Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool by Will Field

CHS

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool Name: William Field Tutor: Kirsten Tatum Course: MA Architecture Word Cound: 9,874 Date: 02/07/2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

0.0 Contents

1.0 | Dissertation Aims

2.0 | Introduction: Why the Doctor and the Detective?

3 - 10

5.0 | Application of The ‘Toolkit’

21 - 35

5.1 | Public Toilets

23 - 26

5.2 | Terraced Housing

27 - 29

2.1 | Historical Context

5.3 | Historic Building

30 - 32

2.2 | Academic Context

3-4

5.4 | Commercial Garage

33 - 35

2.3 | Qualifying why Holmes and Watson are relevant to The Methodology

4-8

2.4 | Conan Doyle - the Doctor and The Detective in One Person

8 - 10

3.0 | Holmes and Watson - two Observational Approaches

11 - 18

3.1 | Holmes - Deductive Detective (Character Traits and Observational Methods)

11 - 15

3.2 | Watson - The Foil (Character Traits and Observational Methods)

15 - 18

4.0 | Character ‘Toolkit’ 4.1 | Holmes’ Character ‘Toolkit’ 4.2 | Watson’s Character ‘Toolkit’

6.0 | Conclusion and Method Evaluation

36 - 37

7.0 | Bibliography and References

38 - 40

8.0 | Appendix

19 - 20 19 20

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

1.0

Dissertation Aims

his dissertation aims to propose and test the validity of a new form of Architectural Analysis: That of viewing a building or space, through the eyes of a literary character, as opposed to from one’s own perspective. The methodology uses Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s detective, Sherlock Holmes and his narrator/companion Dr John Watson, as the subjects through which the analysis may be proven. This will henceforth be referred to in this paper as The Methodology. The paper is split into two. The first half discusses the academic context within which the paper sits, relating Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to both Holmes and Watson, as well as linking the two characters to the new methodology in question. Subsequently, it investigates their methods of observation and spatial perception, contrasting and comparing the two. This first half aims to show the process of unlocking a literary character’s viewpoint and distilling their fictional outlook into a set of plausible and useable, real analytical devices. The second half of the paper records the application of both characters’ outlooks on a series of real sites in today’s London. As Holmes and Watson act as the agency through which The Methodology is being trialled, the field test will be conducted in an approach comparable to that of a consulting detective and his colleague. Taking the point of view from which

they analysed their ‘confounding cases’, four selected buildings or spaces, will be chosen for analysis in order to prompt an architectural discourse. The latter half of the paper aims to show how both chosen literary characters’ observational traits may be applied to an actual site, thereby transforming my own personal perception of space, to align with that of Holmes and Watson. For ease of implementation, the paper takes the concept of a ‘toolkit’ in order to show the viability of the application of The Methodology, distilled down to a series of key reference points. Once again, inspired by the detective, my record of each site visit will take the form of a combined casebook, through which both Holmes and Watson’s observational idiosyncrasies are tested: Notes, transcripts of verbal recordings and photographs will form the documentation, as I record the visit from the perspective of both characters. The conclusion of the paper discusses and evaluates the validity of using the viewpoint of literary characters as a new form of architectural analysis. It also offers an insight into how a user may apply it to other literary, or indeed, real historical figures, in order to propose an alternative process of analysis: Seeing commonplace locales in a new light. The paper will finally discuss the viability for the application of The Methodology in professional architectural practice.

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

2.0

Introduction: Why the Doctor and the Detective? 2.1 | Historical Context

n the latter two decades of the Nineteenth century, periodicals were gaining in popularity and Conan Doyle’s short stories, featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes and his accomplice and personal narrator Dr. John Watson, were published in The Strand: one of a collection of affordable magazines available to buy from railway stalls. Commuters, hungry for literary consumption during their journeys to satellite cities outside of Victorian London, could read these, then cast them aside at the terminus. Technological advancements in printing meant that these periodicals could be produced cheaply and were therefore accessible to an increasingly literate population. Education of the younger, working-class generation was vastly improving, thus the world of the eccentric detective was opened up to a wideranging demographic. These low-cost periodicals could be closely compared with the newspapers and magazines read and discarded on current-day London Underground trains. The Sherlock Holmes tales, both widely read at the time and still popular today, qualify the short stories as a successful form of popular media through which to test The Methodology proposed in this paper. The content of the stories, though set in a bygone era, also

remain interesting to modern readers from a wideranging demographic. Whilst he is a construct of Conan Doyle’s imagination, Holmes is nonetheless a human being; although he does possess remarkable powers of observation and deduction. If a writer were creating a character today, he may choose to give his creation similar characteristics, as they would be equally relevant now as they were in the Nineteenth Century. Therefore, when considering the validity of observation through the eyes of a literary character, the method is as relevant today, as it was when the Sherlock Holmes stories were initially published.

2.2 | Academic Context There is a collection of papers and articles, which discuss the use of Sherlock Holmes as a valid fictional character through which to conduct ‘real-life’ studies. Holmes possesses a number of rare cognitive qualities and is arguably the quintessential example of The Expert in his field. In an essay published by The British Psychological Society, André and Fernand do just this. Discussing behavioural psychology, ‘Sherlock Holmes – an Expert’s View of Expertise’

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

uses Holmes’ character: “albeit fictional… to illustrate expert processes as described by current research and theories. In particular, the role of perception,” André and Fernand continue, “although nearly 120 years old, Conan-Doyle’s books show remarkable illustrations of expert behaviour including the coverage of themes that have mostly been overlooked by current research.” 1 (p.109)

Ways of Seeing

The psychology paper continues to stipulate that its purpose is not to analyse Sherlock Holmes scientifically, but rather to utilise him as a literary ‘illustration’ of the scientific study explored. This dissertation takes a similar standpoint – testing The Methodology through the example of Sherlock Holmes as a fictional character.

In a book called ‘How to Think like Sherlock Holmes’, by Daniel Smith 2 (p. 22), the author discusses personality psychology as a means of gaining a rational understanding of both characters and how one could learn from their mental processes. Smith references psychoanalysis conducted on Holmes and Watson, offering the reader a slightly more scientific data-set, from which to learn how the characters may behave in a particular situation.

With reference to the analysis of architectural observation, there are fewer papers published. The psychology behind spatial analysis is an engaging topic and this dissertation aims to investigate it further. By combining research into the fictional characters and the application of the findings to a spatial setting, the dissertation takes a unique standpoint.

2.3 | Qualifying why Holmes and Watson are relevant to The Methodology There are four themes though which to discuss and qualify Holmes and Watson as interesting and relevant characters, through which to test The Methodology; •

Ways of Seeing (based upon interests, profession and personality)

•

Their status as Fictional Figures of their era

•

Partnership (contrasting and comparing two polarised views working in collaboration)

•

Ways of thinking (different from the conventional stance of the general population)

If the traits of a fictional character are to be utilised in a ‘real-life’ situation, it is an interesting start point to ‘dissect’ the characters, is if one were analysing an actual person. The character traits of Holmes and Watson make them an interesting subject through which to test The Methodology.

There are a number of different tests available today through which it is possible to classify personality types. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is one such test, which breaks down an individual’s tendencies towards four dichotomies: Extraversion (E)

Intraversion (I)

Sensing (S)

Intuition (N)

Thinking (T)

Feeling (F)

Judging (J)

Perception (P)

The test comprises a series of self-reflective questions/statements, with which the participant can either decide to agree or disagree, in a scaled multiple-choice set. There is a broad consensus that Holmes is qualified as an INTP – Logician and Watson is an ISFJ – Defender 2. Although both characters are classified as Introverts, they are opposed on the other three paired indicators. When considering the use of the characters in The Methodology, it is therefore interesting to consider them as a contradicting pair. For example, when viewing a scene, both characters react differently to it due to their innate personalities. Using Holmes and Watson offers the chance to obtain two opposing observational responses, thus testing The Methodology further.

1 Didierjean André and Gobet Fernand, “Sherlock Holmes - An Expert’s View of Expertise”, British Journal of Psychology, 99.1 (2008), 109-125 <https://doi.org/10.1348/000712607x224469>. 2 DANIEL SMITH, HOW TO THINK LIKE SHERLOCK, 1st edn (London: Michael O’Mara, 2012).

