Magazine ~ Fall 2022

CLIMATE science for CHANGE

Climate Science for Change is published by Woodwell Climate Research Center in Falmouth, Massachusetts.

Woodwell Climate Research Center conducts science for solutions at the nexus of climate, people and nature. We partner with leaders and communities for just, meaningful impact to address the climate crisis.

PRESIDENT AND CEO Dr. R. Max Holmes

CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OFFICER Dr. Heather M. H. Goldstone

SCIENCE WRITER Sarah Ruiz

GRAPHIC DESIGNER Julianne Waite

COPY EDITORS

Elizabeth Bagley, Paula Beckerle

IMAGES

Paulo Brando, Glenn Bush, Nichole Chapman, Greg Fiske, Miles Grant, Max Holmes, Eric Lee, Madeline Lee, Chris Linder, Marcia Macedo, Manoela Machado, Susan Natali, Sarah Ruiz, Gabrielle Russomagno, Jonathan Sanderman, John Schade, Christina Shintani, Rachael Treharne, Julianne Waite, Jennifer Watts, Joëlle Voglimacci-Stephanopoli, Joseph Zambo WOODWELL CLIMATE RESEARCH CENTER

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Falmouth, MA 02540 Email: info@woodwellclimate.org Website: woodwellclimate.org

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From Max

Climate, people, nature… and solutions

President & CEO

The mission of the Woodwell Climate Research Center is to conduct science for solutions at the nexus of climate, people, and nature. We partner with leaders and communities for just, meaningful impact to address the climate crisis.

On June 9, 2022, Woodwell’s Board of Directors approved this new mission statement. As anyone who has ever worked on a mission statement knows, it can be a long, tortuous process, where every word is vetted, analyzed, considered, and reconsidered, until finally you arrive at a string of words that ideally captures the essence of the organization and why it exists. Thanks to the hard work and insights of many people, both staff and board, I think we nailed it.

One week after the mission statement was approved, I departed with my family on a long-planned vacation to Africa. As I realized during our journey and as I’ll describe below, the three legs of the trip unfolded in a way that aligned remarkably closely with our new mission statement. The trip also reinforced the importance and urgency of our work at Woodwell, and made me more motivated than ever to do everything possible to advance our mission.

Climate | The first leg of the trip was our attempt to climb Mount Kilimanjaro. Straddling the Tanzania/Kenya border just south of the equator, the climb begins in lush tropical rainforest and, if successful, ends at the 19,341-foot summit surrounded by Kilimanjaro’s iconic glaciers.

I’ve traveled to many different parts of the world where climate change is already having substantial impacts, from the Arctic to the Amazon, but there is something about receding glaciers that hammers home the physical reality of climate change. During our nine-day climb, I had lots of time to reflect on the beauty and vulnerability of Kilimanjaro’s glaciers, which are predicted to disappear entirely in the near future. I was thrilled (and a bit amazed) when we all made it to Kilimanjaro’s summit, but it was hard to shake the feeling of loss at the pending disappearance of Kilimanjaro’s magnificent glaciers.

We have work to do.

People | The second leg of the journey only lasted a day, but for me it was the most impactful. My 13-year-old daughter Sophie, in partnership with an amazing nonprofit called Unite the World with Africa Foundation, had raised almost $3,000 to plant trees for fruit and fuel at a primary school in Tanzania. We visited the school, met with the headmaster, toured classrooms, and interacted with the remarkable students. Though there were hundreds of students at the school, there was no running water, and we learned from the headmaster that most of the students got by on one meal per day. On top of that, the region was warming and as elsewhere in East Africa, a severe drought was leading to widespread crop failure. It was clear that these students and their families were already living on the edge, and that adapting to climate change would be extremely difficult. I think of these students often, who bear no responsibility for climate change yet may suffer the gravest consequences.

We have work to do.

Holmes,

Nature | The final leg of the journey was a four-day safari in the Serengeti. Most of our planning had focused on the Kilimanjaro climb, so I hadn’t really done my homework to know what to expect on the safari. Let me just say that I was astounded by the diversity and abundance of wildlife we saw—lions, elephants, rhinos, hippos, cheetahs, leopards, giraffes, hyenas, crocodiles, zebras, hundreds of thousands of wildebeests, and more. I really had no idea that places like this still existed, or for that matter, ever existed. This experience reminded me that we live on an absolutely amazing planet. Yes, we face immense challenges that require urgent attention, but sometimes it is nice to sit back and reflect on the continued magnificence of our home planet. Continuing to protect places like the Serengeti also hinges on the success of Woodwell’s mission.

We have work to do.

Solutions | I’ll conclude with thoughts about my second trip to Africa this year, which will begin a few days after I write this in early November. This time I’ll be joined by 17 of my Woodwell colleagues, all of us heading to COP27 in Egypt. Having played a key role in the formation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 30 years ago, Woodwell now is doing everything possible to push UNFCCC member nations to finally take the aggressive actions needed to live up to the promise of limiting warming to an extent that avoids the worst consequences of climate change. Much time has been wasted, and the fact that carbon emissions and warming have continued to increase three decades after the ratification of the UNFCCC clearly shows its limitations, yet it remains the most promising mechanism for catalyzing the global action needed to achieve a just, healthy, and sustainable world.

Thank you for your help and support. We all have work to do.

From Max Holmes, President & CEO continued

Updates and insights

Impact updates

JUNE

Woodwell announced its policy priorities for the 2023 reauthorization of the federal Farm Bill, including responsibly deploying natural climate solutions, reducing wildfire risk, and improving credibility of carbon markets.

READ MORE woodwellclimate.org/farm-bill-2023-priorities

JULY

Woodwell Climate scientists were quoted in hundreds of news stories, providing context on extreme heat in the U.S., record deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, and an unexpectedly severe start to the wildfire season in Alaska.

READ MORE www.reuters.com/business/environment/what-is-behind-heat-wavesaffecting-united-states-2022-07-24

AUGUST

Members of the Risk program and Communications department received a commendation in the inaugural Climate Creatives Challenge (CCC) for their animated visualization of socioeconomic disparities in flood risk.

READ MORE woodwellclimate.org/commendation-in-climate-creatives-challenge/

SEPTEMBER

One team of staff, board members, and partners traveled to Washington, D.C. for Congressional testimony and meetings with legislative offices, while another headed to New York, NY to connect with decision-makers at Climate Week NYC.

READ MORE woodwellclimate.org/teams-tackle-climate-policy-on-two-fronts

OCTOBER

Woodwell launched a free, online course on permafrost thaw—the first in a new partnership with the UK-based online social learning platform FutureLearn.

READ MORE woodwellclimate.org/permafrost-course

NOVEMBER

More than a dozen staff, as well as several board members, attended the COP27 climate negotiations in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, pushing to get natural systems—and their stewards—valued and accounted for in UN climate policy.

READ MORE woodwellclimate.org/cop27

By the numbers

INSIGHTS FROM RECENT WOODWELL CLIMATE PUBLICATIONS

287 3.1 46 $1

Metric tons of unrealized potential of land-based carbon storage woodwellclimate.org/ land-based-carbon-storageopportunities

Needed federal investment in science to support natural climate solutions

woodwellclimate.org/naturalclimate-solutions-roadmap

Acres burned by wildfires in Alaska in 2022

woodwellclimate.org/5-thingsalaska-fire-season

Portion of Brazilian Cerrado that has been cleared for crops or pastures

woodwellclimate.org/half-ofthe-cerrado-is-already-gone

Eric Lee Chris Linder

Fund for Climate Solutions awards largest cohort to date

Seven projects aim to push boundaries across all areas of Woodwell’s work

The Fund for Climate Solutions is a competitive, internal granting mechanism that supports early-stage and high-risk, high-reward research with breakthrough potential. New awards are made twice each year. The latest cohort comprises seven highly-collaborative projects and more than $650,000 in funding to support innovative extensions of ongoing research with near-term policy relevance.

Preserving and increasing carbon stocks of large trees on federal lands

Project lead: Dr. Richard Birdsey

There is an urgent need to identify large, older trees and mature forest stands on U.S. public lands that could be protected from harvest to maintain their carbon stocks and growth potential. Building on preliminary work with the Natural Resources Defense Council, and working in collaboration with Wild Heritage, Woodwell Climate scientists will develop a quantitative method for identifying mature forests and apply this to U.S. National Forests in order to clarify thresholds for protection from logging and estimate the likely carbon storage resulting from protection. This project addresses key policies for federal land management contained in two recent Executive Orders, and has the potential to contribute significantly to maintaining present and future carbon stocks on public lands and achieving the nation’s goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

The importance of protected areas and Indigenous lands for Amazon climate

Project lead: Dr. Michael Coe

Amazon forests take up water from the soil and evaporate it to the atmosphere, cooling the land surface and sustaining up to half of regional rainfall. This forest function is critical for biodiversity, carbon cycling, and food and energy production, but it is threatened by deforestation and its integration into climate policy has lagged due to knowledge gaps. This project will quantify the climatic importance of forests in Indigenous territories, protected natural areas, and undesignated lands, which together account for roughly half the area of standing Amazon forest and a third of deforestation. This new understanding will be key to the development of targeted conservation strategies and stronger policies and land-use planning for protection of forests and their climate benefits.

Quantifying

Project lead: Dr. Marcia Macedo

Wetland ecosystems—whether natural, man-made, or restored—play a significant role in carbon cycling. Whether they are net sinks or sources of carbon to the atmosphere depends on local hydrology, vegetation, and land management in a changing climate. Woodwell scientists have studied these processes across a wide range of ecosystems, including small reservoirs in the Amazon, forests and bogs in Maine, and active or newly restored cranberry bogs in Massachusetts. However, traditional techniques for measuring carbon fluxes can be limiting in ecologically complex and/or rapidly changing environments. The purchase of a portable gas analyzer will enable real-time measurement of greenhouse gas fluxes at fine scale, adding a new dimension to ongoing work in these important environments.

carbon fluxes in wetland ecosystems from tropical South America to temperate New England

Rapid soil health assessment

Project lead: Dr. Jonathan Sanderman

In order for food producers around the globe to improve soil health and increase soil carbon storage, they must first be able to measure it reliably and inexpensively. Previous work supported by the Fund for Climate Solutions has demonstrated that low-cost, handheld, infrared sensors connected to smartphones have the potential to meet the need for soil carbon monitoring. This project will expand the scope of ongoing work with Africa-based Innovative Solutions for Decision Agriculture (iSDA) to assess the effectiveness of this technology for measuring overall soil fertility and soil health status. This work has the potential to enable scientific advances and improved land management decisions that could help close the agricultural yield gap in some of the world’s poorest regions.

Climate change and global security

Project lead: Dr. Alex Naegele

Climate change has been identified as a critical national security issue—as a threat multiplier that exacerbates existing societal stressors and regional instabilities. However, the inclusion of granular climate impacts in security strategy is not yet widely practiced. In collaboration with the Center for Climate & Security, Woodwell Climate’s Risk Program aims to provide actionable climate intelligence that can be used to directly inform security policy. In this project, two case studies on countries with strong regional influence and mounting climate vulnerabilities (e.g. Indonesia, Iran, Turkey, and South Africa) will synthesize climate risk assessments and security insight to develop a comprehensive climate security analysis. This research will be accompanied by U.S. policy recommendations to address security risks, and it will be shared with policymakers and leaders in the security community to normalize this essential approach to climate security.

Gaining new insights into drivers of carbon emissions from Alaska permafrost by integrating radiocarbon, VLF-ERT, and soil respiration monitoring

Project lead: Dr. Jennifer Watts

Thawing high latitude permafrost is expected to become a significant source of carbon dioxide and methane emissions this century. Accurately projecting future emissions requires not only measuring overall carbon release and uptake rates, but also understanding the biological and ecological processes at work. This project addresses two key knowledge gaps: differentiating the contributions of soil microbes and plant respiration to carbon emissions under differing environmental conditions, and understanding the impact of fire on subsequent carbon loss from soils. Specialized, year-round gas monitoring at burned and unburned sites near Hess Creek, AK, along with carbon dating and permafrost decay mapping using Very Low Frequency Electrical Resistivity Tomography (VLF-ERT), will provide proof of concept for a novel technique that can be applied across the Arctic to address these knowledge gaps and improve models and projections of permafrost thaw carbon emissions.

Tracking global contaminants in ecosystems on the frontline of permafrost thaw

Project lead: Dr. Scott Zolkos

Rapid permafrost thaw is creating hazardous conditions for northern communities, as thawing and collapsing ground threatens infrastructure and Indigenous ways of living. It also poses a severe risk to human and ecosystem health, because toxic mercury (Hg) and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have accumulated to high levels within permafrost region ecosystems and are now being released into drinking water, and bioaccumulating in fish and other organisms that are essential to northern diets, health, and cultures. Despite the risk, the magnitude of Hg and PFAS release associated with permafrost thaw is largely unknown. This project will leverage the scientific infrastructure and community outreach efforts of two flagship Woodwell Climate projects—Permafrost Pathways and Science on the Fly—to establish the first observatory for tracking contaminants in waters of local importance within permafrost regions.

