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DESIGN STUDIES 5B ST ENOCH DISTRICT VISION VISION STATEMENT AREA OF FOCUS HISTORICAL FIGURE GROUND FLOOR PLAN GLASGOW CITY CENTRE STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLAN SITE ISSUES CONCEPT PLAN FOUNDATION MASTERPLAN LOCAL URBAN CODE PED SHED ANALYSIS MASTERPLAN DENSITY CALCULATION BUILDING TYPOLOGIES TRAFFIC CALMING STRATEGY SECTIONS PERSPECTIVE VIEW RIVER EDGE ACTIVITY DIAGRAM ST ENOCH CENTRE TRANSFORMATION THE OUTCOME
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VISION STATEMENT Glasgow city centre is the hub of the city’s economy and life. The most attractive streets are in the heart of the city centre. However, as the radius extends, the quality of street front deteriorates. As it reaches the north bank of River Clyde there are a large amount of passive units of car parks, vacant and private building that have no engagement with the streets. Damage done during the Industrial Revolution has made River Clyde lost its human scale resulting the river edge to be seen as fear zones. St Enoch district is often neglected despite being part of the city centre context. According to the site analysis, St Enoch District is 15% most deprived area in Scotland due to large block and building development, which contributes to inaccessibility. The north bank of River Clyde is clearly underused and disconnected to the city centre by Clyde Street. In response to these issues, the proposed strategy seeks to establish stronger north-south connection that is pedestrian oriented. It also involves the redevelopment of vacant and historical sites and strategies of green connections and activities. These strategies aims to create a safe, vibrant and versatile community that celebrates its local history for people of all ages within the St Enoch district.
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AREA OF FOCUS
Glasgow city centre
Ibrox
Laurieston
Glasgow Green
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AREA OF FOCUS
After the strategy planning stages, each of the group member have chosen an area in one of each hubs. In this case, I have chosen the commercial hub located in the city centre.
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HISTORICAL FIGURE GROUND FLOOR PLAN
St Enoch square originally opened in 1783 as a grazing area for sheep.
St Enoch railway station opened by the City of Glasgow Railway 1876 and St Enoch hotel followed in 1879.
St Enoch Railway station closed in 1966 with services diverted to Glasgow Central Station. St Enoch station and hotel later got demolished in 1977.
In 1989, St Enoch shopping centre was completed. In 1998, St Enoch Centre underwent major refurbishment programme to add more retail.
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GLASGOW CITY CENTRE STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN
The Glasgow city centre strategy and action plan shows the vision and planning framework by Glasgow city council to improve the state of the city centre.
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SITE ISSUES
ACTIVE FRONTAGE Quality of street front deteriorates as the radius extends from the city centre to the north bank of the river with the existence of many passive units.
LACK OF ACTIVITIES The river bank has some daytime activities along the river but is not sufficient to make an exciting street.
BARRIERS The existence of St Enoch shopping centre has set a human barrier stretching from the city centre to the river bank. The existence of the urban main road also acts as a barrier for pedestrian to approach the river bank.
FEAR ZONES According to the research from the first semester on the daily usage of River Clyde, the river bank is often perceive as a fear zone to the people of Glasgow.
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EXISTING CONCEPT PLAN
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PROPOSED CONCEPT PLAN
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PROPOSED CONCEPT PLAN STREET HIERARCHY Pedestrian routes are introduced to strengthen the north-south connectivity within the site. The car park ramp leading into St Enoch centre car park is removed to ensure direct north-south connectivity is achieved.
EXISTING STREET HIERARCHY
PROPOSED STREET HIERARCHY
TRANSPORT NETWORK Bus routes are relocated to urban main road on Clyde street from Howard street to change the character of Howard street area being car oriented.
EXISTING TRANSPORT NETWORK
PROPOSED TRANSPORT NETWORK
GREEN CONNECTION Green connection, public squares , pedestrian priority route and replanning of landscape are introduced to create a continuous flow of active travel that is pleasent and inviting.
