Company. 1999),11. 227 Mark Ray. Personal Interview March 8,2005. 228 Heimich. Et al. Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. p.6 226
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skills should be highlighted. Followed by the kind of information that should cause teachers to be more effective thus becoming more technological sound. This approach could make the teacher pay more attention to the subject matter which the children have recorded for discussion in the class. At this point in time I wish to add to the discussion Jean Underwood’s perspective concerning Digital technology. Jean is formerly a Reader in Education at Leicester University and now Professor of Psychology at Nottingham Trent University. Underwood argues that Digital skills229 are important to social and economic participation and the Global economy. Underwood further clarifies that there is now a growing body of national and international evidence demonstrating the positive impact of digital technologies on measurable learning outcomes. The so-called hard evidence is supplemented by softer observational evidence, which has an important role in explaining why the positive outcomes have or have not accrued. The evidence tells us that integrated use of technology enables a range of positive outcomes for children and young people. Underwood’s perspectives certainly provide tremendous support to this discussion. The former director of Edutech Program further added that “With the use of Digital Photography to stretch student’s minds, imagination and thinking, students will be more in tune to be creative and critical thinkers, which in turn would hopefully be transferred to other areas of educational development. Pedagogy in classrooms benefits from the increased opportunities and resources mentioned.” 230 Former Information Technology Teacher Marva Kirton also supports the director of Edutech view. Kirton also makes the point ‘that in most primary and secondary schools especially in Barbados, most of the children use digital technology.” 231 She further explains her point by underscoring the fact that at those schools where the students who have access to the digital technology use it primarily to make reports and to prepare projects. Larry Orson et al corroborated the said point “With the aid of computers teachers can work with students to create a permanent digital scrapbook…. Also
229 230 231
http://ictliteracy.info/rf.pdf/impact-digital-tech.pdf Mark Ray. Personal Interview March 8th,2005. Kirton, Marva. Personal Interview. March 11th 2005.
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inserted into this scrapbook are text, sound, and photographs.”232 Wow! Larry’s notion can be considered as a work in progress. The same can be considered an aid combined with chalk and talk and applied in a controlled, methodical, systematic, measured way within the digital space in the primary schools. In this digital space Abby Smith cites “all knowledge is divided into two parts. The binary strings of 0s and 1s that make up the genetic code of data allow information to be fruitful and multiply, and allow people to create, manipulate, and share data in ways that appear to be revolutionary.”233 Smith also affirms the view that “there is some evidence in small pockets of the use of digital photography234. Smith’s perspective is vital since it underscores the point that technology operates in a structured framework, and it also provides an environment for change. Kirton further asserted that “As far as our educational system is concerned, we are still in the teething stages of the use of digital media in education.”235 Kirton and Smith are on the same page although they occupy different spaces, they have indicated that the digital technology would be preferred over the Polaroid instamatic camera technology and the Polaroid was a precursor of the instamatic technology. Kodak shifted their focus from film-based products to digital products because Editor Michael J. Mc.Namara stated that “Kodak has been spending millions on digital camera research and development during the last few years because the world’s largest film manufacturer concedes the future to digital photography”236 Michael’s action certainly legitimizes the question have you considered this approach asked in this narrative. It is also logical to assume therefore that Mc Namara seemed to be suggesting that the rapid change in technology may have been responsible for Kodak to spend millions of dollars to secure their position with digital photography and to be competitive as well. Ang suggest that digital photography has the capabilities “to be used to reveal the transformation of a chrysalis into a butterfly or the opening of a flower.” 237 Ideally, what this practitioner seems to be impling that digital
232
Larry Oros et al Creating Digital Portfolios” Media and Methods . Volume 34.3 (1998), pgs.15. Walnut St. Philadelphia P.A. Abby Smith, Why Digitize? http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub80-smith/pub80.html Abby Smith, Why Digitize? http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub80-smith/pub80.html 235 Kirton, Marva. Interview in Person. 2005-03-11 236 Mc.Namara, Michael. J Welcome To The Revolution Digital Imaging Guide Popular Photography and Imaging (2004).p. 4 237 Tom Ang Digital Photographer’s Handbook, Published by Dorling Kindersley Limited in Great Britain, 2004.p. 196 233 234
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photography has all the tenets of Clifford Geertz’s “Thick description theory” 238 The thick description theory provides scope to unravel, record and analyze data just as the developmental stages of the butterfly. Digital technology provides some latitude to operate external the classroom. Ang states, “For field work if you have the power to run a portable computer and your camera at the same time then you can produce as many images as you like without buying film or visiting a processing laboratory”239 This is an interesting point because, the classroom in this context can be facilitated anywhere outside the four walls because of digital technology. Derek Roundtree argues that “educational technology embodies one critical value, what it is you are trying to do, how and why you propose to do it, and what manner you will judge the effectiveness of the system you thereby create.” 240 Therefore if we do not improve our analytical and pedagogy skills, probably we will be the hearers of many things and will have learned nothing241 according to Socrates. Robert Heinich, et al. has advocated that “visuals are traditional media associated with classroom… they are still among the most popular teaching tools.” One such tool is compact digital cameras since they will serve a useful purpose in the classroom environment. 242 Digital technology is so popular that it is now considered a way of life. Cultural theorist Raymond Williams indicated that “Culture is a way of life” Since Williams’ theory holds to be true then it can be presumed that digital technology has become part of the people’s life and part of the photographic cultural landscape. Robert Heinich, et al. takes the time to underscore the issue regarding the “large bright images captured by the audience’s attention as no other technologies” 243 That is why digital photography can be used for the purpose to impact, sensitize, communicate, analyze, and display. Laudon, Kenneth C. et al” also advocates the same has a profound impact on the society and how we see the
238
Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, Basic Books,1973(2000 edition). p.9,10. Ang, Tom. Digital Photographer’s Handbook, Published by Dorling Kindersley Limited in Great Britain, 2004.p.196. Roundtree. Educational Technology in Curriculum Development p.11. 241 Ibid p.111. 242 Heimich. et al. Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. P24. 243 Ibid p.140 239 240
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world".244 As this trend of thought continues Lezano proposes that digital cameras could be divided and categorized according to the resolution at which the camera captures the image. He further argues that these cameras come in various resolutions such: Low, Medium, and High245. Laudon, et al. also suggests the fact that “the different kinds of technologies available today can be categorized in four basic types: sensing, communication, analyzing and display." 246 His point is relevant because the society profiles people, and people can sense, communicate, analyze and display information.
Copyright Concerns Ang makes the point that some balance and regulation to digital technology is necessary. A case in point “because of a poster or other subject matter is on public view you can photograph it with impunity247.” 248 It is most probably that you will be infringing someone’s copyright. Ang advises if you are taking the photograph for research or study, then it may not be needed. Different traditions of copyright law in different countries lead to varieties not only in detail but also in the entire approach to this subject. Let's say, to illustrate a school essay on advertising - you are probably in the clear. But if you use a recognizable and sizable portion of an image on public view as a significant part of another image that you go on to exhibit, publish, or sell, then in many countries you would be in breach of copyright. He further explains that in order to prevent ideas from being stolen simply have the editor/publisher sign a non-disclosure agreement.”
244 245
Laudon, Kenneth C. London. Information Technology “Concepts and Issues”. Ibid p5. In society there are three levels in the society lower, middle, upper class
Laudon, London. Information Technology “Concepts and Issues”. Ibid p5. Impunity means "exemption from punishment or loss or escape from fines" In the international law of human rights, it refers to the failure to bring perpetrators of human rights violations to justice and, as such, itself constitutes a denial of the victims' right to justice and redress. Impunity is especially common in countries that lack a tradition of the rule of law, suffer from corruption or that have entrenched systems of patronage, or where the judiciary is weak or members of the security forces are protected by special jurisdictions or immunities. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impunity 246 247
248
Ang.
Handling Cameras Digital Photography. (London: Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2004),146
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Image-Manipulating The reality is, the image manipulating procedure, has to do with photographing an image with a digital camera down-loading that image/images from the camera on the hard drive of the computer and saving this image in a specific format whether it is the BMP, JPEG, PICT, PNG, TIFF format. What is also equally important, such a process requires time, patience that engages critical thinking in order to get it right. Perhaps some students may decide that it cannot happen because of techno phobia249, among other reasons. In such a setting it is logical to assume that digital technology can be used as a tool in schools to assist in critical thinking since all persons who possess the capacity to be analytical irrespective of their profession, gender, class, race, or ethnicity. Former reader in education at Leicester University and now professor of psychology at Nottingham Trent University Jean Underwood supports the argument that there is the need to establish the value of technology 250 to education since it remains important, particularly where there is an emphasis on standards-based on accountability and also because of the substantial cost of implementing technology innovation in the classroom.
Advantages of Digital Photography Digital is electronic and digital process. Digital depends exclusively on sensor resolution and interpolation methods; also compression, if used. Digital image is stored temporarily on memory cards or hard disks. Digital cameras require electrical power. The digital technology is instant images and there are no negatives to lose. The fact that digital technology can perform such a specific function validates the answer to the question Have you considered this approach? Digital cameras have the facility of transferring images to your personal computer for use in e-mail or on the Internet. The digital camera just requires a connection to a computer to produce prints.
249 250
"Techno-Phobia" is the fear people experience with new technology. For example many people were afraid of used computers. http://ictliteracy.info/rf.pdf/impact-digital-tech.pdf
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Digital is electronic and digital process that depends exclusively on sensor resolution and interpolation251methods; and compression, if used the following will occurDigital image is stored temporarily on memory cards or hard disks. Digital cameras require electrical power. The digital is instant images and there are no negatives to lose. Digital cameras have the facility of transferring images to your personal computer for use in e-mail or on the Internet. The digital technology just requires a connection to a computer to produce prints. In addition, it is fully updated with the latest cameras, accessories and computer hardware for digital photography a new era in photography that can be used to practice critical thinking. The children in the classroom using technology could benefit from Digital Technology because it will help to hone their critical thinking skills if there is techno phobia, since it could be reduce significantly and they could become competent and versatile in digital technology. Digital Technology can become a popular tool in the Barbadian primary/secondary schools classroom. The facilitators of digital technology can determine how much students have learnt, how their learning vary with the individual student’s psychosocial make up. 252 In this context I wish to advance the theory that there would be better appreciation for the technology within the electronic space especially more facilitation of printed journals, monitor and measure progress and development in any project at schools events. Students can participate more in the utilization of digital technology in video conferencing253, and the scanning of images that interphase with the digital technology. In this environment technology can be used as a profession, a leisure-time activity; preserve historical landmarks, reconstruct previous events, evoke memories and become a popular tool. Digital technology should be identified and use as problem solving tool and approaches to critical thinking, and as a way of thinking about learning and teaching. 251
In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, interpolation is a method of constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. 252 Derek Roundtree. Educational Technology in Curriculum Development. (London: Harper and RowPublishers.1974).155. 253 In some instance this facility is used especially when people are unable to travel
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Disadvantages of Digital Photography Ang and Lezano have agreed that ‘digital cameras have the lowest quality of images. Most digital cameras cannot react as quickly as film-based cameras, so there is an increased chance of missing the exact image you were targeting. The time the camera takes to “recover” after taking a shot is longer ranging from 10-30 seconds.” 254Shelly Lester and Erin Mulroney “strongly suggested that the cost of digital cameras can be prohibitive for some schools.” As you are aware digital technology requires batteries and since the cameras use considerable power, the batteries must be replaced or recharged often. The stark reality is some children’s financial status may prevent them from purchasing a digital camera.
