DHARAVI UNLEASHING ITS HIDDEN POTENTIAL Architectural Thesis J. Warren Borg March 2010
SLUMS: the untapped poten al Myth: slums are “urban sores, with almost no posi ve contribu on towards the normal func oning of the city.”(UN-HABITAT, 2007) In reality, slums contribute to society on many social and economic levels, despite their appalling living condi ons: poor sanita on, high incidence of disease, overcrowding and unsafe construc on methods. However, many governments and well-to-do ci zens maintain a blind eye to such communi es as they are deemed expendable. A slum’s worth becomes blurred through the lens of established socio-economic biases. Much can be learned from how they organize themselves as communi es despite their shortcomings. We must rethink cultural values to achieve successful integra on of slums into today’s urban standards, by upgrading services and living condi ons. We need to embrace their untapped poten al.
Photo by: Unknown
Photo by: Marcus Fornell
T E O CO E Slums the Untapped Poten al
1
Dharavi verses the Developer Journey Along the Silk Road Mumbai, India Popula on Mumbai Time line Land reclama on Culture Slums Dharavi Informal Growth Made in Dharavi Community Prince Charles
vercrowding Inferior Construc on Disease and Poor Sanita on Local Pollu on Climate Flooding Seismic Government Approaches to Dharavi
5 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 34 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58
Proposed Interven on Parameters Case Studies Site Analysis Site Selec on Site Context Calcula ons Typical unit Program Design Proposal Design Summary Plans Sec ons Systems Integra on Typical Funding
62 64 68 74 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 112 118 122 125
Conclusion
126
Bibliography
128
industry
functioning government society biases
untapped upgrading
slums potential living many rethink
citizens
integration
community
established
culture myths
expendable
socio-economic
conditions
values
conflict
shanty reality poor services
urban
Dharavi verses “The Developer”
Photo by: Indianexpress.com
Since the industrial revolu on, there has been a con nual con ict between formal and unplanned development. Unplanned growth, such as slums, has always taken a back seat to city planning. In the case of Mumbai (formally Bombay), India’s business capital, and Dharavi, Mumbai’s largest slum, tension has been building between the planners and developers who have been pushing for urban renewal and its residences. Dharavi is unique among other slums; when rst se lement occurred, Dharavi was on the northern outskirts of Mumbai City; now due to sprawl, Dharavi is in the very center of the city, making it prime real-estate. Dharavi is one of the most diverse slums in India; it was originally a mangrove swamp, un l the late 1800s the site was inhabited by Koli shermen. When the swamp lled in, others came; Kumbhars from Gujarat, Tamils from the south, and others from U ar Pradesh. It now houses lucra ve small industries that provide its residents with income,
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten alal || 55 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten
while supplying raw recyclables, tex les, po ery, and other products to external industries and retailers. Dharavi, covering approximately one square mile, houses an es mated one million people, along with various industries. Mark Jacobson, a journalist for Na onal Geographic, states, “Dharavi... as many as 18,000 people crowd into a single acre (0.4 hectares).” (Jacobson, 2007) In an area dealing with high density and people making do with what they have, along with the recycling industries, nothing is considered garbage. According to many urban planners today, Dharavi would get high marks for ecological sustainability. Dharavi can be seen as a sustainable and enduring alterna ve to today’s planned community. Prince Charles of England made a speech a er a visit to Dharavi in 2003, commen ng on its “underlying, intui ve ‘grammar of design’” and “the meless quality and resilience of vernacular se lements.” He made a predic on that these communi es in the near future are best equip to face the challenges that
6 | Unleashing Photo by: T. Chang Dharavi’s Poten al
confront us, because of their genuinely durable ways of living and built in resistances. Although, “some call the Dharavi slum an embarrassing eyesore in the middle of India’s nancial capital,” There is a ‘mutualis c rela onship;’ they both need each other for Mumbai to func on. ‘White collar’ and ‘blue collar’ need each other: socially, economically and culturally. Aside from the mutual bene ts, developers are s ll pushing for Dharavi to become renewed and restructured, in other words they are facing demoli on, were the slums would become “rehabilitated.” Mukesh Mehta is the main architect and urban planner behind this push. Mehta outlines: “Dharavi is to be divided into ve sectors, each developed with the involvement of investors, mostly nonresident Indians. Ini ally, 57,000 Dharavi families will be rese led into high-rise housing close to their current residences. Each family is en tled to 225 square feet (21 square meters) of housing, with its own indoor plumbing. In return for erec ng the “free” buildings, private rms will be given handsome incen ves to build for-pro t housing to be sold at (high) market rates.” (Windle, 2006)
One of the biggest resistances to the redevelopment plan is based on the future of the industries that have sustained them thus far. Mehta, in his plan, gives no hint of assis ng the local economic growth. Majority of the slum dwellers use their homes for light industry. On average they u lize approximately 400 square feet, nearly double what they will be given in the scheme proposed by Mehta. Since businesses need speci c manpower and equipment area, by reducing the area given from 400 to 225 square feet, makes it physically impossible for some businesses to be transplanted. Simply housing people will not be su cient in sustaining their own development. The second issue to contend with is how many dwellings are being proposed; Mehta states “57,000 Dharavi families,� what happens to the rest? Mumbai may have land to gain, but with the loss of industry and displacement of people, the city will no longer gain from their social, cultural and economic bene ts.
Unleashing Dharavi’s al | 7 Photo by:Poten Jonas Bendiksen
KEY TO ROUTES Early Trade Routes Fu-Hsien AD 399-414 HsĂźan-Tsang AD 629-645
ad o R k l Si the Silk Road . . . Journey Along the
on g l A stablished during the reign of Alexander ey the Great (approximately 329 BC ), the
Mumbai (formally Bombay) is both a des na on point along the Silk Road with Silk Road is a grouping of trade routes trade from the North and a port for trade that links astern urope to Western Asia. along the Mari me silk route. Due to the The Silk Road had grown in popularity two monsoon seasons, ships would set and became fully opera onal by 1 BC; sail from Mumbai across the Arabian Sea it supported the transfer of goods and at twice the speed in one season, and if services, religion, educa on, ideas etc. med correctly, would then return on the The route ac vely operated both over next. Crossing the sea has historically land and sea establishing numerous oasis been safer and faster than by land. and port towns. Mumbai was a popular port town due to 8 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
ou J . ..
g on l yA e n r
ilk S the
its uniquely deep natural harbor, making it easy to disembark. Today, the Silk Route has become modernized to include rail and large cargo ships. Although majority of the towns have been abandoned, Mumbai has been able to adapt by equipping itself with an adequate rail and port infrastructure making it a hot spot for trade and commerce, en cing people from all over to live there. In recent
R
d oa
g
th
ad . . Journey Along th o R e Silk AFGANISTAN i lk Road S CHINA e PAKISTAN UTTARANCHAL
HARYANA
NEPAL RAJASTHAN
rn
ey A lo n
TAJIKISTAN
ey A lo ng
SIKKIM Gangtok
BHUTAN
Jaipur
NAGALAND
ou
..
