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THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
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Contents I - ntegrity I - nnovation E - mpowerment E - xcellence Mission “To deliver high-quality products and services in order to instill excellence in the Electrical Practitioner, and to enhance the technical profession to enable it to make positive contributions to national development.” Vision “To be the best and most prestigious professional technical organization in the Philippines.”
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Gregorio R. Cayetano Alex C. Cabugao Ma. Sheila C. Cabaraban Larry C. Cruz Florigo C. Varona Angel V. De Vera, Jr. William J. Juan Freddie O. Orperia Virgilio S. Luzares Eusebio A. Gonzales Amando A. Plata Ariel O. Soriano Noel L. Olea Cleofe T. Caidic Gino B. Macapayag Fritzelou E. Arriate Richard O. Lizardo Jules S. Alcantara Ramon P. Ayaton
IIEE NATIONAL SECRETARIAT DEPARTMENT HEADS Administrative Technical Marketing Membership Finance-OIC
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Niellisa Joy B. Bandong Ma. Elena U. Liongson Allen M. Pido Marjorie Aguinaldo-Muñoz Emee F. Sulit
President’s Report Under the IIEE Spotlight
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38th IIEE Annual National Convention and 3E XPO
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2013 Turnover Ceremonies and Tribute to IIEE Valued Exhibitors
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2013 IIEE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AND OFFICERS National President VP-Internal Affairs VP-External Affairs VP-Technical Affairs National Secretary National Treasurer National Auditor Governor-Northern Luzon Governor-Central Luzon Governor-Metro Manila Governor-Southern Luzon Governor-Bicol Governor-Western Visayas Governor-Eastern/Central Visayas Governor-Northern Mindanao Governor-Southern Mindanao Governor-Western Mindanao Immediate Former President Executive Director
From the Office of the National President
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IIEE First Western Mindanao Regional Conference Amidst the War
Cover Story Climate Change: A Larger Global Issue Technical Feature: - Electric Motor Testing The Missing Link of Condition Monitoring - Calculation of Minimum Vegetation Clearance Distance (MVCD) to Overhead Power Lines
he views and opinions expressed by the authors of letters, articles and research studies published in The Electrical Engineer DO NOT necessarily reflect the views of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE). The IIEE trusts the integrity of these authors. The IIEE exercises due review diligence but it is possible that the contents of the articles contributed may not be verified due to time constraints. Articles or visual materials may not be reproduced without written consent from IIEE. The IIEE reserves the right to accept or refuse submitted materials for publication. Articles, reactions and feedback from readers may be sent through e-mail at eemagazine@iiee.org.ph.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
Editorial
About the Cover
Getting involved with Climate Change
Climate change is the theme for the 4th Quarter issue of The Electrical Engineer Magazine. The Earth is the cover page of this issue for it has been experiencing extreme climatic events. According to studies, some of these events are caused by human activities.
Countries all over the world face the impacts of the fast-changing climate events. In a guide of UN Habitat entitled “Planning for Climate Change”, it is said that “Climate change is fast becoming one of the most significant challenges of the 21st century”.
PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE
Climate change impacts both people and ecosystems, and its effects vary in different ways. It is affecting every part of the globe. Recently, the Philippines was devastated by Typhoon Yolanda (Typhoon Haiyan), which left thousands of casualties, and with survivors struggling to rebuild homes and also their lives from the damage it caused. While there are arguments with regards to extreme weather connecting to climate change, Representative for the Philippines Naderev Sano said at the UN Climate Change that what the country has gone through is a result of extreme climate event.
Chairman: Vice Chairman: Members:
It is a complicated problem that brought extreme weather events to different parts of the world, and it has been deliberately discussed both locally and internationally.
The present circulation of the magazine is 35,000 copies per issue to members and industry stakeholders.
One thing is certain: greenhouse gases continuously warm up the earth with its effects to be felt for the next years or even decades. However, something can be done about it. Energy efficiency and renewable energy can be a remedy to this global dilemma. Let us do our share to help save the earth we are living in.