Critical Thinking Defined Jeannette A. Woodward defines critical thinking as “when you think critically, you first observe, and then question, investigate, analyze and synthesize” Woodward continues to define this topic explicitly by stating that “a number of competencies are requiring in critical thinking in order to get success.”255 Critical Thinking exercises will allow students to create and manipulate information. John Dewy “cites” critical thinking as important because it was the method for approaching real problems in the real world”256.
What is the EDUTECH PROGRAMME? The Education Sector Enhancement Programme (EDUTECH) is an allinclusive education reform programme being carried out in Barbados. From the name itself, one would immediately assume that the involvement of Information
254
Shelly Lester and Erin Mulroney Vol. 35 .1 (1998): 10-12.
“The Joys of Digital Cameras” Media and Methods
255
Woodward, Jeannette A. Writing Research Papers: Investigating Resources In Cyberspace. (Lincolnwood Chicago: NTC Publishing Group, 1997),7. 256 Idib p.7
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and Communication Technology (ICT) would be the major bedrock of this reform. 257
Richard Johnson et al. is a proponent of the aforementioned because he advocates that the support method from student and researcher peers in seminars or course modules or informal self-organized workshops or even in a common room or a shared study facility is crucial. 258 The benefits of the implementation of digital photography in the school curriculum would need the acquisition of skills and requisite training of both student and teacher since it allows for higher quality of education to be delivered by the schools. Teachers/children can use digital technology as a tool to enhance their lessons.
Evaluation of the Exercise Harold Lewis believes that “photography is the recording of hidden and invisible phenomena”259 Lewis’s view has provided the impetus for the exercise involves comparing and contrasting. In this exercise, the students read the photographs like a text. One of the photographs which was compared and contrasted by the students certainly highlighted the differences among these cars. The purpose of this type of an exercise highlighted Images of the cars via a multimedia screen for analysis to determine similarities and differences in (a) helping the students to develop a base for ‘critical thinking’. (b) The opportunity to hone their critical thinking skills during the common entrance examination260 and (c) would create unconsciously some kind of criteria, which required questions with a deeper understanding in critical thinking. What was very noticeable about this exercise was the fact that the students expressed the fact that some cars were shaped differently with various colours and the common denominator existing between the cars was the fact that they were 257
Leon Charles. Curriculum Reform in Barbados .http://www.caribecd.org.jm/2002CONF/guyanaconf/EDUCATION%20Issues/BdosCreatingPositiveLearningEnvironment.htm.> July 9th 2005 258 Richard Johnson. et al. Multiplying methods: from pluralism to combination: The Practice Of Cultural Studies. London :Sage. 2004),67. 259 Harold Lewis Photography Year-Book 1953 the Press Centre Ltd., 9/10,Old Bailey, London, EC 4 Printed in Great Britain, (1935).p.159. 260 In England, the 11-plus or eleven plus is an examination administered to some students in their last year of primary education, governing admission to various types of secondary school. The name derives from the age group for secondary entry: 11–12 years. The eleven plus examination was once used throughout England and Wales but is now only used in a number of counties and boroughs in England. TheTransfer Test is especially associated with the Tripartite System which was in use from 1944 to 1976. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven_plus_exam
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made of metal. Equally, it was discovered that some of the cars appeared to be made from harder material while others appeared to be made of a softer material. All of the cars were profiled into categories of their colours, size, shape, model number, and registration number. This profiling exercise underscored the point that all of the cars regardless of their category performed similar roles differently at the same time. This exercise did five things(a) gave the participants the opportunity to evaluate each car (b) which car was better (c) more suitable (d) appropriate (e) hone their intellectual and practical approach. Case in point students had identified the year, the brand name, colours, and other relevant information on the cars, such as shape, and other physical structures. The technologies such as digital camera, multimedia screen, computer, and images of the cars helped the students to appreciate and understand the physical features of the cars were placed into portfolios. The same is also supported by Ang who indicates that “Portfolios”261 is a mechanism, which helps, in the planning preparation especially when you have gathered images.
Interpreting Lyrics The Interpretation of Lyrics certainly got the children’s attention focused on listening and making sense of what the artiste was saying. During the aforementioned exercise we recognized that following instructions required good listening skills. The exercise was conducted in a controlled environment. On this occasion (a) participants were instructed to be attentive to the lyrics and the music (b) the students were entertained and (c) acquired knowledge. A case in point, a number of participants were invited to listen to the music and lyrics critically so that they could match the images they captured within the school’s environment. The lyrics and the music in this assignment had to be assimilated in order to apply the appropriate image to the appropriate sound bite. This approach synchronizes with Ang’s text. He indicates that “digital cameras allow you to include a sound-bite from what you have photographed.” 262 The music in this 261 262
Tom Ang, Digital Photographer’s Handbook, Published by Dorling Kindersley Limited in Great Britain, 2004. p. 365-379. Tom Ang, Digital Photographer’s Handbook, Published by Dorling Kindersley Limited in Great Britain, 2004. p.156
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environment was a representation of language, which was used to communicate a message, which had to be read and interpreted. As Stuart Hall puts it “Representation connects meaning and language to culture.” 263 Hall’s theory regarding representation is appropriate in this context because I have observed that this assignment invoked much discussion among the participants. For example, the students and the teachers discussed images, and concepts. This dynamic exercise engaged the children’s analytical skills; reinforcing their listening and writing skills. It appeared that they had fun, and wrote out their thoughts about the lyrics thus reinforcing what they believed. Under normal conditions these students would have been dancing to the rhythm of the music. However, on this occasion it necessitated analysis of the lyrics by remaining silent for a moment. Importantly, the children had an opportunity to state their opinions about the music and the lyrics. For example, some of the students who were perceived as “slow academically” and appeared incapable of writing their thoughts fluently drew their images as opposed to writing. The fact that the students communicated differently meant that some processing did occurred. The silent moment activity also aroused the student’s enthusiasm and attention. For instance they identified their names using the letters of the alphabet as the letters moved across the screen. A game emerged as students partnered themselves to see whose name could be spelt first. The fact that all of the children reflected their views by different methods was remarkable. The fact that they were communicating is evident that some analysis occurred despite their perceived deficiencies. A case in point some students drew images and some wrote information. The type of training identified in the above mentioned environment highlights the fact that the students appeared to be engaging in the type of critical thinking. The type outlined by Roy Eichhorn, in his text namely Strategic Systems Department cites as ‘the ability to be in control of one’s thinking. Roy Eichhorn’s theory highlights the fact that students have the ability to consciously examine the elements of one’s reasoning, or that of another, and evaluate that reasoning against universal intellectual standards - clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, 263
Hall,Stuart.(ed)
Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (London:Sage,1997).p.15
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breadth, and logic.” 264 Eichhorn seems to be implying that clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, and logic are components, which could facilitate all aspects of the second part of this exercise.
Silent Dialogue This exercise allowed the students to close their eyes for one minute so that they could cultivate another way of critiquing the various sounds effect external and internal the classroom. Silent Dialogue265 helps improve the student’s multisensory skills by listening critically to all external sounds around the classroom. The following occurred during the Silent Dialogue exerciseCreated a new understanding among the students in the classroom It encouraged interaction It made them become incoherence cause their thoughts to stir a new consciousness and (e) It engaged the students in searching out meaning as they discussed among themselves the various types of sounds they recorded. Universally, the exercises highlighted in this text create the environment for the students to suspend their assumptions and invoked the exploration of questioning and the introduction of deeper change. Thomas G. Hand, S.J, describes this deeper change within the students as “inter-dialogue takes place within an individual.”266 The students were able to draw and write on paper all of the various types of sounds that they heard. They were reminded that on this occasion that they now had the opportunity to better appreciate what actually occurs when the microphone is switched in the on position to record noise sound et cetera.
264
Roy Eichhorn, Strategic Systems Department http://www.amsc.belvoir.army.mil/roy.html Dialogue in Silence is an exhibition which invites into a world of silence. Other forms of expression are used in this exhibition, where deaf persons guide the visitors in small groups through rooms which is totally soundproof.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue_in_Silence 265
266
Thomas G. Hand, S.J Contemplative Dialogue www.bedegriffiths.com/dialogue/dialogue.htm 13 March 2006
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The children were observed discussing the various noises/sounds that they thought they heard as opposed to what was actually recorded by the microphone. What was very noticeable the microphone recorded more noises/sounds than what was previously recorded by the students? Children practiced exercises in analysis, namely silent dialogue, interpreting lyrics, photographing images, downloading images, and manipulating images, even though it was their maiden experience irrespective of their weaknesses or strengths. Some students were perceived as “slow academically” were not visiting the principal’s office that frequently. For instance, at one of the primary schools some of the students who were perceived as disruptive did not even exhibited this behavior during that period. Teachers use this opportunity to re-examine their pedagogy skills. The students were very enthusiastic; Students who were “adept academically” continued to practice what they were thought whereas everyone excluded those who were not part of the experiment frequented that classroom during lunch break. At the end of this exercise the participants asked the facilitator, the pertinent question please Sir when are you coming back?
Suggestions I am humbly suggesting that all practitioners of education 267 should include more of the ‘digital technology’ and ‘critical thinking’ components in their researching program if there is none. The introduction of such technologies will foster and promote new interesting discoveries.
