A Kinetic Urbanism by Anthony Polukin

ANTHONY POLUKIN

A KINETIC URBANISM

Abstract:

Through the placement of kinetic infrastructure in the urban fabric, an efficient solution to these issues will emerge, while also creating a more vibrant generative urban center. There is a huge influx of people moving into the city from the suburbs and require density, amenities that are within walking distance and vibrant urban spaces, which are lacking in most cities. In this thesis I have created modular system of structures that are that moves and used the structures to test various configurations that emphasizes urban activity and creates 24/7 spaces. I had created two types of systems to further test flexible architecture. By creating a more dynamic urban space allows for people to come together and interact.

Figure 0-1 Discursive Image representing the densification of cities “2-point Perspective Grid Transparency Sheet.” Www.koalatools.com. Accessed November 29, 2018. https://www.koalatools.com/2-point-Perspective-Grid-Transparency-Sheet-p/kt-22b.htm. “Gallery.” Blue Lotus Gallery. Accessed November 29, 2018. https://www.bluelotus-gallery.com/michael-wolf/ Martinez, Peter. “Photographer Vincent Laforet Soars above Manhattan Skyline.” AOL.com. July 15, 2016. Accessed November 29, 2018. https://www.aol.com/article/2015/01/20/photographer-vincent-laforet-soars-above-manhattan-skyline/21131450/#slide=3287773#fullscreen. Tablelist, Inc. Tablelist. Accessed November 29, 2018. https://www.tablelist.com/nyc/discover/.

Chapter 1 | Introduction Statement 17 Argument 18 Manifesto 23 Context 24 Audience Intent 27 Chapter Intent 28 Closing 28 Chapter 2 | Literature Review

36 Literature Review Structure 37 A Call For More Dynamic Cities Interactive Architecture 41 Kinetic Architecture 43 Closing 48 Chapter 3 | Design as Research

Analysis Kinetic Architecture Framings Precedents Statement Framing the Issue Trajectory Initial Criteria Framing the Context (Boston) Initial Studies Framing The Context (Dallas) Design Methods Catalogue of Blocks Design Testing Conclusions Critial Reflection Trajectory 9

51 53 55 64 65 66 67 69 71 83 91 93 96 123 123 124

Chapter 4| Iterations Issue Updated Criteria Site 1 Site 2 Outcomes and Reflection System 1 System 1 and Iterations 1-3, A Critical Reflection System 2 Chapter 5| Final Outcomes Chapter 6| Criticism Critical Reflection + Evaluation

Chapter 7| Figures + Notes

181 183 185 191 197 199 213 215 223

254 255 260

Dedication The endeavors and research within this book is thanks to the support of my mother, Alexandra Polukin, and family that provided support to get me through my masters year and undergraduate year.

Acknowledgements: I would like to recognize the following people that have provided keen insight and support along the way.

Schendy Kernizan: For serving as valuable independent thesis advisor who was instrumental in providing knowledge and challenging me along the way.

Linda Weld: Who had helped me navigate through the Literature Review and be able to discern and bring together sources on so many topics presented within this thesis. I would also like to thank her for sitting on many of my reviews and providing valuable feedback.

Michael Wolfson: Who kept providing constant support and provided valuable critiques that helped move the ideas forward.

1 Introduction

Thesis Statement: Kinetic Urbanism: Re-imagining buildings, that move through kinetics to adapt to various programs to accommodate change for a versatile, dynamic and resilient city.

Argument: By allowing people to interact with the kinetic structures and implement their own program, people can shape their own spaces. The city can adapt to constantly changing trends, alleviating the need to predict these trends by planners. Cities today are facing an influx of people and there is a new density present cites, and will continue to grow. It is estimated that 54% of people live in cites and will grow too 66% by 2050. What is missing in cities today are recreational spaces and vibrant urban centers. What cities need today are dynamic urban spaces that foster a variety of program and can be changed to make the city more livable. By allowing for looser zoning regulations, permitting multiple uses and creating a kinetic architecture with swarm like qualities, we can begin to have a thriving urbanism. Rather than seeing density in negative connotations, density in cities can be seen as opportunity for future development. Â

Figure 1-1

Analytical Image depicting the kinetic blocks in play.

Manifesto: There is something intrinsic in the movement. Movement is the essential mode of operation in all natural organisms since the beginning of time and is the only method we could evolve to survive. Evolutions is primary in all species in a struggle to survive. Survive, as Charles Darwin as put it, only the fittest survive.

Architecture today is not fit to survive.

Machine Architecture The interest in kinetic architecture came about after looking at the machine aesthetic architecture produced in the twentieth century when buildings were thought of as machines. Le Corbusier famously said, “Une maison est une machine-à-habite,r” (“A house is a machine for living in”)0 and modernists had an interest in this idea of functionality being fully expressed on the exterior.

The fascination of machines came from the industrial

revolution which provided the inspiration for the modernist movement. Because of the rapid rate of technological change in the early twentieth century and criticizing the ornamental past, Corbusier demanded that the architecture of his time should instead express this acceleration.

Figure 1-2

Neil Denaris architecture model for PS! Exhibition in New York showcasing mechanistic aesthetics in architecture.“Neil Denari Architecture | Places & Spaces | Pinterest | Architecture, Arch Model and Model,” Pinterest. Accessed November 29, 2018, https://www.pinterest. com/pin/82050024435290316/?lp=true.

He advocated for a pure architecture evocative of machines. Mauro F. Gullein, a sociologist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania identifies that Walter Gropius believes in the machine as the medium of design and how architecture should adapt to the world of machines. He also pointed out that the machine was thought of as a living organism and suggested that architecture should do the same.2 Richard Rogers saw this as an opportunity in the late seventies to create a machine-esque architecture where the systems were expressed on the outside. Neil Denari’s work criticizes the post-modernist architecture of the early nineties, saying that the architecture being built

Figure 1-3

Wes Jones model suggests something more mechanistic, Unit 03 - Metamorphosis,” Gunther Domenig - Steinhaus, January 01, 1970, http:// unit03-metamorphosis.blogspot.com/2012/12/ tract-house-wes-jones.html.

limited the functionality and trajectories of architecture.3 He and his contemporaries turned to designing more machine-esque architecture to provoke a new discourse and agency in architecture. This was to suggest for designing buildings better in tune for the current trends of their time They proposed buildings that were more kinetic and had operable pieces which rejected the static nature of current buildings. 4

The work of those architects were on display in 1986 at MoMA’s ps1

exhibition titled, “Building Machines”

Figure 1-4

Wes Jones work suggests something more mechanistic, “Unit 03 - Metamorphosis,” Gunther Domenig Steinhaus,” January 01, 1970 http://unit03-metamorphosis.blogspot.com/2012/12/tract-house-wes-jones. html.Urban Crowding.” Died and Yet ... February 14, 2012. Accessed November 18, 2018.

Critique I share the critique of Joseph Giovanni, who wrote a response in the New York Times to the Exhibition. Architects in the seventies reflected modern technology in their conceptual work, dealing with the synthesis of cybernetics and architecture. The projects in the exhibition weren’t reflecting the advancing technology of the time and hadn’t incorporated the aspect of computers into their buildings. As Giovannini puts it, they had used pieces of a machine from earlier in the century rather than using current ones.6 This critique drove the ideas away from machine-aesthetic architecture to a kinetic architecture for this thesis. Kinetic architecture is fascinating because there is so much potential to a non-static building that seems to come alive through movement, but the projects presented barely moved.

Kinetics It is important to note that the term kinetics had been used in multiple disciplinary fields, from chemistry, to what my thesis focuses on, physics. Kinetics is defined as “relating to or resulting from motion and the change of motion in objects. Kinetics comes from kinetikos, a Greek term which means for something to be set in motion, and from kine in which means to move.7 Gottfried Leibniz used the term in his working physics to describe the stored energy of an object, calling it kinetic energy.8

Dynamics is more of a system where there are rapid changes happening within.

While dynamics engages with a broader set

of forces, kinetics is more singular in terms of motion.

Kinetics in

architecture has only been found in moats, revolving doors and hasn’t gone beyond these elements through the course of history. The term kinetics 1`architecture had not been coined until William Zuk produced a book with the title Kinetic Architecture, a call for action, a new way to practice and educate. 9

This fascination in kinetics is more research based and conceptual, and very few realized projects have been built after the Pompidou Center in the seventies. The bulk of the realized architectural projects using kinetic elements are facades and begins with Jean Nouvelle’s kinetic facade in Monte Arab, built in the early eighties.10 This continues on as a means for aesthetics only, seen all the way though into the twenty-first century. There seems to be, however, more potential unexplored with kinetic architecture, and its implications on current issues. Michel Fox, a design theorist, would agree as he states that “advancement, however, will only be achieved when kinetic structures are addressed not primarily or singularly, but as an integral component of a larger architectural system.” (Fox pg.52)”11 The Shed, designed by Diller Scofido + Renfro in New York, is a building that moves on tracks using kinetics to divide open and closed spaces. It was an idea out of a creative necessity for the program, and less out of curiosity. When asked whether the future work of Dillier Scofido and Renfro would use kinetics in future projects, Benjamin Gillmartin, a partner of Diller Scofidio + Renfro, responded that it would most like be a one off project, but they are interested in the field.“12 It is a successful kinetic project in the urban context nonetheless and has been integral to the investigation of the thesis. Most architects that use kinetics in their projects are one-off and much like The Shed, based on programmatic issues. In many of the built projects that employ kinetics, the architect responsible would not use mobility in later built work.This thesis will explore new potentials for kinetics in a speeding up world of change in the urban fabric, to deal with density and amplification in urban life.

Density: Smart Growth America conducted research in 2014, investigating the `issue of density in cities. They frame the issue that many cities are becoming more compact and growing vertically, while some are growing horizontally. They argue with evidence against horizontal Figure 1-5

McGuigan, Cathleen, “An Early Look at New York’s Adventurous New Arts Facility, the Shed.” Architectural Record RSS, April 04, 2018.

sprawl. 12 Nationally the most compact cities found were New York and San Francisco, while the most horizontally sprawling cities included Kingsport. Their research shows that economy, safety and transportation is vastly greater in vertically growing cities, rather than horizontally sprawling cities. People in compact cities also spend less on living and transportation as everything is walkable. European cities, with the highest densities, are thriving economically and seem to prosper better than some American cities. 13

Figure 1-6

View of the Shed by DS+R from the Highline Bloomberg.com, https://www.bloomberg.com/ news/articles/2018-07-10/how-the-shed-a-500million-arts-org-plans-to-compete-in-nyc.

Suburban sprawl, popular after World War II, began in America. However, due to this horizontal sprawl amenities and culture were typically hard to reach and required cars. 14 Cities are facing rapid growth because people are coming into city to have amenities within walkable distance. Walk Score, a company that rates your walkability to amenities, has confirmed this phenomenon. After inputting a suburban house address, it stated that the location was “car-dependent, and all errands required a car.”

Living in the suburbs according to CityLab

has proven inefficient, and living in the city has proved more so.16 Figure 1-7 “The Dynamic D*haus,” The D*Haus Company. Accessed November 18, 2018. http://thedhaus. com/portfolio/the-dynamic-dhaus/.

Figure 1-8

“The Dynamic D*haus, The D*Haus Company. http:// thedhaus.com/portfolio/the-dynamic-dhaus/.

Audience Intent This thesis involving kinetic architecture is primarily for people associated in the architectural discourse including planners and developers. We as humans cannot be complacent and blind to the future and must stop living in the present, worried about current needs, but more about future needs. Rather than stagnating and focusing on issues that affect us directly, we must face issues that are ahead.

Buildings can no longer remain static and monumental but must become resilient. This thesis aims to bring back and spark discourse on our agency in architecture and kinetics. It is a topic that has been abandoned and paid little attention to in the past century. Lastly, I intend to expose true potentials in transformability and movement in architecture in hopes that this research can be continued. Using my successes and failures through design testing, anyone interested in this work can forge a new path toward a more resilient future of architecture and cities. This theisis aims to critique, rethink, and provide an oppurtunity to think abou the way we go forward and plan cities in less rigid fashion.

Chapter Intent Chapter 2

Chapter two, the literature review, is intended to understand the issue of densification of cities as a result of the accelerated influx of people. It intends to expose and prove that our architecture cannot keep up and is too stagnant for catapulting into the future. Following issue stated and solutions sought, the review gives a brief introduction into the synthesis of kinetics and architecture. It examines the role kinetics will partake in as an alternative option to the issue of densification in cities, providing a critique of today’s planning methods. Literary figures are brought in as a means to understand different points of views and the dichotomy between each source. The literature review serves as integral part to what will be introduced in chapter three.

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter four continues the integral work done in chapter three with a more rigorous method and exhibits the final outcomes of testing though comprehensive design. This is by no means final but another test in the search for a more elastic city and the implementation of kinetics.

Chapter 5 Serves as reflexive mode of comprehensive critique and inquiry into the work done throughout the course of testing. Reflection on work done is brought to light throughout this chapter.

Closing

Through this heroic journey, the thesis will take a position and

Chapter three consists of a brief overview of lessons learned

combat various criteria that will have gone through iteration

from chapter two and the new trajectory the thesis will take

after iteration, and be tested as a means of critical inquiry. This

as a result. Through precedents and imagery, we begin

thesis is not only about highlighting the potentials of kinematics

to understand which position my thesis takes and the argument

but also strives for a more humanist urbanism that engages

is presented with evidence to back it up. A series of critical testing based on a set of criteria is explored. Lessons learned from these iterations are taken away to better serve further investigations in chapter four.

people through chance interaction, scale, and democracy of spaces. The notion of the identity of an individual or a group of people is brought to light through the thesis. My final outcomes will bring to a city a new sense of opportunity and optimism in thinking about our future ahead.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Organization

Literature Review Structure

A Call For A More Dynamic Urbanism

Interactive Architecture

Kinetic Architecture

Closing

Cities are rapidly growing in population and the resulting density is becoming problematic. Archi-

tecture is not built to withstand this continuous influx of people. Rather than ignoring or seeing this issue with negative connotations, we can embrace it and see it as a new opportunity for a new type of architecture. How can we begin to mitigate these problems and find possible solutions, when an easier solution would be to start over and build a new city. My interest in this topic had arisen from the research done on kinetics and what purpose they could serve architecture in a new way and to discover new trajectories that kinetic architecture takes based on critical issues in the city present today.

Literature Review Structure The structure of this literature review first identifies the critical issue facing cities today and criticizes, while comparing various solutions implemented and suggested by architects, planners and the government. Interactive Architecture is brought into play, as it is a solution for the issue presented at a smaller scale than cities in general. The third part of the literature review, Kinetic Architecture, deals with an overview and dissection of kinetic architecture. Questions are raised about how we define it and how it may be implemented to mitigate the issue surrounding density due to rapidly growing cities, population wise, discussed in the first part.

“Accepting the dynamics of buildings and cities, which are now usually ignored or rather considered an unavoidable temporary discomfort, can turn architectural change into an ecologically efficient process as well as a new urban experience.”1

Figure 2-1

Artwork depicting a more adaptable city. Ephemeral New York, https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/tag/1930s-new-york-city-streets/. Price, Cedric. “Cedric Price Fun Palace for Joan Littlewood Project, Stratford East, London, England (Perspective) 1959–1961,” Lee Bontecou. Untitled. 1959 | MoMA. Accessed November 18, 2018,https://www.moma.org/collection/works/842. “Sky Images.” Free Stock Photos. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://www.pexels.com/search/ sky/.