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Richard Cook and Adrian Furnham, of University College London (UCL) conducted an engaging study entitled ‘Aesthetic Preferences for Architectural Styles Vary as a function of Personality’ 3 . The paper continues research into the effect of personality on individual preferences for: “paintings… geometric figures; black and white line drawings; rectangles; photographs; colours; music; and human bodies;” 3 and considers the role of personality on architectural taste. Utilising another of the most common personality tests, the Five-Factor-Model (FFM) or the ‘Big-Five’ Model, Cook and Furnham compared 84 UCL students’ personality types with their selected preferences from a series of British architectural stimuli. The FFM personality test works in a similar way to the MBTI test, however the main difference between the two, is that Neuroticism is considered as part of an individual’s personality in the ‘Big-Five’ (which is the tendency of an individual to be in a negative or emotional state). The other four personality traits that it comprises are: Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness and Agreeability. The two tests are comparable as they both seek to “quantify our personalities through analysis of our: Behaviour, thoughts, decision-making preferences, perspectives and the like.” It is possible to correlate the following scales of both tests: MBTI

FFM

E & I ≈ Extraversion S & N ≈ Openness T & F ≈ Agreeableness J & P ≈ Conscientiousness Neuroticism Cook and Furnham conclude: “The results of the present study indicate that aesthetic preferences for architectural styles do indeed vary as a function of personality.” 3 (p. 109) The effects of the personality traits, specifically relevant to both Holmes and Watson, will be discussed later in this dissertation. However, this analysis does suggest that if one can understand or momentarily adapt one’s personality to that of a chosen literary character, one’s

3 Richard Cook and Adrian Furnham, “Aesthetic Preferences For Architectural Styles Vary As A Function Of Personality”, Imagination, Cognition And Personality, 32.2 (2012), 103-114 <https://doi.org/10.2190/ic.32.2.b>. 4 Fire of Learning, The MBTI Vs. The Big 5, 2018 <https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=yjX_Y86OmB4> [Accessed 18 June 2019].

architectural observations could consequently be altered. This unlocks a new way of understanding the Built Environment around us and could be applicable to certain situations. In order to pitch my own personality traits against those which are conjectured for both Holmes and Watson, it was important to take the tests myself. The results were as follows: MBTI

FFM

E - 83% ≈ Extraversion - 94% S - 65% ≈ Openness - 96 % F - 71% ≈ Agreeableness - 67% J - 57% ≈ Conscientious. - 52% Neuroticism - 6% Meaning that my own personality type is identified as being ESFJ. The results for both the MBTI and FFM tests are indeed fairly similar and place my own personality traits more in line with those of Watson, than Holmes; the only marked difference being Extraversion. An ESFJ personality type is called a ‘Consul’, and constitutes 12% of the population 5, which aligns me with the general populace. Holmes, the ‘genius detective’, is a ‘Logician’ personality type, aligning him to Einstein and Isaac Newton, who make up only 3% of the population 6. Although the study of personality psychology is never an exact science, it does offer a novel way of understanding the way in which we perceive our surroundings. The personality profile of a literary character allows the user of this observational methodology to unlock a further understanding of how that character would react to a given situation. From an architectural standpoint it is interesting, as spatial preferences and understanding of architecture are often very subjective and, as evidenced by research, often influenced by personality type. If personality type could be identified and applied to client preferences, this would provide a new tool in the provision of architectural solutions.

5 “Introduction | Consul Personality (ESFJ-A / ESFJ-T) | 16Personalities”, 16Personalities <https://www.16personalities.com/esfj-personality> [Accessed 20 June 2019]. 6 “Introduction | Logician Personality (INTP-A / INTP-T) | 16Personalities”, 16Personalities <https://www.16personalities.com/intp-personality> [Accessed 20 June 2019].

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Professional and personal interests make a considerable difference to how we see and understand the world. Through architectural education, a student acculturates from a layperson, to that of one within the Architecture and Design community: this transition encourages a change in observational tendencies towards the Built Environment and spatial study 7. A collection of academics from the Czech Republic (Šafárová et al.) conducted a study named ‘Differences between young architects’ and non-architects’ aesthetic evaluation of buildings.’ This research article highlights the difference in opinion of young people and their professional architectural peers; supporting the notion that the two truly have different observational preferences and opinions. “Architects and laypeople generally evaluated structures from the same categories in the same direction, although architects’ evaluations were further extreme.” 7 (p. 8) The study by Šafárová et al., references a notion put forward by Jeffrey and Reynolds in their publication ‘Planners, Architects, The Public, and Aesthetics Factor Analysis of Preferences for Infill Developments (1999)’ 8 , comparing the ‘Elite Code’ with that of the ‘Popular Code’. This stipulates a difference between the expert and the general populace which is apparent in every profession. Architecture is particularly relevant however, is there is a vast amount of subjectivity inherent in the subject. What is interesting, however, is that changing styles within the Built Environment are very much linked with fluctuations in tastes and fashions.

This difference is comparable to the way in which Holmes and Watson are levelled against the general public and is relevant to the concept of architectural analysis. Both characters have their individual professions: Holmes is a Consulting Detective and Watson is a practicing medical Doctor (professions/pastimes shared by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle himself). Each profession has an effect on the way in which the practitioner develops and leads them to react differently to everyday situations. The profession therefore moulds and generates a unique observational response. As architects have a very particular way of viewing the world, The Methodology may provide an alternative and new observational approach. It is possible to regard both Holmes and Watson as relevant spatial analytical tools, because in both cases their professions comprise an element of spatial analysis and rely on observation to successfully carry out their jobs. For example, Holmes utilises a great deal of observation in his forensic analysis of a crime scene, as does Watson in diagnosing illness within his patients.

The concept that professional architects have a different perspective on the world is further reinforced by a number of other academics, notably Yazdanfar, Heidari and Aghajari in their paper: ‘Comparison of Architects’ and Non-Architects’ Perception of Place’ 9 “The results reveal that there is a significant difference between the ideas of architects and non-architects in connection to the different dimensions of the area, including ‘cognitive’; ‘emotional’; ‘interpretive’ and ‘appreciative.’” (p. 698)

7 Katarína Šafárová et al., “Differences Between Young Architects’ And Non-Architects’ Aesthetic Evaluation Of Buildings”, Frontiers Of Architectural Research, 2019 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.04.001>. 8 Douglas Jeffrey and Georgina Reynolds, “PLANNERS, ARCHITECTS, THE PUBLIC, AND AESTHETICS FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PREFERENCES FOR INFILL DEVELOPMENTS”, Journal Of Architectural And Planning Research, 16.4 (Winter, 1999) (1999), 271-288.

9 Seyed Abbas Yazdanfar, Ali Akbar Heidari and Negar Aghajari, “Comparison Of Architects’ And Non-Architects’ Perception Of Place”, Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 170 (2015), 690-699 <https://doi. org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.071>.

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fictional Figures

Partnership

As previously mentioned, both Holmes and Watson are widely known and regarded. So much so, that many people of the era believed that the short stories were actually real-life accounts of detective work. Sherlock Holmes, is the only fictional character who is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, equating his mind with that of the most well-regarded in Britain, and indeed the world. 10

In novels from all eras, the theme of a main character and side-kick is not uncommon. However Holmes and Watson may well be one of the most famous literary partnerships. Dr. Karl Albrecht describes the relationship between the two as being bound by, “that of [the] wizard and [the] apprentice.” 12

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle describes this in a short interview filmed by Fox Movietone (1929) : “But the curious thing is how many people around the world are perfectly convinced that he is a living human being. I get letters addressed to him, I get letters asking for his autograph, I get letters addressed to his rather stupid friend, Watson, I’ve even had ladies writing to say that they’d be very glad to act as his housekeeper…” 11 The real-life fascination with the stories and the high regard in which both characters are held, is the second reason for selecting them as subjects through which to test The Methodology. In an online article discussing Holmes, published by Psychology Today, Dr. Karl Albrecht writes: “We know more about Holmes the person than virtually any real historical figure, including Queen Victoria… The best writers down through history may have taught us as much about human nature as have our psychologists.” 12 It is plausible to suggest that through the analysis of historical, fictional characters, a new understanding of spatial observation may be revealed.

After their initial few cases together, Holmes and Watson’s professional relationship develops. The duo become reliant on one another in surveying a crime scene or solving a case, locking them in a mutually beneficial partnership. Niina Korpi-Hallila discusses in detail, the ‘Friendship between Sherlock Holmes and John Watson’ in a thesis. The literary role of the partnership is examined, alongside its philosophical effect and function on both characters. Korpi-Hallila writes “The men are different to an extent, but they have also many things in common… neither one is perfect which enables them to identify with each other.” 13 The partnership is important in its application in testing The Methodology because it provides a contrasting and complementary pair of outlooks. When regarding the observational traits of a literary character it may be beneficial to utilise a pair of characters, in order to consider a space, building or site from two perspectives. In this way, we may unlock the full potential and fully understand the rationale. Holmes and Watson provide a bench mark partnership with which to trial The Methodology.

Many authors infuse the personal characteristics of their friends or contemporaries into literary characters, successfully documenting people of the particular period in which they write. It would be an interesting exercise to use this methodology to unlock the real-life spatial analytical traits of by-gone eras: taking fictional characters in order to gain new ways of seeing, something which we may not have done previously.

10 “ Sherlock Holmes”, Baker Street Wiki<https://bakerstreet.fandom. com/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes> [Accessed 21 March 2019]. 11 William Gillette, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (New York: Fox Movietone Newsreel, 1929).

Karl Albrecht, “Did Sherlock Holmes Have Asperger Syndrome?”, Psychology Today, 2011 <https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/ brainsnacks/201110/did-sherlock-holmes-have-asperger-syndrome> [Accessed 21 March 2019]. 13 Niina Korpi-Hallila, “Friendship Between Sherlock Holmes And John Watson” (unpublished Masters, UNIVERSITY OF VAASA, 2015).