Personal Reflections I would like to bring this chapter to a close with this quote from Derek Rowntree (1976) Educational Technology in Curriculum Development “…
Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 16. As of 2014, children in 1 infant school, 4 public nursery schools, 71 public primary schools, 2 assisted special schools, 20 registered private schools, 23 public secondary schools, 7 assisted private secondary schools, numbered 59,000; a small number attend private primary schools. Primary education begins at the age of five whereas the state provides tuition for approximately 86% of the eligible children for primary.”267 In this arrangement perhaps the research and planning department within the Ministry of Education could revisit their methodologies and approaches so as to manage critical problems.
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Thinking, feeling, and doing behaviors give rise, respectively, to what are known as cognitive, affective, and psychomotor objectives. Cognitive objectives involved the learner in thinking process like remembering, evaluating, and problem solving. There is also this notion that affective objectives, involve the learner’s feelings and attitudes. Carl Rogers’ ”self-actualization” objectives are clearly affective...”268 “Aims provide the ethical standard against which objectives are justified. Thus, if a student or teacher questions the value of one of your objectives you can only discuss the matter in terms of your overall aims”269 According to Brian Williams, Stacey C.Sawyer, Sarah E.Hutchinson (1999)"This new media in the classroom will have a profound effect on the participant because the participant will have to become accustom to this concept of technology.”270 As you are aware Technology is not a new buzzword because it was always around for instance chalk; the blackboard, exercise books and pencils are primitive forms of technology. Most importantly, if there is no censorship component then a similar system should be infused into the educational curriculum act because it gives the act the latitude to determine how the ‘digital technology’ is used. Such a strategy should challenge the ‘critical thinking’ of the supervisory in the use of ‘digital technology’. ‘Critical thinking’ can be used to address the students’ ability to analyze and solve problems.
Conclusions and Reflections ‘Digital technology’ has replaced ‘analogue technology’. Further, it should be noted that ‘critical thinking’ is an instrument of representation of the production of meaning through language that can be used as part of the constructionist approach of representation through language especially in the classroom. 268
Roundtree, Derek.
269
Ibid.p.23.
270
Educational Technology in Curriculum Development. London: Harper and RowPublishers.1974.p.29
Williams,Brian K., Stacey C. Sawyer. Using Information Technology, “A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications.” Irwin McGraw-Hill, Boston, Mass. 1999.p.3.
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According to Ferdinand de Saussure, “representation is the production of meaning through language.” 271 What I witnessed was excitement, enthusiasm, and a willingness to participate in the exercises while learning seemed to be taking place because of the group’s discussion, and interesting observations was very apparent. For example, some of the children drew images of what they intended to say as opposed to writing words. They also used some of the photographic images they captured as a point of reference as they listened to music and were also exposed to higher cognitive objectives such as application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Ellington, Percival, and Race (1993) identified similar components higher cognitive objectives in their book Handbook of Educational Technology”272 The students’ critical thinking skills were honed given their responses to the varying activities because the following occurred during the interaction session: The students appeared to be very animated as they tried to explain how they arrived at the various answers because they were encouraged to practice analysis. It appeared that the students who practiced analysis manipulated the images with confidence. Some of the participants were not as adept as their colleagues in some of the subject areas but the explanation of analysis of events helped them to demonstrate a measure of confidence. The continuous assessment, the monitoring and the evaluation within this technological space273 was very helpful. Tom Ang, Daniel Lezano, Gordon Brooks, Ronnie Carrington, Adderson Cumberbatch, Director of Edutech Ray and Information Technology Kirton view regarding digital technology synchronized. Students and teachers can benefit from this nuance by recording/documenting immediately the execution of any event within the parameters of the curriculum for reference and analysis. 271 272 273
Stuart Hall (ed)` Representing: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (London:Sage,1997).p.28. Ellington, Henry.et al Handbook of Educational Technology.New Jersey:.Nichols Publishing, 1984.p.112. Elaine Baldwin
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This nuance was categorized as modernity 274 because of its application, its progress, its impact on the global culture, institutions275, politics and especially the teacher and the student since they will determine the effectiveness and the importance. According to Robert Heinich et al. “assimilation is the cognitive process by which a learner integrates new information.” 276 Hence, the study highlighted the fact that digital technology can help in the assimilation process in primary schools. Kenneth C.Laudon’s et al. made the telling point that, “Information technology helps us understand problems better, design solutions, and ultimately create the kind of society we want.” 277 Laudon’s interpretation lends support to this conversation Have you considered this approach? Have you considered this approach? answers the pertinent question that humankind is still growing and developing while technology is evolving. The data gathered from the research can provide distinct preferences in the use of digital technology especially in the classroom. The Digital Camera has facilities that allows for the storing of images digitally in contrast with older technology that facilitated the process to record images on film. Digital technology has created an environment that categorizes the following A leisure-time activity, It is a profession, A revenue earner, It is part of the popular culture, It is now enshrined in the educational curriculum globally, It is used in the classrooms, It is evolving technologically
Appendix 1 the research interview questions: 1.
Can Digital Technology be used to improve pedagogy in
274
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity (Berman 2010, 15–36). 276 Robert Heimich. et al. Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. Columbus, Ohio: Macmillan Publishing Company.1993.p.7 275
277
Kenneth C. Laudon et al.
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Barbadian classrooms? 2. Explain how the use of Digital Technology can be used to improve pedagogy in Barbadian classroom 3. How do you see Digital Technology affecting the children’s life and your profession? 4. Should Digital Technology be part of the educational curriculum, 5. How frequently should children practice the theoretical use of Digital Technology in Barbadian classrooms? 6. Is the application of Digital Technology vital in today’s society especially in the Barbadian classrooms? 7. Can Digital Photography assist children to become more adept educationally? 8. Explain how Digital Technology can become part of pedagogy to improve learning in the Barbadian classrooms? 9. Is there evidence of the use of Digital Technology in the Barbadian classrooms? 10. Explain do you think that training is required to use Digital Technology? If the answer is yes, would you state what type of training is required? 11. Who would benefit as a result of the use of Digital Technology in Barbadian classrooms?
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Barbadian Icons
By William Anderson Gittens Author, CEO,Cultural Practitioner, Media Arts Specialist, Publisher
ISBN 976-8080-59-0 Vol.2, Second Edition©2013, Vol.1, First Edition 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner. Typesetting, Layout design, Illustrations, and Photography By William Anderson Gittens and Edited by Magnola Gittens
Email address:wilmag.com@outlook.com First Edition ©.2003 Second Edition ©.2013 Email address devgro@ hotmail.com Website devgro.net Twitter account William Gittens @lisalaron https://www.facebook.com/wgittens2 https://www.linkedin.com/in/william-anderson-gittens-author-media-arts-specialist-b1886b26 Printed by Massy Technologies InfoCom (Barbados) Ltd. Fax246 4300427 Tel: (246) 240 4174 Published by Devgro Media Arts Services A WilMag Creation©2016 In Memory of my parents the late Ira Louise Mayers Gittens and the late Charles Gittens
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Foreword Through the lenses of a Media Arts Specialist I have discovered that People are ambassadors of their Creator and representatives of their Diaspora operating within the universal space. . In this space the people whom I have referenced in this text are Barbadians who are part of the world’s population totalling seven billion278 and they provide representation, share ideas and habits they would have learnt with their generation and ultimately with future generations.” 279 Barbados has within its landscape a number of “Images, Land Marks and Monuments” and its people which are they greatest resources.
278
2United States Census Bureau (USCB)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
279
8. Michael Haralambos and Robin Heald Sociology Themes and Perspectives Great Britain: University Tutorial Press Limited.1980.3.
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Affectionate Names In Barbados Sir Grantley Adams was affectionately called “Moses” or “Messiah” The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow earned the name “Dipper”. Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell was affectionately called Tae. Sir Garfield St. Arburn Sobers was affectionately called Garry. Anthony Carter is affectionately called “Mighty Gabby".
Alma Mater Notably, the Rt. Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur280, M.P. and The Rt. Hon. Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, KA received their education at the Coleridge and Parry Boy's School and at Harrison College (Barbados). Sir Winston Arleigh Scott Barbados’ first national Governor General and The Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams were educated at St. Giles Boys' School. The Rt. Hon. Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, KA The Rt. Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur Sir Winston Arleigh Scott, The Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams and The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow received their education at Harrison College (Barbados).
Attorneys General281 Sir David served twice as Attorney-General of Barbados; first, from 1985 to 1986, and, more recently, from September 1994 to August 2001.
280
He attended the University of the West Indies. , receiving a bachelor's degree in economics in 1971, and then won a scholarship for graduate study at the university's main campus in Kingston, Jamaica. 1984; 281
Adriel Brathwaite Francis Fleming G. Aubrey Goodman, Maurice King (lawyer),Dale Marshall,George Moe, William Conrad Reeves Sir Frederick Smith (barrister) William Campbell Wylie https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Attorneys-General_of_Barbados
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Since 2008, Mr. Stuart has been Attorney General282 and Minister of Home Affairs, and Deputy Prime Minister from May 2010 He acted as Prime Minister. The Hon. Mia Amor Mottley was appointed Attorney-General283 and Minister of Home Affairs in August 2001 and is the first female (in Barbados) to hold this position1995 and in 2002 Ms. Mottley serve as Barbados's second female Deputy Prime Minister.
Born the Same Year-1961 The Hon. Mia Mottley The Hon. David Thompson
‘Boundary Lines” 284 Psalm 16:6. The Hon Mia Mottley 285 grandfather was Ernest Deighton Mottley (1907–1973), He was the first Mayor of Bridgetown (1959) who had represented Bridgetown in the House of Assembly. Her uncle, Ernest Deighton Mottley (1931–2008), political leader of the short lived Christian Social Democratic party (CSD) created in March 1975. Her father Elliott Deighton Mottley (26 Nov 1939- ), a barrister who sat in the House of Assembly, consul-general in New York. The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow286 was the son of the late Rev. Reginald Barrow he was influenced by the late Ruth nee O’Neal. Nephew of another National Hero, Dr. Charles Duncan O’Neal, founder of the Democratic League. It is always noteworthy when any Government/Country recognizes the significant contributions made by its people and rewards them tangibly and publicly. Importantly, the governments of Barbados, India and South Africa honoured their featured icons by erecting statues and engraving their images on paper currency287.
282
http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/candidate/mr-freundel-stuart/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Mottley http://biblehub.com/psalms/16-6.htm New International Version (©2011) 285 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Mottley 286 http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/about-us/errol-barrow/ http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/about-us/errol-barrow/ 287 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Barbados.aspx 283 284
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In 1973, the Government of Barbados introduced Sir Grantley Adams' image engraved on the $100 note288 and The Rt. Excellent Errol Barrow’s image on the $50 note.