A call for a more dynamic urbanism

Through the agglomeration of people, cities are growing rapidly and becoming overpopulated, and the resulting density is becoming a critical issue facing cities today. Because of these cumulative issues, the architecture is not built for this new influx of people and development can’t keep up. Housing is becoming more incommodious and prices are increasing while new businesses are having trouble finding space to move into. Because of this people in cities are living and working in more cramped conditions. JLL, a development company, projects 85% of people will live in cities by 2040.2 Due to this increase in population, there is a bigger demand for real estate and infrastructure present in cities. Already, Amazon may move to New York and create new jobs, bringing even more people into the city. Amazon states that they will create over twenty-five thousand new jobs through this transaction. 3 The U.S census shows that many major cities face over a twenty- thousand-person increase every year, and if this rate continues, cities will become unlivable.4 People as a result are packed into every square footage available resulting in undesirable

outcomes, health wise and socially. Cities today now require

to overpopulation. 11 The goal was to move the residents

new solutions to mitigate these issues.

away from the capital, which was against what Burdett is

Ricky Burdett, a designer and theorist, advocated for

advocating for. Songdo, in South Korea, near Seoul, is a new

a solution that suggests in engaging with the existing city. 5

city built to deal with overpopulation and high density like

In a similar fashion, Ed van Hinte, designer and author, favors

Shenzen. However, it was not as successful and the results

reusing the existing as well, but also working with the least

were undesirable. There were fewer people living there than

amount of resources as he believes that “we save time by

development had thought resulting in the city becoming a

thinking ahead, constantly reusing what is already there.”6

ghost town. 12

Michael Fox, a design theorist and professor at California State

Kisho Kurokawa, in Metabolism in Architecture, agrees

sees the congested urban environment in which buildings are

that cities deal with overpopulation by extending city limits or

demolished or constantly constructed as a catapult for the

creating satellite cities as seen in the case of China. Kurkowa

idea of a more flexible city. 7 He supports the visio of a city

believes an efficient transportation system will help ease

being able to adapt to such long-term changes as they occur

congestion and overpopulation by moving people to the

over time. He mentions the discourse on spaces and objects in

countryside. Kurokawa was part of the Japanese metabolism

the built environment that gather information on the activities

movement which had started after World War II when Japan

happening. This in turn will anticipate future trends of the

had lost its cultural identity due to the atomic bomb. Due to

user’s activity and adjust accordingly.

the loss, the nation harnessed a new idea of regeneration and

Burdett claims everything in a city changes but the architecture, which remains stagnant. Burdett suggests that

looked to rebuild cities in a less utopian fashion, but a more reflexive one. 13

“formal solutions that promote segregation and isolation,

With this new agency, architects and artists in Japan

and to move towards an aggregation-based model that

looked for a new trajectory in forward thinking when it came

creates spaces that are more elastic and permeable to

time to rebuild their cities. A more organic and flexible city

change.”

was a primary focus of theirs, proposing that segments of the

City planners and developers deal with density by using the Housing Athens Charter, developed by CIAM and

city could grow or wither away while the city went on evolving. 14

Le Corbusier, as a basis for all their overcrowding solutions, becoming a one size fits all solution as suggested by Burdett. 10

Instead of finding new solutions, they resort back to old

solutions because they seem convenient and are blind to this. In the case of China, cities are constantly growing at an accelerated rate and the solution is to resort to the tower typology, packing people into cramped apartments. More drastically, to deal with overpopulation, China tends to build new satellite cities moving people out of the capital. Shenzen, a satellite city near Hong Kong, built in 1980, was a response Figure 2-2

Sketch of “La Ville Radieus” 1924, L”Kenzo Tange & Rem Koolhaas/OMA The”Conscious Inspiration Chain”, Someone Has Built It Before, April 25, 2011

As a result, the Japanese Metabolist movement began and Kurkowa identified that “Their ideal is to design a city so flexible in its connections that its parts could grow, transform themselves and die while the whole animal went on living.”`15 Part of the movement identified that Tokyo was overcrowded and the only solution was to move to the surrounding farm lands. Soon, they ran out of housing and their construction methods were not enough to suffice such an influx of people. This serves as an example of architecture not being able to keep up with overpopulation. To circumvent this issue, their new criteria for building new cities included incorporating technology and plug-in architecture. 16 Similar to Burdett’s implication that the architecture is too

Figure 2-3

Tree Shaped Community by architect Kiyonori Kikutake was in responce to the overpopulationpresent in Japan...., Died And Yet, “Floating Cities and Spiral Skyscrapers Were Kiyonori Kikutake’s Answer to Tokyo’s Urban Crowding,” Died and Yet ... February 14, 2012.

static for a flux times, William Zuk, an architect and theorist, claims that architecture in the city is defined and rigid, criticizing the work of architects and urban planners. Master planning is done on the basis of an unpredictable future. As the master plan is established, and the projects are built later on, the technological and sociological trends have changed and the building in the master plan is now arbitrary. The architect’s intentions are superseded by the true needs of future developments and changing trends. Zuk proposes that through the implementation of kinetic architecture in the urban fabric, can we begin to better prepare our cities for an unpredictable future. 17

Figure 2-4

Ocean City by architect Kiyonori Kikutake “Kiyonori Kikutake, where pods can be placed and taken out (1928 2011),” Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. October 11, 2012.

Figure 2-5

Nakagin Capsule Tower Apartments, designed by Kisho Kurokawa is typical example of Japanese Metabolism Movement. Photo by Charles Peterson. Craven, Jackie. “The Metabolist Movement in Architecture.” Thoughtco. Accessed November 18, 2018.

Michael Batty, a British designer and urbanist, acknowledges the accelerated rate in which cities grow and implies that the urban city should be seen in a less rectilinear fashion. 18 He goes on to advocate for not designing the city around stable patterns and routines, but around a group of spatial events that change over a course of time. He clarifies that “events that take place in time and space, where the event is characterized by its duration, intensity, volatility, and location.”19 Depending on many people are involved, we can begin Figure 2-6

to measure the intensity of the impact an event has at a certain time and place. He presents these ideas as he begins to see that in cities, events happen in a short period in contrast to the past and have the most urban impact and can be seen in Boston. Events that take place in Government Center have the biggest impact, drawing in millions of people at the time of the event, which only lasts a short period of time, reactivating the plaza. Before these events, Government Center is a desolate non-urban friendly space, scattered with empty picnic tables. Thinking globally, unlike other sources, Chuck Hoberman discusses these issues and concludes that the world, not just cities, are going through rapid changes and that our practices

Figure 2-7

and architecture can no longer support this. 20 He calls for a more adaptive architecture to withstand the rapid changes. His solution consists of using fewer resources to create large structures, not unlike Buckminster Fuller and his geodesic domes. The biggest difference between Hoberman’s spheres and Fuller’s domes is Hoberman’s emphasis on kinetics and the ability to retract his domes with ease, which implies transportability.

Interactive Architecture William J. Mitchell believes predefined spaces are not sufficient for our changing times and requires flexible spaces because humans have once again begun to lead a more nomadic lifestyle. In a similar notion Zuk argues that to design spaces that meet any programmatic need, kinetics will have to be incorporated.21 Mitchell looks at this issue from a macro to micro scale, focusing specifically on the buildings configurations. His views on Archigram, a prominent source within this research, are that Archigram’s projects are non-deliverable and just a fantasy. Mitchell sees their process towards reconfiguration as an over responsive and tireless process with little results to show for. Physical reconfigurability is also seen in a negative light and that it in fact does nothing for space configuration.22 Tristen Sterk would agree with William J. Mitchell, but gives a more humanistic approach to adaptable and transformable architecture. Sterk believes architecture has been very dictatorial in assigning space for the users and the way they use these spaces. He makes the case that by giving the control back to people and allowing them to reconfigure spaces as needed, it would be forward thinking in advocating for a future where versatility is key. He references Yona Friedman and describe how Friedman saw a change in the relationship between the architecture and client, and saw that architects can no longer anticipate the spatial needs of the user. He proposes hardware design and software design to achieve a more human centered architecture where the user is given control to configure their spaces as need be. 23 Zuk would agree with Sterk, seeing the need for more participatory architecture, which brings a democratic approach to kinetic structures allowing users to control these buildings. 25 Sterk brings forth three ideas that revolved around interactive architecture which propelled the discourse further, architects design systems not buildings, the feedback system was a powerful tool and practice must adapt to new changes. 26 Yona Friedman, Andrew Rabeneck and Charles Eastman are the key figures included within Sterk’s paper. Sterk identifies these key figures in the realm of cybernetics and technologies in the 60s and 70s and concludes they are merely

Figure 2-8

Illustration of more interactive architecture and giving control back to the user.

foundations to be built upon and critiqued. Sterk sees this mode of responsive architecture applied to communities as their needs are constantly evolving. Interactive architecture today is made possible by the technology that has become cheaper which is why it may have been so speculative and conceptual in the 70’s. 27 Interactive architecture brings about a more human centric mode of designing, allowing for a more adaptive architecture that responds to changing trends and needs. Michael Fox’s intent in Interactive Architecture is to change the democratization of spaces in the built environment. He advocates for changing the way humans interact with the built environment and proposes that the best use of kinetics is through interactive architecture. This is because he claims architecture should be more human centric and help aid them in certain tasks. He sees the relevance of including motion into the built environment and the impact it has on buildings as the highest importance in the architectural field today.28 These notions of the rejection of the static and a leniency towards something more adaptable is a constant theme among the literal sources gathered thus far. We have identified possible solutions brought about by theorists and solutions already implemented that are not feasible in our flux times. Tethered together, kinetic architecture in the urban realm may be a solution to cope with the issue on density, which is a result of the continuing influx of people coming into the city. William Zuk’s goal is to get rid of the connotations that architecture is a frozen time capsule and looks for a more radical approach. The writer Jan C.Rowen insists that “... our present task is to unfreeze architecture—to make it a fluid, vibrating, changeable backdrop for the varied and constantly changing modes of life…”29 We as architects strive for permanence and solidity and design buildings as static monuments. However, due to our flux times there needs to be a shift in our mode of design, towards an architecture adaptable for constant changes and well prepared for the future. He proposes that through kinetics we can break this trend of monumentality and transcend current practices for a more resilient architecture.

Kinetic Architecture Beginning in the fifties, technology was at the forefront and constantly evolving, striving to become better. By the late sixties, modernism had run its course and by the late seventies was no longer fit to host the architectural evolution as suggested by architect Patrick Schumacher in his Autopoiesis of Architecture. 30 In Kinetic Architecture, William Zuk coined the term Kinetic Architecture in the 1970’s. His book is the basis and the foundation for people interested in Kinetic Architecture, and is not to ignore previous work done in the realm of kinetics and architecture. Before this any dynamic architecture or movable architecture was mentioned in relation to the work of Archigram, and their interest in the amalgamation of cybernetics and architecture. We can see this in Ron Herron’s project, the Walking City, in which the city is on a vessel which allows it to be nomadic. If we look at this project, it is classified as mobile or moving, not kinetic architecture. We can attribute this interest in cybernetics to the breakthrough of Nobert Weiner’s work, a mathematician, in the fifties thinking about the synthesis of the human and the machine. 31 Gordon Pask had questioned if technology, or cybernetics, could be combined with architecture and was the first to predict the smart home in the seventies. Like many contemporaries, Pask believes there can be an intersection between cybernetics and architecture, allowing architecture to become more logical and adaptable. 32 Heidegger states that “Machine technology remains up to now the most visible outgrowth of the essence of modern technology...”33 The interest in the technological and computational architecture fascinated architects, serving as a catalyst for further exploration including Nicolas Negroponte who deemed it necessary to implement computing in architecture. 34 Cedric Price, fascinated with this notion, developed the Fun Palace, where he combined computation and architecture creating dynamically shifting spaces. Not one space is pre-defined programmatically, and spaces within the Fun Palace change according to user input. This project ties into the ideas of Mitchell and Sterk, serving as inspiration for them. 35 Unfortunately the Fun Palace was a mere fantasy and remained conceptual. Renzo Piano and Richard

Figure 2-9

Drawing of Archigrams Walking City Visionary_cities_Nic_Clear_07_12 - IKA, https:// ika.akbild.ac.at/events/public_activities/winter_2015/visionary_cities_Nic_Clear_07_12.

Roger, also inspired by the Fun Palace combined with a longing for machinist architecture, designed The Pompidou Center in Paris, built in the seventies. This project was not fully realized and the spaces within remained static which had subverted the true ambitions of the project, of moving space. Carolina Stevenson questions the role of movement within buildings, questioning the rationale behind kinetics in architecture. She asks whether a kinetic building needs its entire structure to be mobile, whether the building should be adaptable or whether it should just be deployable. 36 Kinetic architecture could be all three, where a building is more adaptable to the rapidly changing times. Both Zuk and designer and acclaimed author, Michael Schumacher look at nature as a basis for kinetics as all natural organisms move. They utilize nature to frame how technology mimics nature in its applications. Nature is in constant need to adapt constantly and evolve, and motion is the condition in all objects and at micro and macro scale all things move unless presented with a pressure. Chuck Hoberman keeps reverting to nature as inspiration in his work and sees transformation is as close to nature one can get where everything natural transforms. He gives examples of the life cycle of humans and other species. 37 In the same light, Metabolists also refer to nature constantly in looking for a solution to their overcrowded cities. William Zuk and Roger Clark define kinetic architecture as “an architecture which will adapt to continuous and accelerating change”,38 promoting the idea that after construction, the building will continue to change and evolve. Kosta Terzidis takes a more environmental stance on defining kinetic architecture and states it is the integration of motion into the built environment.

William Zuk

goes on to frame the architectural applications and sorts kinetics into eight categories: Static structures that are controlled kinetically, self-erecting structures, movable structures, reversible architecture, incremental architecture, deformable architecture, mobile architecture and disposable architecture. 40 Through defining and categorizing kinetics, he provides a catalog of tools for architects to use in their own work.

Zuk writes about Christopher Alexander’s book “Notes on the

Synthesis of Form.” 41 He takes away from the book that architecture is a three-dimensional object that responds to physical and nonphysical pressures. These pressures are not singular and consist of many variables working together, if one of these variables were to change the form will alter its state. Buildings throughout architectural history have always evolved due to set pressures and technology is a tool for interpreting these pressures by the architect. Rocks, canyons and sand are many examples of natural versions of this phenomena. The main challenges for the architect, is to respond to all the pressures, however this is not feasible. He believes it is necessary to develop an architecture that can respond to all the pressures and adapt constantly through the incorporation of technology, echoing the ideas of cybernetics. He believes the architect should not be replaced completely, but would no longer serve as the middle man for interpreting these pressures. 42 Structure should instead be able to transform accordingly as a result of the pressures on a constant basis, suggesting a kinetic architecture. Much like Zuk, Robert Kronenberg, architect and professor, also believes buildings should not be static and should be flexible because the world is in constant flux. He advocates for a more dynamic and adaptable architecture, suggesting kinetics as a solution for a more resilient approach to current issues. Kronenburg categorizes kinetic structures into four categories unlike Zuk. 1. Adapt: buildings designed to change for different functions, 2. Transform: buildings that change shape, space, form and appearance, 3. Interactive architecture 4. Moving architecture. 43 Through a variety of case studies through multi-disciplinary fields, critically investigating each category, he is in high hopes that his book will serve as a catalyst, promoting a more dynamic and efficient architecture. Seeing the potential of moving architecture, Michael Schumacher states how architecture must be like a choreographed dance performance where something static has the potential of moving.44 Architecture in turn must act upon this potential, rejecting 46

its static nature. Movement is a change in position from the initial position through acceleration until the object is in a new static position. Movement in architecture is broken down into open, closed, or in between. 45 Michael Schumacher defines kinetics as the recording of the geometric displacement of one or more bodies over time. “ Kinetics is then divide into eight classifications of movement and

are broken down and analyzed through details and sections. The classifications break down kinetics into ten operations more than categories. Swivel, rotate, flap,slide, fold, expand, contract, gather and roll up and pneumatic, creating a matrix of parts. 47 His task, like Zuk, is to provide a catalog of details that can be implemented into any architecture allowing it have the ability to move. The purpose of this is that he sees moving buildings as more efficient and intelligent while providing for a more spatially rich experience. 48 Michael Schumacher, like Zuk hopes to change the way we think about architecture, moving away from static notion, to more dynamic ones. This organization is in contrast to Mazier Asefi who categorizes transformable, or kinetic structures into only three distinct categories giving a more framed view unlike the other authors. These categories