EXISTING GREEN CONNECTION
PROPOSED GREEN CONNECTION
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FOUNDATION MASTERPLAN
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FOUNDATION MASTERPLAN DESCRIPTION CONFIRMATION AREA Within the area of focus, there are large amount of listed buildings. These buildings are preserved, on the other hand, unused historical buildings are proposed to be reused. Most of the existing building remains with proposed improvement of public realm to improve the usage and surrounding of the building. REMOVAL AREA 3 buildings in total are removed to make way for new developments that will improve the public realm within the area of focus. VACANT LAND New mixed use and residential development are introduced to take up vacant land there are either unused or used as car park spaces to increase the density in the city centre and accommodating the increasing population in the city of Glasgow. INFILL LAND Considerable sized land that are leftover are proposed to be infill with developments with the similar context that will add more commercial and residential building into the city centre. DENSITY The density of new developments are determined by the coverage of local and district nodes. Area within the coverage of 400m for the district node is considered to be high density and area within the 800m coverage area is considered to be medium density. LANDMARK Landmarks are proposed at junctions or ‘meeting points’ leading from the city centre to capture the attention of the people within the area. PUBLIC SQUARES A series of public squares both existing and proposed are interlinked by green connections to ensure the continuity of active travel that is pleasent, safe and inviting within the site.
BIKE SHARE More frequent bike share stops are proposed to encourage the people of Glasgow to travel actively. PEDESTRIAN ROUTES Pedestrian routes and pedestrian priority paths are introduced to provide safe and direct connectivity of the site. PUBLIC TRANSPORT Within the area of focus, there are great transport infrastructures such as St Enoch subway station, Argyle Street railway station and bus stops. By reducing public car park spaces and improvement on public transportation will encourage people to travel by utilising the well-connected public transport.t
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LOCAL URBAN CODE
SAMPLE
PROPOSED
SAMPLE
PROPOSED
The local urban code is data of buildings forms within Glasgow. This is used as a basis to generate building plans for the proposal. SImilar local urban code types are refered, adjusted and implemented throughout the planning from plot size to building coverage percentage. The above diagrams are compared plots and blocks of similar density for both current and proposed situation.
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PED SHED ANALYSIS
The ped shed analysis is a way to view places accessibility within a 200m and 400m radius. These analysis indicated the area covered within the 400m is reachable by foot within 10 minutes. This analysis is crucial to show understanding of a neighbourhood.
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MASTERPLAN
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MASTERPLAN DESCRIPTION ST ENOCH CENTRE -2 pedestrian routes are intoduced at the ground floor level to strengthen the connection between Argyle street and Howard street. - The vehicle ramp leading into St Enoch shopping centre carpak is removed to transform the area into a pedestrian oriented area. - Car park spaces located on the upper levels of the mall will be converted into retail to increase the activity level of the St Enoch Centre. - A ‘pop up’ retail store themed development is proposed to be located at the south of St Enoch Centre giving it a south facade that will attract more people. HOWARD STREET HOTEL Located next to St Enoch square, the proposal involves incorporating the proposed Howard street hotel by Farrell + Clark Architects to build a 230 bed hotel with ground and first floor retail spaces. DUNLOP SQUARE (PROPOSED SQUARE) - By removing the ramp on Dunlop street, a square is proposed with the ‘pop up’ retail theme that will provide a space for cafes and playground, transforming the space into a pedestrian priority area that is safe and unique. MIXED USE BUILDING (CLYDE STREET) The vacant land will be developed into a mixed use building that consist of a variety of flats and ground floor retail spaces. STOCKWELL SQUARE (PROPOSED SQUARE) The vacant car park space located on the east facade of St Enoch will be transform into a public square for recreational use with water features and a cafe. DUNLOP STREET CAR PARK The removal of Dunlop street car park will provide space for smaller scale development. This removal will open up views towards St Andrews Cathedral and provide a direct connection towards the south of the site. The proposed retail development will increase the activity level of the area. INFILL LAND (OSBORNE STREET) Commercial building are proposed to infill empty land located on Osborne street with ground floor retail. By proposing an active frontage on Old Wynd lane will then attract people from Argyle street towards the south.
