Sawtooth Legacy Quarterly - Spring 2007 by Passport to Wildlife

Letter from the President

eturning from Winchester, Idaho a week ago, my mind wandered to the issues that the Wolf Education and Research Center faces. I was primarily thinking about the notion of community. More specifically, what kind of neighbors are we? What do people say about the folks who care for that pack of wolves up in the hills above Lewiston? What are they saying about that "wolf man" who shows up periodically on the airways of local radio talk shows? Is our mission to be a good neighbor or is it just a presumption that we are.

The Wolf Education & Research Center is positioned between the political vacuum in the state capitol and the vast wilderness of the Idaho landscape. Sitting between the range of hunters, ranchers, and outdoors enthusiasts and the reality of those lifestyles, WERC navigates between the facts and truth about wolves and the widespread panic and fear that myths and perhaps more appropriately, suburban myths cultivate. In the past year the practical have cited incidences of livestock loss; hunters have claimed lower elk and deer counts due to wolf predation; and armchair theologians have claimed an Ecclesiastic responsibility to rid the earth of these "beasts." Even popular magazines feature inflammatory images of man under threat from a dangerous and maniacal predator. It is a constant flow of arguments and debates, discussions and conversations, dialogues and probably too many monologues. That is exactly where we find ourselves as we seek clarity in how we serve The Sawtooth Pack, their wild cousins, our donors, and the community that tolerates us. There is an important consideration. The idea runs core to the philosophy of the founders of the Wolf Education and Research Center and this President. Wolves are more than an important part of the eco-system. They are vital and without them, the balance of nature would be considerably wounded. Nature's economy depends on them. They are also an important aspect of culture. While the Sawtooth Pack has historically served as the ambassadors for their family, they now serve as ambassadors for each of us. They are a catalyst behind our decision to reason with each other, opening people's minds in the hope of preserving one small corner of the world for the sanctity of not just wildlife, but all life. We're getting closer to our goals. With little exception, our performance with the Sawtooth Pack has proven to be a great success. While the Pack has entered its twilight years, the invaluable lessons we've learned and the lessons we've taught have contributed tremendously to the dialogue about wolves and their important role in nature and in this region. WERC's focus on education has been a central theme as we try and influence the public to consider issues that have evaded many of us in place of the nightly news or the most recent sit-com. A historic moment in the Wolf Education and Research Center's future is unfolding. Our past is full of fascinating recollections of introducing wolves to Idaho and most significantly, the reputation as the careful and loving handlers of the Sawtooth Pack. Our future, however, is in our ability to refine this wonderful calling to preserve nature and teach about it in ways that unite people and wilderness, and in ways that inspire change and responsibility. The coming year brings many new ideas about the future of the Wolf Education and Research Center. Without a doubt, education has come to the forefront of our effort. As the Sawtooth Pack, one by one, return to the earth, we realize that their legacy is tied distinctly to our ability to move forward with the message that remains. Education is that forum. This first issue of the Sawtooth Legacy Quarterly is that voice to communicate where we're going and how we're honoring your confidence in WERC. In it, you'll find important destinations such as our developing children's education programs. You'll find news about wolves. You'll read about research that WERC is promoting through our interns. Most importantly, you'll read about our efforts to bring you closer to nature, and our hope is that will bring you closer to yourself. Thank you for joining the WERC Board and Staff in the effort to honor the legacy of the Sawtooth Pack. We can't heed this calling without you. Kindest Regards, Chris Anderson, Executive Director Wolf Education & Research Center

SPRING 2007 X

WOLF DELISTING IN IDAHO ...................... 5

RESISTING DELISTING ................................ 6

SUMMER WOLF TRACKING EXPEDITION IN IDAHO .............. 9

SAWTOOTH PACK UPDATE

Wolf Education & Research Center WERC IS DEDICATED TO PROVIDING UP TO DATE INFORMATION ABOUT THE UNDERSTANDING OF WOLVES.

wolf

The Sawtooth Pack: Wolves of the Nez Perce live on twenty acres of rolling timberland with meadows and streams. These wolves serve as ambassadors for their wild cousins by educating the public.

The Reality of Delisting N. Fiore, WERC

After the greatest recovery of an endangered species ever, the new generation of wolves in Idaho now face a very real possibility of being eradicated like their not long ago relatives. As the State of Idaho plans to take full control of its wolf population after the delisting of the wolf by the federal government, Idaho's first order of business will be to kill over 500 wolves. This order of business was affirmed last week by Idaho's newly elected Governor, C.L. Otter.

So here we stand, eleven years into wolves residing in the Idaho wilderness and the same fears, myths, lies and absolute hatred for the animal and its supporters remain. Facts can be brought forward to dispute claims of cattle and elk decimation, danger to humans and all of the other foolishness that is applied to wolves, but sadly, too many times these facts fall on deaf ears. The need for education to the future generations of Idaho residents ...Continued on Page 10

WERC MISSION The Wolf Education and Research Center is dedicated to providing public education and scientific research concerning the gray wolf and its habitat in the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Center will provide the public with the rare opportunity to observe and learn more about the wolf in its natural habitat. It is our goal to be an inclusive organization that offers factual and balanced information. We seek to enhance public awareness of threatened species in the region and to develop, in concert with residents, ways to coexist with these species.

SPRING 2007

Become a Member of the Pack Help keep WERC in the forefront of the fight to preserve Wolves around the region and world by supporting the Wolf Education & Research Center and the effort to provide public information and research by: Adopting a Wolf Annual Donation of $25.00

Adopt the Sawtooth Pack Annual Donation of $50.00

Both Donations Include: Adoption Certificate 8.5” x 11” Image of Wolves Quarterly Sawtooth Legacy News Bumper Sticker *adoptions auto renew as memberships after first year

Donating to WERC on behalf of the Sawtooth Pack, which includes the following choices: SAWTOOTH PACK GENERAL MEMBERSHIP (or renewal)

SAWTOOTH PACK ALPHA MEMBERSHIP (or renewal)

Individual.....$25.00

Individual.....$100.00

Family.....$60.00

Become a Member today and your tax-deductible donation will help deliver educational messages about wolves to people around the world. It will also help us continue to care for the ambassadors of wolf conservation, the Sawtooth Pack: Wolves of the Nez Perce.