Sarah Ruiz

Laurente

Gabrielle Russomagno

What is permafrost? An unaccounted-for emitter

Katie Constantine Sarah Ruiz Communications Intern Science Writer

Located anywhere between a few centimeters to 4,900 feet below the Earth’s surface, permafrost is soil composed of sand, gravel, organic matter, and ice that has been frozen for at least two consecutive years. The most significant extent of permafrost lies in the Arctic—stretched across Alaska, Scandinavia, Russia, Iceland, and Canada. It can be found beneath the Arctic Ocean, the Arctic tundra, and alpine and boreal forests. It covers 15% of the land in the Northern Hemisphere, 3.6 million people live atop it, and it has the

potential to release a devastating amount of carbon and rapidly accelerate warming.

The thawing threat

Scientists estimate that Arctic permafrost contains 1.4 trillion tons of carbon, an amount more than double what is currently in the Earth’s atmosphere. That carbon sink is stable as long as it stays frozen, but when it thaws, soil microbes break down the organic matter in permafrost and release carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere, increasing the rate of warming that caused the thawing in the first place.

In many places, forests, plants, and peat act as protective insulation for Arctic permafrost. This insulation helps keep carbon-storing organic matter, like plants and animals, as well as bacteria and archaea, frozen in the permafrost. However, climate change is already causing the Arctic to warm three to four times faster than the rest of the planet. In addition to speeding decay, rapid warming also strips back permafrost’s protective layers with increasing fires and heavy summer rains that burn and erode away top soil layers, further accelerating thaw. In some places, permafrost thaws so abruptly that the ground can collapse. Developing infrastructure that requires deforestation and the placement of underground pipes further exposes permafrost to warming. Additionally, as sea ice melts, coastal Arctic permafrost is exposed to warmer waters. The combined result is extensive permafrost thaw across the region.

Researchers have been studying permafrost thaw to determine the size of the threat it poses, though eroding slopes and

Graphic image by Nichole Chapman

Thawing Arctic soils have the potential to push us past our warming targets.

Current extent of permafrost (green) / map by Greg Fiske



Caribou Creek, Alaska / photo by Jennifer Watts

fragmenting infrastructure are making Arctic research even more challenging. In a recent TEDTalk, Dr. Sue Natali, Woodwell’s Arctic program director and senior scientist, cautioned that, “By the end of this century, greenhouse gas emissions from thawing permafrost may be on par with some of the world’s leading greenhouse-gas-emitting nations.”

The missing expense in a global budget

Despite the potentially vast scale of permafrost emissions, they are conspicuously absent from the global climate budget. The budget, developed by the international science community, details planet-wide emissions and weighs them against carbon sequestered by forests and other carbon sinks. It functions much like a household budget—where spending more than you earn can jeopardize your financial stability. In this case, putting too much carbon into the atmosphere will push us past internationally-agreed warming limits.

Scientists estimate that emissions from permafrost thaw will range from 30 to 150 billion tons this century—on par with top-emitting countries like India or the United States. It’s “especially alarming… that permafrost carbon is largely ignored in current climate change models,” says Dr. Max Holmes, President of Woodwell Climate Research Center. That’s because permafrost thaw emissions could take up 25–40% of our remaining emissions budget to cap warming at 2 degrees Celsius. To put it in perspective, imagine leaving the cost of rent out of your household budget. It doesn’t mean you don’t have to pay it, it just means you won’t be prepared when that bill arrives.

Permafrost emissions haven’t been factored into these budgets because solid estimates of them are difficult to create. The Arctic is huge and diverse, and spans multiple countries; onthe-ground data is sparse, leaving information gaps. To begin filling those gaps, Woodwell has partnered with the Arctic Initiative at Harvard Kennedy School, the Alaska Institute for Justice, and the Alaska Native Science Commission to connect experts in climate science, human rights, and public policy with frontline communities and high-level decision makers. The partnership, called Permafrost Pathways, will expand and coordinate a pan-Arctic carbon monitoring network to improve the accuracy of permafrost thaw emissions estimates. Improved data will put force behind the push to factor permafrost emissions into global carbon budgets, climate models, targets, and measures for mitigation and adaptation.

In addition, high-resolution satellite and aircraft-based observations and advanced computer modeling, will allow scientists to track the changing landscape in near real-time and more accurately project future emissions.

The demand for adaptation

Even without precision in the numbers, the impacts of permafrost thaw are already being felt in the Arctic. Because ice is an essential part of the ground’s structural integrity, it becomes unstable when it thaws. This leads to dangerous situations like landslides and sinkholes that threaten millions of people, particularly remote communities.

In 2019, a Yup’ik community that has lived in Newtok, Alaska for hundreds of years had to begin moving to higher, volcanic

 A slope eroding due to permafrost thaw in Siberia. / photo by John Schade

ground because the thawing permafrost under their town was causing disastrous floods and sinking infrastructure. According to Dr. Natali, who studies permafrost thaw in Yup’ik territory, “it’s a place where permafrost is on the brink of thawing, and will be thawed by the end of the century, if not much sooner.”

There is currently little government framework for adaptation, both within Arctic countries and internationally. The Yup’ik people had to reach out to a variety of government agencies, living without plumbing for decades, before the U.S. federal government finally awarded them support for relocation. The community paid a heavy price for it, though. Without proper policy in place to manage climate relocation, they had to bargain for government assistance, and in the end turned ownership of the land they were leaving over to the U.S. government.

The process took sixteen years from when Congress agreed to provide assistance to when their promises were put into action. Arctic communities do not have another decade and a half to wait for more refined data, so the Permafrost Pathways program is collaborating with local communities to develop Indigenous-led adaptation strategies. For many, relocation or infrastructure upgrades are needed urgently, but there is currently no process or resources to enable communities to move forward. With Arctic residents already feeling the brunt of climate change, the involvement of frontline communities is crucial in developing successful adaptation plans and effective policies.

The work remaining

Despite its big strides, Permafrost Pathways is still in its infancy and there is a long road ahead when it comes to tackling the complex issue of permafrost thaw. In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2021 report, permafrost thaw was named as an issue that should be included in carbon budgets and global reduction schedules, but it isn’t due to the lack of data. Continued data gathering is needed to speed up the inclusion of permafrost emissions in important decision-making, but governments need to act now to protect their citizens against the hazards they’re already facing from thaw. Integration of permafrost thaw risks into disaster policies and community-led adaptation frameworks will create clear planning and response procedures for the unstable future the Arctic is facing.

Examining a permafrost sample in the field. / photo by John Schade

Nunapitchuk, Alaska / photo by Rachael Treharne

They keep us cool we cut them down

Ruiz Science Writer

Sarah

In terms of climate mitigation, forests are like green gold— working overtime to cool the planet, while also supporting a wealth of biodiversity. But we have not been saving them as one would a precious asset. Despite pledges to end deforestation, old growth forests are being cut down at alarming rates. And planting new trees is widely prioritized and incentivized over protecting existing forests. Across the board, standing forests are vastly undervalued. This has to change if we are to stand a chance of limiting warming to internationally agreed targets.

Forests are global air conditioners

According to a recent study from scientists at Woodwell and the University of Virginia, tropical forests alone are holding back approximately 1 degree Celsius of warming. About 75% of that cooling effect is due to carbon sequestration. Forests grow, trees lock away carbon in their trunks and roots and shunt it into the soil. The other 25% comes from the innate properties of forests that work to cool vast regions of the globe.

Through photosynthesis, plants release water vapor into the air in a process called evapotranspiration. The vapor contributes to cooling near the ground, as well as cloud formation higher in the atmosphere that reduces incoming solar radiation. The shape of the tree canopy also contributes. So-called canopy “roughness” disrupts air flow above the forest. The more uneven the canopy, the more turbulent the

air, which disperses heat away from the surface. In the tropics, evapotranspiration and canopy roughness are high, which means that surface temperatures remain relatively low, with the heat dispersed throughout the deep atmosphere.

Forests also naturally produce molecules called biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), which can either contribute to cooling by encouraging the formation of clouds, or to warming by creating ozone and methane. In the tropics, the net effect of these chemicals is cooling.

The cumulative result of these properties is that when forests are removed, the land around them begins to heat up even faster, which can increase the frequency of extreme heat and drought events. Without forests, some regions will become a lot less resilient to sudden shocks. And the release of carbon contributes to global warming which further exacerbates hot, dry conditions.

“Forests act like air conditioners,” says Woodwell Assistant Scientist, Dr. Ludmila Rattis, who studies the impacts of deforestation on agriculture in Brazil. “Deforesting in the face of climate change is like getting rid of your air conditioners before an upcoming heatwave.”

Not all forests are created equally

Protecting forests, and maintaining the cooling services they provide, is vital to limiting warming. But, with forests covering 30% of the Earth’s land, prioritizing protection is a massive task. And when it comes to carbon storage, not all forests are equally valuable. Older, healthier forests tend to have a more secure hold on their carbon.

“Mature forests have higher biodiversity and create their own microclimate,” says Woodwell Associate Scientist, Brendan Rogers. “They’re more resistant to drought and other types of disturbance. And because of that, they tend to be more stable in the face of environmental perturbations over time.”

New research from Woodwell and Griffith University has developed a method of identifying high-value forests using satellite imagery. Estimating the metric of “forest stability” through satellite data on the light reflected by vegetation and a water stress index of the tree canopy, researchers were able to determine gradients of stability within forest patches in the Amazon and boreal forests.

Using a gradient of forest stability allows for a better prioritization of forest protection strategies based on their carbon value.

“The first priority is to protect stable forests from further human disturbance,” says paper co-author Dr. Brendan

Standing forests are our best natural climate solution. So why aren’t we treating them that way?

photos by Paulo Brando (top) and Glenn Bush (bottom)

graphic image by Nichole Chapman

Mapping forest stability is accurate across different biomes

This new approach to categorize forests into stability classes was tested in two forest biomes that vary climatically and latitudinally: wet tropical (Amazon) and boreal (Siberia).

Modeled forest regions

Kayapó territory Southern tiaga ecoregion

Area shown below

In comparison to Sentinel 2 satellite imagery, the model results proved to be accurate in both forest biomes and therefore a useful method in identifying and conserving stable forests.

Satellite imagery

Area shown below

Mackey. “The second priority is to identify forest areas where restoration efforts will be most cost effective.”

Guarding the forests that guard our future

If the state of existing forests is any indication, forest protection continues to be deprioritized. Many wildfires are left to burn unless they threaten human settlements. Governments continue to incentivize deforestation for development or agricultural expansion. Indigenous and local communities are not compensated for their work stewarding their territories and keeping forests safe. And the warmer the planet gets, the more susceptible even protected forests become to drought, fire, and disease.

Research has shown that stewarding standing primary forests, and reviving degraded ones, represents the greatest opportunity for near-term carbon storage and removal. A study of global land-based carbon storage potential found that improved management of existing forests alone could store approximately 215 billion metric tons more than they currently do.

Protecting forests is cost effective, too. For example, in the United States, investing in fire fighting in Alaska’s boreal forests would require just $13 per ton of CO2 emissions avoided. That’s easily on par with other mitigation strategies like onshore wind or solar energy generation.

Effective strategies for protecting forests already exist, they’ve just been suffering from a lack of force—and often funding— behind their implementation. For example, forest carbon

markets—where landowners and forest stewards are paid to protect standing forests that are otherwise vulnerable to deforestation—have the potential to keep forests safe while offsetting emissions from other sectors. But nascent carbon markets are inefficient, with weak standards for verifying the quality of credits being sold, and lacking the transparency needed to ensure credits are actually reducing overall emissions, rather than greenwashing carbon-intensive business practices.

Credits are also priced incorrectly for their relative climate value—the market currently values reforestation credits more highly, reducing incentive for landowners to conserve standing, old-growth forests when there is a better livelihood to be made in legally deforesting land for other uses. A truly effective carbon markets system would require large investments in science that can verify credit standards.

Forests are like our global carbon savings accounts—when we cut them down, we’re drawing out money and limiting our ability to collect interest and keep growing our funds. Successful mitigation can’t be accomplished without taking the full value of forests into account and strengthening policies to reflect that. If they aren’t, the planet will pay a far greater price for it as temperatures rise.

“We can’t afford to keep cutting forests. We need to reduce emissions now, and protecting forests is one of our best available solutions. Despite the obstacles, it’s worth the investment,” says Dr. Rogers.

comparison mapping of forest biomes by Christina Shintani

Lidar image of a forest. Lidar is a form of remote sensing that can be used to monitor changes on a landscape. / photo courtesy of Manoela Machado

It’s not the cows, It’s the way we’re managing them

Sarah Ruiz Science Writer

“Talk to Jim. Jim knows everything.”

That’s what everyone told Woodwell Assistant Scientist, Dr. Jennifer Watts, when she started writing up a research plan to study soil carbon on U.S. rangelands. “And indeed, he does,” Dr. Watts says. “He knows everything about the region, about grazing management, species management, anything having to do with land management on these ranches.”

With his felt stetson, dusty jeans, and perennial tan, ranch manager Jim Howell looks a bit like the kind of cowboy Hollywood might dream up. And in a way he is—despite looking at home on the range, Howell grew up in Southern California. But he spent his summers out in Colorado’s Cimarron mountains, working on his grandfather’s cattle ranch.