...J ourn
Kohima
Shillong
Imphal
.J
MANIPUR
DHARAVI
th e
Silk
Aizwal
TRIPURA
MIZORAM
MYANMAR (BURMA)
Diu Silvasaa Bhubaneshwar
MUMBAI Hyderabad
Arabian Sea GOA
Panaji
KARNATAKA Andaman & Nicobar Port Blair Islands
CHENNAI Pondicherry (Puducherry) Kavarati
NADU KERALA Thiruvananthapuram
Km Mi
100
200 100
300 200
400 300
centuries this in ux of migrants into Mumbai looking for employment has made it di cult for the government to maintain and implement suitable housing developments. Housing shortages and high prices in Mumbai itself has created spill over zones, such as Dharavi which now houses a smorgasbord of cultures, religions and lifestyles from various parts of India and abroad.
SRI LANKA
Indian Ocean
MUMBAI
DHARAVI
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten alal || 99 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten
Amnitser
PU
M , I Mumbai is known as the city of extremes. The popula on is at an es mated nineteen million when including Navi Mumbai and Thane, making it one of the most populated ci es in the world. Mumbai is both the state capitol of Maharashtra and the business capitol of India; similar to that of New York City to the United States. Mumbai is also seen as India’s communica ons capital, becoming a prime hub to other major ci es within the country. Trading of stocks is carried out within the city’s stock exchange with a sum of transac ons being that of billions of rupees every day. Mumbai has a highly integrated transporta on system which accounts for 88% of passenger tra c around the city: including, expressways, rail systems and vehicular tra c the system transport at least 16.3 million commuters daily. It would be hard to talk about Mumbai, without no ng that it houses the largest Indian lm industry, with the produc on of Bollywood movies. Mumbai’s lm industry pumps out hundreds of Hindi block-busters every year. 10 | Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al
HA
NEW RAJASTHAN
J
GUJARAT Ahmodabed Rajkot
Vadodana Surat
Nasik Aur
MUMBAI
MAHAR Pune
KARN
UNJAB UTTARANCHAL
ARYANA
Meerut
DELHI
SIKKIM Agra
Lucknow UTTAR
Jaipur
a
ARUNACH PRADES
PRADESH Kanpur Allahabad
ASSAM
Patna
Varanesi
NA
BIHAR MEGHALAYA
MANIPU Bhopal Indore
MADHYA PRADESH
JHARKHAND
INDIACHHATTISGARH
rangabad
Nagpur
ORISSA
Kolkata
TRIPURA
MIZORAM
WEST BENGAL
RASHTRA Hyderabad
ANDHRA NATAKA PRADESH
Visakhapotnam Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 11
20,000 - 50,000 50,000 - 100,000 100,000 - 200,000 200,000 - 500,000 500,000 - 1,000,000 1,000,000 - 2,000,000 2,000,000 - 5,000,000 5,000,000 - 10,000,000 10,000,000 - 20,000,000
1872
1921
Like the sand of the sea... 12 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
1951
1971
2001
Recent Growth
2001-7 1.4 %
2007-8 9 %
2008-9 7.1 %
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 13
M T E E
Photo by: Unkown
14 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
First known permanent settlement Land reclamation Continues (1933) Bombay Docks Explosion
Colonised By Alexander The Great Of Macedon
Koli Fisherfolk Settled on the seven Islands of Bombay
(1944 A.D)
Land reclamation efforts begin
Buddhists Constructed Kanheri Caves Complex
(1670 A.D.)
Romans Started To Trade Along The Silk Road “ The Silk Road” fully established.
PREHISTORY
1st CENTURY B.C 600 B.C. - 1 B.C.
THE HUNG DYNASTY 202 B.C. - 220 A.D.
Maritine Silk Road is Established
9th - 14th CENTURY 801 A.D. - 1500 A.D.
(629 A.D.- 645 A.D.)
City Of New Bombay Proposed (1965 A.D.)
Cencus estimates population to be 60,000
Bombay renamed Mumbai
(1675 A.D.)
(1995 A.D.)
15th - 17th CENTURY 1501 A.D. - 1700 A.D.
20th - 21st CENTURY 1901 A.D. - 2000 A.D.
18th - 19th CENTURY 1701 A.D. - 1900 A.D.
Start of shipbuilding industry
Hindu Silhara Dynasty (810 A.D. - 1300 A.D.)
(1735 A.D.)
Muslim Sultans Ruled The Island Of Bombay
Land reclamation to build the Colaba Causeway between Bombay and Colaba
(202 B.C.- 220 A.D)
Hsuan-tsang travels to India from China via The silk Road
India became independent (1947 A.D.)
(1400 A.D.)
Cladius Ptolemy charted the map of India and the Silk Road (1500 A.D.)
Zhang He commanded seven major expeditions along the maritime silk road (1450 A.D -1500 A.D.)
(1812 A.D.- 1838 A.D.)
First railway line in India between Bombay and Thane. (1853 A.D.)
21st CENTURY 2001 A.D. - present
Cencus estimates population to be 16,368,084 (Greater Mumbai, incl. Thané) (2001 A.D.)
Land reclamation (2007 A.D.)
Mumbai was named An Alpha world city (2009 A.D.)
Land reclamation continues between Mazgaon with Malabar Hill (1864 A.D.)
Bubonic Plague Killed 100,000 People (1896 A.D.-1903 A.D.)
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten alal|| 15 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten 15
1
2
3
4 5
6 7
1670
0 1 2 3 km
16 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
1812
1864
L RE O
Dharavi
1933
Mumbai then Bombay was originally one of seven islands, each thickly wooded with the Arabian Sea washing through them during high de. It took over 150 years of reclama on to reshape these island during the early 18th century when the Bri sh rule merged all islands into one amalgamated land mass, connec ng them to India’s mainland. Reclama on has become commonplace with Mumbai, with the coast line becoming con nually transformed and increased. It wasn’t un l the 1970’s and 1990’s that injunc ons were placed on wide spread reclama ons in order to preserve the shoreline for the shermen and costal preserva on.
2007
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten alal|| 17 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten 17
R
18 | by: Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al Photo Swapnil Nayak
D VE Photo by: Tanya N
Mumbai is a city of extremes and opposites, blending tradi ons, food, music, and theatre from all parts of Asia. As more immigrants move to Mumbai to earn a living, they bring with them tradi ons that become integrated into the every day. From food and drink to prac ces and interac ons; the sharing of cultures, religions and cuisines has harmoniously coexisted in the city. Mumbai proves the concept of opposites: extremely poor and outlandishly rich, modern yet tradi onal. Mumbai is also known for its museums, libraries, art galleries and ancient architecture.