Figure 2-10

Image depicting the amalgamation of computers and architecture. This image suggests that architecture is manufactured and has the components of a computer. Architecture has the capability of being more intelligent and adaptable as Pask had suggested “1969-70 - SEEK - Nicholas Negroponte “Download Robot Arm Transparent PNG,” Stick Png, http://www. stickpng.com/img/bots-and-robots/robot-arm. “EDSAC99,” Department of Computer Science and Technology – Security Group: All,”https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ relics/history.html. “File:Aerial View of Memorial Highway State Road 60 in Tampa, Florida.jpg,” Wikimedia. https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Memorial_Highway_State_Road_60_in_Tampa,_Florida.jpg. RobotWorx, “FANUC M-710iBT/70 Industrial Gantry Robot Arm,” YouTube,April 02, 2013, https://www.youtube.

include tensile structures, bending and compression structures and spatial frame structures. 49 Asefi exposes the technical failure, constraints and challenges of these structures as well as looking forward and the future of kinetic structures. He reveals that if executed incorrectly, a transformable building will prove inefficient having consequences on the environment and the people. 50 However, to prove efficient, these transformable structures must be easily constructed and deconstructed as well as having simple connections but should not compromise the overall aesthetics of the structure. Transportability and ease of movability is pertinent when dealing with a network of kinetic structures and Asefi believes, similarly to Mitchel and Sterk, that these structures should be adjustable to the user’s needs. 51

William Zuk hopes that kinetic architecture can serve as a

paradigm for changing practices and the way we educate students as it will imply for a more adaptable architecture and less monumental architecture. His goal is to aspire architects at all levels to re-think the 47

Figure 2-11

Cedric Price Fun Palace Drawing, Morteza1,“{ Urban Strategies : Gaming },” CEDRIC PRICE: FUN PALACE.,January 01, 1970.

way we design and change the discourse from buildings about image to buildings that adapt. Each author presents their classification and dissection of the way they view kinetic architecture to provide a kit of parts for an architect to use in their own work, supporting Zuk’s ideas and promoting the shift in thinking the in architectural realm towards a kinetic architecture

Closing In culmination with the above ideas and dealing with overpopulated and dense cities could kinetic architecture serve as a valuable paradigm to help mitigate these demands. If kinetic architecture is implemented into the urban fabric, would it be able to coexist with the city in a harmonious manner? Buildings have always been torn down or added onto, which is an expensive operation. Kinetic structures, however, can move or be taken down when not needed, thus proving a more efficient system. The city can become more vibrant and dynamic,` gaining a new trajectory for adapting to the future through this implementation. These ideas bring about a new agency to urbanism, one that is more adaptable and resilient. By engaging with the existing city and celebrating the new density in a harmonious fashion through kinetic structures can we allow for architecture in the city to keep its relevance, while removing the strain of supporting the new influx of population.

Antonio Sant’Elia states that architecture must

move away from the traditional to something more dynamic. He boldly states that “We must invent

and rebuild the Futurist city like an immense and tumultuous shipyard, agile, mobile and dynamic in every detail” 52 We also must see density as an

opportunity rather than a problem, and redefine the city as one that is not defined and zoned, but one that is pragmatic, versatile and resilient.

3 DESIGN AS RESEARCH

Organization

Analysis

Kinetic Architecture Framings

Precedents

Statement

Framing the Issue

Trajectory

Initial Criteria

Framing the Context (Boston)

Initial Studies

Framing The Context (Dallas)

Design Methods

Catalogue of Blocks

Design Testing

Conclusions

123

Critial Reflection

123

Trajectory

124

Figure 3-1

Top Discursive Image showing a more interactive and kinetic architure for a city (Anthony Polukin

Analysis

Taking lessons learned from the literature review and from the precedent studies, while making a critical investigation into

kinetics as whole in the architecture discourse. It was apparent there needed to be a new trajectory for kinetics in conjunction with architecture. The big question was how to implement kinetics within architecture into a new mode of thinking while staying relevant and current. What had originally had been thought of as the singular building adapting to changes, soon became a critical investigation on the urban context, that was subject to change as well and needed to be more adaptive and resilient.

What happens to our built environment, if a building moves, rather than remaining stagnant and what notions of architecture are questioned as a resultant. If a building moves in a plaza what begins to happen to the plaza, and how does it alter the space. Identifying critical urban conditions that demand transformation was the start in the thesis investigation in further exploring the potential of kinetic architecture. This notion would move past the singular planes and architectural elements such as the facades and the operable roofs. In the time-line, (Figure-3-4) we can see that kinetics in architecture is heavily research based and more emphasis on facades have been placed. There has been very little built work and the ideas` Kinetic facades, however are interesting in what they begin to do, perception wise, which is a key factor in this thesis. When we begin

Figure 3-2

Intial sketches of kinetic strcutures inserted into the urban fabric. (Anthony CC BY)

to look at Ned Kahn’s work with kinetic facades, it begins to express something that isn’t normally seen which was wind. Due to the kinetic facade, a person can visually perceive wind. Many of the kinetic facades begin to embody a visual cue of a natural element we otherwise would never see. This chapter will be less focused on precedents, but on more the effects of how kinetics within architecture changes our urban environments through design testing based on a set of criteria. Critically examining key issues in our cities today and begins to mitigate them through the implementation of kinetic structures. Modes of representation are also addressed in begging to think about this thesis. Figure 3-3

Ned Kahn-Technoram Kinetic Facade that shows the movement of the wind. Smith, Sophia. “Ned-kahn-technorama-facade-detail.” Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers. Accessed November 21, 2018. https://makezine.com/2016/12/02/kahn-windsculptures/ned-kahn-technorama-facade-detail/.

KINETICS ARCHITECTURE-FRAMINGS 1980-Jean Nouvelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Arab Institute

1950-CYBERNETICS-NORBERT WEINER

PROTO-TYPES/ RESEARCH/CONCEPTUAL WORK 1960

ARCHIGRAM

1971

1984

1970- WILLIAM ZUK-KINETIC ARCHITECTURE

1991

THE SHED-DS+R

FACADES BUILT PROJECTS PAVILIONS 1998

PRIMARY SOURCES

2009

2019

2010-MOVE: Architecture in Motion - Dynamic Components and Elements-Michael Schumacher, Michael-Marcus Vogt, and Oliver Schaeffer

Figure 3-4

The Shed, New York City, Diller Scofido and Renfro The shed is a creative hub with a mixed use of exhibition

is less of a boundary and they feel free and not rejected.

space

Highline,

This open area is not prescribed to any programmatic

need and is an adaptable space to any function.

and

major

performance

tourist

space

destination,

along

which

the

results

high

pedestrian traffic. Instead of filling the whole site, the architects designed an exterior shell that moves along

An interesting phenomenon occurs as the building moves

two tracks between the main building an open space.

on the track. When The Shed is extended the open area is a space, however when it retracts, and is open to the air it is

The Shed can host a variety of entertainment events and

a place, a destination. This project is very limited in kinetic

as Batty mentioned, have the most impact. The Shed,

function as it is stuck to the x-axis, and a couple of doors

provides an ample amount of lessons on the effects on

move up and down. This is based on the constraints of the

urbanism and human perception when a building moves

site and is limited by the confines of the tight urban context.

and kinematics are involved. I had asked what happens when a building moves, how is space and place de-

This project was chosen for study as it was in a very

fined, what is the scale, and what are advantages and

dense urban setting along a major pedestrian route and

disadvantages. Kas Oosterhuis in, Architecture Goes

in terms of scale, the open area is the size of Faniuel

Wild, asks the relevant question of whether we would

Hall.

become

have built another tower in that location and made more

tired

constantly

moving

architecture.

This questions the developers side who could

profit. However, a kinetic structure was chosen instead The view across the site is blocked when the building is

and placed on to the site that’s over three hundred feet

rolled out, but at the same place the person will see the

long. The Shed only has loosely pre-defined program and

performance inside. When the building is extended, it

can adapt to any theater type, or entertainment type.

creates a barrier to the people and privatizes the performance

space. However, when retracted, the open area is free for all and no boundaries define who can and cannot go into the performance. The open area brings more people as there

Figure 3-5

Analyzing the Shed, in it’s retracted position Scoffidio Renfro, Diller. “CULTURE-SHED-Poots Edit V7 (under 4 Min).” Vimeo. November 17, 2018. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://vimeo.com/295027366.

Figure 3-6

Analyzing the Shed, in it’s extended position Scoffidio Renfro, Diller. “CULTURE-SHED-Poots Edit V7 (under 4 Min).” Vimeo. November 17, 2018. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://vimeo.com/295027366.

Spielbudenplatzin, Hamburg, Germany Spielbudenplatzin Hamburg Germany, Various functions occur throughout the year. From farms markets, to other set ups and concerts, the plaza changes throughout the day. This is the vision for kinetic urbanism. As we can see in Figure 3-8C, it however is dead at times. Kinetic urbanism aims to create an energetic 24/7 place for people use. Already kinetics has been implemented into the plaza, but only two pieces come together. This plaza in particular replaces an old car park with a multi-functional event space with kinetic structures. In Figure 3-7.

“Concert Set Up,” Spielbudenplatz Hamburg St. Paul, https://spielbudenplatz. eu/en/experience/events/st-pauli-nachtmarkt.

elevation two structures form to create a U-shape by the use of tracks and thus create one big stage. When apart two small stages emerge providing multifunctional events. 2(Figure-3-8A)

It goes to show that there is a demand for constantly changing event spaces and a more vibrant urban space.

Figure 3-8.

”Farmers Market Set Up”, ” Spielbudenplatz Hamburg St. Pauli, https://spielbudenplatz.eu/en/team-en.

Figure 3-9

“Reeperbahn.” Wikipedia.accessed 27 October, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Reeperbahn/

Figure 3-10.

“LUFTAUFNAHMEN HAMBUR, SPIELBUDENPLATZ HAMBURG,” Luftaufnahmen Hamburg, accessed 27 October, 2018, http:// www.luftaufnahmenhamburg.de/map-location/luftaufnahmen-hamburg-spielbudenplatz-hamburg/?mpfy_map=214.

Sundance Square, Fort Worth, Texas In Fort Worth Texas there is a demand for a vibrant urban center, a place can gather and enjoy themselves. Sundance square constantly changes, programmatically, as people have all sorts of needs. This is a place where people can come to meet new people or catch up with current ones. This dynamic nature constant activity is what this thesis aims to bring to the cities.

Figure 3-11.

“Sundance Square Plaza” , The Beck Group, www.beckgroup. com/projects/sundance-square-plaza/.

Figure 3-12.

“Sundance Square”, www.wheretraveler.com/dallas-fortworth/play/sundance-square.

Figure 3-13.

“Yoga in the Plaza.” , Sundance Square, sundancesquare.com/event/yoga-in-the-plaza/.

Figure 3-14

“Sundance Square Plaza Movie Night” , https://frugalinfortworth. com/2015/06/05/free-outdoor-family-movie-series-at-fort-worth-sundance-square-plaza-starts-wednesday/

Other Precedents Cedric Price-Fun Palace (1961) With movable spaces that change and adapt to the different uses it is an ambitious project. Utilizing kinetics and game theory, the buildings is based on a code, and when there is a new use the code transforms space to suit the needs of the new user. Price believed technology should aid the sociological aspect to architecture and provide freedom to people.

Figure 3-15

“Cedric Price: Fun Palace “, https://medium.com/@XUE_Zhengsen_2848832/a-funpalace-2848832-93ed4adf87ea

Ron Herron-Walking City (1964) After founding Archigram, a firm to devoted to projects about technology and a bit of science fiction, Ron envisioned Walking City. These cities are about adaptable change for the unpredictability of the future and allow for rising sea levels and changes in climate. Each city has it’s districts and zones and is the New Bablyon.

Figure 3-16.

Rowlings, Emily. “’A Walking City’ - Archigram and Ron Herron – Emily Rowlings – Medium.” Medium. May 18, 2018.

Cedric Price-Spatial City(1969)

Figure 3-17

Archigrams Spatial City, https://arch3281. wordpress.com/tag/kyle-heppler/page/2/

Jean Tinguely- Lunatour – Labyrinthe Dynamique Jean Tinguely was a pioneer in kinetic sculptures and enhancing urban environments through movement and spatiality.

Figure 3-18.

“Lunatour” Holden, Susan. “The Kinetic Architecture of Jean Tinguely’s Culture Stations.” The Journal of Architecture, vol. 24, no. 1, 2019, pp. 51–72., doi:10.1080/13602365. 2018.1527385.

Figure 3-19

“Dylaby” Holden, Susan. “The Kinetic Architecture of Jean Tinguely’s Culture Stations.” The Journal of Architecture, vol. 24, no. 1, 2019, pp. 51–72., doi:10.1080/13602365. 2018.1527385.

Statement: In our accelerated times, cities transform at a slower pace and are not able to keep up with the speed society is changing, culturally, economically and technologically. Cities have been growing at a slow pace with only parts of city developing in a long span of time. This has been the case since the beginning of cities.

Kinetic Urbanism takes this slow change and accelerates it, instead of change in the cities happening in the time span of years, this change happens within a day. Instead of constructing new buildings, that remain stagnant, kinetic architecture proposes modular structures that can be easily taken down, move and put back up within a day. The idea of this accelerated transformative power that the kinetic architecture holds is a true testament to the potential that Kinetic Urbanism has. While buildings today are only able to host one programmatic function throughout its lifespan, kinetic urbanism allows for a multitude of various programmatic functions to happen throughout the day.

People come into the city to work, have, lunch and at night and on weekends they play, but these events are disconnected within the city. Kinetic architecture accommodates all these events in one day throughout the week, by simply moving or reconstructing itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s self in one place. Kinetic urbanism begins to create a more vibrant urban center, transforming 9-5 communities into 24-7 spaces.

Framing The Issue As mentioned before, there is a huge influx of people moving

scratch instead. 13 This is the antithesis to my solution and what

into the city at a rapid rate and the architecture can’t keep

Micheal Beatty proposes which is to engage with the city.

up. Espinoza says “I think the biggest thing that I’m sort of

Cities today keep developing offices and residences

worried about is the infrastructure not keeping up with the

with no attention to entertainment and people need a place to

growth.”3 Zones and building in the city are too strictly zoned

spend their time. Rem Koolhass explored this idea in Delirious

and defined, for a rapidly growing city, and one needs a more

New York and the idea of escapism and how everyone went

adaptive architecture, one that can change over time to various

to Coney Island to get away from the city.14 What if instead

programmatic needs.

people could stay in the city and gain this escapism effect by

structures simply changing during the weekends to a different

In the chart seen in figure 3-11 and we can see

that each year thousands of people flock into the city.

It is

configuration, creating a new experience.

This thesis will

estimated that 54% of people live in cites and will grow too

ensure that cities have a quality of life and a place in which old

66%.5 Recently a migration towards the city became a growing

and new residents can thrive in.

trend and urbanization was on the rise, as mentioned before the

suburbs have become inefficient mode of living. UN-Habitat

through the increase of growth they are facing changing

claimed in 2009 that over three million people move into cities

demographics, effective use of planning and developments

every week globally. 6 Population growth is primarily happening

and making sure the citizens have a sense of opportunity and

in cities and it is estimated that by 2050 the population growth

enjoy living in the cites. Kinetic Urbanism seeks to reconnect

The New Urban

diverse parts of the cities and outside communities as it will be

in cities will grow from 4 billion to 7 billion.

Agenda produced by the United Nations backs this claim up and to identifies this issue.

Cities that are increasing in population identify that

spread out but connected.

They remark how flexibility must

be adopted into their planning. Australia is keeping flexibility in mind when planning their cities in response to an increased population spurt. 9

Keeping this in mind the biggest problem is that

there is not enough time to create new infrastructure to keep with the influx of people or constantly changing trends.

The

2015 migration report states that increased density in urban areas is putting allot of pressure on infrastructure. Lastly PWC analysis estimates that 78 Trillion Dollars will be spen globally

2050

on infrastructure alone to combat the population growth. 11

Dan Doctoroff argues that “... you cannot plan to

the detail or even, sort of, the gross level what’s going to happen in the future. Instead what you can do is, create the infrastructure.”12 His solution to infrastructure not being able to keep up with our growing cities is to build a city from

Figure 3-20

”World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division.” United Nations, https:// population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/.