- The Electrical Engineer Editorial Board
Rolito C. Gualvez Ronald Vincent M. Santiago Cyrus V. Canto Marvin H. Caseda Glynn Andy O. Gayman Allan C. Nerves Roland P. Vasquez Larry C. Cruz
Overseer:
The ELECTRICAL ENGINEER The Electrical Engineer is published quarterly by the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE), with editorial and business offices at #41 Monte de Piedad St., Cubao, Quezon City, Philippines. Tel Nos. (632) 722-7383, 727-3552, 412-5772, 414-5626, Fax Nos. (632) 721-6442 & 410-1899. Website: www.iiee.org.ph; E-mail: eemagazine@iiee.org.ph.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER Editorial Board Chairman: Editor-in-Chief: Associate Editor: Technical Consultant: Administrative Officer:
Larry C. Cruz Rolito C. Gualvez Ronald Vincent M. Santiago Allan C. Nerves Ramon P. Ayaton
Editorial Staff Editorial Assistant
Ana Kristina Cezele B. Besa
Advertising and Marketing Account Executive
Mary Grazellen C. Jose 727-3552 loc. 100 721-6442 / 410-1899
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
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President’s Report
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From the Office of the National President
y warmest greetings to my fellow electrical practitioners! As this year marks the 38 fruitful years of our beloved Institute, I would like to commend the officers and general membership for making my leadership a successful milestone of IIEE. With your unwavering support, IIEE is now eyeing for more success in the years to come. For the fourth quarter issue of the Electrical Engineer Magazine, the core of my report will focus on the relevant achievements of the priority projects that transpired during the last quarter of my term as National President. Thus, learning and experiences of this year will serve as valuable assets to the future leaders to move forward and sustain the excellence of our profession. IIEE GOVERNANCE On October 9, 2013, IIEE Marketing Department together with the Executive Director went to Microtel Hotel, Coral Way St. to attend the Briefing of Exhibitors for the IIEE’s 38th Annual National Convention and 3E XPO, Electrical, Electronics and Energy Exposition. On October 16, 2013, the BOG attended the Second Professional Summit as per invitation of the Professional Regulation Commission to the officers of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. I graced the meeting of the Philippine Technological Council on October 22, 2013 as a Member Trustee. On November 8, 2013 together with CNP Raymond Marquez and Jessie Todoc of ICA, we met Mr. Matthieu Penot of European Union at the RCBC Plaza with regards to the finalization of the grant of EU to IIEE on the Deployment of High Efficiency Motors in the Philippines. With the invitation from the International Copper Association, I together with the CNP Member Engr. Arthur A. Lopez went to Thailand for the European Union’s Energy Efficient Air Conditioners in ASEAN. The meeting was held last November 14-15, 2013. On November 25, 2013 I attended the training at RCBC Plaza provided by EU for non- government organization. This is regarding the grant of EU for the Promotion and Deployment of Energy Efficient Motors in the Philippines to IIEE. Last December 10, 2013, I attended the ASEAN SHINE Launching in cooperation with International Copper Association at F1 Hotel, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig. PRIORITY PROJECTS To cope up with the demands for technological breakthroughs and professional advancement, we have created timely and relevant Priority Projects of the IIEE.
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1.) Membership to ASEAN Engineer Register, ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer Register (ACPER) and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Engineer (APEC Engineer). Being the core of my leadership, I was very grateful that officers led the application for ACPER. As of the moment, we have a total of 13 applicants from BOG (3), ACPER Committee (3), BEE (3), CNP (2) and members (2). Since our borders will open to fellow electrical practitioners in ASEAN and borderless mobility of engineering services will take effect, 2013 is indeed the perfect time acquire ACPE members through the efforts of its Chairman, Engr. Cirilo C. Calibjo Jr., PEE, PhD. On the other hand, if the electrical practitioners wanted to practice in the United States of America, Australia, Japan, etc., they must be accredited as APEC Engineer. CHED, PRC and PTC are the accrediting bodies for APEC Engineer. 2.) Improvement of IT Infrastructure. In order to facilitate faster transactions during the three-day convention, IIEE launched the first online registration “TAP and CLICK” to achieve a hassle-free registration and avoid lengthy time of waiting. Through an e-card, a member can automatically register and can immediately proceed to the payment counter. Furthermore, online registration was also applied during technical sessions for the delegates’ CPD points. 