Coined Economic Phrases On the 26 February 2010 Dennis Jones coined the phrase “Egonomics”
289
.
During The 15 Year Period Mr. Barrow was particularly successful in securing many social changes for Barbados over the 15-year period290 The DLP won a decisive victory in the December 4, 1961 General Elections with the Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow at the helm. During this period he was the first Premier and Prime Minister of Barbados having been selected by the people to lead Barbados into Independence in 1966, Barrow thus brought to an end the long process of decolonization. His record of achievement led to the DLP's landslide victory in the September, 1971 General Elections, capturing 18 of the 24 seats in the House of Assembly. Mr. Barrow’s popularity was on the decline and in 1976291 he was defeated at the polls by the Barbados Labour Party. The BLP was led by the Rt.Hon. John Michael Geoffrey Manningham "Tom" Adams 292 (September 24, 1931 – March 11, 1985) was a Barbadian politician who served as Prime Minister of Barbados from 1976 until 1985. To date the Rt.Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur M.P. has the distinction of serving as Prime Minister of Barbados from 1994 until 2008.
288
Officially introduced on 3 December 1973, the Barbados dollar (bds$) of 100 cents is a paper currency officially pegged to the US dollar. There are coins of 1, 5, 10, and 25 cents and 1 dollar, and notes of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 dollars. bds$1 = us$0.50000 (or us$1 = bds$2; as of 2004). http://www.bing.com/search?q=Owen+Arthurnomics&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=owen+arthurnomics&sc=0-0&sp=-1&sk= Living in Barbados: Transforming The Economy In The Age Of ...livinginbarbados.blogspot.com/2010/02/transforming-economy-in-age...5 posts · By Dennis Jones · Published 2/26/20102/26/2010 · Owen Arthur proudly wore his ego-nomics hat while using his cheshire smile to fool people into thinking he was not responsible for the country economics... 289
290 291 292
http://www.errolbarroweducationfund.com/errol-barrow.html http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/barrow_errol.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Adams_(politician)
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“Father of Independence” Errol Walton Barrow was acclaimed as the Father of Barbados’ Independence.
Holidays Observed in Their Honour Since April 1998 National Heroes Day has been celebrated in Barbados.
Icons Quotations The late Rt. Ex. Errol Walton Barrow “We will be friends of all, satellites of none293.” (Errol Barrow, First Prime Minister of Barbados)
Lawyers The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams QC, KT. Bachelor, CGM, The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow, P.C., Q.C., The Hon Mia Amor Mottley Q.C., M.P., The Hon. David John Howard Thompson Q.C, M.P. The Rt. Hon. Freundel Stuart Q.C. M.P. Prime Minister of Barbados, Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA, 294 BCH, LLD , Sir David Anthony Cathcart Simmons, K.A., B.C.H., Q.C., LL.M. (Lond.), Hon. LL.D (Lond.),
Lectured Mr. Arthur and Mr. Sandiford lectured in the discipline of Economics but at different tertiary institutions namely the University of the West Indies 1984. Mr. Sandiford lectured at the University of the West Indies and the Barbados Community College in Economics and Caribbean Politics. 293
http://thevincentian.com/independence-quotes-on-which-to-ponder-p1431-155.htm
294
The University of the West Indies (The UWI) conferred honorary degrees on the following in 2014 Dame Maizie Barker-Welch –Women’s Rights Activist, Barbados - LLD Dame Irina Bokova – Politician/UNESCO Director General, Bulgaria- LLD Dame Cécile Ellen La Grenade – Food Scientist, Grenada - LLD Dame Billie Miller – Politician, Barbados - LLD http://cavehill.uwi.edu/news/releases/release.asp?id=523
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Sir David Simmons lectured in law in London until his return to Barbados in 1970. Between the period 1970 and 1974. Sir David was a part-time lecturer in law at the Faculty of Law of the University of the West Indies. The Hon. David Thompson also lectured part-time in law at the University of the West Indies between 1986 and 1988.
Longest Serving Prime Ministers The Rt. Hon. Owen Seymour Arthur, M.P., served as longest Barbadian Prime Minister from 1994 to 2008.
Lovers of Music Sir David is a trumpet player295 for 9 years he played trumpet in a band in London led by Ivan Chin and he has played alongside Troubadours International, the Royal Barbados Police Force Band, and with outstanding Trinidadian musicians, Ralph Davies and Errol Ince. Sir David has produced calypso records and judged and commentated on calypso competitions and the most extensive private collection of calypso music in Barbados dating back to 1924.
Mixed Heritage The Hon. David Thompson late Prime Minister of Barbados has a mixed heritage. Thompson was born in London to Charles Thompson, an AfroBarbadian porter and a painter, and Margaret Knight, a White Barbadian author, secretary and nurse. The late Prime Minister the Hon. Thompson was born in 1961.
Preceded and Succeeded The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow was preceded by an Adams. The Honourable Thompson and the Rt. Honourable Stuart represented the constituents and the constituencies of their successors represented. 295
http://coscap.org/corporate/foundation-board/hon-sir-david-simmons
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The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow (deceased) represented the St. John constituency, likewise The Hon. David Thompson (deceased). The Rt. Hon Freundel Jerome Stuart currently represents the St. Michael South constituency like his successor the Right Honourable Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford K.A.
Prime Ministers The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow Barbados 1st The Right Honourable Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford K.A. Barbados 4th The Right Honourable Owen Seymour Arthur M.P. Barbados 5th The Hon. David John Howard Thompson Q.C, M.P. Barbados 6th The Rt.Hon. Freundel Stuart Q.C. M.P. Prime Minister of Barbados 7th
Represented the Same Constituency The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow represented the St. John constituency (deceased). The Hon David Thompson represented the St. John (deceased). The Rt.Hon Freundel Jerome Stuart currently represents the St. Michael South constituency. The Right Honourable Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford K.A..
Served In the Military The Rt Excellent Errol Walton Barrow served in the Royal Air Force during World War II. He enlisted in the RAF on 31 December 1940 and flew some 45 operational bombing missions over the European Theatre. By 1945 he had risen to the rank of Flying Officer and was appointed as personal navigator to the Commander in Chief of the British Zone of occupied Germany, Sir William Sholto Douglas. 296
Statues Were Erected In Their Honour 296
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Barrow
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Arguably, statues 297 are considered as a symbol of either events or of someone who has accomplished outstanding achievements in their lives and wish to be remembered by an effigy of that person. In this context there are several people who are identified in this text who have statues erected in their honour and unveiled on behalf of these very important people. The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams QC, KT. Bachelor, CGM, statue is located in front of Government Headquarters at Bay Street, St. Michael. Grantley Adams International Airport, formerly Seawell Airport, located in Christ Church, Barbados, was named after the former Premier in 1976. In Barbados the Sherbourne Conference Centre was renamed the Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Conference Centre."298 The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow, P.C., Q.C., statue is located in Independence Square Bridgetown. The Errol Barrow Centre for Creative Imagination, at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill was opened in his honour. The Rt. Excellent Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers AO OCC statue is located at Kensington Oval and Sir Frank Worrell’s monument is erected at the University of the West Indies.
Their Fathers Died At A Tender Age The Right Excellent Sir Garfield 299 Sobers was only five when his father died at sea in January 1942, after his ship was torpedoed by a German Uboat. The Rt. Hon. Freundel Stuart Q.C. M.P. Prime Minister of Barbados lost his father300 at the age of 9.
