Endnotes

42 - Cyprus and its Surroundings

Endnotes

1 lke Dağlı, “The Cyprus Problem: Why Solve a Comfortable Conflict?,” Oxford Research Group (blog), April 5, 2017, https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/blog/the-cyprus-problem-why-solve-a-comfortableconflict; John S. Bowman, “Cyprus,” Encyclopedia Britannica, December 15, 2020, https://www.britannica. com/place/Cyprus.

2 Andrew Borowiec, Cyprus: A Troubled Island, Non-Series (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2000), 11–20, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=69326&site=ehost-live.

3 Eleni Apeyitou, “Turkish-Cypriot Nationalism: Its History And Development (1571-1960),” The Cyprus Review 15, no. 1 (2003): 68.

4 George Horton Kelling, Countdown to Rebellion: British Policy in Cyprus, 1939-1955 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990), 2.

5 Ilia Xypolia, “Cyprus: Dangerous Row over Gas Exploration Dates Back to British Colonial Meddling,” University of Aberdeen, July 11, 2019, https://www.abdn.ac.uk/socsci/blog/cyprus-dangerous-row-over-gasexploration-dates-back-to-british-colonial-meddling-/.

6 Borowiec, Cyprus: A Troubled Island, 33.

7 Dan Lindley, “Historical, Tactical, and Strategic Lessons from the Partition of Cyprus,” International Studies Perspectives 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 8, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00282.x.

8 Borowiec, Cyprus: A Troubled Island, 40; BBC, “Timeline: Cyprus,” BBC News, December 13, 2011, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm.

9 Borowiec, Cyprus: A Troubled Island, 41.

10 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland et al., “Treaty of Guarantee,” August 16, 1960, 3, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/CY%20GR%20TR_600816_Treaty%20 of%20Guarantee.pdf.

11 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland et al., “Treaty of Guarantee.”

12 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland et al., “Treaty of Guarantee.”

13 Borowiec, Cyprus: A Troubled Island, 50.

14 Borowiec, 63.

15 Borowiec, 174.

16 Vincent L. Morelli, “Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive” (Congressional Research Service, April 15, 2019), 11, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41136.pdf.

17 Ergün Olgun, “Cyprus: Towards a Settlement?” (Foreign Policy Institute, 2015), http://foreignpolicy. org.tr/cyprus-towards-a-settlement/.

18 Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, “The Annan Plan” (United Kingdom Parliament), paras. 33–34, accessed December 17, 2020, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/113/11305. htm.

19 “The Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem (Annan Plan Text),” March 31, 2004, http://

Appendix - 43

www.hri.org/docs/annan/Annan_Plan_April2004.pdf.

20 “The Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem (Annan Plan Text).”

21 “The Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem (Annan Plan Text).”

22 Morelli, “Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive,” 3.

23 Nathalie Tocci, “Towards Peace in Cyprus: Incentives and Disincentives,” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 10, no. 1 (2003): 199–212.

24 Morelli, “Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive,” 4–5.

25 Morelli, “Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive.”

26 Morelli, 10.

27 Morelli, 10.

28 Saim Saeed, “UN Chief: Talks to Reunify Cyprus Collapse,” POLITICO, July 7, 2017, https://www.politico. eu/article/un-chief-talks-to-reunify-cyprus-collapse/.

28 Saim Saeed, “UN Chief: Talks to Reunify Cyprus Collapse.”

29 Morelli, 25–26.

30 Morelli, 32.

31 Jeffrey Feldman, Workshop Interview, November 9, 2020.

32 Olga Demetriou, Workshop Interview, November 12, 2020.

33 Morelli, 22.

34 Nicholas Sambanis, “United Nations Peacekeeping In Theory and In Cyprus: New Conceptual Approaches and Interpretations” (Thesis (PhD), Princeton University, 1999), 1.

35 Nektaria Stamouli, “Erdoğan Calls for ‘Two-State’ Solution for Cyprus,” POLITICO, November 15, 2020, https://www.politico.eu/article/erdogan-calls-for-two-state-solution-for-cyprus/.