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Ways of Thinking The final qualifying factor for using Holmes as the subject for analytical study, is his thought process, which is hugely different from that of most people, including Watson. Maria Konnikova is a psychologist and journalist, who writes a column called ‘Literally Psyched’ for Scientific American. She has conducted a series of psychological studies on Conan Doyle’s detective duo and has written a book called Mastermind, which aims to unpack Holmes’ innate, “powers of deduction, observation, memory and imagination.” 14 In an introduction to Mastermind, Konnikova writes: “What Sherlock Holmes offers isn’t just a way of solving crimes. It is an entire way of thinking, a mindset that can be applied to countless enterprises far removed from the foggy streets of the London Underworld. It is an approach born out of the scientific method that transcends science and crime both and can serve as a model for thinking, a way of being, even just as powerful in our time as it was in Conan Doyle’s’.” 14 (p.11) If we are to use a new methodology in order to arrive at a different interpretation of architecture, it is valuable to consider using an alternative thought process. As a consulting detective, Holmes possesses a forensic style of spatial perception and a way of thinking, which is different from the processes used by an architect. It would be tempting to select a literary figure for whom an inherent understanding of architecture is vital to their character. However, for Holmes, an understanding of the building is primarily important as the scene of the crime. His subsequent reaction to the architecture, since it is secondary, provides a different perspective. Watson, however, thinks in a more romanticised way.

2.4 | Conan Doyle – The Doctor and The Detective in one person Conan Doyle was an extremely rounded individual, turning his hand to many different pursuits. Prior to being an author, he completed his doctorate at Edinburgh University and subsequently opened his own medical practice in Portsmouth. He served as a military doctor (he was hugely patriotic), was a sportsman, and a visiting lecturer, to name but a few. Doyle embeds a number of his own personal traits in Holmes and Watson, implying that his observational idiosyncrasies are inherent within his characters. When generating an analytical ‘toolkit’, it is therefore imperative that The Methodology considers the author’s viewpoints. This section of the paper discusses Doyle in relation to the four previous themes, as well as theorising how his personal standpoint has been imparted to both Holmes and Watson. “To be sure, they are both projections of Doyle; but the dependable and obtuse doctor represents everything that Doyle suspected – choosing the road of respectability – to become; while the ‘bohemian’ detective stands for what he might have become had he chosen otherwise, or rather, had he been able to so choose.” 15 (L. Fielder, Art in the Blood) (p.ix) The polarised depiction of the two characters manifest, “projections of Doyle…” 15 On the one hand, the reader is presented with Holmes: Meticulous, obsessional, black humoured and arguably displaying the traits of a developmental condition, through his social awkwardness and periods of lethargic depression. His extreme intelligence alongside these personalities, cast him as distinctly unusual, when compared to the average reader. The readers, as many other characters in the stories themselves, are very aware of Holmes’ prestige. In contrast to Holmes, Watson comes across as an approachable, romanticising and contextual narrator, with whom the reader can draw more parallels.

Maria Konnikova, Mastermind (New York: Penguin Books, 2013). Leslie Fielder, “Art In The Blood”, in The Sherlock Holmes Illustrated Omnibus, 1st edn (London: Murray, 1979). 15

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

In an article written for the Medical Humanities Journal in 2001, James Reed sums up the correlation between the author and his characters: “It seems possible that (perhaps without realizing it) Conan Doyle was illustrating through his characters two sides to his own personality in a “Jekyll and Hyde” manner. Holmes represents one side of the coin–of exceptional ability, seized with bouts of intense activity and then relapsing into periods of extreme listlessness and lethargy. Watson on the other hand is solid, reliable and capable–yet unable to match to any degree the bursts of frantic activity exhibited by his opposite number, nor yet the ability to solve problems.” 16 (p. 77) When studying Doyle for traits of the ‘Holmesian’ side, the psychologist Albrecht notes: “Well for starters, Conan Doyle had several of the elements of the character in his own experience, and possibly in his own head. He was a brilliant intellectual he became a physician, which placed him in frequent contact with the whole spectrum of normal and abnormal people.” 12 [article: ‘Did Sherlock Holmes have Aspergers Syndrome?’] The personality traits present in Doyle match many of the energetic traits of Holmes, when he is not rendered immobile by his fits of lethargy. Holmes and Doyle are able and active sportsman (Doyle a skier, cricketer and footballer – Holmes notably a boxer); both men are advocates for justice (Doyle exercised his character’s detective skills in order to bring justice to a wrongfully accused man George Edalji, jailed in 1903); and an insatiable curiosity with both science and nature, which drove their career choices.

Conan Doyle’s numerous occupations and passtimes gave him a wide-ranging outlook on many subjects. When considering personality traits as a contributing factor to spatial observation and architectural preference, one must consider that he was able to draw on many areas of expertise : “Doctor, sportsman, advocate for justice, political campaigner, a traveller of the world and spiritualist.” 18 This long list of interests, allowed him to write from a very holistic perspective, framing both his view of the world and his spatial interpretation. It is also important to consider other inspirational figures, which led to the creation of Holmes and Watson. In fiction, a character’s traits are often taken from those of an individual or an amalgamation of several real people. This means that identifying the personality traits and preferences of a character become less abstract. If there is a real-life influence, then arguably a real-life outcome is possible. Reed argues a similar point, that through analysis of the Sherlock Holmes stories, the reader is open to the, “parallels between Conan Doyle’s ‘Fairy Kingdom’ and our real world.” 16 An author bridges the gap between reality and fiction; it is in this margin where exciting possibilities lie. In his 1929 interview with Fox, Conan Doyle credits Dr Joseph Bell, one of his university professors, with being the sole inspiration for Holmes’ character. He explains Bell’s unique processes of observation: He could diagnose a patient before learning their ailments and history, based upon keen visual scrutiny of their appearance and movements. It is easy to recognise Bell as the inventor of ‘Holmesian Deduction’, as he showed repeatedly.

The ‘Watsonian’ side of Conan Doyle is more obvious in his professional role as a doctor. He was said to have recreated several of his notable patients in Holmes’ clients, 17 as well as splicing in numerous medical themes which re-occur throughout the stories. Throughout his life, Conan Doyle gained a fascination for spirituality and experienced numerous psychic encounters. One could argue that the supernatural romanticism present in many of Watson’s accounts, are illustrations of this side of his character.

In an early section of his biography of Conan Doyle, discussing his university career, Martin Booth recounts Dr. Bell’s philosophy:

James Reed, “A Medical Perspective On The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes”, Medical Humanities, 27.2 (2001), 76-81 <https://doi. org/10.1136/mh.27.2.76>. 12 Albrecht, p. N/A 17

JD Key and AE Rodin, “Medical Reputation And Literary Creation : An Essay On Arthur Conan Doyle Versus Sherlock Holmes 1887-1987”, Adler Museum Bulletin, 13.2 (1987), 21-25.

“It was Bell’s dictum that a doctor had to be not only learned but also immensely interpretative of all relevant features of a patient. Diagnosis, he taught, was not made just by visual observation but also by the employment of all the senses: do not just look at a patient, he advised, but feel him, probe him, listen to him, smell him. Only then could a diagnosis be attempted.” 19 (p. 50)

“Stepping Stones - Celebrating Heritage 2016 - 18”, Steppingstones. Org.Uk <https://www.steppingstones.org.uk/Community/Celebrating-our-heritage-2016-18/> [Accessed 5 April 2019]. 19 Martin Booth, The Doctor, The Detective And Arthur Conan Doyle (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1998).

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

With reference to architectural sensibility, Conan Doyle also turned his hand to design on a couple of occasions. His family home Undershaw (18971907), was built from his own plan, together with his commissioned architect, Henry Ball, a longtime friend from Southsea. The building fell into disrepair towards the latter end of the ‘Noughties’ but following redevelopment, Undershaw now constitutes the wing of a special needs school called Stepping Stones, which opened in 2016. Rather fittingly, “Doyle built his family home to cater for his wife’s increasing disability from tuberculosis,” 18 and it now serves as a different form of safe space. In Doyle’s biography, Booth describes Undershaw’s nuances: “Ball designed the building with an abundance of windows. The drawing room was wood-panelled with a high shelf around the walls to accommodate Conan Doyle’s souvenirs of his travels, and there was a vast billiard room. Stained glass windows in the hall contained the Doyle family’s coats of arms.” 19 (p. 212) In addition to Undershaw, Doyle sketched elevations for an entire third storey extension to Glasshayes House, the east wing of the Lyndhurst Park Hotel in Hampshire. Having been a frequent visitor to the hotel, the designs were the result of a “casual endeavour on Conan Doyle’s part; a fun afternoon’s whim in response to a passing conversation with the management of a hotel he happened to be enjoying.” 20 This foray into architecture shows yet another of Doyle’s ventures into a new occupational field; a common characteristic of the Victorian Gentleman. Doyle’s interest and participation in the design of both Undershaw and the Lyndhurst Park Hotel, alongside a literary ability to create vivid scenes of Victorian London, suggests an inherent sensitivity to spatial experience and understanding. This is a trait which is passed from author to character, providing a further qualifying factor for the relevance of The Methodology.

