R&D Studio: Analysis of Design & Urban Form

ZAANSTAD : THE SCATTERED CITY

Widasari Yunida Putri // 4858204 widasariyunida@gmail.com Msc. Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences (Urbanism Track) R & D Studio: Analysis and Design of City Form Msc 1- Quarter 1 September- November 2018 Tutor: Leo Van Den Berg

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S R & D Studio: Analysis a nd Design of City Form (Zaa nstad)

01 The History Timeline 01

02

03

T h e Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n

The Portrait

Evolution of Zaanstad 06

Interconnection 02

e Ribbon Development 07

First Impression 03

Urban Configuration 10

Major Actor of Zaanstad 04

Industry Line 11

Urban Morphology 05

Space Syntax Analysis 12

Understanding the City 19 e Portrait 20

e Corridors 14 Limitation Maps 15 e Shifts 16 Demographic 17

04

05

06

The Proposal

The Conclusion

Appendix

Space Syntax Analysis 29

References

Assorted

emes 21

Complexity System 22 e Linear City 23 Establishment of New Corridors 24 Adjusting Grids 25 e Elements 26 Goals 27 Improvements 28

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

01 // Timeline of Zaanstad Defining the main story

17s

18s

Zaandam’s has a rather strong history rooted in industry. During the time of the Golden Age, the city had a huge milling center. Thousands upon thousands of windmills were instrumental in the processing of Scandinavian wood used by those in the paper and shipbuilding industries. Zaandam was at the forefront of the initial Industrial Revolution and also has a rich history involving the whaling industry.

Since the advent of Second Industrial Era, many windmills have been replaced with steammills and sawmills. In this era, infrastructure development reached its peak with the arrival of railways and roadways which became another alternative to waterways. With the arrival of this infrastructure, The Zaan no longer becomes a main transport line and has a considerable influence on the distribution of population growth in Zaanstad.

20s In the 20s, we can see the shifts in development but also their effort to preserve historic industrial building. With the end of industrial era, they are trying to attract citizens outside Zaanstad to raise their economy. They tried to develop tourism approach to attract people to invest their money.

Den Burg

Den Helder

Schagen

Enhuizen

Hoorn

Alkmaar Heiloo

Heemskerk

Purmerend

Velsen-Zuid

Zaanstad

5km 10km

Haarlem

Zandvoort

Diemen

Hoofdorp

The first approach over the form of the city was in a regional scale in order to understand the highly infrastructured scenario of Zaanstad. The city has built a complex network system through its history, maintaining a very good connection with most of the big cities in The Netherlands.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

30km

Amsterdam

Heemstede

Territorial Scale

20km

Amstelveen

Distances

Diagram showing the distances of the capital Zaandam to surrounding cities 0

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The Scattered City The first impression of this city is how all the regions are separately located give a very unique shape of the city. The long history of the industrial era, and how the waterway transportation mainly used, even until today, is a topic that interest me the most.

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Zaanstad had just merged into a municipality and this merger required Zaanstad an area to become the center of government. Therefore, Zaanstad then built Inverdan to focus their government activities at one point. Inverdan is a solution to reduce congestion at the time, but also acts as a gateway to enter Zaanstad as seen from the Zaandam Central Station. Inverdan also serves to reduce congestion, strengthen the economic base, improve social cohesion, as a center for social and economic development (strengthening general identity (formerly multi-core municipalities), revitalizing surrounding areas and adding new functions, strengthening spatial cohesion (The Zaan + Centrum + Station + west side Zaanstad).

Many factors have contributed to the development of urban form mainly because of the historical past, as Zaanstad was the oldest industrial area in Europe. These are the keys to the next chapters, that will be explained further.

