CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK FINAL SUBMISSION YULIANA KUSUMA WIDJAJA 657711
Table of Content WEEK
Topic
Structural Concepts
Construction Systems
Materials
Theatre
Studio
01 02
Introduction to Construction Structural loads and Forces Footings & Foundations
Loads & Forces Structural Systems &Connections -Structural Elements -Geometry & Equilibrium -Beams & Cantilevers -Span & Spacing Columns, Frames, Grids
Construction Overview Construction Processes & Systems Footings & Foundations
Introduction to Materials ESD & Materials
Theatre 01
Mass
Theatre 02
Frame
Mass & Masonry Materials
Theatre 03 Case Study #1
Out & About (Part 1)
Floor & framing system
Concrete
Theatre 04 Case Study #2
Working Drawing Introduction
Walls, Grids, & Columns
Timber
Structural Conepts
Trusses, Plates, & Grids
Roofing Strategies and Systems Detailing for heat & Moisture Strategies for Openings Construction Detailing
Metals
Theatre 05 Case Study #3 Theatre 06 Case Study #4
Collapses & Failures
03 04
Floor Systems & Horizontal Elements
05
Columns, Grids, Wall Systems Spanning & Enclosing Space Detailing Strategies 1
06 07 08 09
Openings
10
When Things Go Wrong
!
Detailing Strategies 2
Arches, Domes, & Shells Deformation & Geometry Stress & Structural members Lateral Forces
Full Size
-Rubber -Plastic -Paints Glass
In Detail
Composite Materials
Off Campus
Heroes & Culprits
Out & About (Part 2)
WEEK
1
Introduction to Construction E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Loads & Forces CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Overview MATERIALS Introduction to material THEATRE Theatre 01 STUDIO Mass GLOSSARY Load path Masonry Compression Reaction Force Point Load Beam
WEEK 1
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Introduction to Construction
Structural Concept
Loads
Load Path Diagram
Construction Systems
Forces
Static
Tension
Dynamic
Compression
Construction Overview
Materials
Introduction to materials
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS LOADS (2.08-2.11)
Live Loads
Any moving or movable loads on a structure
Static Dead Loads
Static loads acting vertically downward on a structure
Wind Loads
Horizontal movement
Earthquake Loads
3 Dimensional vibrations
Loads on Bulding
Dynamic
LOAD PATH DIAGRAM
The load is not being transferred here because it takes the most direct routes down to the ground.
Action = - Reaction Reaction!!
FORCES Force
Vector LENGTH + DIRECTION
any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body
Tension - happens when being pulled - stretch and elongate the material
Compression - happens when being pushed - shorten the material
* The magnitude of tension or compression depends on: stiffness of the material, cross sectional area, magnitude of the load
THEATRE
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Overview At the start of this theatre session, students were asked to build a structure out of paper that can hold a brick.
I tried putting IPad on top of my structure, and it worked. In conclusion, folding makes the structure stronger because it is more rigid.
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS Introduction to Material stiff Strength flexible Stiffness stretch
What to consider
sloppy monodimensional (linear) Shape
bidimensional (planar) e.g. sheet metal tridimensional(volumetric) e.g. concrete Isotropic
equally strong in both compression and tension (e.g. steel)
Anisotropic
behave differently depending on the forces applied
Material Behaviours
Economy Sustainabilty
How efficiently does the material get used with the construction system?
e.g. stud frame system is very efficient in Melbourne as timber is abundant
STUDIO
Compression MATERIAL: MDF (MEDIUM DENSITY FIBREBOARD) The aim of this activity is to understand the load path during different stages of construction and deconstruction
1
Load Path Diagram Legend
2
Loads Load Path Reaction Triangular base
Prism Our group decided to use prism with triangle shape as the base since we found out that triangular prism require less material cylinder
3
4!
5!
!
Construction concepts and block laying techniques As the tower gets higher, the block laying technique changes in order to keep the tower balance. BASE We need a strong base hence the blocks are closer together but still leaving a gap for material efficiency TRANSITION When the base is high enough, , we started to lay the blocks inward forming pyramid. This reduces the amount of blocks needed. TOP As the material is limited, we laid the block vertically so that the tower will get higher. We only focus on one side due to limited amount of material
Create hole to let the object in
DECONSTRUCTION PROCESS
column!
We started to deconstruct on the 2 sides, which are shorter than the other one, by creating holes in the middle, producing column.
SIDE VIEW The collapse critical point is when the middle part has gone. This is because the triangle shape is no longer connected hence nothing holds the top part of the tower.
TOP VIEW Here it can be clearly seen that the tower is no longer connected
COMPARISON WITH OTHER GROUPS’ TOWERS
A
B
C
BASIC SHAPE The three other towers use cylinder shape. A t first we planned to use cylinder, but in the end we decided to use prism as we concluded that prism would use less material.
BLOCK-LAYING TECHNIQUES & VARIANCE IN CONCEPTS Group B &C changes their techniques in laying the blocks, while Group A did not.
Achieve greater heights but become less stable since the base has smaller surface area Group B
Group A
Gap!
No!Gap!
Group C
Gap!
EFFICIENCY OF MATERIAL Group A and C leave gap between blocks, while group B does not leave gap at all. Leaving gap is more efficient since it reduces the amount of blocks needed to build the same area.
GLOSSARY 1. LOAD PATH The path of the load down to the ground 2. MASONRY Stucture consisting of modular units (stone, claybrick, concrete blocks) 3. COMPRESSION The action of pushing / pressing which cause a shortening of the material 4. REACTION FORCE A force with the same value as action but in the opposite direction 5. POINT LOAD A term used in structural analysis to define a concentrated load on a structural member (Dictionaries of Construction, 2014) 6. BEAM a long piece of heavy often squared timber suitable for use in construction (MerriamWebster, 2014)
REFERENCES Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.).Hoboken,New Jersey: John Wiley& Sons , Inc.
WEEK
2
Structural loads & Forces E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Structural Systems & Connections CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Processes &Systems MATERIALS ESD &Materials THEATRE Theatre 02 STUDIO Frame GLOSSARY Structural Joint Stability Tension Frame Bracing Column
WEEK 2
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Structural Loads & Forces
Structural Concept
Structural Systems
Construction Systems
Stuctural Connections
Construction processes& Systems
Solid
Fiix joint
Enclosure / Envelope System
Surface
Pin Joint
Structural System
Skeletal
Roller Joint
Sercvice System
Membrane
Hybrid
Materials
ESD & Materials
THEATRE
WATER TANK SYSTEM Strategies for 'water tank' : stronger joint connections using 2 pins per column rather than 1 triangulation of posts bracing between posts spreading the load onto a larger footing shortening the post length (Newton 2014)
E LEARNING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS & FORMS (Newton, 2014)
Structural Systems
Solid
Bricks, Mud
Works best under compression
Surface
Shell/ Planar
Skeletal
Frame
Very efficient in transferring loads down through to the ground
Membrane
Cover very large area very efficiently and cheaply
Hybrid
Combination of structural systems
ETFE
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM (Ching, 2008)
Construction system Enclosure/ Envelope system
Structural System
Service System
CRITERIA: 1. Performance requirements
4. Environmental impacts
• Comfort • Protection • Easily Maintained • Easily Replaced
• Embodied energy • Energy efficiency • Materials used
2. Aesthetic qualities
5. Regulatory Constraints
• Proportion • Colour • Surfaces
• Safety • Local Council Regulation 6. Construction Practice
3. Economic Efficiencies • Affordability: initial cost and longevity cost
• Fit Budget • What materials available • Construction Labour
STRUCTURAL JOINTS (Newton, 2014)
Basic structural joints Roller Joints
Pin Joints
Fixed Joints
A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSING FORM (Selenitch, 2014) 1. 2. 3. 4.
Site condition The urgency / need for facility Consideration of function Rituals, budget, available techniques and materials
ESD & SELECTING MATERIALS (Newton, 2014)
LIFE CYCLE Sourcing
DESIGN
Recovery
Use
Manufacture
Distribution
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PRECEDENT: COUNCIL HOUSE 2(CH2) 240 Lt. Collins St Observation Date: 18 March 2014 12.30 pm CH2 building is Melbourne’s six star green building completed in 2006. The building is adaptable to day and night, as well as to winter and summer. There are several ESD strategies applied:
Roof Top Energy Wind Turbines Vertical plant
Healthy Air Thermal mass
Exhaust High level ceilings
Chilled ceilings
Shower Tower
(City of Melbourne, 2014) The facade facing west is made of operable vertical timber shutter, which is adaptable to winter and summer. As my observation was during summer, it was closed hence providing full summer shading while still allowing filtered daylight and views.
STUDIO ACTIVITY: ‘FRAME’ MATERIAL: BALSA WOOD This week's activity is to understand the importance of structural joints: pin joint, roller joint, and static joint, in frame structure
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS We decided to build a frame with triangular prism shape. We applied bracing on the 3 sides in order to prevent deflection / torsion (twisting). Moreover, we make large surface area to minimize pressure, since P=F/A, so the grater the surface area, the lower the pressure. LOAD PATH DIAGRAM
Load!
Load!Path!Diagram!
Reaction!
COLUMN The 3 columns have to be the strongest part of the structure; hence, we stick two balsa wood together perpendicularly, which strengthen the balsa wood.
BRACING We applied cross bracing on the 3 sides in order to minimize horizontal movement (shear).
HOWEVER, our frame structured failed to withhold loads. Things to learn: : As the balsa wood is long and thin, we need more cross bracing to stabilize it.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER FRAME STRUCTURES’ GROUP Group A It has a large surface area which causes causes less pressure to the ground. However, it does not have bracing on the sides hence the structure is weak. No Bracing Large Surface Area
Group B
In contrast to group A, group B’s structure has a strong structural system as they applied truss system. However, only small area attached to the ground hence it has large pressure. Truss system
Small surface area
Group C
This is a very good structure as it can withhold quite large loads. It has a very large surface area and many cross bracing. The doubled the balsa in the middle part, which makes the structure strong The edge structure is very strong as even though the above part has bent, the edges keep straight
GLOSSARY STRUCTURAL JOINT ‘the junction of two or more members of a framed structure’ (Merriam-Webster, 2014) STABILITY Equal Forces / Balanced TENSION the stress resulting from the elongation of an elastic body (Merriam-Webster, 2014) FRAME to construct by fitting and uniting the parts of the skeleton of (a structure) (Merriam-Webster, 2014) BRACING A structure that hold parts together & resist shear forces COLUMN Vertical supports
REFERENCES
City of Melbourne. (2014). Council House 2 – Our green building. Retrieved from http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Sustainability/CH2/Pages/CH2Ourgreenbuilding.aspx.
WEEK
3
FOOTINGS & FOUNDATION
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Structural Elements Geometry& Equilibrium CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Footings & Foundations MATERIALS Mass& Masonry Materials THEATRE Case Study #1 STUDIO Out and About (Part 1) GLOSSARY Moment Retaining Wall Pad Footing Strip footing Slab on ground Substructure
WEEK 3
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Footings & Foundations
Structural Concepts
Structural Elements
Geometry & Equilibrium
Construction Systems
Footings
Materials
Foundations
Monolithic Materials
Strut
Pad
Shallow
Bricks
Tie
Strip
Deep
Concrete Blocks
Panel
Raft
Beam
Slab
Stone
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Structural Elements Geometry& Equilibrium
Structural Elements
Strut
Tie
The load produces compression
Panel
Beam
The load produces tension.
Slab/ Plate
Tend to curved (compression at the top, tension at the bottom
usually supported by beams
Use materials that can support both compression and tension, such as timber, steel, reinforced concrete.
The load is spread evenly throughout the slab
VERTICAL ELEMENTS Vertical elements
HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS designed to carry vertical loads
designed to carry horizontal designed to carry loads
F action
Slab disperse the load to the whole slab
Beam
CENTRE OF MASS / GRAVITY The centre of mass is the point about which an object is balanced.
Tie Strut Panel
F ACTION = - F REACTION F reaction
EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium is a state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces. In other words, as each structural element is loaded, its supporting elements
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Footings & Foundations
Footings & Foundations
Function: to support the superstructure and transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground
Definition: a substructure constructed below the ground
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT (failing to support the loads evenly): cause cracking
FOOTINGS PART of foundation
FOUNDATIONS: the WHOLE substructure
Shallow
Deep
Condition: -Soil condition is stable -Soil bearing capacity is adequate
Condition: -Soil condition is unstable -Soil bearing capacity is inadequate
Footing Type (3.09)
Use END BEARING PILE(3.10)
Pad/Isolated
Spread a point over a wider area of ground
Strip
Raft
Spread in a linear manner
Extend the foundation downto rock/soil that will provide support for the building loads
Joining strips together (Most stable)
(Own Image taken during site visit week 9) RETAINING & FOUNDATION WALLS (3.10) Basement or where there is a change in site levels needs to be stabilized Piles & bored piers can support the loads of adjacent soil.