“Stepping Stones”, p. N/A Booth, p. 212 20 Brice Stratford, “Glasshayes House: The 1912 Extension Of The Lyndhurst Grand Hotel”, The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia <https://www. arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=Glasshayes_House:_the_1912_ extension_of_The_Lyndhurst_Grand_Hotel#14> [Accessed 22 June 2019]. 19

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

3.0

Holmes and Watson – Two Observational Approaches

his section breaks down the observational approaches of both Holmes and Watson; each trait is identified, evidenced in one of Conan Doyle’s short stories, discussed and then hypothesised in the capacity of an architectural analysis. The character traits selected are demonstrated in the entire collection of Sherlock Holmes stories. However, the chapter predominately discusses five selected adventures, in which they are most clearly displayed: The Red-Headed League (1891), The Adventure of The Speckled Band (1892), The Adventure of The Empty House (1903), The Adventure of The Second Stain (1905) and The Adventure of The Creeping Man (1923). These five stories span the duration of Doyle’s writings and therefore represent a cross-section of both characters’ development.

3.1 | Holmes – Deductive Detective (Character Traits and Observational Methods) As discussed in the previous section, Sherlock Holmes represents The Expert, coming across as a figure who sits outside of the norm. From his introduction to Watson, in A Study in Scarlet, Holmes,

Lisa Sanders, “Hidden Clues”, The New York Times, 2009 <https://www. nytimes.com/2009/12/06/magazine/06diagnosis-t.html> [Accessed 25 June 2019]. 22 Madeleine Ryan, “The Complicated Mind Of Sherlock Holmes”, Line By Line: A Journal Of Beginning Student, 4.2 (2018).

casts a remarkably intangible even alien impression, upon the reader. The second section also touches upon the many psychoanalytical studies that have been carried out on Holmes, seeking to decipher his intellectual talent. Professionals in the fields of cognitive and personality psychology contest their findings as to whether or not he displays behavioural tendencies of Asperger’s Syndrome 21 , Bipolar Disorder 22 and even Sociopathy 23 . In the The Sign of the Four, one of Holmes and Watson’s early adventures, Watson famously describes Holmes as being, “an automaton, - a calculating machine!” He continues, “… There is something positively inhuman in you at times.” 24 (p. 8) His ‘inhuman’ predisposition allows Holmes to disconnect himself from the often gruesome scenes of his investigations and an emotional rapport with his client. This ability is partially why he is so successful at his job. Unclouded by an emotive response, he gleans the facts and is led on his path of deduction. When referring to Cook and Furnham’s research into the effects of Personality Types on Aesthetic Preference, it is interesting to consider Holmes’ introversion and neurotic inclination. According to Cook and Furnham, their results showed that there was a negative correlation between the Extraversion

23 Maria Konnikova, “Stop Calling Sherlock A Sociopath! Thanks, A Psychologist. - Criminal Element”, Criminal Element, 2012 <http://www. criminalelement.com/stop-calling-sherlock-a-sociopath-psychologist-maria-konnikova/> [Accessed 21 March 2019]. 24 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Sign of The Four, 3.1 edn <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/a4/1-sided/sign.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2019].

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

and the preference for High-Tech and Brutalist architecture. 3 (p. 109) The study indicates that, “Extraverts in particular may value form and overt decoration over function.” As an introvert, Holmes’ would oppose the aesthetic predisposition, instead opting for an appreciation of the structural or functional aspects of a building. Cook and Furnham’s results tally with his character’s ability to detach himself from the emotive or arousing parts of a scene, and instead to study those things which are most relevant to the investigation. Robert McCrae, James Gaines and Marie Wellington discuss the roll of the Five-Factor-Model personality test in relation to several literary characters (including Sherlock Holmes), in an essay called: ‘The Five-Factor Model in Fact and Fiction’. McCrae et al. argue that a high level of neuroticism is present in Holmes, “if one focuses [solely] on his periods of depression (and perhaps on his drug use).” 25 (p. 69). Cook and Furnham’s results show that in contemporary society, there is also a positive association with Neuroticism and preferences for Victorian Gothic buildings and an aversion to HighTech buildings. It is possible to claim that Holmes would err towards “darker” 3 environments, which would indeed correspond to his chosen career. When implementing a Holmesian analytical viewpoint, it may therefore be less relevant to consider the parts of the site which are light, open or featuring primarily glazed walls.

“I am able to guide myself by the thousands of similar cases which occur to my memory.” 26 (p. 1) In ‘The Adventure of The Empty House’, instead of relying solely on his memory, he asks Watson to search through his bookshelves, in order to find out more information from a physical source: “Just give me down my index of biographies from the shelf.” 27 (p. 9) Leafing through the large collection of criminals indexed, Holmes arrives at Colonel Moran. He then recounts a short personal history, stating his achievements , plus an additional hand-written note, based upon Holmes’ current knowledge of Moran’s criminal status. Daniel Smith notes interestingly that, “Knowledge for Holmes was purely utilitarian (something quite at odds with the Victorian era’s love of knowledge for its own sake).” 2 (p.100) This utilitarian access to supporting data, is something crucial to the Holmesian process; a contributing factor to the speed with which he was able to attend to a case. Architectural Analysis Tool: Prior to visiting site, users of The Methodology need to have accessed particulars about the site, including: The location, users, history, designers etc. In the place of Holmes’ index, search engines may be used as a contemporary alternative. Once The Methodology has been utilised, recordings and findings should be archived, building up a personal account, for future reference.

3.1.a | Building A Knowledge Base Holmesian Theory is based upon amassing a large amount of information on a number of distinct areas. Sherlock Holmes built up a large physical and mental index of criminals, as well as knowledge on poisons, ashes and cryptography etc. Referring back to his records at the start of every case, Holmes was able to equip himself with an immediate familiarity with the participating suspects and victims of each case. His main sources of information were the large number of cases already stored in his ‘mind-palace’, evidence collected from previous cases and his library of factual tomes. In ‘The Red-Headed League’ Holmes’ mentions his comprehensive mental index:

Cook and Furnham, p. 109 Robert R. McCrae, James F. Gaines and Marie A. Wellington, “The Five-Factor Model in Fact And Fiction”, in Handbook Of Psychology - Volume 5: Personality And Social Psychology, 2nd edn (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2013), pp. 65-91.

26 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Red-Headed League, 3.1 edn <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/a4/1-sided/redh.pdf> [Accessed 24 June 2019]. 27 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of The Empty House, 3.1 edn <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/a4/1-sided/empt.pdf> [Accessed 25 June 2019]. 2 Smith, p. 100

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

3.1.b | Lack of Prejudice As previously discussed, Holmes has the occasional ability to be very impersonal in certain situations, where others would experience a series of emotions. In an article called: ‘Stop Calling Holmes as Sociopath! Thanks, A Psychologist’, Maria Konnikova, fervently supports Holmes’ cognitive process. She alludes to the fact that Holmes is not cold, because he does not have the capability to be otherwise – “it’s that he has trained himself to not let emotions cloud his judgment.” … “Holmes has emotions – and attachments – like the rest of us. What he’s better at, is controlling them, and only letting them show, under specific circumstances.” Holmes is highly self-critical in the conclusion of ‘The Adventure of The Speckled Band’, where he reflects on the amount of time he wasted, during his investigation: “I had come to an entirely erroneous conclusions, which shows, my dear Watson, how dangerous it always is to reason from insufficient data.” 28 (p. 11) In uncharacteristic form, Holmes lets whimsical information, guide his enquiry – in contrast to the cold, hard facts, upon which he usually prides himself. It is also evident that Holmes is able to ignore common emotions and preconceived ideas (present in Watson). Instead, he relies on each factual element of a case, to guide his investigation. In a pivotal scene in, ‘The Adventure of the Second Stain’, Holmes is able to see through the beauty and outward innocence of Lady Trelawney Hope, whom according to Watson was, “the most lovely woman in London,” 29 (p. 8) correctly identifying her guilt in the disappearance of her husband’s papers.

Architectural Analysis Tool: Too often, an architect visits a site with a preconceived idea; immediately resulting in a negative opinion, due to an initial response to its aesthetic appearance, or due to its functional inefficiency. When implementing The Methodology on site, a positive and non-prejudiced outlook will offer the user a chance to analyse what is successful or interesting, without an over-riding negativity. Contrasting Holmes’ viewpoint with the analytical viewpoint of Watson (a more sceptical and judgmental eye,) will lead to an interesting holistic outcome.