The First among Equals In 1938301 the Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams established the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) Sir Grantley was Barbados’ first Premier and the only Prime Minister of the now defunct West Indies Federation. 297
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_purpose_of_statues#page2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford 299 http://www.jayblessed.com/2012/02/08/black-history-month-day-7-sir-garfield-sobers/ 300 http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/candidate/mr-freundel-stuart/ 298
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In 1950 Sir Frank Worrell was selected as the first black captain of the West Indies cricket team. The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow was Barbados’ first Prime Minister. In 2003, Sir David Simmons was the first Caribbean person to be accorded the Honorary Fellow of the U.W.I. and was also awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) by the University of London that high distinction by that University. In 2009 Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford KA was assigned the position of Barbados’ Ambassador to People's Republic of China, becoming the first Barbadian Prime Minister to be appointed Ambassador to a foreign country. The Rt. Excellent Errol Walton Barrow was Barbados’ first Prime Minister. Dame Nita Barrow GCMG, was sworn in as Barbados’ first female Governor General 6 June 1990. The Honourable Mia Amor Mottley Mia Amor Mottley, Q.C., M.P, Bachelor of Laws was the first Barbadian female politician elected and sworn in as Leader of Her Majesty’s Opposition in Barbados on January 16, 2008 and 2013. In 2001 Mia Amor Mottley was appointed the Attorney General and Minister of Home Affairs and is the first female to hold this position. In 1968 Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA was Barbados’ first female barrister called to the Bar of England and Wales. In 1969 Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA was called to the Bar of Barbados and was the first female to sit in the Cabinet of Barbados. In 1843, Samuel Jackman Prescod was the first coloured man to sit in the House and one of the two members elected to the House of Assembly for the new constituency of the City of Bridgetown, which Dame Billie Antoinette Miller also represented. 1985 John Michael Geoffrey Manningham "Tom" Adams the first sitting Prime Minister of Barbados (1976 until 1985) to die in office. 301
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantley_Herbert_Adams
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Sir John Montague Stow (1911-1997)290,33 was the last colonial Governor General and first Governor General of independent Barbados. Sir Arleigh Winston Scott (1900-1976) first native Governor General of Barbados. Robyn Rihanna Fenty Robyn Rihanna Fenty302 also became the first female artist; in the history of the chart, to have a number one in five consecutive years... Walter Tull303 the first black/mixed- combat officer 2nd Lieutenant and first black/mixed-race player to win a medal in English senior football Earl Maynard was the first Barbadian 304 to win the Mr. Universe Bodybuilding title, and the only Bajan to win it three times. Ron "Suki" King (born 1956) 305 is a checkers player from Saint George, Barbados. He has won United States titles and twelve World Championship Titles at the game and is considered one of the strongest players of the game. He has been honored by his homeland being named Barbados's Sportsman of the Year in both 1991 and 1992. He also made it into Guinness World Records in 1998 for playing against 385 players simultaneously and beating them all.[1] He has been called the Muhammad Ali of the checkers world for his "trashtalking." His 2008 match against South African grandmaster Lubabalo Kondlo is the central subject in the Checkers documentary King Me. In 2014 he lost his GAYP title to Sergio Scarpetta when King failed to appear for the final four games
The Meaning of Their Name Anthony306 Strong, Cute, Antoinette307 is a French given name, the feminine form of Antoine (from Latin Antonius) meaning beyond praise or highly praise-worthy. David308, meaning "Darling" or "Beloved". 302
www.imdb.com/name/nm1982597/bio www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/viewtopic.php
303 304
http://www.vacation-in-barbados.com/barbadospeople.htmhttp://www.totallybarbados.com/barbados/About_Barbados/Local_Information/People/Meet_a_Bajan/Earl_Maynard/l http://www.trinicenter.com/Sports/oba.htm
305 306 307 308
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_King http://what-does-my-name-mean.org/name/anthony/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%28name%29
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Erskine309 means- from the top of the cliff ascending. The meaning of the name Errol is 'nobleman', 'warrior,' or 'prince.'310 Freundel311 The meaning of Freundel is unknown. Grantley means A tall man; a great man312. Mia The name has subsequently come to be associated with the Italian 313 word Mia, meaning "mine" The name “Nita” is of Spanish origin and it means “Gift of God”. Owen314 means brave fighter
These Icons Will Be Remembered The Rt. Excellent Sir Grantley Adams and the Rt. Excellent Barrow and the Rt. Excellent Sir Garfield Sobers and the other seven national heroes Barbadians will be remembered in Barbados for the significant contributions they made with in the Barbadian cultural space. "The ten National Heroes are: The Right Excellent Sarah Ann Gill (1795–1866) The Right Excellent Bussa (Born in Africa and killed during a 1816 slave uprising fighting for his freedom in Barbados.) The Right Excellent Samuel Jackman Prescod (1806–1871) The Right Excellent Dr. Charles Duncan O'Neal (1879–1936) The Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams (1898–1987) The Right Excellent Clement Osbourne Payne (1904–1941) The Right Excellent Sir Hugh Worrell Springer (1913–1994) The Right Excellent Sir Frank Leslie Walcott (1916–1998) The Right Excellent Errol Walton Barrow (1920–1987) The Right Excellent Sir Garfield St. Auburn Sobers (1936– )
The Youngest 309
http://www.meaning-of-names.com/scottish-names/erskine.asp http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-the-meaning-of-the-name-errol http://name-list.net/facebook/surname/Freundel 312 http://www.quickbabynames.com/meaning-of-Grantley.html 313 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_%28given_name%29 314 http://what-does-my-name-mean.org/name/owen/ 310 311
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Anthony "Mighty Gabby" Carter is the youngest calypsonian to win the calypso crown in Barbados at age 19 in 1968 and went on to win the Calypso king title again in 1969, 1976, 1985, 1999, 2000 and again in 2010. The Honourable Mia Amor Mottley, QC, MP was made the youngest ever Queen's Council in Barbados. After assisting the D.L.P during its successful 1986 election campaign, Mr. Comissiong was the youngest Senator appointed to the Senate in the history of Barbados.
Won Scholarship Sir Grantley received his secondary school education at Harrison’s College. In 1918 Mr. Adams won the Barbados Scholarship315 In 1918, the Right Excellent Sir Grantley Herbert Adams QC, KT. Bachelor, CGM won the Barbados Scholarship316 At the age of 11 young Errol Barrow won a scholarship to attend 317 Combermere School. At age 14 he won another scholarship to Harrison College. In December, 1939, Mr. Barrow won a scholarship in Classics to Codrington College but did not pursue those studies. Mr. Arthur won a scholarship318 for graduate study at the university's main campus in Kingston, Jamaica. The Rt. Hon. Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, KA also won a scholarship.
Chapter 13 Personal Reflections I would like to bring this conversation to a close by stating for the record that Barbados is an island319 and that the British settled in 1627. Barbados is a Caribbean, island located in the North of the Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela.
315
www.caribbeanedu.com/coral/refcen/Biography/readbio.asp?id=3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantley_Herbert_Adams 317 http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/about-us/errol-barrow/ 318 http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthurReadmore: http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthur#ixzz2UfjRUh58 316
319
http://worldfacts.us/Barbados.htm
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Barbados’ Climate320 is tropical; rainy season June thru October while the Terrain is relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region not to mentioned the fact that its elevation extremes lowest point in Atlantic Ocean 0 m and it highest point in Mount Hillaby 336 m. Barbados’ Geography is the easternmost Caribbean island and it is recorded that Barbados’ Population is 281,968 (July 2008 est.) The annals of history have shown that there were Slaves who worked the sugar plantations that were established on the island until 1834 when slavery was abolished. The economy remained heavily dependent on sugar, rum, and molasses production through most of the 20th century. Historically, the Barbadian economy was dependent on sugarcane cultivation and related activities. However, production in recent years has diversified into light industry and tourism, with about three-quarters of GDP and 80% of exports being attributed to services. Growth has rebounded since 2003, bolstered by increases in construction projects and tourism revenues - reflecting its success in the higher-end segment. Its Natural resources comprises of petroleum, fish, natural gas and natural hazards includes infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides. Further, it must be noted that its Environment encompasses current issues such as pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships; soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination of aquifers. The gradual introduction of social and political reforms in the 1940s and 1950s led to complete independence from the UK in 1966. In the 1990s, tourism and manufacturing surpassed the sugar industry in economic importance. Of note, in 1963321, three years before independence, Barbados experienced an economic decline, which was engendered by the 1960-1961economic recession in the United States of America.
320
http://worldfacts.us/Barbados.htm
321
https://www.imf.org/external/np/seminars/eng/2010/carib/pdf/bangwa.pdf Conference on Economic Growth, Development and Macroeconomic Policy JANUARY2277––2288,,22001111Is Discretionary Fiscal Policy Effective? The Caribbean Experience Prosper F. Bangwayo-Skeete
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During that time the country was a low-income economy that was highly dependent on agriculture, mainly sugar production. At this juncture, in 1974 another economic contraction occurred due to the global oil crisis induced recession which heavily impinged the tourism sector. The government responded in 1975 by increasing both current and capital spending by 10 percent and 28 percent respectively. In 1981 and 1982 real GDP fell due to recessionary conditions in the US and Europe which led to a sharp decline in tourist arrivals and weaker demand for domestic exports. Large government outlays in 1981 were reflected in higher wages and in the expansions of government’s extensive capital works programme, but slower revenue growth resulted in a significant build-up of the fiscal deficit (Maynard, 2009). To boost the ailing economy, the government obtained a Eurodollar loan while the central bank relied on international credit lines mainly the IMF. The resultant reduced economic activity in 1981, lowered government revenue. Hence, government controlled current expenditures in 1982 which halved budget deficit. However, difficulties in financing the deficit still persisted. The international economic conditions improved and so did the tourism sector. Thus, economic growth expanded for almost a decade. In 1991 and 1992 Barbados experienced a deep recession. The recession was largely attributable to a fall in sugar exports and the Gulf war which adversely affected the tourism sector. In order to restore the economy, the government borrowed funds from the IMF which also paved way for the adoption of IMF structural adjustment beginning in 1993. The adjustment program included restrictions on fiscal spending such that by the end on 1993 fiscal deficit decreased to 0.5% due to stronger revenue growth. Consequently, growth rates have averaged between 3%-5% from 1993-2000. A combination of economic liberalization (through deregulation of the banking sector), had a negative spillover of effects of a depressed world economy and the September 11, 2001 terrorism attacks in U.S, caused a domestic banking liquidity crisis; which resulted in economic contractions in 2001 and 2002. To help better manage the challenges posed by this deteriorating economic climate, government issued a US$ 150 million international bond in the last quarter of 2001. In order to stimulate economic activity, the government adopted expansionary policies by increasing both current and capital outlays, which resulted in an increase in the fiscal deficit. 5As the recent global recession hit, Barbados suffered negative growth in both 2008 and 2009. In response the government injected a fiscal stimulus package in 2009. Page 338 of 365
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Its Nationality is called Barbadian(s) or Bajan (colloquial) and it Ethnic groups comprises of black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%. In the area of Religions: Protestant 63.4% (Anglican 28.3%, Pentecostal 18.7%, Methodist 5.1%, other 11.3%), Roman Catholic 4.2%, other Christian 7%, other 4.8%, none or unspecified 20.6%. The main Languages are English and its literacy age 15 and over have ever attended school. It’s recorded that Barbados’s322 type of Government constitutes a parliamentary democracy; independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth. Barbados’ Capital is Bridgetown and with Administrative divisions comprising of 11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, Saint Thomas. It must be noted that the city of Bridgetown may be given parish status. It gained Independence on 30 November 1966 from UK and has selected 30 November 1966 as a National holiday and Independence Day. Its Legal system constitutes English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts and its universal Suffrage age is 18 years. Barbados323 has an Executive branch that comprises of the following: Chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General who is head of government while the Cabinet is appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister. In terms of elections, the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister. Of note, the Legislative branch is bicameral Parliament and consists of the Senate (21-member body appointed by the governor general) and the House of Assembly (30 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms). The Judicial branch comprises of Supreme Court of Judicature (judges are appointed by the Service Commissions for the Judicial and Legal Services) 322
http://worldfacts.us/Barbados.htm
323
https://www.imf.org/external/np/seminars/eng/2010/carib/pdf/bangwa.pdf Conference on Economic Growth, Development and Macroeconomic Policy JANUARY2277––2288,,22001111Is Discretionary Fiscal Policy Effective? The Caribbean Experience Prosper F. Bangwayo-Skeete
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The country enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the region and an investment grade rating which benefits from its political stability and stable institutions. Offshore finance and information services are important foreign exchange earners and thrive from having the same time zone as eastern US financial centers and a relatively highly educated workforce. The government continues its efforts to reduce unemployment, to encourage direct foreign investment, and to privatize remaining state-owned enterprises. The composition of the GDP sector includes agriculture industry services, Labor force occupation services, industry agriculture, Industries: tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export Electricity production by source: fossil fuel, hydro, other, Agriculture sugarcane, vegetables, and cotton Exports: sugar and molasses, rum, other foods and beverages, chemicals, electrical components Export partners: Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Saint Lucia, Jamaica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts & Nevis Imports: consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction materials, chemicals, fuel, electrical components Import partners: US, Trinidad and Tobago, and UK Currency: Barbadian dollar (BBD)324 Importantly, since the late 1970s, the Barbados325 economy has experienced four recessionary periods, namely 1981-83, 1990-93, 2001 and 2009. 1963326 1974, 1973-1980, 1981-1983,1990-1992,1996-1998,2001-2002, and 2008-2009
324
The CIA World Factbook, U.S. Department of State, Area Handbook of the US Library of Congress
325
http://www.centralbank.org.bb/news/article/7238/the-anatomy-of-the-barbados-recessionTHE ANATOMY OF BARBADOS REhttps://www.imf.org/external/np/seminars/eng/2010/carib/pdf/bangwa.pdfCESSION See http://www.centralbank.org.bb/news/article/7238/the-anatomy-of-the-barbados-recession
326
https://www.imf.org/external/np/seminars/eng/2010/carib/pdf/bangwa.pdf
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Chapter 14
Activities Write a short account about a surprise. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… Across 1. Crop-Over Across 3. Lyn Down 2. Saturday Down 3. Lisa Down 4. Ron
EXERCISE Do you think support is necessary? Explain 2. Write a letter to a pen pal/friend about supporting a cause or event. 3. Write a poem about support. 4. List all new words in this book and make a sentence with each one of them. 5. List the names of streets and important landmarks in Barbados mentioned in this Book. 6. Parallelism means similarity. Do you observe Parallelism in this story? If so, Identify where. 1.