36 Haggai Kupermintz and Gavriel Salomon, “Lessons to Be Learned From Research on Peace Education in the Context of Intractable Conflict,” Theory Into Practice 44, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 293–302, https://doi. org/10.1207/s15430421tip4404_3.

37 Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, “Settlements,” January 16, 2019, https://www.btselem.org/settlements.

38 Irem Koca and Jonathan Spicer, “Erdogan Visits Northern Cyprus, Calls for Two-State Solution for Island,” Reuters, November 15, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-turkey-idUSKBN27V0BB.

39 Tolga Demiryol, “Between Security and Prosperity: Turkey and the Prospect of Energy Cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean,” Turkish Studies 20, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 442–64, https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.20 18.1534204.

40 Thomas Wintle, “Turkey Announces Military Exercise off Cyprus Coast despite EU Threats,” CGTN, September 12, 2020, sec. Europe, https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2020-09-12/Turkey-announces-militaryexercise-off-Cyprus-coast-despite-EU-threats-TJbN84x60M/index.html.

41 “Greece, Turkey Defuse Crash Row,” BBC News, May 23, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/

44 - Cyprus and its Surroundings

europe/5010736.stm.

42 Associated Press, “Split Cyprus’ Rival Sides Agree Crossings’ Partial Opening,” WSLS, May 21, 2020, sec. Business, https://www.wsls.com/business/2020/05/21/split-cyprus-rival-sides-agree-crossings-partial-opening/.

43 “TRNC Condemns Far-Right Greek Group’s Violent Protests, Urges Greek Cypriots to Take Action,” Daily Sabah, October 13, 2020, sec. Politics, https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/trnc-condemns-far-rightgreek-groups-violent-protests-urges-greek-cypriots-to-take-action.

44 Jonathan Warner, David W. Lovell, and Michalēs Kontos, Contemporary Social and Political Aspects of the Cyprus Problem. (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016).

45 “Solving the Cyprus Problem: Hopes and Fears” (Cyprus 2015 Initiative, June 28, 2011), https://www. undp.org/content/dam/cyprus/docs/ACT%20Publications/Civil%20Society/cyprus2015%20solving%20the%20 cyprus%20problem%20en.pdf.

46 Warner, Lovell, and Kontos, Contemporary Social and Political Aspects of the Cyprus Problem., 189.

47 F. Cochrane, N. Loizides, and T. Bodson, Mediating Power-Sharing: Devolution and Consociationalism in Deeply Divided Societies, 1st ed. (Routledge, 2018), 91, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351250566.

48 “Solving the Cyprus Problem: Hopes and Fears.”

49 “Divided Cyprus: Coming to Terms on an Imperfect Reality,” Crisis Group Europe Report (Brussels: International Crisis Group, March 14, 2014), 96, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/westerneuropemediterranean/cyprus/divided-cyprus-coming-terms-imperfect-reality.

50 “Divided Cyprus,” 91.

51 Alexis Heraclides, “‘What Will Become of Us without Barbarians?’ The Enduring Greek–Turkish Rivalry as an Identity-Based Conflict,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 115–34, https:// doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2012.661944.

52 Deutsche Welle, “Turkish Cypriot Hardliner Ousts Incumbent President in Northern Cyprus Vote,” Deutsche Welle, October 18, 2020, https://www.dw.com/en/turkish-cypriot-hardliner-ousts-incumbent-presidentin-northern-cyprus-vote/a-55314270.

53 Henri J. Barki, “How Erdogan Muscled Turkey to the Center of the World Stage,” Council on Foreign Relations, October 19, 2020, https://www.cfr.org/article/how-erdogan-muscled-turkey-center-world-stage.

54 Amberin Zaman, “Erdogan’s Call for Two-State Solution in Cyprus Dims Hopes for Turkish ‘reset’ with West,” Al-Monitor, November 16, 2020, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/11/turkey-cypruserdogan-two-state-solution-drilling-east-med.html.