Those summers were Howell’s introduction to the idea that the way livestock are managed can change their impact on the land—a thread that would pull him through a college degree in animal production, toward a career “knowing everything” about holistic ranch management. He was first made aware of this this concept while walking the fence line separating his family’s property from a patch of public land being used to graze sheep.

“I noticed there were lots of very healthy, perennial, bunch grasses on the sheep side, while our side of the fence had degraded to mostly silver sagebrush, Kentucky bluegrass, and dandelions,” says Howell. “And I just didn’t understand why the differences were so stark.”

Howell’s cattle were stocked continuously on the land, low in number but able to graze year round, while the sheep grazing permit required rotation. There might be a great flock of sheep up there one day and nothing but grass for the remainder of the year. That difference, it turned out, dramatically altered the kinds of plants that could flourish on the land.

“I became aware then that the way that we’d been managing our cows in our country up there was leading to its slow, longterm, ecological degradation. And I didn’t know what to do about it,” says Howell.

The grazer makes the range

There have always been animals grazing the American west— before colonizers, even before Native peoples. On the Great Plains there were bison; in the mountains and high altitude deserts of Southwestern Colorado, it was bighorn sheep and pronghorn antelope, as well as elk and mule deer. All three are rare sights now, with populations decimated by overhunting and habitat degradation.

Now, if you see any animal grazing on these ranges, it will probably be cattle.

Despite displacing native species, cows can still fill a natural niche in the rangeland ecosystem. Antelope, bison, sheep, and cows all belong to a group of animals called ruminants— animals that can digest grass. Many grasslands have co-evolved with ruminant species; their roaming feasts influence plant growth the same way pruning might affect the shape of a tree. Occasional shearing by a hungry cow stimulates new grass growth. It also creates a more competitive environment that supports a diverse array of plant species.

Grazing also plays a part in cycling nutrients and storing carbon in the soil. In a frequently dry climate like this one, digestion breaks down plant matter much faster than it would decay in the environment. Manure fertilizes new plant growth and returns carbon to the soil. Let this process continue unencumbered for a couple hundred thousand years, and you can build up a valuable carbon sink. And as long as the number of cattle isn’t rising, the oft-cited methane emissions from cow burps are minimal and cycled back down into the plants that grow up after grazing.

Since settlers arrived, however, the land has been put through centuries of abuse. Public lands were, for a long time, left open to unregulated grazing. Many rangelands have been over-stocked and grazed too frequently in order to make a profit and meet growing global beef demand. Land has been ecologically degraded, valuable topsoil was lost, and carbon stores declined as a result.

Ranch manager Jim Howell has built a career on the idea that grazing could offer a natural climate solution.

 Cattle at a Delta, Colorado ranch. / photo by Sarah Ruiz  Ranch manager Jim Howell. / photo by Sarah Ruiz

Let the cow do the work

It would be easy to blame cows for this. But really, they’re not behaving much differently than pronghorn or bison would. They eat what’s in front of them. And they eat the tastier plants first. Howell likens it to a salad bar.

“If you go into a salad bar and there’s some lettuce that has been sitting there for three months, and some of it that’s just been replaced that morning, you take the new stuff. So that’s exactly what the cow does,” Howell says. “If she’s not made to move anywhere new, she’s just going to keep coming back and grazing the regrowth of the good stuff as long as it’s there.”

Pretty soon, perennial grass species, important for their deep roots that help prevent erosion and store carbon and water longer, are grazed into nothing. All that’s left are the sagebrush, dandelions, and other less desirable plants that Howell noticed dotting his family ranch.

“So the whole thing is about how the cows are managed, it’s not the cow itself that is a problem,” says Howell.

If bad management can degrade the land, then good management should be able to restore it. While studying animal science in college, Howell encountered the concepts of “holistic management”, a term that began to decode this relationship between management practices and the health of the land. Controversial at its introduction a half century ago, holistic ranching has been gaining traction, and Howell and his ranch management company, Grasslands LLC, have helped urge its uptake.

The core principle is to make management decisions that restore lands and keep cattle in balance with the rest of the ecosystem—helping them fill the niche of the ancient grazers. This comes with a host of co-benefits, including water retention and higher plant productivity, that actually end up improving economic profitability for ranches in the long run. Simple adjustments, like lengthening the time between grazing a pasture again and wintering cows on native ranges instead of hay, can turn cattle from an ecosystem destroyer to an ecosystem helper.

“The trick is to let the cows do all the hard work,” says Howell.

Carbon modeling: The rancher’s secret weapon

Dr. Watts and Woodwell Senior Scientist Dr. Jonathan Sanderman, along with Dr. Megan Machmuller of Colorado State University, are interested in quantifying those cobenefits, especially carbon storage.

“In the western U.S. on our rangelands, just like in our croplands, we can change how we manage in a way that potentially could become a natural climate solution,” says Dr. Watts. “One where we’re bringing in more carbon than we’re emitting and we’re creating ecosystems that not only are beneficial for carbon sequestration, but also have more biodiversity, offer more habitat for wildlife, and more water conservation.”

In order to prove that value however, scientists need a baseline understanding of how much carbon is currently stored across both traditionally- and holistically-managed rangelands. It’s

hard to get an estimate for such a large area (roughly 30% of the U.S. is covered with rangelands), so they are using a remote sensing model, which they verify with strategic on-theground sampling.

Howell’s work also created the perfect conditions for the research team to study the long term carbon benefits of altered ranching practices, which is a tricky thing to test empirically. Ranchers must constantly adjust their management techniques to stay profitable.

“In a classical research setting, you try to control all the variables but one, but in real life that’s not what happens,” says Howell. “Nothing is controlled. Day to day, you have to adapt to constantly changing conditions.”

The ranches Howell’s company works with make those day-today decisions based on the principles of holistic management, so tracking carbon on those ranches over time offers the opportunity to generate baseline data on how they differ from more traditionally managed ones.

Howell also brings the expertise of a life spent on the range. He can identify just about any plant growing in the pasture, tell you which are native, which are invasive, and which used to be the preferred food of prehistoric ground sloths. His eye is trained to see diversity even in martian-esque deserts and read the history of the land in the structure of the soil. In May of 2022, Howell guided Drs. Sanderman, Watts, and Machmueller and their teams on a sample collection trip through Southwest Colorado and Utah. The researchers took soil cores, plant samples, moisture and temperature readings, and analyzed carbon fluxing in and out of the pasture.

The ultimate goal is to create a rangeland carbon management tool that will make the soil carbon data model accessible directly to ranch managers. Dr. Watts hopes having that data in hand will enable more ranchers to make management decisions with climate in mind. Dr. Sanderman also notes that it could be useful in eventually helping ranchers get paid for sustainable practices.

“Rangelands haven’t been included in voluntary carbon credit markets like cropping systems have,” says Dr. Sanderman. “Monitoring is a big problem because there’s so much land. How do you keep track of all that? That’s what our tool will be able to offer.”

Growing a resilient ranch

There are limits to what grazing can accomplish, though. The lands out west aren’t suitable for large-scale cropping, being too dry or too mountainous, which makes them perfect for cattle. But when the animals take up space on land that would otherwise be used to produce crops—or worse, penned into feedlots—their benefits are compromised. Howell also notes that some grazing lands are already as saturated with carbon as they can be. And there remains the fact that ranching will get more complicated as the climate changes.

At the Valdez ranch in Delta, Colorado, Dr. Sanderman and research assistant Colleen Smith unfold a collapsible table in a field of cracking mud, dotted with the brittle stick skeletons of dead grass. Nearby, Dr. Machmuller is assisting Howell in extracting a long metal cylinder from the ground. It was plunged into the soil by a hydraulic corer attached to a pickup truck that’s idling in the field. Howell and Dr. Machmuller lay it out horizontally on the table and slide out the soil core—a 50 centimeter long history of the land beneath their feet.

Howell breaks open a section of the core with his fingers, revealing clusters of white crystals. This is a pasture that has been abused; over-irrigation by previous owners brought salts to the surface. Now nothing will grow here and wind gusts threaten to blow away loose topsoil. It’s a sacrifice zone. The current owners are considering installing solar panels instead.

Water is a big issue for ranchers and it’s threatening to get bigger. The region is constantly dipping in and out of severe drought, and in a place that depends heavily on winter snows for its groundwater and rivers, a warmer, dryer climate is a threat.

Agriculture will depend more on irrigation as the climate warms and precipitation patterns change. This empty pasture is proof that it’s not always a viable solution, though, and will become less so as climate change advances.

It enforces the urgency of the work Howell and team are doing. The faster we can draw carbon out of the atmosphere, the more successful these ranches are likely to be in the long term. The better managed the ranch, the more resilient it will be in the face of tough conditions.

In the end, Dr. Watts says, the outcome rests in the hands of ranch managers—people like Howell.

“Land managers are the ones that ultimately are going to make or break this country.”

 Jim Howell looks on as a soil core sample is extracted for examination. / photo by Sarah Ruiz

 A core sample showing evidence of overuse. / photo by Sarah Ruiz

Pushing Climate Policy Forward

In September, Woodwell staff, board members, and partners traveled to both Washington, D.C. and New York, NY in the span of one week to connect with policymakers. The massive Climate Week push kicked off Woodwell’s campaign to see natural systems—both the risks and the solutions they present—fully and fairly accounted for in climate policy.

Wednesday, September 21 New York, NY

In the morning, Woodwell scientists Drs. Mike Coe, Glenn Bush, and Wayne Walker hosted an early breakfast with key stakeholders in town for New York Climate Week to discuss the challenges and opportunities of carbon markets—a complex and sometimes controversial natural climate solution.

By the evening, Dr. Sue Natali had joined Dr. Coe, Woodwell Chief of Communications Dr. Heather Goldstone, and other staff at the Explorers Club to host a hybrid event. Titled “Nature in our Climate Budgets,” it highlighted the climate connections between the tropics and the Arctic. The inextricable human element in rapid landscape change and the importance of supporting Indigenous leadership was a common theme. In both the Arctic and tropical regions, Indigenous communities are situated on the frontlines of climate-induced change.

“Humans are not separate from nature. We are nature. It’s critical, if we want to find solutions to climate change that are just and that are viable, that we have Indigenous people leading the charge and providing us with guidance.”

— ARCTIC PROGRAM DIRECTOR DR. SUE NATALI

Sarah Ruiz

Sarah Ruiz

on Two Fronts

Tuesday, September 20 Washington, D.C.

Together with our partners at the Niskanen Center, Woodwell Climate scientists, staff, and board members participated in a “fly-in” on Capitol Hill. The team had 15 meetings with elected officials and congressional offices, focusing on opportunities to support natural climate solutions through the next Farm Bill.

“This fly-in highlights Woodwell’s commitment to impact. We’re meeting with congressional offices on both sides of the aisle to offer our expertise and ensure they have the tools they need to make climate-smart decisions. To affect change, it’s essential that our science gets into the hands of decision makers.”

— CHIEF OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS DAVID MCGLINCHEY

Woodwell Arctic Program Director and Permafrost Pathways lead Dr. Sue Natali testified before the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology in a hearing on “Strengthening Science to Respond to a Rapidly Changing Arctic.” Dr. Natali highlighted the devastating impacts of rapid landscape change facing Northern communities and the global climate threat posed by greenhouse gas emissions from permafrost thaw. She called for increased federal research support to expand the scope and timeframe of research, improve interagency coordination and international collaboration, and support Alaska Native tribes to coproduce knowledge and lead climate change research.

“I came into this hearing thinking ‘ice, ice, ice, ice.’ I’ve read a lot of articles about a world with ice. And now I’m leaving thinking ‘permafrost, permafrost, permafrost.’”

— CONGRESSWOMAN HALEY STEVENS

Eric Lee

Eric Lee

Eric Lee

Fund for Climate Solutions marks five successful years

Sarah Ruiz Science Writer

Over the last five years, the Fund for Climate Solutions (FCS) has developed from an experimental funding plan into the seed of some of Woodwell Climate Research Center’s most innovative and impactful research.

Formed in 2018, when government funding for science, especially climate science, was being cut back, the FCS offered a source of internal funding that would support new research projects focused on solutions. The fund has now raised over $10 million and launched projects that span the globe—from the Arctic tundra, to the Congo rainforest, to the rangelands of the American West.

Board member and co-chair of the FCS Capital Campaign, Connie Roosevelt, says one of the greatest successes of the program has been its ability to speed up the pursuit of new research.

“Being involved with FCS from the very beginning has been a bit like watching a race horse released from the barn,” says Roosevelt. “I had not appreciated the wealth of productive time that an internal grant program would free up for our scientist grantees. They are now able to pursue the most promising research leads without stopping to find new funding sources or changing the direction of their work to fit the priorities of a potential funder.”

That freedom has allowed Woodwell scientists to pursue projects that are high-risk, but transformative. Just this year, the FCS awarded its largest cohort to date. The new projects will have unprecedented reach, covering issues of Indigenous stewardship of Amazonian forests, global security in a changing climate, tracking contaminants released from thawing permafrost, and more.

The original fundraising goal for the FCS, 10 million dollars, has been surpassed, but board member and chair of the Development Committee, Joseph Mueller, says he intends the fund to continue far past this milestone. Mueller believes the FCS offers a powerful proof of concept for how the Center funds its projects.