3.) Widest Dissemination of Electrical Safety Enhancement and Awareness (ESEA). Since the Electrical Safety Inspection is the most basic step to achieve the Electrical Safety Awareness and to enforce it, the Electrical Safety Enforcement and Awareness Committee had formulated a training program for the benefit of the Electrical Safety Enforcement Authority. The Association of City Municipal Electrical Engineers and Electricians (ACMEE), an association whose members are mainly Local Government Electrical Inspectors, together with the IIEE Academic Affairs Committee were the program developers. It touches almost every aspect of the Electrical Inspection, basic knowledge and experiences of the participants as well as the speakers. The primary objective of the program is to standardize the electrical inspection process in which Electrical Safety Enforcement Authorities and other related studies are involved. Moreover, the “Training the Trainers” Program was attended by sixteen (16) representatives coming from different regions which were held last November 21-23, 2013 at the IIEE National Office.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
President’s Report
4.) Update of Qualified Barangay Electricians to Become Registered Master Electricians (RME) and RME to become REE. The program has a primary purpose of serving as an adjunct between the licensed electrical engineers and master electricians on one hand and the practicing unlicensed electricians on the other, to upgrade the competence of unlicensed electricians by IIEEinitiated intervention trainings, seminars and conferences, to identify qualified unlicensed electricians for possible RME training and review and lastly, to identify and seek partnership from other stakeholders of the electrical industry from public or private entities for electricians’ upgrading. The strategies and implementation involves database collection of electricians information, obtain best practices of electrician upgrading in the local chapter level, formulate a standardize national curriculum for the academy, initiate accreditation of electricians to the city by adopting the IIEE North Davao Chapter model, identify service providers and process them for accreditation and identify donors and benefactors for support of the academy. Enrollment to the academy requires different levels of studies and experiences such as: (a) High School Graduate with 5 years experience; (b) One (1) Year Vocational Course with 3 years experience; (c) 2 Year Vocational Course with 2 Years experience; and, (d) 3 Year Vocational Course/Undergraduate or Graduate of EE Course with 1 Year Experience. Last year, IIEE and NEA have inked a Memorandum of Understanding in a meeting in Davao City that the latter would support technically and financially to the program. 5.) Balik Liwanag Program as Banner Program for Corporate Social Responsibility This is the banner program to alleviate the effects of calamities and flooding brought about by strong typhoons and other force majeure, thus, the Institute has to allocate funds to restore the affected areas. As part of IIEE’s corporate social responsibility, nine (9) regions remitted 3% share from the net proceeds of their respective conferences and 5% share from the net proceeds of National Midyear Convention and Annual National Convention.
December 14, 2013 at the IIEE National Office. REGIONAL CONFERENCE AND ANNUAL NATIONAL CONVENTION Apart from regular meetings, the Board of Governors also attended regional conference and Annual National Convention as follows: 1. 1st Western Mindanao Regional Conference held last October 18-19, 2013 at the Garden Orchid Hotel, Governor Camins Road, Zamboanga City. 2. 38th Annual National Convention held last November 27-30, 2013 at the SMX Convention Center, Pasay City. IIEE COUNCIL OF STUDENT CHAPTERS The Student Affairs Committee in cooperation with the Council of Student Chapters successfully conducted the National Math Wizard Competition and National Quiz Show last November 27, 2013 at the SMX Convention Center, Pasay City. For NQS, winners are the following: Over-All Champion – Cebu Technological University 1st Runner-Up – Mindanao State University (General Santos City) 2nd Runner-Up – Camarines Norte State College On the other hand, National Math Wizard is composed of the following winners: Over-All Champion – Polytechnic University of the Philippines (Sto. Tomas Batangas) 1st Runner-Up – Cagayan State University 2nd Runner-Up – Holy Angel University 2013 is just a beginning of prolific years where successful milestones are set to unfold and a significant history among the lives of electrical practitioners around the globe. May the Almighty God continue to shower His blessings to the Institute and to the General Membership. Maraming Salamat at Mabuhay ang IIEE!