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS Monolithic Materials: MASONRY
MASONRY Particular subset of mass construction made from similar units
:!Strong!in!compression,!weak!in!tension! :!Hard:!resist!abrasion!(scratching!&!blasting)! :!Compressive!strength! :!Good!thermal!mass! :!Durable!
Slabs!
Stone!
Ashlar!blocks/ dressed!stone! Rubblestone!
Main!properties:!
Earth!
mud!bricks!
bricks! Clay!
Materials!
Masonry!
honeycomb! blocks! Blocks!
Construction!
Concrete!
Modularity!
Commons!
Vertical!
Horizontal!&! curved!spanning!
Spanning!/! enclosing! elements!
Modular!
Nonmodular!
Walls!
Beams/!lintels!
Vaults!
Clay!Brick!
Concrete!
Columns!/!piers!
Arches!
Domes!
Mud!Brick!
Rammed!Earth!
Concrete!Block!
Monolithic! stones!(columns! &!beams)!
Ashlar!Stone!
labor!intensive!
E-LEARNING MASONRY:
BED
Clay Bricks H EA DE
R
STRE
TCHE
R
Clay!Bricks!
Uses!
Arrangement:!
Making!process!
walls!
Hand!made! (convict!made)!
Sretcher!course!
(Ebay, 2014)
arches! Machine! molded! (pressed)! paving! (Boral, 2014)
Extruded!/!wire! cut!
Raked!
1! ! ! Header!course! 2! ! ! Brick!on:edge! 3! course! ! ! Soldier!course! 4!
(Brick Tiles, 2014)
CONSIDERATIONS:
Joint!Finishing!
Ironed!
Weather!Struck!
Flush!
1! ! 2! ! 3! ! 4!
Permeable/ non waterproof Advantages: + can be joined with water-based mortar +will not deteriorate if adequately ventilated so that any wetness can escape Disadvantages: - absorb moisture and expand over time -> expansion joints required
PROPERTIES Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility Porosity/permeability Density Conductivity Durability/ life span Reusability/ Recyclability Sustainability/ Carbon Footprint Cost
Medium – high, can be scratched with a metallic object Medium, can be broken with trowel Very low Very low flexibility & plasticity Medium-low, becomes soaked only if placed in prolonged contact with water Medium, +-2-2.5 more dense than water Poor Typically very durable High Tends to be locally produced, the firing process adds to its carbon footprint Generally cost effective but labor intensive
E-LEARNING MASONRY:
Concrete Blocks
90
390
Concrete blocks
Components
190
Process
Use
(Aquarius Aquarium, 2014)
Cement
Mxiing
Load Bearing (Structural Walls)
Sand
Molding
Nonbearing Load (dividing &decoorative walls)
Gravel
Curing (hydration of chemical process)
Holes: - reduces waste - increase stability - allow reinforcement placed in holes
In order to provide structural resistance to lateral loads, CMU are often strengthened with steel reinforcing bars filled with grout.!
Water
PROPERTIES Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility Porosity/permeability Density Conductivity Durability/ life span Reusability/ Recyclability Sustainability/ Carbon Footprint
Cost
Medium – high, can be scratched with a metallic object Medium, can be broken with trowel Very low Very low Medium, some concrete blocks are sealed to reduce the opportunity for water absorption Medium, +-2-2.5more dense than water Poor Typically very durable Medium Inclusion of recycled and waste produces from other processes is allowing a positive reduction in carbon footprint and increase in sustainability for many concrete products Generally cost effective but labor penalties are often applied as the larger format units mean construction usually progresses at a faster rate.
COMPARISON Concrete Shrink The cement paste reduces in volume as it hydrates and drying shrinkage occurs as water is lost to the atmosphere.
!
Clay bricks Expand Absorb moisture from the atmosphere
E-LEARNING MASONRY:
Stone
Stone
Type
1.
2.
3.
Use
Igneous a. granite, basalt, bluestone b. formed when molten rock (lava/magma) cools c. very dense, hard, dark in colour d. used in footings which require high compressive strength & impervious e. Finishes: hount, erasticated, block Sedimentary a. e.g. limestone, sandstone b. Formed when accumulated particles are subjected to moderate pressure c. Soft, less dense – prone to wind, + easy to be carved & shaped d. Light in colour Metamorphic a. Eg. Marble, slate b. Formed when igneous/ sedimentary stone subjected to pressure, high pressure or chemical process.
walls (structural& nonstructural)
paving
Granite (Wikipedia, 2014) cladding
Elements & Units
Ashlar
Stones are carved into smaller modular elements
Rubble
not evenly smooth
Require skilled labour
aggregates
feature design elements
Sandstone (Geology, 2014)
Screening walls
Retaining walls
White Marble (Essential, 2014)
PROPERTIES Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility Porosity/permeability Density Conductivity Durability/ life span Reusability/ Recyclability Sustainability/ Carbon Footprint Cost
!
(Hardest) Igneous -> metamorphic -> sedimentary Largely geometry dependent ( thickness to surface area ratio) Most have very low ductility Mostly very low (rigid) Large range (pumice is very porous, granite is not) Largely depending on stone type, stones most often used in construction (e.g. granite, marble, sandstone, slate) are 2.5-3 times more dense than water Poor conductors of heat and electricity Typically extremely durable Very high Transport energy is the main factor (local stones have low carbon footprints), stone sourcing has a high environmental cost Largely dependent on labor and scarcity
THEATRE
CASE STUDY #1 LONDON OLYMPIC PARK Alan Pert 19 – 03 - 2014 Reclaiming land The 2012 Olympic park was developed in brownfield (area that has been neglected/ unused) - MATERIAL Clever use of material; It uses 18% less carbon than Beijing Building material: Recycled Steel Advantages: minimize costs & environmental impacts Roof: flexible PVC Advantages: dynamic, easier construction & demolition Disadvantages: PVC is a villain material as it is a plastic-based material hence hard to be recycled and lifetime pollution (CHAPTER 10) -
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM The structure is transformable. The stadium has the capacity of 80000 seats during the Games, yet it will be reduced to 250000 post events. Transformable Roof Truss
Dig underground
-
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS o Truss System
Truss system
National Geography Channel (2014)
STUDIO
OUT & ABOUT (Part 1) 1. Lot 6 CafĂŠ Structural & construction system: Mass structure Solid Structure Foundation: Concrete Strip footing Structural elements: Beam Slab Panels Materials: Beam: steel Slab & Panels : Reinforced Concrete Window Frame: aluminum Masonry brick
The!loads!of!the!ceiling!are!mostly! transported!to!the!column!on!sides! rather!than!to!the!beam!
Expressed/ concealed Concealed: reinforced concrete
2. Frank Tate Pavilion Structural & construction system: Surface Foundation: Concrete Strip Footing
Cantilever
Structural elements: Panels Beam Strut Cantilever Materials: Timber framed floor Walls: timber lining as the finishing material (roof sheathing) Steel framed beam Concrete footings Masonry: basalt Expressed/ concealed? Expressed
Floor system: lightweight
Realisation of Timber- floor system As the pavilion uses timber floor system, it requires a gap underneath for ventilation to avoid timber from rotting Advantages: cheaper and faster
Structural joints: pin joint &fixed joint
Strip footing
Structural joint: steel plates welded to steel beam, then bolted to timber
3. Old Geology South Lecture Theatre Entry Structure LOAD
Structural & construction system: Solid Combination of mass construction outside and lightweight inside Use brick to integrate with the surrounding buildings Structural elements: Slab: roof steel Panel : Brick veneer (brick – insulation – plasterboard) Floor: concrete slab and built on the ground (no insulation)
Cantilever
Materials: This construction wastes material as the brick wall is unnecessary Brick walls (Non-load bearing wall)
Plasterboard (load bearing wall)
Expressed/ concealed? expressed Structural joints: pin joint
4. New Melbourne School of Design under construction
Structural system: Solid, surface, skeletal Foundation: insitu concrete Structural elements: Panels: Concrete panels to form façade Cantilever Slab Filled glazing Loads transferred through the internal concrete beam Steelwork at the bottom: framework for glazing
Steel reinforcement
Concrete
Design feature Horizontal screening on east side of the building
Materials: Reinforced concrete Steel Expressed/ concealed? Concealed Structural joints: Fixed joint & pin joint Feature Screening: protection from direct sunlight Horizontal: for north-sun Vertical: east west
Cantilever the underneath can be used as an open space area
Filled glazing. The windows are secondary structure, hence they don’t carry the load of the building
5. Beaurepaire Centre Pool Structural system: Solid Footing: Pad Structural elements: Strut Panel Slab Materials: Clay bricks Steel Concrete Expressed/ concealed? Expressed Structural joints: Pin joint & Fixed Joint
!!!! Portal Frame Sketch
Purlins with lateral bracing
(Ching, Building construction illustrated. p6.07) 6. Oval Pavilion (North Side of Oval) Skylight
Structural system: Solid Planar Strip Foundation: Concrete Structural elements & Material: Beam Cantilever Strut Wall: aluminum frame Steel frame Materials: Timber Timber cladding: external waterproof Timber lining: internal waterproof Concrete
Cantilever
Fascia
Expressed/ concealed? Expressed
Internal timber lining
Structural joints: Pin joint Feature Deck Skylight: giving light to basement
Timber Deck The paintings fade away due to rain
Aluminium frame
7. North Court Union House Structural system: Membrane: able to cover large area Structural elements: Tie Strut Cable tension supporting the steel beam Lightweight steel frame Compression Materials: fabric with plastic sheathing Expressed/ concealed? Expressed Structural joints: Pin joint Feature Membrane system
Pin joint
Cable tie works on tension
8. Stairs on west end of Union House
The cable tie works under tension
W Shape Steel Beam (Ching, 2008 p. 4.16)
Structural system: Skeletal Lighweight construction Structural elements: Tie Beam Materials: Steel Expressed/ concealed? Expressed
Steel column and beams transfer the loads of the structure down to ground
Structural joints: Pin Joint Fixed Joint Feature The tie is not the only structural elements that hold the loads of the stairs. There are steel beams and columns underneath the stairs which bring the force down to the ground.
The steel plates are welded and bolted together directly without using plate connector.!! Ching (2008), p. 4.17 Steel Beam Connections
9. Arts West Student Centre Structural system: Skeletal Warren truss: forming equilateral triangles (Ching, 2008 P. 6.09)
Structural elements Truss Strut Material: Stone Steel Expressed/concealed Expressed Structural joints Pin Joint There is steel beam transferring the load of the truss down to the ground
Feature The truss is just a design feature; It does not hold any applied force
10. Underground car park & South Lawn Structural system: Solid Structural elements: Strut Pad Footing
!!! !!
Materials: Concrete Expressed/ concealed? Concealed Structural joints: Fixed
Pad Footing 2 direction
Fixed Joint
Feature Vault
(Merriam Webster, 2014)
FROM ELEARNING WEEK 7
GLOSSARY 1.
2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
8.
Moment The moment of a force is the tendency to make an object or a point rotate. It has direction, magnitude, sense. Moment = F.d Retaining Wall A structure used to sustain the pressure of the earth behind it. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Pad Footing A thick slab-type foundation used to support a structure or a piece of equipment ((Dictionary of Construction, 2014). Strip footing A continuous foundation of which the length considerably exceeds the breadth. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Slab on ground A flat plane with large surface area. Substructure The foundation of a building that supports the superstructure. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Modular construction Construction in which similar units or subcomponents are combined repeatedly to create a total system. Masonry Terms: Bond: the pattern/ arrangement of the units Course: a horizontal row of masonry units Joint: the way units are connected to each other Mortar: mixture of cement of lime, sand & water used as a bonding agent
REFERENCES !