“I think the lightbulb has gone on, and we’re really trying to brighten that lightbulb. This is the direction we need to go in the future and even though we hit $10 million, in my mind’s eye this is just the start,” says Mueller.

The projects highlighted on the following pages are just a subset of the many that have grown out of the FCS.

For more information on how you can support the Fund for Climate Change, please contact Leslie Kolterman at lkolterman@woodwellclimate.org.

Projet Équateur tests sustainable rice in the DRC

Agriculture, deforestation, and emissions are often linked, especially in areas where people are driven to clear land in order to feed their families. Developing agricultural practices that reduce this pressure could help save tropical forests.

Associate Scientist Dr. Glenn Bush and Projet Équateur Consultant Joseph Zambo have been testing “climate smart” rice production in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), with the hopes of increasing yields over the same area of land and reducing the emissions produced by the crop.

So far, results have shown that sustainable rice growing practices have the potential to increase yields from 46 sacks of rice per acre to roughly 60—the equivalent of expanding a farm’s area by 30%.

The project is now beginning to assess the feasibility of expanding this kind of production. Zambo is leading surveys of farmers in Équateur Province, DRC to better understand what barriers might exist to the adoption of new farming methods.

 Joseph Zambo sampling greenhouse gas fluxes from newly planted rice fields. / photo courtesy of Joseph Zambo

Informing policy around salmon, water and people in Alaska

The Arctic is warming nearly three times as fast as other parts of the globe, which presents a major challenge for cold-adapted species like the Chinook salmon. Salmon are a lynchpin of Alaskan culture and economics. Alaska Native tribes use annual salmon migrations as a subsistence food source, and sport and commercial fishing industries bring millions of dollars to the state. Heat stress can jeopardize their ability to spawn successfully.

Associate Scientist Dr. Anna Liljedahl’s project convened experts on fish biology, water chemistry, and social policy to better understand and address the challenges facing this keystone species as the climate changes. While researchers track rising water temperatures of streams and heat stress in fish, policy experts and community organizers are working with Alaskan tribes and local residents to develop policy proposals that are fair to, and supported by, the community.

The original FCS project proposal has been expanded and the group is now seeking additional funding from the National Science Foundation which would allow them to continue the long and important work of building relationships and collecting data in the region.

Developing a rangeland carbon monitoring tool

Thirty percent of U.S. lands are rangelands used to raise and graze cattle, sheep, or other livestock. Given their vast area, these grasslands have the potential to be valuable carbon sinks, provided they and the animals living on them are managed sustainably.

Senior Scientist Dr. Jonathan Sanderman and Assistant Scientist Dr. Jennifer Watts are working to create a geospatial model of carbon stored on rangelands across the U.S. This will provide baseline data that can be used to track changes in how much carbon they store over time. Their team is also constructing a brand new tool that will make carbon storage and other rangeland management data easily accessible to ranch managers. The goal is that, by seeing first-hand how changes in management techniques impact their land, ranchers will be motivated to employ sustainable practices and potentially be eligible to receive payments via voluntary carbon markets.

The project has completed several successful field seasons, installing equipment and taking measurements to help calibrate their model. Woodwell scientists, Montana State University, and Turner Ranches co-hosted a twoday workshop for ranch managers in Montana to discuss ranching for carbon and ecosystem benefits. The work has garnered interest across the region, attracting stakeholders that might not otherwise be engaged in climate conversations.

A legacy gift can help Woodwell Climate make an even greater impact in the fight against climate change for generations to come. Bequests, charitable gift annuities, and charitable remainder trusts combine your philanthropic interests with your financial needs and tax-planning strategies. Contact Beth Bagley at ebagley@woodwellclimate.org to learn more.

LEAVE A LEGACY

field site visit during the rangeland carbon workshop held in Bozeman, MT in September 2021.

photo by Jonathan Sanderman

photo courtesy of Madeline Lee

Permafrost Pathways celebrates six months

Jessica Howard Arctic Communications Specialist

Six months ago, with funding through the TED Audacious Project, Woodwell launched Permafrost Pathways—a new multidisciplinary project connecting science, people, and policy for Arctic justice and global climate—along with our partners at the Arctic Initiative at Harvard Kennedy School, the Alaska Institute for Justice, and the Alaska Native Science Commission.

On April 11, 2022, Woodwell Climate Research Center’s Dr. Sue Natali took to the stage at the TED2022 annual conference in Vancouver, B.C., to introduce Permafrost Pathways. With poised urgency, Dr. Natali delivered a powerful speech highlighting the compounding threats that Arctic communities and our global climate

face due to thawing permafrost. Her passionate delivery of such a critical message was met with a standing ovation and has now been viewed more than one million times—even comedic actor and writer Rainn Wilson shared Dr. Natali’s talk on Twitter.

Monitoring and Modeling

The Permafrost Pathways project made substantial progress during its first field season. Woodwell’s Dr. Kyle Arndt and Patrick Murphy, working with Dr. Sue Natali, installed a new eddy covariance flux tower in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. This is the inaugural tower of Permafrost Pathways—which aims to coordinate a pan-Arctic carbon monitoring network to fill data gaps that have hindered integration of permafrost

 Monitoring team in Alaska heading out to a data collection site. / photo by Valeria Briones.

thaw emissions and impacts into climate targets and adaptation governance.

The project also supported five additional existing eddy covariance sites across Canada by providing instrumentation and/or technical support to ensure these existing towers continue to collect data and to expand their measurement capacity to include both carbon dioxide and methane measurements throughout the year.

The Permafrost Pathways modeling team, led by Woodwell’s Dr. Elchin Jafarov, has started building the necessary infrastructure to handle the massive computational task of modeling and predicting carbon fluxes from thawing permafrost across the Arctic and boreal regions. Developing the model’s capacity to represent wildfire, abrupt thaw, and carbon fluxes in different Arctic ecosystems will provide better historical assessments, near-term forecasts, and longer-term projections under various policy scenarios that will allow tracking of the changing landscape and more accurately project future emissions from permafrost thaw.

Adaptation Strategies

In September, Dr. Sue Natali and the Alaska Institute for Justice’s Dr. Robin Bronen and Ben Baldwin traveled to Alaska to meet with Tribal liaisons in Kuigilnguq/Kwigillingok and Nunapicuaq/Nunapitchuk to collect water samples and install permafrost monitoring equipment. Both Alaska Native villages are severely impacted by permafrost thaw, erosion, and flooding, and are making difficult decisions about how they will adapt to the rapid and hazardous changes happening in their communities.

What began as a Fund for Climate Solutions funded effort to install an eddy covariance tower in Alaska has become a $41 million TED Audacious project with international reach.

In late September, the Permafrost Pathways team hosted the Alaska Institute for Justice and Kuigilnguq/ Kwigillingok and Nunapicuaq/ Nunapitchuk Tribal liaisons at Woodwell Climate’s campus for an Indigenous-led adaptation strategy workshop. Kuigilnguq/Kwigillingok and Nunapicuaq/Nunapitchuk are two of four Alaska Native community partnerships established over the past six months, which now also include Cingik/ Siŋik/Golovin and Cev’aq/Chevak.

Mitigation Policy

In June, Dr. Rachael Treharne and Melissa Shapiro of the Permafrost Pathways policy team attended the 56th session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and Subsidiary Body for Implementation held in Bonn, Germany. During the conference, Dr. Treharne joined the Bolin Center for Climate Research at Stockholm University and the Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada for the International Climate Cryosphere Initiative’s (ICCI’s) live streamed press event urging governments to account for emissions from permafrost thaw as they work towards the Paris Agreement goals.

During that same week, Brooke Woods from the Permafrost Pathways policy team attended the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) MidYear Conference and Marketplace in Anchorage, Alaska. NCAI provided attendees, which included Tribal leaders, Native youth, and partners from across Indian country, with an opportunity to work collaboratively to protect and enhance tribal sovereignty with the theme of “Thinking Beyond Self-Determination.”

On September 20, 2022, Dr. Sue Natali testified to the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology on the subject of strengthening science to respond to a rapidly changing Arctic. Dr. Natali made the case for more Congressional support for conducting more extensive permafrost science and for Alaska Native tribes to coproduce knowledge and lead climate change research.

On September 26 and 27, 2022, Permafrost Pathways partners at the Arctic Initiative at Harvard Kennedy School hosted a convening at Harvard University. The Permafrost Pathways team was joined by representatives from federal agencies, Alaska Native

communities and organizations, and Arctic science institutions. The meeting was an opportunity for invitees to learn about Permafrost Pathways, offer their thoughts about the challenges and opportunities at the intersection of permafrost science and policy, and consider possibilities for collaboration.

Most recently, Permafrost Pathways hosted two sessions at the Arctic Circle Assembly in Reykjavík, Iceland and had a presence in the Cryosphere Pavilion at COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt in November.

Publications and media highlights

Several members of the Permafrost Pathways team have been co-authors on new publications and featured in media outlets including The New York Times, Alaska Public Media, and Time.

Journal publications

Frontiers in Environmental Science Nature Climate Change Human Ecology Ecology and Society

NYU Review of Law and Social Change Environmental Research Letters Nature Communications

Media coverage

The New York Times Arctic Today

Alaska Public Media | “Talk of Alaska”

Alaska Public Media | “Alaska Insight” Time | “Quick Talks” The Carbon Copy

Stay connected

permafrost.woodwellclimate.org

@woodwellarctic

MATCH

Increase your giving impact through your employer’s matching gift program. Many employers will match any charitable contributions made by their employees, retirees and/or employees’ spouses. Contact Chris Boudreaux at cboudreaux@woodwellclimate.org to find out what information your employer needs.

 Dr. Sue Natali with a Tribal liaison during a September visit to Nunapicuaq/Nunapitchuk, Alaska. / photo by Rachael Treharne

Annual Report 2021–2022

The Woodwell Building on Woodwell Climate’s campus. / photo by Julianne Waite

Welcoming new Board members

Mr. Jerry Brown is Senior Vice President of Communications for the U.S. Dairy Export Council. He has more than 20 years of public affairs, public relations, and international experience in the corporate, U.S. government, and association sectors.

Areas of expertise include strategic communications, issues management, crisis communications, and environmental communications linked to sustainable development, climate change, and broader environmental issues. He has a deep commitment to strengthening climate action in the U.S. and worldwide.

Dr. Izabella M. Teixeira holds a Ph.D. in Energy Planning and was Brazil’s Minister of the Environment from 2010 to 2016. In 2015, Dr. Teixeira was Head of the Brazilian Delegation on negotiations of the Paris Agreement of the UN Convention on Climate Change. Today, she is Co-Chair of The International Resource Panel–IRP/UNEP-ONU, Board Member UN DESA, Senior Fellow of Institute Arapyaú, and Trustee for Environment and Climate Change of Brazilian Center for International Relations-CEBRI.

In Memoriam

Merloyd Ludington, the esteemed book publisher, ardent environmental activist, health care advocate, and animal rights crusader, passed away on June 27, 2022 at the age of 89. A longtime forest conservation advocate, Ms. Ludington served on the Board of Woodwell Climate from 2004 to 2019. She was elected Emeritus Director at that time and also was a member of the George Perkins Marsh Society that honors the Center’s legacy donors.

Ms. Ludington graduated from Radcliffe College where she also earned a master’s degree in comparative literature. In 1965, she co-founded Seymour Lawrence, Inc., an imprint publishing both fiction and nonfiction. In 1984, she created her own imprint, Merloyd Lawrence Books, producing hundreds of works of nonfiction over the next four decades.

Mr. Ihsan K. Speede is an attorney at Wellington Management where he leads the Investment Platform Legal Team, which has primary responsibility for legal, regulatory, and public policy matters related to the firm’s public investment activities. He has concurrently cochaired one of Wellington’s business networks and served on a number of internal committees. Before joining Wellington Management in 2010, Mr. Speede was a Senior Associate at WilmerHale and a member of the investment management and private equity practice groups.

Mr. Sanjay J. Wagle is co-founder and Managing Director of The Lightsmith Group, a private equity firm investing in growth-stage technology companies that address critical societal needs, with a current focus on climate change adaptation and resilience. In the first three years of the Obama Administration, Mr. Wagle served as a senior official at the U.S. Department of Energy, overseeing the implementation of $15 billion of investments in clean energy under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.

Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy, a worldrenowned ecologist who dedicated his career to conservation and the field of biodiversity, passed away December 25, 2021 at the age of 80. Dr. Lovejoy was elected to the Board of Woodwell Climate Research Center (then Woods Hole Research Center) in 1989 and served as Vice Chair from 2011 to 2018. He was Woodwell’s longest-serving director, marking nearly 32 years on the board.

Dr. Lovejoy introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community in 1980. He served in highlevel advisory positions in the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton Administrations. He was considered one of the most important conservation biologists of his generation for his ability to meld field research with environmental and policy work. This ability to combine insights from the field with policy solutions will continue to inspire the Woodwell Climate community.