Trajectory Three questions were asked before the testing began serving as speculations on trajectories moving forward. One, how do we design for accommodating diversity present in the rapidly growing cities, a New Babylon of sorts. Two, how can spaces, in a plaza letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s say, begin to change and accommodate multiple events at once rather than one and three how can we then take the plaza model and apply it to urban fabric. With these questions in mind we can begin to understand the relationship of the city and kinetic infrastructure.

Kinetic architecture allows for a versatile and unique

approach to solving a range of urban issues as they are flexible and adaptable to any space and becomes a critical inquiry into transforming cities and allowing them to be prepared for the future. Static buildings in the city are built as monuments and donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow for change, thus not being able to keep up with our changing times.

Kinetic Architecture, however, is multifaceted and

can begin to not just represent our time in our current year, architecture has always done, but represent the future. In its flexibility and dynamics, kinetic urbanism challenges or current practices and the way we design cities when thinking about the

My thesis begins to explore architecture that can

accommodate this influx of people by being able to configure according to the programmatic needs of the user. This idea would bring a democratic approach to architecture, as discussed with interactive architecture, giving the control back to people.

When the idea of kinetic urbanism was formulated, it

began in interest into an investigation into the conditions that would result in if a building moved in the city. What are the implications, benefits and connotations when this was to occur?

I was less concerned with the issue at hand and more

about the relationship between a moving and transforming and the city itself through the superimposition of the kinetic architecture into the city. The idea is due to the superimposition a more generative urban center is created.

Identifying

urban

conditions

that

demanded

transformation in the city and setting up criteria was next logical step in the process. I had initially picked to look at underutilized spaces within Boston and more specifically, the financial district. I had initially picked to look at underutilized spaces within Boston and more specifically, the financial district.

future.

To begin to test, a generative criteria had to be established to be able to gage whether one test is successful or not. This criterion would allow for well definedoutcomes.

Are the structures adaptable enough to be able to handle a multiple varieties of programmatic needs?

Is it adaptable, does the architecture reconfigure itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s self-enough to accommodate various needs presented. The aggregated structures must be able to withstand the rigor of multiple programmatic elements on a weekly basis and there must be enough of one type of structure to satisfy this requirement.

The kinetics structures must be habitable and accommodate

various occupants.

Since many of the structures defined will host program this criterion is super crucial. There are some structures that will have no functionality other than provide seating but most will have support many programmatic elements. The interiors will also be reconfigurable being able to adapt to any needs. The spaces within will be moved by the users as they see fit.

Do the structures movements have a purpose and is the intent clear, when on shifts or slides?

When each one of the structures moves, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trajectory must begin to have a certain intention or reason behind the movement. This will be crucial in testing and to meet other criteria when testing

Framing the Context (Boston) Boston provided a great testing ground for initial testing as I explored kinetic architecture in the urban fabric. The financial district doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t provide urban-friendly space and thus financial districts, on weekends, are ghost towns, and during the week day they are circulation spaces meant for the daily commuter. Taking elements from the financial district and transforming these elements through the use of kinetics, we can begin to apply these techniques to the city as a whole. Government Center plaza was used to explore kinetic structures transforming themselves to adapt to various programs demanded by the plaza. Many times events are held on the plaza, but we are used to an empty plaza for most of the year. Can structures transform themselves to accommodate new events or programs through the year? The greenway is full of program, but failed to connect the city together, my solution was to attempt to connect the financial district, the government center plaza and the greenway to create a uniform urbanism that is connected. Figure 3-21

The purple in this photo highlights the areas for reconnection downtown Boston. Interactive, Neave. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Explore Satellite and Aerial Images of the Earth.â&#x20AC;? Zoom Earth. Accessed December 09, 2018. https:// zoom.earth/.

Initial Studies

A study in implications of a kinetic structure in the urban fabric. This notion plays with views and space configuration.

Goals

Figure 3-22

All design and drawings in this chapter are produced by Anthony Polukin unless otherwise noted (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

My initial set of inquiries included garages, in between space, wasted space, plazas and alleyways. I had wanted to the kinetic architecture to be less site specific and more global, something that can be put up in any similar condition, in any city. There was an idea that it could also be easily removed, but soon turned away from this notion. Exploring these through many iterations, I had gotten rid of alley spaces and wasted spaces as it did not fulfill some of the criteria.

BOSTON

LOS ANGELES

A study in implications of a generic kinetic structure in the urban fabric. That can be placed in any city. This notion plays with views and space configuration.

Criteria

AMSTERDAM

Outcomes Though many of these tests fulfilled the criteria, it was clear that a building can be plopped anywhere an work as expected, however being more site specific with my interventions was required. Some of the moves, seemed when not placed in the same context, were arbitrary. The only movement in these studies were in one direct and my purpose is to allow for more than one piece to move.

Initial Under Utilized Spaces Study (Site Specific)

This intervention reacts to site and the steps continue up into the infrastructure.

Platforms extend down and become stage spaces.

Goals

My next set of inquiries included being more site specific and reacting to existing conditions. In this iteration I had engaged with the infrastructure, i.e using the existing steps to continue to create a theater space in the City Hall Plaza as seen in (Figure-3-11) or using a building edge to define the boundaries in which a full swing of a kinetic structure can occur (Figure-3-12)

The Building Swivels and Creates New Spaces as a Resultant

A New Space Emerges as a resultant of the Operation

Outcomes Though many of these tests fulfilled the criteria, a more defined area to work within was required and working scale was

needed as well, thus a jump from hand drawing to the computer was necessary.

Operation: Move + Rotate

` Goals

This variation allowed the undefined blocks to move and rotate about freely on wheels throughout the plaza. In turn their placement affected the circulation patterns that had occurred on the plaza. This test was to under stand how space is affected by moving objects in a space.

The operation of each block affects the spatial configurations throughout each scenario

Circulation too, highlighted in blue is affected

Outcomes There was to much freedom and more explicit rules had to be defined in order to control the movements of the undefined

blocks. More Intent had to be shown for each configuration going forward.

Operation: Move + Rotate + Grid

Blocks are placed on the platform and reconfigure themselves above the green way. Configurations change based on programmatic needs.

This iteration extends into the harbor, and connects the city further.

Goals

The infill is above the Greenway where the kinetic blocks play.

This test was to understand the effects of the superimposition of a grid over the city with kinetic structures placed on top to understand how it would interact with the city. The grid set at 90 feet allows for cars to remain on the street level while allowing people to move freely about on top.

The

superimposition begins to reconnect the city which the green way had attempted to do, but failed to do so. A grid has been

Outcomes This test was crucial to other tests as the grid provided an opportunity.

The down side in turn didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow for a great

freedom of movement with they locks. The skinny strip set on the green wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t enough alone to reconnect with the city, and moving forward I would have to connect, The Greenway, City Hall Plaza and the Financial District.

Operation: Move + Rotate + Infill

This serves as the vertical circulation piece to access the platform

These blocks would serve as a fun palace type situation and can be used for a variety of programmatic functions. These are movable partitions, giving the user the ability to reconfigure the partitions to suite their

Retail is placed in a grid like manner

The infill is above the street away from the cars. This gives Goals

Outcomes

This test was to understand the effects of the superimposition of

Their was very little space for movement in the skinny streets of

a platform over the city with kinetic structures placed on top to

the infill and I would have to find a way to circumvent this issue.

understand how it would interact with the city. The infill was set at

It wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t enough alone to reconnect with the city, and moving

90 feet allows for cars to remain on the street level while allowing

forward I would have to connect, The Greenway, City Hall Plaza

people to move freely about on top.

The superimposition

begins to engage with the existing buildings, where terraced roofs became theater spaces.heater spaces. This test began to implement program and what these structures could be. 78

Operation: Move + Rotate + Grid

Goals:

Outcomes:

This test was to understand the effects of the superimposition

This test was crucial to other tests as the grid provided many

of a grid over the city with kinetic structures placed on top

new opportunities. The down side to this test was the limited

to understand how it would interact with the city. The grid

space defined by the grid which in turn didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow for a great

set at 90 feet allows for cars to remain on the street level

freedom of movement with then locks. The skinny strip set on

while allowing people to move freely about on top. The

the green wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t enough alone to reconnect with the city, and

superimposition begins to reconnect the city which the green

moving forward I would have to connect, The Greenway, City

way had attempted to do, but failed to do so. A grid has

Hall Plaza and the Financial District

Operation: Move + Rotate+ Infill

These blocks would serve as a fun palace type situation and can be used for a variety of programmatic functions. GENERAL RETAIL MOVABLE PARTIONS

These are movable partitions, giving the user the ability to reconfigure the partitions to suite their needs.

Retail is placed in a grid like manner

Outcomes: Goals: This test was to understand the effects of the superimposition

Their was very little space for movement in the skinny streets of

of a platform over the city with kinetic structures placed on

the infill and I would have to find a way to circumvent this issue.

top to understand how it would interact with the city.

It wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t enough alone to reconnect with the city, and moving

The

infill was set at 90 feet allows for cars to remain on the street level while allowing people to move freely about on top. The superimposition begins to engage with the existing buildings, where terraced roofs became theater spaces. This test began to implement program and what these structures could be.

GENERAL RETAIL MOVABLE PARTIONS

Operation: Move +Grid

A Convention sets up and requires an array of booths

A Jewish holiday requires a long procession of strcutures

ENTRY STAGE

ENTRY

New Startups require more square footage

An Event occurs and requires privacy and a stage RETAIL EVENT OFFICE CONCERT

Goals Utilizing the grid on ground level and bringing in programmatic aspect this design test begins to define the blocks that were previously undefined. This testing brought about a narrative to which the more defined blocks had to adjust to. This test shows the capabilities of kinetic structures to adapt to various programmatic needs defined by users and is a step away from static architecture. This is also shows the importance of narrative in my design testing as way to understand the potentials of the blocks.

The Kinetic Structure Lifts up to allow for booths to be set up on the bottom.

Boutique Shops and event merchandise structures require Full Enclosed Space, but at a lower height ENTRY STAGE

ENTRY

Startups would be in the typical structural block with three floors of space

RETAIL EVENT OFFICE CONCERT

The stage structure would be a 4â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Platform

Outcomes A more rigorous definition of each programmatic element needs to be explored to understand why the blocks were placed the way they were place, otherwise it seems arbitrary. The grid creates a more defined set of parameters in which to play within and allows us to understand how the blocks may move, but this, now, is constricted as well.

Framing the Context (Dallas) My next set of testing was to find a city that was more rapidly growing In the United States and the south is facing a huge influx of people, specifically Texas. (Figure 3-15) It is facing more influx as result of more jobs and cheaper housing. The city itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s self is very progressive and there are many cultural dedicated buildings and big companies moving in. The city was built as a commuter city with over 28 parking lots that take up a lot of the city and massive highway infrastructure that is surround the city like fortress walls. The city is becoming less and less a commuter city as more residential complexes are being developed just north of the financial and cultural districts. Though the city will now, be more walkable, developers are still building with nonapparent entrance and emphasis on garages.

The city also seems to be on the verge of sprawling horizontally, which as mentioned before can be problematic. These conditions proved ideal for testing ground for the implementation for kinetic structures that adapt to change and the needs of the individual and programmatic functions. The kinetic structures would allow for the city not have to sprawl out and concentrate their developments inward. It would begin to make more space for people while taking over the empty lots that fill the city. With all the millennials flocking into the city it would seem ideal to allow them to use the infrastructures to create new start-ups and begin to allow for maker spaces. The city is also divided up by distinct districts, but are a separated by the highway, can my implementations connect these districts together and begin to weave the city together.

Fig 3-23 Interactive, Neave. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Explore Satellite and Aerial Images of the Earth.â&#x20AC;? Zoom Earth. Accessed December 09, 2018. https://zoom.earth/.

RAIL REPA

TION

DISTRIBU

Fig 3-24

Daniels, Matt. “Human Terrain.” The Pudding. Accessed January 05, 2019. https://pudding. cool/2018/10/city_3d/?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com.

Fig 3-25

Daniels, Matt. “Human Terrain.” The Pudding. Accessed January 05, 2019. https://pudding. cool/2018/10/city_3d/?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com.

Operation: Slide TRAIN

NEW BOUTIQUE RETAILS POP UP FOR SIX MONTHS

DWN

NEW BOTIQUE STORES

NEW LUNCH SPACE FOR THE EXISITNG BUILDING

NEW START UPS

PROMOTIONAL

November 19, 2018

Goals Testing continued with implementation of kinetic structures within Dallas as a way to test if my implementations could engage with the street. This proposal took out some of the streets to re-purpose them as Dallas is becoming less of a commuter city. Here the challenge was to deal with the trolley tracks while tying together this part of the city through a uniform distribution of kinetic structures. This test also engages with the existing structures and uses them to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s advantage. Acknowledging the street with trolley running with it, a platform raised above the tracks was placed which consequently allowed to connect with the existing sky bridge, and upon this platform, lies the kinetic structures.

This raised platform also allowed for a more privatized area

as this implementation would be throughout the city, people would enjoy some privacy.

The platform sits upon a parking lot which is

underutilized allowing for the re purposing to these lots thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more

This proposal blocks of the road and makes way for the kinetic infrastructure, as Dallas is becoming less of a commuter city. Circulation is obstructed, forcing the user to interact with a variety of booths that have been set up.

urban friendly. This platform is not disconnected from the rest as a ramp brings the user down into the next plaza where more event geared spaces are held. The street in turn connects the two spaces and is organized with kinetic infrastructure allowing for a more connected experience as a user walks through.

The Blocks begin to interact with the existing buildings, a new lunch spot for the existing building tenants is created.

TRAIN

New Retail requires more squaare footag

An Expo is looking for space in the city to set up.

DWN

Event Venue

Seperate concerts can occur

May 5, 2019

Circulation is obstructed , forcing the user to interact with a variety of booths that have been set up.

Events occur throughout the day and the blocks allow for concessions and food to be sold.

TRAIN

NEW RETAIL SPACE REQUIRE MORE ENGAMENT NEW RETAIL SPACE REQUIRE MORE ENGAMENT

NEW RETAIL SPACE REQUIRE MORE ENGAMENT

NEW MAKER SPACES

NEW STARTUPS REQUIRE LARGER SQUARE FOOTAGE AND LUNCH PLACES FOR A YEAR

DWN

NEW INTERANTIONAL FESTIVAL

May 15

Outcomes Within these tests, I had strived to justify the positioning of the blocks based on the program they needed to adapt to. This test however was to scattered and closer examination needed to take place.

make this justification even more clear, moving forward, a catalog of blocks would need to be produced that states what each block does and its purpose and intentions. Also, zooming in and understanding in detail the programmatic function the blocks solve would help clear up the ideas presented. Theses tests have been to large in scale, to understand the true intentions of every block.

Coming closer and

examining the pivotal roles each block plays in accommodating for a variety of programmatic functions is needed.

This proposal blocks of the road and makes way for the kinetic infrastructure, as Dallas is becoming less of a commuter city. Start-ups require more square footage, thus the kinetic architecture is connected.

The Blocks begin to interact with the existing buildings and a new lunch spot for the existing building tenants is created.

Design Methods Axonometric Drawings Axonometric drawings was the means of representation that I found most appropriate for the next set of testing. This was due to the fact that it looked at the whole picture in all dimensions while explicitly maintaining a sense of scale. Working in plan and section is hard in terms of representing movement and understanding the whole picture. One can now gain a sense of all the pieces coming together in an amalgamation of kinetic structures in the urban fabric through a three dimensional lens.

Catalog of Blocks

After working in plan and sections and at too large of a scale, what is needed was to begin to define the blocks and to describe each of their intentions. Zooming into the block and beginning to understanding itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roles and functions was crucial to the process and integral to the thesis. This resulted in a catalogue of blocks that can be used for various pragmatic functions, enabling flexibility which is a key criterion. The blocks serve as an entry to an inquiry into the potentials of the thesis and begin to open doors to design.

Each block, like an actor in a play has its own part to play. Each block will have a different relationship with another block, creating unique spatial configurations when put together.