NEW DEVELOPMENT (VACANT CAR PARK SITE) New development of mixed use, residential and commercial buildings are proposed to occupy the vacant car park site. -The new development will provide terrace houses, one, two and three bedroom flats with private parking, ground floor retail and office buildings. -The site will be divided into 3 blocks with pedestrian routes interlinking public spaces such as Kings Court, Howard Place (proposed), Merchant lane (proposed) and Stockwell square (proposed) with planned landscape. - Ground floor residential building will have a buffer zone from the public streets for privacy purposes. MERCHANT LANE -The removal of the single storey bar located on Merchant lane will open up the area into a gathering space. - The under railway arches that once used to be Paddy’s Market will be transformed into bars and restaurants that will be unique in the context of Glasgow. - The existence of bars and restaurants will prolong the activity hours to late night that will improve the safety concerns that led to the closure of Paddy’s Market. TRAFFIC CALMING -Traffic calming measures are introduced to slow traffic in areas where human activity levels are high. - Traffic calming strategies such as change of materials, planting of trees, change of level and change of direction were use to increase the attentiveness of drivers. RIVER EDGE ACTIVITIES - A sequence of activites are introduced on the edge of River Clyde to attract people to carry out daily activities. LIGHTING STRATEGY - Street lights are placed more frequently along streets and especially in darker areas for safety purposes.
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DENSITY CALCULATION BLOCK 1 Block area = 0.5724 hectares Floor area = 8323.066m2 Number of units = 8323.066/100 = 83.23 units Density = number of units / block area = 83.23 / 0.5724 = 145.41 units/hectare BLOCK 2 Block area = 0.5954 hectares Floor area = 10730.203m2 Number of units = 10730/100 = 107.3 units Density = number of units / block area = 107.3 / 0.5954 = 180.2 units/hectare BLOCK 3 Block area = 0.3110 hectares Floor area = 6589.65m2 Number of units = 6589.65/100 = 65.9 units Density = number of units / block area = 65.9 / 0.3110 = 211.89 units/hectare
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BUILDING TYPOLOGIES
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TRAFFIC CALMING STRATEGIES
Due to the urban main road, pedestrian have difficulty crossing towards the river bank due to the heavy traffic. Instead of traffic lights, the proposed traffic calming measure for the area involves the change in materials, change of direction and change of level to indicate drivers that they are entering a pedestrian priority road. CURRENT
PROPOSED
Located right in front of St Andrews Cathedral, traffic calming measures are introduced to indicate drivers to be entering a ‘zone’ where events might occur. Raised levels and change in materials were introduced and the use of bollards on both sides to keep pedestrian safe from traffic.
CURRENT
PROPOSED
Located close to The Briggait is the third calming measures on Clyde street. The level of the road is raised and change of material to raise attentiveness to the drivers and zebra crossing is introduced to ease pedestrian from crossing to the opposite side.
CURRENT
PROPOSED
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SECTIONS SECTION AA
SECTION BB
SECTION CC
CURRENT
CURRENT
CURRENT
The current state of the section has issues of accessibility from the north to the south. Looking from the city centre towards River Clyde, there are no anchor points or attraction that will attract people towards the river.
PROPOSED
The proposed section will include a riverside restaurant that has 2 facades to set as an anchor point to draw people’s attention, at the same time acknowleding the presence of the river.
Walking from the city centre towards River Clyde, the raised outdoor amphitheatre is not directly accessible and causes the view from the city centre towards the river to be blocked.
PROPOSED
The proposed section removes 2 steps of the amphitheatre seats to have an even level to open up the view and make it directly accessible from the city centre.
The current state of the area is blocked by the heavily planted trees at the edge of the river thus blocking the view overlooking the river.
PROPOSED
The proposed section involves a decrease in level for people to seat on platform closer to the river. Landscape is incorporated into the proposal to provide a green connection to and fro Glasgow Green.