• • •

• •

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Quarterly subscription to the Sawtooth Legacy News Unlimited Admission for Member or Family Personalized Member packet that includes an 8.5” x 11” image of each member of the Sawtooth Pack Discounts on merchandise

•

Family.....$250.00

Quarterly subscription to the Sawtooth Legacy News Free Unlimited Admissions for you and your guests Personalized Member packet including an 8.5” x 11” Image of each member of the Sawtooth Pack Two Wolf Education & Research Center T-Shirts (4 for Sawtooth Legacy Family) Discounts on Merchandise Limited quantity print of the Elder Eight

SAWTOOTH LEGACY LIFETIME MEMBERSHIP In addition to the Alpha Membership items, a Legacy Membership recognizes your investment in the future of WERC and our ability to expand our educational programs and role in Wolf Conservation in Idaho and the World. This membership includes a customized plaque recognizing your shared investment in our ability to carry out our mission. This membership includes unlimited visits for the Member and up to 5 guests per year. Lifetime Membership........................................$2,500.00 Lifetime Family or Corporate Membership ....$5,000.00

Visit us online at www.wolfcenter.org or use the form on page 3 to submit your membership!

SPRING 2007

WOLF EDUCATION & RESEARCH CENTER Adopt a Wolf or Become a Member of WERC I want to help keep WERC in the forefront of the fight to preserve Wolves around the region and world by supporting the Wolf Education & Research Center and the effort to provide public information and research by: Adopt a Wolf for an annual donation of $25.00 OR Adopt the Sawtooth Pack for an annual donation of $50.00 Both donations Include: • • • •

Adoption Certificate 8.5” x 11” Image of Wolves Quarterly Sawtooth Legacy News Bumper Sticker

*adoptions auto renew as memberships after first year Donating to WERC on behalf of the Sawtooth Pack, which includes the following choices (circle one): SAWTOOTH PACK GENERAL MEMBERSHIP (or renewal) Individual.....$25.00

Family.....$60.00

SAWTOOTH PACK ALPHA MEMBERSHIP (or renewal) Individual.....$100.00 • • • • • •

Family.....$250.00

Quarterly subscription to the Sawtooth Legacy News Free Unlimited Admissions for you and your guests Personalized Member packet including an 8.5” x 11” image of each member of the Sawtooth Pack Two Wolf Education & Research Center T-Shirts (4 for Sawtooth Legacy Family) Discounts on Merchandise Limited quantity print of the Elder Eight

Give A Gift Adoption or Membership Share your appreciation for wolves and the wilderness with the friends and family on your gift list. Give them an Adoption Kit or Membership to the Wolf Education & Research Center and they, too, can enjoy all of the membership benefits. You will be helping to educate the world and giving your loved ones a truly meaningful gift. Name _____________________________________ Address ___________________________________ __________________________________________ City ______________________________________ State _________________ Postal Code __________ Country ___________________________________ Phone ____________________________________ Email _____________________________________ My donation enclosed is : one time gift of $___________ monthly pledge of $__________ T-Shirt Sizes (specify quantity): Children’s Sizes: __sm __med __lg Adult Sizes: __sm __med __lg __xl __xxl Payment Method: MasterCard

Visa

Check/Money Order

Please make checks payable to: Wolf Education and Research Center 111 Main Street, Suite 150 Lewiston, Idaho 83501 Fax: 888-422-1110 Credit Card# ___________________________ Exp. Date______________ CSV Code _______ Signature ______________________________ The Wolf Education and Research Center is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.

Lifetime Membership ....................................... $2,500.00 Lifetime Family or Corporate Membership .... $5,000.00 www.wolfcenter.org 4

SPRING 2007

WOLF DELISTING IN IDAHO C Anderson, WERC

One doesn't need to be a nature enthusiast to recognize ignorance when it raises its ugly head. Over the past week, whether you're reading Idaho's newspapers, surfing various online blogs, or applying for membership to a local Chamber of Commerce, ignorance has eclipsed the Idaho landscape. State government's representation of "the people" fell profoundly short when in one divisively sweeping remark, Idaho's highest official got in line to kill wolves. In fact, if you haven't already read it, his exact words were "... I'm going to bid for the first ticket to shoot a wolf." If you can stomach it, read the entire article at http://www.idahostatesman.com/102/story/67393.html.

watching the ants sizzle in the sun. I think boys are hardwired to keep a magnifier in their back-pocket next to a rock and a slingshot, being the opportunists of destruction that we are. Along the way, however, I grew up and became a little horrified by even that small of an act. Nevertheless, when I see my young sons standing over the crack in our driveway with magnifier in hand in anticipation of their prey, I don't chastise them. They'll sizzle an ant or ten. Common sense tells me that their values will one day merge with adulthood. They'll probably look back with a guilty smile, their secret killing sprees being chalked up to a primitive rite of passage reserved for children, hopefully replaced by the values of men.

Learn more about the myths and facts about wolves at www.idahowolves.org. I've always considered myself a conservative. I'm involved in my church, encourage generosity, and believe in the deliberate practice of serving others. When it comes to the environment, stewardship and value of life are core to my beliefs. While I take great pleasure in stringing a fish and have great memories of hunting chuckers and pheasant as a young adult, I cannot imagine being supportive of any ideology that promotes the ignorant and senseless ruination of a species, human or otherwise. When I was a small child, I found great side-splitting pleasure in holding a 99 cent magnifier over an ant hill and

It's time for Idaho to grow up. It's time for all of us to take a look at our values and where we are going as a people. If our officials can't lead the way, then we need to lead them. Here are some helpful tips for you to get involved: Research the subject of Wolf Delisting. One productive way of doing this is to utilize Google Alerts and have articles sent to you daily, weekly, or however often you can, stand in the middle of a crowded room and throw your arms up in despair at the ludicrous subject. Also, learn more about the myths and facts about wolves at www.idahowolves.org. Write your elected officials. Write to my elected officials. If you think that this subject is limited to Idaho--today it's wolves in Idaho, tomorrow, who knows? Do you know where your children are? Support organizations that promote an intelligent and respectful dialogue, and are committed to education so that future voters elect adults to office. These organizations need your support now more than ever as issues like this rob us of our resources as we defend our values. We're in this for the long haul. The Wolf Education & Research Center continues to move into the spotlight to provide this type of understanding that is critical in the effort to defend life. I hope you'll join the fight.