Board of Directors

CHAIR

C. Gail Greenwald

Cleantech Investor VICE

CHAIR

Thomas J. Hynes III

Senior Lecturer, MIT

TREASURER

Michael J. Fanger

Founder, Managing Member, and President, Eastern Funding, LLC

CLERK

Victoria H. Lowell

Community Leader, Conservationist

MEMBERS

Jerry Brown

Senior Vice President of Communications, U.S. Dairy Export Council

Christina DeConcini, Esq.

Director of Government Affairs, World Resources Institute

André L. Guimarães

Executive Director, IPAM Amazônia

R. Max Holmes

President and CEO Woodwell Climate Research Center

Joseph P. Kennedy III

Former U.S. Congressional Representative Roger A. Kranenburg

Vice President, Strategy and Policy, Eversource Energy

John L. Le Coq

Founder and CEO, Fishpond, Inc.

Robert B. Litterman

Founding Partner, Kepos Capital LP

Wilhelm M. Merck

Founder and Managing Member, Essex Timber Company

William R. Moomaw

Professor Emeritus and Founding Director of the Center for International Environment and Resource Policy, The Fletcher School, Tufts University

Joseph J. Mueller

Community Leader, Conservationist

Georgia Chafee Nassikas Artist, Conservationist

William C. Pisano

Vice President Emeritus, Stantec

Glenn T. Prickett

President and CEO, World Environment Center

Kilaparti Ramakrishna

Chair, Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Strategic Advisory Group

Daniel A. Reifsnyder

Adjunct Professor, Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia

Joseph R. Robinson

Private Investor, Co-Founder of MidMark Capital

Constance R. Roosevelt

Conservationist

Ihsan K. Speede

Managing Director and Counsel, Wellington Management

Izabella M. Teixeira

Former Environment Minister of Brazil

Stephanie N. Tomasky

Independent Film Producer, Director, Writer

Cyrus N. Wadia

Head of Sustainable Product, Amazon

Sanjay J. Wagle

Managing Director, The Lightsmith Group

Dr. C. Gail Greenwald, Woodwell’s New Board Chair

I am honored to serve as the new Chair of Woodwell Climate’s Board of Directors. This could not be a more exciting time to lead this uniquely impactful organization. I joined the Board in 2020 because of its combination of groundbreaking climate science research and advocacy for policy solutions in some of the most vulnerable locations around the globe. With the clock ticking on our collective ability to prevent the worst impacts of climate change, there has never been a more important moment for Woodwell to expand its science for solutions approach to the most challenging climate mitigation and adaptation issues. With a new strategic plan and a growing scientific and senior management team, I am confident that Woodwell is poised to dramatically scale up our ability to conduct science for solutions to address the climate crisis.

New Emeritus Directors

Dr. John P. Holdren served on the Woodwell board from 1994 to 2005. In 2005 he succeeded George Woodwell as Executive

Director of the Center and served in that capacity until 2008 when he was named as President Obama’s Chief Science and Technology Advisor and the Senateconfirmed Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). He went on to become the longest-serving Science Advisor to the President since World War II.

Mr. Joshua Goldberg served on the Woodwell Board from 2006 to 2020. He worked as a public defender for several years in courts in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, and then embarked on a 35-year career in corporate law, M&A investment banking, venture capital and private equity investing, developing a specialty in the Consumer sector. He has been active with several non-profits, including the Association to Preserve Cape Cod.

FOUNDER

George M. Woodwell

EMERITUS DIRECTORS

John H. Adams

Anita W. Brewer-Siljehølm

Neal A. Brown

John Cantlon

Stephen T. Curwood

Iris Fanger

Joshua Goldberg

Stuart Goode

David G. Hawkins

John P. Holdren

Joel Horn

Lily Rice Hsia

Lawrence S. Huntington

Karen C. Lambert

Mary Louise Montgomery Jeremy M. Oppenheim

Gilman Ordway

Amy H. Regan

Gordon W. Russell

Ross Sandler

Tedd Saunders James G. Speth

PRESIDENT’S COUNCIL

Warren Adams

Spencer Adler

Steven Berkenfeld

Stephen Bernier

Joanna and Stuart Brown

Jim Cabot

Alan Greenglass

N. Stuart Harris

Berl Hartman

Eloise Hodges

David Hoover

J.A. (Woody) Ives

Joy Jacobson

Shanti and Yale Jones

Christopher Kaneb

Amelia Koch

Kathy Kretman

Pamela Murphy

John Peteresen

Robert Peteresen

Ted Roosevelt V

Kate Schafer

Peter Stein

Eric Stoermer

Gen. Gordon Sullivan

Daniel Webb

Bonni Widdoes

Stash Wislocki

James Worth

Zaurie Zimmerman

StaffPRESIDENT AND CEO

Robert Max Holmes, Ph.D.

PAST PRESIDENT

On leave with the White House Office of Science andTechnologyPolicy Philip B. Duffy, Ph.D.

ACTING DEPUTY DIRECTOR Jennifer Francis, Ph.D.

SENIOR ADVISOR TO THE PRESIDENT John P. Holdren, Ph.D.

CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OFFICER Heather M. H. Goldstone, Ph.D.

CHIEF DEVELOPMENT OFFICER Leslie Kolterman, M.A.T.

CHIEF OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS David McGlinchey, J.D.

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Barry Leonard, B.S.

CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER Corrie Martin, M.P.A.

CHIEF PEOPLE & CULTURE OFFICER Lee Davis, B.A.

SCIENCE STAFF

Kyle Arndt, Ph.D. Alice Besterman, Ph.D. Richard Birdsey, Ph.D. Valeria Briones, M.S. Arden Burrell, Ph.D. Glenn K. Bush, Ph.D. David Byrne, Ph.D. Monica Caparas, B.S. Andréa D. Castanho, Ph.D. Michael T. Coe, Ph.D. Allie Cunningham, B.S. Jackie Dean, M.S. Linda A. Deegan, Ph.D. Zoe Dietrich, M.A. Carlos Dobler-Morales, Ph.D. Dominick Dusseau, M.A. Patrick Farrar, B.A. Gregory J. Fiske, M.S. Peter Frumhoff, Ph.D. Anna Gagné-Landmann, B.S.

Giselle Jimenez

Kelly Gassert, M.S. Darcy Glenn, M.S. Nigel Golden, Ph.D. Seth Gorelik, M.S. Haydee Hernandez-Yañez, M.S. Julia Holtzer, M.S.

Jake Huff, M.S. Jacqueline Hung, Ph.D. Elchin Jafarov, Ph.D. Matthew Jacques, B.Sc. Aiza Kabeer, M.S. Mitch Korolev, B.S., B.A. Anna Liljedahl, Ph.D. Abigail Lute, Ph.D. Marcia N. Macedo, Ph.D. Manoela Machado, Ph.D. Christina Minions, M.S. Joe Mangiafico, B.A. Marco Montemayor, B.Sc. Andrew Mullen, B.S. Patrick Murphy, M.S. Alexandra Naegele, Ph.D. Susan M. Natali, Ph.D. Christopher Neill, Ph.D. Jonas Noomah, B.A. Andrea Norton, M.S. Carmen Petras Stefano Potter, M.S. Joshue Rady, Ph.D. Ludmila Rattis, Ph.D. Heidi Rodenhizer, Ph.D. Taniya RoyChowdhury, Ph.D. Brendan M. Rogers, Ph.D. José Lucas Safanelli, Ph.D. Jonathan Sanderman, Ph.D. Kathleen Savage, M.Sc. Christina Schaedel, Ph.D. Christopher R. Schwalm, Ph.D. Melissa Shapiro, J.D. Christina Shintani, M.S. Colleen Smith, B.S. Trevor Smith, B.S. Robert Stenson, M.S. Emily Sturdivant, M.Sc. Hillary L. Sullivan, M.S. Anya Suslova, M.Sc. Anna Talucci, Ph.D. Rachael Treharne, Ph.D. Anna Virkkala, Ph.D. Wayne S. Walker, Ph.D. Jennifer D. Watts, Ph.D. Tiffany Windholz, B.S. Brooke Woods, A.A. Yushu Xia, Ph.D. Yili Yang, Ph.D. Joseph Zambo Zachary Zobel, Ph.D. Scott Zolkos, Ph.D.

EMERITUS SCIENCE STAFF

I. Foster Brown, Ph.D. Richard A. Houghton, Ph.D. Thomas A. Stone, M.A.

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

Elizabeth H. Bagley, B.A. Natalie Baillargeon, B.A. Tracy Barquinero, M.S. Paula C. Beckerle, B.A. Kelly Benway, B.B.A. Chris Boudreaux, M.S. Beth Brazil, M.A. Nancy Bridges, B.A. Florence Carlowicz, B.A. Amy Chadburn, B.A. Nichole Chapman, B.A. Max Danowitz, B.S. Hilary Davis, B.A. John Driscoll, M.S. Mark Haycock, B.S. Jessica Howard, M.S. Wendy Kingerlee, B.S. Rinzing Lama, B.S. Margaret Lin, M.P.S. Erin MacDonald, M.Sc. Sarah Moore, B.S. Fred Palmer

Karen Patterson Greene, M.A. Amanda E.W. Poston, B.A. Melissa Poueymirou, B.A. Hannah Ritter, B.S.B.A. Sarah Ruiz, B.A. Shana Singleton, M.S. Emily Sullivan, B.B.A. Julianne Waite, B.A. Grace Wang, M.B.A.

Statement of activities 2021/2022

SUPPORT AND REVENUE EXPENSES

Foundations and Individuals (86.6%)

US Government (5.9%)

Contract Revenue (10%)

Other (-2.5%)

Research Programs (72%)

Development & Fundraising (8.8%) General & Administrative (19.2%)

WITHOUT DONOR RESTRICTIONS WITH DONOR RESTRICTIONS TEMPORARY PERPETUAL 2022 2021

SUPPORT AND REVENUE

Contributions, grants, and contracts U.S. Government Foundations and other PPP loan forgiveness

Contract revenue Investment income (loss)

Donated equipment Change in value of split-interest agreements

Other income

Net assets released from restrictions

Total support and revenue

EXPENSES

Research programs

General and administrative Development and fundraising

Total expenses

CHANGE IN NET ASSETS

NET ASSETS

Beginning of year

End of year

$7,405,5494,525,132 (446,697) 77,235 (2,962) 28,659 9,361,986 20,948,902 12,672,740 3,385,532 1,553,032 17,611,304 3,337,598 11,478,617 $ 14,816,215

$ 2,692,467 31,884,670(771,340)-(9,361,986) 24,443,811-24,443,811 16,740,213 $ 41,184,024

$110,200---110,200-110,200 3,779,479 $ 3,889,679

$ 2,692,467 39,400,4194,525,132 (1,218,037) 77,235 (2,962) 28,65945,502,913 12,672,740 3,385,532 1,553,032 17,611,304 27,891,609 31,998,309 $ 59,889,9189

$ 2,432,362 13,315,843 1,206,926 1,705,543 1,970,689 145,869 (5,063) 12,82420,784,993 8,087,254 2,942,121 1,033,057 12,062,432 8,722,561 23,275,748 $ 31,998,309

Statement of financial position 2021/2022

Fiscal year 2022 highlights

FY2022 represented another year of significant growth for Woodwell Climate Research Center.

Development had a successful year. The Fund for Climate Solutions (FSC), a multiyear campaign, achieved its goal of $10M.

Funding through the TED Audacious Project launched Permafrost Pathways in April 2022 which positioned the Center for continued growth.

The Center’s financial position is solid. We reported a $3.3 million surplus. Total net assets increased by $27.9 million in FY22 to $58.9 million. Unrestricted revenue and support increased from $13.7M in FY21 to $20.9M in FY22.

As we enter FY2023, the Center will continue to see growth and is making the appropriate investments in staffing and resources to support this growth.

Full financial statements are available at: woodwellclimate.org/financials

Barry Leonard Chief Financial Officer

ASSETS

Current Assets

Cash and cash equivalents

U.S. Government contributions receivable Other contributions, grants, and contracts receivable Prepaid expenses and other receivables

Total current assets

Investments

Endowment and quasi-endowment investments

Other investments

Total investments

Net property and equipment

Other assets

Other contributions receivable, net of current portion Beneficial interest in real estate trust assets Bond proceeds held in trust for debt retirement

Total other assets

Total assets

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS

Current liabilities

Accounts payable

Accrued expenses

Refundable advances Deferred contract revenue Liability under charitable gift annuities Loans payable

Total current liabilities

Long-term liabilities Liability under charitable gift annuities, net of current portion Loans payable, net of current portion

Total liabilities

Net assets

Without donor restrictions Operating Board designated for endowment Board designated for Fund for Climate Solutions Net investment in property and equipment

Total net assets without donor restrictions

With donor restrictions

Temporary restrictions Perpetual restrictions

Total net assets with donor restrictions

Total net assets

Total liabilities and net assets

2022

$ 31,965,737 856,219 7,648,331 320,642 40,790,929 8,277,290 845,269 9,122,559 4,685,284 8,300,266 212,651 10,803 8,523,720 $ 63,122,492

2021 $ 12,815,090 509,507 3,776,653 289,513 17,390,763 8,702,468 1,652,021 10,354,489 4,794,283 2,256,617 212,651 11,680 2,480,948 $ 35,020,483

$ 681,804 959,815 14,869 417,185 9,294 114,192 2,197,159 86,958 948,457 3,232,574 7,227,554 2,455,223 1,500,000 3,633,438 14,816,215 41,184,024 3,889,679 45,073,703 59,889,918 $ 63,122,492

$ 434,329 648,799 2,662 681,663 9,183 114,192 1,890,828 95,256 1,036,090 3,022,174 5,103,675 2,219,261 500,000 3,655,681 11,478,617 16,740,213 3,779,479 20,519,692 31,998,309 $ 35,020,483

Donors

We are deeply grateful to the individuals, foundations and companies listed on the following pages who supported Woodwell Climate Research Center with gifts, new pledges, and pledge payments during the Center’s fiscal year July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022. We are committed to accurately listing every gift. If we have made an error, or if you have a question about your gift listing, please contact Paula Beckerle at pbeckerle@woodwellclimate.org or 508-444-1521.