UR F R IB A N NG E

RAILWAYS

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UR FR BAN IN GE

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S WAY RAIL BAN UR NGE FRI

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U R R B IN A N G E

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A IL W A Y S

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The Major Actor As this chapter focuses on typomorphology, the built form of the city is important to consider and explored more. The main keys that are mentioned before, will be mainly focused on transportation. But before we jump deeper into this topic, we must understand the layers that is also the major actor which contributes to the system.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

Urban Growth

Water

Street Network

Built Form

City Blocks

Rail Tracks

Urban Form

Point Of Interest

Transporation Network

Parcels

02 // Infrastructure Development Determining the shift of infrastructure

The Zaan

Amsterdam

1594

1800

1850

1950

The Evolution As a result of the initial analysis of the main layers of Zaanstad it was possible to define the major structure of the city and, for instance, the system of clusters segregated by the heavy network infrastructure. This chapter will explain the process through a story and diagrams, to also determine the elements that triggered the growth of the industry and also the urban form.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

Recent

Water as Main Structure 1500

The city started to grow in a strategic location in line to the water bodies, one of them the river Ij at south. At a time where the main transportation was led by rivers and canals, all the boats from Amsterdam needed place to dock and Zaanstad was very close and the Zaan River was deep enough .

The Zaan

Amsterdam

Arrival of Railways 1850

The arrival of railways in 1850, limit the growth of the city and defining the linear growth to the city. All the growth were developed along the lines, even in the west side of Zaanstad. The arrival of the train allows products and people to be transported faster than before.

Motorway Infrastructure 1950

As the motorway infrastructure came to ease the mobility of the city, we can see the city start to densify on some places and grew radially. Subsequently the city continued its process of expansion around some central growth core.

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Latest Expansion 2015

The development of the city in the next era was dominated by industrial developments and filled the city space in the southern and also northern areas. The development follows previous urban growth.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

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1500

1750

1950

2015

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The Ribbon Development This diagram shows the ribbon village developed in Zaandam, although the development didn’t started along The Zaan, but in the end it does spread put along The Zaan.

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Typology : Contextual Year : 1850 Description : Narrow streets, longs rows of 3-4 storey house, high densities

Typology : Contextual Year : 1930 Description : Grid Structures

Typology : Contextual Year : 1950 Description : Grid Structures

Typology : Urbanized Landscape Year : 1980 Description : Examples of cauliflower design

Typology : Experimental-Post Modern Year : 1980 Description : Mixture between organic and orthogonal grid

Typology : Experimental-Post Modern Year : 1995 Description : Mixture between organic and orthogonal grid

.07 Typology : Industrial Year : 1990s - present Description : Wide industrial footprint

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

West Side W

East Side

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Diagram section of the area Section A

16 Residentials Agriculture

Network

Industry

The Zaan

Section B 14

A

Residentials Agriculture

12

Network

Industry

The Zaan

Section C

Residentials Agriculture

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Network

Industry

The Zaan

Infrastructure Edges

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B 6 Railway

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C 2

0

Waterway

Roadway

The Line of Industry The River Zaan is the main transportation line in Zaanstad, since the industrial era until now, the river is still used to transport goods from factories to other cities. The Wilhelminasluis Bridge, is the important gate to enter the city. This bridge also connects the east and west side of Zaanstad. We can see the industries along The Zaan from the south to north of The Zaan. All the industries mainly occupy the Zaan River as it also play a big role to transport goods since the earlier decades.

As explained in the previous chapter, infrastructure plays an important role in the development of the growth of the city of Zaanstad from the past until now. Even though at this time, the role of the Zaan River is no longer as vital as in the industrial era. Connection analysis can be done to find out how far the role of infrastructure in the present and the extent of its role in connecting the region in Zaanstad. The analysis was carried out using the Space Syntax method to find out relative calculations and connectivity to Zaanstad.

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District Capital

Industry

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Point of Interest

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The initial analysis was carried out to determine connections between regions with central district, connections between industrial points, and connections between public spaces in Zaanstad.

Space syntax uses the concept of distance called depth measured in step (step) called topological distance or topological distance (Hillier et al: 1987), this method is carried out to determine the extent of the integrity of these lines with the center (Zaandam).