3.1.c | Visually & Audibly Astute In addition to the application of Holmesian Deduction on individuals, Holmes applies the same focused observational technique to the scene of a case. In his book, ‘How to Think Like Sherlock’, Smith summarises Holmes’ abilities: he is able to “… scan a scene and alight on a telling detail that countless others had missed.” 2 (p. 32) This trait is evidenced in each short story and perhaps, what is most interesting, is that this observational process displays the greatest dissimilarity between his own approach and Watson’s. When Holmes visits a site, he has preconceived ideas about what he is looking for: Casting an eye over the whole scene, looking for clues, he alights at minutiae. In stark contrast, Watson creates vivid depictions of the scene, alongside an atmospheric account of their environments. [Please refer to 3.2.c | Romanticism] In ‘The Adventure of The Speckled Band’, Holmes and Watson visit the site, in order to conduct an examination of Helen Stoner’s chambers at Stoke Moran. Watson writes an account of the Holmes’ internal and external enquiry:

D. Smith, in ‘How to Think Like Sherlock’, discusses Holmes characteristic role in accepting good fortune, when working through a case 2 . (p. 65-66) Smith refers to Prof. Richard Wiseman’s four basic principles in generating their own luck. Although slightly clichéd, the most relevant principle to Holmes is his ability to remain positive during a case; Adopting resilience in order to transform bad luck into good. Prejudice often manifests itself in a negative mindset. In the case of Holmes, this would start to close avenues of enquiry and would result in the loss of valuable clues.

“Holmes walked slowly up and down the illtrimmed lawn and examined with deep attention the outsides of the windows… after a careful examination through the open window… with a lens he tested the hinges.” 28 (p. 7)

Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of The Speckled Band, 3.1 edn <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/a4/1-sided/spec.pdf> [Accessed 24 June 2019]. 29 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of The Second Stain, 3.1 edn <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/a4/1-sided/seco.pdf> [Accessed 24 June 2019].

Smith, p.65-66 & 32

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

“Holmes drew one of the chairs into a corner and sat silent, while his eyes travelled round and up and down, taking in every detail of the apartment… they seem to have been of a most interesting character – dummy bell ropes, and ventilators which do not ventilate.” 28 (p. 7-8) Where Watson recounts the entire scene, Holmes focuses on three particulars: Stoke Moran’s windows, the ventilator which links the chamber of Dr. Roylott (the murderous criminal), with that of Miss Stoner, as well as the peculiar dummy bell-pull. Each of these studies, was conducted based upon prior hypotheses. Architectural Analysis Tool: This is perhaps Holmes’ most prominent spatial-analytical process and is also, arguably, most in line with that of an architect. In the application of Holmesian observation, The Methodology would benefit from utilising a highly critical eye, on a number of areas on site. These areas should be highlighted through initial research [see 3.1.a | Building a Knowledge Base]. Being visually and audibly astute, is key in highlighting parts of the site that many others would miss. With direct reference to Holmes in ‘A Study in Scarlet’, a search for the bizarre in the site may aid analysis, this is because: “What is out of the common is usually a guide rather than a hindrance.” 30 (p. 58) In order to clarify a situation, Holmes would often vocalise to Watson his concentrated thoughts and observations formed at the scene of a case. As a tool, it would be worth taking a ‘sidekick’ to site; giving someone with whom to talk everything through, ensuring that every important detail is recorded. [Please refer to 3.2.a | Sidekick]

3.1.d | Wearing Other People’s Shoes Holmes has a fantastic ability for disguises, acting as various members of society in order to get close to a scene, or to gain information from unwelcoming sources. This is displayed in ‘The Adventure of The Empty House’, where he can deceive even Watson. This is the first story in ‘The Return Sherlock Holmes’, and features Watson’s account of their first meeting following Holmes’ faked death:

“… struck against an elderly deformed man, who had been behind me, and I knocked down several books which he was carrying. I remember that as I picked them up I observed the title of one of them, The Origin of Tree Worship, and it struck me that the fellow must be some poor bibliophile who, either as a trade or as a hobby, was a collector of obscure volumes.” 27 (p. 2) Holmes later reveals himself to Watson (true to dramatic form), and the duo are re-untied and immediately recommence their adventures. Later in the same story, Holmes shows another of his abilities to ‘change shoes’; instead of playing a dramatic role, he shows his power to predict the movements of the attempted assassin, in order to catch him red-handed. Holmes lures the character Colonel Moran, “the second most dangerous man in London,” 27 (p. 9) to a room in which he, Watson and a couple of members of the London police force are lying in wait in order to arrest Moran. Holmes will often put himself in the shoes of the criminal/person involved in a case, in order to understand their own reasoning; this process is in some senses, what an individual is doing when employing The Methodology set out in this dissertation. Architectural Analysis Tool: In a way which may be considered abstract, one could put oneself in the place of the building or space itself, thinking as the building may think. Alternatively as an individual related to the selected site (such as the builder, user or designer), in order to understand or analyse why a space is the way it is.

3.1.e | Holmesian Deduction In each story, Holmes displays his famous process of deduction. Referring to the method exercised by Dr Joseph Bell, ‘Holmesian Deduction’: “Consists primarily of drawing inferences based on either straightforward practical principles… or inferences to the best explanation.” 31 Predominantly, Holmes’ process of deduction is seen at the start of each novel, where a new client enters the room and is scoured from head to foot by his eagle-eye (mirroring the actual medical diagnosis technique of Bell, in a fictional world).

Arthur Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet <https://sherlock-holm.es/ stories/pdf/a4/1-sided/stud.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2019]. 27 Conan Doyle, The Adventure of The Empty House, p. 2 & 9 31 “Sherlock Holmes”, Baker Street Wiki<https://bakerstreet.fandom. com/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes> [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

In ‘The Red-Headed League’ Holmes implements this skill and is able to deduce a great list of things about the client, following an intense observation of their appearance. He furnishes himself with an understanding of their person, before clouding his judgement with their account of the case or problem. Holmes summarises all that there is to learn from the appearance of his client, Mr Jabez Wilson: “Sherlock Holmes’ quick eye took in my occupation, and he shook his head with a smile as he noticed my questioning glances. “Beyond the obvious facts that he has at some time done manual labour, that he takes snuff, that he is a Freemason, that he has been in China, and that he has done a considerable amount of writing lately, I can deduce nothing else.”” 26 (p. 1) The list below, qualifies each of the deduced characteristics: •

Labourer – He had one hand bigger than the other, due to muscle development from physical work

•

Snuff – He was taking it as he sat in Sherlock Holmes’ Baker Street quarters

•

Freemason – He wore an Arc and Compass breastpin

•

China – He had a fish tattoo which used a particular pink staining method peculiar to China and a Chinese coin attached to his watch-chain

•

Writing – The sleeve on his writing arm was shiny and the other, where he’d leant against the table, was flat

Holmes honed his ability to highlight particular telling areas/items upon his clients’ person, to which he could then give more attention. In ‘The Adventure of The Speckled Band’, he pays particular attention to mud left on Miss Helen Stoner’s dress, in order to deduce the speed and method of transport taken by her on her route to London. With a, ‘quick and all-comprehensive’ glance, he explains his order of deduction:

“…You must have started early, and yet you had a good drive in a dog-cart, along heavy roads, before you reached the station.” “… The left arm of your jacket is pattered with mud in no less than seven places. The marks are perfectly fresh. There is no vehicle save a dog-cart which throws up mud in that way, and then only when you sit on the left-hand side of the driver.” 28 (p. 1) Holmes is able to glean an understanding of an individual based upon keen observation, furthermore, he has a particular skill in deciphering things worthy of further consideration. Architectural Analysis Tool: The architectural application of this method is suitable for the interpretation of data,after visiting the site. Utilising the process to combine observational facts to arrive at a conclusion or evaluation of the site, rather than fitting the facts to a story which drives the investigation.

3.2 | Watson – The Foil (Character Traits and Observational Methods) As discussed in the previous section, both Holmes and Watson have many personality traits which are complementary. However, it is Watson’s level of Openness and Agreeableness, which could potentially portray a different scope of observational tendencies. When referring to Cook and Furnham’s study, the results showed that there was a significant correlation between both Openness and Agreeableness to the familiarity ratings of two specific types of architectural stimuli: Openness positively with Art-Deco examples and Agreeableness negatively with that of Brutalist architecture. 3 (p. 112) Watson’s higher score in both personality types, may indicate a greater familiarity with the world of art and architecture. One could hypothesize that with greater familiarity, comes a more opinionated view. Rather than collecting quantifiable data through the Holmesian perspective of The Methodology, the Watsonian approach offers a subjective set of analytical records.