55 Canan-Sokullu Ebru, Debating Security in Turkey: Challenges and Changes in the Twenty-First Century (Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Lexington Books, 2013), 116, http://dspace.conacyt.gov.py/xmlui/ handle/123456789/32202.

56 Aykan Erdemir and Philip Kowalski, “‘Blue Homeland’ and the Irredentist Future of Turkish Foreign Policy,” War on the Rocks, September 30, 2020, https://warontherocks.com/2020/09/blue-homeland-and-theirredentist-future-of-turkish-foreign-policy/.

57 Cengiz Candar, “Turkey’s Blue Homeland Doctrine: Signaling Perpetual Conflict in the Mediterranean and Rough Waters Ahead,” The Turkey Analyst, August 26, 2020, https://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkeyanalyst-articles/item/648-turkey’s-blue-homeland-doctrine-signaling-perpetual-conflict-in-the-mediterraneanand-rough-waters-ahead.html.

58 European Parliament, “Cyprus and the Enlargement of the European Union,” August 8, 2000, https:// www.europarl.europa.eu/enlargement/briefings/1a1_en.htm.

Appendix - 45

59 “Divided Cyprus.”

60 Hellenic Republic: Ministry of National Defence. “Defence Minister’s Mr. Panos Panagiotopoulos Statement Following His Visit at the Hellenic Force in Cyprus (ELDYK) HQ,” n.d. http://www.mod.mil.gr/en/press-releases/ defence-ministers-mr-panos-panagiotopoulos-statement-following-his-visit-hellenic.

61 Heraclides, Alexis. “Imagined Enemies: The Aegean Conflict.” Mediterranean Politics 16, no. 2 (2011): 221–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2011.583740.

62 “EU Breaks Deadlock to Impose Belarus Sanctions, Turkey on Notice.” Al Jazeera, October 2, 2020, sec. European Union News. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/2/eu-breaks-deadlock-to-impose-belarussanctions-turkey-on-notice.

63 Stefanini, Sara. “Cyprus Fears Russia Could Wreck Reunification.” POLITICO, January 12, 2017. https:// www.politico.eu/article/cyprus-fears-russia-could-wreck-reunification/.

64 Hadjicostis, Menelaos. “Cyprus: US to Lift Cyprus Arms Embargo in Security Boost.” AP NEWS, January 18, 2019. https://apnews.com/article/c2f22403b5da4097a2dccca0aa637038.

65 “Russia Interested in Close Cooperation with Cyprus – Russian Foreign Minister.” Russkiy Mir Foundation, November 10, 2011. https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/127096/.

66 Reuters Staff, “Russia, Cyprus Sign Military Deal on Use of Mediterranean Ports,” Reuters, February 26, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-cyprus-military-idUSKBN0LU1EW20150226.

67 Luke Harding, “Russian Expat Invasion of Cyprus Also Has Sinister Overtones,” The Guardian, January 26, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/26/cyprus-russian-invasion.

68 Ben Judah, “Did Putin Sink Cyprus?,” The New York Times, April 3, 2013, sec. Opinion, https://www. nytimes.com/2013/04/03/opinion/putins-role-in-cypruss-collapse.html.

69 Michele Kambas, “After Outcry, Cyprus Suspends Its Citizenship for Cash Programme,” Reuters, October 13, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/cyprus-citizenship-int-idUSKBN26Y17D.

70 Helena Smith, “‘Patience Is Running out’: Pressure on Turkey and Greece as Cyprus Talks Open,” The Guardian, June 28, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/28/a-best-and-last-hope-talks-beginover-cypriot-reunification.

71 Carol Migdalovitz, “Cyprus: Status of UN Negotiations,” Congressional Research Service, May 19, 2019, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/IB89140.pdf.

72 Carol Migdalovitz, “Cyprus: Status of UN Negotiations.”; Stefanini, Sara. “Cyprus Fears Russia Could Wreck Reunification.”

73 Tannam, Etain. “Cyprus and the Annan Plan Negotiations: An Organisational Model.” Irish Studies in International Affairs 27 (2016): 189–200. https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2016.27.4.