Keep up to Date on Wolf News & Events at WWW.WOLFCENTER.ORG

SPRING 2007

RESISTING DELISTING

IT CAN HAPPEN AGAIN. R Hobson

In the early decades of the 20th century, war was waged against the wolf. Only through reintroduction and legal protection was the wolf reestablished. Now, with delisting and state control of wolves looming, we've heard that Idaho Fish and Game intends to destroy almost 80% of the wolf population across the entire state of Idaho. It's the plan of the Idaho Fish and Game to manage wolves at just 15 packs, at the very edge of the minimum number required by law. There's great concern that this will not give the wolf population a proper buffer against losses to disease or other factors. During a media conference, officials of the Idaho Fish and Game stated that they weren’t going to kill all the wolves in Idaho, essentially, because they couldn’t get to them all. State governments are ill-suited to manage wolves. Governor Otter of Idaho has stated that he wants only 10 packs of wolves, below the minimum required by the Endangered Species Act, in the entire state, and to purchase the first tag to kill a wolf. In Wyoming, state law lists wolves as predatory animals, along with jackrabbits, porcupines, skunks, and stray cats. Animals so listed can be shot by anyone, at any time.

“I’m prepared to bid for that first ticket to shoot a wolf myself.” - Idaho Gov. Butch Otter, speaking to an anti-wolf rally at the Idaho Statehouse. 7

SPRING 2007

WHY RESIST DELISITNG? The Endangered Species Act requires that the gray wolf be fully recovered before it can be delisted, and that States like Wyoming and Idaho have responsible plans in place to manage wolf populations.

in the region. Human population growth, habitat development and disease present ongoing challenges to wolf recovery. •

The Fish and Wildlife Service could and should do more to help resolve conflicts with livestock owners, using non-lethal methods where possible. In turn, the livestock industry could be better regulated to decrease these conflicts.

BEFORE WOLVES CAN BE DELISTED:

Today wolves are not ready to lose federal protection because: •

•

The Wyoming and Idaho plans will not protect wolves. Wyoming would allow wolves to be shot on sight in most of the State, and the Fish and Wildlife Service has rejected Wyoming’s management plan. Idaho Governor “Butch” Otter has said the state will seek to kill 75% of the wolf population; Idaho’s official position (based on House Joint Memorial 5 which prefaces the Idaho wolf Management plan) calls for removing all wolves from Idaho “by any means necessary”. It is not clear that current wolf populations are adequate to ensure recovery

•

Every state with wolf populations must have a credible plan in place to maintain healthy, sustainable wolf populations.

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The Fish and Wildlife Service must thoroughly examine how trends in habitat loss could increase human-caused mortality of wolves, and take steps to avoid any future harm to the wolves.

•

The Fish and Wildlife Service must establish a science-based ecosystem approach to wolf recovery.

•

There must be demonstrated wolf movement between the populations of Yellowstone, Central Idaho and Glacier.

•

There must be adequate funding in place to ensure that healthy wolf populations can be maintained; currently there are no guarantees of adequate funding. CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUPPORT OF WERC Wolf education is in a crisis. Federal and State policy is opening the door to killing wolves and organizations like WERC stand in the gap between policy and the protection of wildlife. The mission of the Wolf Education & Research Center is needed more now than ever. We can't win this fight without you. Wolves and other wildlife can't live safely without you. Visit www.wolfcenter.org today for more information on how you can help.

After the greatest recovery of an endangered species ever, the new generation of wolves in Idaho now face a very real possibility of being eradicated like their not long ago relatives.

SPRING 2007 ...Continued from Page 2 and beyond to states with future wolf populations could never be more evident. WERC has worked extremely hard at building relationships within its local community that has allowed our mission statement to carry forward in schools, community centers and state parks. Chambers of Commerce, regional tourism organizations and local business has begun to support WERC and its message of education equals coexistence. It is unfortunate that those decision makers for the State of Idaho have not embraced what WERC's local community has finally figured out; wolves are here, we may not like them, but we are willing to find a way to live with them. Once again we are asking for your support so that WERC may be a voice for the wolf. Because of your efforts last Spring, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game's attempt to kill seventy-five percent of the wolf population in North Central Idaho was rejected by the federal government. This new attempt by Idaho to kill seventy-five percent of wolves throughout the state must be met with the same commitment and fervor. WERC is not only asking for your financial support but also your time. We ask that you contact your federal representatives, the Secretary of the Interior and Idaho tourism organizations expressing your anger and dismay at Idaho's position regarding wolves.

Adoptions Make Great Gifts! Share your appreciation for wolves and the wilderness with the friends and family on your gift list. You will be helping to educate the world and giving your loved ones a truly meaningful gift. Your gift will keep WERC in the forefront of the fight to preserve Wolves around the region and world.

Sawtooth Adopt a Wolf You can help in the ongoing care for the Sawtooth Pack: Wolves of the Nez Perce by adopting our three remaining wolves. Adopt a Wolf with WERC and in the first year, you'll receive an Adoption Kit that includes: • • • •

Adoption Certificate 8.5" x 11" Image of Wolves Quarterly Sawtooth Legacy News Bumper Sticker

Adoptions include one or all from Alpha male, Motomo, Alpha female Motoki, Mid-ranking male Piyip. Adopt Motomo, Motoki, or Piyip for one year........$25.00 Adopt the Sawtooth Pack for one year...................$50.00

Secretary of the Interior 1849 C St NW Washington, D.C. 20340 Lewiston Chamber of Commerce 111 Main St Lewiston, ID 83501 www.lewistonchamber.org To contact your representative: Senate: type last name.senate.gov House: www.house.gov/type last name

PASSING OF AYET January 9, 2007 J Heft, WERC

The Wolf Education and Research Center is saddened to announce the passing of another member of the Sawtooth Pack: Wolves of the Nez Perce. The long time alpha-female Ayet was discovered deceased on Christmas Eve, December 24. Ayet was recently removed from her alpha-female rank by her sister, Motoki, after a severe wind storm that fell three trees across the fences of the pack's enclosure and disrupted pack hierarchy dynamics. Motoki successfully deposed Ayet two days after the storm, and Ayet appeared to accept her new position as a submissive within the hierarchy. As with all alpha depositions, Ayet endured an increase in dominance displays from the pack and thus sustained some moderate injuries to her rump and hind legs. Such injuries are normal for captive wolf hierarchy disputes, and Ayet continued normal health for the next five days until she suddenly died in the early morning of December 24. A necropsy has shown that Ayet sustained a pulmonary embolism, a blood clot that traveled from the injured muscle of her hind legs to her lungs, ending her life instantly. There is no realistic treatment or prevention for such a condition in captive wolves. The pack and WERC staff are now recovering from the loss of our "little sister", and the pack hierarchy has stabilized again. Ayet was ten and a half years old, and will be missed by us all. 10

SPRING 2007

THE SUMMER WOLF TRACKING EXPEDITION in IDAHO J Knight, Wilderness Tracking School

Wilderness Awareness School returns to Central Idaho July 29-August 4, 2007 for the tenth year in a row to offer our popular Summer Wolf Tracking Expedition. This year, we are excited to be partnering with staff from the Wolf Education and Research Center! During the trip, participants join our seasoned wildlife tracking instructors and WERC staff for a week to learn about gray wolves and their environment through studying their tracks and signs.