Conan Doyle, The Red-Headed League, p. 1 Conan Doyle, The Adventure of The Speckled Band, p. 1 3 Cook and Furnham, p. 112 28

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

3.2.a | Sidekick: As previously discussed, the partnership between Holmes and Watson is crucial to the pair’s success in solving cases, as well as to the success of the short stories themselves. Watson represents the archetype of the sidekick and acts as a, “catalyst for Holmes’ mental processes.” 32 In the literary world, the role of a character who performs this function in mystery or thriller fiction, has come to be known as ‘A Watson’ – a term coined by mystery author William De Andrea. Watson serves as a foil to Holmes – the ordinary man pitched against the brilliant. He is humble about his role in the alliance, which he portrays at the start of ‘The Adventure of The Creeping Man’: “As an institution I was like the violin, the shag tobacco, the old black pipe, the index books, and others perhaps less excusable. When it was a case of active work and a comrade was needed upon whose nerve, he could place some reliance, my role was obvious. But apart from this I had uses. I was a whetstone for his mind. I stimulated him. He liked to think aloud in my presence… such was my humble role in our alliance.” 33 (p. 1)

of this is qualified whenever he introduces Watson to a new client, “This is my friend and colleague, Dr Watson…” 36 (p. 14) Architectural Analysis Tool: In the implementation of The Methodology, it would be beneficial to take another person to site; enabling the exchange of ideas, and to double check anything potentially missed. The ‘sidekick’ could also record how the primary use of the Holmesian process acts, in starting an index of experiences tilizing The Methodology (a reference source for self-evaluation). Much like the relationship between Holmes and Watson, it would be advantageous to work in collaboration with two individuals of complementary personality types; to uncover different aspects of the site due to their different personality leanings. A collaboration between two people with a close relationship would ensure the honest exchange of opinions.

In an essay by Adiba Qonita Zahroh, she discusses Watson’s function in the partnership, in relation to Ron Buchnan’s definitive paper: “Side by Side”: The Role of the Sidekick 34 . Zahroh qualifies four of Watson’s contributing sidekick elements displayed in the stories; his role as a Best-friend, Narrator or Biographer, Colleague and Professional. As will be discussed in 3.2.c, Watson’s role as a Narrator and Biographer is perhaps his most important literary role within the short stories, Zahroh claims: “As a sidekick, Watson… [shows] an ultimate authority in determining how [Holmes’s] stories should be received and… appreciated by the reader. In this case, Watson is the creator.” 35 (p. 47) By writing an account of each adventure, Watson acts as Holmes’ publicist. The published cases offer the public a view his unique process and therefore provide an advertisement of his skills. Additionally, it is important to mention that Holmes is also mindful of the importance of the partnership. A key example

“John Watson”, Baker Street Wiki<https://bakerstreet.fandom.com/ wiki/John_Watson> [Accessed 21 March 2019]. 33 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of The Creeping Man, 3.1 edn <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/a4/1-sided/cree.pdf> [Accessed 24 June 2019].

Ron Buchanan, “‘Side by Side’: The Role Of The Sidekick”, Studies In Popular Culture, 26.1 (2003). 35 Adiba Qonita Zahroh, “The Case of The Sidekick: The Roles of Dr. John Watson in Sherlock Holmes Canon by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle”, Lexicon, 4.1 (2015), 40-49. 36 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes (London: Penguin Book, 1981).

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

3.2.b | Human Connection to the Reader Watson is accessible and relatable to the reader, acting as the narrator for practically the entire canon of short stories. In contrast to the inaccessible character of Holmes, many critics argue that Watson represents us. In an essay by Geofina Andersson called, ‘Debunking the Detective’, she compares two stories from ‘The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes’ with ‘A Study in Scarlet’ and concludes: “Watson is… the more grounded character, creating a contrast to Holmes and thus enriching the mystery around him.” 37 (p. 15) Andersson highlights Watson’s compassionate inclination as a means through which the reader gains trust in his narrative. Further to Andersson, in his book ‘The Perfect Murder’, David Lehman discusses the role played by Watson, connecting the reader to Conan Doyle’s short stories. He argues that: “we can fancy ourselves as Holmes’ sensible Dr. Watson,” Holmes is accessible through Watson’s presence, due to his regular records about his own confusion in the cases. In ‘The Adventure of The Creeping Man’ Watson does just this: “At present we seem to be faced by a long series of inexplicable incidents with no bearing upon each other…that is the biggest mystification of all.” 33 (p. 6-7) Watson plays an intermediary role, by filtering Holmes’ jarring personality traits, filling his blind spots ( in an emotional or compassionate capacity), as well as championing and publicising the great detective’s work.

3.2.c | Romanticism Perhaps the most evident demonstration of Watson’s subjective tendencies, are shown in his accounts of visiting the location of a case with Holmes. Mentioned with reference to Holmes’ visual and audible astuteness [Please refer to 3.1.c], Watson has, “too romantic and sentimental a manner, for Holmes’ tastes.” 32 Holmes is continually dismissive (throughout the canon of stories), of Watson’s florid writing style: “You have shown your relish for it by the enthusiasm which has prompted you to chronicle, and, if you will excuse me saying so, somewhat to embellish so many of my own little achievements.” 36 (p.51) However, without the descriptive sections of writing, where Watson sets the scene, the stories would be very dry. “The building was of grey, lichen-blotched stone, with high central portion and two curving wings, like claws of a crab, thrown out on each side. In one of these wings the windows were broken and blocked with wooden boards, while on the roof was partly caved in, a picture of ruin.” 28 (p. 7) In ‘The Red-Headed League’, the contrast between Holmes’ forensic examination of a scene is juxtaposed with Watson’s outlook. Watson considers and recounts the scene in terms of its ambience and appearance: “It was a pokey, little, shabby place, where four lines of dingy two-storied houses looked out into a small railed enclosure, where a weedy grass and a few clumps of faded laurel bushes made a hard fight against a smoke-laden and uncongenial atmosphere…” 36 (p.64)

Architectural Analysis Tool: In the execution of The Methodology, Watson’s connection to the reader could be translated to a relationship with people connected to the site, thus forming a liaison between The Expert and The Layperson. A mediating connection can therefore be formed, utilising a Watsonian compassion, between the strict processes of Holmes and the site itself.

Geofina Anderson, “Debunking the Detective” (unpublished Undergraduate, Lund University, 2017). 33 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of The Creeping Man, p. 6-7 36 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes, p. 51 & 64

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

On the other hand, having predetermined that the crime must be taking place in the cellar of the property, he describes the square in full and then hones in on the immediate context of the residence: “He walked slowly up the street and then down again to the corner, still looking at the houses. Finally, he returned to the pawnbroker’s… having thumped vigorously upon the pavement with his stick.” 36 (p.64) By overlaying the intense, meticulous methods of Holmes, on the illustrative depictions that Watson produces, the reader is able to enjoy and understand the scene in two scales. Architectural Analysis Tool: To counter the positive and detailed analysis of a site, according to the Holmesian side of The Methodology, it would be useful to scan the same scene from a Watsonian perspective, instead of recording a wholly objective view. The romanticised and visceral accounts laid forth by Watson in the short stories, offer the reader a true understanding of the feelings and atmosphere of a place, without the need for a photograph or drawing. The ability to translate the ‘quality’ of a site using words is something that would offer another perspective.

Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes, p. 64

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

4.0

Character ‘Toolkit’

ollowing the analysis of both literary characters, this section identifies the key traits highlighted in section 3, generating a series of specific and refined reference points, which should be utilised whilst on site. The collection of observational traits that Holmes possesses, appear on the whole to be better applied to the structure and physical built aspects of the site, whilst Watson’s observational approach would be better applied to the site’s use, context and inhabitation.

(a)

Building a Knowledge base •

(b)

Lack of Prejudice •

(c)

4.1 | Holmes’ character ‘Toolkit’ (d)

Interrogate the site intensely, visually and audibly for elements outside of the norm or for unique qualities which set it apart.

Wearing Other People’s Shoes •

(e)

Visit site with an open mind, look for the positive, interesting and successful in the architecture and space.

Visually and Audibly Astute •

This set of observational tools is most relevant for the analysis of the building and/or built structures on site. In the instance of Holmes, the site information recorded makes most sense written as a series of notes, perhaps more like a field-study.

Information gained prior to site visit.

Perceive the site from the position of: The User, The Designer or The Building itself (whichever is most applicable).

Holmesian Deduction •

Utilise a process of post-rationalisation once particular details of the site have been assessed and gathered.

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

4.2 | Watson’s character ‘Toolkit’: This set of observational tools is more relevant to the site’s surrounding context and the inhabitation of the building. As in Conan Doyle’s collection of short stories, this record makes most sense, written in the form of a short narrative/prose. By using site notes as reference material, a reflective piece which works alongside the Holmesian style study, can be generated.

(a)

Sidekick •

(b)

Human Connection to The Reader •

(c)

Visit the site with a suitable sidekick, gathering information as a pair, exchanging ideas. Prior to the site visits, take a personality test, to gain an understanding of potential differences.

Following an intense investigation into the physical fabric of the site, interact with people inhabiting the space, or record the inhabitation of the space.

Romanticism •

Record an atmospheric account of the site visit, summarising its unique spatial qualities.

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

5.0

Application of the ‘Toolkit’

he following sites were selected for analysis, utilising the Holmesian and Watsonian ‘Toolkit’:

•

Public Toilets – London Fields Park, Hackney, London

•

Terraced Housing – 15-35 Shrubland Road, Hackney, London

•

Historic House – 140 Westbourne Terrace, Bayswater, London

•

Commercial Garage/Warehouse – 176-178 York Way, Kings Cross, London

This section comprises a series of referenced casebook scans and photographs ( please reference the appendix - Section 8.0 for a short series of transcripts made from voice memos, recorded on site, during the application of the ‘Toolkit’).

