ZAANSTAD : THE SCATTERED CITY
Widasari Yunida Putri // 4858204 widasariyunida@gmail.com Msc. Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences (Urbanism Track) R & D Studio: Analysis and Design of City Form Msc 1- Quarter 1 September- November 2018 Tutor: Leo Van Den Berg
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S R & D Studio: Analysis a nd Design of City Form (Zaa nstad)
01 The History Timeline 01
02
03
T h e Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n
The Portrait
Evolution of Zaanstad 06
Interconnection 02
e Ribbon Development 07
First Impression 03
Urban Configuration 10
Major Actor of Zaanstad 04
Industry Line 11
Urban Morphology 05
Space Syntax Analysis 12
Understanding the City 19 e Portrait 20
e Corridors 14 Limitation Maps 15 e Shifts 16 Demographic 17
04
05
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The Proposal
The Conclusion
Appendix
Space Syntax Analysis 29
References
Assorted
emes 21
Complexity System 22 e Linear City 23 Establishment of New Corridors 24 Adjusting Grids 25 e Elements 26 Goals 27 Improvements 28
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
01 // Timeline of Zaanstad Defining the main story
17s
18s
Zaandam’s has a rather strong history rooted in industry. During the time of the Golden Age, the city had a huge milling center. Thousands upon thousands of windmills were instrumental in the processing of Scandinavian wood used by those in the paper and shipbuilding industries. Zaandam was at the forefront of the initial Industrial Revolution and also has a rich history involving the whaling industry.
Since the advent of Second Industrial Era, many windmills have been replaced with steammills and sawmills. In this era, infrastructure development reached its peak with the arrival of railways and roadways which became another alternative to waterways. With the arrival of this infrastructure, The Zaan no longer becomes a main transport line and has a considerable influence on the distribution of population growth in Zaanstad.
20s In the 20s, we can see the shifts in development but also their effort to preserve historic industrial building. With the end of industrial era, they are trying to attract citizens outside Zaanstad to raise their economy. They tried to develop tourism approach to attract people to invest their money.
Den Burg
Den Helder
Schagen
Enhuizen
Hoorn
Alkmaar Heiloo
Heemskerk
Purmerend
Velsen-Zuid
Zaanstad
5km 10km
Haarlem
Zandvoort
Diemen
Hoofdorp
The first approach over the form of the city was in a regional scale in order to understand the highly infrastructured scenario of Zaanstad. The city has built a complex network system through its history, maintaining a very good connection with most of the big cities in The Netherlands.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
30km
Amsterdam
Heemstede
Territorial Scale
20km
Amstelveen
Distances
Diagram showing the distances of the capital Zaandam to surrounding cities 0
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The Scattered City The first impression of this city is how all the regions are separately located give a very unique shape of the city. The long history of the industrial era, and how the waterway transportation mainly used, even until today, is a topic that interest me the most.
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Zaanstad had just merged into a municipality and this merger required Zaanstad an area to become the center of government. Therefore, Zaanstad then built Inverdan to focus their government activities at one point. Inverdan is a solution to reduce congestion at the time, but also acts as a gateway to enter Zaanstad as seen from the Zaandam Central Station. Inverdan also serves to reduce congestion, strengthen the economic base, improve social cohesion, as a center for social and economic development (strengthening general identity (formerly multi-core municipalities), revitalizing surrounding areas and adding new functions, strengthening spatial cohesion (The Zaan + Centrum + Station + west side Zaanstad). Many factors have contributed to the development of urban form mainly because of the historical past, as Zaanstad was the oldest industrial area in Europe. These are the keys to the next chapters, that will be explained further.