Days are spent exploring the landscape, learning the skills of animal tracking, and observing wildlife, while evenings are filled with stories from the day, educational presentations (featuring WERC information on wolf biology, current status and conservation in the western U.S. this year), music, and laughter.

only did the expedition provide an excellent opportunity to study wolves in their natural environment, but the data collected enabled wildlife managers to determine wolf populations in specific areas and verify areas of use and non-use. Highlights from the Summer Wolf Tracking Expedition typically include seeing and experiencing a rich diversity of fresh wolf tracks and sign, and live sightings of the wildlife that associate with them (and though we always strive to stay “a day behind” the wolves so as not to disturb them, we sometimes also spot the wolves themselves). During a day in the field on last summer’s expedition, while on a trail we had walked several days before, we discovered tracks of four different wolves on top of our own footprints, including those of a large male. Following the wolf prints led us into an area abundant with badger digs. Shortly after entering this area, a badger came out of its hole and allowed our group to observe it for over a half hour before heading off on its way – an experience I’m sure none of us will ever forget. Beyond the observations, facts and data, there is something wonderful about following a set of wolf prints. The experience of seeing what the animal saw and interpreting how it moved strikes a chord deep inside of us. Tracking wolves shows us what it means to be free and wild in a vast wilderness. Studying wolves through the art of tracking can reveal a new depth of these animals’ beauty, grace, and untamed intelligence.

Wilderness Awareness School’s Summer Wolf Tracking Expedition offers an exciting opportunity to learn the art of tracking in a beautiful setting. Central Idaho contains an amazing diversity of wildlife within an expansive landscape ideal for tracking and trailing. From pine martens and wolverines to mountain lions and moose, these mountains and valleys have continually provided participants with fascinating discoveries and learning experiences. Since 1983 Wilderness Awareness School has taught animal tracking as a valuable tool for reading the landscape, learning the intricacies of wild animals around us, and building stronger connections with the environment. In 1997, Keith Marshall, former tracking instructor (and former staff member at the Wolf Education and Research Center), developed our first expedition to Idaho. At the time, wolves had been recently re-introduced into the region and monitoring efforts were under-funded. In its first few years, not 11

Jason Knight teaches tracking at Wilderness Awareness School and is a wildlife biologist and certified tracker. He will be co-leading this summer’s Idaho Wolf Tracking Expedition. To find out more about Wilderness Awareness School and the Summer Wolf Tracking Expedition, visit www.WildernessAwareness.org.

SPRING 2007

SUCCESS OR HISTORY REPEATING ITSELF WERC Staff

As many of you are aware, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USF&WS) in January of 2007 moved forward with its plan to remove wolves from the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The basis for this action was the fact that wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains (NRM) had met the biological requirements set forth at the start of the recovery program. Unfortunately for the USF&WS the biological aspect of the recovery is not the only guiding factor in removing the wolves from the ESA. Each of the three core states in the recovery area, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming are required to have a wolf management plan approved by the USF&WS as the second part of the recovery criteria. Idaho and Montana had received approval of their plans; Wyoming to this day has not. Herein lays the conundrum for the Service. After careful reading of the federal proposal to remove wolves from the ESA, environmental organizations began to notice inconsistencies in what the Service proposed and what the states have in their plans. As more questions came forth, even before the deadline for the public comment period, (May 8th, 2007) the Service and the present administration moved forward on two other fronts to assure that states will manage wolves by whatever means necessary; amend the current 10J paragraph in the ESA for the second time in three years to allow wolves to be killed if they are considered to be a factor in big game herd decline, the second is simply change the ESA itself.

Presently, 10J states that based on sound science, wolves need to be recognized as the prime factor in big game herd depredation before any lethal removal can take place to preserve herds. With the subtle change in 10J any state fish and game department could simply say – elk are in decline in this area, wolves habitat this area – therefore wolves are the problem. No attention to other factors such as other predators, drought, harsh winter, fire, etc. need to be considered for the decline of the big game population in that area. With this line of thinking, wolves could only survive if they became vegetarians. If the 10J proposal was not enough, on March 16, 2007, the Department of the Interior proposed a reinterpretation of the ESA. This proposal came in under the radar of many organizations as there was no press conference to announce the change. Dale Hall, of the USF&WS simply said that this new change will allow easier management of wolves in the NRM. The proposed change in the ESA has wide ranging consequences, not only for wolves, but for many other endangered species as well. This action was facilitated by the administration to halt their continued losing record in court cases brought forth by environmental organizations using specific language in the ESA to protect species and the habitat they live in. (See WERC website for article) It is an unfortunate situation that in today’s world management of wildlife is a necessary evil. However, this evil need not be compounded by using it as an excuse by those exacting revenge on environmental groups. The wolf is truly not the issue. The issue is local politicians and anti government groups in the NRM states using the wolf as a symbol of their frustrations with federal law and the rest of the country. The perception of losing an America they once knew, taken away and changed to some bio-diversified world by what they see as outsiders, brings a fear into their world that many of us cannot even begin to imagine. The USF&WS lead by former Idaho Governor, Dirk Kempthorne, is leaving no stone unturned to ensure that his former constituents and friends can gain satisfaction from knowing that state governments will have the legal right to reenact the wholesale killing of wolves today as it was done one hundred years ago. As one representative of an Idaho sportsman’s group once said…our grandfathers got rid of the vermin once because they had to…for us it’s all about getting even.