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Merriam Webster. (2014). Vault (Image). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/vault. National Geographic Channel. (2014). BEHIND THE SCENES AT LONDON’S OLYMPIC STADIUM. Retrieved from http://natgeotv.com.au/tv/london-olympicstadium/behind-the-scenes-at-londons-olympic-stadium.aspx. Newton, C. (2014, March 17). W03_s1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS (Video File).. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 17). W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 17). W03_m2 INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 16). W03_m3 BRICKS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 16). W03_m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 16). W03_m4 STONE (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014). STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS geometry & equilibrium. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2003/GEOMETRY%20AND%20EQUILIBRIUM.pdf. Pert, A. (19-03- 2014). London Olympic Park (Lecture). Image Reference Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/. Heath, M. D. 2010. Rammed earth Home Construction in Chad. Retrieved from http://rammedearth.blogspot.com.au/2010/09/rammed-earth-home-constructionin-chad.html. Bricktiles. (2014). Wire Cut Brick (Image). Retrieved from http://www.bricks-tiles.co.uk/products/bricks/wire-cut_bricks.html. Boral. (2014). Pressed Brick (Image). Retrieved from http://www.boral.com.au/bricks/brickInsights/brick_terms.asp. Ebay. (2014). Handmade bricks(Image). Retrieved from http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Reclaimed-2-3-8-Cheshire-Red-Handmade-Clay-Bricks-Ideal-For-Fireplaces/170732376715. Aquarius Aquarium. (2014). Concrete Block (Image). Retrieved from http://fresnoaquarium.org/capital-campaign-contributors/. Wikipedia. (2014). Granite (Image). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite. Essential Ingredient. (2014). Marble(Image). Retrieved from http://www.essentialingredient.com.au/featured/marble-boards/.
WEEK
4
FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Beams & Cantilevers Span & Spacing CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Floor & Framing Systems MATERIALS Concrete THEATRE Case Study #2 STUDIO Working Drawing Introduction GLOSSARY Joist Steel decking Span Girder Concrete Plank Spacing
WEEK 4
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Beams&Cantilever% Structural% Concepts% Span%&Spacing%
Concrete%
Construction% Systems%
Floor%&%Framing% Systems%
Floor%Systems% &Horizontal% Elements%
Material%
Wood%
Components%
Steel%
Provenacnce%
Finishes%
Materials%
Concrete%
Reinforcement%
Properties%
Considerations% InSitu% Process% Precast%
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Beams & Cantilevers Span & Spacing
BEAMS & CANTILEVER BEAM • •
is a (mostly) horizontal structural element. Function: to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports.
Load Path Diagram Force
BEAM
CANTILEVER •
is created when a structural element is supported at only one end.
•
Function: to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer them to the support.
Overhang/ cantilever
Load Path Diagram Force
SPAN & SPACING (4.05)
SPAN • the distance measured between two structural supports. • not necessarily the same as the length of a member SPACING • the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements. • measured centre-line to centre-line. * SPACING of the supporting elements depends on the SPANNING capabilities of the supported elements
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Floor & Framing Systems
Material
Concrete
Wood
Steel Girders (main beam)
Rim joist / header
CONCRETE SLAB: a. 2 Way Span
A%
Joist
Joist
B%
Bearer
TIMBER FLOOR FRAMING - Components: o Bearer: primary beam o Joist: secondary beam
b. 1 Way Span
- Timber joists are more material efficient compare to slab Depth of slab = distance of span 30 E.g. 6000 mm
200 mm
Considerations - Anticipate floor loads - Cost & efficiency - Function. Eg. Car park
- If there is a bearer in the middle, the span of the joist would be reduced by 50%
%
STEEL FRAMING Method A Framing beams into girders minimizes floor depth, but mechanical services can hardly pass through. Method B Two-layer system increases floor depth considerably but provides more space for mechanical services
OPEN WEB (4.20) ADVANTAGES: ! Material efficient ! Mechanical service (e.g. Water pipe) can be carried through the pipe ! Truss system ! Lightweight
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS Concrete
COMPONENTS 4%parts% coarse% aggregates% (crushed% rock)%
2%parts% Eine% aggregates% (sand)%
1%part% cement%
0.1L0.5%part% water%
CONCRETE%
PROVENANCE
Cement +water --(binds)---> sand+ gravel aggregates ----> concrete (hard, solid) Too much water: weak Too little: unworkable (too stiff) HYDRATION Exothermic (heat released) Crystals are formed that interlock and bind the sand, crushed rock and cement/water paste together
FINISHES L
Sand Blasted
L
Culwell Abrassive and Sandblasting (2014) L
Exposed Aggregate
Gully Garden & Building Supplies (2012)
Raked Finish
L
Designboom (2014)
Wordpress.com (2008) L
Bush Hammered
Dayton Superior Corporation (2014)
Board Marked
L
Board & Batten
Houzz Inc. (2014)
REINFORCEMENT Concrete% (strong%in% compression)%
Reinforced% Concrete%
Reinforcement quantity increases towards the base of building.
Steel%mesh/ bars%(strong% in%tension)%
PROPERTIES Hardness
High – can be scratched with a metallic object
Fragility
Low – can be chipped with a hammer
Ductility
Very Low
Flexibility/Plasticity
Low
Porosity / Permeability
Medium-low, depend on proportions and components
Density
Medium-high. 2.5 more dense than water
Conductivity
Poor conductor of heat & electricity
Durability / Life span
Very durable
Reusability / Recyclability
Medium – low. Can be partially re-used when crushed to be used as aggregate for new concrete elements
Sustainability & Carbon footprint
High embodied energy, Non-renewable, long-lasting
Cost
Generally cost effectiv, labour dependant for formwork & pouring
%
CONSIDERATIONS -
Permeable Problem: moisture & oxidation, rusting & degradation Pouring: vibration process to avoid bubbles
SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS -
Lightweight Concrete
-Lightweight Concrete
- Structural Concrete
PROCESS -
Fluid/ shapeless before it hardens PROCESS:
Fabrication%and% assembly%of%the% formwork%%
Reinforcement%
• temporary support or molds used to hold the liquid concrete in place until it becomes hard). • Formwork can be either reused or sacrificed.
Pouring%
Vibration%
Curing%of%the% concrete%
• Once it has been poured, it has to be quickly finished before it hardens, hence more labors needed (labor intensive).
2. IN SITU CONCRETE Process happening on site -
Uses: o Structural purposes (widely used in footings, retaining walls) o Sprayed using a pressure hose (SHOTCRETE), (useful for swimming pool) - Joints (potential weak point) o Construction Joints Divide the construction into smaller and more manageable sections of work o Control Joints Absorb the expansion and contractions ADVANTAGES (+): More varied shape must be insitu DISADVANTAGES (-): more labor required
During curing process the formwork is supported by props and bracing as the weight of the wet concrete is very heavy.
1. PRE-CAST CONCRETE Fabricated in a controlled environment and transported to site for installation -
Uses: Retaining walls, walls, columns (RARELY in footings) - Joints (potential weak point) o Construction joint o Structural Joints Structural connections joining the precast elements ADVANTAGES (+): ! More standardized outcome ! Much faster rate to construct ! More economical for standard shape ! Time effective ! Not depend on weather DISADVANTAGES (-): L May damage during transport L Limited in size due to transport L On site changes are difficult to incorporate
Ching (2008, p.5.13)
THEATRE
CASE STUDY #2 OVAL PAVILION Ash Wiillish: Structural Engineer Dickson Andy: Project Architect Emily Dickson : Property Manager
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Hybrid (timber and brick)
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
Canopy Design: 9 m cantilever made out of timber, which is a lightweight structure.
MATERIAL
Xypex Admix: is blended into the concrete mix at the time of batching to waterproof and protect concrete from the start (Xypex, 2014)
Different%Disciplines%Collaborating% Process%
Architect%
Developing%ideas%
Respond%to%client's% brief%
Structural%Engineering%
Mathematical%
Project%Manager%
Make%sure%the%client%is% happy%
Make%sure%the%project% Einishes%on%time%within% budget %%
Consider%delay%cost%for% builder%
Make%sure%all%client’s% requests%are%fulEilled%
STUDIO WORKING DRAWING INTRODUCTION
GLOSSARY 1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
Joist “Parallel beams of lumber, concrete, or steel used to support floor and Joist Spacing ceiling systems” (Dictionary of construction, 2014) Girder A large principal beam used to support other structural members along its length (Dictionary of construction, 2014) Span Span “The horizontal distance between supports” (Dictionary of construction, 2014) Spacing Girder The distance between parallel bars, measured from centre line of one beam to the corresponding centre line of the other beam (Dictionary of construction, 2014) Steel decking “Light-gauge, corrugated metal sheets used in constructing roofs or floors” (Dictionary of construction, 2014) Concrete Plank A piece of concrete laid flat as part of a load-bearing surface (Dictionary of construction, 2014)
%%
REFERENCES Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4 th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). Span & Spacing. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). W04_c1 FLOOR SYSTEMS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). W04_m1 CONCRETE (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). W04_m2 IN SITU CONCRETE (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014). Beams & Cantilevers. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/BEAMS%20AND%20CANTILEVERS.pdf. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). W04_m3 PRE CAST CONCRETE. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be. Image Reference Dayton Superior Corporation. (2014). Bush hammered (Image). Retrieved from http://www.daytonsuperior.com/Lists/Product%20Catalog1/product.aspx?List=3c62f7a2-1783-4ee6-a0c4-2642507b1472&ID=173. Designboom. (2014). Boardmarked (Image). Retrieved from http://www.designboom.com/architecture/architecture-republic-formwork/. Culwell Abrassive and Sandblasting. (2014). Sandblasted (Image). Retrived from http://sandblastingca.com/sandblasting-services/concrete-tilt-up/. Gully Garden & Building Supplies. (2012). Exposed Aggregate (Image). Retrieved from http://gullygarden.com.au/info/exposed-aggregate. Houzz Inc. (2014). Boar &Batten (Image). Retrieved from http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/1619389/list/Fiber-Cement-Siding-Takes-a-Front-Seat. Wordpress.com. (2008). Raked Finish (Image). Retrieved from http://ephlib.wordpress.com/2008/06/10/off-site-shelving-facility-to-open/
WEEK
5
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Columns, Frames & Grid CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Walls, Grids, & Columns MATERIALS Timber THEATRE Case Study #3 STUDIO Structural Concepts GLOSSARY Stud Nogging Lintel Axial Load Buckling Seasoned Timber
WEEK 5
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Short) Columns) Long)
Fixed)
Structural) Concepts) Frames)
Hinged)
Grids)
Three>Hinged) Frame) Structural) Frame)
Columns,)Grids) &)Wall)Systems) Construction) Systems)
Walls)
Load)bearing) wall)
Stud)Wall) Natural) products) Materials)
Timber)
Engineered) Timber) products)
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Columns, Frame
COLUMN: Vertical structural members designed to transfer axial compressive loads.
SHORT COLUMNS
LONG COLUMNS
Large cross section area Shorter length < 12: 1
Small cross section area Taller length > 12 : 1
How does each type of column fail?
Crushing SHORT COLUMNS will be structurally adequate if the load applied to the column cross section does not exceed the compressive strength of the material.
Buckling The EFFECTIVE length of the column is changed because of the different fixing methods. The effective length is measured between the points of CONTRAFLEXURE.
What materials would be used for each column type?
Concrete
Steel
Description Ratio height : width Sketch
FRAME (2.17)
Frame
Fixed Frame
Rigid frame connected to its supports with fixed joints
Advantages: More Resistant to deflection
Disadvantages: more sensitice to support settlements and thermal expansion & contraction
Hinged Frame
Rigid frame connected to its supports with pin joints
Advantages: Pin joints prevent high bending stresses.