UR F R IB A N NG E
RAILWAYS
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The Major Actor As this chapter focuses on typomorphology, the built form of the city is important to consider and explored more. The main keys that are mentioned before, will be mainly focused on transportation. But before we jump deeper into this topic, we must understand the layers that is also the major actor which contributes to the system.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
Urban Growth
Water
Street Network
Built Form
City Blocks
Rail Tracks
Urban Form
Point Of Interest
Transporation Network
Parcels
02 // Infrastructure Development Determining the shift of infrastructure
The Zaan
Amsterdam
1594
1800
1850
1950
The Evolution As a result of the initial analysis of the main layers of Zaanstad it was possible to define the major structure of the city and, for instance, the system of clusters segregated by the heavy network infrastructure. This chapter will explain the process through a story and diagrams, to also determine the elements that triggered the growth of the industry and also the urban form.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
Recent
Water as Main Structure 1500
The city started to grow in a strategic location in line to the water bodies, one of them the river Ij at south. At a time where the main transportation was led by rivers and canals, all the boats from Amsterdam needed place to dock and Zaanstad was very close and the Zaan River was deep enough .
The Zaan
Amsterdam
Arrival of Railways 1850
The arrival of railways in 1850, limit the growth of the city and defining the linear growth to the city. All the growth were developed along the lines, even in the west side of Zaanstad. The arrival of the train allows products and people to be transported faster than before.
Motorway Infrastructure 1950
As the motorway infrastructure came to ease the mobility of the city, we can see the city start to densify on some places and grew radially. Subsequently the city continued its process of expansion around some central growth core.
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Latest Expansion 2015
The development of the city in the next era was dominated by industrial developments and filled the city space in the southern and also northern areas. The development follows previous urban growth.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
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1750
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2015
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The Ribbon Development This diagram shows the ribbon village developed in Zaandam, although the development didn’t started along The Zaan, but in the end it does spread put along The Zaan.
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Typology : Contextual Year : 1850 Description : Narrow streets, longs rows of 3-4 storey house, high densities
Typology : Contextual Year : 1930 Description : Grid Structures
Typology : Contextual Year : 1950 Description : Grid Structures
Typology : Urbanized Landscape Year : 1980 Description : Examples of cauliflower design
Typology : Experimental-Post Modern Year : 1980 Description : Mixture between organic and orthogonal grid
Typology : Experimental-Post Modern Year : 1995 Description : Mixture between organic and orthogonal grid
.07 Typology : Industrial Year : 1990s - present Description : Wide industrial footprint
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
West Side W
East Side
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Diagram section of the area Section A
16 Residentials Agriculture
Network
Industry
The Zaan
Section B 14
A
Residentials Agriculture
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Network
Industry
The Zaan
Section C
Residentials Agriculture
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Network
Industry
The Zaan
Infrastructure Edges
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B 6 Railway
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C 2
0
Waterway
Roadway
The Line of Industry The River Zaan is the main transportation line in Zaanstad, since the industrial era until now, the river is still used to transport goods from factories to other cities. The Wilhelminasluis Bridge, is the important gate to enter the city. This bridge also connects the east and west side of Zaanstad. We can see the industries along The Zaan from the south to north of The Zaan. All the industries mainly occupy the Zaan River as it also play a big role to transport goods since the earlier decades.
As explained in the previous chapter, infrastructure plays an important role in the development of the growth of the city of Zaanstad from the past until now. Even though at this time, the role of the Zaan River is no longer as vital as in the industrial era. Connection analysis can be done to find out how far the role of infrastructure in the present and the extent of its role in connecting the region in Zaanstad. The analysis was carried out using the Space Syntax method to find out relative calculations and connectivity to Zaanstad.