P O
E Photo by: Sima
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | Kar 19 Photo by: Soumik
JAMMU & KASHMIR HIMACHAL PRADESH
Amnitser
PUNJAB UTTARANCHAL
HARYANA
Meerut
NEW DELHI
RAJASTHAN
Lucknow
UTTAR PRADESH
Jaipur Kanpur
ASSAM
Allahabad
Varanesi
GUJARAT
Bhopal
MADHYA PRADESH
Ahmodabed Indore
0%
100%
Vadodana
Rajkot
No Data
Surat Diu
BIHAR Patna
According to United Na ons o cials, a “slum” embodies some if not all of these characteris cs: • Inadequate access to sanita on and other infrastructure;
Hyderabad Visakhapotnam
KARNATAKA GOA
ANDHRA PRADESH
Bangalore
Chennai
TAMIL
• Poor structural quality of housing; • vercrowding; and • Insecure residen al status.
20 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
NADU KERALA
MANIPUR TRIPURA
MAHARASHTRA Pune
MEGHALAYA
Kolkata
ORISSA
Nagpur
NAGALAND
JHARKHAND
INDIACHHATTISGARH
Nasik Aurangabad
MUMBAI
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
SIKKIM
Agra
WEST BENGAL
MIZORAM
Greater Mumbai Area
468 sq. km Slum Area
21 sq km Dharavi
Greater Mumbai Popula on
12 million Slum Popula on
6.5 million
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al | 21 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 21
22 | by: Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al Maps Google
0.6 Million People 2.16 sq km
TORONTO, ONTARIO INNER HARBOUR Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 23
Photo by: URBZ Photo by: Michael Robinson Chavez
Dharavi was formed by way of incremental growth. stablished on marsh land, people immediately began to house themselves with basic materials, but grew in phases there a er. Today, growth is similar. However, since most land is used up, incremental growth is (as seen on the diagram to the right) of the later phases. Typical materials used correlate to each phase. The more nances that a family can invest in their home, the be er quality material is used, also the higher they can go.
Photo by: Tanya N
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al | 25
L CAL
NATI NAL
INT RNATI NAL
Dharavi exports goods worth over US 650 Million per / year both domes cally and interna onally
26 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
Made in Dharavi Dharavi is o en called, ‘a city within a city’, but in essence is the heartbeat of Mumbai. Although Mumbai city is strong nancially, Dharavi generates an addi onal $500 million dollars of revenue annually through a variety of small scale industries. This enables it to not only maintain a city rich in self generated resources, but also skilled entrepreneurially.
Photo by: Brent Foster
With up to 1500 small industrial complexes throughout this mini city, industries in leather and tex les, recycling, po ery and etc. have sustained their economy for centuries employing upwards of 80% of its own popula on.
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten alal|| 27 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten 27
Dharavi has one of the largest recycling programs worldwide. It accounts for 80% of Mumbai’s recycling e orts. 12% of all the industries in Dharavi are for processing used materials. verything that can be reused gets a chance at a second life. 13 Compound is where this all comes together. It is es mated that upwards of 450 industrial units are key to the processing of recyclables. Plas cs are the primary recyclable resource in Dharavi but equally recycled are rubber, steel, cardboard, paper, electronic components and etc. The recycling industry employs thousands of residents in Dharavi, and due to its dynamic nature operates in four parts: acquisi on, transporta on, collec on, sor ng and reselling. Acquisi on involves various methods from rag picking (recyclables being collected from the local garbage yard), to using tender process to gather cleaner recyclables from o ces, retail and commercial units in Mumbai City. Transporta on incurs the greater part of expenses for these varied companies, but when weighed and paid for, recyclables are transferred into Dharavi’s 13 compound where it gets cleaned, sorted, reduced and redistributed to be made into new products.
28 | by: Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al Photo Gulshan
Photo by: Meanest Indian
Photo by: Daniel Berehulak
Photo by: Daniel Berehulak
Photo by: Marcus Fornell
Photo by: Marcus Fornell
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 29
Photos by: Lee & lizabeth
30 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
Photos by: Sk Thew
The Po ery industry has been one of the long standing industries exis ng in Dharavi. Po ery makers have lived in Mumbai for centuries and Kumbharwada is today, Mumbai’s biggest po er colony. Currently about 932 po ery houses (23% of Dharavi’s Industries) are in opera on, with four genera ons of po ers who make clay water pots, etc. both for local sales and export. riginally located in southern Bombay, po ery families have had to relocate mul ple mes as the city grew un l they rese led on the edge of Dharavi. Here they carry out the po ery process using the tradi onal method of mixing mud and clay. This raw material is rolled and shaped by hand with the help of a rota ng wheel. With the dying of the industry residents of the po ery colony are concerned that not only will they have to relocate once more, but the new redevelopment program will have no space for them and their families to work or live.
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 31
Photo by: Jonas Bendiksen
Photo by: Unknown
The tex le industry is thriving. There are recorded, 1036 tex le industries (26%) within Dharavi. Sadly, with workers doing up to een hour days at very lower wages, only the entrepreneurial few succeed. A lot of these units are live/ work units, where the workers typically sleep in the shop. These units tend to be cramped spaces lacking adequate light and ven la on. However, they produce large quan es of ready to wear clothing that gets exported globally.
Photo by: Lecercle
stablished during the late 19th century when the Tamil’s se led in Dharavi, leather tanneries were built for the processing of goods for sale. There are recorded 567 leather industrial units (14% of Dharavi) in opera on across Dharavi. riginally located to take advantage of slaughter houses for ‘raw materials’, and the river for a water source, the leather industry has diversi ed over the years. Due to the highly toxic nature of the tanning process the treatment of hides’ por on of the business had to be relocated outside of the town, but the process of turning cured hides in to products such as belts, bags coats, and etc. has been successful.
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 33
Photo by: Adrian Fisk Photo by: Adrian Fisk
Photo by:Michael Robinson Chavez
LIF Life in the open integrates everyone within each community preserving their strong sense of unity and pride. Due to diversity; religious prac ces, caste and backgrounds all living in one place; a great deal of tolerance exists for various observances and working together within the industries. All space in Dharavi is used for a mul tude of tasks. For example, on the main thorough fare when it is prayer me for Muslims the street becomes the temple and hundreds of men, women and children immediately stop and pray. Movement carries on a er as though it had never occurred.
Photo by: Dharavi.org
Photo by: Jonas Bendiksen
Photo by: Dharavi.org
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al | 37
The high density of structures in Dharavi has created areas that lack su cient natural ligh ng and ven la on to living spaces and have remained in the shadows since they were constructed. Some structures are made with one entrance and no windows because of the lack of materials and building know how. These spaces act as rental proper es helping ‘home owners’ a ord their s pend rent that is enforced by the government, along with being able to pay for ligh ng and water. However, life occurs in the shadows. Alleys become domes c grounds with people bathing, cooking and washing clothes. Rela onships are communally forged in these dark areas. Women set mes to wash clothes together, so as to discuss the latest gossip.
Photos by: Adrian Fisk
Photos by: Brent Foster
Photos by:Michael Robinson Chavez
With all the open areas and ght alleys, various connec ons are formed. Di erent cultures unite, families interweave with their child growing up together. Crime is lower, since people are fully aware if some from outside were to enter. Young and old learn from each other by always being in their lives.