74 Christou, George, and George Kyris. “The Impact of the Eurozone Crisis on National Foreign Policy: Enhancing Europeanization in the Case of Cyprus.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 55, no. 6 (2017): 1290–1305. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12557.

75 Robin Emmott Strupczewski Sabine Siebold, Jan, “EU Leaders Break Deadlock to Impose Sanctions on Belarus,” Reuters, October 2, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-summit-idUSKBN26M58G.

76 “Cyprus Parliament Calls for End to EU Sanctions on Russia,” EURACTIV (blog), July 8, 2016, https:// www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/cyprus-parliament-calls-for-end-to-eu-sanctions-on-russia/.

77 Holly Ellyatt, “Why Russia and Cyprus Are Getting Cozy Again,” CNBC, February 26, 2015, https://www. cnbc.com/2015/02/26/bff-why-russia-and-cyprus-are-getting-cosy-again.html.

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78 Menelaos Hadjicostis, “Cyprus: US to Lift Cyprus Arms Embargo in Security Boost,” AP NEWS, January 18, 2019, https://apnews.com/article/c2f22403b5da4097a2dccca0aa637038.

79 “US ‘Wishes to Damage’ Russia-Cyprus Ties,” Financial Mirror (blog), September 3, 2020, https://www. financialmirror.com/2020/09/03/us-wishes-to-damage-russia-cyprus-ties/.

80 Elias Hazou, “Cabinet Approves EuroGate, Dubai Ports Bids for Limassol Port,” Cyprus Mail, February 25, 2016, https://cyprus-mail.com/2016/02/25/cabinet-approves-eurogate-dubai-ports-bids-for-limassol-port.

81 Yossi Melman, “China Is Spying On Israel to Steal U.S. Secrets,” Foreign Policy, March 24, 2019, sec. Argument, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/24/china-and-russia-are-spying-on-israel-to-steal-u-s-secretsputin-netanyahu-xi-haifa-ashdod-iai-elbit/; Daniel Estrin and Emily Feng, “There’s A Growing Sore Spot In IsraeliU.S. Relations: China,” NPR, September 11, 2019, https://www.npr.org/2019/09/11/757290503/theres-a-growingsore-spot-in-israeli-u-s-relations-china.

82 Embassy of the People’s Republic of China, “Statement by Spokesperson of the Chinese Embassy in Cyprus on Accusations against China on 5G-Related Issues by U.S. Under Secretary of State Keith Krach,” October 24, 2020, http://cy.china-embassy.org/eng/sghd/t1826440.htm.

83 Laurence Norman, David Gauthiar-Villars, and William Mauldin, “U.S., EU to Impose Sanctions on Turkey Over Missile System, Energy,” Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2020, sec. World, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ eu-to-impose-new-sanctions-on-turkey-officials-over-energy-activities-in-eastern-mediterranean-11607648191.

84 “NATO Membership for Cyprus. Yes, Cyprus.,” Atlantic Council (blog), April 1, 2019, https://www. atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/nato-membership-for-cyprus/.

85 Alan M. Janigian, “The Cypriot-Turkish Conflict and NATO-European Union Cooperation” (Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2017), 3. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/55628.

86 “Cyprus Meets Schengen Requirements for Personal Data Protection,” SchengenVisaInfo.com, July 14, 2020, https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/cyprus-meets-schengen-requirements-for-personal-dataprotection/.

87 “Country Reports on Terrorism 2019: Cyprus,” United States Department of State, accessed December 18, 2020, https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/cyprus/.

88 “European Energy Security and Transatlantic Cooperation,” Atlantic Council, June 24, 2019, https:// www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/european-energy-security-and-transatlanticcooperation/.

89 Umut Özkaleli and Ömür Yilmaz, “‘What Was My War Like?,’” International Feminist Journal of Politics 17, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 137–56, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2013.833700.

90 “Gender Equality Index: Cyprus,” European Institute for Gender Equality, accessed December 18, 2020, https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2020/country/CY.

91 Olga Demetriou and Maria Hadjipavlou, “Women and Peace Negotiations in Cyprus,” in The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020), 1–9, https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_105-1.