In analyzing the relationship between regions, industry and point of interest, the value of integrity and connectivity is not good because the distance of space configuration from the center requires a considerable distance. Analysis of the path relationship will be explained in more depth with the next method.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

Radius of integrity Choice Connectivity & Integrity Potential development

5km Existing

Space Syntax Analysis Space that has a high integrity value (low depth / depth) is considered to have a high interaction relative to other spaces in the configuration, or in other words well connected to the observation room (Hillier and Hanson: 1984). The more space that is connected directly to the observation room, the higher the value of integrity of the space, on the contrary the more space between the lower the integrity value of the space.

Based on this analysis it can be concluded that there are pathways in Zaanstad that have the potential to be developed in subsequent planning. west line in Zaanstad and the central part of Zaanstad have the potential to be further developed which will be further analyzed in the next chapter.

Assendelft

Koog aan de Zaan

Blocks

Assendelft Corridor Longer line than Koog aan de Zaan corridor and have more branch along the lines connecting to other city’s part

source: google image

Corridors

The Corridors Corridor Assendelft and Koog aan de Zaan both have tipical Zaanstad neighborhood with mostly composed of lined green houses and polder fields. Both of these pathways grow linearly along the road and do not develop much far from the roadside. In the Assendelft corridor, there are several large housing blocks but not on the Koog aan de Zaan corridor.

Koog aan de Zaan Corridor The corridor has not much branches and does not connect the other part of the city, the blocks of houses only grow one layer along the line.

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Parcels

Zaanstad / The Scattered City

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Legend NNN

Protected Soil

UNESCO World Heritage

Amsterdam Defense

Natuur 2000

The Limitation and Possibility Map The study of the soil and the natural reserves of Zaanstad and its surrounding area allowed to understand better the landscape limitations, once with the soil is possible to recogzine better areas for construction and future developments, the natural reserves gives the knowledge about the preserved areas where there can’t be any developments. After the analysis is done and overlayed to the limitation of maps, we can conclude that it is not possible to develop the Koog aan de Zaan Corridor. So with the results of the analysis carried out, further development can be done on the Zaanstad west line (Assendelt Corridor).

Zaanse Schans

Inverdan

Economy Crisis

Industry

Zaanse Schans

Since the end of industrial era, the shift from industry to tourism occured.

Zaanstad experiencing in economic crisis as shown in the low number of employment growth.

Preservations

Administration Center

The government tried to preserve some of the heritage industrial building and placing them into one area: Zaanse Schans.

With the planning of inverdan, Zaanstad has their new economy and administration center and centralizing the regions.

Tourism Objects

Public Space

Zaanse Schans now is wellknown as the most visited tourism objects in Netherland.

The planning of Inverdan is now stated as the gate of Zaanstad and also as the main public space.

The Shifts However, with these plans, have the problems in Zaanstad been resolved? The shifts from industry to tourism still have some gaps that need to be resolved, such as the demographic problems of the people. Low income figures forced Zaanstad to attract people outside the area.

Inverdan 16 |

Zaanstad / The Scattered City

The Demographic The shift of industry to tourism city has long considered by the government, however long and sustainable planning must be made. There are several problems that the city is facing. First, below average job growth, and Zaanstad does not have office space, Zaanstad does not yet seem to be a logical location for offices, The city center does not function as a social and economic center, the lack of central functions for the non-commercial sector (semi-government & education institutions), low quality public services (low socio-cultural facilities), and lack of good quality housing.

Occupied land

Residentials, Industry, Buildings

However, this can be concluded as an opportunity but also a challenge for Zaanstad to be considered on their future development.