It allows frames to rotate when loads applied
It alloes frame to flex slightly when stressed by changes in temperature
Three- hinged frame
Assembly of two rigid sections connected to each other and to its supports with pin joints
Advantages: least affected by support settlements & thermal stresses
Disadvantages: most sensitive to deflection
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Walls, Grids, & Columns
use grid columns connected with concrete beams Concrete Frames( 5.04) Interconnected into fixed joint
Structural Frames
UC: Universal Column (I)
use grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams
CHS: Circular
stabilised by either rigid joint or bracing shear walls
RHS(Rectangular)
Cross Bracing
Steel Frames (5.35)
Timber Frames(Post and Beam) (5.48)
use grid of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams
corner bracing Ching â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Building Construction illustratedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; p. 5.48
In situ Concrete Precast Fixed Joint
Wall Systems
core filled holow concrete blocks
Load Bearing Walls Reinforced
A wall specifically designed and built to support an imposed load in addition to its own weight. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
Grout Filled cavity masonry(5.21) Solid
Masonry insulation layer in between
better thermal performances Advantages
Cavity
better waterproofing
Metal &Timber Studs (5.42)
Advantages:
efficient use of materials
Material
opportunity to run services within the wall cavity
Light Gauge Steel Framing
Stud Walls outside layer: brick
Weep holes
Timber framing
Brick veneer inside layer: timber framing
Damp proof course
Top Plate
(Builderbill, 2014)
Noggings Cross Bracing
(AirCell, 2014)
Bottom Plate
E-LEARNING
MATERIAL: Timber Provenance, Properties & Considerations
•
Provenance
•
Process •
•
(Selecthardwoodfloors, 2014)
Seasoning (Drying): removing water from the cells • Why • to adjust the moisture content so the timber is appropriate for the intended use • provide incresed dimensional stability • What • free moisture (voids in cells) • bound moisture (cell walls) • How? • Air seasoning (cheap but slow) • Kiln • Solar kiln
Types (based on biological provenance) • •
•
Green sawing
Softwood • conifer Hardwood • eucalypts • balsa
• •
Quarter sawn - growth rings parallel to short edge Back Sawn - rings parallel to long edge
•
Radial Sawn - face is always a radial cut
Consideration Size: depth & breadth
Moisture content
Strength grade
Knots: weak points/cause slope of grain
Species of wood
Treatment
Availability
Durability - good practice
water-related damage
seasoned)<15%,)
fungal attack
Own image taken during construction workshop
swelling/ shrinkage can cause cracks
insect
protection
avoid exposure
chemical barriers/physical barriers between ground&timber
Sunlight & heat
cause excessive drying, shrinkage
breaks down wood/ cellulose
seal: paint
•
PROPERTIES
Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility/Plasticity Porosity / Permeability Density Conductivity Durability / Life span Reusability / Recyclability Sustainability & Carbon footprint Cost
Medium-low Medium-low depend on shape Low High flexibility & medium Plasticity High Varies on type Poor conductor of heat & electricity Can very durable, depend on seasoning Very high Very low embodied energy Generally cost effective (lexcept for on site work)
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Timber Engineered Timber Products
made from laminating thin sheets of timber
LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber)
high strength
uses: mainly structural (beams, posts, portal frames)
Solid products
Glulam (Glue Laminated Timber)
made from gluing pieces of dressed sawn timber together to form a deep members
uses: beams, posts, portal frames
CLT - Cross Laminated Timber
(Calco Trusses & Timber , 2009)
(Autodesk, 2014)
made by gluing and pressing thin laminates together to form a sheet
Use: panels
(Wood Solutions, 2013) made by gluing and pressing thin laminates together to form a sheet
ENGINEERED Timber
Plywood used for bracing, flooring, formworks, joinery, marine applications
MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard
(Wikipedia, 2014)
made by breaking down hardwood / softwood waste into wood fibres, combining it with wax and resin
used for joinery
(Fordaq, 2014)
Sheet products
Chipboard & Strandboard
made by layering hardwood / sofwood residuals in specific orientations with wax and a resin binder
used for flooring/ cladding finish
(Lencoheaven, 2014) suitable for medium spans
I Beam use: floor joists
(Oakworth, 2014)
Suitable for larger spans
Others
Box Beams
torsionally stiff
Timber Flanged Steel Web Joists
can use decorative plywood
(Strongtie, 2014)
(Woodlandbeam, 2014)
THEATRE
CASE STUDY #3 Peter Ashford The New Architecture Building
Basement Construction - Steel Reinforcement - Bored Pier - Shotcrete: sprayed concrete - Footing: Pad Precast structure: - Slab - All the internal column - Stairway Considerations: - Height Restriction (3 m height) - Structural connection - Special lifting arrangement to stack the column together Y stairs & Walkways 2
2 1
People can choose to go down to first floor or go back up to second floor.
Cantilever all the weight of the cantilever (150 tonnes )are brought to this point, then transferred down to the primary structure Cross bracing
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LVL & PLYWOOD Hanging studio (hung on LVL Roof beam)
LVL: Lamination - All grain runs SAME direction
Wishbone library beams and coffers
Plywood: Lamination - grains runs ALTERNATE direction
Curve Shape Double glazed glasswork allows light coming through the library
STUDIO STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS A 1: 20 scale model of the structural system of your assigned part of the Oval pavilion Fixed joint for floor system
Pin joint for the soffit structure
In truss system, the webs are bolted to the gusset plate Floor: Steel base angle fixed to concrete slab (Canopy Details. COX Architecture. A 62-03)
Sequence of progress 1 2
Bolted
3
Welded
Material: timber Lightweight construction, this allows cantilever to hang 9 meter.
Comparison with other student models doing the other half of the canopy structure. The structural elements, joints, and fixing are similar.
Truss system
GLOSSARY 1.
2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
Stud A vertical member to support sheathing or concrete forms, may be of wood, steel, or composite material. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Nogging A block placed in between stud walls to avoid lateral forces. Lintel A horizontal supporting member, installed above an opening such as a window or a door, that serves to carry the weight of the wall above it. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Axial Load The longitudinal force acting on a structural member. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Buckling The distortion of a structural member such as a beam or girder under load due to lack of uniform texture or by irregular distribution of weight, moisture, or temperature (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). Seasoned Timber controlled process of reducing the moisture content of timber Spandrel part of a wall between the head of a window and the sill of the window above it (Dictionary of
REFERENCES Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C. (2014). Short & Long Column. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2005/SHORT%20AND%20LONG%20COL UMNS.pdf. Newton, C. (2014, April 1). W05_c1 WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 1). W05_m1 From Wood to Timber (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 1). W05_m2 Timber Properties and Considerations (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 1). W05_m3 Engineered Timber Products (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be. Image References Calco Trusses & Timber. (2009). E-beam (Image). Retrieved from http://www.calco.com.au/LVL.htm. Select hardword floors. (2014). Hardwood Specs (Image). Retrieved from http://www.selecthardwoodfloors.com/?page_id=34. Autodesk. (2014). Glulam (Image). Retrieved from http://seek.autodesk.com/product/latest/agg/boisecascadellc/BoiseCascade-LLC/Boise08, Wood Solutions. (2013). CLT( Image). Retrieved from http://www.woodsolutions.com.au/Wood-Product-Categories/CrossLaminated-Timber-CLT. Wikipedia. (2014). Plywood (Image). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood. Fordaq. (2014). MDF(Image). Retrieved from http://www.fordaq.com/fordaq/srvAuctionView.html?AucTIid=418710. Lencoheaven. (2014). Chipboard (Image). Retrieved from http://www.lencoheaven.net/forum/index.php?topic=14789.15. Oakworth. (2014).I joist (Image). Retrieved from http://www.oakworthtimberengineering.co.uk/I-joist-I-beam.html. Woodland. (2014). Box beam (Image). Retrieved from http://woodlandbeam.com/beams/alder-beams/alder-beams-alder-boxbeams-hewn-1/. Simpson. (2014). MJC (Multiple joist Connector) (Image). Retrieved from http://www.strongtie.co.uk/productInfo.php?productID=27. Builder Bill. (2014). Brick Cavity Wall (Image). Retrieved from http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/cavity-wall.html. AirCell/ (2014). Brick Veneer (Image). Retrieved from http://demo.autospec.com.au/productmedia/aircell/datasheets/installation/brick-veneer-walls.htm.
WEEK
6
SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Trusses, Plates & Grids CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Roofing Strategies & Systems MATERIALS Metals THEATRE Case Study #4 STUDIO Full Size Interim GLOSSARY Rafter Purlin Cantilever Portal frame Eave Alloy Soffit Top Chord
WEEK 6
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Truss'
Structural' Concepts'
Plate'
Grids'
Flat' Classi:ication' Pitch'
Spanning'&' Enclosing'Space'
Construction' Systems'
Concrete'
Roo:ing' Strategies'&' Systems'
Structural'Steel' Framed'
Space'Frame' Type' Hip'Roof' Ferrous' Light'Frame'Roof' Materials'
Metals'
NonFerrous' Trussed' Alloy'
E-LEARNING
SPANNING SPACES SPANNING SPACES â&#x20AC;&#x153;Architecture is mainly about enclosing space The main problem in building is spanning spaceâ&#x20AC;? How do you span a space in stone construction? - The stone beam/slab : small span - The stone corbel: overlap stone brick: the arch require timber framing (centering) to support it while you build it when and where was the major interior space invented?
Columnar'halls'
Building'D'Hattusas,' C'13th'(Hittite)'
Temple'Altintepe,' C6th'(Urartu)'
Hall'of'the'hundred' Columns,'Persepolis,' c,'518N460' (Achaemenid)'
The'Telesterion,' C6thN5th'BC' (Eleuthis)'
Stoa'C6th'BC' (Samos)'
Spanning geographical space Monolithic Arch from Syria
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS TRUSSES, PLATES & GRIDS
TRUSSES (6.08) Truss is bolting / welding structural angle tees together to form the triangulated framework, which is a stable structure. It is normally used in roof structure. Members are bolted or welded with gusset plate connectors.
Rafter
Structural steel or reinforced concrete column support
Web
Bottom Chord
PLATES & GRIDS (2.18) Plate: rigid, planar, disperse applied loads in multiple directions Grid: A system of crossed reinforcing bars used in concrete footings (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Relationship between grids and plate in reinforced concrete slab Grid: steel reinforcement Plate: concrete
slab Plate
Grid
Plate
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTING SYSTEMS Roofing Strategies & Systems
Concrete slabs Flat trusses / Space frame Beams & Decking Joist & Decking High Slope: 30o-45o Medium slope: 15o -30 o Low slope: <15o
(DPM, 2014)
Ridge Rafter Hip Rafter
Ridge Beam Rafter
Valley Rafter
Hip Jacks
Valley Jacks
(Ching. Building Construction Illustrated. p. 6.17)
Top Plate
(Ching. Building Construction Illustrated. p. 6.19)
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Metal Provenance • Commonly found as part of minerals rather than pure metals • Malleable and ductile and not brittle because when subject to any stress the metal atoms layers slide past each other and the mobile electrons rearrange (distortion). Type: • Ferrous: Iron (common hence cheap) • Non Ferrous More expensive Less likely to react with oxygen Superior working qualities • Alloys: mixture of two or more metals Ferrous alloy: contains iron Non-ferrous alloy: brass (copper+zinc)
o
o
o
Consideration: The further apart in galvanized series, the more likely to corrode Ion transfer happens when the metals are directly in contact with each other or they are In an environment that facilitates the transmission of the ions (electrolysis) • To reduce the risk of corrosion, separate the metals by insulator such as rubber gasket or kept away from sitting in moisture • Galvanised steel: steel coated by a thin layer of zinc to protect the steel from rusting. (zinc corrode deferentially themselves thereby protecting the steel). Cheap • •
WATER RELATED DAMAGE Oxidation & Corrosion Protect against water to reduce corrosion: o Avoid prolonged exposure to moisture (eg crevices(narrow opening)) o Seal against moisture (eg. Enamel or paint metal surface)
PROPERTIES Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility/Plasticity Porosity / Permeability Density Conductivity Durability / Life span Reusability / Recyclability Sustainability & Carbon footprint Cost
Varied (lead is very easy to scratch, gold is not) Low (generally will not shatter or break) High (due to atomic composition) Medium (high while heated) Generally impermeable – used for guttering, flashing, etc High (aluminum: 3x density of water, gold: 19x) Very good conductor of heat & electricity Can very durable, depend on type, treatment, finishing, (protection) andd fixing high Very high embodied energy, recyclable and renewable if correctly managed Generally cost effective (can be very material-efficient and an economic option)
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Ferrous Metal
Distinctive Properties: - Significant &Important magnetic properties - Very reactive chemically (easily corrode) - Good compressive strength
Wrought'Iron'(circa'1000BC)' • Iron'is'heated'and'hammered'into'the' desired'shape' • Used'in'bars'for'windows'and'doors'and' for'decorative'elements.' • Labor'intensive'
Cast'Iron'(19thCenturyN' beginning'of'20th'Century)' • Iron'is'melted'and'the'molten'(liquid)' metal'is'poured'into'moulds'to'cool.' • As'part'of'this'process,'cast'iron'acquires' a'very'high'compressive'strength.' • Rarely'used'in'contemporary' construction'due'to'weight'and' brittleness.'Generally'used'for' compression'elements'(eg'columns)'
STEEL' • Alloy'of'Iron'+'Carbon' • Very'strong'and'resistant'to'fracture' • Transfer'heat'and'electricity' • Can'be'formed'into'many'different' shapes' • Long'lasting'
Types & Uses 1. Structural steel a. Framing – columns, beams, purlins, stud frames. Types: i. Hot rolled steel – Elements are shaped while metal is hot Generally used as primary structural elements Protected by coatings (paint or hot dipped galvanizing) Joints: welded or bolted ii. Cold formed steel Elements are folded from sheets that have been previously produced and cooled down. Secondary structure Protected by hot dip process (galvanization) Joints: bolted or screwed iii. Reinforcing bars. Steel has good tensile strength b. Steel sheeting Cladding and roofing (corrugated iron or other sheet profiles) Protected from weather exposure (paint, enameled finishes, galvanization) c. Stainless Steel alloys Chromium is the main alloying element (min 12%) Resistant to corrosion Commonly used in harsh environment (polluted, kitchen)
(Precision metals, 2014)
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Non-Ferrous Metal 1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
8.