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1999
Compare and Contrast the Hilton between the period 1999 and 2005.
2005
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR WILLIAM ANDERSON GITTENS IDEAOLOGOY Developing and growing in the context of excellence, professionalism and quality in Multimedia Services is what we do best. Marital Status Married Children Lisa Gittens and Laron Gittens 2015 CEO/Managing Director Consultant Devgro Media Arts Services EDUCATION: 2004-2006 Post Masters Works in Cultural Studies at the University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus Page 350 of 365
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2002 Management Course BIMAP 1995 Bachelors of Arts in Media Arts Jersey City State University-special concentration pre and postproduction 1992 General Education Diploma (U.S.A.) 1992 Pursued the Diploma Video Production at the Barbados Community College. 1991 Diploma in Communication Arts at the University of the West Indies the course concentrated primarily upon public speaking; Journalism techniques, Writing and speaking; Audio and video production, and the legal aspect of journalism. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 2015 CEO, Managing Director, Consultant, isobl member 12th January 2015, Devgro Media Arts Services was registered in the Register of Business Names under No. 54463 and a Member of Small Business Association # 20912 Devgro Media Arts Services we will develop and grow in what we do best in this Global Space in the context of Excellence, Professionalism and Quality in the production of Multimedia PowerPoint Presentations for Anniversaries, Birthdays, Conference Planning, Consultancy Services, Documentaries, Funerals, Graduations, Publishing and Weddings. July 4-8 2011 Coordinator 47th Caribbean Food Crops Society Conference Managing a budget of BDS. $200.000.00 dollars as well as managing the logistical aspect of the conference, networking information to international delegates, soliciting sponsorship, coordination 12 subcommittees, drafting the president’s speech, Liaising with the following; the Chief Immigration Officer requesting the waiving of visas for international delegates from Haiti, Chief Protocol Officer Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade regarding seating
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of diplomats and specially invited guests. Ministry of Health, requesting information of the countries that will require vaccinations to facilitate their at Conference; CEO at Grantley Adams International Airport Incorporated requesting passes for Liaison Officers and Transportation Officers in facilitating delegates. The Commissioner of Police requesting Police Officers to provide security and to serve on the Protocol Committee for the conference. Managed a budget of BDS$110,489.91the 21st Conference of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Regional Commission for the Americas held in Barbados November 26-29, 2012 at two hundred and forty-three thousand six hundred dollars (BDS$110,489.91) Barbados dollars; AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER: October 2000 Author and Publisher of 10 Educational/Historical Children Books 1. Images of Yesteryear in Barbados volume 1 , 2. Images of Yesteryear in Barbados volume 2, 3. Building for the Future Vol1, 4. Colour Me Vol1, 5. Mise en scene Vol1, 6. Land Marks Vol1, 7. Technique Demonstration Vol1, 8. Established in Barbados Vol 1 9. Established in Barbados Vol 2 10. Monuments Vol1 11. Focus Vol1 12. People Vol 1 13. People Vol2 14. People of Conversation Vol.1 15. Barbados in Review Vol.1 16. Have You Considered This Approach? Vol.1 Editor In Chief 1992-1994 -Duties included setting up meetings to discuss tender proposals. With prospective tenders of publishing firms and - photography firms for selection. Managed a staff of ten students; managed a budget of $35,000.00 to $50,000.00 in U.S. currency pages, laying out pages press ready. Taking photographs of students and activities on campus Page 352 of 365
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1992- 1994 -Member of the Judicial Committee Jersey City State University Duties included listening to student's complaints that contravened the institutions 'regulations. 1990 ~ 1991 Seconded to the Faculty of Education, University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus. Duties included preparing workshops for CARNEID and UNESCO. Teaching graphic arts, video and still photography to teachers in the Dip Ed Programme and Masters programme Graphic Artist1990 -1991 Technical AssistantAudio Visual Aids Department Duties-processing black and white, colour film and Transparencies slide, graphic arts and illustrations. 1983-1988 1 Official Composite Artists of the Royal Barbados Police Force Duties included -sketching composites of suspects, stolen items jewelry from written information, Intelligence unit, Crime prevention Unit and Special branch 1989 –2005 Freelance Photojournalist –Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation Duties - field assignments, live broadcast, and shell umbra cup football Jazz festival, Arial photography 1978-1979 Supervisor at Barbados Knitting and Spinning 1972-2015 Member of the Barbados Regiment and the Barbados Boys Scouts Association HONORS AND AWARDS ➢
Inducted in the Hall of Professionals of St.Giles Primary
➢
Recipient of the 12th International Prestigious Scout Award Arco Italy
➢ Presented to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of England for outstanding contributions in the field of art. ➢
Presented to His Excellency Governor General Sir Hugh Springer
➢ for outstanding contributions in the field of art and Scouting in Barbados.
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➢
Received Special accreditation from Hackney England International
➢
Art Exhibition.
➢ Designer of postage stamps commemorating 60 years of scouting in Barbados
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Works Cited 2000
Barker, Jennifer. “Interview in Person, September/October Bread Cart, Hula Hoop and Hop Scotch
2000
Belle,Sellwyn. Interview in Person, September/October Mobile Cinema
2000
Branker-Ilene, Interview in Person, September/October Monkey
2000
Griffith Panzi, September/October Rediffusion
2000
Farley,Matthew. Interview in Person, September/October Sucking Sugar Cane, Fly Stick, Family, Roasting Breadfruit
2000
Gittens,Arnott. Interview in Person, September/October Marble Cricket
2000
Gittens,Ira. Interview in Person, September/October Mortar and Pestle, Horse and Buggy, Lighter, Clothes Iron, and Nut Seller
2000
Gittens,William. September/October Carrying Water, Catch A Corner, Picking Rice, Agricultural Labourer, Blacksmith, Scooter, Speculator,Mauby Woman,Scooter,Stand Pipe,Roller,Dray Cart, Donkey Cart, Potato Man, Vendor,
2000
Griffith,Wesley. Interview in Person, September/October, Snowball Man, Wind Mill,
2000
Harding,Carlos. Interview in Person, September/October Tuk Band, Stick Licking
2000
Holder,Daniel. Interview in Person, September/October Chattel House
2000
King,Ventris. Interview in Person, September/October Village Shop
2000
Trotman, Eurita. Cooper Man
Our History of Broadcasting Excellence National Heroes of Barbados The National Library Service The Library at the Barbados Museum Ang, Tom. Handling Cameras Digital Photography. Published by Dorling Kindersley Limited in Great Britain. 2002. Ang, Tom. Digital Photographer’s Handbook, Published by Dorling Kindersley Limited in Great Britain, 2004. Baldwin, Elaine. Introducing Cultural Studies (Essex: Prearce Hall, 1999). Barbados, The Laws Acts 1-50 Copyright Act, 1998-4 Remedies of Copyright Owner,1998.
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Beasley, Augie. “Camcorders and Still Image Cameras: Superb tools.” Media and Methods Vol. 30 .1 (1993): 28. Brathwaite, Kamau. Selected Pages: “Contradictory Omens (Mona: Savacou, 1974). Brooks, F. Gordon Del. Interviewed in Person. Wednesday, 9, 2005 Bowskill, Derek. Some Basic Principles. Photography Made Simple. 1st Edition. London Butler and Tanner Frome. 1975. Brian, Coe. 'The Birth of Photography' Ash & Grant, <http://www.yourart.com/research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/photography>
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Burke, Peter. The Detected of the People. Popular tool in Early Modern Europe. Rev.ed. Scolar Press. 1996. Carrington, Ronnie. Interview in Person. Thursday, 10, 2005 Conan-Davies, Richard. Photography 2005-02-11, <http://clearlyexplained.com/culture/arts/photography.html> Cumberbatch, Adderson. Interview in Person. Thursday, 10, 2005. Ellington,Henry.Fred Percival, and Phil Race. Handbook of Educational Technology, Third Ed.Nichols Publishing, 1984. United States Census Bureau (USCB)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population Michael Haralambos and Robin Heald
Sociology Themes
and Perspectives Great Britain: University Tutorial Press Limited.1980.3. Ellis Cashmore,.ed.
Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations . (London: Routledge, 1994).
Fabbri, Malin. “Photography”. History of Photographic Words andSlogans11February,2005.<http://www.alternativephotography.com/articles/art039.html> Fielding,Ken. Introduction To Television Production, Longman, 1990. Freeman, John. Candid Shots. Practical Photography Hermes House. 1998. Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. (New York: Basic Books,Inc.1973). Glasersfeld, E. Von. (1989). Constructivist checklist http://www.cdli.ca/~elmurphy/emurphy/cle4.html February 7,2006 Gilligan, C. and RRuppel The Intellectual Foundations of Critical Thinking A Critical Thinking Darwin in his classic study The Origin of Species . 3. (1984). www.viterbo.edu/personalpages/faculty/RRuppel/CritThink.html Hall, Stuart. Introduction: Who Needs Identity Questions of Cultural Identity? Stuart Hall and Paul duGay,ed., (London: Sage Publications,1996) Hamilton,Mona. “Dynamic Presentation with Cameras and Scanners” Media and Methods November/December 1996, Volume 33. No. 32 page 10. Haralambos, Michael. and Robin Heald Sociology Themes and Perspectives Great Britain: University Tutorial Press Limited.1980. Hawk, Teresa. Look Who’s Shooting: Tony Hawk, Popular Photography and Image, Volume 68, No. 9, September 2004 pages 15. Heimich, Robert. Michael Molenda, James D.Russell, and Sharon E.Smaldino. Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. Published by Macmillan Publishing Company.1993.