Industry

Green Space Parks, Forests

Major nodes for industry development

Income Comparison

Population

Agriculture

60 600.000

50 500.000

Gooi and Vechstreek 20 20 0.0 00

153.679

300 30 .000

27.4 29.2

4 400.00 00

Amsterdam

Waterland

Amstellan-Meerlanden

Zaanstad

South Kennermerland

Ijmond

Region Alkmaar

West Friesland

Kop van Noord-Holland

70 0 0 700.0

80 00 .0 800

90.000 0 90

1.0 10 00 0 .00 0

Fertile soil

10 .000 0 10

Jobs: Industry

0

<160.000 = Lower >160.000 = Average > 500.000 = Higher < 30 = Lower > 30 = Higher >32 = Much Higher

Naturescape

Grassland, meadow

Meeting function

Multiple function

Cell function Health care function Industry function

Educational function Other use function Sports function Shop function

Office function Accommodation function

Residential function

Population Density

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Central Cluster Lineal relation Recreation Industrial border

A Closer Look Rethinking how industry and major actors of urban renewal can be integrated within the city core and nearby neighborhood. The study of the public ranges within the city made possible to understand the interactions between the clusters. The concentration of public activities is responsible for generating magnetic fields in the city with are deformed according to their relationship with other clusters.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

940

03 // Understanding the City Portrait as a tool

The Ribbon How to solve logic problem:

.01 The existing condition of scattered regions in Zaanstad makes it difficult to centralize the city. The regions have made center point of the city but it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seem to give a big solution and resulting in over-densified urban form. Another solution that can be offered is to direct the future development to another side of the city. But how?

.02 The first step to understand the city is to trace back the first solution of the problems: centralizing the city.

We design the city into one main centrum as main administration center.

.03 But instead of developing and continuing the urban growth shape along the center, we can propose another type of development of the city to another side o the city. We can see the possibilities and how it affects the future of the city.

Objectives of the game - The City Portrait: Analysis of the underlying scenario that drives urban development is understood through puzzle games with possibilities that can occur in the future.

Scenarios that predict future developments at Zaanstad are given the advantage of in-game understanding of limitations and possibilities This puzzle could act as a tool or stimulating urban conditions and analyzing the possibilities

The Components The component of this puzzle consists of Green Blue Grey Red

: Nature : Water : Industry : Capital

Contains 1 Center and 7 District, with total 8 elements.

Puzzles are played into combinations and resulting in two diferent form (Unified and Linear). + Nature

+ Water

= Industry

Capital

How to Play: â&#x20AC;˘ Stack the puzzle into a cube shape with the Red color on the center of the cubes. By having this combination, you can understand how the roles of center can combine all elements into one good shape o a city. â&#x20AC;˘ Re-stack the cube into linear shape (3x9) by arranging the puzzle into orders. You can understand that even we change the order of the shape, we can still see the elements of the city. â&#x20AC;˘ Re-stack again the puzzle into your prefered shape until you get the most suitable shape of the city. No matter how many combinations we have, we have to consider the even order of elements and how it connects to the center.

The purpose of this portrait is to see the possibility of a combination of city planning which still puts forward the main elements in the City of Zaanstad such as industry, landscape, water, and other elements and translating it into single unit, shaping it into a linear planning just like how the development used to grow along the river. By changing the combination, we can see which combination is the most appropriate and suitable to be applied to the site.

Can you find the right combination?

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

metro/train

04 // Themes

Determining the Major Players

ma

en ter

me r ci al c cit y

pa rk

com

admi n

station

rke t

istra tion o

City Scale Radius 30000-50000

wh ole sale

It is important to consider what challenges that the city is facing in the future and how can the city adapt into such conditions. The city is well-known as an industrial city, but since the shifts of the tourism industry, we need to analyze the current drivers for the change and also the urban metabolism and ecosystem. The main goals of the development will be emphasized in connectivity and accessibility to the community in reaching certain points of the regions. This will also underlining the main actors of the goals scheme including healthy living, resillience of the regions, economy stability and integrations between regions through different types of transportation modes.

ffice

Assorted Themes

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Connectivity

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ter

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distri

walking distance

bus rapid transit

park

Housing Area

Community

Radius 50-300

Radius 5000-30000

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recrea t

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rk

a et p ock

p

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ool ry sch prima

ity un mm co

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ion at

h ac ro pp lA ty ity) ia ili at ob ctiv Sp M ne & on k e& or ur & C w ct et ru lity t as sib es cc (A r In