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 01

[3.2.a - Sidekick Information Casebook Notes]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Casebookâ&#x20AC;?, William Field, 20th June 2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

5.1 | Public Toilets

Fig. 02

[Toilet Block - Background Research Casebook Notes]

“Casebook”, William Field, 20th June 2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 03

Fig. 05

Fig. 04

[Toilet Block - Overview]

[Toilet Block - Black Door Ways]

Fig. 06

[Toilet Block - Back Wall]

[Toilet Block - Interior Windows]

Fig. 03

William Field, 27th June 2019 William Field, 27th June 2019 Fig. 05 William Field, 27th June 2019 Fig. 06 William Field, 27th June 2019 Fig. 04

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 07

[Toilet Block - Site Visit Holmesian Casebook Notes]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Casebookâ&#x20AC;?, William Field, 27th June 2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 08

[Toilet Block - Site Visit Watsonian Casebook Notes]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Casebookâ&#x20AC;?, William Field, 27th June 2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

5.2 | Terraced Housing

Fig. 09

[Terraced House - Background Research Casebook Notes]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Casebookâ&#x20AC;?, William Field, 20th June 2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 10

[Terraced House - Front Facade]

Fig. 12

[Terraced House - Sidekick]

Fig. 11

[Terraced House - Central Column]

Fig. 13

[Terraced House - Lower Ground]

Fig. 10

William Field, 27th June 2019 William Field, 27th June 2019 Fig. 12 William Field, 27th June 2019 Fig. 13 William Field, 27th June 2019 Fig. 11

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 14

[Terraced Houses - Site Visit Casebook Notes]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Casebookâ&#x20AC;?, William Field, 27th June 2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

5.3 | Historic Building

Fig. 15

[Historic Buildings - Background Research Casebook Notes]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Casebookâ&#x20AC;?, William Field, 20th June 2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 16

Fig. 17

[Brunel House - Front Lobby & Forecourt]

Fig. 18

[Brunel House - Front Stiarwell]

Fig. 19

[Brunel House - Front Door]

[Brunel House - Balustrade Infill]

Fig. 16

William Field, 28th June 2019 William Field, 28th June 2019 Fig. 18 William Field, 28th June 2019 Fig. 19 William Field, 28th June 2019 Fig. 17

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 20

[Historic Building - Site Visit Casebook Notes]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Casebookâ&#x20AC;?, William Field, 28th June 2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

5.4 | Commercial Garage

Fig. 21

[Commercial Garage - Background Research Casebook Notes]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Casebookâ&#x20AC;?, William Field, 20th June 2019

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 22

Fig. 24

[Commercial Garage - Parapet]

[Commercial Garage - Domestic Glazing]

Fig. 23

[Commercial Garage - Metal/Bamboo Fence]

Fig. 25

[Commercial Garage - Secure Windows]

Fig. 22

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Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Fig. 26

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Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

6.0

Conclusion and Method Evaluation

he Methodology is undeniably applicable to other literary characters, as every author instils a real-life personality (of sorts) into their creations. In the process of this dissertation, a personal interest for the Sherlock Holmes Canon drove the initial investigation and inception of The Methodology itself. It is therefore, reasonable to suggest, that applying The Methodology to any literary character would yield results based on their personality. However, since in practicality the site and/or client is normally the point of departure, it is also reasonable to suggest that the choice of literary character should follow the site, in order to ensure the relevance of The Methodology to that site. Holmes and Watson, though imaginary characters, have achieved a certain credence as historical figures. Whilst for the purposes of this dissertation, The Methodology has only used fictional personalities in order to evaluate its viability, I believe it would translate equally well to a real historical figure. It would only be necessary to first identify the personality type of that person before The Methodology could be used. The architect may have in mind an ideal character, brought to mind by the site or the client. By choosing to evaluate the possibilities for the site through

the eyes of this character, the architect is able to bring a new and possibly ignored outlook to their deliberations. Hence a new architectural analysis tool is being effectively used. When considering The Methodology, the separation of different character traits into a ‘toolkit’ was especially effective. Given a specific list of observational/analytical reference points, I was able to carry out the site study in an efficient and methodical way. As the analysis techniques were unfamiliar, this simplified the application of The Methodology, which in turn, demonstrates the viability of its usage. Without the ‘toolkit’ present in The Methodology, I doubt, that I would have gained as much from the site as I was able to do. In the application of The Methodology, it became apparent that the analysis traits of Holmes and Watson, did not offer as much of a departure from my own outlook as at first thought. Both Holmes and Watson possess observational characteristics which are comparable to that of architects. This outcome, may have been the result of a personal interpretation of each architectural analytical tool, instigated by the fact that I am an architectural student and have a particular view, prompted by my profession. This fact may be responsible for a creating biased and less subjective result.

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

When researching chosen characters, it is arguable that an architect will draw out the personality traits which are most applicable to the process of architecture. As an architect, one instinctively identifies viable and applicable analysis techniques: Thus potentially making the process biased. In order to balance this, it would be interesting to evaluate the success of The Methodology by using a non-architect. There were two tools, which had more of an impact on my own site studies: Lack of Prejudice and the general contrast between Holmes’s objectivity and Watson’s subjectivity. Like most designers, I have a tendency to judge a building or object upon its shortfalls and am too quick to analyse, based upon an aesthetic overview. Judging each site based upon a detailed Holmesian analysis offered the chance of highlighting details which intrigued, and therefore could offer a more constructive outcome from the site study, even if the building, when viewed holistically, was not particularly attractive or successful. Additionally, dividing the list of tools between the two characters, meant that I was able to gain a set of solely fact-based analyses, and also their subjective counter-parts.

When regarding the applicability of The Methodology to professional architectural practice, I would argue that it possesses some merits. The research and development of the toolkit, made for an interesting process, enabling me to isolate myself from my usual observational techniques. I began to question my own approach, and in my opinion, enhanced the efficiency of my critique. The process of intense research into a literary character allows the architect to indulge in a creative departure, freeing the imagination from traditional boundaries and processes. As such, it is a valid aid to the design process and an interesting additional tool in architectural analysis.

The application of The Methodology could have perhaps been more successful if I had selected a ‘sidekick’ with a more contradictory personality type to my own (as with Holmes and Watson, who possess only one common MBTI personality type). If I were to carry out the same investigation again, it would be prudent to ask numerous people to carry out a personality test, then to select a ‘sidekick’ based upon these results. Another shortfall in the application of The Methodology, may be the selection of the sites. If I were to have solely chosen one building or site category (eg. four exemplar public toilet blocks), I would have been able to direct my research into a more specific area, building a more specialised knowledge base. In addition, I would have been able to apply the knowledge gained from each consecutive site visit more directly.

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

7.0

Bibliography and References “7 Tips To Learn To Think Like Sherlock Holmes - Exploring Your Mind”, Exploring Your Mind, 2018 <https://exploringyourmind. com/7-tips-to-learn-to-think-like-sherlockholmes/> [Accessed 21 March 2019] Albrecht, Karl, “Did Sherlock Holmes Have Asperger Syndrome?”, Psychology Today, 2011 <https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/ blog/brainsnacks/201110/did-sherlockholmes-have-asperger-syndrome> [Accessed 21 March 2019] Anderson, Geofina, “Debunking The Detective” (unpublished Undergraduate, Lund University, 2017) André, Didierjean, and Gobet Fernand, “Sherlock Holmes - An Expert’s View Of Expertise”, British Journal Of Psychology, 99 (2008), 109-125 <https://doi. org/10.1348/000712607x224469> Booth, Martin, The Doctor, The Detective And Arthur Conan Doyle (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1998) Buchanan, Ron, “‘Side By Side’:The Role Of The Sidekick”, Studies In Popular Culture, 26 (2003)

Busch, Frederick, ‘Introduction: Holmes’ Occupation.’ The Sherlock Holmes Mysteries (New York: Signry, 1984), pp. 7-17 “Conan Doyle | The Sherlock Holmes Society Of London”, Sherlock-Holmes.Org.Uk<http:// www.sh erlo ck-holm es.org.uk/conandoyle/> [Accessed 21 March 2019] Conan Doyle, Arthur, A Study In Scarlet, 3.1 edn <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/ a4/1-sided/stud.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2019] Conan Doyle, Arthur, Red-Headed League, 3.1 edn <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/ a4/1-sided/redh.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2019] Conan Doyle, Arthur, The Adventure Of The Creeping Man <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/ a4/1-sided/cree.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2019] Conan Doyle, Arthur, The Adventure Of The Empty House <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/ pdf/a4/1-sided/empt.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2019] Conan Doyle, Arthur, The Adventure Of The Second Stain <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/ pdf/a4/1-sided/seco.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2019]