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Herschel, Sir John. The Online Etymology Dictionary 2005-02-11. www.etymonline.com/index.php? Term=photograph Hirtle, Peter B. Digital Preservation and Copyright http://www.ifla.org/II/cpyright.htm 19 February 2006. Honey, Margaret. and Katherine McMillan Culp Critical Issue: Using Technology to Improve Student Achievement info@ncrel.org 12 March 2006. Jones, Steve. An essential reference to communication and technology Encyclopedia of New Media editor, Sage Publications,2003. Jordan, Ricardo. Interviewed in Person. 2006-03-08. K, K.A. The Focal Encyclopaedia of Photography. 1 vol. Focal Press London and New York. Focal Press Limited.1965. Kelly, Robin D.G. Reflections in Black. A History of Black Photographers 1840 To Present. Printed in Italy. 2000. Kilgore, Marty. “Using Digital Cameras in the Classroom” Media and Methods 15 February 200. <mkilgore.webhostme.com/using.htm> Kersey, D. “Cameras in the Classroom” Media and Methods 18. 5. (1982): 18-19. Kirton, Marva. Interview in Person. Friday, 11 March 2005. Laudon, Kenneth C. Carol Guercio Traver, and Jane Price London. Information Technology “Concepts and Issues”Boyd and Fraser Publishing Company (1999) Leggat, Robert. A History of Photography 22www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/herschel.htm
Herschel
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John
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Lester, Shelly. and Erin Mulroney “ The Joys of Digital Cameras” Media and Methods Vol. 35 .1 (1998): 10-12. Lezano,Daniel. The main types of compact. The Compact and Digital Camera Handbook. Marshall Publishing Ltd. 1999. Lewis. Harold, Photography Year-Book 1953 the Press Centre Ltd., 9/10, Old Bailey, London, EC 4 Printed in Great Britain, (1935). McGinn, Florence. “Digital and Video Cameras in the Classroom” Media and Methods Volume 37. 1 (2000):51. Mc.Namara, Michael. J Welcome To The Revolution Digital Imaging Guide Popular Photography and Imaging (2004):4. Patton, Carol “Cameras in the Classroom” Media and Methods 36.2, (1999): 6. Ray, Mark. Interviewed in Person. 2005-03-08 Roget's New Millennium™ 2005 by Lexicon Publishing Group, LLC. Roundtree,. Derek. 1974).
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Rob,Thompson. “Culture and Travel” Interview with Photographer Donald Nausbaum 15 February 2005 . http://www.jahworks.org/travel/nausbaum.html
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Storey, John. Culture Studies and Study of Popular tool: Theories and Methods. Edinburgh University Press. 1996. Thomas G. Hand, S.J Contemplative Dialogue www.bedegriffiths.com/dialogue/dialogue.htm 13 March 2006. Millington, Janice (1999). "Barbados". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Vol. 2. Routledge. pp. 813– 821. ISBN 0-8153-1865-0. Dr. Don D. Marshall, Senior Research Fellow, University of the West Indies. Drawn from primary sources and included interviews/discussions with Mighty Gabby first in 1988, then much later between 2004-2006. References [edit] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(Barbadian_politician) 'Master of the TV' gets a new theme song, 11 December 2011, Where in the World is Matt Lauer?, NBC "Gabby named Nigerian chief". Barbados Daily Nation News. Retrieved 8 January 2007. ^ a b c Rulers ab
Barbados in mourning: PM Thompson is dead
ab
Singh, Rickey (24 October 2010). "Barbados PM David Thompson is dead - Freundel Stuart sworn in as new leader". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 25 October 2010. ab
Singh, Rickey (23 October 2010). "Death of third Barbados PM in 25 years". Trinidad Express. Retrieved 27 October 2010. abc
"Thompson: 'much at stake for Barbados'", BBC Caribbean, 16 January 2008.
N.B./B.W. (24 October 2010). "Little brother’s death ‘tough’".Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 25 October 2010. abc
Site admin (2008). "David John Howard Thompson – A Man Whose Time has Come". DLP. Retrieved 17 September 2010 J. R. T. (18 January 2010). "Seven Barbadians honoured by DLP". Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 17 September 2010. Site admin. "Mum’s hope". Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 17 September 2010. G., H. (26 May 2009). "PM David Thompson now Queen’s Counsel". Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 17 September 2010. abcdefg
"Bio on late PM David Thompson". The Daily Nation (Barbados). 23 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October
2010. "Mara steps out front". The Daily Nation (Barbados). 7 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011. "Thompson sworn in as Barbados PM", Xinhua, 17 January 2008. Election result page for St. John in the 2008 election. M., C. (12 November 2010). "By-election on the cards for St John". Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
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Gollop, Chris (2 January 2011). "Mara’s in". Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 2 January 2011. "MARA THOMPSON, widow of late Prime Minister David Thompson, has confirmed that she is ready to contest the St John by-election on a Democratic Labour Party (DLP) ticket." Gibbons, Wade (1 July 2010). Nation Newspaperhttp://www.nationnews.com/index.php/articles/view/PM-on-twomonths-sick-leave/ |url= missing title (help). Retrieved 8 September 2010. "PRIME MINISTER DAVID THOMPSON will be taking two months leave from his national responsibilities and could be heading for major surgery. During a national broadcast from Government Headquarters, Thompson said that during the past few weeks he had undergone “observation, tests an" Staff writers (23 October 2010). "Breaking News: Cabinet members to be re-confirmed this afternoon". The Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 23 October 2010. "11:56 a.m. – The newly sworn in Prime Minister of Barbados, Freundel Stuart, has announced that in accordance with protocol, Cabinet members will be reconfirmed in their positions during a swearing in ceremony this afternoon at 3 p.m." S., T. (8 September 2010). "PM off to New York". Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 8 September 2010. H., J. (9 September 2010). "'On top of things'". The Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 9 September 2010. "PRIME Minister David Thompson has assured the nation yesterday, that during his time away he continues to keep abreast of what is happening in the country." David Ellis (16 September 2010). "PM Health update". Voice of Barbados, STARCOM Network News. Retrieved 16 September 2010. Audio of Dr Ishmael's Statement Staff writer (23 October 2010). "UPDATE: CARICOM SG mourns PM's death". The Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 23 October 2010. Ingraham, Hubert (23 October 2010). "Prime Minister Ingraham's Statement on Death of Barbados PM David Thompson". The Bahamas Weekly. Bahamas Information Services. Retrieved 23 October 2010. Staff writer (23 October 2010). "UPDATE: Barbados, region and beyond mourn the passing of Prime Minister David Thompson". The Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 23 October 2010. Staff writer (29 October 2010). "Pope commends late PM’s soul to God". The Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 29 October 2010. "Rihanna sends tribute on PM’s passing". Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 29 October 2010. Nieves, Amanda (29 October 2010). "Late PM remembered at UN General Assembly". The Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "Joseph Goddard, Barbados’ Representative to the United Nations, yesterday responded to the many tributes paid to the Prime Minister at the United Nations General Assembly meeting in New York." Staff writer (24 October 2010). "UN chief saddened by Barbados PM's death". People's Daily. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon Saturday extended condolences to the government and people of Barbados over the death of the Caribbean nation's prime minister David Thompson." Staff writer (26 October 2010). "State funeral on November 3". The Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
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Greene, Peter (26 October 2010). "PM Thompson’s Funeral Is November 3". Barbados Government Information Service (BGIS). Retrieved 27 October 2010. Greene, Peter (26 October 2010). "PM Thompson’s Funeral Is November 3". Barbados Government Information Service (BGIS). Retrieved 27 October 2010 Krugman, Paul R. (2009). The Conscience of a Liberal. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-393-333138. Retrieved 2013-01-09. Ogletree, Charles J. (2004). All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education. W W Norton & Co. p. 138. ISBN 0-393-05897-2. Patton, Carol “Cameras in the Classroom” Media and Methods 36.2, (1999): 6. Storey, John. Culture Studies and Study of Popular tool: Theories and Methods. Edinburgh University Press. 1996. Thomas G. Hand, S.J Contemplative Dialogue www.bedegriffiths.com/dialogue/dialogue.htm 13 March 2006. Walker, Richard. and Robert Walker. Introduction. Exploring Photography: The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Published 1983 Willing, Si. How To Sell Radio Advertising, published by Tab Books, Pa. U.S.A,1970. Williams, K. Brian. Stacey C.Sawyer, Sarah E.Hutchinson. Using Information Technology, “A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications” Third Ed.Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1999. Williams, Raymond. Culture is a Way of Life www.redpepper.org.uk/cularch/xcult.html - 19k - 12 May 2005. Our History of Broadcasting Excellence National Heroes of Barbados The National Library Service The Library at the Barbados Museum http://experiencebarbados.org/138/Business/Peterson_Architects_Inc.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freundel_Stuart www.biography.com/people/artin-luther-king-jr-9365086 http://www.biography.com/people/mahatma-gandhi-9305898 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Sobers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Worrell Parel, Anthony J., ed. (2009). Gandhi: 'Hind Swaraj' and Other Writings Centenary Edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14602-9.