ALUMINIUM o Properties: • Light • Non-magnetic and non-sparkling • Easily formed, machined, and cast • Expensive and high embodied energy • UNIQUENESS: reacts with air creating a very fine layer of oxide that keeps it from further oxidation giving it that matte natural finish • Finish treatments: powder coating, anodisation o Uses: • Window frames, balustrades / handrails • Cast: door handles, catches for windows • Rolled: cladiing panels, heating and air conditioning systems COPPER o Good conductor of heat and electricity (used in wire) o Very malleable and ductile o Uses: • Roofing material. Natural weathering causes copper to develop a green coloured patina over time • Hot and cold domestic water and heating pipework • Electrical cabling ZINC o Properties • Bluish white • Brittle at ambient temperatures • Malleable at 100 to150 oC • Reasonably conductor of electricity. o Uses (Wikipedia, 2014) • Galvanising to help protect iron fro corrosion. • Cladding materials LEAD o Properties: • Very soft • Highly malleable • Ductile • Relatively poor conductor of electricity • Very resistant to corrosion bu tarnishes upon exposure to air o Not commonly used anymore because it is toxic to humans. It used to frequently used for roofs,tank linings, flashing strips for water proofing TIN o Rarely used (only for decoration) Titanium o Very expensive material o Excellent corrosion resistance o High strength-to-weight ratio o Light, strong, easily fabricated, low density o Uses: Cladding (eventhough it is often prohibitively expensive) Bronze (copper +tin) o Corrosion resistant o Harder o Uses: bearings, clips, electrical connectors, springs Brass (copper + zinc) o Properties: malleable, low melting point, easy to cast, not o
ferromagnetic Uses: elements where friction is required (locks, gear) or fittings (knobs, taps)
(Wikipedia, 2014)
(Tradekorea, 2014)
(APAC Rubber, 2014)
THEATRE
CASE STUDY #4 Property Development
Feasibility : Tax Risk involvement: What if Questions
Case Study 1: BATESSMART PROJECT 171 Collins Street o Located in historic area (opposite old town square). Therefore, developer has to persuade people that it brings contextual response to historical buildings surround. o Relaxing Relationship (getting people feel comfortable) o Encourage people to use stairs instead of lifts o The building achieves a 6 star Green Star and 5 star NABERS energy rating The use of an under-floor air distribution system provides superior indoor air quality, occupant, comfort, and flexibility (Batessmart, 2014)
(Batessmart, 2014)
(Filcon Air, 2013)
Case Study 2: 35 Spring Street o What sort of utilization this building has for 5 basements up to 43 storeys. o Design Response: sense of rhythm & similarity to flinders lane & masonry buildings o Understand that clients want efficiency and the use of space.
(35 Spring Street, 2014)
Case Study 3: The New Royal Chidren Hospital
o
There are 4000 rooms. Need to Analyse what the risks are.
(Royal Children Hospital, 2014)
STUDIO
FULL SIZE
Full Size interim submission A. KENSINGTON
HYBRID of a lightweight system and mass system with the combination of steel framing and concrete paneling
CURRENT PROGRESS • Substructure completed • Ground floor and first floor under construction
Construction Systems
POSTTENSIONING
LOAD PATH DIAGRAM
KENSINGTON
Timber props
Foundation walls were precast concrete slab
PROPS
Structural Concepts
Materials
The loads in the basement was supported by both precast and in situ columns
Steel Reinforcement
Concrete Slab
Beams & Cantilevers for the facade
PRECAST Hook present to lift the concrete slab
IN SITU Holes present caused by air bubbles during hardening process
NEW TERMINOLOGY: 2. Post tensioning ‘a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other materials with high-strength steel strands’ (Structural Systems, 2014). Once the concrete has hardened and set, the cable tendons are tensioned by hydraulic jack to strengthen against tension (Chang, 2014). Advantages: • Reduced structure depth • Greater clear spans • Design flexibility • Formwork versatility • Reduced construction costs • Enhanced construction speed • Improved durability 1.
Metal scaffolding An adjustable temporary structure to support the concrete work (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) (Ching. Building Construction Illustrated. p. 4.09)
STUDIO
FULL SIZE
Full Size interim submission B. BRUNSWICK EAST
PREVIOUS FOUNDATION STUCTURE: TIMBER Wall system: brick veneer Interior layer: timber stud framing with batts Exterior: brickworks
NEW FOUNDATION: SYSTEM Shallow footing with 12 isolated concrete footings supporting the slabs above CURRENT PROGRESS
• The back part of the original building is demolished and replaced with a new structure which connects to the existing front structure
Construction Systems
Steel framing for walls were temporarily supported by props
BRUNSWICK EAST
Timber props to support steel frame
Foundation walls were insitu concrete slab Structural Concepts Materials
Steel Reinforcement
iN SITU Concrete Slab
The timber stud walls are the primary structure, while brickworks are secondary structure.
NEW TERMINOLOGY ‘ ‘breathable type reflective foil sarking’ (Stewart, 2014) 1. Sarking A thin board employed in sheathing applications, as under the tiles or slates of a roof (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
GLOSSARY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Rafter One of a series of sloping parallel beams used to support a roof covering. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Purlin One of several horizontal structural members that support roof loads and transfer them to roof beams. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Cantilever A structural member supported at one end only. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Portal frame a frame, usually of steel, consisting of two uprights and a cross beam at the top (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). Eave Those portions of a roof that project beyond the outside walls of a building (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). Soffit The underside of a part or member of a structure, such as a beam, stairway, or arch (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). Alloy a mixture of two or more metals or of metallic elements with nonmetallic elements Top Chord The top member of a truss (typically horizontal), as distinguished from the web members. (Dictionary
Soffit
of Construction, 2014)
REFERENCES Batessmart. (2014). Projects. Retrieved from http://www.batessmart.com.au//#/projects/office-buildings/171-collins-streetmelbourne/proj/description0. Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/portal-frame) Newton, C. (2014, April 9). W06_c1 Roof Systems (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 9). W06_m1 Introduction to Metals (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 9). W06_m2 Ferrous Metals (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJyis&feature=youtu.be. Lewis, M. (2014, April 9). Spanning Spaces (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx4tM-uSaO8&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 9). W06_m3 Non Ferrous Metals(Video File). Rerieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be. Image Reference 35Springst. (2014). 35 Spring Street (Image). Retrieved from www.35springst.com. APAC Rubber. (2014). Brass (Image). Retrieved from http://www.apacrubber.com/brass-metal-products/. Filcon Air. (2013). Under-floor air distribution system (Image). Retrieved from http://www.filconair.se/introduction/hvac-systems/. Precisionmetals.. (2014). Stainless Steel (Image). Retrieved from http://precisionmetals.in/stainless_steel_bars.html. Royal Children Hospital. (2014). Royal Children Hospital (Image). Retrieved from http://www.rch.org.au/home/. Tradekorea. (2014). Bronze (Image). Retrieved from http://www.tradekorea.com/sell-leadsdetail/S00014859/Bronze_Scrap.html#.U3hpmPSSxy8. Wikipedia. (2014). Titanium (Image). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium. Wikipedia. (2014). Zinc (Image). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc.
Eaves
WEEK
7
DETAILING STRATEGIES 1 E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Arches, Domes & Shells CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Detailing for Heat & Moisture MATERIALS Rubber Plastics Paint GLOSSARY Drip Vapour barrier Gutter Parapet Down pipe Flashing Insulation Sealant
WEEK 7
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Arches)
Structural) Concepts)
Domes)
Shell)
Thermal)mass) Re:lective)surface) Radiation) Shading)system) Detailing)for)heat)
Thermal)Breaks)
Conduction)
Thermal) insulation)
Air)leakage)
Double)glazing)
Detailing) strategies)
Construction) Systems) Keeping)water) away)from) openings)
Overlapping) cladding)and) roo:ing)elements) Grading)(Sloping))
Remove) Openings)
Seal)the)openings)
Detailing)for) moisture) Gravity) Rubber) Surface)tension)&) capillarty)action) Materials)
Plastic)
Neutralise)the) force) Air)pressure) differential)
Paint) Momentum)
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Arches, Domes, and Shells (2.25) LOAD PATH DIAGRAM
!
) )
The Old Quadrangle (Own image)
)
)
Barrel Vaults
Arched structures of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room, or other wholly or partially enclosed space.
(Merriam Webster, 2014)
)
Groins / Cross Vaults
)
VAULTS DOME
ARCHES
Compressive near the crown and tensile in the lower portion
)
Curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression. They transform the vertical forces of a supported load into inclined components and transmit them to abutments on either side of the archway
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
Compression
!
Tension
SHELL
Thin, curved plate structures typically constructed of reinforced concrete. Compressive, tensile, and shear stresses acting in the plane of their surfaces. Has little bending resistance due to its thinness.
Barrel Shell (Ketchum, 2014)
!
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Detailing for Moisture & Heat
WATER & MOISTURE 3 CONDITIONS FOR WATER TO PENETRATE INTO A BUILDING: 1. An Opening 2. Water present at the opening 3. A force to move water through the opening
Base course flashing
Sill flashing
Prevent water going inside
Slope capping
Head flashing
Parapet flashing Spandrel flashing
Remove any one of the conditions and water will not enter. BUT 2 or more are pursued in case 1 fails
Slope capping
1.
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Detailing for Moisture & Heat
(Nuclead, 2014)
Own Image taken on site visit week 9
(Arborcrest, 2014)
3 CONDITIONS FOR HEAT GAIN & HEAT LOSS: 1. Heat is conducted through the building envelope 2. The building envelope and building elements are subjected to radian heat sources 3. Thermal mass is used to regulate the flow of heat through the building envelope
E-LEARNING
Materials Rubber Rubber) Provenance)
Natural)Rubber)
sourced)from)the) Rubber)Tree)(the) tree’s)sap))
Types)&)Uses)
Synthetic)Rubber:)
Natural)
petrochemical)origin)(technically)a) plastic)but)has)similar)properties)to) natural)rubber))
Consideration)
Synthetic)
Seals)
EPDM)–)mainly)used) in)gaskets)&)control) joints)
Gaskets)&)control) joints)
NEOPRENE)–)mainly) used)in)control)joints)
Flooring)(used)in) adverse)condition) such)as)laboratory))
SILICONE)–)seals)
Weather)related)damaged) (when)exposed)to)sunlight))
Protection)(avoid)or)minimize) sun)exposure)when)possible))
Insulation)(around) electrical)wiring))
Hosing)&)piping)
PROPERTIES Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility/Plasticity Porosity / Permeability Density Conductivity Durability / Life span Reusability / Recyclability Sustainability & Carbon footprint Cost
)
Harder rubbers resist abrassion, softer rubbers provide better seals Low, generally will not shatter or break High (in heated state), varied (in cold state) High flexibility, plasticity, and elasticity Waterproof Approx 1.5x density of water Very poor conductor of heat & electricity (useful insulators) Can very durable High Natural: Very low embodied energy, Synthetic: medium Generally cost effective
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Plastics Provenance Greek ‘plastikos’, means ‘able to be moulded into different shapes) Sourcing Elements: carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, chloride combined by chemical reactions into monomers. The monomers combined together forming polymers Types & Uses 1. Thermoplastics – mouldable when heated and became solid again when cooled. Can be recycled a. Polyethelyne b. Perspex, acrylic c. PVC, vinyl: pipes d. Polycarbonate: roofing 2. Thermosetting plastics – can only be moulded once a. Laminex – widely used for finishing surfaces b. Polystyrene – mostly used in insulation panels 3. Elastomers (synthetic rubbers) a. EPDM: waterproofing roof b. Neoprene c. Silicone CONSIDERATION o Weather related damage Plastics properties DEGRADE when exposed to weather, esp sunlight o Protection & management o Avoid sun exposure when possible o Some plastics have very high expansion/contraction coefficient PROPERTIES Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility/Plasticity Porosity / Permeability Density Conductivity Durability / Life span Reusability / Recyclability Sustainability & Carbon footprint Cost
)
Medium-low depending on type Low-medium (unlessin degraded state) High (in heated state), varied (in cold state) High flexibility & plasticity Waterproof Low (0.65x density of water for polypropylene, 1.5x for PVC) Very poor conductor of heat & electricity Can very durable, depend on type, finishing, and fixing High for thermoplastics and elastomers / very limited for thermosetting plastics Varies, but plastics are petrochemical derives so not a renewable resource Generally cost effective
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Paints
Provenance & Composition Purpose: to protect (and colour) a particular element Clear paints are called lacquers or varnishes Components: BINDER – the film-forming component of the paint (polyurethanes, polyesters, resins, epoxy, oils) DILUENT – dissolves the paint and adjusts its viscosity (alcohol, ketones, petroleum distillate, esters) PIGMENT – gives the paint its colour and opacity. Can be natural (clays, talcs, calcium carbonate, silicas) or synthetic Types & Uses 1. Oil based a. Used prior to water based b. Very good high Gloss finishes can be achieved c. Not water soluble (brushes to be cleaned with TURPENTINE) 2. Water Based a. Most common today b. Durable & Flexible c. Tools and brushes to be cleaned with water PROPERTIES • COLOUR CONSTANCY – the colour of the paint should resist fading, especially when outside in sunlight, red dyes tend to be less stable • DURABILITY – paints need to resist chipping, cracking, and peeling, exterior painted surfaces have to resist the effect of rain, air pollution and the UV light. Newer paint technologies such as powder coating and PVF2 are harder and more durable • GLOSS – surface finishes can range from matt through to gloss • FLEXIBILITY / PLASTICITY – water based latex paint is more flexible than oil based paint.