Socially Culturally Connected

Int N eg r

ce ien

Neighborhood Scale

cycling distance

et

Accessibility

a rk

ing

Economic Stability

em

nd sc ap n ac nect e (H em in gL ou a sin kin an g& ds g ca Pu pe bl ) ic Fa cil iti es )

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vic ser

(C o

se

build

g vin Li

Ec on

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ious

lth y

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Healthy Environment

Goals Scheme Main Actors

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club

Re sil l

Income Expenditures Population Growth

Shipping Tax

Import Export

Dwellings Offices Institutions Commercials

Targets System

Tourism

Port

Industry

Occupation Layer

Roadways Railways

Network Layer

Connections Integrations Accesibility

Local Interocal

Infrastructure

Base Layer

Economy

Urban Pattern

Water Infrastructure

Regulations Possibilities Limitations

Land Conditons

Ecology

Water

Soil

Zaanstad

The Complex Adaptive System In reference to the Complex Adaptive System, the complex city shoud be viewed from several point of views including how it is an open system, subject to external influences and interactions. It is important to consider major structural and spatial features for the future vision on Zaanstad. This diagrams show how every elements shaped the city and importance of the network system. It connects each other in synergies, this will help the approach of the research on what we should focus on for future developments. This relations will impacts each other, but if we choose the right elements to develop, it may be very useful and efficient.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

Layout Configurations

Legend Residentials

Green Belt

Residentials

Parks

Public Amenities

buffer: green belt residential zone buffer: green belt

transportation modes

The Linear City The concept of a linear city is a much discussed theoretical idea, but it has rarely been applied. It is based on a continuous transport corridor, or a series of parallel corridors, along which all urban functions take place.

When moving away from the line one reaches rural open space, and this fact presumably combines the best of both worlds for the inhabitants. The line can be extended endlessly and adapt to the terrain. There is no center and everyone has equal access (distance) to urban functions and services. (Public) transport is efficient along the corridor (Lynch 1981).

Neighborhood Scale: Key Feature West-Line Zaanstad

a purely segregated zone for railway lines,

a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and educational institutions,

a green belt or buffer zone with major highway,

a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings and a "children's band",

a park zone

an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms

Major Street Network

Street Configuration Classification, Adapted from S. Mashall (65)

Tree

Grid

Linear

Urban Pattern

Tree

Grid

Existing

Development Plan

put the draft plan

The Establishment of New Corridor The establishment of new corridor in the West Side o Zaanstad will open possibilities of future development. With the proposal of linear city, the connections to the west side of Zaanstad will start to grow and integrate all the regions in Zaanstad. Can this linear plan applied to the city?

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

Adjusting The Grids

Design Development

It is important to consider that this linear city plan is very debatable to its rationality and the placement to the natural landscape. However, this plan has many advantages that can be applied to Zaanstad and might as well succeed in future development. Despite its very debatable condition, we might as well look back to the past and see the pattern of this rule to our very close surrounding, Netherlands, and their patterns of polders.

Beemster

Zijpe

Haarlemmermeerpolder

The similiarity to this rule can somehow shows the possibilities in applying this rational grid plan to the city. We can adjust the grids of existing natural polders to the plan as shown below and tranportation as the main axis of the development.

Koog aan de Zaan Corridor adjusted to the polders

Residentials - A

single house

rowhouse

low rise building

mid rise building

high rise building

Public Spaces - B

parks

centrum

church

stadium

Social Institutions - B

educational building

institutional buildings

shops

industries

Transportations Modes - ø

train stations

bus stations

ø

+

B

∞ x +

A x

+

B

+

ø

∞ The Elements of Linear City These main elements of the linear city is mandatory to be proposed into the design, the idea of this plan is to give bigger portion of landscape and natural elements into the city plan and also to minimize the usage o private transportation by installing the transportation line along the linear plan (railways and highways). All the elements area basic requirements to individual scale living to a community scale living but arranged to diversify the components and also to even out the facilities along the line to avoid over-densified growth and traffic congestion.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