92 Olga Demetriou, “The War That Keeps on Raping: Femicide and Sexual Violence in Post-Conflict Cyprus,” accessed December 17, 2020, http://feministiqa.net/the-war-that-keeps-on-raping/. 93 Özkaleli and Yilmaz, “‘What Was My War Like?’”

94 Demetriou and Hadjipavlou, “Women and Peace Negotiations in Cyprus.”

95 Demetriou and Hadjipavlou.

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96 “Facts and Figures: Women, Peace, and Security,” UN Women, accessed December 17, 2020, https://www. unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/peace-and-security/facts-and-figures.

97 “Remarks by Vice President Joe Biden to the Press at Larnaca International Airport,” The White House, May 21, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/21/remarks-vice-president-joebiden-press-larnaca-international-airport.

98 “Remarks by Vice President Joe Biden to the Press at Larnaca International Airport.”

99 “US Imposes Sanctions on Turkey over Russia Weapons,” BBC News, December 14, 2020, https://www. bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55311099.

100 Michaël Tanchum, “How Did the Eastern Mediterranean Become the Eye of a Geopolitical Storm?” Foreign Policy (blog), August 18, 2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/18/eastern-mediterranean-greeceturkey-warship-geopolitical-showdown/.

101 “Libya Update,” GOV.UK, March 20, 2011, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/libya-update--2.

102 “State Department: The July 2006 Evacuation of American Citizens from Lebanon,” Government Accountability Organization, accessed December 18, 2020, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTSGAO-07-893R/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-07-893R.htm.

103 Matt McGarry, “Analysis: Turkey Once Again Threatens to Close U.S. Bases,” ABC News, accessed December 18, 2020, https://abcnews.go.com/International/analysis-turkey-threatens-close-us-bases/story?id=67751304.

104 Reuters Staff, “Even after S-400 Sanctions, U.S. Hopes for Resolution with Turkey,” Reuters, December 14, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-sanctions-erdogan-resolution-idUSKBN28O2MS.

105 Nick Danforth, “Why Turkey Doesn’t Trust the United States,” Foreign Policy (blog), July 15, 2019, https:// foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/15/why-turkey-doesnt-trust-the-united-states/.

106 Tuvan Gumrukcu Erkoyun Ezgi, “Erdogan Says U.S. Sanctions an Attack on Ally Turkey’s Rights,” Reuters, December 16, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-turkey-sanctions-erdogan-idUSKBN28Q1GZ.

107 “Cyprus Should Pursue Money Laundering from Criminal Proceeds Generated Outside of the Country More Aggressively,” Human Rights and Rule of Law, accessed December 18, 2020, https://www.coe.int/en/web/ human-rights-rule-of-law/newsroom-2020/-/asset_publisher/UORLPrekXNpu/content/cyprus-should-pursuemoney-laundering-from-criminal-proceeds-generated-outside-of-the-country-more-aggressively.

108 “Commission Steps up Fight against Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing,” European Commission, March 7, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en.

109 “Money Laundering,” International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, March 2020), 95. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Tab-2INCSR-Vol-2-508.pdf.

110 Etain Tannam, “Cyprus and the Annan Plan Negotiations: An Organisational Model.”

111 “The Biggest Social Media Operation You’ve Never Heard of Is Run Out of Cyprus by Russians,” Lawfare, December 18, 2019, https://www.lawfareblog.com/biggest-social-media-operation-youve-never-heard-run-outcyprus-russians.

112 Yuri M. Zhukov, “Trouble in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea,” Foreign Affairs, March 20, 2013, https:// www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/cyprus/2013-03-20/trouble-eastern-mediterranean-sea.

113 James Ker-Lindsay, Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution, International Library of Twentieth Century History (London: I.B. Tauris, 2015), chap. 10, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=t rue&db=nlebk&AN=942070&site=ehost-live.

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114 Paola Tamma, “Uniting Cyprus with Gas Bonanza Money a ‘Pipe Dream,’” POLITICO, June 4, 2019, https://www.politico.eu/article/cyprus-off-shore-gas-turkey/.