JCPC (1995). "Privy Council Members". Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Retrieved 21 June 2010 "Chinese president accepts credentials from five new ambassadors". Xinhua News Agency. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2012. Barbados Government Information Service (17 July 2010). "Barbados, China hold talks". Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 29 September 2012. A, C (2008-10-24). "Sherbourne gets new name tonight". Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 2008-10-24. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford
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JCPC (1995). "Privy Council Members". Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Retrieved 21 June 2010 "Thompson sworn in as Barbados PM", Xinhua, 17 January 2008. Election result page for St. Peter constituency. "Arthur: Still a role for me", nationnews.com, 18 January 2008. Trevor Yearwood, "Mia takes over", nationnews.com, January 20, 2008. "Mottley replaces Arthur as opposition leader in Barbados", Caribbean360, 26 February 2013. TUESDAY, MAY 21, 2013 NATIONNEWS DAILY NATION, or in the eNATION edition. Titled Owen out! BY RICKY JORDAN | TUE, MAY 21, 2013 - 12:10 AM http://coscap.org/corporate/foundation-board/hon-sir-david-simmons http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/28/eric-holder-contempt-historic-congress-vote ab "West Indies / Grounds: Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 December 2012. ^ a b "First-Class Matches played on Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground, St Augustine (8)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 December 2012. ^ "Other matches played on Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground, St Augustine (18)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 December 2012. De Ledesma and Popplewell, pg. 518 Jump up ^ Millington, pg. 816 Millington notes that "(l)inks, fusion and tension between African and British cultural expressions are still currently manifested." Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Millington, pp 813-821 Jump up to: a b c d Hinkson, The Barbados Advocate Jump up to: a b Watson, Karl S. (1975). "The Civilised Island, Barbados: A Social History 1750-1816". Ph.D. dissertation. University of Florida. cited in Millington, pp 813-821 Jump up ^ Millington, pg. 817 Jump up ^ Inkle and Yarico[dead link] Jump up ^ Millington, pg. 817 Millington refers to the hymn as the "basis for Barbadians' religious experience" Jump up ^ Millington, pg. 818 Millington notes that crop over festivals "continue, with newspaper articles telling of choices of venues where dances are organized by a local who is popular and credible in the eyes of the village". Jump up ^ All About Barbados: The Barbados Landship Jump up to: a b c All About Barbados: Tuk bands Jump up ^ Okada, Yuki. JVC Smithsonian Folkways Video Anthology of Music and Dance of the Americas, 4 (1995). The Caribbean (Video). Montpelier, Vermont: Multicultural Media VTMV-228. cited in Millington, pp 813821 Jump up ^ "Toronto-Lime". Toronto-Lime. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Jump up ^ "Barbados.org". Barbados.org. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Jump up ^ Millington, pg. 820 Millington lists the American and British influences as including Welsh, Scottish and Irish elements, "transmitted through literature and poetry (Shakespeare and Milton), rhymes, folk songs, sea shanties, classical music, hymns, and other songs of praise (all of which have) been constantly available, providing entertainment, edification and general education to all people of Barbados. North American love songs, parlor songs, African-American spirituals and folk hymns, and hillbilly music have also contributed to a cultural mixture in which the love of a song, the expression through movement, and demand for theater continue to be of paramount importance". ^ Jump up to: a b c d Pinckney, pp 58-88 Jump up ^ Millington, pp 813-814, 817, 820-821 Millington describes a "1981 collection of narrative, social, and children's songs, Folk Songs of Barbados (Marshall, McGeary, and Thompson, 1981) (as belying the notion) that no indigenous or oral tradition exists in Barbados. Jump up ^ Millington, pg. 821 Millington describes the keepers of oral knowledge as "guardians of the cultural heritage (of Barbados)", whose positions of respect have made them "especially revered" within their local communities
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Jump up to: a b c d e f "Culture". Government of Barbados. Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006. Jump up ^ "Curriculum". Ministry of Education. Retrieved 11 March 2007. Jump up ^ "Academic Programmes". University of the West Indies at Cave Hill. Retrieved 11 March 2007. Jump up to: a b c d e Cameron, pp 770-771 Jump up ^ Class acts at Apes Hill Jump up ^ All About Barbados: Independence Day Military Parades "Independence Day Military Parades". Class acts at Apes Hill. Retrieved 29 June 2015. "Independence Day Military Parades". All Info About Barbados. Retrieved 6 June 2006. "Tuk band". All Info About Barbados. Retrieved 6 June 2006. "The Barbados Landship". All Info About Barbados. Retrieved 6 June 2006. Cameron, Sarah (1996). Caribbean Islands Handbook with the Bahamas. Passport Books. ISBN 0-8442-4907-6. De Ledesma, Charles; Georgia Popplewell (2000). "Put Water in the Brandy?". In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.). Rough Guide to World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. Rough Guides. pp. 507–526. ISBN 1-85828-636-0. "Calypso". Barbados Music. Barbados.org. Retrieved 3 December 2005. "Culture". Government of Barbados. Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006. David, Hinkson (2004-03-26). "Does spouge have a future? Part two". The Barbados Advocate. "Inkle and Yarico". Holders Barbados. Retrieved 4 June 2006.[dead link] Pinckney, Warren R. Jr (Spring 1994). "Jazz in Barbados". American Music (Society for American Music) 12 (1): 58–88. doi:10.2307/3052491. JSTOR 3052491. Millington, Janice (1999). "Barbados". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Vol. 2. Routledge. pp. 813–821. ISBN 0-8153-1865-0. "Barbados Cropover Road March Winners". Toronto-Lime. Archived from the original on 11 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006. 2011 performance of Once Upon A Wine Jump up ^ The Barbados Advocate - Mikey, RPB are Soca Royalty Jump up ^ Red Plastic Bag performing skit before "Once Upon A Wine" at Soca Royale, 2011. Jump up ^ Calypsonians.com - I Thank You Calypso by Red Plastic Bag Further reading[edit] Rochelle Turner (2014). Travel & Tourism, Economic Impact 2014, Caribbean (Report). World Travel and Tourism Council. p. 1. Retrieved 2014-11-25. Jump up ^ Gmelch, p. 4. Jump up to: a b c d Gmelch, p. 3. Jump up to: a b c "Bath Hotel and Spring House". Nevis. Retrieved November 25, 2014. Jump up to: a b Pattullo, p. 8. Jump up to: a b c Pattullo, p. 9. Jump up ^ Gmelch, p. 2. Jump up to: a b c Gmelch, p. 5. Jump up to: a b c d e Gmelch, p. 8. Jump up to: a b Gmelch, p. 7. Jump up to: a b Gmelch, p. 6. Jump up to: a b c David Bennett (2005). "Global Tourism and Caribbean Culture". Caribbean Quarterly 51 (1). Retrieved November 26, 2014 – via Questia. (subscription required (help)). Jump up ^ "UK tax threatens Caribbean tourism". BBC News. 2012-02-01. Retrieved 2014-11-25. Jump up ^ Pentelow, Laurel; Scott, Dniel J. (May 2011). "Aviation’s inclusion in international climate policy regimes: Implications for the Caribbean tourism industry". Journal of Air Transport Management 17 (3): 199–205. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2010.12.010. Retrieved 25 November 2014. Jump up ^ Cummins, Kimberley (21 March 2013). "CTO: Tourism must not fail". Barbados Today (Barbados Today). Retrieved 25 November 2014. Jump up ^ Gmelch, pp. 8-9. Jump up ^ Pattullo, p. 11. Jump up ^ Gmelch, p. 9. Jump up ^ Gmelch, pp. 7-8. Jump up to: a b Gmelch, p. 10. Jump up to: a b Gmelch, p. 11. Jump up to: a b Gmelch, pp. 11-12. Jump up ^ Gmelch, p. 12.
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Jump up ^ Gmelch, pp. 6, 138. Jump up ^ Paulraj, Kavin. "Marijuana in Latin America and the Caribbean: Part I of III". Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS), University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 30 November 2014. Jump up ^ "New Statesman". Jump up ^ Bindel, Julie (August 25, 2013). "Thought it was just men who flew abroad for squalid sexual kicks? Meet the middle-aged, middle-class women who are Britain's female sex tourists". Daily Mail. Jump up ^ Ehrenreich, Barbara. "Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival". Smithsonian (magazine). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 30 November 2014. www.caribbeanedu.com/coral/refcen/Biography/readbio.asp?id=3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantley_Herbert_Adams http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Barbados http://caribbeanheroes.com/index.php/27-sir-grantley-herbert-adams.html http://worldhistoryproject.org/1898 http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/about-us/errol-barrow/ http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/barrow_errol.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Adams_(politician) The Prime Minister advises the crown, appoints ministers, controls a majority in the House of Assembly, and appoints 12 senators. Although the Prime Minister is appointed by the GovernorGeneral of Barbados, they are almost always the leader of the majority party. http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/1920/ http://www.caribbeanelections.com/blog/?p=2392 http://www.caribbeanelections.com/blog/?p=2392 http://www.caribbeanelections.com/barbados/candidates/pep/DavidComissiong.asp http://www.barbadospocketguide.com/our-island-barbados/politics/democratic-labour-party-dlp.html p://www.historyorb.com/events/march/24 http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthurRead more: http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthur#ixzz2UfjRUh58 http://universalium.academic.ru/249114/Barrow,_Dame_Nita http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/barrow_nita.asp http://factualworld.com/article/Mia_Mottley www.nationnews.com/.../view/bio-on-late-pm-david-thompson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_%28Barbadian_politician%29 The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon., The Rt Hon or The Rt. Hon.) is an honorific style traditionally applied to certain persons and to certain collective bodies in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, some other Commonwealth realms, the Anglophone Caribbean, Mauritius and occasionally elsewhere. http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/candidate/mr-freundel-stuart/ http://www.gisbarbados.gov.bb/index.php?categoryid=40 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649180/Sir-Frank-Worrell http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/garfield-sobers/ http://www.cricketweb.net/blog/features/441.php UWI TODAY the University of the West Indies.St. Augustine Campus sta/uwi.edu/uwitoday/archive/September_2010/article17.asp http://sta.uwi.edu/pelican/archives/jj07/vcvpoint.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frank_Worrell_Memorial_Ground http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936 http://westindianencyclopedia.com/wiki/Garfield_Sobers He attended the University of the West Indies. , receiving a bachelor's degree in economics in 1971, and then won a scholarship for graduate study at the university's main campus in Kingston, Jamaica. 1984; http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/candidate/mr-freundel-stuart/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Mottley Psalm27:3http://www.bing.com/search?q=children+are+a+heritage+from+the+LORD&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=chi ldren+are+a+herit age+from+the+lord&sc=5-37&sp=-1&sk= http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Barbados.aspx http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/friends-of-all-satellites-of-none/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_%28Barbadian_politician%29
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http://coscap.org/corporate/foundation-board/hon-sir-david-simmons http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/Hope.html http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013-12-07/three-us-presidents-to-attend-mandelas-funeral/ he left the island to take up the post of Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110108154125AANgURJ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados#Her_Majesty.27s_Privy_Council http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbourne_Conference_Centre http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford http://www.jayblessed.com/2012/02/08/black-history-month-day-7-sir-garfield-sobers/ http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/candidate/mr-freundel-stuart/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantley_Herbert_Adams http://www.dlpbarbados.org/site/about-us/errol-barrow/ http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthurReadmore: http://www.answers.com/topic/owen-arthur#ixzz2UfjRUh58 http://www.mlkonline.net/quotes.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_King
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