The blocks will serve as a

catalyst and a kit of parts for future design tests when implementing kinetic urbanism made up of these blocks into real sites. Each of the blocks have a unique operation and when implemented creates new conditions allowing for a variety of play to occur.

Through various configurations the blocks can solve various programmatic needs on a daily basis. They would need to be stored and using existing buildings would be an ideal place to store them, for them to roll out.

Each one of the blocks are portable and the goal is that they would can be moved from site to site, city to city. In an effort to allow for cities to keep up with our accelerated times, these blocks serve as a fundamental efficient solution. Rather than renovating or adding on, which is an expensive operations to existing buildings, tenants would be able to use the blocks for any of their needs. The blocks would just attach to the building, glass would be removed allowing flexibility for the tenants.

Design Testing 1: The Blocks Purest Intent The next set of tests merely represents the intent of the blocks and the most ideal solutions for the visions of Kinetic Urbanism. This is the ability of the blocks re-arranging themselves for a variety of various programmatic functions in a matter of days.

The idea of

work and play happening in one area based on the specific day is brought back through these tests. The tests are arranged, starting from the weekday transitioning into the weekend. Kinetic Urbanism encourages people to stay in the city instead of escaping, as we perceive the city with the connotation of merely being a place for work.

Incubator/Offices for Startups

Community Theater Space

10:00AM Friday

Blocks are stored until needed

Incubators demand privacy and a perimeter is created, creating a courtyard condition.

Block K acts as a door to create an interior condition for the lecture space in inclement weather.

Canteens are provided to serve lunch

Incubator spaces are needed and the blocks role out in rectangular form to provide more square footage for small start up companies, connected to provide seamless interior spaces.

During the Show Block B, Flap open to reveal new characters to interact with those on the stage.

11:00AM Saturday

Block D Acts as Merchandise and Concession Stand During the Play. Block J in Variation 1 Mode, sits upon the Base J Block, which a forms an enclosed space for people to congregate underneath.

An edge is created to serve as a barrier to mitigate between the high noise levels of the city and the performance happening within.

The Blocks that formed the incubator spaces, push-out to accommodate for a theater setup for the weekend.

Block B blocks serve as ticket booths.

Trade Show A Trade Show Rolls in and the blocks form the community Theater Space form a grid like structure and open up at the bottom, allowing for booths to be set up. On the upper Floors, break rooms and storage is provided.

Outcomes + Next Steps Through these tests, I had learned the potential of the using the same blocks in various configurations to meet a variety of programmatic functions. Each piece can be manipulated to overcome various programmatic challenges. In these Tests I had only focused on one event happening, but what if a variety of events occurred within one situation, allowing for a truly flexible urbanism. These set of test only played with on level, but going forward a more multi-level experience would need to be explored. The wall that is created by Block B can be played around more and understanding itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s function. More detail is also required to realize the true potentials kinetic urbanism has through typical architectural representations. Also morep lay with play with the blocks to fulfille the multi-purpose criteria.

11:00 AM Sunday A Permitted is created and a courtyard is created. A solid edge blocks the public from coming in.

Spaces for meetings and lectures are provided Canteens are provided to serve lunch To prepare for winter and some startups leaving the blocks pull back and a retractable roof slides out through a garage door mechanism.

100

101

Design Testing 2: Typical Plaza In these series of design test, the block culminates in a multitude of events happening at once within the typical plaza. This tests focuses on where the blocks will be stored and interacting with existing buildings. The existing building on the far left has an empty facade ideal for play of blocks along it. Four various programmatic functions are met within this test and are organized around the plaza. This test introduced a block, now removed from the catalogue, that served as a stair case. This was replaced by Block M to fit the multi-purpose criteria. Multi-level spaces were created and the overall tests were more dynamic than previous ones before. Taking lessons learned from the aggregation testing, the next set of testing interacts with the existing structure and provides new opportunities along the facade.

102

Scenario 1

A 103

Spaces to view the events that occur below from above are achieve with the use of Block B. (B)

Spaces for meetings and lectures are provided

A pinch point is created to not allow people without tickets to sneak in

Program: Music Festival Trade Show Retail Exhibition Spaces

Key

Retail Aligns with the Sidewalk creating a barrier and a separation between the road and the trade show.

Blocks are are open at the bottom to allow for stands to be set, the upper floors are not used, in this case. The convention may use these space for storage and break rooms.

C The Purple Block aids in stage support, i.e hanging lights, spotlights, and to use during the show for people to stand on, (now removed from the catalogue).

104

Scenario 2

A 105

A Separate Exhibition takes place adjacent to the music festival, providing space for local artists to display their work.

New Multi-Story space is created by stacking Block B

Spaces for meetings and lectures are provided

Blocks placed in a Square like formation, and a courtyard condition is formed for the ventilation of spaces.

Boutique stores and retail align with main street to bring people into the plaza and creates a barrier between the office spaces and the road.

Program: Music Festival Incubator Spaces Retail Exhibition Spaces

Key

106

Scenario 3

A total of 6 Stages can be used during the music festival and are centrally located to provide maximum visibility and allows for large crowds to gather at each stage.

A 107

New Multi-Story space is created by stacking Block B Blocks on the perimeter can be reserved by the public

Canteens are provided to serve lunch

A perimeter is created for the music festival by Block A, while also serving as a retail function.

Block B is used as a ticket booth and blocks unwanted people from entering

Program: Music Festival Spaces for Reserve Retail

Key

Exhibition Spaces

108

Outcomes Going forward the blocks would need to be re-fined to fit the multipurpose criteria, and some blocks hindered the same results as other blocks.

Also, more play with multi-level spaces would need to

be investigated.

This test was successful as it began to play with Blocks B

along the existing facades and using them to enhance the experience. The Blocks were arranged specifically to the challenges they met and more spatial and enclosed spaces were formed throughout these tests. Going forward more detail is needed in understand the spatial configurations created and the impact of each block. More intention is to be defined in some areas, as some of the moves created seemed arbitrary. The blocks fulfilled the criteria and allowed for a true flexibility in the spaces shown.

109

Design Testing 4: A True Kinetic Urbanism After the blocks have been refined, the programs defined, and taking lessons learned from previous tests, this test was the amalgamation of various events happening at once within the typical plaza. Within this test more details are provided, this includes floor plans, perspectives, sections and details to gain a true understanding of the implications the blocks have. Existing buildings, have been more defined and expressed, to allow the blocks to interact with them even more so than before. This led to a critical investigation of the role existing buildings had within these scenarios.

110

Set Up 1

A C

Program: Music Festival Tech Exhibition Space Retail

A 111

Additional Office Space

Block B is stacked to create a multi-level space to accommodate more people for the show.

A pinch-point is created using Block B, used as a ticket booth.

The Tech-Show requires booths to be set up and a large workshop area. ( Fig.3-45).

Block C creates a more secure area for robotic arms to be implemented.

Access is restricted to the show.

Block A is used for retail and creates a perimeter that defines boundaries. This block can be stacked to create a multiheight retail experience. Walls can slide which ever way, creating a customizable space for the retailer.

Block G creates more square footage for a tenant in the existing building without having to add on to the building as it is an expensive operation.

112

Set Up 2

Program: Music Festival Farmers Market Retail

A 113

Additional Office Space

Spaces for meetings and lectures are provided. Canteens are provided to serve lunch. (A)

The Blocks remains in the large complex to accommodate various market configurations within. (B)

Block A is tacked on top of one another, to mitigate between the high traffic noise on the road and the market.

Block H slips into the existing structure, for tenants in need of more space.

Block C is need for a new meeting/ conference space, requiring for Block C to Expand. (C)

114

Set Up 1 Plan

Figure 3-75 (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

115

Canteens are provided to serve lunch

Workshops with 3D Printers ar e various tech are created for an interactive experience.

Boutiques can configure their space as need be.

A Courtyard condition is created for ventilation purposes.

116

Set Up 2 Plan

Spaces can be configured in the boutique spaces as needed.

Spaces can be configured in the incubator as needed.

What was a interactive tech workshop is now in a farmers market configuration.

Block expands providing more room for the user and to adapt to a conference configuration.

117

Section 1

118

Set Up 2 Sectio Section

Though typically used as a bleacher, Block J , Variation 2 serves as a staircase By stacking, new spaces can be created in a variety of levels

Section 1

119

120

Set Up 1 Perspectives

View A

Figure 3-26 (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

View B

View C

121

The Tech Show Takes Place

Figure 3-27 “Tech Show” (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

Which Turns into a Market Space

Figure 3-28 “Market Space (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

Figure 3-29

A True Kinetic Urbanism Night Render (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

122

Conclusions:

Critical Reflection:

The overall design tests have allowed for framing the thesis in a

The reviewers had mainly expressed the following the thesis

systematic way. Testing had proved successful in the inquiry of

proposal issues:

more dynamic city through the strategic implementation of a

variety of infrastructure with their unique operations. Through

these tests, a tool kit of parts has been created to use in future

way that better demonstrate what my thesis is truly solving.

tests moving forward.

These tests were pivotal in their role

in create a paradigm for future explorations using the blocks.

To be able to express the issue in a more articulate

Why does the way Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m proposing make more sense

than solutions already sought in dealing with high density and what about the solutions I presented is more efficient.

The most interesting aspect to these tests were the

various relationships the blocks had when placed next to

each other, and the idea of what one can do for the other.

understanding what issues cities are facing as a result of

Each block had

specific operation that allowed for the

the influx of people moving in and what their proposing to

manipulation of a multitude of spaces. The blocks provided

mitigate these issues. I would also need to understand how

key insight into their potential, and there had been a lot of play

people will be brought in to site and creating a more major

when these blocks aggregated or stacked. The relationship

urban center.

between existing structures and these blocks proved to be an interesting aspect to the thesis as it creates a new playing field in thinking about a more adaptable city. Instead of having to renovate existing buildings, these blocks would serve as the extra square footage needed for offices to expand.

The final test proved to be an optimistic paradigm

for future tests in which kinetic structures moving around, creating a new urban center that benefits the community and the people.

123

To address these issues more data is needed in

Trajectory: Moving Forward a critical look into the blocks and refining and re-defining as well as adding more pieces is needed. Scale needs to be addressed in understanding the various sizes of each block for feasibility purposes. There also needs to be an identification of which pieces are more permanent and ones that move around more frequently.

The blocks, going

forward, can start to stack and create multiple levels within a site, to provide a more efficient use of space. More emphasis on sections would provide more insight on relationships that happen throughout these levels.

What potential does this have when thinking about

the placement of the blocks, not just on the ground level but on a multitude of levels. How can we begin to play with existing structures and is there potential for habitation along facades?

In terms of site, an investigation of

these block

deployed in Dallas, the thesis would begin testing the idea of these blocks in real sites around the city.

A critical

investigation into how these blocks can be more site specific is another question that comes up and bringing the idea of more permanent blocks versus constantly shifting blocks. Do the permanent blocks react to site conditions more than the static, are questions that demand further explorations.

It would also be great to understand how these

structures are transported from site to site, city to city, all the way to the global level and the implications of these potentials

124

125

126

4 Iterations

Organization

179

Issue

181

183 Updated Criteria Site 1

185

191 Site 2 Outcomes and Reflection

197

System 1

199

System 1 and Iterations 1-3, A Critical Reflection 213 System 2

215

180

Issue There is a demand cities for a more vibrant and dynamic urban center. As seen before in Europe plaza are constantly being used for a variety of programs. Yet, little too often they remain unused and the space is dead. While development builds more and more apartment blocks, thoughts for recreation spaces is minimal. Communities are more bedroom communities and are usually 9-7. What is demanded is a more generative urban center, one full of energy and dynamism that is 24-7 for leisure. People look for a more dense urbanism where amenities are accessible. Parts of the city are completely left abandoned on weekends especially business communities, areas like the financial district.

Site This thesis has global aspirations and is not site specific. A site has been chosen for testing purposes only. In the following maps, the cities selected are facing the largest amounts of population growth and would be ideal to have the system implemented . The blocks could be shipped via a cargo ship and brought to the city via train.

181

These Cities face huge populations growths and would be ideal for the implementaion of the kinetic structures.

Stolkholm, Germany

Toronto Tokyo New Dheli Beijing Shanghai

Mexico City

Kinshasa.

Melbourne

Sydney

Johannesburg, South Africa

Shipping Method

Figure 4-1

Seattle

Washington D.C San Fransico

Los Angeles Atlanta

Pheonix Dallas Houston St. Antonio

Figure 4-2

182

Design Criteria 1 The resultant spaces from the blocks spaces must become a new generative urban center for the benefit of the city.

The Blocks must interact in some way with existing structures surrounding the chosen site.

4 5

Preferably more than one event occurs on in any given situation that the blocks conform to. Preferably more than one event occurs on in any given situation that the blocks conform to. The design should be based around the human and at human scale

Site Criteria 1 The City must have a high demographic year to year with a rising population.

2 The cities architecture is not capable of handling such a large influx of people. 3

Population density is another factor in the cities own demographics.

4 Preferably at least two existing buildings must surround the site for the blocks to interact with.

5 The site needs to be big enough for the blocks to move around freely. 6 The Blocks must interact in some way with existing structures surrounding the chosen site.

183

Individual Block Criteria 1 2 3

Multi-Purpose- Blocks must be able to foster a variety of programmatic functions and satisfy multiple needs. Blocks must have movement in at least two directions. Blocks must have at least two modes of operations

Blocks must be easily re-deployable.

The kinetics structures must be habitable and accommodate various occupants.

184

Site 1

The Site In Dallas fit all of my site criteria and was a perfect location in the city to test my ideas, due to being so close to center and across form the town hall and being on them main drag.

185

Figure 4-3

All design and drawings in this chapter are produced by Anthony Polukin unless otherwise noted (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

Thoughts on site delivery were considered

Figure 4-4

186

Site 1 Testing

B Open

A Closed

C Concert Setup 9:00 AM

5:00 PM

A. The Roof Becomes more Staggered

B. The Tower Block Moves Forward A

The same space can become open or closed. This was important for understanding how the experientially kinetics has an effect on the space and the way a person perceives it.

The Blocks move and a theater space is created

187

Thursday

Thursday Retail

Retail

Saturday

Saturday This block is primaly for office space and incubators.

This block is primaly for office space and incubators.

Block Structures Allow for a variety of events, including an art show. Block Structures Apart to accommodate a private theater performance. Block Structures Allow for a variety of events, including an Blocks Areas used to expand art show. the exisiting Library and serve as study spaces. Apart to acBlock Structures commodate a private theater performance.

Blocks Areas used to expand the exisiting Library and serve as study spaces.

Sunday Blocks Flap open for the library users, after the concert is done. Blocks Move Apar to make space for a concert

Sunday Blocks Flap open for the library users, after the concert is done.

Blocks Move Apar to make space for a concert

Outcomes: 1: Focus in on your thesis and understand what your thesis is really solving. 2: Bring back the idea of human participation and interactivity to the thesis. 3:Think about permanent cores around which the blocks begin to stack. 4: Think about the mechanisms involved in allowing for these structures to move.

188

The Tower Taking the advice of placing permanent cores on the site, The Tower will be placed on each site the system takes over. The tower serves as a service building with egress, bathrooms and storage.

189

LED Panel

Bathroom

Figure 3-72 (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

Entry

Tinted Concrete

190

Site 2

Site 2: This test took a site with developments already planned for an office tower with suburban style restaurant separated form the tower. The tower serves only one function and is at 60,000 sq.ft. It would remove the existing structures and provide underground parking, a costly operation. I chose this site to show how my system was more efficient and resilient as well as creating a more vibrant urban area.

Existing Site: The site has three office buildings that surround a parking lot. The area it is in is an up and coming neighborhood, but the site does not foster a place where can come to.

191

Exisiting

Proposed

Figure 4-5

Figure 4-6,4-7, 4-8

Cedar Springs Tower 60, 000 Square Foot Office building is proposed that would be 28 floors and would demolish three existing buildings on site. Also proposed, in a suburban style, is ground floor restaurants separated from the building . The building also asks for a underground parking gage, which would cost $59 million alone

If my system was implemented on this site it would preserve the three buildings and not require an underground parking garage. It bring a vibrancy to an up and coming neighbor hood. Proposal 110,000 Square Feet Uses: Commercial Restaurant Event Venue

Uses: Commercial Restaurant

192

Testing on Site 2

Spaces change significantly when blocks move back or forth.