REGULAR EXECUTIVE MEETING AND REGULAR BOARD MEETING As member of the Executive Committee, we had conducted meetings in the following dates: (a) October 5, 2013, (b) November 2, 2013 and (c) December 7, 2013 as well as special meetings last: (a) December 10, 2013, (b) December 11, 2013, (c) December 12, 2013, (d) December 19, 2013, and (e) December 27, 2013. On the other hand, the Board of Governors conducted the 10th Regular Board Meeting last October 19, 2013 at the Yakan Function Room, Garden Orchid Hotel, Zamboanga City and the 11th Regular Board Meeting was held last November 27, 2013 at the Microtel Hotel, Pasay City. Finally, the 12th Regular Board Meeting was conducted last
Engr. Gregorio R. Cayetano Sr. 2013 IIEE National President
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
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38 Annual National Convention and 3E XPO Under the IIEE Spotlight
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at the SMX Convention Center, MOA, Pasay City November 27 - 30
ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEER ENGINEER MAGAZINE MAGAZINE 4TH 4TH QUARTER QUARTER 20132013 8 8 THETHE
Under the IIEE Spotlight
THE THE ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEER ENGINEER MAGAZINE MAGAZINE 4TH 4TH QUARTER QUARTER 2013 2013
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Under the IIEE Spotlight
IIEE First Western Mindanao Regional Conference Amidst the War By: Engr. Marli A. De Fiesta Vice Pres. Int. Affairs ZAMBASULTA Chapter
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awn of September 9, 2013, the Zamboanga Stand-off commenced, armed forces from the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) siege the City. The economy of Western Mindanao was practically paralyzed, according to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas over PhP 60 Billion amount of money stop circulating as nothing goes in and out of Zamboanga City during these times. Residents outside the conflict area were not going out of their homes while two hundred thousand plus evacuees flocked about 35 evacuation centers in the City. Hundreds of hostages were held as human shield by the MNLF rebel group. Offices, malls, commercial stores, hardwares, and groceries in the city proper were closed, the City was running out of food, cargo vessels, passenger ships and commercial airlines were not allowed to go in and out of Zamboanga City which accounts for 40 percent of gross regional domestic product and home to 16 canning factories supplying 80 percent of the country’s sardines. Conflagrations, cannons and mortars coupled with air strikes have become common even in such unholy hour of the night. Exchange of gun fires between the government forces and the MNLF had been twenty-four hours nonstop. Helicopters were all over the area. Zamboangueños were living in fear as nobody knows when the conflict will end. It took so much courage from the IIEE Western Mindanao Regional Governor to call upon the ZAMBASULTA Chapter officers for a meeting in the middle of the warfare with the agenda of pushing through with the First Western Mindanao Regional Conference. The IIEE Western Mindanao Officialdom braved the possibility of being hit by gunshots coming from the firefight between the MNLF and government compounded by the long queues for checkpoint in strategic places scattered all over Zamboanga City, as well as numerous car bombing purportedly propagated by MNLF forces on the run. It was good that the officers were equally valiant and one with the decision of the Regional Governor in holding the regional conference. As such, the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines Incorporated (IIEE) – Western Mindanao Region held its “1st Regional Conference” last October 17-19, 2013 at the Garden Orchid Hotel Gov. Camins Ave., Zamboanga City which was bannered by the theme “Leading Electrical Practitioners Towards Global Recognition”
from the different five chapters of the region from the Cities of Zamboanga, Pagadian, Dipolog, Ozamis, Oroquieta, Tangub, Isabela, Lamitan and Provinces of Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Misamis Occidental, Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. The activity was graced by the Professional Regulatory Board of Electrical Engineering in the person of Hon. Jaime V. Mendoza, PEE, MTM, FIIEE and Hon. Francis V. Mapile, PEE, BBM, FIIEE, the IIEE Board of Governors headed by the National President himself, Engr. Gregorio R. Cayetano, Respected Electrical Engineering Practitioners who served as technical speakers as well as exhibitors from leading electrical companies in the country also participated in this event. The three-day affair begun with the building wiring, industrial motor control skills competition and sports activities followed by the official opening of the First Western Mindanao Regional Conference (WMRC) which was highlighted by the address coming from the First Regional Governor of Western Mindanao, Engr. Richard O. Lizardo who eloquently narrated the emotional and physical torments in going through with the ground works just to realize first WMRC. It was indeed not an easy decision to proceed with the activity considering the man-made and natural calamities that besieged the City of Zamboanga one month prior to the conference. Gov. Lizardo and the officers of ZAMBASULTA Chapter continued with the meetings and never faltered despite the unnerving sound of mortars and M203 between the government forces and the MNLF during the preparation days. All other professional organizations that had set Zamboanga City as a venue for their gathering has already cancelled but Gov. Lizardo stood firm and persuaded the IIEE Board of Governors to pursue with this momentous and historical undertaking. Eventually, we were all vindicated for the first WMRC roared with success from all viewpoints; the Board of Governors, the participants, the exhibitors, the speakers and product presenters. This just proves our resilience and dedication towards the ideals Institute. The success of first WMRC has laid down a clear message for the Electrical Engineers here and abroad that with dedication and hard work all adversaries can be conquered. The creation of the Western Mindanao as a Region is a product of the recent amendment of the IIEE Constitution and By-laws and the first WMRC has shown the wisdom behind such creation. Long Live IIEE!