New Corridor of Zaanstad Goals and Strategies

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Infrastructure: Put stations in locations

Landscape: Combining the landscape

Mobility: Designate 1/2 mile radius

with highest ridership

and design to promote

around transport point as

potential and development

healthier living.

higher density, mixed-use,

opportunities

walkable development

.04

.05

.06

Connectivity: Incorporate bikeshare, a

Accessibility: Enhance multi-modal

Systemic Design: Mixed used facility along

comprehensive bikeway

connections, making

the buffer green belt area

network, and large ride-in

transfers easy, direct, and

to centralized activity in

bike parking areas

comfortable

outer line of residentials area

.07

.08

.09

Place Making: Creating spaces to enhance

Public Space: Creating new public spaces

Offices Spaces: Creating new office space

the encounters between

along the green belt to

for residents of Zaanstad

communities and creating

balance residential bulding

and residents outside

communal spaces.

with nature landscape and

Zaanstad and as a new

also as a buffer.

economic center.

The goals of this planning is to provide spaces for Zaanstad including dwellings, offices, but also economic centers. This plan will also enhance the connection between regions and will create a better integrations and eficiency in transportation use.

Church

Schools

Sports

Low-rise residentials

Public Library

Mid-rise residentials

The Improvements Linear planning in the city of Zaanstad will have a better impact in the future. Some of them are because linearity creates additional challenges that affect city urban development. Their identification allows to consciously transform the city structure and improve its quality, linear invitations to multiply communication nodes and diversify public spaces. In theory, linear urban development like this allows for the addition of units at the end of a linear path. However, this plan requires a deep analysis for appropriately applied to the existing site with its every problem.

Some other issues that need to be considered are the creation of identity on planning that requires community collaboration in creating a habitable space but also a living space that can be done through several approaches to citizens.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

Parks

05 // Conclusions Foreseeing the future

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Overlaying the foreground structure (the Choice layer) on top of the background structure (the Integration layer).

Choice: It basically calculates the potentials for each segment element to be selected by pedestrians as the shortest path. Integrations: Integration in angular segment analysis is a good predictor of the potentials for each segment within a metric radius to be a highly desired destination.

10km

The Space Syntax The analysis of space syntax shows the integration and connectivity on the existing site and also the developed site with proposed linear city plan. As the diagram shown above, the connection to the west side is now well drawn and integrate the whole regions in Zaanstad. We can conclude here that if we emphasize the existing road line and adding facilities, can give benefit to the city.

References Pictures

Data

1. Old map of Zaanstad http://maproom.library.tudelft.nl/

http://maproom.library.tudelft.nl/ http://code.waag.org/buildings/ http://www.topotijdreis.nl/ http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/netherlands.html http://opentopo.nl/ http://kaart.edugis.nl/ http://maps.bodemdata.nl/bodemdatanl/index.jsp https://data.noord-holland.nl/Noord-Holland-in-Cijfers https://geo.zaanstad.nl/geonetwork/srv/dut/catalog.search#/home

2. Street view map https://www.google.com/maps 3. Rendered pictures Author’s documents 4. Diagrams Author’s documents 5 Demographic Diagrams https://data.noord-holland.nl/Noord-Holland-in-Cijfers

Literatures

Siregar, J.P., Metodologi dasar space syntax dalam analisis konfigurasi ruang Brawijaya University Collins G. R., The Ciudad Lineal of Madrid, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, May 1959, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 38–53.

Doxiadis C. A., On Linear Cities, The Town Planning Review, April 1967, Vol. 38 No. 1 pp. 35–42 Lynch, K. The Image of The City (1969) Cambridge: MIT Press.

Hillier, B., dan J. Hanson The Social Logic of Space (1984) New York: Cambridge Univerity Press.

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City

Msc. Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences (Urbanism Track) R & D Studio: Analysis and Design of City Form Faculty of Architecture and The Built Environment TU Delft

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Zaanstad / The Scattered City