$5,000,000+

Anonymous (1)

Ballmer Group MacKenzie Scott Quadrature Climate Foundation Valhalla Foundation

$1,000,000–$4,999,999

Anonymous (4)

Foundation for the Carolinas

Chris Larsen Fund, an advised fund of Silicon Valley Community Foundation

Donald A. Pels Charitable Trust

Kristie Miller

Sea Grape Foundation

Seadream Family Foundation Inc. Fred and Alice Stanback

$500,000–$999,999

Anonymous (1)

J. Atwood and Elizabeth Ives

Ives Family Charitable Trust

Barbara Lavoy*

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

Ruth McCormick Tankersley Charitable Trust

$250,000–$499,999

Jean Lootz* Amy and James Regan

$100,000–$249,999

Anonymous (3)

Barbara Bowman

Stuart and Joanna Brown

Charles R. O’Malley Charitable Lead Trust

Environmental Defense Fund Cody and Kristine Friesen Dan and Bunny Gabel

Avram* and Carol Goldberg

Deborah Goldberg

Joshua Goldberg

Harbourton Foundation

Jerry and Margaretta Hausman

Heising Simons Foundation

Christopher and Lisa Kaneb

Eric Laufer and Giovanna Randall

John Myers and Merloyd Ludington*

Andrew McCormack and Sacha Janke

Charles Stewart Mott Foundation

Gilman and Margaret Ordway

Robert Petersen

Joseph and Marité Robinson

$50,000–$99,999

Anonymous (3)

Ayco Charitable Foundation

Michael Corrigan

Laurie David

Michael and Dudley Del Balso

Gail and Roy Greenwald

The Hermann Foundation

Robert and Mary Litterman

Victoria Lowell

Wilhelm Merck and Nonie Brady

MF Bartol Charitable Giving Fund

Minerva Foundation

Constance and Ted Roosevelt

Amy Schumer and Chris Fischer

Robert Stenson and Kate Stenson-Lunt

$25,000–$49,999

Garrett Albright ARIA Foundation

Stephen Bernier and Constance Messmer

The Buchanan Family Foundation

John and Mollie Byrnes

Peter and Valerie Byrnes

The Caldwell Foundation Cogan Family Foundation

Jonathan and Louise Davis

Robert and Iris Fanger

Michael Fanger and Linda Sattel

Peter and Sara Fleiss

Susan Gray

Greenwald Family Foundation

Art and Eloise Hodges

Yale and Shanti Jones

Shalin Liu

David Lovins and Elly Huber

Martha’s Vineyard Community Foundation, Inc.

Gary and Karen Martin

William and Margot Moomaw

Joseph and Eileen Mueller

Georgia and John Nassikas

Scion

W.L. Lyons Brown, Jr. Charitable Foundation

Gifts may be made online at woodwellclimate.org/give, by mail, by phone with your credit card, by stock transfer, or by wire or ACH. Please contact Paula Beckerle at pbeckerle@woodwellclimate.org for stock or wire transfer details.

$10,000–$24,999

Anonymous (1) Acadia Management

Arthur Vining Davis Foundation

Peter and Fay Bisson

Jonathan and Jennifer Blum

Anita Brewer-Siljehølm

Chris Cheever

Climate and Land Use Alliance

Williams Cosby

Nina de Clercq

Essex County Community Foundation

Diane and Scott Falconer Hart and Nancy Fessenden

Jesse and Elizabeth Fink

Peter and Jennifer Francis Paul Glendon

Stuart Goode and Nancy Cooley

The Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment

Alan and Fran Greenglass

Serena Hatch Lily Rice Hsia

Tod and Beth Hynes Timothy and Joan Ingraham Island Foundation, Inc.

Ivor Cornman and Margaret E. Cornman Fund

Christopher and Katherine Linneman Monique Liuzzi

Mark Ludwig and Marjorie Pitz William and Sue Morrill Byrne and Pamela Murphy William and Rosemary Pisano Southwestern Water Conservation District

Joanna Sturm James Worth

$5,000–$9,999

Anonymous (3)

Matthew and Brooke Barzun Beattie Foundation

George Billings*

Brown Family Foundation

Karen Cove

Gordon and Wendy Cromwell Christopher Davis and Janet McMahon

John DeVillars and Gunnel Clarke David and Nina Fialkow

Michael and Darlinda Fleitz David and Betsy Fryberger

Greater Washington Community Foundation

Thomas and Virginia Gregg Matthew and Jessica Harris Robert and Diane Hildreth

Lawrence and Caroline Huntington

The J.M. Kaplan Fund

Joseph and Lauren Kennedy

Robert King and Annie Faulkner

Amelia Koch and Peter Meyer

Philip and Catherine Korsant

Kathy Kretman

John and Carolyn Lackey

Sam and Karen Lambert

David and Jan Leroux

William and Noelle Locke

Thomas May Mary McDonough

Casey and Megan McManemin

Joseph and Allison Mueller

Naduse Foundation

Susan Natali

Joan Person Rafe Pomerance

Leo Prone and Cynthia Moor

Renaissance Charitable Foundation Inc.

Richard and Nancy Robbins

Ted and Serena Roosevelt

Gordon Russell and Bettina McAdoo

Stanley and Barbara Schantz

Faye Steiner

Pierre Swick

Tree House Brewing Company

Frederica Valois

Zaurie Zimmerman and Craig Le Clair

$2,500–$4,999

Anonymous (2)

Artisan Partners

Don and Dee Aukamp

Awad Family Fund

Peter and Susan Bernard

Loren Blackford

Caithness Foundation, Inc.

Jay Cashman

CLC Kramer Foundation Inc.

Craig Davis

Geoffrey Freeman and Marjorie Findlay

Brent and Serena Hall

John and Molly Hooper

Brad and Andrea Hubbard-Nelson

Raymond and Lola Johnson

Christopher and Susan Klem

Carl and Joanne Leaman

David and Dana Lee

Losum Fund

Cynthia Mackay

Marcia Miller

Mary Louise and Charles Montgomery

Frank O’Sullivan

Robert and Pamela Pelletreau Linda Polishuk

Harriet Rogers

Tedd and Ella Saunders

Thomas and Heidi Sikina

Summer Star Foundation Daniel and Mary Webb

Douglas and Barbara Williamson

$1,000–$2,499

Anonymous (3)

Joel Adams

Carla Alani

Ameriprise

Jim Antal and Cindy Shannon

Sabine Daley Deaton

Christina DeConcini and James Sweeney

Robert and Sylvia Dickinson

Leonard and Annmarie DiLorenzo

Robert and Evelyn Doran Joan Ducharme

Philip Duffy and Lauren Lempert Duffy

Tom and Janet Duncan

Roger and Linda Easley

Paul Elias and Marie Lossky Susan Epes

Robert and Marion Howard

Indigo AG

David Isenberg and Paula Blumenthal

Benjamin Ives and Sarah Morrison

Rick Gill and Betsy Jewett

Jewish Community Federation Frank and Judith Kauffman

Pamela Koch

Leslie and John Kolterman

Marta Jo Lawrence

Stephen and Sigi Lindo Stephen Lyle John Lynch

Marcelo Macedo Laurence and Katherine Madin

Marion Mann

John and Rebecca Markley Brian and Anne Mazar David McColl

Kevin McCroary

Clifford and Rebecca McCue

David Brown and Nawrie Meigs Brown

Garrett and Mary Moran

Stephanie Morgan

Christopher Neill and Linda Deegan

Abigail Norman

Susan Wall Oleyer

Elizabeth Bunnen Pack and Cam Pack

Pamela Steel White Foundation

Thomas and Jill Pappas

David Peet

Christopher Poirier Glenn and Lisa Prickett

Daniel Reifsnyder and Kathryn Clay Mark Reis

Jackson Robinson Louis and Val Rossman Glenn and Susan Rothman Charlie Ruch SAE International Ron Schafer

Robert Shatten and Jessica Langsam

Samuel Sherraden

Bonnie Simon

Gentry Baker

Michael and Margherita Baldwin

Kelly Barlow

George Basch

Mary Bertino

Beachcomber Fund

John and Nancy Braitmayer

Lynn Brennan Sierra Bright

Michael Buonaiuto and Sandra Goldstein

Carl Forstmann Memorial Foundation

CARS

Charitocracy Corporation

Chillaksian Inc.

Mischa Chillak Jim Clemans

Molly Cornell

Tammy Dayton

Adam Deaton and

Barbara Eskin

Robert and Joanne Fallon

Delia Flynn

Roger and Laurie Freeman Philip and Marcia Giudice

Christopher Goolgasian

Scott Grainger

Marcia Greenblatt

Andrew Hall

Lawrence Pratt and Melinda Hall

Peter and Karen Hargraves

Jonathan Harris

Lynn Harrison and Barbara Hazard

Berl and Hyman Hartman

Whitney and Elizabeth Hatch

George and Marina Hatch

Jill Hawley

Ronald and Colleen Hertel

R. Max and Gabrielle Holmes

David Hoover and Carol Swenson

Richard and Susan Houghton

Lionel and Vivian Spiro Peter Stein and Lisa Cashdan Stony Point Foundation

Gordon R. Sullivan

Catherine Symchych

Kathryn Taylor

Stephanie Tomasky and Mitchell Cohen

Margaret Evans Tuten Foundation

Sanjay Wagle

Matthew Watson and Ellen Cabot

Scott Wayne

Nina Webber

James and Theresa Whitmore

Ned and Patricia Wright

Alan Yanny Timm and Cate Zolkos

$500–$999

Anonymous (3)

Amy Abrams

AmazonSmile Robert and Alison Ament

Drew Trott and Jennifer Avian

Jim and Pam Barquinero

Charles and Christina Bascom

John Boyle

John and Elaine Brouillard

Jacob and Barbara Brown

Alexander and Sarah Buck

Jonathan Chatinover and Elizabeth O’Connor

Brian Church

Richard Cowett

Mark and Jackie Curley

Murray and Judith Danforth Sanders and Ann Davies

Bruce and Lee Davis

Frank Dunau and Amy Davis

Thomas and Diane Esselman

Expedia

Susan Fisher

Harvey Fishman

Paul Ford

Ken Foreman and Anne Giblin Mark Fresolone

F. Thomas Fudala

John and Tally Garfield Margaret Gifford

Tobias Goldstone

David Greco

Sally Haas

Jane Hallowell Charles and Ethel Hamann Albert and April Hamel

David and Betsy Hawkins John and Olivann Hobbie Betsey Holtzmann

Richard Hough

William and Holly James Barbara Woll Jones*

Patrick Kent

The Night Walk Fund

Peter Leyton

Wesley Lipchak

Paul Litwin

Phillip and Whitney Long Joanna Lowell

Kai and Marion Marcucelli John Mashey and Angela Hey

Jim Mathewson

Gilbert McCurdy

Ruth C. Mead

Sally Merrill

Thomas Mikus and Diane Cartwright

Leah Miller

Dana and Eileen Miskell

Annie Morris

Susan Morse

Nitorum Capital, L.P. Elizabeth & Frank Odell Family Fund of the Community Foundation of Collier County

Bonnie Perkins

Elizabeth Rocha Pimenta

Sheila Place

Robert and Sally Prendergast George and Kathy Putnam

Kilaparti and Anjali Ramakrishna

Licia Rando

Richard Raushenbush and Barbara Giuffre

Charles and Jennifer Rose

Drs. Chris Neill and Linda Deegan preparing to tag and measure fish from the Coonamessett River in Falmouth, MA. / photo by Nichole Chapman

We are deeply grateful for the generosity of those who have contributed to the Campaign for the Fund for Climate Solutions since the campaign’s launch in 2018. Your leadership has enabled us to raise $10 million and has funded 42 research grants to date.

