Wiz101 Adhesives by Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide by Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Tom Rolando Chief Technical Officer Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Wiz Adhesives 101 Course Outline •What is an Adhesive? •History of Adhesives •Types of Adhesives •Water-Based •Hot Melt •Chemistry •Applications •Pressure Sensitive •Starch-Dextrin •Practical Knowledge •Key Questions to Ask Before Recommending Adhesives •Adhesive Definitions

What Is An Adhesive? • An adhesive, or glue, is a mixture in a liquid or semiliquid state (as used) that adheres or bonds items together. • Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic sources and nearly all are polymer based – most are highly specialized and formulated.

History of Adhesives • The original adhesive was developed by the caveman, who made glue out of animal hides and proteins. • Water-based adhesives (also known as PVAc, White Glue or Resin Glue) were invented in Germany during World War I. It is the key ingredient in Wood Glue and Elmer's Glue. • Hot Melt Adhesives (also known as EVA's or Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) were invented around 1900, and perfected after World War II during the development of automated packaging lines.

An Overview of Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Adhesives Adhesive Types

Technologies

Water-based

Hot Melt

Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc)

Ethylene-Vinyl ) (EVA) Acetate

Polyvinyl Acetate Ethylene(VAE) Copolymer

Pressure Sensitive

StarchDextrin

Polyolefin/ Metallocene

Water-Based Adhesives Applied as an Emulsion (Mixture of Two or More Liquids That are Normally Non-mixable) That Is Converted to An Adhesive When the Water Evaporates

Water-Based Adhesive Types: • Polyvinyl Acetates (PVAc)

Differences Between PVAc and VAE Property Chemistry Referenced Adhesion Formulation Latitude of Formulation Speed of Set Machinability

PVAc

VAE

Polyvinyl Acetate Homopolymer Moderate Required

Vinyl Acetate Ethylene Copolymer Excellent Optional

Limited Good Moderate

Wide-Ranged Excellent Excellent

Resistance Properties Good Economics Best Economics Less is More Not Applicable

Excellent Moderate Economics Applicable

Uses Specialty Uses

Folding Carton, Higher End Difficult Surfaces

Corrugated, Lower End Heat Seal

Key Materials Used in Water-based Adhesives

Water-based Chemistry

Ingredients

Chemistry

Purpose

Polymers

polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate-ethylene, polyvinyl alcohol

adds strength and toughness

Water

H20

acts as the diluent for polymer emulsions and disperses or solubilizes additives

Plasticizers

benzoate ester, non-phthalate types

increases tack, increase speed of set, improve adhesion, lower the Tg for more flexible films, reduce heat seal temperatures and improve water resistance.

Solvents

high boiling alkyl-based

fugitive plasticiers, improve adhesion, improve set of speed, reduce minimum film forming temperature

Humectants

urea, glycerine

prevents skimming, improves film flexibility, slows set of speed, extends open time

Fillers

clay, calcium carbonate

lowers cost, reduces penetration, alters rheology, reduces cold flow

Surfactants

non-ionic, anionic

wetting agents, foam control

Defoamers

Alkyl & oil based

foam control

Thickeners

polyacrylate, polyurethane

alters the viscosity of a given product, can be used as rheology modifiers

Adhesion Promoters

polyamine, metal chelators

adds specific adhesion to difficult surface

Preservatives

Biocides, fungicides

prolongs the shelf-life of the product

Dyes/Indicators

Food Grade Colorants, Black Light Indicators

alters the color, or UV absorption of the adhesive film

Water-Based Adhesive Applications • Laminating • Packaging • case and carton sealing and assembly • envelopes • bags • tube winding

• Product Assembly • Bookbinding

Hot Melt Adhesives Applied as a Molten Film or Bead and Converted to a Solid When the Molten Material Gels/Cools The Most Widely Used Hot Melt Adhesive Types Are:

Difference Between EVA and Polyolefin Hot Melts Property

EVA

Polyolefin

Base Chemistry

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate

Polyethylene (Metalocene Catalyzed)

Adhesion (to Paper/Cellulosics)