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District Capital
Industry
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The initial analysis was carried out to determine connections between regions with central district, connections between industrial points, and connections between public spaces in Zaanstad. Space syntax uses the concept of distance called depth measured in step (step) called topological distance or topological distance (Hillier et al: 1987), this method is carried out to determine the extent of the integrity of these lines with the center (Zaandam). In analyzing the relationship between regions, industry and point of interest, the value of integrity and connectivity is not good because the distance of space configuration from the center requires a considerable distance. Analysis of the path relationship will be explained in more depth with the next method.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
Radius of integrity Choice Connectivity & Integrity Potential development
5km Existing
Space Syntax Analysis Space that has a high integrity value (low depth / depth) is considered to have a high interaction relative to other spaces in the configuration, or in other words well connected to the observation room (Hillier and Hanson: 1984). The more space that is connected directly to the observation room, the higher the value of integrity of the space, on the contrary the more space between the lower the integrity value of the space. Based on this analysis it can be concluded that there are pathways in Zaanstad that have the potential to be developed in subsequent planning. west line in Zaanstad and the central part of Zaanstad have the potential to be further developed which will be further analyzed in the next chapter.
Assendelft
Koog aan de Zaan
Blocks
Assendelft Corridor Longer line than Koog aan de Zaan corridor and have more branch along the lines connecting to other city’s part
source: google image
Corridors
The Corridors Corridor Assendelft and Koog aan de Zaan both have tipical Zaanstad neighborhood with mostly composed of lined green houses and polder fields. Both of these pathways grow linearly along the road and do not develop much far from the roadside. In the Assendelft corridor, there are several large housing blocks but not on the Koog aan de Zaan corridor. Koog aan de Zaan Corridor The corridor has not much branches and does not connect the other part of the city, the blocks of houses only grow one layer along the line. 14 |
Parcels
Zaanstad / The Scattered City
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Legend NNN
Protected Soil
UNESCO World Heritage
Amsterdam Defense
Natuur 2000
The Limitation and Possibility Map The study of the soil and the natural reserves of Zaanstad and its surrounding area allowed to understand better the landscape limitations, once with the soil is possible to recogzine better areas for construction and future developments, the natural reserves gives the knowledge about the preserved areas where there can’t be any developments. After the analysis is done and overlayed to the limitation of maps, we can conclude that it is not possible to develop the Koog aan de Zaan Corridor. So with the results of the analysis carried out, further development can be done on the Zaanstad west line (Assendelt Corridor).
Zaanse Schans
Inverdan
Economy Crisis
Industry
Zaanse Schans
Since the end of industrial era, the shift from industry to tourism occured.
Zaanstad experiencing in economic crisis as shown in the low number of employment growth.
Preservations
Administration Center
The government tried to preserve some of the heritage industrial building and placing them into one area: Zaanse Schans.
With the planning of inverdan, Zaanstad has their new economy and administration center and centralizing the regions.
Tourism Objects
Public Space
Zaanse Schans now is wellknown as the most visited tourism objects in Netherland.
The planning of Inverdan is now stated as the gate of Zaanstad and also as the main public space.
The Shifts However, with these plans, have the problems in Zaanstad been resolved? The shifts from industry to tourism still have some gaps that need to be resolved, such as the demographic problems of the people. Low income figures forced Zaanstad to attract people outside the area.
Inverdan 16 |
Zaanstad / The Scattered City
The Demographic The shift of industry to tourism city has long considered by the government, however long and sustainable planning must be made. There are several problems that the city is facing. First, below average job growth, and Zaanstad does not have office space, Zaanstad does not yet seem to be a logical location for offices, The city center does not function as a social and economic center, the lack of central functions for the non-commercial sector (semi-government & education institutions), low quality public services (low socio-cultural facilities), and lack of good quality housing.