History of the Sawtooth Pack OCTOBER 2000 Chemukh jumps the enclosure fence suddenly and unexpectedly. Despite extensive search efforts, she is never seen again. Conflicts between Matsi and the pack increase until he sustains a major injury and is removed from enclosure permanently. Surgery is performed to save Matsiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life and he subsequently must live separated from the pack indefinitely. Wahots returns to omega-male.

NOVEMBER 1999 Motoki and Ayet overthrow Chemukh from her alpha ranking. Ayet becomes alpha-female and Chemukh is demoted to the role of omega-female.

OCTOBER 1999 Weyekin dies from complications caused by a blockage in her large intestine.

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

FEBRUARY 2000

AUGUST 1996 Pack is transferred from Stanley, Idaho (their initial home) to an enclosure outside Winchester on Nez Perce Tribal land. At that time, members and rank: Kamots (alpha-male), Chemukh (alphafemale), Matsi (beta-male), Amani, Motomo, Lakota, Wahots (omegamale), Weyekin (omega-female), and the four-month old pups born of Kamots and Chemukh (Piyip, Motoki, and Ayet). After the birth of the pups, all females are tubally litigated. The structure of the pack remained stable for the next several years.

www.wolfcenter.org

Kamots is overthrown from alpha ranking by most males of the pack. No male immediately assumes alpha ranking and Kamots is outcast from the pack.

MARCH 2000 Amani and Matsi challenge one another for alpha ranking over the duration of two weeks. Matsi is eventually exiled from the pack. Amani is now the alpha-male, and Kamots remains an outcast from the pack (not an omega). Piyip assumes beta-male rank.

JUNE 2000 Kamots is found dead inside enclosure. The involvement of the pack in Kamotsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; death remains unknown. Amani becomes a stronger alpha, as Matsi assumes omega-male role, receiving normal, superficial wounds.

2001

Wolves of the Nez Perce SEPTEMBER 2001 Matsi is transferred into the new two-acre enclosure to live out the remainder of his natural life.

JANUARY 2002 Amani is overthrown from alpha rank and is exiled from pack. The very next day, Motoki challenges Ayet and wins, becoming alphafemale. During the female fight, Motomo successfully challenges Piyip and wins the alpha-male rank. Lakota moves to beta-male, Piyip and Ayet are temporarily exiled from pack, and Wahots moves up to mid-rank.

2002

2003

NOVEMBER 2003 Matsi dies suddenly from a ruptured liver.

JANUARY 2004 Wahots dies suddenly from undetermined causes (old age).

2004

JULY 2002 Amani is transferred into the two-acre enclosure with Matsi.

MAY 2002

2005

2006

2007

NOVEMBER 2005 Amani is euthanized due to a terminal and extremely painful condition (cancer caused his urinary bladder to rupture).

Lakota dies of natural causes (old age).

APRIL 2002 Lakota loses beta-male rank to Piyip in a non-violent overthrow.

MARCH 2002 Amani is permanently removed from the enclosure due to health and safety concerns. Piyip and Ayet rejoin the pack hierarchy. Piyip regains mid-rank male status and bumps Wahots back to omega-male again.

DECEMBER 2006 A severe windstorm falls three trees onto the enclosure, causing a disruption in the female hierarchy. Ayet is deposed by Motoki and a week later Ayet dies of a pulmonary embolism (caused from the injuries during the hierarchy overthrow).

FEBRUARY 2002 After already mating with Motoki, Motomo courts and mates with Ayet. With support from Motomo, Ayet challenges and wins back alpha-female rank from Motoki.

SPRING 2007

SPRING 2007 X

KIDS COLORING PAGE ...................... 16

WOLF TRIVIA CROSSWORD PUZZLE ................................ 17

More LITTLE PAW

THE WOLVES DEN FOR CHILDREN

COMING SOON

Wolf Education & Research Center WERC IS DEDICATED TO PROVIDING TRAINING IN ITS EDUCATION PROGRAMS.

education

Visit the website at www.wolfcenter.org to stay tuned on new education programs for children.

WERC Looks to Expand Education Program sprinkling of how the wolf fits into an eco-system.

Education about the wolf and its habitat is an ever changing growing job. From the eradication of almost every wolf in the lower forty eight states, in the early 1900’s, to today’s battle over delisting, one constant remains, misinformation about the wolf In an effort to grow with the needs to educate the public about the wolf, WERC has found that many people lack the understanding of the wolf’s role in the total ecosystem. For many years WERC has focused primarily on the wolf, its biology and behaviors, with a 15

In today’s world, to focus singularly on the wolf may be doing it an injustice. With that in mind WERC has begun the process of developing a holistic approach to its education programs. The Center’s education programs will now look to include other large predators, birds of prey, prey species, watershed and the forest as a whole.

For the younger students the Center will unveil “Little Paw,” a fictional wolf based on the song of the same name written by WERC’s Board member Roy Farrar some years ago at the start of the wolf recovery in the Rocky Mountains.

To do this, WERC will be introducing several different levels of programs that will range from K12. It is WERC’s hope that these programs will be made available to educators around the globe through WERC’s website where curriculum can be downloaded if desired.

It is our hope that you are members and supporters will embrace WERC’s new effort to bring an understanding to people as to the importance of the wolf in a holistic ecosystem.

Little Paw will introduce students to the world of the wolf by taking them on adventures that every wolf faces in their journey through life.

N Fiore, WERC

SPRING 2007

WOLF HOWLING Coloring Page

Howling keeps pack mates together. Because wolves range over vast areas to find food, they are often separated from one another. Of all their calls, howling is the only one that works over great distances. Its low pitch and long duration are well suited for transmission in forests and across tundra, and unique features of each individual's howl allow wolves to identify each other. Howling is a long distance contact and reunion call; separate a wolf from its pack, and very soon it will begin howling, and howling, and howling...

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SPRING 2007

WOLF TRIVIA Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS 1 Wolves travel in groups, or _____ 5 A wolf pack’s home area 7 A wolf that lives by itself 8 Plural of ‘wolf’ 9 The lowliest wolf in a pack 11 Wolves were placed on the _____ species list in 1967

DOWN 2 A small member of the canine family, closely related to the wolf 3 A wolf is a flesh eater, or _____ 4 The sound that a wolf makes 6 Another name for the gray wolf is the _____ Wolf 10 Wolves belong to the canine or _____ family 12 The dominant male or female of a pack 13 The birth place of a litter of wolf pups

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WERC RESEARCH

DISCOVERY T RAIL TRACKING BOX ................................. 20

Wolf Education & Research Center CONTRIBUTE TO WERC BY BECOMING A MEMBER, ADOPTING A WOLF, BEING AN INTERN, VOLUNTEERING OR DONATING!