Good

Excellent

Lattitude of Formulation

Wide Range

Limited

Speed of Set

Good

Excellent

Machinability

Moderate

Excellent

Odor Viscosity Build at Operating Temperature

Characteristic of Adhesive

None

Yes, to Char/Gel

Does not Gain Viscosity

Resistance Properties

Good

Excellent

Service Temperature Range

Moderate

Economics

Good Economics

Wide Ranged Best Economics on a Per Usage Basis

Less is More

Not Applicable

Applicable

Uses

Packaging, Converting

Key Materials in Hot Melt Adhesives

Hot Melt Chemistry

Hot Melt Chemistry Ingredients

Chemistry

Purpose

Polymers

polyvinyl acetate-ethylene, polyolefin (metalocene catalyzed), polyethylene

adds strength and toughness

Tackifiers

Hydrocarbon based, Hydrogenated, NonHydrogenated, Rosin Based

increases tackiness and speed of set

Waxes

Peteroleum based, polyethyelene

controls melt viscosity and reduces cost and controls setting speeds

Adhesion Promoters

Other Polymers

adds additional adhesion characteristics

Antioxidant

Free Radical Scavengers

prevents discoloration, gel formation

Hot Melt Adhesive Applications •Packaging •Case and carton sealing •Assembly •Book and magazine binding •Disposables •Automotive •Bottle manufacturing •Product assembly applications

Hot Melt Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Form Bond When Pressure is Applied to Marry the Adhesive with the Adherent. No Solvent, Water, or Heat is Needed to Activate the Adhesive

Ingredients Chemistry Polymers Tackifiers Process Oils Waxes Antioxidant

Rubber Based, SBS, SIS Type Hydrocarbon based, Hydrogenated, NonHydrogenated, Rosin Based Mineral Oil, Light Oil, Petroleum Based Peteroleum based, polyethyelene Free Radical Scavengers

Purpose adds strength and toughness

Applications Product Assembly Tag and Label

increases tackiness and speed of set modified viscosity controls melt viscosity and reduces cost and controls setting speeds prevents discoloration, gel formation

Hot Melt Pressure Sensitive Adhesives • Key Materials in PSAs – • Rubber • Tackifier • Oil Based (see Hot Melt Diagram) .

• Types of PSAs – • High Strength/High Peel • Moderate Strength/Moderate Peel (Repositionable) • Low Strength/Low Peel (Fugitive)

• Where would you use PSAs • • • •

General Purpose Product Assembly Display Tag and Label Mailers

Dextrin Adhesives Based on Starches and Other Additives, Dextrin Adhesives Bond Well to Porous Surfaces But are Not as Water-resistant and Have a Slow Set Time.

Ingredients

Chemistry

Purpose

Polymers

Polysaccaride, starches, dextrin

Water

H20

Humectants

urea, glycerine, sodium nitrate

Fillers

clay, calcium carbonate

Surfactants Defoamers

non-ionic, anionic

wetting agents, foam control

Alkyl & oil based

foam control

Thickeners

polyacrylate, polyurethane

alters the viscosity of a given product, can be used as rheology modifiers

other polymers

formation of a resin-dextrin

Biocides, fungicides

prolongs the shelf-life of the product

Adhesion Promoters Preservatives Dyes/Indicators/ Color Retention

adds strength and toughness acts as the diluent for polymer emulsions and disperses or solubilizes additives prevents skimming, improves film flexibility, slows set of speed, extends open time lowers cost, reduces penetration, alters rheology, reduces cold flow

Food Grade Colorants, Black Light alters or preserves the color, or UV Indicators, Color Retention absorption of the adhesive film

Applications Laminating Product Assembly Paper Converting

Dextrin Adhesives • Key Materials in Dextrins (corn) – starch/dextrin

• Where Would You Use Dextrins • Layflat Laminating • Corrugated Build-Ups • Light Product Assembly

Practical Knowledge • • • • • • • • • • • •

Applications and Adhesives Substrates Process Tree Adhesive Applicating Systems Emulsion/Dispersion/ Solution Comparison Comparison of Water-based vs. Hot Melt Adhesives Less is More Theory Behind Adhesion Regulatory Information Sustainability Key Questions to Ask Before Recommending Adhesives Adhesive Definitions Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Applications and Adhesives

Substrates Paper/Paperboard Kraft TiO2 coated SBS Board (bleached board)