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

Conan Doyle, Arthur, The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes (London: Penguin Book, 1981) Conan Doyle, Arthur, The Adventure Of The Speckled Band <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/ pdf/a4/1-sided/spec.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2019] Conan Doyle, Arthur, The Sherlock Holmes Illustrated Omnibus (London: Murray, 1979) Conan Doyle, Arthur, The Sign Of The Four, 3.1 edn <https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/ a4/1-sided/sign.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2019] Cook, Richard, and Adrian Furnham, “Aesthetic Preferences For Architectural Styles Vary As A Function Of Personality”, Imagination, Cognition And Personality, 32 (2012), 103114 <https://doi.org/10.2190/ic.32.2.b> Day, Sarah, “Sherlock Holmes Is The Archetypal Scientist – Brilliant But Slightly Scary”, The Guardian, 2014 <https://www.theguardian. com/science/blog/2014/jan/01/sherlockholmes-archetypal-scientist> [Accessed 22 June 2019] Didierjean, André, and Fernand Gobet, “Can Sherlock Holmes Help Cognitive Psychology? | The Psychologist”, Thepsychologist.Bps.Org. Uk, 2008 <https://thepsychologist.bps.org. uk/volume-21/edition-10/can-sherlockh o l m e s - h e l p - c o g n i t iv e - p sy c h o l o g y > [Accessed 21 March 2019] Fielder, Leslie, “Art In The Blood”, in The Sherlock Holmes Illustrated Omnibus, 1st edn (London: Murray, 1979) Fire of Learning, The MBTI Vs. The Big 5, 2018 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjX_ Y86OmB4> [Accessed 18 June 2019] Gilbert Madsen, Diane, “Doyle At Undershaw – Conan Doyle’S Hidden Passion”, Undershaw, 2017 <https://www.undershaw.org/ blog/2017/11/29/doyle-at-undershawconan-doyles-hidden-passion-by-dianegilbert-madsen/> [Accessed 5 April 2019] Gillette, William, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (New York: Fox Movietone Newsreel, 1929)

Hedges, Blanche B., “Geometry Detected By Sherlock Holmes”, The Mathematics Teacher, 14 (1921), 128-136 “Introduction | Consul Personality (ESFJ-A / ESFJ-T) | 16Personalities”, 16Personalities<https:// www.16personalities.com/esfj-personality> [Accessed 20 June 2019] “Introduction | Logician Personality (INTP-A / INTP-T) | 16Personalities”, 16Personalities<https:// www.16personalities.com/intp-personality> [Accessed 20 June 2019] Jeffrey,

Douglas, and Georgina Reynolds, “PLANNERS, ARCHITECTS, THE PUBLIC, AND AESTHETICS FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PREFERENCES FOR INFILL DEVELOPMENTS”, Journal Of Architectural And Planning Research, 16 (1999), 271-288

“John Watson”, Baker Street Wiki <https://bakerstreet. fandom.com/wiki/John_Watson> [Accessed 21 March 2019] Key, JD, and AE Rodin, “Medical Reputation And Literary Creation : An Essay On Arthur Conan Doyle Versus Sherlock Holmes 18871987”, Adler Museum Bulletin, 13 (1987), 2125 Kinder, Marsha, “Sherlock Holmes”, Interacting With Autism<http://www.interactingwithautism. c om/se ction/un d erst an din g/m edi a/ representations/details/58> [Accessed 25 June 2019] Konnikova, Maria, Mastermind (New York: Penguin Books, 2013) Konnikova, Maria, “Stop Calling Sherlock A Sociopath! Thanks, A Psychologist. - Criminal Element”, Criminal Element, 2012 <http:// www.criminalelement.com/stop-callingsherlock-a-sociopath-psychologist-mariakonnikova/> [Accessed 21 March 2019] Korpi-Hallila, Niina, “Friendship Between Sherlock Holmes And John Watson” (unpublished Masters, UNIVERSITY OF VAASA, 2015) Lehman, David, The Perfect Murder: A Study In Detection (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2000)

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

McCrae, Robert R., James F. Gaines, and Marie A. Wellington, “The Five-Factor Model In Fact And Fiction”, in Handbook Of Psychology Volume 5: Personality And Social Psychology, 2nd edn (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2013), pp. 65-91 [Accessed 25 June 2019]

Stratford, Brice, “Glasshayes House: The 1912 Extension Of The Lyndhurst Grand Hotel”, The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia <https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/ index.php?title=Glasshayes_House:_ the_1912_extension_of_The_Lyndhurst_ Grand_Hotel#14> [Accessed 22 June 2019]

Morrison, Jonathan, “Lyndhurst Park Hotel, Designed By Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, At Risk From Developer”, The Times, 2017 <https://www. thetimes.co.uk/article/lyndhurst-parkhotel-new-forest-designed-by-sir-arthurconan-doyle-at-risk-from-developer zz3ztjclr> [Accessed 5 April 2019]

Sanders, Lisa, “Hidden Clues”, The New York Times, 2009 <https://www.nytimes. com/2009/12/06/magazine/06diagnosis-t. html> [Accessed 25 June 2019]

Portals Of London <https://portalsoflondon.com/> [Accessed 26 June 2019] Ramsland, Katherine, “A Mind Like Sherlock Holmes”, Psychology Today, 2013 <https://www. psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/shadowboxing/201301/mind-sherlock-holmes> [Accessed 5 April 2019] Reed, James, “A Medical Perspective On The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes”, Medical Humanities, 27 (2001), 76-81 https://doi.org/10.1136/ mh.27.2.76 Ryan, Madeleine, “The Complicated Mind Of Sherlock Holmes”, Line By Line: A Journal Of Beginning Student, 4 (2018) Robson, David, “What Sherlock Holmes Taught Us About The Mind”, BBC Future, 2016 <http:// www.bbc.com/future/story/20160107what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-themind> [Accessed 21 March 2019] Šafárová, Katarína, Martin Pírko, Vojtech Jurík, Tomáš Pavlica, and Ondrej Németh, “Differences Between Young Architects’ And Non-Architects’ Aesthetic Evaluation Of Buildings”, Frontiers Of Architectural Research, 2019 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foar.2019.04.001>

“Sherlock Holmes”, Baker Street Wiki<https:// bakerstreet.fandom.com/wiki/Sherlock_ Holmes> [Accessed 21 March 2019] Smith, Daniel, How to Think Like Sherlock, 1st edn (London: Michael O’Mara, 2012) “Stepping Stones - Celebrating Heritage 2016 - 18”, Steppingstones.Org.Uk<https://www. st e p p i n g st o n e s . o rg . u k / C o m m u n i ty / C e l e bra t i n g - o u r - h e r it a ge - 2 0 1 6 - 1 8 / > [Accessed 5 April 2019] The BBC, “New Plan To Demolish Lyndhurst ‘Conan Doyle’ Hotel”, 2017 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/uk-england-hampshire-41350223> [Accessed 5 April 2019] “Undershaw”, Haslemere Society<http://www. haslemeresociety.org/undershaw.html> [Accessed 5 April 2019] Yazdanfar, Seyed Abbas, Ali Akbar Heidari, and Negar Aghajari, “Comparison Of Architects’ And Non-Architects’ Perception Of Place”, Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 170 (2015), 690-699 https://doi. org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.071 Zahroh, Adiba Qonita, “THE CASE OF THE SIDEKICK: THE ROLES OF DR. JOHN WATSON IN SHERLOCK HOLMES CANON BY SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE”, Lexicon, 4 (2015), 40-49

Doctor and Detective: An Alternative Architectural Analysis Tool | William Field

8.0 Appendix

Site Visit Transcripts: London Fields Public Toilet Block Holmesian: “We’ve got coloured walls… We’ve got windows – interesting details on the outside: The lock system, the shutters, the frosted windows, graffiti on the inside… We’ve got a slight kick out in the roof – interesting decision for the pipe to go through the loo roof… Potential graffiti on the walls of the toilet block.” Watsonian: “It’s a sunny day, leaves blowing in the trees… Lots of People… Heated argument between couple came to a conclusion with a glass bottle being thrown and then smashed on the neighbouring pavement.”

Terraced Housing “Quite residential road, time is 17:30, so, after school has finished. You can hear kids. The frontfacing facades are in shadow. All the same colour, all look the exact same windows, quite tired looking for the age of the building. It’s quite a hot day so there are some windows open. There’s a parapet wall which goes around and out to the sides, which

means that the facades look detached from the rest of the building. The columns continue down through the staircase to the lower ground floor, sort of act like they’re pinning the front of the building into the ground.”

Historic Building “So very busy road, next to the railway that goes into Paddington, so you have got the sort of the old engineering of the past, with the big bridge next to it, and the famous Victorian station of Victorian Paddington. It’s a busy, busy, road that everyone keeps going past, nobody in their car is even paid attention to the house. The entrance way is sort of falling towards the road. We just had a chat to the house keeper of the building, he was saying that Brunel once lived in the house, It’s the guy who designed the bridge. Mother and baby just walked out the house. A but dilapidated, tired, rubbish everywhere.”