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Your support is crucial and we appreciate your demonstration of confidence in us. Help WERC in the forefront of the fight to preserve Wolves around the region and world.

The WERC Experience: Developing Interns One of the most integral and rewarding aspects of WERC's operation are the hard working interns that assist the staff with caring for the Sawtooth Pack. Without these generous individuals, many of the on site work projects and education programs would not be possible, as well as the many off site education programs. These interns arrive as students and graduates from all over the world. They make a three month commitment to WERC to live in rustic conditions in exchange for a small stipend and a grueling work load, and the excitement of being part of biology history. The payoff for the intern is the opportunity to live in and work around the remaining members of the Sawtooth Pack, Wolves of the

Nez Perce. It is a chance to get up close and personal with a wolf, to observe behaviors that most people do not see and when possible get hands on experience with the most politically polarizing animal in our eco-system. The WERC Experience provides the intern with an opportunity to engage the public about the importance of the wolf in the wilderness. WERC would like to this opportunity to thank our present intern, Trae Fairbanks, for her effort in developing two new programs for the Center's on-site education presentations. (A tracking box and a scent station) Trae was also WERC's winter intern who had time to conduct her own research projects; the first was done on dominance behaviors

breeding season the second is on scent rolling. As we move into the summer season the Center would like to welcome Kimberly Hale (PA), Chris Smith (WA), Matt Christman (NY) and Chiji Ochiagha (CA) on their selection as WERC's incoming interns.

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INTERN PROGRAM The intern positions with WERC are intended to complement an individual's transition from the academic studies to the professional working environment. Our captive wolf pack resides on a three hundred acre site, leased from the Nez Perce Tribe. The facility is located approximately 1 mile west of the town of Winchester, Idaho. Our visitor center is primarily an educational facility with the focus on wolves, gray wolf reintroduction in Idaho, the culture and history of the Nez Perce Tribe along with other regional environmental and multi specie issues. Interns are usually involved with all aspects of the operation of the three hundred acre site. This program has been developed for the college or university student who needs to fulfill certain educational or work experience requirements for graduation. The intern program is typically of a three-month duration but there is some flexibility in this.

VISIT THE WERC WEBSITE! Check out the newly redesigned Wolf Education & Research Center Website at: www.wolfcenter.org

Up to Date Info on Wolves Pictures of Sawtooth Pack Buy from our Online Store Information about Visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Center Learn about Regional & National Events

Along with the invaluable learning experiences that interns receive in this program, you will also have a unique experience living in a rustic environment. Housing is provided in the form of insulated wall tents that are heated with a wood stove. There is no running water or electricity. Potable water is hauled to the site and meal preparation is done with propane cooking appliances. Winters can be difficult at times with average snowfall at the site approximately three feet in depth with average daily temperatures between ten and fifteen degrees. Summers are just the opposite, hot and usually dry in July and August. These living conditions may be the most difficult challenges that you have faced.

Application Deadlines: Fall 2007 - May 25, 2007 Winter 2007/2008 - August 24, 2007 Spring 2007 - November 27, 2006 Summer 2007 - March 2, 2007 This is a unique opportunity working with wolves. The rewards and growth that we offer through this program will be a once in a lifetime experience that will remain with you forever. If you are seriously interested and feel you can make this type of commitment, please fill out the questionnaire and application online at www.wolfcenter.org.

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WERC is committed to enhancing not only the experience of our guests but also that of our interns.

By committing to helping them secure support and funding for their projects, we encourage the initiative of deepening our education experience. Over the years, WERC Interns have contributed to the programs in immeasurable ways. Through a section of the Sawtooth Legacy Quarterly dedicated to Research, we hope to profile the accomplishments of staff and interns. We hope you enjoy reading about their efforts.

DISCOVERY TRAIL TRACKING BOX Traleathea Fairbanks, Winter/Spring Intern Cincinnati, Ohio

Sample Lesson Plan:

Objective:

Objectives

Expose the public to the meaning of tracking. Aid the public in identifying various wildlife tracks. Inform the public about the behaviors associated with the various animals presented through tracking. Develop the concept of the interconnectedness of nature.

Introduce the habits and behavior of the beaver Aid the public in identifying beaver tracks. Develop the concept of the interconnectedness of nature and how the beaver can help bring about new ecosystems. Background/Introduction

Purpose: The tracking box will help guests who come to WERC's guided tours become more acquainted with wildlife by understanding their ecology through the tracks and signs they leave behind. Our goal in introducing the public to tracking is to create a link between understanding wildlife, which will in turn help the tracker understand him/herself. This will hopefully further develop a sense of unity with nature and an awareness to ensure its permanence. Design: The tracking box will have dimensions 6' X 3' with a depth of about 8 inches. Cement grade sand will line the base for a depth of 4 inches. The lid for the tracking box will have, located inside, pictures of tracks with associated animals, measurements of tracks and stride lengths, and did you know facts. The tracking box will be located on the Discovery Trail.

Encourage the education of others! Become a Research Partner by writing "Research Partner" on your check.

The beaver is the only survivor of the Castoridae family. The genus Castoroides contained giant beavers that shared the Alaskan landscape with the wooly mammoth. In 1930 the beaver had to be protected due to trapping activities that nearly led to the animal's extinction. Now the beaver is in most of its natural range except for Florida, Northern and Southern California, Arizona and Nevada. Beavers secrete a scent from their castor gland that they rub on themselves to keep their fur watertight and as a scent-marking tool. Beavers cannot resist this scent and that was their downfall during the trapping era. Native Americans used this oil for medicinal purposes, and the scent does have properties similar to aspirin. Some manufacturing companies use the scent for perfumes. Beavers are the largest rodents in the U.S. and second largest in the World. Beavers can weigh anywhere from 28-75 lbs, with the largest beaver on record weighing in at 93 lbs. Beavers can continue to grow as long as they live, yet rarely do they reach weights above the average.