115 James Ker-Lindsay, Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution, chap. 10.

116 Press Release Regarding The Conclusions Adopted By The Eu Foreign Affairs Council, “Press Release Regarding The Conclusions Adopted By The Eu Foreign Affairs Council,” July 16, 2019, http://houston.cg.mfa.gov. tr/Mission/ShowAnnouncement/360192; Demiryol, “Between Security and Prosperity.”

117 Gallia Lindenstrauss and Remi Daniel, “A Stormy Mediterranean: The Turkish-Greek Conflict Returns to Center Stage,” INSS Insight (The Institute for National Security Studies, June 30, 2020), https://www.inss.org.il/ publication/greece-and-turkey-tension/.

118 Victor Kotsev, “Cyprus Eyes the Natural Gas Era,” Petroleum Economist, August 15, 2020, https://www. petroleum-economist.com/articles/midstream-downstream/lng/2020/cyprus-eyes-natural-gas-era.

119 John Psaropoulos, “Greece, Israel, Cyprus, Move to Build East Med Gas Pipeline,” Al Jazeera, January 2, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/1/2/greece-israel-cyprus-move-to-build-east-med-gaspipeline.

120 Mohamed Saied, “Egypt, Cyprus Focus on Natural Gas Pipeline amid Tensions in Eastern Mediterranean,” Al-Monitor, September 13, 2020, sec. Editorial, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/09/egyptcyprus-natural-gas-pipeline-east-mediteranean-turkey.html.

121 United States Department of State, “Energy Cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean,” United States Department of State, June 12, 2020, https://www.state.gov/Energy Cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean/.

122 Klaus Dodds, Rikke Bjerg Jensen, and Costas M. Constantinou, “Signposts: Cyprus, UK and the Future of the SBAs,” The RUSI Journal 160, no. 5 (September 3, 2015): 36–45, https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2015.110 2542.

123 “Supporting Our Community in Sovereign Base Areas Administration (SBAA),” Sovereign Base Areas Administration, accessed December 18, 2020, https://sbaadministration.org/index.php.

124 “Our Deployments in Cyprus,” UK Ministry of Defense, accessed December 18, 2020, https://www.army. mod.uk/deployments/cyprus/.

125 “UK Stealth Fighter Jets Join Fight against Islamic State,” BBC News, June 24, 2019, sec. UK, https:// www.bbc.com/news/uk-48745027.

126 “Libya Update,” GOV.UK

127 “Syria Air Strikes: UK Confident Strikes Were Successful, Says PM,” BBC News, April 14, 2018, sec. UK, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43763605.

128 Workshop Interview, October 26, 2020.

129 Andreas Stergiou, “The Exceptional Case of the British Military Bases on Cyprus,” Middle Eastern Studies 51, no. 2 (March 4, 2015): 285–300, https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2014.947283.

130 Carol Migdalovitz, “Cyprus: Status of UN Negotiations.”

131 “The Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem (Annan Plan Text),” March 31, 2004, http://www. hri.org/docs/annan/Annan_Plan_April2004.pdf.

132 Klaus Dodds, Rikke Bjerg Jensen, and Costas M. Constantinou, “Signposts: Cyprus, UK and the Future of the SBA.”

133 “‘Patience Is Running out’: Pressure on Turkey and Greece as Cyprus Talks Open,” The Guardian, June

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28, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/28/a-best-and-lst-hope-talks-begin-over-cypriotreunification.

134 The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, First edition., Oxford Handbooks. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 201.

135 Robert Menendez, “S.1102 - Eastern Mediterranean Security and Energy Partnership Act of 2019” (2019), https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1102/text.

136 James M. Inhofe, “S.1790 -National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020” (2019), https://www. congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1790/text.

137 “Announcements,” Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, U.S. Department of State, September 2, 2020, https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/ddtc_public.

138 Michele Kambas and Darya Korsunskaya, “Russia Surprises Cyprus with Move to Scrap Tax Deal,” Reuters, August 3, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-cyprus-taxes-idUSKBN24Z17G.