Occupied land
Residentials, Industry, Buildings
However, this can be concluded as an opportunity but also a challenge for Zaanstad to be considered on their future development. Industry
Green Space Parks, Forests
Major nodes for industry development
Income Comparison
Population
Agriculture
60 600.000
50 500.000
Gooi and Vechstreek 20 20 0.0 00
153.679
300 30 .000
27.4 29.2
4 400.00 00
Amsterdam
Waterland
Amstellan-Meerlanden
Zaanstad
South Kennermerland
Ijmond
Region Alkmaar
West Friesland
Kop van Noord-Holland
70 0 0 700.0
80 00 .0 800
90.000 0 90
1.0 10 00 0 .00 0
Fertile soil
10 .000 0 10
Jobs: Industry
0
<160.000 = Lower >160.000 = Average > 500.000 = Higher < 30 = Lower > 30 = Higher >32 = Much Higher
Naturescape
Grassland, meadow
Meeting function
Multiple function
Cell function Health care function Industry function
Educational function Other use function Sports function Shop function
Office function Accommodation function
Residential function
Population Density
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Central Cluster Lineal relation Recreation Industrial border
A Closer Look Rethinking how industry and major actors of urban renewal can be integrated within the city core and nearby neighborhood. The study of the public ranges within the city made possible to understand the interactions between the clusters. The concentration of public activities is responsible for generating magnetic fields in the city with are deformed according to their relationship with other clusters.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
940
03 // Understanding the City Portrait as a tool
The Ribbon How to solve logic problem:
.01 The existing condition of scattered regions in Zaanstad makes it difficult to centralize the city. The regions have made center point of the city but it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seem to give a big solution and resulting in over-densified urban form. Another solution that can be offered is to direct the future development to another side of the city. But how?
.02 The first step to understand the city is to trace back the first solution of the problems: centralizing the city. We design the city into one main centrum as main administration center.
.03 But instead of developing and continuing the urban growth shape along the center, we can propose another type of development of the city to another side o the city. We can see the possibilities and how it affects the future of the city.
Objectives of the game - The City Portrait: Analysis of the underlying scenario that drives urban development is understood through puzzle games with possibilities that can occur in the future. Scenarios that predict future developments at Zaanstad are given the advantage of in-game understanding of limitations and possibilities This puzzle could act as a tool or stimulating urban conditions and analyzing the possibilities
The Components The component of this puzzle consists of Green Blue Grey Red
: Nature : Water : Industry : Capital
Contains 1 Center and 7 District, with total 8 elements. Puzzles are played into combinations and resulting in two diferent form (Unified and Linear). + Nature
+ Water
= Industry
Capital
How to Play: â&#x20AC;˘ Stack the puzzle into a cube shape with the Red color on the center of the cubes. By having this combination, you can understand how the roles of center can combine all elements into one good shape o a city. â&#x20AC;˘ Re-stack the cube into linear shape (3x9) by arranging the puzzle into orders. You can understand that even we change the order of the shape, we can still see the elements of the city. â&#x20AC;˘ Re-stack again the puzzle into your prefered shape until you get the most suitable shape of the city. No matter how many combinations we have, we have to consider the even order of elements and how it connects to the center. The purpose of this portrait is to see the possibility of a combination of city planning which still puts forward the main elements in the City of Zaanstad such as industry, landscape, water, and other elements and translating it into single unit, shaping it into a linear planning just like how the development used to grow along the river. By changing the combination, we can see which combination is the most appropriate and suitable to be applied to the site. Can you find the right combination?
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
metro/train
04 // Themes
Determining the Major Players
ma
en ter
me r ci al c cit y
pa rk
com
admi n
station
rke t
istra tion o
City Scale Radius 30000-50000
wh ole sale
It is important to consider what challenges that the city is facing in the future and how can the city adapt into such conditions. The city is well-known as an industrial city, but since the shifts of the tourism industry, we need to analyze the current drivers for the change and also the urban metabolism and ecosystem. The main goals of the development will be emphasized in connectivity and accessibility to the community in reaching certain points of the regions. This will also underlining the main actors of the goals scheme including healthy living, resillience of the regions, economy stability and integrations between regions through different types of transportation modes.