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PERSPECTIVE VIEW
CURRENT STATE
PROPOSED SQUARE (DUNLOP SQUARE)
The removal of the vehicle ramp will be transformed into Dunlop square where St Enoch Centre is proposed to have an active south facade. ‘Pop up’ retail, cafe and restaurants will be introduced to increase the activity level in the area.
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PERSPECTIVE VIEW
CURRENT CAR PARK SITE
PROPOSED SQUARE (STOCKWELL SQUARE)
The proposal includes the transformation of the car park site into a square where people can gather.
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PERSPECTIVE VIEW
CURRENT CAR PARK SITE
PROPOSED MIXED USE AND RESIDENTIAL AREA (HOWARD PLACE)
The image above is the proposal of the new development that consist of mixed use, residential and commercial building located in the vacant car park land. The presence of special spaces within the area of the new development will bring a safe and pleasant car-free area where people can interact and use daily.
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PERSPECTIVE VIEW
CURRENT STATE
PROPOSED BAR AND RESTAURANT LANE (MERCHANT LANE)
Merchant lane will be transform into a vibrant area where people gather and dine in bar and restaurants taking up vacant retail spaces under the railway arches. Late night opening hours of bars and restaurants will improve the situation of the current state that is dark and dangerous that poses a safety hazard to the people of Glasgow.
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RIVER EDGE ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
This diagram shows the planning of activities at the river edge to encourage the people of Glasgow to carry out daily activities along the river.
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PHASING Phase 1: Maintaining the river bank and improving the public realm along the river. Planning of landscape to connect and improve routes leading towards Glasgow Green and throughout the city. Phase 2: Relocating bus stops from Howard street to Clyde street to ease the traffic on Howard street. Changing its character to a pedestrian priority street. Phase 3: Develop vacant car park site into mixed ise and residential buildings, adding density into the city centre of Glasgow at the same time accommodating the increasing population of the city. Phase 4: Refurbishment of the St Enoch Centre by removing the vehicle ramp and introducing 2 additional pedestrian lanes. Activities and improvement of the public realm of the south facade of the St Enoch centre will be carried out.
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ST ENOCH CENTRE TRANSFORMATION
PROPOSED ENTRANCE FROM ARGYLE STREET
CROSS SECTION OF ST ENOCH CENTRE
The proposal introduces 2 additional pedestrian routes that bypass St. Enoch shopping centre at the ground level to have a direct connection from Argyle street to Howard street.
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THE OUTCOME
The St Enoch District Vision aims to create a community that is well-connected with good public transportation and good connectivity of routes that makes the St Enoch district more permeable and accessible, at the same time reduces the use of personal motor vehicles. The wide diversity of land uses will provide the district with good services and amenities that will reduce the need to travel and ensure activation of public spaces at all hours New development proposals will allow St Enoch district accommodate the increasing population of people living in the city centre as estimated by the city council.
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DESIGN STUDIES 5B
HISTORICAL IMAGES HISTORICAL MAPS PRECEDENTS DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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HISTORICAL IMAGES
All images extracted from Glasgow city council archive website.
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HISTORICAL MAPS
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PRECEDENT
WATERFRONT SEATTLE
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PRECEDENT
WATERFRONT SEATTLE
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PRECEDENT
WATERFRONT SEATTLE
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PRECEDENT
MARKET OCTAVIA
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PRECEDENT
MARKET OCTAVIA
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PRECEDENT
MARKET OCTAVIA
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PRECEDENT
MARKET OCTAVIA
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PRECEDENT
MARKET OCTAVIA
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PRECEDENT PUBLIC SPACES
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION MASTERPLAN
II =
(180)
I= (300)
I=
(300)
II + (210)
II -
(150)
II =
(180)
II =
(180)
II =
(180)
PROPOSED FOUNDATION MASTERPLAN
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MASTERPLAN
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MASTERPLAN
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SECTIONS
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PHOTO MONTAGE
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DRAWINGS
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