GLOSSARY 1.
Drip A groove in the underside of a projection, such as a windowsill, that prevents water from running back into the building wall.(Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
2.
Vapour barrier Material used to prevent the passage of vapor or moisture into a structure or another material, thus preventing condensation within them .(Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
3.
Gutter A shallow channel of wood, metal, or PVC positioned just below and following along the eaves of a building for the purpose of collecting and diverting water from a roof (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
4.
Parapet part of a wall that extends above the roof level.
5.
Down pipe Pipe that leads water from the gutter down to the ground.
6.
Flashing A thin, impervious sheet of material placed in construction to prevent water penetration or direct the flow of water. .(Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
7.
Insulation Material used to reduce the effects of heat, cold, or sound.
8.
Sealant An impervious substance used to fill joints (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
9.
Gasket Ring rubber sealant
10. Sarking A thin board employed in sheathing applications, as under the tiles or slates of a roof. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
REFERENCES
))
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C.(2014, April 16). W07_c1 Detailing for Heat and Moisture (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 15). W07_m1 Rubber (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 15). W07_m2 Plastics (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 15).)W07_m3 Paints (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be.
Image Reference Ketchum, M. (2014). Barrel shell for small office (Image). Retrieved from http://www.ketchum.org/shellpix.html. Merriam Webster. (2014). Vault (Image). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/vault. Nuclead. (2014). Weather Stripping (Image). Retrieved from http://www.nuclead.com/leadtcaps.html. Arborcrest. (2014). Thermal break (Image). Retrieved from http://www.arborcrest.com.au/category/commercial/thermalbreak/.
WEEK
8
OPENINGS E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Deformation & Geometry CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Strategies for Openings MATERIALS Glass STUDIO In Detail GLOSSARY Window Sash Deflection Moment of Inertia Door Furniture Stress Shear Forces
WEEK 8
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Deformation Structural Concept
Deflection
Geometry &Moment of inertia Swinging Terminology
Bypass sliding
Operation
Surface Sliding Pocket Sliding
Doors
OPENINGS
Folding
Type
Hollow metal Door Wood Fixed
Construction Systems
Strategies for openings
Sliding Terminology
Jalousise
Operation
Awning & Hopper Casement
Windows
Double Hung Pivoting
Components Aliuminum History Type
Steel
Flat
Curtain Walls
Properties Materials
Glass
Types Shaped Manufacture Strategies: Double glazing
Floating Glass
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
Deformation & Geometry (2.14)
GEOMETRY & MOMENT OF INERTIA
Flexure Formula (define the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the cross-sectional properties of a beam. !" !" = I = moment of inertia ! Indicates how the cross-sectional area of a structural where member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic fb = extreme fiber stress in bending physical properties of a material M = bending moment c = distance from neutral axis to the outermost surface in bending ! ! = !!, !â&#x201E;&#x17D;!"!!" = ! !
S = Section modulus
The efficiency of a beam is increased by configuring the cross section to provide the required moment of inertia or section modulus with the smallest possible area.
Example Halving a beam span Reduces the bending stress by a factor 2 Doubling its width
Reduces the bending stresses by a factor 4
Doubling the depth
N.B. : THEORY USED IN THE CONSTRUCTING WORKSHOP
DEFORMATION STRATEGY:
DEFLECTION
The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading,
CAMBER
A slight convex curvature intentionally built to compensate for an anticipated deflection
DEFLECTION
(Ching, 1995)
F Action
LOAD PATH DIAGRAM DEFLECTION
F Reaction
F Reaction
Own Image taken during construction workshop
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Strategies for Openings
1. DOOR a.
TERMINOLOGY (8.02) Rough opening Head
Top Rail Door Leaf
Jamb Stop
Feature Panel
Architrave
Mid Rail Handle, hatch & lock
Stile
Sill / threshold
Bottom Rail
b.
Door Swing
DOOR OPERATION (8.04)
Swinging
Bypass Sliding
Surface Sliding
Pocket Sliding
Folding
Own image of the main door of my apartment
Wn image of my wardrobe door
Own image of the bedoroom door of my house
Klsecurity (2014)
Blue Sky Window (2012)
C.
DOOR TYPES (8.05-8.10)
!
i. Hollow Metal Door & Frame
!
!
ii. Wood Doorframes
Flush condition (Having a surface or face even with the adjacent surface (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Wood Stud Walls
!
Steel Stud Walls
Anchor
Exterior Door – Masonry Veneer Door Head Jamb
!
Sill
!
!
Ching. ‘Building Construction Illustrated’. p.807
!
Sealant
!
Sealant
!
Ching. ‘Building Construction Illustrated’. p.8.10
!
Flashing
!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Strategies for Openings 2. WINDOWS a.
! ! !
TERMINOLOGY (8.02)
Top Rail
! !
! !
Muntins
Stile Mullion Bottom Rail b.
!
Rough opening
!
Head
! !
Jamb
! Sash
! !
Sill
!
Sub Sill FOR
! !
WINDOW OPERATION (8.23)
! ! ! !
!
! Construction Illustrated’. p.8.22 Ching. ‘Building
Fixed
Sliding
Jalousise
Casement
Double Hung
Pivoting
Awning &Hopper
! ! ! ! !
!
Ching. ‘Building Construction Illustrated’. p.8.23
!
c.
!
WINDOW TYPES (8.24-8.25)
I. Aluminum Windows Advantages: Low in cost Lightweight Corrosion resistant Glazing Disadvantages: Good conductor of heat hence thermal breaks are required. Drips
2. Steel Windows Advantages: Stronger Lower coefficient of heat transfer hence thermal break is not necessary required.
Drips Thermal break reduces heat loss because steel is so rarely transmit heat.
Snap-in glazing bed
Weatherstripping Flashing
Ching, ‘Building Construction Illustrated’, p. 8.24 3.. Curtain Walls: hybrid system (windows as well as walls) Window system is hung off the concrete structure of the building, carrying its own load, transferring back into the concrete structure. Loads are carried around the window opening rather than through the windows.
Ching, ‘Building Construction Illustrated’, p. 8.25
NON LOAD BEARING
Roof
LOAD PATH DIAGRAM Curtain wall windows WILSON HALL (Own image)
The roof loads are carried through the columns behind the curtain wall, not through the window. Column
E-LEARNING
MATERIAL: Glass
Components, History, Properties, Strategies !
COMPONENTS. FLUXES! lower!the!melting! point! (Ash,!Potash,! Lithium! Carbonate)!
FORMERS! Silica!
!
STABILIZERS!
Make!the!glass! more!stable!and! have!a!longer!life! (Limestone,! Alumina,! Magnesia)!
GLASS!
HISTORY
IC!BC! Blown!Glass!
!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
XI!–!XIII!C! Sheet!glass!(sliced! from!blown!glass)!
XVII!C! Lead!Crystal!(lead! oxide!added!to!make! glass!easier!to!cut)!
XVII!C! Plate!Glass! (improved!optical! qualities)!
1910! Lamination! (celluloid!layer! inserted!between!2! sheets!of!glass)!
1959! Float!Glass!(molten! glass!is!poured!over! a!bath!of!molten!tin)!
PROPERTIES Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility/Plasticity Porosity / Permeability Density Conductivity Durability / Life span Reusability / Recyclability Sustainability & Carbon footprint Cost
!
High. Can be scratched with a metallica object High. Differs depending on the type of glass (tempered glass is not as brittle as float glass) Very low VERY HIGH flexibility and plasticity when molten / LOW-VERY LOW when cooled Non-porous /waterproof Medium-high. Approximately 2.7x more dense than water (more dense than concrete) Transmit heat and light but not electricity Typically very durable(chemical, rust,and rot resistant) Very High Typically high embodied energyand carbon footprint but ease of recycling / reuse makes it a popular sustainable product Generally expensive to produce and transport
! !
TYPES & MANUFACTURE •
FLAT(sheets of clear or tinted float, laminated, tempered, wired, etc.) Float glass/ annealed glass is the most common glass production process for flat glass.
Tangram Technology Ltd. (2010) •
SHAPED (curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres)
! ! !
E-LEARNING
MATERIAL Glass FLOAT GLASS – TYPE
Clear Float Glass (annealed glass) o The simplest and cheapest glass product available in the market o Ideal in low risk / low cost / small size glazing scenarios. o Breaks in to very sharp and dangerous shards • Laminated glass o 2 layers of glass held in a sandwich format with a tough plastic interlayers. o When the glass is broken, the plastic interlayer holds the 2 panes In place so it is quite safe o Can be made out of clear float glass or tempered glass • Tempered glass (toughened glass) : strong o By heating ordinary glass up to a high temperature (650o) where it starts to soften. Then they cooling (quenching) it really quickly which puts the surfaces in compression so when a load is applied and effectively the glass is put into tension by bending, the compression takes up some of the tension load which can increase the strength of the glass by 4-5x. o Ideally used in high exposed situations (balustrades*, partitions, facades) or when the sizes required are particularly large. GLASS – OTHER TYPES & PRODUCTS ! ! Tinted glass Photovoltaic glass useful in sun-exposed situations to reduce with integrated solar cells to visible light transfer manufacture electricity from the sun •
!
(Gapex, 2014)
!
(Lisburnglass, 2014)
(Securadoor, 2014)
(Dupont, 2013) (Jagdamba Glass & Aluminium, 2014)
Wired glass similar concept to laminated glass – a steel wire mesh is used instead of a plastic film – traditionally accepted as a low-cost fire glass
Glass Channels used in façade systems
(Bear Glass NJ, 2014)
Patterned glass made with a rolled glass process – typically used when privacy and light are required
(Contemporist, 2008)
Slumped and Formed Glass used as design features
(Toucan Forged, 2014) (Berman, 2010)
Curved glass produced in moulds that are created to meet the specific desigh requirements – expensive
Glass Fibres hairlike strands used in telecommunications
(Clear Glass Solution, 2014)
(Textile Learner, 2011)
!
Strategies to reduce the amount of heat loss and heat transmission • Double glazing o Keep the room warmer in winter by preventing heat loss, by having a relatively still layer between 2 panes of glass, which helps with insulating and retaining heat. o In summer, a building needs to be shaded effectively because the double glazing is not so useful In terms of preventing radiant heat transmission. It is better at reducing ambient* heat loss o Reduce the amount of Radiated heat into a building in summer : use low-e glazing (low emisity) absorb radiant energy. It does not absorb radiated infrared energy as much as normal floated glass !