This conference served as a grand gathering of more than two hundred (200) electrical practitioners and notable electrical engineers coming
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THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
Under the IIEE Spotlight
2013 Turnover Ceremonies and Tribute to IIEE Valued Exhibitors
Engr. Gregorio R. Cayetano Sr., 2013 IIEE National President (right), and Engr. Alex C. Cabugao, 2014 National President (left). (Photo by Engr. Elmer Casao)
The Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE) of the Philippines, Inc. celebrated 2013 Turn Over Ceremonies and Tribute to IIEE Valued Exhibitors at the National Office
guests by 2013 Vice-President for Technical Affairs Engr. Larry C. Cruz. 2013 National President Engr. Gregorio R. Cayetano Sr. delivered his valedictory speech, followed by the turnover. Engr. Alex C. Cabugao, 2014 National President, also gave his acceptance speech. Valued exhibitors were also present at the event. An audiovisual presentation was shown, acknowledging the exhibitors’ support at the tribute to the IIEE Valued Exhibitors. A plaque of recognition was given to each exhibitors for their unending support to the Institute.
in Cubao, Quezon City on December 14. The main event was preceded by the 12th Regular Board Meeting, with the incoming and outgoing Board of Governors. Officers, exhibitors, and guests attended the event. A thanksgiving mass took place in the afternoon, which was followed by the main event. IIEE Vice-President for External Affairs Engr. Ma. Sheila C. Cabaraban delivered the welcoming remarks, followed by the acknowledgment of
The year was filled with significant milestones that are set to embark on a continuing venture towards the success of electrical practitioners around the globe.
In accordance with the IIEE by laws, the IIEE Cagayan de Oro Chapter conducted its 2013 Annual General Membership Meeting and 2014 Election of Officers at Grand Caprice Convention Center, Limketkai Complex, Cagayan de Oro City on September 21 and was participated by around 100 members including non-paying participants.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
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Cover Story
Climate Change: A Larger Global Issue C limate change is a dilemma that has been continuously discussed throughout the globe. The changing climate is mostly a result of human activities for the last hundred years. In WWF’s 2012 Living Planet Report that was published on their website, the world could not sustain the overconsumption of food, materials, fossil fuels, and other non-renewable resources of humanity.
in the temperature of the Earth. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) and others are contributing to the greenhouse effect. According to the Oxford Dictionaries website, greenhouse effect is “the trapping of the sun’s warmth in a planet’s lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet’s surface.” Natural processes and human activities have caused the fluctuation of the amount of heat on Earth. The effects have been unequivocally noticeable. Different places experience different effects. Countries all over the world have experienced extreme heat, cold, storms, and other climatic events. Thus, climate change is everybody’s problem. In comparison to before, the Earth’s climate is now changing rapidly. Typhoon Yolanda: A Dire Effect of Climate Change Families lost loved ones. Homes were destroyed. Lives were devastated. On November 2013, Tyhoon Yolanda (with an international name of Typhoon Haiyan) has devastated Central Visayas, and it has been recorded as the world’s strongest storm to make landfall.
The greenhouse effect is the main cause of global warming; as both global warming and climate change indicate an increase
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Residents of the region, as well as the other residents nearby the area, were religiously warned of the strong typhoon. Public warnings were all over the television and radio stations, and other media. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), predicted that the typhoon would be strong; however, the damage that the storm surge has caused, which washed away properties and lives, was unexpected.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
Cover Story “Storm Surge is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide”, according to a presentation entitled “Introduction to Storm Surge” in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s National Weather Service website of the United States. Engr. Cleofe T. Caidic, 2013 IIEE Governor – Eastern/Central Visayas, was also in Tacloban during the typhoon. People were prepared for the strong winds the storm would produce, but were not prepared for the water and the damage the storm surge would cause. “Ine-expect nila ang storm surge, pero hindi naman nila alam kung ano iyon... (They expected that there will be a storm surge, but they didn’t know what it is.)”, Engr. Cleofe said. Thousands of lives and millions worth of properties have been washed by Typhoon Yolanda. According to Engr. Cleofe, department stores and groceries have opened for the survivors. However, when supplies started to deplete, looting became an issue. Balik-Liwanag Program In connection with this, the Balik-Liwanag Program of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE) caters to help in times of disasters in the country. The BalikLiwanag Program team, headed by Engr. William J. Juan, 2013 IIEE National Auditor, roamed around Tacloban to assist with the restoration of the damaged electrical systems in the area. They also met with City Mayor Alfred Romualdez to express the Institute’s willingness to help the affected areas and to discuss the plans of IIEE Balik-Liwanag Program.