ffice
Assorted Themes
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Connectivity
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bus rapid transit
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Radius 50-300
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h ac ro pp lA ty ity) ia ili at ob ctiv Sp M ne & on k e& or ur & C w ct et ru lity t as sib es cc (A r In
Socially Culturally Connected
Int N eg r
ce ien
Neighborhood Scale
cycling distance
et
Accessibility
a rk
ing
Economic Stability
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nd sc ap n ac nect e (H em in gL ou a sin kin an g& ds g ca Pu pe bl ) ic Fa cil iti es )
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Healthy Environment
Goals Scheme Main Actors
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Re sil l
Income Expenditures Population Growth
Shipping Tax
Import Export
Dwellings Offices Institutions Commercials
Targets System
Tourism
Port
Industry
Occupation Layer
Roadways Railways
Network Layer
Connections Integrations Accesibility
Local Interocal
Infrastructure
Base Layer
Economy
Urban Pattern
Water Infrastructure
Regulations Possibilities Limitations
Land Conditons
Ecology
Water
Soil
Zaanstad
The Complex Adaptive System In reference to the Complex Adaptive System, the complex city shoud be viewed from several point of views including how it is an open system, subject to external influences and interactions. It is important to consider major structural and spatial features for the future vision on Zaanstad. This diagrams show how every elements shaped the city and importance of the network system. It connects each other in synergies, this will help the approach of the research on what we should focus on for future developments. This relations will impacts each other, but if we choose the right elements to develop, it may be very useful and efficient.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
Layout Configurations
Legend Residentials
Green Belt
Residentials
Parks
Public Amenities
buffer: green belt residential zone buffer: green belt
transportation modes
The Linear City The concept of a linear city is a much discussed theoretical idea, but it has rarely been applied. It is based on a continuous transport corridor, or a series of parallel corridors, along which all urban functions take place. When moving away from the line one reaches rural open space, and this fact presumably combines the best of both worlds for the inhabitants. The line can be extended endlessly and adapt to the terrain. There is no center and everyone has equal access (distance) to urban functions and services. (Public) transport is efficient along the corridor (Lynch 1981).
Neighborhood Scale: Key Feature West-Line Zaanstad
a purely segregated zone for railway lines,
a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and educational institutions,
a green belt or buffer zone with major highway,
a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings and a "children's band",
a park zone
an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms
Major Street Network
Street Configuration Classification, Adapted from S. Mashall (65)
Tree
Grid
Linear
Urban Pattern
Tree
Grid
Existing
Development Plan
put the draft plan
The Establishment of New Corridor The establishment of new corridor in the West Side o Zaanstad will open possibilities of future development. With the proposal of linear city, the connections to the west side of Zaanstad will start to grow and integrate all the regions in Zaanstad. Can this linear plan applied to the city? 24 |
Zaanstad / The Scattered City
Adjusting The Grids
Design Development
It is important to consider that this linear city plan is very debatable to its rationality and the placement to the natural landscape. However, this plan has many advantages that can be applied to Zaanstad and might as well succeed in future development. Despite its very debatable condition, we might as well look back to the past and see the pattern of this rule to our very close surrounding, Netherlands, and their patterns of polders.
Beemster
Zijpe
Haarlemmermeerpolder
The similiarity to this rule can somehow shows the possibilities in applying this rational grid plan to the city. We can adjust the grids of existing natural polders to the plan as shown below and tranportation as the main axis of the development.
Koog aan de Zaan Corridor adjusted to the polders
Residentials - A
single house
rowhouse
low rise building
mid rise building
high rise building
Public Spaces - B
parks
centrum
church
stadium
Social Institutions - B
educational building
institutional buildings
shops
industries
Transportations Modes - ø
train stations
bus stations
ø
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B
∞ x +
A x
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B
+
ø
∞ The Elements of Linear City These main elements of the linear city is mandatory to be proposed into the design, the idea of this plan is to give bigger portion of landscape and natural elements into the city plan and also to minimize the usage o private transportation by installing the transportation line along the linear plan (railways and highways). All the elements area basic requirements to individual scale living to a community scale living but arranged to diversify the components and also to even out the facilities along the line to avoid over-densified growth and traffic congestion.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
New Corridor of Zaanstad Goals and Strategies
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Infrastructure: Put stations in locations
Landscape: Combining the landscape
Mobility: Designate 1/2 mile radius
with highest ridership
and design to promote
around transport point as
potential and development
healthier living.