Usage: Staff will have exclusive usage of the tracking box. Public audience members may be permitted to use with the staffâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s assistance. Children will not be allowed to climb inside or play in the box; this is an interpretive tool, not a playground sandbox. A display sign will be located near the tracking box to explain proper guest etiquette. ...Continued on Page 21 20

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The beaver's tail is about 15 in long with a width of about 7 in wide. The tail is flat and scaly; it uses its tail for fat storage in the winter, temperature regulator, and as a balance when carrying heavy loads. (During early American trapping, the Pope had declared the beaver a fish due to its tail having scales. French trappers would eat beaver to coincide with their Catholic religious belief of not eating meat on certain days). Beavers live in colonies with a breeding pair and 4 or 5 immediate offspring, newborn to 2 years of age. At the age of 2, kits leave parental care to start their own colonies, except for times of environmental stress, and then the kits may stay a bit longer. Beavers eat the cambium of trees and store winter food caches at the bottom of ponds to pile up near their lodges. Predators of the beaver include wolves (when deer population crashed in Algonquin Park, wolves preyed upon beavers), coyotes, bobcats, lynx, bears, mink, wolverines, river otters, and humans. Activity While holding the front and hind track of the beaver, explain as you make the impression in the sand, that unlike other rodents who have 4 toes on the front paw and 5 on the hind, the beaver has 5 toes on both the front and the hind paws. Also explain that due to the tail, most tracks usually only show 3 or 4 toes (tail demolishes most of the track) Once the impression has been made, explain the structures seen in the prints and measurements. Front 2 7/8 to 3 7/8 long 2 ¾ to 3 ½ wide Hind

5 to 6 ¼ long 3 ¼ to 5 ¼ wide

These measurements are dependent on how many toes are present in the track. Explain that one of the most identifying marks of the track is the large broad nails and two heel portion, and webs that may show up in the tracks. Demonstrate the stride and trail width of the beaver (stride 6 to 10 inches, and trail width 6 to 10 ¾) Explain that the beaver does not do direct registering (the hind paws overlaps the front while walking).

Discussion Make a continuous path of beaver tracks going from the length of the tracking box and continue to do so three more times over the tracks. Ask what would cause the beaver to exhibit this behavior? (Answer, the beaver is carrying loads back and forth to either build a lodge or pile up wood for a cache). What signs would indicate either behavior (trees with incisor marks-the beaver's incisor measures a quarter of an inch). Also the scent of castor (apparently strong and distinct) will mark the area as the beaver's territory. Explain how the beaver dams up a stream and creates a pond. Ask what happens to the fell trees and what is the result of this new habitat. (The Great blue heron and Great horned owl nests in the dead tree snags, reptile and amphibians move into the area, new herbaceous plants grow within the area, a new ecosystem is created). Try to reinforce the idea of interconnectedness of nature and how everything has its place in that web.

Works Cited: Rendes, Paul (1992) Tracking and the Art of Seeing, Camden House Publishing

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A GREAT WAY T O SPEND T HE DAY ... 23

VOLUNTEER PROGRAM ................................ 24

VISITOR’ S CENTER HOURS ................ 25

VISITOR’S CENTER

Wolf Education & Research Center THE VISITOR CENTER INCLUDES DISPLAYS & INFORMATION ABOUT THE SAWTOOTH PACK & WOLVES IN THE WILD.

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Guides and Naturalists are available to answer your questions and to help you gain insight to wolves, wildlife, nature, and other cultures’ views.

The Weyekin Trail Legacy of the Sawtooth Pack Weyekin; Spirit Guide, spirit journey, for many of you it will bring back memories of the female omega for the Sawtooth Pack, Wolves of the Nez Perce. For WERC it will be the name of the trail leading to the final resting place of the pack. For the past few years the trail, named the Reconciliation Trail, was little used by many guests. Although the resting place for the pack was located at the end of the trail, along with an area to reflect upon daily life, most visitors headed directly out to the observation deck. As the final pack members move through the twilight of their lives, the Center wants to provide a place to celebrate the lives of the entire pack and the important role they played for their wild

cousins; education leads to coexistence. The Center will be developing the trail this year to make it prominent, and hopefully more frequented. To begin with, an etching of each wolf with a small bio will be put onto a tile material that will be mounted onto a rock. The rocks will be placed along the trail leading up to the final resting place for the pack. The area at the end of the trail for reflecting one’s relationship with nature will also be enhanced with seating and some interpretive signs. The Center will begin a campaign to fund this project with this newsletter. WERC was graciously given a kick start by member and supporter Tracy Barton with a very generous gift.

Those individuals that wish to assist with the project will have their name listed on a plaque in the visitor center. For more information please contact Chris Anderson @ 1-888-422-1110 extension 1 or email at chris.anderson@wolfcenter.org. 22

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A GREAT WAY TO SPEND A DAY What better way to spend a day than to visit the Wolf Education and Research Center (WERC). Located on the outskirts of Winchester, Idaho, on the Nez Perce Reservation, the Center offers a wonderful way to learn about wolves and the habitat they exist in. One of the largest of its kind in the United States, the site encompasses two enclosures, trail systems and an interpretive visitor center. The main enclosure is made up of twenty acres of rolling timberland with meadows and streams; the smaller second enclosure (two and a quarter acres) is a replica of the main enclosure. These enclosures are home to the Center's resident ambassador wolves.

grams may even be able to offer the presence of live animals such as an ambassador wolf, red fox or a great gray owl, just to name a few to enrich the program content. On-site programs are enhanced by the presence of WERC's captive pack of wolves. Through the use of "classroom" areas, located between the double fences, the public may have the opportunity to view wolf behaviors as close as six feet away. Prices for these programs are dependent upon group size and the availability of live ambassador animals from other organizations. These programs require reservations. So you have some extra time to do more than a self-guided tour, but you are not with a group or a school, have no fear the Center has room for you too. Take a guided tour with a WERC intern or staff member by your side on a walk through the woods to the final destination of WERC's classrooms. You will enjoy the same benefit of all of WERC's onsite school or group program. This guided tour takes about one and a half hours and similar to group or school programs, requires reservations. The staff at the Center would love to see you, so make your plans and visit the wolves this year. For more information about tours and programs you can call (888) 422-1110 ext 3 or email us at info@wolfcenter.org.