The Operable Roof can Slide Into postion when the weather conditions are poor or the sun is too strong. The Pinwheel Like Stage Roates according to the perfmances needs.

Testing the criteria degrees of openness

Outdoor Concert Space

A B A

Enclosed Concert Space 193

The Kinetic roof can slide over creating an indoor venue space

This Building is used to manufactur neccsary facadeds as well as con structing new blocksfor the sit or to be delivered to the city. The exsting buildings are stripped down to their strcuture and the kinetic blocks take over, allowing

Blocks Self Assembly for maximum occupancy. The Weaher Clears and the Blocks complex shift over revealing an outdoor space.

A Martial Arts Studio Occurs

Scenario 1

The Roof Creates An Enlcosed Performance Space . More Space is Need and the Blocks Move over connecting to the per manent tower.

Scenario 2

An Art Studio Occurs

An Large open space for a soccer tournament is created

Scenario 3 In the existing buildings, the blocks remain in place while the partitions are easily folded down creating a variety of spatial spaaces within to accommodate a variety of- pro grammatic needs on an hourly basis.

Outcomes: 1: Focus on mitigating between the rudimentary and the spatiality and find a middle ground.

The Blocks break apart and host various functions.

2: Think about the mechanisms involved in allowing for these structures to move. 3: Provide logic and constraints, rules and

A Series of test to understand the capabilities of flexible interior space

parameters to the structures operation. 194

Users move the blocks around the site to fit their needs

195

A Series of test to be able to incorporate interactivity and allow for users to move the blocks with ease instead of being able to control large roofs.

196

Outcomes: 1: Focus on mitigating between the rudimentary and the spatiality and find a middle ground.

2: Think about the mechanisms involved in allowing for these structures to move.

3: Provide logic and constraints, rules and parameters to the structures operation.

Reflection: This was a pivotal moment in the thesis, to leave behind the catalog of blocks I had produced previously which was done for efficiency, not having to ship different types of blocks onto site.

The blocks also wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to be stored as they are all the same and can be used all the time and other sites.

Most of the blocks within the catalog were arbitrary and never used in testing. Frequently, only two types of blocks were used and otherwise disregarded, as there were too many options. Reducing to one block with a multi-faceted functionality was the correct path for the thesis. The catalog of blocks provided valuable lessons in going forward in terms of arrangement, spatiality and multi-functional use.

197

198

System 1: System 1 uses only one block type for efficiency and each block has a T track system that allows for movement in more than one direction. In previous tests the track only allowed for movement in one direction which did not meet the criteria. Using a pull out panel it allowed for creating a floor or a roof, thus when aggregated the result was an enclosed system with circulation.

Outcomes: The beginning main critique of system one is how people begin to utilize the block and thinking about scale in terms of time and size. The main question that came up was what span of time will the blocks move to another configuration and what the scheduling and limits of the system be. Issues of where furniture will be placed and could the towers be used have come up as well. These drawings do not allow for ample amount of light to come in.

With the constraints in place due the T-Track System, it allows for providing logic and constraints, rules and parameters to the structures operation, something missing before. This allowed for providing logic to the operations while still achieving the spatial variety I had aspired for.

199

Failed Module

The Kinetic Block, when aggregated creates an enclosed system.

9’-0”

15’-0”

OPEN

Wheel (For Sliding in the X Direction) Drops Down when on Intersection

15’-0”

DROP IN

LOCK

Module Aggregated

22’-0” TYP.

8’-0” MAX

The Blocks move along the track to fit programmatic needs. 200

System 1 Details

9’-0”

15’-0”

OPEN

Typical Block

15’-0”

T-Track

Furniture Pieces Exploded Axon

Section showcasing the blocks features and thinking about how the blocks stack. Furniture consists of folding panels that can be configured from chairs to desk. This allows for flexibility on all fronts. Storing in the floor allowed for more space in the block.

201

Elevation

Plan View

Retail Display Table

Due the flexible panels the furniture can take on a lot of forms.

202

System 1`

By removing a column of blocks more movement can occur and more light can enter the block

Program Concept

Office

Rentable

LONG TERM (One Month-Indefenite)

MEDIUM (2 WeeksOne Month)

SHORT TERM

Training

Maker/ Incubator space

Exhibition Office B

Office C Retail

Tech

Event

Office A: Cafe/Plug In Market

Office B: In between office space ( for people on buisness trips.) Office C:Office for Start Ups (Until profit is made) (Authors)

M L S S

203

Weekend S/M are to be vacated to allow for more recreational activities

Concept

After stopping the wheels lift up to begin the assembly process.

To allow for another block to attach when more space is need a screen lifts up

Panels pull out to create hallways.

When more space is required blocks lift their screens up to create a larger space.

The blocks self-assemble and stack.

A foldable partition system can divide a space into multiple spaces

Furniture is stored underneath the floor

The blocks move back on forth and sideways due to the track system

Modular Block Functions

Egress Studies

Future Expansion

Tenant Tenant 1 1

3 Years

5 Years

Outcomes: Issues of light, furniture and utilization have been resolved, now it is a matter of bringing

Tenant 2 Tenant 2

the worked out system onto a site and begin a series of iterations of how well the system performs and to see if it meets the criteria.

Tenant 33 Tenant

204

Iteration 1

During the week the blocks remain in a box like form to allow flexibility of the tenants.

Weekday Setup During the weekend the blocks arrange to various forms to be able initiate interaction between people, and host a multitude of events and become more playful

Weekend Setup

A concert occurs

The Bottom layer would serve as pop-up shops.

205

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Monday Setup

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Core LongCore Term

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Assembly

Weekday Set Up

To begin thinking about program, the aggregated Kinetic Block creates modules. These modules are divided up on site by short term, medium and long term and depend on length of occupancy based on the program concept. As mentioned before, during the weekends the blocks begin to host more recreational activities while the long term blocks remain still.

Track which connects the site to

the rest of the city allowing the Track which connect the site the rest of the blocks to move around as needed. city allowing the blocks to move around as Track which connects the site to needed the rest of the city allowing the

Weekday Setup

blocks to move around as needed.

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Outcomes: There is more movement and play within the blocks. The blocks, however are thought as a building and give off a sense of rigidity, however they Saturday Setupforming more organic should begin formations. The existing structures should only have interior flexibility.

Core

Long Term

ng Term

Short Term

ort Term

Medium

edium

Core Long Term Short Term Medium Manufacturing

Weekend Setup

Weekday Set Up 2

Track which connects the site to Track which connect the site the rest of the the rest of the city allowing the blocks to move around as needcity the Track which connects the site toblocks to move around as ed. allowing the rest of the city allowing the needed blocks to move around as need-

ed.

Blocks form a concert space and become more organic on site fostering a sense of play on weekends only

Weekend Weekend Setup Setup 2

206

Iteration 2

Weekday Set up

Saturday

C Sunday

When the blocks move inward the piazza space becomes denser and only recreational events happen on weekends. 207

Iteration 2: This test focused on the spatial affects of kinetic structures and allowing the kinetic blocks to be less of a building, but more of an organism. Spatiality was achieved by following the types of spaces desired based on diagram A and carving them with the blocks and using the constraints as an opportunity.

Weekend Set up- Looking at who is using the blocks.

Outcomes: There is more movement and play within the blocks. The blocks, however are thought as a building and give off a sense of rigidity, however they should begin forming more organic formations. The existing structures should only have interior flexibility.

Weekday Set Up Defining Spacial Affects (Spatial Variety)

These are the spatial moments the design tests will attempt to achieve going forward.

208

Iteration 2 This series of tests was investigation into the spatial variety the blocks when moved can achieve.

Transition from a courtyard space to a canyon-esque space

Courtyard Space

Looking towards the plaza

View down a Hallway created by th

These axons show the variety in forms which the blocks can conform. The aggregation becomes more organic unlike previous iterations. 209

A more closed courtyard space is created on the weekend to promote interaction.

he blocks

The Courtyard opens to allow for more daylighting during the week when more people are inside the blocks. 210

Iteration 3

Program

Day 1

Blocks begin to take over other places near the site

Five Years Later Iteration 3: To further test the previous iteration this test treated the boxes as a parasite taking over the city. I chose a denser site in Dallas where the blocks could attach to existing structures. The test helped revitalize an otherwise dead plaza into a more urban center and bring the user through.

211

Approaching the site

Entering the Site

Looking Up

Site Section showing how the blocks begin to interact with the existing structures.

212

System 1 and Iterations 1-3- A Critical Reflection Successes:

1. Spatiality was achieved through the T-Track system.

2. More Light was brought in after the first revision.

3. An organic shape was formed throughout the process and the blocks, when assembled were thought of as less of buildings and more of a organism.

4. The ground floor allowed for a congregation of people where there are chances of interaction.

5. The flexible furniture allows for a more versatile system.

Critique:

1. System 1 still feels too boxy and not flexible enough.

2. There can be more light permeating through into blocks.

3. More variety in spaces can be created and there should be more of a balance between interior and exterior.

213

214

System 2: Creating a Balance Between Indoor and Outdoor Spaces

System 2 creates a more balanced relationship with interior and exterior. The last system felt too boxy with limited flexibility, System two unfolds while keeping an 1 22’-0”

10’-0”

interior condition for the occupants. Due to the unfolding , a variety of spaces can be achieved and fits better the thesis goals in terms of flexibility. This system now includes thoughts on how the blocks are powered and how HVAC works.

The Unfolding action allowed for breaking out of the box and being less rigid. The unfolding allows more opportunity for a variety of spaces to be created. 4

Through the unfolding the panel can be locked at an angle creating intriguing moments

215

Exploded Axon

Perovskite solar cell is applied to the exterior Track System

Perovskite solar cell is applied to the exterior

Perovskite solar cells make energy from the sun and movement ideal for the kinetic structures. It also can be sprayed on and tinted various colors, something important when thinking about context. Heat is generated through radiant floor heating systems

Perovskite solar cell is applied to the exterior Generator stores electricityand uses the energy for heating and movment

Detail Close Up of the End Panel

As to resolve circulation issues each block comes equipped with a pull to stair system. It can be adjusted to variety of heights. This allows for users not to rely solely on the towers for egress.

216

System 2 Intial Studies

A variety of office type spaces can be created. System 2 can transform itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s self to any type of event

The new office configuration can allow for tenants to have OFFICE

access to the outdoors.

INSIDE/OUTSIDE SPACES

OFFICE

217

OFFICE

TRADE SHOW

FARMERS MARKET FARMERS MARKET

TRADE SHOW

FARMERS MARKET FARMERS MARKET

FARMERS MARKET

Farmers Market

TRADE SHOW

FARMERS MARKET/ TRADE SHOW

The art gallery has a nice blend of interior and exterior spaces.

TRADE SHOW

Art Gallery

ART GALLERY

218

System 2 Intial Studies

Massing Study

Entry

Spatiality and intriguing interior moments is achieved by various configurations of system 2 blocks. 219

Lighting Affects as a resultant of the void in the unfolding facade. 220

5 Design Outcomes

Going forward with System 2, I had developed a series of scenarios to play out on a site over a course of one week. During the weekday the blocks would be in one fixed position, but during the weekend , due to user inputs on a phone app the blocks transform based on algorithm. With many sites across the city it easy enough to find a space for an event. This portion also questions the global aspects to the system.

Thesis Goal: To create a resilient design where architecture can fit a variety of programmatic changes in a tight time span.

To bring people together an initiate interaction between people and create a convivial spaces.

To reactivate under-utilized spaces and take 9-7 Communities to 24/7 communities.

Methods: Animation Axon Animations

223

Design Criteria 1 2 3 4 5

The resultant spaces from the blocks spaces must become a new generative urban center for the benefit of the city.

The resultant spaces should foster interaction.

Balance between indoor and outdoor spaces

Preferably more than one event occurs on in any given situation that the blocks conform to. The design should be based around the human and at human scale

Due to revelations as a result of system two and thinking about what this thesis is truly attempting I had created some new criteria.

224

Typical Weekday Set up with pop-shops on the bottom floor while other program is held above.

Figure 5-1

All design and drawings in this chapter are produced by Anthony Polukin unless otherwise noted (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

Retail One Week Retail-

ASSEMBLY SPACE

aASSEMBLY

Weekday Set Up- Less Kinetic 225

People in the blocks can now have access to the out doors

Entry

Pop Up Shops remain static while offices above have the ability to move around

View from the outdoor space provided. This is chance for people to interact with one another.

Existing buildings on site, or any site are to be gutted and replaced with flexible interior walls for office use for an indefinite time. More permanent retail takes up the first floor .

Section showing people the balance between interior and exterior systems

A 226

227

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

The user activity aspect comes into play when an organization or individual requires a certain type of space. They would simply open up a phone app and type in their needs and the date two weeks before their event. Each configuration as seen in the examples is based on an algorithm that has prescribed functions, but based on various needs can offset and become unique. This makes this thesis an on demand architecture.

Step 5

Figure 5-5

(Anthony Polukin CC BY) 228

B B

A community group has asked for a space to set up a large farmers market with exhibition and conference spaces on the floor The plan supports a large interior market with support market stands on both side and is based on the algorithm.

Farmers Market- Saturday, 9:00 AM 229

Interior View of the Large Market Hall

Exterior View The farmers market brings a vibrancy to the site and brings curious people in.

The stair system provides a bleacher opportunity.

CONFERENCE/ EXHIBITION

FARMERS MARKET

Figure 5-11

(Anthony Polukin CC BY)

The stairs in each block allows for a second story and in the Farmers Market Scenario the first floor would be devoted to the market while upstairs would be a conference and exhibition space.

230

231

The farmers market is a bustling scene in the morning.

It begins to show people coming together and

congregating within the site. The idea is that the system will bring communities together.

Figure 5-12

(Anthony Polukin CC BY)

232

Local artists have requested for a variety of exhibition space for a large viewing showcasing local talent.

The exhibition has an indoor and outdoor space for displaying art of all sizes.

A variety of exhibition spaces can be created, from small to medium to larger spaces for larger pieces of art.

NU Moderne- Saturday, 9:00 AM 233

Entry

Medium Gallery Space

Hallway view with a tall space where art can be hung

Large Gallery Space

With the panels at an angle in some of the top floor exhibition spaces, more light can flood in while allowing for an intriguing experience. After this event occurs the blocks go back to the Weekday set up. Taller Spaces are achieved and can be used for hanging art.

B After this event occurs the blocks go back to the Weekday set up.

Figure 5-16

(Anthony Polukin CC BY) 234

235

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

An algorithm provides logic to each setup. The algorithm takes input from a phone app where a person plugs in information about an event being hosted and a date.

Step 5

Figure 5-17

(Anthony Polukin CC BY) 236

Plan Dance studios asked for a large interior space and the city took advantage and used the opportunity to provide recreational space in addition to the studios to promote a healthier living.

Blocks unused can becoming changing rooms

A variety of recreational events occur.

Recreation Center- Saturday, 9:00 AM 237

Street Performers perform regularly when their is an opportunity.

Various types of dances occur in the same space.

238

Plan

Through the lift mechanism a stage is created

Due to the unfolding action a large space can be created to fit large crowds

Concert Set Up - Saturday-9:00 PM 239

People wait for the concert to begin.

The concert occurs and the towers LED wall changes hue. The site becomes a 24-7 space.

240

241

The blocks create an indoor arcade type set up with offices on the top floor and pop shops on the ground floor.

242

Summer Setup 1

Winter Setup-Open

Winter Setup-Closed

243

For flexibility and the want for a global solution the blacks need to adapt to colder climates. Through the use of a generator which would heat up the blocks, the panels shed off snow by sloping down in the winter.

The blocks panels slope down during the winter.

244

245

Also, due to global aspirations for the system, the system would need to be more contextual to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surroundings. It allows people to be more accepting of the new system, and doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel like a spaceship landed in the city. In some cases more modernized cities would appreciate the blocks as they have a have a flea market feel to them. They are also more to human scale than the large developments happening in cities.