higher density, mixed-use,
opportunities
walkable development
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Connectivity: Incorporate bikeshare, a
Accessibility: Enhance multi-modal
Systemic Design: Mixed used facility along
comprehensive bikeway
connections, making
the buffer green belt area
network, and large ride-in
transfers easy, direct, and
to centralized activity in
bike parking areas
comfortable
outer line of residentials area
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Place Making: Creating spaces to enhance
Public Space: Creating new public spaces
Offices Spaces: Creating new office space
the encounters between
along the green belt to
for residents of Zaanstad
communities and creating
balance residential bulding
and residents outside
communal spaces.
with nature landscape and
Zaanstad and as a new
also as a buffer.
economic center.
The goals of this planning is to provide spaces for Zaanstad including dwellings, offices, but also economic centers. This plan will also enhance the connection between regions and will create a better integrations and eficiency in transportation use.
Church
Schools
Sports
Low-rise residentials
Public Library
Mid-rise residentials
The Improvements Linear planning in the city of Zaanstad will have a better impact in the future. Some of them are because linearity creates additional challenges that affect city urban development. Their identification allows to consciously transform the city structure and improve its quality, linear invitations to multiply communication nodes and diversify public spaces. In theory, linear urban development like this allows for the addition of units at the end of a linear path. However, this plan requires a deep analysis for appropriately applied to the existing site with its every problem. Some other issues that need to be considered are the creation of identity on planning that requires community collaboration in creating a habitable space but also a living space that can be done through several approaches to citizens.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
Parks
05 // Conclusions Foreseeing the future
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Overlaying the foreground structure (the Choice layer) on top of the background structure (the Integration layer). Choice: It basically calculates the potentials for each segment element to be selected by pedestrians as the shortest path. Integrations: Integration in angular segment analysis is a good predictor of the potentials for each segment within a metric radius to be a highly desired destination.
10km
The Space Syntax The analysis of space syntax shows the integration and connectivity on the existing site and also the developed site with proposed linear city plan. As the diagram shown above, the connection to the west side is now well drawn and integrate the whole regions in Zaanstad. We can conclude here that if we emphasize the existing road line and adding facilities, can give benefit to the city.
References Pictures
Data
1. Old map of Zaanstad http://maproom.library.tudelft.nl/
http://maproom.library.tudelft.nl/ http://code.waag.org/buildings/ http://www.topotijdreis.nl/ http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/netherlands.html http://opentopo.nl/ http://kaart.edugis.nl/ http://maps.bodemdata.nl/bodemdatanl/index.jsp https://data.noord-holland.nl/Noord-Holland-in-Cijfers https://geo.zaanstad.nl/geonetwork/srv/dut/catalog.search#/home
2. Street view map https://www.google.com/maps 3. Rendered pictures Author’s documents 4. Diagrams Author’s documents 5 Demographic Diagrams https://data.noord-holland.nl/Noord-Holland-in-Cijfers
Literatures
Siregar, J.P., Metodologi dasar space syntax dalam analisis konfigurasi ruang Brawijaya University Collins G. R., The Ciudad Lineal of Madrid, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, May 1959, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 38–53. Doxiadis C. A., On Linear Cities, The Town Planning Review, April 1967, Vol. 38 No. 1 pp. 35–42 Lynch, K. The Image of The City (1969) Cambridge: MIT Press. Hillier, B., dan J. Hanson The Social Logic of Space (1984) New York: Cambridge Univerity Press.
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City
Msc. Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences (Urbanism Track) R & D Studio: Analysis and Design of City Form Faculty of Architecture and The Built Environment TU Delft
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Zaanstad / The Scattered City