Devastation caused by Typhoon Yolanda
IIEE’s role is to inspect applications in power restoration and approval of the city’s applicants for reconnection. As of December 14, more than 600 households have been inspected by the team.
Photos by Engr. Cleofe T. Caidic
Changing for the Better Energy Efficiency and Renewable energy are solutions for climate change. To cut the greenhouse gas emission, energy must be consumed efficiently. Energy efficiency must be incorporated to daily lives so as to preserve the quality of life that it provides. Renewable energy, on the other hand, is also a key solution to climate change for it will never run out, unlike other sources of energy that will soon come to depletion. It offers a costeffective alternative for energy consumption.
Balik-Liwanag Team is of assistance to the city and survivors of the typhoon
Climate change is everybody’s problem because every action affects the world. THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
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THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
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Contents
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Integrates a wide range of electrical tests in a single portable unit.
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Performs insulation resistance, polarization index, dielectric absorption step voltage and surge tests to detect weaknesses and faults in motor winding and ground wall insulation.
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Motor circuits can also be analyzed utilizing Resistance, Impedence, Capacitance, Phase Angle and Dissipation Factor/Quality Factor measurements.
• This on-line motor analyzer offers a wide variety of capabilities for the maintenance professional to understand the condition of the over-all system - the power supply, the electric motor and the mechanical load. • It is programmed to supply information on voltage level, voltage balance, harmonic and total distortion, rotor cage condition, motor efficiency effective service factor, overcurrent, operating condition, torque ripple, load history among others. This wide range of tests allows exploration of the true condition of motor integrity and conditions related to motor performance. • Other special features of the EXP 4000 include: - Torque Module which displays the Torque Ripple and Torque Spectrum enabling the user to diagnose mechanical issues, transient overloading, mechanical imbalances along with bearing problems, and cavitation, among others. - Transient Analysis module performs a start up analysis which allows the user to visually see the amplitude of voltage, current and torque at startup, along with motor startup time. - VFD module provides a comprehensive diagnosis of motor problems associated with variable frequency drives (VFD). - Motor efficiency assessment & identification of motors performing at sub-par efficiency, and calculates the pay-back period if replaced by a new motor.
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Technical Feature
Electric Motor Testing The Missing Link of Condition Monitoring Michael Herring, Product Manager EU - Baker Instrument Company, Baker Instrument Company is an SKF Group Company michael.herring@skf.com www.bakerinst.com It is argued that condition monitoring of electric motors should involve not only testing for such things as bearing failure (via vibration analysis, oil analysis and so forth) but also a structured testing regime for electrical faults and the monitoring of motor efficiency.
constant temperature, typically 20 degrees Celsius. The motor temperature must be measured accurately, and where possible, the copper temperature should be used.
Energy costs are a major portion of any plant or facility’s operating expenditures and motors consume a very large part of those expenses. Correct monitoring of motor performance, and making the necessary adjustments, will improve reliability, extend the life of the motor and reduce the overall operating cost of the facility. Condition monitoring is often seen as the use of vibration analysis, thermography, laser alignment and oil analysis. All too often electrical testing is deemed as unnecessary. However, studies show that after bearing failure, electrical faults are the most common mode of motor failure, so a structured electrical testing regime is vital to plant reliability. The meg-ohm test has long been the tool of choice for engineers, and this simple test is often the only electrical test performed. Whilst the test has a valid role to play, it is not capable of detecting all the likely faults within a motor’s winding. Modern test equipment utilises PC control to provide automatic testing and fault diagnosis, removing the onus on the operator to interpret the results. The equipment is able to detect micro arcs, and stop the test automatically. Database software allows assets to be saved with all test results, so that a trend can be built up over time, ideally from new. Automated testing helps remove operator error, inconsistency created by different operators, and the possibility of the operator applying over voltage. The latest testers combine all insulation tests within one portable device, and have the ability to create professional reports. Static Testing Static testing is typically performed from the switch room, and should be carried out in a specific test sequence: Winding resistance test:
A motor that has been recently operating is unlikely to be at ambient temperature, so the use of ambient temperatures should be avoided. The unbalance between the phase to phase readings is then calculated, with an unbalance of less than 1% typical for a good winding. A connection that is gradually working loose, for example, will show an increasing unbalance over time. Meg-ohm test: This test will show if the motor has a dead short to earth, is wet or contaminated. A meg-ohm test cannot show if a motor is in good condition, as it does not test the entire insulation system. PI Test: The PI test is a 10 minute test. It is used to measure the ability of an insulator to polarize. The 10 minute meg-ohm value is divided by the one minute value, and a ratio of 2 or more is typically deemed as acceptable. Some insulation classes accept a lower PI ratio, as do some engineers, depending on the location/application of their motors. DC Step Voltage Test: This test is typically performed at twice line voltage plus 1000 volts. The voltage is increased in steps, ideally five or more, and the leakage current plotted. Good insulation to earth will show a linear plot (see Figure 1) whereas a non-linear plot (see Figure 2) would suggest an insulation weakness (or contamination) at that voltage. The DC step voltage test provides a great deal more information than the DC hipot test, and is therefore recommended for in- service motors.