Quotes as stated by Prince Charles on Mumbai’s Dharavi: Dharavi is... “an underlying intui ve grammar of design that is totally absent from the faceless slab blocks that are s ll being built around the world to ‘warehouse’ the poor” “I strongly believe that the West has much to learn from socie es and places which, while some mes poorer in material terms are in nitely richer in the ways in which they live and organise themselves as communi es,” he told planners, charity workers and government o cials.
Drawing by: Tom Humberstone
“It may be the case that in a few years’ me such communi es will be perceived as best equipped to face the challenges that confront us because they have a built-in resilience and genuinely durable ways of living.”
“People are really proud of living there, although a lot of them don’t tell the outside world they live there.” --- Kevin McCloud
Why ?
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al | 43
vercrowding is now the norm of Dharavi as the popula on is es mated to be around 600,000 to 1,000,000 persons. In an area that is 175-hectares it is easy to understand why the land is not able to support so many individuals. It is li le wonder that the limited infrastructure and systems are unable to maintain the current popula on. As the popula on in Dharavi con nues to increase, ver cal living has become a necessity and shanty owners have been adding addi onal
Photos by: Jonas Bendiksen
oors to their structure for ren ng to new comers. These living quarters are however substandard structurally where they also tend to lack in space and ven la on.
Average Household Size arning Members Average Unit Area
15 sq m
vercrowding
1.5m
5m 3m
Any solid material can become a building material in Dharavi. It is not unheard-of to use a refrigerator door as an exterior shanty door. In the older sec on of the town the homes are constructed of bricks and blocks giving the residents some form of permanence. These structures are constructed to no set standards and are o en me build upwards by two
oors without proper reinforcements or ven la on.
I E O CO O Photo by: Tim Wa s
Photo by: Dharavi.org
Photo by: Tanya N
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al | 47
Photo by: Chris Pryor
Photo by: www.electronicratcontrol.com
Photo by: Unknown
The poor sanita on situa on that exists in Dharavi has lead to the spread of diseases not limited to Cholera, TB, Dengue fever, Bubonic plague, respiratory issues and etc. Rat bites are prominent in the slums and a person is usually given 48 hours to live without treatment as rat bites carry the bubonic plague. Ge ng treated, gives one a 50/50 chance to survive. In Dharavi, the sanita on sta s cs are grim. There are approximate ten shan es that share one water tap that can only be used two hours per day. Public toilets contain sixteen stalls that accommodate more than 3000 people. Dharavi sta s cally has one toilet per 1400 people. In fact, 71% uses community toilets, 27% uses open places such as rail tracks, rivers, roads, 1% uses personal/individual toilets, and 1% uses pay and use toilets.
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al | 49
Photo by: Michael Robinson Chavez
Pollu on Local pollu on becomes a problem for the residents of Dharavi. Due to unregulated small industries, both air and water are a ected. Kilns for po ery, use the tradi onal ring technique that releases toxins in the air. ther industries both use and clean out chemicals that end up being leached into the water table. Since many of these industries are not legal, it becomes di cult to enforce.
BANDRA KURLA
DHARAVI POLLUTANTS
BANDRA KURLA
DHARAVI CUMULATIVE POLLUTION
INDUSTRIES
CHEMICALS & OILS
SLUMS
SEWAGE & LIGHT INDUSTRIAL
WATER RUNOFFS AND LAND RECLAMATIONS
RUNOFF SEWAGE & LIGHT POLLUTION
The Mithi River ows right next to and into parts of Dharavi. The problem becomes compounded with periodic ooding and high pollu on levels.
NEW DELHI
INDIA MUMBAI (Tropical wet and dry)
Climatic zones (Köppen classification)
Climate Chart J F M A M J J A S O N D 31
31
33
21
Although rain is peaked during the monsoon season, it is welcomed due to the humidity. Accommoda ng for rain water diversion is crucial. However, water devices for cooling people down can become just as important.
16
17
0.5
1.5
0.1
33
24
0.6
33
26
13
32
26
30
29
30
25
25
24
574 868 553 306
33
23
63
33
21
15
32
18
5.6
Average Max and Min Temperatures in °C Precipitation Totals in Millimeters (mm) Source: Indian Meteorological Department
52 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
Photo by: Michael Foley
Montane Humid subtropical Tropical wet and dry Tropical wet Semi-arid Arid
Monsoon Seasons Monsoons are characterized by the seasonal shi ing and changing of wind pa erns that is usually accompanied by rain. It can also be described as seasonal changes in atmospheric circula on and precipita on. Monsoon rainfall tends to occurs in temperate regions where the cycles of both dry and cold air meet, crea ng extreme weather condi ons most notably heavy rainfalls the leads to ooding and property damages in the various regions that they occur. Because monsoons are seasonal there e ects vary by intensity and the damages it causes. In Mumbai where the area is classi ed as Tropical wet and dry, monsoons have been know to cause extensive ooding with loss of life and proper es. Types of Monsoons a ec ng India are: -The Arabian Sea Branch of the South West Monsoon (India) Starts in June ends September. -The Bay of Bengal Branch of SW Monsoon (North ast India) Monsoon account for 80% of the annual rainfall for the country and is o - mes welcomed by the people as it both cools o the land and leaves behind fer le soil for crops.
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 53
ne of the biggest factors that lead to the great ood of 2005 and others are the 20th century drainage systems that are s ll being used even with the increase in popula on, along with the unplanned growth of Northern Mumbai whose piping system is haphazard at best.
Photo by: Reuters
Flooding in and around Dharavi, occurs almost annually and in some cases water levels of up to one storey tall. When this occurs many homes, especially from the slummed areas are severely damaged. Flooding results from many factors ranging from backed up pipes and storm water systems over owing their capaci es to oversaturated soil not being able to absorb extra water during excessive rainfalls. Dharavi si ng on the watershed requires that designers and engineers both improve exis ng infrastructure and design with ooding as being a probable threat.
F OO 54 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
RS H
D
Photo by: Unknown
T
WA
DHARAVI
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 55
NEW DELHI
INDIA MUMBAI
(Zone 3 | Max 6.5 R.S)
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5
Seismic ac vity is considered “notable.� Mumbai receives a peak of 6.5 on the Richter scale. Design considera ons should include strategically placed shear walls and brace frames to resist lateral loads. Photo by: Arko Da a
Can they rely on the government ?
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al | 57
Photo by: Jonas
58 | Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al
Photo by: Akshay Mahajan
GOVE E A O E O D V 1976 - Dharavi Officially Recognized as Slum
1950 - 60s
1970s
Slum Clearance and Demolition
Amenity Provisions in Slums
1980s Slum Upgrading and Shelter Programs
1990s Slum Redevelopment 1995 Slum Redevelopment Act - Focuses on in situ Development
Today Dharavi Redevelopment Project
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 59
Photo by: UNH US D.com
Steady increases in popula on along with already close packed housing units have created ‘dark spots’ within this community. These are areas where natural ligh ng is not possible or even present in some living quarters. These increases have forced shanty owners to increase the heights of their dwellings and real estate income, encouraging the growth of the slum ver cally to accommodate these changes. With insu cient building standards, materials and prac ces, addi ons made to these units tend to be structurally unsafe, windowless and are for shelter only. They also house more persons than the structure was originally intended for. The government has encouraged the growth of ver cal slums by erec ng sub standard, uninvi ng ‘slum solu on’ buildings that have done li le to alleviate issues of poor sanita on or be er living condi ons. ne po er from Kumbharwada, Tank Ranchhod Savdas, comments that the SRA buildings provided by the government are like “a decaying Stalinist-styled pile, covered with Rorschach-like mildew stains. Inside is a long, dank hallway with 18 apartments on either side, which is called ‘36 rooms of gloom.’”