Calendared Printed Coated Wax Michelmann PE Films PP PE PET Foil Metalized

Applications vs. Product Type Water-based

Hot Melt/HMPSA

Converting â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Lap Seal Laminating

Copolymer Homopolymer (Folding Carton)

Economical

Corrugated

Resin

HMPSA

Labeling

Permanent FDA Direct

Dextrin

Starch/Dextrin

Labeling

Rotary

HMPSA/Difficult stuff

Lap Paste Glass (Starch)

Removable

PET Synthetic

Magazine Fed

General Purpose

Case and Carton Seal Glass (Synthetic) Modified Metalocenes

General Purpose Metallocene

Copolymer Homopolymer

Polycoated board

Economical/Fast setting

Fast set

Increased Tack / Best Freezer resistance Standard Grade Low application temp.

General purpose

Slower setting

General Purpose

Varnished/Coated Stock

Very Fast setting / High Heat resistance

Tube Winding, Wood Assembly

Slow setting / Wax board

Fast setting

Medium set / Difficult stock

Adhesive Applicating Systems Non-Circulating System is used to apply both cold waterbased and hot-melt adhesives. A non-circulating system essentially comprises a parallel series of guns, each one attached to the main tank by individual hoses. The adhesive is pumped to each gun though the hose, and the adhesive is applied by the nozzle of the gun. Circulating System used for continually applying and re-applying adhesive, typically in a rotary based application system.

Adhesive Applicating Systems Cold-Glue System - hoses pump the fluid adhesive to applicator heads which apply the adhesive to the substrate in bead, spray, or droplet form (depending upon the requirement) by means of attachments or special configurations on the applicator heads. Hot-Melt System â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Same as above but with an additional requirement: melting the adhesive. The most common configuration for melting devices is a tank melter, or essentially a large pot or tank in which cold adhesive can be added and melted into liquid form. Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Emulsion/Dispersion/ Solution Comparison

Water-based vs. Hot Melt Adhesives Comparison Property

Water-based

Hot Melt

Emulsion

Solution

Physical Chemistry

Thermosetting

Thermoplastic

Polymer Chemistry

PVAc, VAE

EVA, Olefin

Molecular Weight

>100,000

<10,000

Adhesion

Excellent

Good

Speed of Set

Moderate

Very Fast

Wide

Narrow

Excellent

Moderate

Type

Range of Properties Resistance Properties Economics

Less is More – Optimizing Adhesive Use

•Reduce the amount of adhesive applied, no matter the technology. •Ensure the adhesive is applied in the specific bonding area and matches both the surfaces being bonded and the application equipment applying the adhesive. •Use the latest and best equipment and know-how for applying the adhesive. •Optimize the overall gluing process. Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Theory Behind Adhesion

Chemical Bonding

Mechanical Bonding

Van der Waals Forces & Hydrogen Bonding

The Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT

Regulatory Information Key Aspects •TSCA & similar Global Regulation •VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) •HAPs •FDA Clearances •Proposition 65 Chemicals •REACH, RoHS, SVHC •Heavy Metal (CONEG) •Phthalate, Allergen, PFCs, Latex, etc… FREE •CPSIA •Patriot Act – Conflict Materials •Supplier Guarantee •+ Continuing Added Regulations!!

Adhesive Sustainablity Sustainable Adhesives Use A Combination of Appropriate Chemistry and Technology, Manufacture Adhesives in the Most Efficient Manner Possible and Optimize Adhesive Use. Key Particle Components are: •Relative performance strength of the chemistry of the adhesive. •Relative recyclability of the product. • Manufacturing Efficiency of the Product. • Renewability. •Biodegradability-CompostabilityRepulpability. •Overall Energy Conservation – from Raw Material to Adhesive Manufacturing to Adhesive User – detailing the Energy Used and Waste Material Generated. “LESS IS MORE APPROACH”. Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

Key Questions to Ask Before Recommending Adhesives 1. What is the End Use Product being Made? 2. What substrates are involved? Bonding What to What? 3. How will the Adhesive be Applied? 4. How is the End Product being Made now? 5. What is the substrate temperature when glued? 6. What is the application temperature? 7. What is the Open Time, Compression Time? Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide

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Adhesive Definitions