Used to highlight dead shorts and loose connections. Tests must be performed with accurate equipment, capable of measuring down to 0.001 ohms. Resistance values must be corrected to a THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
17
Technical Feature Figure 1 Linear leakage current plot
order to detect such faults prior to motor failure, surge testing must be performed. Figure 3 shows the result of a surge test on a 415 volt motor. The motor had been subjected to severe overheating, but still ran normally. A meg-ohm test at 500 volts passed with 1,438 meg- ohms. The surge test failed at 1,590 volts on phase 1. Phases 2 and 3 both passed at the full test voltage of 2000 volts. All three waveforms should be balanced to each other.
Figure 2 Non-linear leakage current plot
Figure 4 shows the point at which phase 1 failed. The pulse to pulse graph plots all pulses that are injected into the three phases. The resultant graph should show close balance between the three phases. The red spike is the result of an arc within phase 1. When the arc took place, this caused the inductance of the phase winding to change momentarily, and we can also see this in Figure 3, when the red waveform shifted to the left. Very early signs of turn to turn insulation weakness can be observed in the pulse to pulse graph, even though the surge waveforms may show close balance. Figure 3 Failed surge test
DC Hipot Test: The hipot test simply applies a voltage, measures leakage current and calculates meg-oms. If the meg- ohms are higher than the accepted minimum, the motor passes. Even if there is an area of damaged insulation, as long as the meg-ohms are higher than the minimum value, the motor will still pass. Surge test: This final test is used to verify the turn to turn, coil to coil and phase to phase insulation condition and is typically performed at twice line voltage plus 1000 volts. It can detect weak insulation, dead shorts, loose connections, and unbalances caused by incorrect winding. The surge test works by injecting high voltage pulses into each phase, creating a potential difference between one turn and the next. The resultant sine wave from each phase should match one another. Paschen’s law states that in order to draw an arc between two conductors, a potential difference of at least 350 volts is required. When motors start and stop, high voltage spikes are generated, and these spikes are what damage the insulation over time, along with heat, attack from oil, ingestion of chemicals, and also movement of the copper wires due to the magnetic forces on start-up. Of all the tests described, the surge test is the only method of detecting weak turn insulation. Studies have shown that 80% of electrical failures originate as a turn to turn weakness, so in
18
Figure 4 Turn to turn arc detected
Why high voltage testing? A common question asked relates to the voltage levels that should be applied. Why should a 415 volt motor be subjected to a 2000 volt test ? The reason relates to the high voltage spikes that motors see on start-up and shut-down. 415 volt motors, particularly those started direct-on-line, will regularly see voltage spikes of up to 2000 volts. Therefore, to be able to ensure motor reliability, testing needs to be carried out at similar levels. International standards apply to all these tests, including IEC, IEEE, NEMA and EASA.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
Technical Feature Dynamic Motor testing A more recent addition to electrical testing technologies is dynamic motor testing. Dynamic motor testing involves measuring the voltage and current of the motor’s three phases, whilst the motor is operating in its normal environment, and then calculating a host of information relating to the power supply, the motor, and the load. Both electrical and mechanical issues can be identified.
Figure 7 shows the voltage and current plotted against time, during the start-up of a 132kw motor on a soft-start. Figure 6
Torque ripple graph
Figure 7
Transient analysis
Power quality values, including voltage level, unbalance and distortion are determined and compared to industry standards. Poor power quality can lead to overheating within motors, and since heat is the biggest enemy of insulation, power issues should be identified & corrected where possible. Current level and unbalance are used to determine overall electrical health, and are used to identify overloading, connection issues, iron saturation and incorrectly wound motors. Spectrum analysis allows the condition of the rotor bars to be determined (see Fig 5) as well as showing the voltage and current relationship to frequency. Saturation problems, inverter issues as well as mechanical defects can be detected. Torque can now also be used to find a host of issues including transient overloading, pump cavitation, mechanical imbalances and bearing faults among others. Figure 5
Bad rotor bar graph
Figure 6 shows 28 seconds of instantaneous torque being demanded of a 2.2MW motor at a cement factory. With this application, one would not expect these large, rhythmical peaks of torque. These peaks highlighted a mechanical problem with the driven gear. Transient analysis plots the rms voltage and current against time, whilst the motor is starting, and also plots the torque profile during that time. Monitoring all three phases of voltage and current, plus torque, allows maintenance engineers to separate power, motor and load issues.