$1,000,000+

Harbourton Foundation

Kristie Miller

Ruth McCormick Tankersley Trust

$500,000–$999,999

J. Atwood and Elizabeth Ives

Ives Family Charitable Trust Christopher and Lisa Kaneb

Wilhelm Merck and Nonie Brady Quadrature Climate Foundation Joseph and Marité Robinson

$100,000–$499,999

Anonymous (1)

Robert and Iris Fanger

Michael Fanger and Linda Sattel Avram* and Carol Goldberg

Deborah Goldberg

Joshua Goldberg

Jerry and Margaretta Hausman Shalin Liu

Victoria Lowell Robert and Veronica* Petersen Constance and Ted Roosevelt Douglas and Barbara Williamson

$50,000–$99,999

Stephen Bernier and Constance Messmer John and Mollie Byrnes Stuart Goode and Nancy Cooley Susan Gray William and Margot Moomaw Joseph and Eileen Mueller Georgia and John Nassikas

$25,000–$49,999

Peter and Fay Bisson

Joshua Byrnes

Peter and Valerie Byrnes

Cogan Family Foundation

Michael and Dudley Del Balso Philip Duffy and Lauren Lempert Duffy Gail and Roy Greenwald

SUPPORT

Yale and Shanti Jones

Jeremy Oppenheim William and Rosemary Pisano

$10,000–$24,999

Anonymous (1) Scott and Diane Falconer Tod and Beth Hynes Sam and Karen Lambert

$5,000–$9,999

Boston Financial Management Brookline Bank

John DeVillars and Gunnel Clarke Alan and Fran Greenglass

Thomas Lovejoy* Thomas May Tedd and Ella Saunders George and Katharine Woodwell

$1,000–$4,999

Anonymous (2) Jay Cashman

Roger and Laurie Freeman Lily Rice Hsia Kathy Kretman

John Le Coq David McColl

John Myers and Merloyd Ludington* Frank O’Sullivan

Christopher Poirier

Bob Reid

Stephanie Tomasky and Mitchell Cohen Richard Wilson

$100–$999

Anonymous (3)

John and Patricia Adams Steve Curwood and Jennifer Stevens Curwood David and Betsy Hawkins Robert Cimetta

Brian Degnan Stephane Quintal

To learn more about how to support the Fund for Climate Solutions, contact Leslie Kolterman, Woodwell’s Chief Philanthropic Officer, at lkolterman@woodwellclimate.org.

Robert and Felicia Rubin

Rebecca Russell

Richard Sailor and Mary Johnston

William and Rebecca Sawyer

Jennifer Schloming

Clair Scribner

Jack and Kathy Simonds

P.K. Simonds and Beth Colt

Jeffrey Soulen

Pamela Steiner

Campbell Steward

Chad Thomas Noah and Janet Totten

Christine Weisiger

Wichita Falls Area Community Foundation – John Hirschi Donor Advised Eric Wolman

Leigh Wood Peter Zika and Elizabeth Gould

$250–$499

Anonymous (3)

John Abrams

All Trust Credit Union Tom and Kim Athan

George and Beth Bagley John and Priscilla Becker

Nancy Benchoff

The Benjamin Family Kathleen Biggins John and Laurel Bobrowich John Boiney

Jean Paul Bourque

Frank and Mardi Bowles

Emily Bramhall

David and Jennifer Brower

Patrick Burke

Bradford Butman John and Theresa Cederholm

James Thomas Chirurg

Nathaniel Coolidge

Steve and Sukie Crandall

Elizabeth De Montigny

Margaret Edgerton

Benjamin Egan

Paul and Anne Ehrlich

Leslie Eldridge

Douglas Evans and Sarah Cogan

Emily Farmer

Thelma Fenster

Henry Fountain

Lee and Melissa Freitag

Craig Gaspard

Thomas and Elizabeth Gewecke

Give Lively Foundation

Robert Goldsborough and Salley Mavor

Frederic and Jocelyn Greenman

Huson Gregory

Christopher Haig

Robert and Heather Harrison

Rob Harvey

Alan and Judith Hoffman

John Holt and Elizabeth Whelan

Nick and Mary Hubbard

Stanley and Dee Jacobs

Drew Jannati

Leonard and Patricia Johnson

Robin Johnson

Virginia Johnson

Mary Kane

Dennis and Joanne Keith Fund

Melinda Kelly

Kenny Kirsch

Danielle Knight

Roger and Katherine Kranenburg

Howard and Carole Kuenzler

Geraldine Kunstadter

Patricia Lamoureux

Lawrence and Ginette Langer Henry and Mary Lee

Andy Lilienthal and Laura Blaisdell

Philip Lilienthal

Peter A. Tassia and Maija M. Lutz

Cameron and Susana Mackey

Marley Matlack

Robert Matthew

Rod Hinkle and Kirstin Moritz

Beatrice Nelson

Network for Good

Jill Neubauer

Ian Nisbet

John Noel

Lyn O’Doran

John and Karen O’Neil

Mrs. Diana Orenstein

Mrs. Susan Parker

Richard Payne and Deborah Siegal

Robert Prescott

Robert and Nora Radest

Elisabeth Raleigh Susan Rau

Robert and Betsy Kyle Reece

Susan Rice

Margaret E. Richardson

Alison Rieser

Stephen Rockwood

Dana and Alison Rodin

Christopher and Roddy Roosevelt Alice Rushforth

Ray Schmitt and Nancy Copley

Damien Scott and Tessa Nichols

Allan and Judith Sherman

Peter Sinclaire

Robert Skilton and Jo Ann Muramoto

Jonathan Smith and Rosella Campion

David and Lea Soifer

Chris and Liz Steel Jakob Sunde

A.C. Tolkoff

Stephen and Carol Ann Wagner

Ann and Brad Wallace

Susan Warner

Richard Wilson

Donald Wixon and Lori Lawrence Kent Wommack and Gro Flatebo

Robert and Blaikie Worth

Geofrey Wyatt

$100–$249

Anonymous (9)

Donald and Barbara Abt

Levi and Jeanne Adams

Catherine Allard

Lawrence Altman and Janet Barsy

Luean Anthony

Rich Armstrong and Ellie Prosser

John Atkins

Laurie Austin

David and Nancy Babin

Denise Backus

Paul and Annette Bakstran Gary and Karen Bankston

Lynne Barbee

David and Laurie Barrett

Marilee Bass

Katherine Beach

Deborah Blanchet

John and Linda Bowers

T. Marshall Boyd

Bennett and Cynthia Brabson

David and Diana Brassard

Beth Brazil Hauck and Eric Hauck

Jerry and Celia Brown

Brooks Browne

Marc Bruneau

David Byrne and Rosemary Loring

Christopher Carlson and Jane Fisher Carlson

John and Rhona Carlton Foss

Elliott and Susan Carr

John and Helaine Carroll

Julia Child

Robert Cimetta

Andrew Cimino

Darlene Clark

Margaret Clark

Sigita Clark

Tucker Clark Climate Ride, Inc.

Jennifer Clock

Jeffrey and Heather Collins

Dean and Cindy Conway

Peter Conzett and Pam Gougen

Tom Craddock

Lindsay Crouse

Copenhaver Cumpston

Kathie Dalzell

Cynthia Dauphin

Gillian Davies

John Davis and Ann Price Michael and Rona Davis

Brian Degnan

Lawrence and Regina DelVecchio

Gregory Devine

Francis and Carol DeYoung Jonathan and Heather DiPaolo

James Diverio

Justin Dove

Toni Dove

Michael Dowling

Paul Dreyer

Donald and Anna Ducharme

Frank and Geraldine Duffy

Jon Durell

Benjamin Egan

David and Sue Egloff

Jan Elliott

Thyra Elliott

William Elsey

Joanne Epstein

Michael and Christine Ernst

David Fanger and Martin Wechsler

Lynne Farlow

Carolyn Fedigan

Gordon Fitzgerald Elizabeth Anne Foss

Margaret Foster

Bruce Fowle

Judith Fox

Frank and Mary Fritsch

Sara Fritz

Barbara Gaffron

Alfred Garber

Michael and MC Garfield

Lawrence Geuss and

Pamela Lenehan

Nancy Gibbons

Susan Gibbs

Marc and Carol Gordon Bobbie Grimstad

Jean Groth

Robert and Virginia Guaraldi

Timothy Hagan

Deb Haines

Ronald Halpern

Jeffrey Hamilton

Judith Handley

Joan Harding Stanley and Elaine Harlow

Mark Haycock

Kurt Hellfach*

Frances Henry

Michael Herz and Kate Josephs

Richard and Kristen Hill

Judith Holt Herbert Homes

Mary Horne

Alan Houghton and Sky Pape

David and Clara Hulburt

George Hunnewell

Sarah Hunnewell

Lynn Jackson

Elchin Jafarov

Michael and Rachel Jakuba

Donna and David* Jewett

Alice Johnson

Stegar and Astrid Johnson

Richard Kacik

Thomas Kehler

Stuart Kendall and BeeBee Horowitz

Kevin Kenlan Robin and Laurel Kent

Marianne Wiser

Sandra Kinet

Ronald and Marcy Klattenberg

Pamela, Amelia, Sandy, and Joy Koch

Paul Koulouris

Leslie Kramer

Russ Kulp

Calvin and Ilene Kunin Klara Kurowski

Marjorie Lange

Lawrence and Hannah Langsam Chip and Gayle Lawrence Ginger Lazarus

Dennis Lebwohl and Debra Michlewitz

Steven Lentz and Colleen Wood

Barry Leonard

Edwin and Judith Leonard H. David and Patricia Leslie Kathie Levison Jim and Alice Liljestrand

Tommy Linehan

Douglas and Kim Livolsi Allen Luke

San Lyman

Fred and Judith Mackenzie Daniel and Jane MacNeil David and Maryann Mahood

Janice Marks

Jeffrey and Kimberly Markuns

Michael Martin and Ann O’Kennedy Martin Stephen and Ann Martin Bill and Kristina Matsch

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Marguerite Mauritz

Mary McCabe

Gretchen McClain

Frances McClennen

Jim McCotter

Alice McDowell

Andrea McGlinchey

Mr. and Mrs. Ed McKelvey

Carol McKeon

Samual McMurtrie and Elizabeth Molodovsky

J. Scott McNamara and Krista Hennessy

Maryellen Meleca and Christine Graziano

Fran Merker

Robin Milburn

Mary Jane Milner

Emily Mohl

Angela Hart Morris

Elizabeth Moulton Day and Kathie Mount Colleen Mullen

Gardner Neely

Tim Neiley

Marcy Woodwell Neilson

Ann Little Newbury

John and Kate Newhall

James Newman and Deborah Coulombe

Peter Newman Amy Nielsen

If you have a donor advised fund participating in DAF Direct, you can recommend grants to Woodwell Climate Research Center.

Dr. Jennifer Watts is collaborating with Dr. Howard Epstein of University of Virginia, on a project near Caribou Creek in Alaska. / photo by Gabrielle Russomagno

Mark Obrinsky and Michelle Gehshan

Carol O’Neil

Melody Padget

Jill Park

Tyler Parkinson

Thoru and Judith Pederson

Julie Peller

Bernhard Peucker Ehrenbrink and Petra Ehrenbrink

Claudia Phillips

Thomas and Lys Pike

Harriet Potter

Harold Prezzano

David Prosten and Sarah Flynn

Rock Pulak and Alice Rushforth

Ann Quealy

Stephanie Quinn Davidson

Stephane Quintal

Robert Ralls and Sherrie Burson

Edward Rastetter

David Riihimaki

Robert Riordan

Michael and Marjorie Roache

Margaret Robbins

Katherine Roberts

Charlotte Robinson

Greg Robinson

Sydney Roberts Rockefeller

James and Dianne Roderick

Daniel Rodrigues

Martin Rojas

Camille Romano and Mark Kasprzyk

Bob and Gabriela Romanow

David and Edith Ross

Helen Ross

Hannah Rossman

Daniel and Verne Roy

Norman Rushforth

Michael Sales

Dave Sandstedt

Judy Savage

Kenneth Wharton and Katherine Schafer

Nick Seinfeld

Peter Sherin

Daniel and Joanne Shively

Mark and Tema Silk

Robert and Sharon Smith

Robert and Mary Smith

South Mountain Company Foundation

Gus and Cameron Speth

Jane Stallman

Tom Anderson and Jennifer Stamp

Wallace and Pamela Stark

John Stegeman

Edward and Ann Stern

Lewis Stern

Jeremy Steuer

Wesley and Patricia Stimpson

Thomas and Ann Stone

Jacek and Margaret Sulanowski

Apa Sunriver

Phil Thayer

Noah Thiemke

Fredrica Harris Thompsett

Dan and Meredith Tipton

Guy Tomasky

Mike Tong

Richard and Marney Toole

Marie Eve Tremblay

Gordon and Ellen Tully

Mrs. Lee Turner

UU Falmouth

Carolynn Van Dyke and Ann Carter

Al and Jackie Vnencak

Keith von der Heydt and Terry McKee

Cyrus Wadia and Heather McMahon Grant and Jean Walker Gary and Linda Walker

Marian Ware

Deborah Warner

Diana Weatherby

Nicholas and Katharine Weber

Stella Weil Lewis Weinfeld

Irwin Weisbrot

Robert and Marilyn Werner Daniel White

Peter and Betsy Wild

Jeff Williams and Rebecca Upton

Cyara and Marina Gresham

Benjamin and Ann Williamson

Woods Hole Women’s Club, Inc.