When Placed In Different City the Towers become contextual with the surrounding context by incorporating a similar material for their construction.

The pervoskite panels in the blocks themselves are tinted a different color to match their surroundings.

246

The kinetic blocks begin to interact with existing structures becoming a symbiotic relationship with the city, This thesis is meant to work with the city and is not intended to replace architecture.

247

Kinetic Blocks Take over Existing Buildings in Downtown Dallas With Constant activities happening, as people use the blocks 24/7 there is a new sense of urbanism, a more dynamic one, a true Kinetic Urbanism.

248

249

250

6 Critcal Reflection + Evalutation

Criticism: Key insights brought upon the reviewers included

issues of scale. What is a truly believable schedule that

up and how would the system begin to evolve based

this system would operate time. Size was another scale

on new types of people interacting with it on a constant

to question when thinking about this system, the idea

basis. Would this system begin to learn occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s be-

of modularity comes from necessity, the work produced

haviors and lifestyle and adjust accordingly. This would

was a speculative assumption of something unpredict-

be truly difficult if new people arrive every day.

able if implemented in the real world. A key note was

that it would be fixed in one position for a long time. I

materiality, though this thesis was not about the aes-

however disagreed, stating that this is an on demand

thetics or thermal performance of a block, but looking

architecture and would be just one person controlling

at the capabilities this system would have. Ideas of

it, many people would contribute. It would also go to

changing the material to be contextual was in the works

the default setup of the weekday if it lingered in one

as well. I have to agree, it would be interesting to study

setup for too long. This was however a valid comment,

the possible materials to make this a truly comfortable

one I had not thought of before. I believe the purpose

environment to spend a day within one of the modular

is the communities needs on a constant basis, we all

structures.

desire something every day and need different spaces every day, this is why I believe this system would be constantly changing.

Another criticism were how the blocks engage

with the landscape, this question was not something I had thought about as I was less dealing with landscape but more with existing structures.

253

The idea of generational change was brought

One comment that has come up before is

Reflection: This thesis had resulted with more questions than

where people give it an identity, by bringing life to it,

answers, something I expected. With a critique on the

by bringing their culture to it.

monumentality of today’s buildings, with no regard to

the future, with a fixed program, how can architecture

need for modularity is how long will it take until this is

begin adapting to the uncertainty of tomorrow. This

accepted and used, the way I portrayed it. The idea is

thesis was truly an extreme test of re-thinking of what

giving people their own space where they do feel like

we know a building is and mitigating changing trends.

they belong. Would this system be abandoned and for

The thesis begins to also critique the way developers

what reason’s?

and planners plan a city. There is a demand for a

more vibrant urban center, a place for escapism for the

of the system, and working out the technical features

people in city, the sole reason for leaving the bedroom

of the whole system. Is the phone app a feasible or

communities. How can we begin to transform 9-5

even reliable source of changing the blocks and should

spaces and turn them into 24-7 spaces for recreational

people have control over them? What happens when

activities and reactivate otherwise underutilized spaces

too many people begin requesting times. If there was

in the city. To be fair I am asking allot from this thesis

more time I am wondering what more could the tower

and tackling allot of current practices and methods.

do, than be a servant space.

Speaking to a comment that there needs to a

It was interesting to investigate the capabilities

Is there a way to make the system more

My main questions lie in how this system begins to

interactive then just reserving the blocks to be

influence places that it is implemented in. The idea is

configured during the weekends. I have not explored

to bring communities together and foster interaction.

enough the movement of the blocks during the week

The flea market-esque system is positive as

day setup, and how stairs play into it. I also have not

with more density the more chance for people to run

explored enough where the long term would be in a

into each other, which is more than just the elevator

site that doesn’t have existing infrastructure. The other

in the apartment building. The idea is this system is

idea not explored is how the interior flexibility works

so alien, curiosity would bring people in, and people

within the existing structures. This leads to another

attract people. As one of the critiques wondered, if

question, which when does the system interact with an

this would have a Bilbao effect. Should the system be

existing building. Is it during construction or when the

contextual, or is it ok for it to be a foreign element,

building wants to renovate, but doesn’t have money for

254

it, and how does it change the existing space

of a people run movement and trying to campaign for

a better use of an otherwise underutilized space. My

I also am wondering if the towers themselves

move around as well and is there a better relationship

thesis does get into the realm of tactical urbanism and

it can have with blocks, then just being a landing

is a way for the city to engage with the public to better

and departure pad. Is it a space for people to hang

the city.

out as well and can it be something that benefits the

community and the system as a whole?

results and thinking differently about architecture than

previously before. Modularity is especially interesting

Leaving the catalog of blocks was overall a

I had learned alot from this thesis and the

good idea as it had begun to hinder progress and

topic and would like to take this idea forward with

opportunities that arose of the course of this semester.

me after this thesis. I had begun to learn to work with

It was too inefficient and too much to be feasible for

constraints and use them as design opportunities

the course of time that I had to work out how every

throughout this entire process. I had also learned not

block is used. It however had taught a lot of lessons

to overcomplicated things and work with as little as

and what I had really wanted to do for this thesis such

possible but to gain alot. Working at multiple scales at

as spatiality and various operations I brought over when

once was a truly useful skill.

developing system 1.

may be impossible to answer them if I had another year

This thesis operates on small scale urban

With so many questions unanswered, it still

approach at the level of tactical urbanism. I never

to explore the ideas brought forth. The only true way

had the chance to explore this notion of urbanism

of answering any of these questions is realizing this

and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impact on cities. An interesting precedent

system or a similar counterpart in the built environment.

is the NYC plaza program taking underused streets

The purpose of this Thesis is to criticize developers,

and dead space and turning them into a dynamic

architects and plannerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s methods today in thinking

space. Interestingly they had broken down the plazas

about architecture for tomorrow. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s purpose is also is

into the scale of time, as there is a one-day plaza, an

to explore and open up ideas for creating more vibrant

interim plaza and a permanent plaza. These plazas

urban centers, one thriving with people.

are becoming places for people to come to and

I hope however this thesis is a good foundation for

interact. This kind of approach is similar to my tactics

new set of ideas in thinking about a more flexible

and methodology when trying to revitalize parts of the

architecture and creating more vibrant urban spaces. It

city that are underutilized. Tactical Urbanism is more

255

would be interesting where else kinetics in architecture can be implemented to solve other issues as well. Before applying kinetics in the city, I had thought of it being used in disaster relief, space exploration and other applications.

It felt however the city was the most

appropriate to be able to investigate the benefits of moving architecture, not just applied to residences or facades. Kinetics truly has more potential when applied to architecture, movement is a natural condition and it only makes sense that buildings should begin to move as well.

256

Notes + Figure + Bibliography

Notes: Chapter 1: 0.

Corbusier, Le, “Toward an Architecture,” Trans. John Goodman (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009).

1. “Modern Design and the Machine Aesthetic,” American Studies,” http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/lisle/30home/modern/ modern.html. 2.

Mauro F. Guillén, The Taylorized Beauty of the Mechanical: Scientific Management and the Rise of Modernist Architecture,

(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009).

Joseph Giovannini, “ARCHITECTURE: KINETIC, MACHINE-INSPIRED BUILDINGS,” The New York Times,December 26,

1986, https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/26/arts/architecture-kinetic-machine-inspired-buildings.html. 4.

Joseph Giovannini, The New York Times.

5. “Architecture (Fall 1986): Building: Machines,” Lee Bontecou, Untitled, 959 | MoMA, https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhi bitions/4433. 6.

Joseph Giovannini, The New York Times.

“Kinetic (adj,.” Index, https://www.etymonline.com/word/kinetic.

Carolyn Iltis, “Leibniz and the Vis Viva Controversy.” Leibniz and the Vis Viva Controversy, 1971, 21-35. doi:10.1075/

cvs.7.06shi. 9.

William Zuk and Roger H. Clark, “Kinetic Architecture,” (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1970).

10. “AD Classics: Institut Du Monde Arabe / Enrique Jan Jean Nouvel Architecture-Studio,” ArchDaily, October 02, 2011, https://www.archdaily.com/162101/ad-classics-institut-du-monde-arabe-jean-nouvel. 11.

Michael Fox and Miles Kemp, “Interactive Architecture”, (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2009).

12.

Reid Ewing and Shima Hamidi, “Measuring Sprawl,” Report (Smart Growth America. 2014,) 1-51.

13.

Ewing, Hamidi, “Measuring Sprawl,” 4-31.

14.

Feargus O’Sullivan and CityLab. “The Shared History of Europe’s Densest Neighborhoods,” CityLab, ,https://www.citylab.com/

life/2018/03/density-european-cities-maps/555503/. 15. “Get Your Walk Score” Walk Score”,https://www.walkscore.com/. 16.

Feargus O’Sullivan and CityLab, “The Shared History of Europe’s Densest Neighborhoods.”

Chapter 2: 1.

Ed Van Hinte, Neelen Marc, Vink Jacques, and Vollaard Piet, “Smart Architecture” (Rotterdam: Uitgeverij 010, 2003).

2. “The Role of Real Estate Development in Urbanizing Cities,” JLL. October 26, 2016. 3.

Giridharadas Anand, “The New York Hustle of Amazon’s Second Headquarters” New Yorker. November 17, 2018.

4. Ricky Burdett, “Flexible Urbanisms” (Barcelona Metropolis, October 08, 2018). 5. Hinte,“Smart Architecture,”41 6.

Michael Fox and Miles Kemp, “Interactive Architecture,” (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2009).

7. Fox,“Interactive Architecture,”40. 8.

Burdett, “Flexible Urbanisms”

9. IBID. 10. IBID.

261

11. Lindsay, Greg, “City-in-a-Box Are made-from-scratch metropolises the answer to Asia’s urban overpopulation?,” Slate Magazine November 26, 2011. 12.

Chris White, “South Korea’s ‘Smart City’: Not Quite Smart Enough?,” South China Morning Post, March 25, 2018.

13.

JD.Heather, “Metabolism of Identity, The Archiecture of Postwar Japan,” July 02, 2016.

14.

JD.Heather, “Metabolism of Identity.”

15.

Noriaki Kurokawa,”Metabolism in Architecture,” (Studio Vista, 1977).

16.

Kurokawa, ”Metabolism in Architecture,”28-30.

17.

William Zuk and Roger H. Clark, “Kinetic Architecture,” (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1970).

18. Michael Batty, “Thinking about Cities as Spatial Events,” Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, (SAGE Publications, February 1, 2002, 1-2). 19. Batty, “Thinking about Cities as Spatial Events,”1. Chuck Hoberman, “Transformable: Building Structures That Change Themselves,” in Building Dynamics: Exploring Architec ture of Change, (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2016), 101-127.

20.

21.

Zuk, “Kinetic Architecture,” 8.

22. 169.

William Mitchell, “Against Program,” in, Me: The Cyborg Self and the Networked City, (Cambridge, Mass: MIT, 2010), 159-

23. Tristan d’Estrée Sterk, “Responsive Architecture: Unprecedented Interactions Within the Hybridized Model of Control,” in Game Set and Match II: On Computer Games, Advanced Geometries, and Digital Technologies, edited by Kas Oosterhuis and Lukas Feireiss,( Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Episode,2006), 494–501. 24. Hinte,“Smart Architecture,”15. 25.

Zuk, “Kinetic Architecture,” 152.

26.

Sterk, “Responsive Architecture,” 496.

27.

Sterk, “Responsive Architecture,” 495

28. Fox,“Interactive Architecture,”40. 29.

Jan C. Rowen, “Editorial,” Progressive Architecture, November 1967,” pg. 93.

30.

Patrik Schumacher, “The Autopoeisis of Architecture” (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011).

31.

Norbert Wiener, “Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine,” (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1948).

32.

Gordon Pask,”The Architectural Relevance of Cybernetics,” (Architectural Design, 1969).

33. Martin Heidegger, “The Question concerning Technology, and Other Essays,” (New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1977). 34.

Nicholas.Negroponte, “Toward a Theory of Architecture Machines,” Journal of Architectural Education 23, no. 2 (1969).

35. Stanley Mathews, “The Fun Palace: Cedric Price’s Experiment in Architecture and Technology,” Technoetic Arts 3, no.2 (2005).

262

36.

Stevenson, Carolina, “Kinetic Architecture. Designing with Movement,” (Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag AG, 2013).

37. Chuck Hoberman, “Transformable: Building Structures That Change Themselves,” pp 101-127 in Building Dynamics: Explor ing Architecture of Change (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2016). 38.

Zuk, “Kinetic Architecture”, 9.

39. Kostas Terzidis,. “Kinetic Architecture Course Description,” Harvard University Graduate School of Design. http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/course/kinetic-architecture-fall-2006/. 40.

Zuk, “Kinetic Architecture”, 5.

41. Christopher Alexander,” Notes on the Synthesis of Form,”( Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1964). 42.

Zuk, “Kinetic Architecture”, 7-9.

43. Robert Kronenberg, “Flexible Architecture That Responds to Change,” (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2007). Michael, Schumacher, Oliver Schaeffer, and Michael-Marcus Vogt, “Move: Architecture in Motion: Dynamic Compo nents and Elements,” ed. Andreas Muller,Trans. Julian Reisenberger, Weimar (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2010).

44.

45.

Michael Schumacher, Chaeffer, and Vogt, “Move,” 32.

46.

Michael Schumacher, Chaeffer, and Vogt, “Move,” 36.

47.

Michael Schumacher, Chaeffer, and Vogt, “Move,” 157.

48.

Michael Schumacher, Chaeffer, and Vogt, “Move,” 7.

Maziar Asefi and Aysan Foruzandeh. “Nature and Kinetic Architecture: The Development of a New Type of Transformable Structure for Temporary Applications,” Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 6 (2012). 49.

50.

Maziar Asefi and Aysan Foruzandeh, “Nature and Kinetic Architecture,” 514-515.

51.

Maziar Asefi and Aysan Foruzandeh, “Nature and Kinetic Architecture,” 514

263

Chapter 3: 1, .Kas Oosterhuis,“Architecture Goes Wild,” Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2002. 2.Michael Schumacher, Oliver Schaeffer, and Michael-Marcus Vogt, ”Move: Architecture in Motion: Dynamic Components and Ele

ments,” ed. Andreas Muller Basel: Birkhäuser, 2010. Trans. Julian Reisenberger, Weimar 3. Hare, O, Peggy “City’s Population Growth Largest in Nation, Census Data Shows,” ExpressNews.com, https://www.express news.com/news/local/article/City-s-population-growth-largest-in-nation-12939249.php?ip id=prel&utm_campaign`=mysa&utm_source=article&utm_medium=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/ article/Census-San-Antonio-ranks-No-1-in-cities-12940331.php. 4.US Census Bureau, “Census Bureau Reveals Fastest-Growing Large Cities,” Census Bureau QuickFacts. May 24, 2018,

https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018/estimates-cities.html. 5.Michael, Collyer, “The World’s Urban Population Is Growing – so How Can Cities Plan for Migrants?,” The Convers ation, http://theconversation.com/the-worlds-urban-population-is-growing-so-how-can-cities-plan-for-mig rants-49931. 6. United Nations, ”World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division,” https://population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/. 7. James Hakner, “Analysis: The World’s Urban Population Is Growing – so How Can Cities Plan for Migrants?” University of

Sussex. November 04, 2015. Accessed January 05, 2019. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/32941.

8. United Nations, “New Urban Agenda,” Report. 9.The Economist, “The Future of Australian Infrastructure,” 7-8.

10. Global Agenda Council on the Future of C,“Top Ten Urban Innovations.” World Economic Forum,” 1-16. 11. PricewaterhouseCoopers. Rapid Urbanisation,” PwC. Accessed January 05, 2019. https://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/mega trends/rapid-urbanisation.html. 12. Stephen J.Dubner, S, and Max Miller, “How to Build a Smart City,” Freakonomics, http://freakonomics.com/podcast/d an-doctoroff/. 13.Stephen J Dubner, and Max Miller, “How to Build a Smart City,” Freakonomics, http://freakonomics.com/podcast/dan-doc toroff/. 14. Rem Koolhaas, ” Delirious New York”. New York: Monacelli Pres, 1978.