(Mjhe, 2014)
(Grady Joinery, 2014)
E-LEARNING
MATERIAL Glass John Sadar WHAT ENABLE THE CHANGES? GLASS TECHNOLOGY CULTURAL
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Wanwright Building, St. Louis (1891) Punched window Architecture glass was handblown by artisan, varied in: • Thickness • Size • Productions methods (limited size, poor optical quality, high wastage) The glass was held in place by window frame (frame was the dominant feature of the window) Function of frame: hold the glass, secure it to the building, enabling it to be opened
RWE Tower Essen (1996) Windows disappeared, replaced by the glazed surface Mass produced in a computer controlled factories by machines running 24 hour a day with less quantity of material Float glass: continuous ribbon of glass is floated over a bed of molten tin, carefully cooled and cut, resulting in superior optical quality
• • • • • • •
The frame has been reduced. The window has become the glazing system. Fastening glass to the building Accomodates the movement of parts to thermal expansion and contraction Weather seals and adequate drainage of water Stands wind and gravity forces Opens and closes to ensure optimal energy efficiency.
GLASS IS GETTING BIGGER, BETTER, AND CHEAPER. Sadar (2014) Glass is cultural artefact Why is the need for the increase functionality of glazing systems? Glass is the modulator between the building and sunlight Relationship to the sun. In 1890s, glass is something to be avoided
The relationship becomes more complex. • Health: sun was seen as teraputhic than harmful • Body Culture: Sun tan becomes a symbol of modern health Sunscreen not only beneficial but also detrimental • Energy issue: glass capacity to transmit heat, glass buildings require huge amount of heating and cooling to offset this effect. But also give potential to combine the abundant energy of the sun (balance with natural world) Managing this effect have driven the development of glass technology. In RWE, the ideal relationship between the sun and the building: The building could harness, filter, and manage the effect of the sun to its glazing system
CONCLUSION: Besides technical material, material properties themselves are subject to cultural processes, whether related to health, environmental impact, or energy concerns. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
!
Studio
IN DETAIL Sketches and photos of the actual building to illustrate relevant points
! ! ! ! !
Front view of the canopy. My detail is at the sloping canopy, hence the detailing strategy is mainly about sloping. I canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see my detail since gutter is a feature that is trying to be hidden, as it is not a nice view.
View from the east.
!
View from inside. My detail is right above this point.
Flashing
Klip Lok Metal Deck
Aluminium capping Drip
Acoustic Insulation
Thermal Insulation Thicker at the roof due to higher temperature difference
External Timber lining Air cavity
Purlin
Steel beam
Doubled plasterboard for fire resistant
Batten
Vapor barrier Thermal Insulation
GLOSSARY 1.
Window Sash â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The framework of a window that holds the glassâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
2.
Deflection The bending of a structural member caused by the load above.
3.
Moment of Inertia The limit to which an object resist to rotational acceleration.
4.
Door Furniture Features such as Locks, handles, etc that are used on door.
5.
Stress Intensity of internal force exerted by 2 structural components.
6.
Shear Forces Forces parallel to the plane
REFERENCES
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illlustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons inc. Ching, F. (1995). A visual dictionary of architecture. 1st ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/. Newton, C. (2014, April 30). W08_c1 OPENINGS: DOORS & WINDOWS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 30). W08_m1 GLASS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be. Sadar, J. (2014, April 30). GLASS SKINS (Video File). Reterieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be. Image References Blue Sky Windows. (2012). Bi-Fold Windows and Doors (Image). Retrieved from http://www.blueskywindows.com.au/?p=33. Clear Glass Solution. (2014). Curved & Bent Glass (Image). Retrieved from http://www.clearglass.com.au/glass-types/curved-glass. Dupont. (2013). Photovoltaic Solutions (Image). Retrieved from http://www2.dupont.com/Photovoltaics/en_US/news_events/article20091027.html. Gapex.(2014). Clear Float Glass (Image). Retrieved from http://www.gapex.am/en/products/glass-eng/float-glass-eng/clear-float-glasseng. Gradyjoinery. (2014). Glazing options (Image). Retrieved from http://www.gradyjoinery.com/windows/glazing-options/. Jagdamba Glass & Aluminium, 2014). Tinted Glass (Image). Retrieved from http://jagdambaglassandaluminium.com/tinted-glass.html. Bear Glass N. ( 2014). Wired Glass (Image). Retrieved from http://www.bearglassnj.com/wired-glass.html. Berman, E. (2010). Homeowners Rediscover Patterned Glass (Image). 2010. Retrieved from http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/article/0,,213914,00.html. Klsecurity. (2014). Pocket Door Track (Image). Retrieved from http://www.klsecurity.com/sliding-pocket-door.htm. Lisburnglass. (2014). Product laminated (Image).Retrieved from http://www.lisburnglass.co.uk/pr_laminated.html. Mjhe. (2014). Double Glazed Window (Image). Retrieved from http://www.mjhe.co.uk/double-glazed-windows.html. Securadoor. (2014).Tempered glass(Image). Retrieved from http://www.securadoor.com/show_article/14. Tangram Technology Ltd. (2010). The basic float glass process (Image). Retrieved from http://www.tangram.co.uk/TI-GlazingFloat%20Glass.html. ! ! ! ! !
!
K
9
DETAILING STRATEGIES 2 E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Stress & Structural members CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Detailing MATERIALS Composite Materials STUDIO Off Campus GLOSSARY Sandwich Panel Bending Skirting Composite Beam Shadow line joint Cornice
WEEK 9
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Stress!&!Structural! members!
Structural!Concepts!
Joints!&! Connec7ons!
Movement!Joints!
Movement!Joints!
health!&!safety!
Ageing!Gracefully!
Detailing!Strategies! 2!
Construc7on! Systems!
Construc7on! Detailing!
Repairable!surface! &!Resistance!to! damage!
Cleanable!surfaces!
Maintenance!access!
Constructability!
Fibrous!
Laminar! Materials!
Composite! Materials! Par7culate!
Hybrid!
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Stress & Structural members (2.13) Joints & Connections (2.30) Movement Joints (7.48-7.50)
!
a. Stress & Structural members (2.13)!
External forces create internal stresses within structural elements
Kern area is the central are of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant of all compressive loads must be present in the section.
b. Joints & Connections!
Pinned joints allow rotation but resist translation in any direction
Rigid or fixed joints restrain rotation and translation in any direction, and provide both force and moment resistance
Roller Joints allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular in or away from their faces.
c. Movement Joints (7.48-7.50) !
Expansion Joint Joint sealer must be durable, resilient, and have both cohesive and adhesive strength.
Compressed
As installed
Elongated
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Detailing ! Movement!Joints!(7.50!! The!use!of!expansion! joints! Fire! Health!&Safety! Stair!(9.10)!
Use!handrail!
more!easility!to! deterioate!under!harsh! environments!
Ageing!Gracefully!
MaQ!surfaces!aged! more!gracefully!than! glossy,!except!for!glazed! 7les!&enamel!surfaces.! Some!materials!have! beQer!appearance!aTer! ageing,!eg!coper,!7mber!!
Construc7on!Detailing!
(Wikipedia,!2014)!
Material:!plasterboard!
Skir7ng:!prevent! damage!from!foot!/! vacuum!cleaner!
Considera7on:!
Toe!Recess!(7.50)!hides! footmark!
Cove:!avoiding!corners! (10.19)!
Cornice!to!protect! corners!(10.26)!
Repairable!Surface!&! Reistance!to!damage!
Cleanable!surfaces!
(Own!Image)!
Adams,!C.!(2008)! Maintenance!Access! (10.23)!
Constructability!
Suspended!ceiling!
Size!
Details!should!be!easy! to!assemble!
minimise!the!number!of! paths!
based!on!eďŹ&#x192;cient!use!of! construc7on!principle!
handling:!use!of! Connec7ons!
Avoild!construc7on! from!scratch! !
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS
Composite Materials Materials!
Monolithic!
Composite!
2!or!more!materials!are! combined!in!such!a!way!that! the!individual!materials! remain!easily!dis7nguishable!
Single!material!
Materials!combined!so! that!the!components!are! indis7nguishable!(alloy)!
Fibrous!
Types!
Laminar!
Products!containing! discon7nuous!or! con7nuous!ďŹ bres!
Par7culate!
Sandwich!panels!
Gravel!&!resins!
Hybrid!
Combina7on!of!2!or! more!composite!types!
Coatech!(2014)! Panels!&!Profiles!(2012)! A composite is formed from a: 1. Combination of materials which differ in composition or form 2. Remain bonded together 3. Retain their identities and properties 4. Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristics not obtainable by any of the original components acting alone. ! Made! from! Common! forms! Common! Use!
Benefits!
Fibre!Reinforced!Cement! (FRC)! Cellulose!(or!glass)!fibres,! Portland!cement,!sand,! water!
Fibreglass!
Sheet!&!board!products! (commonly!called!FC! sheet)!&!shaped!products! (roof!tiles,!pipes! Cladding!for!exterior!or! interior!(wet!area)!walls,! floor!panesl!(under!tiles!
Flat!and!profiled!sheet! products!and!formed!/! shaped!products!
-
-
Aluminium!Sheet! Composites! Aluminium!&!plastics!
A!mixture!of!glass!fibres! and!epoxy!resins!!
Transparent!/transluscent! roof/!wall!cladding!and! for!performed!shaped! products!such!as!water! tanks,!baths,!swimming! pools! Fire!resistant,! weatherproof,!light!and! strong!
Resistant!to!fire,! permanent!water! and!termite! damage,!roting! and!warping.! inexpensive!
Plastic!core!of!phenolic! resin!lined!with!2!external! skins!of!thin!aluminum! sheet! As!a!feature!cladding! material!in!interior!&! exterior!applications!
Reduce!the!amount!of! aluminum,Less!expensive,! Weather!resistant,! unbreakable!and!shock! resistant.!
Timber!Composites!!
Fibre!Reinforced!Polymers!
Combinations!of!solid! timber,!engineered! timber,!galvanised! pressed!steel! Timber!top!and!bottom! cohords!with!gal,!steel!or! engineered!board/! plywood!webs! Beams!(Floor!joists!&!Roof! Rafters)!and!trusses!
Polymers!(plastics)!with! timber,!glass,!or!carbon! fibres!
Minimum!amount!of! material!is!used!for! maximum!efficiency,!cost! effective,!easy!to!install,! easy!to!accommodate! services!
!
Often!associated!with! moulded!or!pultrusion! processed!products! Decking!(external!cladding)! structural!elements!such!as! beams!and!columns!for! public!pedestrian!bridges!! using!glass!or!carbon!fibres,! carbon!fibre!reinforced! polymer!bar! High!strength!FRP!materials! with!gass!or!carbon!fibre! reinforcements!provide!a! strengthbtobweight!ratio! greater!than!steel.!FRP! composite!materials!are! corrosionbresistant.!
!
!
!
! (Beijing City nine German Building Materials, 2014) !
(Bedford!Glass!Fibre,! 2014)!
!
(China!Manufacturer,! 2008)!
!
! (Capit,!2014)!
(Mechanical!Engineering,! 2014)!
STUDIO Off Campus The Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre BASEMENT 1 &2 Parking lot STRUCTURAL & CONSTRUCTION • Primary structure: o Floor: COMPOSITE BEAM CONSTRUCTION (Reinforced concrete slab with steel decking and girders) o Wall: • Basement 1 is the densest structure to assist radiation treatment, as it is located right under the main road. Hence, the Concrete wall is 800-1200 mm thick • The other basements are also dense since they will hold massive loads (the building itself, as well as cars, trucks, etc). o Bored piers and retaining walls are applied on the basement walls to restrain the soil
Reinforced!concrete! slab! Steel!girders!
MATERIALS Concrete slab with reinforcement Finishing: metal plating and plasterboard
Presence!of!air! bubbles!as!a!proof! of!in!situ!concrete!
Finishing:! Plasterboard:! provides!fire! protection! ! Metal!Plating!
Bored!pier! Retaining!wall!
Steel!Girders!! Joint!type:!Fixed!joint!
Wall!Partition!detail! (secondary!structure)!
Insulation!batts! ! Steel!Frame! !
Form!Decking! Form!decking!serves!as!a!permanent!formwork!for!a!reinforced! concrete!slab!until!the!slab!can!support!itself!and!its!live!load! (Ching,!Building!Constructions!Illustrated,!p.!4.22)! Concrete!
Reinforcing!bar! Metal!decking! Steel!Joist/beam!
Level 4 STRUCTURAL, CONSTRUCTION, MATERIAL Slab: Reinforced concrete slab with steel decking and girders (Composite Construction). Window: Double-glazed window system
Heavy!materials!are! brought!up!using! hydraulic!jacks.!!