Lined with interpretive displays about the flora and fauna found in the wolf's habitat, the Center's trail system may also offer views of wild turkey, deer, elk and an occasional moose meandering among the ponderosa pines and fir trees. It is here where you may also hear the howling of the wolves â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a sound that you will take with you forever. The Center offers a variety of ways to plan a visit, so let us take a look at them. WERC's interpretive visitor center, made in the tradition of a Nez Perce tribal long house, provides a place for the public to become familiar with ancient Native American respect for nature. It also provides an opportunity for our visitors to interact with the staff and to experience some hands on education opportunities by way of pelts, bones and replicas of skulls and tracks. A self guided tour allows for guests to stroll along the Center's trails leading to the main enclosure's observation deck. Upon your return to the visitor center you can speak with staff or interns about some of the things you may have seen on your walk. For those that are educators or may have a group of special friends, WERC offers on and off site education programs. Through the use of visual and tactile aids (similar to what is found in the visitor center) WERC is able to bring the Center to your school or meeting hall. Working at times in conjunction with other organizations such as Mission Wolf of Colorado, and Snowden Wildlife Sanctuary of Idaho, some pro23

ABOUT THE VISITORâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CENTER WERC provides the public with the unique opportunity to observe and learn about wolves in their natural habitat. The Visitor Center increases public awareness of wolves and related issues with programs that educate, awaken and motivate local as well as national residents, which can be the key for preserving wolves and their habitats into the future. Observe and learn the ways of the wolf with our resident pack and learn about the wolf in a peaceful, natural environment. Experience our interactive and informative displays and exhibits in the Visitor Center. Built in the tradition of the Nez Perce tribal long house, the WERC Visitor Center unites ancient Native American respect for nature with today's scientific understanding of endangered species and the ecosystems upon which species depend.

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VOLUNTEER PROGRAM Volunteers are a valued and important part of the WERC and they play an essential role in the many programs that we provide. What is a WERC volunteer and what duties do they perform? A volunteer is typically highly motivated and shares to a high degree our organizational goals and values. They donate their time, effort, energy and money to assist the WERC in fulfilling its mission. Oftentimes members, sponsors, or interested parties and organizations do not desire or cannot donate large sums of money. Instead they donate their time and energy by working at the center. Volunteers usually take time off from their regular jobs and responsibilities and pay their own travel and other expenses while here. To be a successful volunteer at the WERC while enjoying your experience here, you need to display a positive attitude, be proactive, energized, hard working and self-motivated. Volunteers need to be creative, flexible, and responsible. Volunteers need to be able to work with the public and be willing to contribute to the overall development of WERC and the image we uphold. The WERC enjoys a positive relationship with local communities. We expect volunteers to maintain this positive image and relationship. Our visitor center is primarily an educational facility with the focus on wolves, gray wolf and multi-species reintroduction in Idaho, the culture and history of the Nez Perce Tribe and other regional environmental issues. Volunteers are involved in many of the operating aspects of WERC at both the visitor center and the office. Besides the invaluable learning and sharing experiences, volunteers work and participate in a unique experience working around gray wolves and with the Nez Perce Tribe. Early spring and fall can be very pleasant at times, but typically daytime temperatures are in the sixties with night time lows in the forties. This is also the typical rainy times of the year. The summers are usually hot and dry during the months of July and August. WERC appreciates all volunteers and the services they donate. The length of stay varies with the duties and responsibilities that are agreed upon at the time of acceptance. To Apply: If you are seriously interested and feel you can make this type of commitment, submit an application, letter of introduction (including a description of you capabilities and skills) and a letter of reference. Send to: Volunteer Coordinator, Wolf Education & Research Center, Post Office Box 217, Winchester, Idaho 83555 Application deadline: At least one month before desired start date. For local volunteers at least one week before desired start date. For more information visit www.wolfcenter.org.

Benefits of Volunteering at WERC The opportunity to meet and work with individuals from various backgrounds and cultures. The opportunity to serve and be involved in something you care about. Environmental education learning opportunities. A unique opportunity working around gray wolves. Opportunity for valuable work experience. Opportunity for your employer to provide in-kind donation of your working skills/knowledge to the WERC.

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To make reservations or obtain more information call (888) 422-1110 Ext. 3. Visit our website at: www.wolfcenter.org for additional information on scheduling reservations.

Memorial Day to Labor Day: Open daily 9:00 am to 5:00 pm for self-guided tours and general visitation. Guided tours available daily 7:30 am and 7:00 pm except Sunday p.m. and Monday a.m. Call ahead to reserve your place as space is limited for each tour.

Weekends in May and September: Open from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm for self-guided tours and general visitation. Guided tours are available these weekends with twenty-four hour notice. If you would like to take a guided tour please call ahead (twenty-four hours) to book your time slot. Same day tours are difficult and may not be available.

All Other Times: Guided tours are available outside the above listed hours with twenty-four hour notice. Same day tours are difficult and may not be available.

Contact the Wolf Education & Research Center Phone: (888) 422-1110 Email: info@wolfcenter.org www.wolfcenter.org 25

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Meet the Staff & Board No organization can operate without a dedicated staff, board of directors, and team of volunteers or interns. WERC is blessed to have some of the finest and committed in all those categories. With various backgrounds in business, engineering, wildlife management, and more, we blend personalities together with the hope of serving the mission of the Wolf Education & Research Center. Please meet them below.

Board of Directors

WERC Staff

Douglas Christensen, Idaho

Chris Anderson

Chairman of the Board

Executive Director

Doug.Christensen@wolfcenter.org

Chris.Anderson@wolfcenter.org

Roy Farrar, Idaho

Nick Fiore

Board of Directors

Director of Education

Roy.Farrar@wolfcenter.org

Nick.Fiore@wolfcenter.org

Sally Farrar, Idaho

Jeremy Heft

Board of Directors, Secretary

Wildlife Biologist

Sally.Farrar@wolfcenter.org

Jeremy.Heft@wolfcenter.org

Sharon Landers, California

Randy Stewart

Board of Directors, Treasurer

Education & Assistant

Sharon.Landers@wolfcenter.org

Randy.Stewart@wolfcenter.org

Dennis Olson, Montana Board of Directors Dennis.Olson@wolfcenter.org

Photo credits courtesy of Aaron Frizzell Photography.

For answers to puzzles visit our website at: www.wolfcenter.org/education

Illustration of Little Paw courtesy of Rebecca Mowry.

WOLF EDUCATION & RESEARCH CENTER 111 Main Street, Suite 150 Lewiston, ID 83501

Check us out online at www.wolfcenter.org.