Photos by: BBC.co.uk
P O O E I E VE O Any proposed structure being introduced into Dharavi should accommodate all stakeholders involved. We must acknowledge Dharavi’s poten al ‘triplebo om-line’ value: environmental, economic and social. The new development will consist of a mixed use program: containing but not limited to; live/ work areas, industrial and marketplace interven ons along with a social networking and educa onal area. This program will encompass ini a ves that would encourage the development of Dharavi’s community along each of the above men oned areas. Dharavi’s cohesive social structure and culture is to be, not only preserved, but enhanced. The term “slum� will no longer be used, due to its problema c social connota ons. Residences of Dharavi think of themselves living not in a slum, but in an a ordable housing community. Problems that would need to be addressed immediately will include; sanita on, industrial pollu on and safety
62 Dharavi: Unleashing ItsalHidden Poten al 62 ||Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten
for person and property. This proposed interven on will poten ally become the model for future developments, allowing Dharavi’s community to become more concentrated. Both the developers and Dharavi will become sa s ed; the developer will reclaim land and the community will be allowed to prosper. The scope of this project is to develop a mul -storey mix-use building, consis ng of an open ground oor market place, second oor amenity menity and garden space, second to sixth oor residen al apartments, all adjacent acent to a courtyard and industrial suites. es. The intent of this redevelopment is to o pay homage to the site’s exis ng use, while addressing all stakeholders involved ed and crea ng a new design vocabulary.
Samudaya: Maintain a Sense f Community Photo by: Lecercle
Photo Credit: Lecercle
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 63
P E E live work
+ work
Mid Rise to Increase Density
64 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
Introduce More Green Space
conn e
cted
live
Maintain
conomic Ac vity
Design Quality Structures
Reloca on of Residents During Construc on
Design for Challenging
nvironment
Respect Cultural alues
Sustainable Conven ons
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RE O CO E O astu eda AIR (Vayu)
N
NW
astu eda is part of an Indian based cultural system of how to live. Many Hindi and non Hindi people prac ce these principles in their designs. Contractors and architects in India commonly hire a astu consultant.
WATER (Jala)
NE
LIGHT
W
H E A V Y
SPACE (Akasha)
L I G H T
HEAVY
LIGHT
HILLS
WATER BODIES
BOSS
EMPLOYEE
COMMERCIAL
PRAYER
E
2 STOREYS 1 STOREY
HEAVY SW
EARTH (Bhumi)
SE S
FIRE (Agni)
Hindi 66 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
astu in essence is the science of construc on or architecture based on tradi onal Hindu design principles. It combines, mathema cal propor ons (Maana) as well as the ve basic elements ( arth (Bhumi), Water (Jala), Air ( ayu), Fire (Agni), and Space (Akasha). It is believed that “man can improve his condi ons� when he designs a building that enables him to balance all the elements of nature crea ng a live work environment that is compa ble to who he is. It will also help maintain his spiritual well being when the dwelling place is designed to him maximum psychological and emo onal, and cogni ve energies.
Islam is the second largest faith prac ced worldwide. There is a strong Muslim presence in Dharavi and accommoda ng their prac ce of praying becomes an important inclusion into the overall design of the complex. They pray ve mes a day and it is essen al to everyday life that they have access to water in order to wash themselves. Provision of an outdoor space with the ability to pray facing Mecca was an integral inclusion with the courtyard and waterfall design.
Photo by: Hannah Weehunt
Muslims are required to : Pray 5x per day ( mes are xed by the sun which changes daily),
Wash themselves before prayer Face in the direc on of praying.
Mecca (Mekkah) while Photo by: Bespoke Cashmere
Muslim Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten alal|| 67 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten 67
C E S E
Photos by: Greatbuildings.com
Charles Correa - Kanchanjunga Apartments 68 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
Loca on: Mumbai (Bombay) Date of Construc on: 1970-83 Units: 36 (3-6 Bedrooms) Building Plan: 21m x 21m Height: 85m (High-rise) Construc on System: Reinforced concrete skeleton-frame Style: Modern (Minimalist) Notable Features: • Double Height gardens and verandahs • Interlocking Apartments • Con nual Cross en la on due to ast West orienta on • Slip form Central Core • Mul family/Mul -genera onal • 1:4 Propor on Length : Height • Luxurious apartments: what India’s slum redevelopments should aspire to become.
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Photos by: Archicentral.com
OFIS architekti - Izola Social Housing 70 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
Loca on: Izola, Slovenia Date of Construc on: 2004-06 Units: 30 per Block (Studio to 3 bedrooms) Height: 14m +/Building Plan: 2 Blocks of 60m x 28m Construc on System: Reinforced Concrete Style: Contemporary Notable Features: • Social housing with air • Trapezoidal-shaped Balcony Modules provide shading (tex le shade) and ven la on (perfora ons) • Structural Members located outside for exible interiors • Playful Colours • $70 square foot (low cost) • xpression of facade enhances apartment experience
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Photos by: Abito.co.uk
Ian Palmer (top) & Gavin Elliott - Abito Apartments 72 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
Loca on: Manchester, United Kingdom Date of Construc on: 2006 Units: 200 micro apartments (400 sq feet) 56 larger Height: 34.5 m Construc on System: Reinforced Concrete, Steel, Glass Style: Contemporary Notable Features: • Micro Living Spaces (400 sq.f.) • Corner appropriate design • Units open up to courtyard • A ordable in rela on to surrounding condo prices • Use of all three dimensions for space/storage • Canopy on roo op: shading
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MINOR ROADS MAJOR ROADS RAIL TRACK WATER
Network
1980s - 1991 1991 - PRESENT UNDEVELOPED
Development ver Time
SLUM HOUSING SCHEMES SCHOOLS HOSPITALS COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL VACANT LOT GREEN SPACE GRAVE YARD
Land Use
CENTRAL GOVT STATE GOVT PRIVATE MCGM Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
Land wnership
S E SE E O
78 Dharavi: Unleashing ItsalHidden Poten al 78 ||Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten
Map by: Google
Site Selec on Process
Photo by: Chris Way
The site was selected for a variety of reasons, the main ones being its proximity to schools, police sta on, temples, retail and main roads. It was essen al that a proposal to develop this area re ected integra on not disintegra on. The aim is to maintain a sense of community by involving the residents in the early stages of design and to re ect their needs by then incorpora ng those needs into the nal design. It is also intended to be a learning process for young adults in the area to realize that Dharavi can be developed to address their needs and not just razed to accommodate what a developer thinks is best for the area. For this thesis, their concerns were researched and a concept formulated that will hopefully address the needs of the community.
Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 79
S E CO EX Slums
School Playground
Temple
Police Stn.
Photos by: Chris Way
Map by: Google
80 Dharavi: Unleashing ItsalHidden Poten al 80 ||Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten
School
M
Slums
ain
Ro a
d
Site
2
3 3 2
1
1
Site
4 4
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C O 2
15m
Live/Work Unit 6 People Cramped
xis ng Proposed
22m2
+
Main Floor 82 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
12m2
Mezzanine
Live/Work Unit 6 People Comfortable
01
5
10m
SCHOOL PLAY GROUND
Public Toilet
SA NT KA KA YY AR D.
DHARAVI POLICE
No. of Shan es = 6 people per =
33 198
2.8 m wide Rd.
All shall be relocated and given rst priority to live here when construc on is completed
Proposed 22 Typical Units Accommodates 6 people per unit
10 SHANTY TO BE REMOVED PROPOSED PROPERTY LINE
RE OV P
Large Units
Accommodates 10 people per unit
232 ccupants Resul ng in 15% more than exis ng on site; helping to accommodate growth.
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Open to Below Work Space
Kitchen
W.C.
Sleeping Area Master Bedroom
M F OO
ME E
T U (6 E O ) 84 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
Open to Below Work Space
W.C.
Kitchen Sleeping Area Master Bedroom
M F OO
ME E
L E U (10 E O ) Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten alal|| 85 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten 85
RE O Marketplace Live/Work Apartments
Interior Courtyard
Splashpad
Public Toilet
Industrial Units
Rooftop Farming Outdoor Laundry 86 Dharavi: Unleashing ItsalHidden Poten al 86 ||Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten
Roof
Sixth
Fourth
Service Access
Second
Ground
S E Landscaping Vertical Circulation Lobby Space
Marketplace
Parking
Public Toilet
Circulation Circulation
Lobby Space
Landscaping
Void
Live / Work Apartments
Mechanical
Vertical Circulation
Industrial Units
Industrial Units
2
Site Area: 1340 m Building Coverage: 1010 m
2
Mezzanine
Lobby Space
Live / Work Apartments
Building Coverage
Pathways Amenity
Vertical Circulation
Mezzanine
Circulation
Landscaping
Splash Pad Laundry Lobby Space
Circulation
Live / Work Apartments Farming
Vertical Circulation
Vertical Circulation
Mezzanine Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 87
DE P O O
Design verview Site backs up against slum Building eleva ons responds to building orienta ons Precast concrete panel faรงade facing the streets penings on the south facing walls are protected by shading devices to reduce heat gain Building will house live/work residences and industrial units Design will have communica on bridges Posi ve living courtyard, splash pad Marketplace on lower level accommodates ooding concerns
that
Shear walls to counteract seismic ac vity Roo op farming for edible plants Upgraded public toilet to replace exis ng on site
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al | 89
DE S Site
Low Maintenance Landscaping
Site is a previously developed “brown- eld� with occupants
By introducing na ve species to the site, there will be a reduc on of maintenance which with the occupant’s present lifestyle, there may not be the me resources to maintain any other species. Reliance on indigenous, low-maintenance plants limits the need for fer liza on, pes cides, and irriga on
Loca on was selected due to its direct rela onship with schools, temples, police and main roads
Site Design Site inventory determined that the vegeta on was low quality due to poor slum condi ons
Condi ons The building was carefully located to create the best orienta on for daylight and energy conserva on
Parking Due to the nature of the site and culture, the parking will be minimal to accommodate small vehicle types; such as bicycles, motorcycles and the like
Use of light-colored, light re ec ve materials to reduce heat island e ect
Material Resources Selec on of materials that is environmentally ‘preferable and prac cal’
Land Purchase To be purchased from private owner and eventually become owned by residences under condominium type management
Passive ven la on will allow for air quality to be constantly exchanged
nergy Passive solar design Photo voltaic cells are an e cient way of reducing the energy used from the grid, however due to the high cost, the design will be accommoda ng for future placement when funding is sourced
Durable, low maintenance and low cost Recycled plas c lumber because it resists ro ng, many of the materials of the site will come from Dharavi itself Local resources for concrete block produc on Recycling will be made easy and unobtrusive
Water
Bene ts of Design
Water conserving plumbing will be used through out
Set a standard for commonsense ways to incorporate environmentally sensi ve design into housing construc on
Rain water collec on and Gray water system will be implemented
Indoor nvironment Indoor environment will be enhanced by the presence of daylight
The site design is par cularly noteworthy because it will be both visually striking and environmentally signi cant Because the innova ons to the site design are new to Dharavi, it has the poten al of impac ng other projects to will follow
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WOO MO E
92 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
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94 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
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M E E 98 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
P S E Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 99
CO 100 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
CO N Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 101
ROO O ( ) 102 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
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F
104 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
S P Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 105
L 106 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
E O S P Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 107
P E 108 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
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WE F 110 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
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S E P 01
10m
5
SCHOOL PLAY GROUND
SA NT KA KA YY AR D.
DHARAVI POLICE Temple
A
B
UP
t’s en e sid nc Re ntra E
UP
B
2.8 m wide Rd.
A
UP
Service Lane
112 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
G O F OO 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
Market Place Public Toilet Lobby Small ehicle Parking Mechanical Industrial Unit
UP
2
UP
6
2
3
6 6 1 4 6 0 1
5
UP
6
10m
6 6 6
5 1
2
6
6
2
4 3
1
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten al | 113
SE O F OO
2 2 2 2 2
UP
1 2 3 4 5 6
Large Live / Work Unit Typical Live / Work Unit Lobby Interior Courtyard Water Feature Industrial Unit
2 1
UP
6
UP
3 6
5
6
4 1 6
1
6 0 1
5
10m
6 6
6 4
6
6
5
1 1 3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
FO F OO
2 2 2 2 UP
1 Large Live / Work Unit 2 Typical Live / Work Unit 3 Lobby
2 2 1
UP
UP
3
1 2 2
1 2 0 1
5
1
2
10m
UP
2 2 2
2
1
1 1 3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
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S X F OO 1 2 3 4 5
2 2 2 2
Large Live / Work Unit Typical Live / Work Unit Lobby Splash Pond (6” Depth) Laundry Area
2
UP
2 1 UP
DN
3 4 1 1 5 0 1
5
10m DN N
5 4
1 1 3
116 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
ROO G E
1
1 Roo op Farming 2 Work Area / Composter
DN
1 2
1
0 1
1
5
10m
1 2
1
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SE O A
A DN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Typical Live / Work Unit Industrial Unit Roo op Farming Splash Pad Marketplace Interior Courtyard Water Feature
3
1 4 1
1
6
1 5 118 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
2
7
2
A Key Plan
SE O B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DN
Large Live / Work Unit Typical Live / Work Unit Industrial Unit Laundry Area Roo op Farming Marketplace Small ehicle Parking Interior Courtyard
B
B
Key Plan
5 1
4
2
1
3
3
8
1 6
7 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 119
SE O C 1 2 3 4 5 6
C DN
Roo op Farming Lobby Interior Courtyard Marketplace Water Feature Mechanical Room
C Key Plan
1
2
2
5 6 120 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
3
2 4
2
SE O D 1 2 3 4
D DN
Marketplace Interior Courtyard Public Toilet Water Feature
D
Key Plan
2 3 4
3
1 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al | 121
S E I E O Legend Ventilation Rain Water Collection
Bamboo Tensile Canopy Allowing Diffused Solar Lighting & Rain Collection
Passage of Airflow
Solar Gain
Farming Solar Gain at 19
19
O
Farming Irrigation
BER
21ST.