John Woodwell and Marie Hull Boyd Zapatka

Leon Zar Judith Zis

$1–$99

Anonymous (8)

Shelley Abrams

William Anderson Adriana Aquino Nina Aronoff

Paula Bacon

Joan Balfour Karel Baloun

John Banner

Nancy Barnett

Susan Baur

Benevity Community Impact Fund Howard and Deborah Bernstein

Carol Bitting

Fred and Linda Blaisdell

Allen Bohnert

Peter Bowman Gerard Brown

Thomas A. and M. Kathryn Brown

Braden Buehler Willy Burgess

Sue Butler

William and Helga Butler

Peter Carnevale and Joanne Blum Carnevale

Donald Cecich and Gail Fenske

Mary Chapman

Lynne Cherry

Naomi Church

Peter Clark and Ellen Barol

Thomas Clemow

Michele Coakley

Jonathan and Susanna Cobb Sarah Cocuzzo Ellen Coldren

Peter and Edna Collom Susanna Colloredo Mansfeld James and Sylvia Connor Steve Connors

Charles Cooper and Sarah Bysshe John and Barbara Cotnam Mike Courtney Allie Cunningham Chris Cunningham Elinor Dankner

Jill Davis Paul and Maria De Weer Ravi Deepak

Joseph and Grace Donahue Tom Dorney Britta Dornfeld

Michael Dryfoos

Juliana Dubovsky

Allan and Linda Dunn

Robert and Karin Edwards Marilyn Elie Alison Farrar

David Ferrill

Sharon Finzer

Charles and Maryanna Foskett

Dorothy Fulgoni

John Galick

Constance Galliart

Patricia Gamache

Karen George Michele Girard

Sammy Gjeltema

Kathleen Goforth Elaine Goldman

Jonathan and Nicole Goldman Daniel Gould

Rodney Grainger Linda Gudex

Lorraine Gyauch

Susan Haedrich

Ladd Hamrick

Thomas Hamrick

Evelyn Hanson

Christopher Hardee

James and Lorna Henderer

Daniel Henling

David and Joan Herschfeld

Peter Hiraldo

Thomas Hirasuna and Jean Hunter

Jean Hodgin

Wendy Holup

Catherine Hramiec

Eric Hutchins

Nada Hyman

Brendan Hynes

Michael Janovsky

Laurie Jay

D. Randolph Johnson

Steve and Joanne Johnson

Susan Johnson

Ross Jurek

Beverly Kamaitis

Lauren Kaminer

Joan Kammire

Larry Kane

Robert Keck

Fred and Whitney Keen Gail Kelly

Toni Kindel

Tom Kreyche and Liz Longsworth

Donna Kuroda Albert and Sonia Kutzin

Gary LaRue and Susan Barrett

Sally M. Lawton

Vicki LeFevre

Carolyn Leiby John LeShane

Daniel Levin

Frances Lightsom

Tessa Lineaweaver

Betty Long

Bruce and Lorraine Luchner

Peter Lynch

Gaurav Manchanda

Charles and Susanne Mann

Jonathan Marr and Rachel Sterne Marr

Aaron Masino

Joan and Joan Mastromonaco

Linda Matheson

Michael and Janet McClure

Victor and Ruth McElheny

Katherine McEvoy

Matthew McGuire

David and Barbara McPhelim Roger Mellem

Amy Merrill

Joseph Meyer

Susan Miller and Lee Kramer Rose Minior

Rodney and Suzanne Moll Allan and Maria Moniz

Kathleen Mortenson

Frederic Morton

Doug and Dorothy Munson

Allen Myers

Gregory Nelson

Harry Newell

Arnold and Arlene Newman

Sharon Newman

John and Maureen Nolan

Christine O’Neill

Don and Joanne Patterson

Joanna Perales

Maryanne Perlmutter

Michela Perrone

Luke Perry

Shannon Peters

Suzanne Phillips

Ann Pilch

Warren and Kathleen Pinches

Dierk Polzin

Barbara and Barbara Porter Joan Power Stevan Power

Ronald R. Rauber

Sarah Richards and Barbara Leland

Richard Riggs

Mary Ring

Alison Robb*

Marc Rosenbaum and Jill De La Hunt

Catherine Rossi

Gray Russell

Sarita Sachs

Philip Sacks

R. Keith and Susan Salisbury

Philip Sanfilippo

Elizabeth Schaff

Daniel and Paula Schiller

Judith Schooley

Lois Schuyler

Carol Schwamb

Andrew Shaughnessy

Michael and Amy Shaw

Mark Shawnik

Lisa Sheble

James and Lesley Shepard

Benjamin Shepherd

Christy Sherr

Christine Silvius

Vivian Sinder Brown

Bennett Singer

Andrew Stangeland

Brandon Stewart

William Stocker

Deb and Mark Stone

Debra Stone

Michael Stone

Kristi Sullivan

Maureen Sullivan

Timothy Taylor

Anne Tessier

Michael Testa

Edward and Elizabeth Thorndike

Stephen Tom Timothy and Janet Trask

Brenda Troup

Leo Tugan Baranovsky

Ronald and Wendy Tumminello

UHG

Vanguard Joanne Voorhis

John and Jane Vose Mary J. Walsh

Kerry Walton

Dorothy Wass

Christine Waters and Susan Marlatt

Matt Watson

William and Judith Weil Karen Weiss

Larry Wentworth Andreas and Denise Wesserle

Allison Brewster White

Terry and Olivia White

Stu and Tilda White

Joan Wickersham

Amy Wild

Jacob Williams

Thomas and Patricia Willis

Dorothy Wilson James Wood Steve Wood

Dennis and Gloria Woodwell

Jane Woodwell and Christopher Soper

Danielle Wright Carolyn Wurm

Lucy Young

Dick Zajchowski and Celia Brown Michael Zimmermann

* Denotes deceased donor

The Polaris Program was able to return to the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta for the first time since 2019. Here, Dr. Nigel Golden, once a Polaris student and now a Woodwell postdoctoral researcher, demonstrates a step in sample analysis. / photo by Greg Fiske

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George Perkins Marsh Society

The Society recognizes forwardthinking friends who support the Center’s long-term success through a life income gift, annuity, life insurance policy, or bequest. The Society honors the legacy of George Perkins Marsh, a 19th century scholar, diplomat and naturalist known to many as America’s first environmentalist.

SOCIETY MEMBERS

Dolores Arond Stephen Bernier and Constance Messmer Sharon Bidwell

Stuart and Joanna Brown

Dale Bryan

Dennis Emory Robert and Iris Fanger

Thomas and Virginia Gregg Peter and Karen Hargraves N. Stuart Harris and Malinda Polk

David Hoover and Carol Swenson

Floyd Judd Frank and Judith Kauffman

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Jen Stamp and Tom Anderson

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IN MEMORIAM

Barbara La Voy, Jean Lootz, and Merloyd Ludington

Gifts In Honor Of

Emily Babalas from Wendy Cromwell

Sergio Betancourt from Wendy Cromwell

Hannah Bouverat from Wendy Cromwell

Jim Bowers from Wendy Cromwell

Sam Brown from Wendy Cromwell

Irving Foster Brown from Dick Zajchowski and Celia Brown

Katie Burke from Robert Matthew George and Yara Cadwalader from Benjamin and Ann Williamson

Tom Callahan from Wendy Cromwell

Liz Chisholm from Wendy Cromwell

Julie Delongchamp from Wendy Cromwell

Lucy Dormandy from Wendy Cromwell

Sandhya Douglas from Wendy Cromwell

Cheryl Duckworth from Wendy Cromwell

Phil Duffy from James Diverio

Philip Duffy and Lauren Lempert Duffy from Jim Antal and Cindy Shannon

Diane Falconer from Tom and Kim Athan, and Amy Nielsen

Michael Fanger from Glenn and Susan Rothman, and Jonathan Smith and Rosella Campion

Hilary Flynn from Wendy Cromwell

Nicole Fortmann from Wendy Cromwell

Karsten Frey from Kathleen Mortenson

Christopher Goolgasian from Gordon and Wendy Cromwell

Audrey Gordon from Wendy Cromwell

Alan and Fran Greenglass –on their 50th Anniversary from Joanne Epstein

Abby Gurgol from Jill Davis

Astoria Hall from William Anderson

Tyler Hampton from Lynne Barbee

Louise Henckel from Wendy Cromwell

John and Cheri Holdren from Kai and Marion Marcucelli R. Max Holmes from George Basch, James Diverio, and Kathy Kretman

Richard Houghton from Alan Houghton and Sky Pape, Amy and James Regan

Lily Rice Hsia from David Byrne and Rosemary Loring

Lawrence and Caroline Huntington from Susan H. Fisher

Marcia Imer from Wendy Cromwell

Meredith Joly from Wendy Cromwell

Yale and Shanti Jones from Karen Cove

Nora, Leo, and Stella Kretman from Kathy Kretman

Maddie LaRue from Gary LaRue and Susan Barrett

Kira Lawrence from Chip and Gayle Lawrence, Carolynn Van Dyke and Ann Carter Kira Lawrence from David Riihimaki

Marcus Leon and Pablo Sean Addy from SAE International

Rafe Lilienthal –in honor of his Bar Mitzvah from Katherine Beach, Fred and Linda Blaisdell, Braden Buehler, Juliana Dubovsky, Andy Lilienthal and Laura Blaisdell, Philip Lilienthal, Peter Newman, Sharon Newman, Rafe Pomerance, Deb and Mark Stone, Dan and Meredith Tipton, and Karen Weiss

Victoria Lowell from Tucker Clark, Elizabeth Anne Foss, and Charles and Ethel Hamann

Carolina Martin from Wendy Cromwell

Ed McKelvey –for completing the Climate Ride from Robert and Nora Radest

Bill Moomaw from David Brown and Nawrie Meigs Brown, and Williams Cosby

Adam Moore from Jonathan and Jennifer Blum Joe Mueller from Joseph and Allison Mueller Doug Munson from Joanna Perales

Erika Murphy from Wendy Cromwell

Christopher Neill and Linda Deegan from Barbara Woll Jones*

Oyin Oduya from Wendy Cromwell

Volkan Ozdurmus from Wendy Cromwell

Beth Piskorowski from Wendy Cromwell

Rafe Pomerance from Pamela Steiner

Pam Poole from Wendy Cromwell

Susan Pozer from Wendy Cromwell

Steven Proskauer and Lucia Gardner from Alan and Judith Hoffman

Amy and James Regan from Kathie Dalzell

Camille Romano from Peter Clark and Ellen Barol Constance and Ted Roosevelt from Lionel and Vivian Spiro

JoAnn Rossetti from Wendy Cromwell

Burton Shank and Alison Whelan from Donald Wixon and Lori Lawrence Annie Sherman from Wendy Cromwell

Melissa Siciliano from Wendy Cromwell

Roy Smale from Wendy Cromwell

Luke Stellini from Wendy Cromwell

Tom Stone from Debra Stone

Susan Unterberg from Alan Houghton and Sky Pape

John Valentino from Wendy Cromwell

Tessa Volkmer from Wendy Cromwell Camiel Vries from Wendy Cromwell Mary Walker from Grant and Jean Walker Wayne and Lisa Walker from Judith Holt Andria Weil from Wendy Cromwell David Weil from Stella Weil

Allison Brewster White from Susan Gibbs Peter and Betsy Wild from Amy Wild George Woodwell from Lily Rice Hsia George and Katharine Woodwell from Denise Backus, Copenhaver Cumpston, Abigail Norman Woodwell Climate Scientists and Staff from Georgia and John Nassikas Jenny Xie from Wendy Cromwell

Gifts in Memory Of George Billings

from Richard and Paula Tredeau

IRA?

Joseph C. Burke from John Davis and Ann Price

Susan Fishman from Harvey Fishman

Molly Geraghty from David and Betsy Fryberger

Garry and Nancy Hough from Richard Hough

Nicole Hynes from Marc Bruneau

Gary Jay from Laurie Jay David Jewett from Robert and Betsy Kyle Reece Chick Legue from Allan and Linda Dunn

Anthony Liuzzi from Monique Liuzzi

Thomas Lovejoy from Alison Rieser, Katherine Roberts, David and Betsy Hawkins, David Brown and Nawrie Meigs Brown

Pete Lowell from Elizabeth Anne Foss, Joanna Lowell

Walter Matherly from Copenhaver Cumpston

Robert McCurdy from Gilbert McCurdy

Shirley Nisbet from Ian Nisbet

Susan Parker from Jeffrey Parker

Veronica Petersen from Laurie Austin, Nancy Benchoff, Steve and Joanne Johnson, Elizabeth De Montigny

“Charlie” Clay Reifsnyder from Daniel Reifsnyder and Kathryn Clay

Jonathan Rice from Susan Rice

Stephen Schneider from John Mashey and Angela Hey B. Thomas from F. Thomas Fudala

John Turchon from James and Sylvia Connor

Lucille Wilson from Stephanie Morgan

Lois Woodwell from Marcy Woodwell Neilson

Are you 70 1/2 years of age or older with a traditional IRA? If so, you are eligible to make a tax-free donation directly to Woodwell Climate Research Center from your IRA—up to $100,000. To learn more, contact Leslie Kolterman at lkolterman@woodwellclimate.org, visit woodwellclimate.org, or consult your plan administrator.

Research at Tanguro Ranch in Mato Grasso, Brazil geared back up this year, in collaboration with Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM). / photo courtesy of Marcia Macedo

Everyone

Will

help secure a sustainable future for humanity? You can do it today—by including a legacy gift to Woodwell Climate in your estate plans. A legacy gift:

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