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Figures Figure 0-1 Discursive Image representing the densification of cities “2-point Perspective Grid Transparency Sheet.” Www.koalatools.com. Accessed November 29, 2018. https://www.koalatools. com/2-point-Perspective-Grid-Transparency-Sheet-p/kt-22b.htm. “Gallery.” Blue Lotus Gallery. Accessed November 29, 2018. https://www.bluelotus-gallery.com/michael-wolf/ Martinez, Peter. “Photographer Vincent Laforet Soars above Manhattan Skyline.” AOL.com. July 15, 2016. Accessed November 29, 2018. https://www.aol.com/article/2015/01/20/photographer-vincent-laforet-soars-above-manhattan-skyline/21131450/#slide=3287773#fullscreen. Tablelist, Inc. Tablelist. Accessed November 29, 2018. https://www.tablelist.com/nyc/discover/. Figure 1-1 Analytical Image depicting the breaking of density due to a cannonball of people “Under Extremes, Big Groups Can Act Like A Force Of Nature,” Inside Science, July 25, 2016, https://www.insidescience.org/news/under-extremes-big-groups-can-act-force-nature,https://www.videoblocks.com/video/4ksmashed-and-shattered-glass-with-slow-motion-alpha-eullvqosxil5sepmf Figure 1-2 Neil Denaris architecture model for PS! Exhibition in New York showcasing mechanistic aesthetics in architecture.“Neil Denari Architecture | Places & Spaces | Pinterest | Architecture, Arch Model and Model,” Pinterest. Accessed November 29, 2018, https://www. pinterest.com/pin/82050024435290316/?lp=true. Figure 1-3 “Wes Jones model suggests something more mechanistic, “Unit 03 - Metamorphosis,” Gunther Domenig - Steinhaus, January 01, 1970, http://unit03-metamorphosis.blogspot.com/2012/12/tract-house-wes-jones.html. Figure 1-4 Wes Jones work suggests something more mechanistic, “Unit 03 - Metamorphosis,” Gunther Domenig - Steinhaus,” January 01, 1970 http://unit03-metamorphosis.blogspot.com/2012/12/tract-house-wes-jones.html.Urban Crowding.” Died and Yet ... February 14, 2012. Accessed November 18, 2018. Figure 1-5 McGuigan, Cathleen,“An Early Look at New York’s Adventurous New Arts Facility, the Shed,” Architectural Record RSS,April 04, 2018. Figure 1-6 View of the Shed by DS+R from the Highline Bloomberg.com. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-10/how-the-shed-a-500-million-arts-org-plans-to-compete-in-n Figure 1-7 “The Dynamic D*haus.” The D*Haus Company. Accessed November 18, 2018. http://thedhaus.com/portfolio/the-dynamic-dhaus/. Figure 1-8 “DRMM Sliding House.” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEUMVDEBea4. Figure 2-1 Artwork depicting a more adaptable city. Ephemeral New York, https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/tag/1930s-new-york-city-

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streets/. Price, Cedric. “Cedric Price Fun Palace for Joan Littlewood Project, Stratford East, London, England (Perspective) 1959–1961,” Lee Bontecou, 1959 | MoMa, https://www.moma.org/collection/works/842. “Sky Images.” Free Stock Photos, https://www.pexels.com/search/sky/. Figure 2-2 Counterlight, “Modern Art with Professor Blanchard,” January 01, 1970, http://blanchardmodernart.blogspot.com/2015/12/. Figure 2-3 Tree Shaped Community by architect Kiyonori Kikutake was in response to the overpopulation present in Japan...., Died And Yet. “Floating Cities and Spiral Skyscrapers Were Kiyonori Kikutake’s Answer to Tokyo’s Urban Crowding.” Died and Yet ... February 14, 2012. Accessed November 18, 2018. Figure 2-4 Ocean City, by archiect Kiyonori Kikutake, “Kiyonori Kikutake where pods can be placed and taken out (1928 2011),” Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine, October 11, 2012. Figure 2-5 Nakagin Capsule Tower Apartments designed by Kisho Kurokawa, is typical example of the Japanese Metabolism Movement. Craven, Jackie, “The Metabolist Movement in Architecture,” Thoughtco, photo by Charles Peterson. Figure 2-6 Illustration of Michael Beatty’s Ideas Chillag, Amy, and Bianca Britton, “Cirque Du Soleil’s Fearless High-fliers,” CNN March 28, 2017 “Cirque Du Soleil’s Varekai Comes to Leeds,” Leeds-List, March 27, 2017. Kuban, Adam, “NYC Street Names and Their Stories.” NYCgo.com,Tickets and Events,” WWE. Figure 2-7 Illustration of Michael Beatty’s Ideas“Bellevue Fashion Week,” Bellevue Fashion Week, https://fashionweekbellevue.com/. Figure 2-8 Illustration of more interactive archiecture and giving control back to the user. “10 TIPS FOR SUCCESS IN CMSC131 AT UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND ONECLASS BLOG” Rbpaonline, https://rbpaonline.com/computer-science-chico-state-flow-chart/10-tips-success-cmsc131-university-maryland-oneclass-blog/. Alves, Rose, “Bem Fácil PNG,” Galinhas, http://bemfacilpng.blogspot.com/2018/04/assessorios-png.html. Caf De Las Ciudades, http://www.cafedelasciudades.com.ar/numero_siete.htm. “Coffee Break.” 06/21/13, http://coffeebreakes.blogspot.com/2013_06_21_archive.html. Panethos, https://panethos.wordpress.com/page/85/. “REM KOOLHAAS | Toni Mateu | ARC. & DESIGNERS ICONS | Pinterest | Rem Koolhaas, Architecture and Design,” Pinterest, https:// www.pinterest.com/pin/68539225557551019/. Smythmarkp, Posted By,”The Enclave,” Social Skills. April 13, 2014, https://socialskillsarchive.wordpress.com/2014/04/13/the-enclave/. “What Are Kinetic Facades in Architecture?,” Quora. https://www.quora.com/What-are-kinetic-facades-in-architecture. Figure 2-9 Drawing of Archigrams Walking City Visionary_cities_Nic_Clear_07_12 – IKA, https://ika.akbild.ac.at/events/public_activities/win-

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ter_2015/visionary_cities_Nic_Clear_07_12. Figure 2-10 Image depicting the amalgamation of computers and architecture. This image suggests that architecture is manufactured and has the components of a computer. Architecture has the capability of being more intelligent and adaptable as Pask had suggested “1969-70 - SEEK - Nicholas Negroponte “Download Robot Arm Transparent PNG,” Stick Png, http://www.stickpng.com/img/bots-and-robots/robot-arm. “EDSAC99,” Department of Computer Science and Technology – Security Group: All,”https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/relics/history.html. “File:Aerial View of Memorial Highway State Road 60 in Tampa, Florida.jpg,” Wikimedia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Figure 2-11 Cedric Price Fun Palace Drawing, Morteza1,“{ Urban Strategies : Gaming },” CEDRIC PRICE: FUN PALACE.,January 01, 1970.

Chapter 3: Figure 3-1 Top Discursive Image showing a more interactive and kinetic architure for a city (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 3-2 Intial sketches of kinetic strcutures inserted into the urban fabric. (Anthony CC BY) Figure 3-3 Ned Kahn-Technoram Kinetic Facade that shows the movement of the wind. Smith, Sophia. “Ned-kahn-technorama-facade-detail.” Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers. Accessed November 21, 2018. https://makezine.com/2016/12/02/kahn-wind-sculptures/ned-kahn-technorama-facade-detail/. Figure 3-4 Framing the Kinetic Architectural Discource. “Jean Nouvel,” Pinterest, March 22, 2012, https://www.pinterest.com/jbutler12009/jean-nouvel/. Janku, Eranda, “Guest Post: Archigram’s “Walking City,” Concept,” Walking the City,” January 01, 1970, http://walkingthecityupolis. blogspot.com/2011/03/guest-post-archigrams-walking-city.html. “MIT Libraries Logo MIT Libraries,” MIT History | MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory, https://libraries.mit.edu/150books/2011/04/04/1948/. “Move: Dynamic Components & Elements.” Amazon. March 01, 2010. Accessed January 06, 2019. https://www.amazon.com/ MOVE-Michael-Schumacher/dp/3764399864. “The Shed,” DS R., https://dsrny.com/project/the-shed. Zuk, William, “Kinetic Architecture,” Amazon, https://www.amazon.com/Kinetic-Architecture-William-Zuk/dp/B0006CF8OU. Figure 3-5 Analyzing the Shed, in it’s retracted position. Scoffidio Renfro, Diller, “CULTURE-SHED-Poots Edit V7 (under 4 Min),” Vimeo. November 17, 2018, https://vimeo.com/295027366.

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Figure 3-6 Analyzing the Shed, in it’s extended position. Scoffidio Renfro, Diller, “CULTURE-SHED-Poots Edit V7 (under 4 Min),” Vimeo. November 17, 2018, https://vimeo.com/295027366. Figure 3-7 US Census Bureau, “Census Bureau Reveals Fastest-Growing Large Cities,” Census Bureau QuickFacts. May 24, 2018, https://www.census. gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018/estimates-cities.html. Figure 3-8 The purple in this photo hilights the areas for reconnection downtown Boston. Interactive, Neave,“Explore Satellite and Aerial Images of the Earth.” Zoom Earth. Accessed December 09, 2018. https://zoom.earth/. Figure 3-9 Figure 3-7 “Concert Set Up,” Spielbudenplatz Hamburg St. Paul, https://spielbudenplatz.eu/en/experience/events/st-pauli-nachtmarkt. Figure 3-8 “Farmers Market Set Up“, ” Spielbudenplatz Hamburg St. Pauli, https://spielbudenplatz.eu/en/team-en. Figure 3-9 “Reeperbahn,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeperbahn/ Figure 3-10 “LUFTAUFNAHMEN HAMBUR, SPIELBUDENPLATZ HAMBURG,” Luftaufnahmen Hamburg, http://www.luftaufnahmenhamburg.de/map-location/luftaufnahmen-hamburg-spielbudenplatz-hamburg/?mpfy_map=214. Figure 3-11 “Sundance Square Plaza” , The Beck Group, www.beckgroup.com/projects/sundance-square-plaza/. Figure 3-12 Sundance Square”, www.wheretraveler.com/dallas-fort-worth/play/sundance-square.

Figure 3-13 “Yoga in the Plaza.” , Sundance Square, sundancesquare.com/event/yoga-in-the-plaza/. Figure 3-14 “Sundance Square Plaza Movie Night” , https://frugalinfortworth.com/2015/06/05/free-outdoor-family-movie-series-at-fort-worth-sundancesquare-plaza-starts-wednesday/ Figure 3-15 “Cedric Price: Fun Palace “, https://medium.com/@XUE_Zhengsen_2848832/a-fun-palace-2848832-93ed4adf87ea

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Figure 3-16 Rowlings, Emily. “’A Walking City’ - Archigram and Ron Herron – Emily Rowlings – Medium.” Medium. May 18, 2018. Figure Figure 3-17 Archigrams Spatial City, https://arch3281.wordpress.com/tag/kyle-heppler/page/2/ Figure 3-18 “Lunatour” Holden, Susan. “The Kinetic Architecture of Jean Tinguely’s Culture Stations.” The Journal of Architecture, vol. 24, no. 1, 2019, pp. 51–72., doi:10.1080/13602365.2018.1527385. Figure 3-19 “Dylaby” Holden, Susan. “The Kinetic Architecture of Jean Tinguely’s Culture Stations.” The Journal of Architecture, vol. 24, no. 1, 2019, pp. 51–72., doi:10.1080/13602365.2018.1527385. Figure 3-20 ”World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division.” United Nations, https://population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/ .Figure 3-21 The purple in this photo highlights the areas for reconnection downtown Boston. Interactive, Neave. “Explore Satellite and Aerial Images of the Earth.” Zoom Earth. Accessed December 09, 2018. https://zoom.earth/. Figure 3-22 All design and drawings in this chapter are produced and designed by Anthony Polukin unless otherwise noted. (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 3-23 Interactive, Neave. “Explore Satellite and Aerial Images of the Earth.” Zoom Earth. Accessed December 09, 2018. https://zoom.earth/. Figure 3-24 (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 3-25 Daniels, Matt,“Human Terrain,” The Pudding, https://pudding.cool/2018/10/city_3d/?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily. com. Figure 3-26 (Anthony Polukin CC BY) “Big Fen Sky,” Arecipeforgluttony, https://arecipeforgluttony.wordpress.com/2013/08/23/samphire-stir-fry/big-fen-sky/ Figure 3-27 “Tech Show” (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

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“This Is a Free Library of Cad People, Dwg People, Silhouettes, Persons & Vector People,” Cad Blocks People Vectors 2d - Free Dwg & Ai | PIMPMYDRAWING, https://pimpmydrawing.com/ “Download Robot Arm Transparent PNG,” Stick Png, http://www.stickpng.com/img/bots-and-robots/robot-arm. “Makerbot Replicator 5th Gen Reviews & Ratings,” 3D Hubs, https://www.3dhubs.com/3d-printers/makerbot-replicator-5th-gen. Figure 3-28 “ Market Space” (Anthony Polukin CC BY) “Gallery of Dadad Market / Bangkok Tokyo Architecture OPH – 2,” ArchDaily, Accessed December 10, 2018. https://www.archdaily. com/905924/dadad-market-bangkok-tokyo-architecture-plus-oph/5becf07e08a5e5767c000174-dadad-market-bangkok-tokyo-architecture-plus-oph-image. “This Is a Free Library of Cad People, Dwg People, Silhouettes, Persons & Vector People,” Cad Blocks People Vectors 2d - Free Dwg & Ai | PIMPMYDRAWING, https://pimpmydrawing.com/ Figure 3-29 A True Kinetic Urbanism Night Render (Anthony Polukin CC BY) “Audi R8 Commercial,” Vimeo, https://vimeo.com/120379938. Barrera, Sandra, “See Killer Lineup of LA Movies at ‘Noir City: Hollywood’ Film Festival,” Press Enterprise, https://www. pe.com/2018/04/05/see-killer-lineup-of-la-movies-at-noir-city-hollywood-film-festival/. Katie Couric “FoodTrucks Olavarria,” https://www.facebook.com/FoodTrucksOlavarria/?ref=py_c. “Metallica Concert Crowd,” http://traffic-club.info/2018mim.” “Outdoor LED Display Mkt to Surpass $12 Bn by 2020,” Sourcing Electricals, https://sourcingelectricals.net/2017/02/07/outdoor-leddisplay-mkt-surpass-12-bn-2020/. Www.aljanh.net, Beautiful Aljanh.net, http://www.aljanh.net/dawn-the-sky-wallpapers/1377247112.html.

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Chapter 4: Figure 4-1 Flores, Patricia Sugey,“World Map.” Figure 4-2 (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 4-3 All design and drawings in this chapter are produced and designed by Anthony Polukin unless otherwise noted. (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 4-4 Apple Maps Figure 4-5 “Cedar Maple proposal by GFF, Inc,” Uptown Dallas: Cedar Maple Plaza I,II & III (2301 Cedar Springs Rd.), dallasmetropolis.com/dfwu/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=303&start=50. (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 4-6 “Cedar Maple proposal by GFF, Inc,” candysdirt.com/2018/07/11/oak-lawn-committee-sees-possible-signature-building-near-crescent-court-and-more/. Figure 4-7 “Cedar Maple proposal by GFF, Inc,” Uptown Dallas: Cedar Maple Plaza I,II & III (2301 Cedar Springs Rd.), dallasmetropolis.com/dfwu/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=303&start=50. Figure 4-8 (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 4-9 (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 4-1 0 (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

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Chapter 5: Figure 5-1 - Figure 5-34 Page 231 (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 5-6, Figure 5-17 Page 234 and Page 242 “Person Holding Phone”, www.freepik.com/free-photos-vectors/hand-holding-phone. (Anthony Polukin CC BY) Figure 5-12. “Apple Maps’ (Anthony Polukin CC BY)

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