Water Systems
TEM IN | MAR CH / SEP
Sleeping Rain Water Collection
Multi Purpose W. C.
Entry
Splash Pad (Treated Rain Water) Rain Water Collection
R GA OLA
Potable Water Gray Water Sewage
Operable Windows / Shading
To Kitchen Operable Windows
PAS S
IVE S
o
ng Sleeping
Sleeping
W. C. Entry
Entryy
Multi Purpose
tchen To Kitchen
To Kitchen Venting Through Perforated Concrete
Sleeping
Multi Purpose
W. C.
Dual Flush Toilets
W. C.
Industrial Unit
Water Feature (Rain Water)
Entry
To Kitchen Ventilation to Marketplace y Beyond
Public Toilet Marketplace
Mechanical Room Beyond Gray Water Treatment System
Municipal Potable Water
122 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
PROPOSED SEWER
Potable Rain Water Cistern
Industrial Unit
Multi Purpose
W S E Facade Cladding Wall System One-step Parge Concrete Block (CMU)
Prime Coat Paint Primer Hollow Core Precast Conc. Panel
Panel Ties Exterior Paint
Typical Cladding System Throughout One-step Parge Concrete Block (CMU)
Prime Coat Photo by: www.vii.in
RE O E
CO E E F E S E
Paint Primer Exterior Paint Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten alal|| 123 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten 123
T E B
DO E B
C O
R CO E O
S E B This bamboo and canvas canopy provides both shading and rain water collec on; bene cial in areas above soil planters. The design increases rain collec on surface area without compromising usable plan ng space. The modular system allows for a variety of con gura ons by combining mul ple bays.
T F G A GOAL AL L Grants
Guarentees Donors
Project Funding $$$
Bridge funds Contracts Revolving Funds Government Subsidies Community Contributions
The typical cost per square footage of a reinforced concrete residen al structure in India, in 2007, was reported to be US $100/m2. This increase is due in part to the demands for higher quality housing and more modern design conven ons. Groups such as Nirman in conjunc on with, the Na onal Slum Dwellers Federa on and Mahila Milan are nonpro t organiza ons that work together to
complete construc on projects focused at making slum areas more livable and hygienic spaces. These organiza ons operate by collec ng funds both from the communi es and investors. These funds are then distributed as small loans geared to the improvement of dwelling spaces and or the building of addi onal sanita on facili es and housing developments.
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126 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
CO O The challenge of rehabilita ng or reconstruc ng Dharavi now lies ahead. Residents and developers are anxiously wai ng for the nal decision from the Indian government as to whether they will proceed in demolishing the exis ng slums, and replacing it with luxury condominiums. It is hopeful there is a couscous e ort to tend to all stakeholders before making such decisions.
ither method will bring forward its own challenges. If the proposed redevelopment gets passed, then up to one million people will lose their homes and or livelihoods. If the area is rehabilitated in a conscien ous manner, then the produc ve essence of old Dharavi will thrive, along with its posi ve gains towards India’s GDP.
other possible ways in accommoda ng the needs of both the residents and developers. The proposed interven on of a midrise building with live/work units is a holis c approach that accommodates mul -genera onal families while maintaining their sense of community. Since there is a 15 % increase of residen al occupancy, plus industrial suites, developers would be able to u lize more space elsewhere. With adequate funding, projects such as this one can break ground.
This proposal is not to transform any grand scale decisions already set in mo on. However, it was set to highlight
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Bibliography Andrejko, Dennis A and David Wright. Passive Solar Architecture: Logic and Beauty : 35 Outstanding Houses Across the United States. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982. David Wright is an author and the principal architect of Solar Environmental Architecture Group in California. Dennis A. Andrejko is an architect and Associate Professor at University of Bu alo, School of Architecture and Planning. This book probes into the study of passive solar architecture within the United States, showing in detail 35 case studies all with varied site condi ons and system applica on. Wright states, “Passive solar design may well be the best way to take advantage of a building’s natural thermal dynamics and overcome soaring fuel costs.” The authors explores systema cally and objec vely into the designs of buildings according to sec on, plan and site orienta on. This book is somewhat a precursor to Andrew Wood’s book that is referenced later. These principals explained in Wright’s book can easily be prescribed into various East Indian se ngs. Ashraf, Kazi Khaleed. Made in India. Chichester, England: Wiley, 2007. The editor is a professor at the University Of Hawaii School Of Architecture. This Architectural Design periodical follows the rapid change of India’s architecture and urban design. A survey encompassing the impacts of globaliza on and their economic growth is portrayed through the wri ngs and works of 25 prac oners residing in India. Ashraf asks a concerning ques on, “Can architecture be best understood through a local sense of place or globaliza on?” This book is a source of many of the current trends in architecture and urban design with the scope of India’s geography and ever changing cultural iden ty. Much can be gleaned from looking at prac oners currently dealing with India’s concerns. Chakrabar , Vibhu . Indian Architectural Theory: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1998. Author is both a writer and architect, comple ng her PhD at SOAS, University of London. In this book 128 | Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten al
Chakrabar explores the relevance of tradi onal Indian science of propor on, orienta on and program in rela on to architecture; known as Vastu Vidya. She probes into secular uses and how they can poten ally be u lized for future construc on. Each chapter underlines the parts of Vastu Vidya and analyses both its roots and modern applica on. Today many Indians and non-Indians believe in these teachings, whether directly or the slightly di erent ‘Feng Shui.’ In order to accommodate the rich culture of Mumbai, it becomes essen al in understanding their belief systems. Correa, Charles. Charles Correa: Housing and Urbanisa on. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2000. Charles Correa is an architect, urban planner, and theore cian and was once Louis Kahn’s appren ce. This book is a chronological overview of the works of Correa during a 40 year period. The focus is placed on housing and other dwellings with many in rela on to the Indian response. His designs range from low-income to high-income and low-density to high density. Correa states “the contents of this book address a range of issues concerning a great many sec ons of our society, from poorest to the most wealthy.” This book is a vital reference when studying Indian architecture with respect to housing. Correa sets precedence to the way one should address the needs of Mumbai. Frampton, Kenneth and Charles Correa. Charles Correa. London: Thames and Hudson, 1996. Charles Correa is an architect, urban planner, theore cian and was once Louis Kahn’s appren ce. Kenneth Frampton architect and professor at Columbia university, New York starts the book with an essay assessing Correa’s achievements. Frampton writes, “Correa’s preoccupa on with what he calls “open-to-sky space,” a paradigm that, irrespec ve of its many varia ons, is s ll a pervasive theme in his architecture.” This book documents Correa’s projects in chronological order. This is a comprehensive well documented collec on of his architectural and urban planning solu ons, ranging from low-rise to high density housing. His work reaches to en re township designing. In his designs, Correa a empts to