Double!Glazing!window!system!! Steel!decking! Use!composite!slab! construction!(same! method!as!for!the! basements!
(Ching,!Building!Constructions!Illustrated,!p.! 8.30)! !!
Glass!
Concrete!beam! Steel!angle!welded!to! steel!plates!cast!into! beam!and!column!to! hold!shear!loads! (Ching,!Building! construction! illustrated!p.!4.13)!
Spacer! Gap!filed!with!argon! Desiccant!in!the!spacer! absorb!anys!any!residual! moisture!in!the!air!space!
The!window!is!not!the!primary!structure,!hence!it! does!not!carry!the!main!load!of!the!building!
DETAILING! This!hole!will!later! be!filled!up!with! concrete!to!the! same!level!as!the! concrete!slab!so! that!the!joints!will! be!hidden!
GLOSSARY 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Sandwich Panel A panel that is a layered composite formed by attaching two thin facings to a thicker core, such as reinforced concrete panels (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Bending Deflects Skirting A corner block where a base and vertical framing meet. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Composite Beam A beam combining different materials to work as a single unit, such as structural steel and concrete (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) Shadow line joint A small gap in between door and the wall for aesthetic reason. Cornice The corner meeting of the roof and wall.
!
REFERENCES Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C. (2014, May 8). W09_c1 Construction Detailing (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, May 8). W09_m1 Composite Materials (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be.
Image References Bedford glass fibre. (2014).Fibreglass (Image). Retrieved from http://www.bedfordglassfibre.com/. Beijing City nine German Building Materials. (2014). Fiber reinforced cement pressure plate (Image).Retrieved from http://www.jiudebuilding.com.cn/a/Product_Center/ngs/fcb/57.html. Capit. (2014). Composite Timber (Image0. Retrieved from http://www.capit-buildingproducts.co.uk/range/engineered_joists.htm. China Manufacturer. (2008). Fireproof aluminum plastic composite panel (Image). Retrieved from http://www.china-manufacturer-directory.com/category-120/constructiondecoration.html. Coatech. (2014). Resin bound gravel (Image). Retrieved from http://coatech.co.uk/resinbound-gravel/. Panels & profiles. (2014). Sandwich Panel (Image). Retrieved from
WEEK
10
WHEN THINGS GO WRONG E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Lateral Forces CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Collapses & Failures MATERIALS Heroes & Culprits STUDIO Out & About (Part 2)) GLOSSARY Shear wall Soft Storey Braced Frame Lifecycle Defect Fascia Corrosion IEQ
WEEK 10
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Wind% Structural% Concepts%
Lateral%Forces% Earthquake%
Construction%&%Detailing%%
Exposure% Construction% Systems%
Collapses%and% Failures%%
When%Things% Go%Wrong%
Material% Selection%
Suitability%% material%for%the% application%
Compatibility%
Water%based% paints%
Long%term% performance%
Strength%&% DeClection%
Bamboo%
Maintenance%
Termimesh% Recycled% products% Heroes% Timber%
Diode% Linolium% Clooring% Natural% products,%such% as%wool%
Materials%
OilKbased% paints% Carpets% Chemicals%for% cleaning% Culprits% Rainforest% timber% Aluminum%
PVC%
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Lateral Forces Dynamic Loads (Ching. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Building Construction illustratedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. p 2.09) Wind: o Force: Come from any horizontal direction. o Consideration: the structure, components, and cladding of a building must be designed to resist wind-induced sliding, uplift, or overturning Earthquake Earthquake% o Force: 3D ground motion o Consideration: the horizontal components are considered to be the more critical in structural design.
Lateral%Forces%
Wind%
A%function%of%the%exposed%% surface%area%to%wind%
A%function%of%the%amount%of%building%mass% above%the%foundation%
Act%on%the%surface%of%a%structure%and%have%a% minimum%value%at%the%base%and%maximum% value%at%the%highest%elevation%
Acts%at%the%base%of%the%building%and%can% abruptly%reverse%direction%
Lateral%Load%Resisting%System%
Lateral%Bracing%&% Diaphragms%
Moment%Resisting% Force%
Shear%Wall%
Shear Wall
rigidly%connected% joints%between% horizontal%and%vertical% elements%
Compression
Tension
Diaphragm
Lateral bracing
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEISMIC LOADS: Seismic Base Isolator: connections between the foundation & substructure that allow the substructure and superstructure to move independently during earthquakes Irregular -
geometry: Building on a hill Irregular stiffness Split height U Building Soft Story Reentrant Corners
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Collapses & Failures
Material%Selection%Critical% Issues% Construction%&% Detailing%%
Suitability%%material% for%the%application%
Long%term% performance%
Maintenance%
Exposure% Compatibili ty% Strength%&% DeClection%
Case Study: Holiday Beach House Failures: Timber Fascia - Material Selection, too wide - It is facing north hence exposed to hot north sun - Painted black on outside only - Fasteners
Flat Steel sheeting on plywood - Blistering & peeling sheets due to exposure to sun - Thermal differences The steel sheet is a conductor hence the walls turn extremely hot - The glue used to stick Timber plywood to timber studs is not strong enough
MATERIALS Galvanic Corrosion The Statue of Liberty History designed by :Auguste Bartholdi The copper skin is supported on an iron skeleton and ribs designed by Gustave Eiffel. COPPER OXIDATION When copper is exposed to the atmosphere, it reacts with oxygen. The copper starts to dull, first becoming a darker brown colour and then forming a green copper oxide patina. Armature: IRON Skin: COPPER INITIAL CONNECTION DETAIL CONSIDERATION The galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and iron frame (dissimilar metals) was considered. INITIAL SOLUTION: Separation of the materials by a layer of shellac impregnated cloth Failure: Shellac turns brittle and porous and holds moisture at the joint between the 2 different metals. The connection system started to fail as the build up of corrosion products (rust) expanded & pilled the rivets away from the copper skin SECOND SOLUTION: Instead of iron, change to stainless steel ribs, Teflon coating. Possible failure: The 2 different metals make it possible to cause another galvanic reaction
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS Heroes & Culprits Dr. Dominique Hes
Problems /Considerations Health (IEQ)
-
Source & Waste
Energy
Pollution
Life Cycle
%
-
Reduced Life span Ashma / bronchitis Nausea Headaches Sick Days Comfort
Waste of money Limited Resources Takes up space Places that can breed disease - Climate change, greenhouse effect, global warming - Wasteful - Polluton from energy production Smog Ozone later depletion Acid Rain Toxicity Radio activity Eutrofication & nutrification Dioxins Longevity of materials not just embodied energy Timelessness of the materials Design for reuse, recyclability, maintenance Design for purpose Design for durability Be careful for green wash
How do you choose -
Reduce VOC (Volatile Organic Components) in Paints/ Sealers/ Adhesives/ Particleboard/ Carpets Reduce particles/ dust by minimising horizontal shelves, floor coverings , loose fibre products Green cleaning practices (use cloth instead of chemicals) -Renewable/ Abundant Source - Recycled Plantation - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle wastes High Star Energy Rating products
Minimise waste Choose materials that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t contain toxins Choose natural materials Choose organic
Villains -
Paints Glues Finishes on timber floor Chemicals used for cleaning Carpets (retain dust)
Heroes -
-
Bamboo (doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require finish) Termimesh (termite protection instead of cheimicals) Old fibre cloth for cleaning
Rainforest Timber
Recycled products.
Aluminium (high embodied energy) Light bulbs (5% goes to lighting, 95% goes to heat)
Timber (low embodied energy) Local made products Diode (99%goes to light, 1% to heat
PVC (Hard to recycle, cause pollution) Cigarette, smokes
Linolium flooring (made out of cork and linseed) Use non-PVC cables Natural products e.g, wool (can regulate moisture)
STUDIO Out and about (Part 2) Metal Deck Roof Klip Lok
Flashing
Aluminium capping
Drip External Timber lining
Acoustic Insulation
Air cavity
Thermal Insulatio
Steel beam
Purlin Doubled plasterboard for fire resistant
Batten
Vapor barrier
Thermal Insulation
Interrogation of the detailing decisions and purpose -Sloping capping and flashing to lead water to go down to the metal deck roof and to the gutter. - Thermal insulation is more dense at the roof since the temperature difference at the roof Is higher than wall 9Ching, 2008). -Double layer plasterboard for fire resistant as well as acoustic insulation -Use aluminium capping and timber lining wall for lightweight construction + Identification of waterproofing elements • • •
Drip Flashing Metal Roof Decking
+Where and why things go wrong ? The gap in flasing might be vulnerable for leaking Where and why things go wrong (e.g. cracks, leaks, gaps). + Economic implications of decisions. The materials are relatively cheap (moatly timber)
GLOSSARY % 1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Shear wall A wall portion of a structural frame intended to resist lateral forces (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). % Soft Story A%building%with%one%or%more%floors%are%significantly%weaker%or%more%flexible%than%those%above%and/%or%below,%for% example,%due%to%large%windows.% % Braced Frame A wooden structural framing system in which all vertical members, except for corner posts, extend for one floor%only. The corner posts are braced to the sill and plates. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). % Lifecycle the period of time that a building can be expected to actively and adequately serve its intended function (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). Defect characteristic that detracts from the appearance, strength, or durability of an object function (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). % Fascia A board nailed across the ends of the rafters at the eaves (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).% % Corrosion The oxidation or eating away of a metal or other material by exposure to chemical or electrochemical action such as rust (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).% % IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality)% An important criterion for green, or sustainable, building design, this refers to general overall building occupant comfort. Includes humidity, ventilation and aircirculation, acoustics, and lighting (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).%
REFERENCES %
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C. (2014). W10 s1 Lateral Supports (Video File). Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_5_1&url=%2F webapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_271852_1%26url %3D. Ashford, P. (2014, May 13). W10_c1 Collapses and Failures (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be. Hes, D. (2014, May 13). W10_m1 Heroes and culprits (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be. Cameron, R. (2014, May 13). W10_m2 A Tale of Corrosion (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be
APPENDIX CONSTRUCTING WORKSHOP WORKSHOP 12 4 April 2014 (Week 5)
CONSTRUCTION PHASE MATERIALS & TOOLS USED Joining: PINNED JOINTS - Sundry nails - Screws Tools: - Hammer - Saws - Screwdrivers - Marking Tools Materials Group 1 Material 1200 x 3.2 x 90mm Ply
1200 x 35 x 35 mm Pine
Amount 2
2
Group 2 Material 1200 x 3.2 x 90mm Ply
1200 x 42 x 18 mm Pine
Amount 2
2
Group 3 Material 1200 x 3.2 x 90mm Ply
1200 x 35 x 35 mm Pine
Amount 1
3
Group 4 Material Amount 1200 x 1 3.2 x 90mm Ply 1200 x 3 42 x 18 mm Pine
! Group 1 cuts the plywood into small pieces and nailed them on sides of the two pinewoods. This causes many nails, applied to the structure, which is a weakness
Group 3 put the plywood horizontally at the bottom at the bottom of the structure, which means it will experience tension force.
Span
Group 4 put the plywood vertically in between 2 pinewoods.
My group is the only group that puts one of the plywood horizontally. My group â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s structure is a layer of plywood, pinewood, then plywood, after than pinewood.
Doubling width
1.5x depth
Doubling width and depth
According to flexure formula, double its width reduces the bending stress by a factor of 2, while doubling the depth reduces the bending stress by a factor of 4 (Ching, 1995)
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING PHASE ! Applied! Failure!load!
Group!1! 500!kg!
Group!2! 275!kg!
Group!3! 390!kg!
Group!4! 600!kg!
Maximum! Deflection!
65!mm!
95!mm!
37!mm!
53!mm!
!
Group 1
The structure breaks at the nailing points since there is a connection joint at the center load.
Group 2
My group structure is the worst amongst all since it has the highest bending stress yet the minimum applied failure load. The structure broke at the vertical pine due to the presence of knot. In fact, the plywood and horizontal pine wood do not break at all.
Group 3
Group 3 has the least bending rate. However, the structure was completely broken at the nailed point.
Conclusion! ! Group!4!has!the! largest!applied! failure!load,!while! Group!2!is!the! least! Group!2!has!the! highest!deflection! rate!while!Group!3!! deflects!the!least!
Group 4
Group 4 structure is the strongest as it can hold up to 600 kg before it breaks. The pinewood have 2 large knots which is a disadvantage, it breaks at the knots.
Comparison between working with actual construction materials as opposed to working with scale model making In actual construction materials, we have to consider the natural properties of the material, such as knots in timber, which may be a weakness.