retain many of the tradi onal and symbolic elements that are present in the surrounding culture while addressing environmental and economic demands. This book, like the other Correa book referenced, helps to be er understand the appropriate response to Indian architecture. Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Underdeveloped Country. The Massey lecture. Vol. V. Toronto: Canadian Broadcas ng Corp, 1965. Author and Lecturer, Galbraith (1908 – 2006) is a renowned Canadian-American economist. Galbraith taught at Harvard University and served as United States Ambassador to India under Kennedy. He was awarded the Presiden al Medal of Freedom twice and Order of Canada (1997). These lectures talk about the psychological and behavioral causes leading to and perpetua ng poverty through the frame work of “poli cal and social and civil instability.” Galbraith makes note that there is not one single solu on to poverty, nor can we “press a carbon copy of western capitalism” upon them. This book of lectures builds a strong founda on into the understanding of poverty and economics within the “third world.” The prin ng was published in 1965, with some references to the issues of the mes, but the ideas remain current today. Gore, Mangesh B. Mumbai Culture. 8 February 2010 . 29 March 2010 h p://blogs.siliconindia.com/Mangeshgore/ MumBai_Culture-bid-w8L2y1En59108922.html// online_stories Jacobson, Mark. “Dharavi: Mumbai’s Shadow City.” May 2007. Na onal Geographic. 19 October 2009 <h p://ngm.na onalgeographic.com>. Mark Jacobson, graduate from Berkeley, University of California, is a author and editor of New York Magazine, contribu ng to various other publica ons: such as, The Village Voice, Na onal Geographic, Natural History Magazine, and Men’s Journal. This ar cle is a synopsis of the Dharavi, Mumbai’s squa er neighborhood. Jacobson
a empts to eradicate any misconcep ons made, by elimina ng the label of slum. He challenges ideas made by those outsiders. Jacobson states, “Some call the Dharavi slum an embarassing eyesore in the middle of India’s nancial capital. Its residents call it home.” Although his ar cle is argumenta ve and holds many biases, there is a strong parallel to those living within Dharavi. It is important to fully understand local concerns making this piece absolutely relevant.
Mozas makes a profound statement crea ng the benchmark of the book, “The current debate on ci es focus on the issue of density…The dichotomy between the dispersed city and the compact city.” This book makes a concise survey of building shapes and there densi es. It makes a great detailed reference for search seeking out the best shape according to the density. Neuwirth, Robert. Shadow Ci es: A Billion Squa ers, a New Urban World. New York [u.a.]: Routledge, 2006.
Kaur, Harpreet. City by the sea. 2007. March 27, 2010 <h p://www.dancewithshadows.com/mumbai_ history.asp>. Marcus, Clare Cooper and Wendy Sarkissian. Housing As If People Ma ered: Site Design Guidelines for MediumDensity Family Housing. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Clare Cooper is a Professor at the Berkeley, Department of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Wendy Sarkissian is the Director of Sarkissian and associates, planners in Sydney, Australia. This book was wri en as a reference for anyone involved in the planning or rehabilita on of low-rise, high-density housing. A list of guidelines is introduced ranging from access to dwellings to parking. One main cri cism would ask is its prac cality within the Asian context. Although this book has a Western base and was printed in 1986, there are some universal guidelines that can be prescribed globally. Fundamental needs are shared both in the Americas and in Asia. Mozas, Javier and Aurora Fernández Per. Densidad;Density: nueva vivienda colec va : new collec ve housing. VitoriaGasteiz: a+t Ediciones, 2006. Javier Mozas is an architect and planner, cofounder of Technology and Architecture magazine (Publisher: Department of Housing), studied architecture and planning at ESTAM. Coauthor, Aurora Fernández Per studied journalism at the UCM and became founder of the a+t ediciones. This book inves gates mass housing projects by reviewing form and typology of various scales and densi es. The authors review 10 urban plans, 65 built projects with careful analysis of the layouts.
The author is an urban inves ga ve reporter who has wri en for The New York Times, and many other magazines. For his work on squa er communi es, Neuwirth was awarded the MacArthur Founda on Fellowship Award. This book is a rsthand journey of his experience living in four major squa er se lements: within ci es; Istanbul, Mumbai, Nairobi, and Rio. He makes note of their successes and a empts to force the reader to rethink their common percep ons. Neuwirth reevaluates the term slum, he states “To call a neighborhood a slum establishes a set of values.” As the book is tled A Billion Squa ers, there should be an understanding that not all squa ers live in slums. Although one can make a case of the author being biased, Neuwirth paints a very nice and detailed picture of what the condi ons are like within those areas. Many of his observa ons can be backed up through various resources, including the United Na ons.
Since Dharavi is o cially considered as “slum” according to its government, it is important to have the appropriate framework in dealing with their needs both socially and architecturally. Windle, Aaron. The Redevelopment of Dharavi. Mumbai, April 6, 2006 Wood, Andrew and Suzanne Trocmé. Cool Homes in Hot Places. New York: Collins Design, 2001. The author, Special Projects Editor for Wallpaper* magazine and a contributor to The New York Times Magazine, is a journalist, specializing in architecture fashion and art. Photographer Andrew Wood receives commissions from magazines; such as, Ella and Vogue. This book is a collec on of case studies showing built projects addressing a variety of styles and environments, with focus on the ho est territories on the globe. Materiality and tectonics are explored and studied as to its func on and comfort and impact onto the site and its resources. Trocmé states, “key to si ng a hot home; a minor adjustment to orienta on can make a huge di erence.” Although the author is non-scholarly, she is detailed in expressing each site condi on, plan, and materials within an encyclopedic format. This book is a perfect complement to research for Mumbai, in that many of the site constraints are similar.
United Na ons Human Se lements Programme (UNHABITAT). “Today’s Slums: Myths versus Reality.” 16 April 2007. UNHABITAT: For A Be er Urban Future. 18 October 2009 <h p://www.unhabitat.org>. United Na ons is an organiza on that works interna onally that fundamentally seeks to achieve world peace. U.N. looks at many factors of a countries development, whether it is social, economic and poli cal. This ar cle published is a list of Myths regarding slums. The U.N. is a emp ng to do away with our previous misconcep ons of those areas designated slums. This ar cle is informa ve, that a empts to bring an understanding of the way we as outsiders view “slums” and the reality of how they are.
Dharavi: Unleashing Its Hidden Poten alal|| 129 Unleashing Dharavi’s Poten 129
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