In summary Dynamic electrical testing can be used to identify a wide range of electrical and mechanical issues simply by measuring the 3 phase voltages and currents at the motor control cabinet. Dynamic testing can also be used to provide a comparison to other technologies, such of vibration analysis. It can be performed on submersible pumps and motors in restricted areas, simply by having access to the switch room. For more information, please contact Engr. Mario Pilones, P.E.E. at Tel. no. 8104058 or email to mario.pilones@skf.com
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
19
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Technical Feature
Calculation of Minimum Vegetation Clearance Distance (MVCD) to Overhead Power Lines Engrs. John C. Placente and Ronald Vincent M. Santiago The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) published FAC-003-2 entitled as ‘Transmission Vegetation Management Standard’. The purpose of the standard is to improve transmission systems’ reliability by preventing the outages caused by trees and other vegetation. It provides the minimum vegetation clearance distances (MVCD) to overhead power lines and the MVCD is being used on right-of-way/easement width determination, and also in vegetation clearing operations in overhead power lines. The MVCD is based on ‘Gallet’s Method’ which calculates for the critical flashover voltages and withstand voltage of air gap, thereafter determine the minimum clearance needed for an electric flashover to happen. The technical paper shall present the formulae associated with the Gallet Method and the algorithm for the calculation of MVCD. An example is also provided showing how the MVCD for a 230 kV transmission line is obtained. I. INTRODUCTION
3
In 1975, in an IEEE transaction entitled ‘General Expression for Positive Switching Impulse Strength Valid Up to Extra Long Air Gaps’, G. Gallet published a deterministic approach in the calculation of critical flashover (CFO) voltage that became the basis for clearance distances.
4
Critical Flashover at Standard Atmospheric Conditions, kV
5
Relative Air Density, where A = Altitude in km
Overhead Line Minimum Vegetation Clearance Distances (MVCD, meters) in Different Altitudes
II. FORMULAE FOR GALLET’S METHOD The following are the important formulae and values associated with Gallet’s Method and the calculation of MVCD:
6
Description
Formula / Values
1
Transient Overvoltage Factor, ftrOV
ftrOV 2.0, for 240kV below
2
22
Transient Peak Voltage, VtrPK
1.4, for 365kV above VtrPK
Vmax 3
2
ftrOV
1
CFOS kw k g
e
3400 8 1 D
A 8.6
Maximum Transient 3400 Vm 0.85 kw k g m Overvoltage at 8 1 Distance D or D CFOS CFOs Withstand Voltage m 1.25 0.2 500 D 500 D of the Air Gap
III. ALGORITHM The following are the procedures in the calculation of minimum vegetation clearance distance (MVCD) using Gallet’s method: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5.1.
No
8 3400 kw k g
kW = 1.037 (wet/outside) kg = 1.3 (gap)
The technical paper shall detail how the MVCD values are calculated and shall provide example to further illustrate Gallet’s method.
Table 1. Minimum Vegetation Clearance Distance (MVCD)
Di
Vm 0.85
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), with its aim to improve the reliability of the transmission systems, has used the ‘Gallet’s Method’ to define the minimum vegetation clearance distance (MVCD) to overhead power lines. The NERC FAC-003-2, entitled as ‘Transmission Vegetation Management Standard’, the NERC summarized the MVCD for various voltage levels and altitudes as shown in Table 1.
Nominal Maximum System System Voltage Voltage Sea (kV) (kV) Level 914m 1219m 1524m 1829m 2134m 2438m 2743m 3048m 3353m 765 800 2.36 2.71 2.8 2.88 2.97 3.05 3.14 3.22 3.31 3.39 500 550 1.54 1.73 1.79 1.85 1.91 1.98 2.04 2.11 2.17 2.24 345 362 0.95 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.21 1.26 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.44 230 242 0.91 1.02 1.06 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.38 161 169 0.61 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.96 138 145 0.52 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.7 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.82 115 121 0.43 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.58 0.61 0.63 0.66 0.69 88 100 0.35 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.57 69 72 0.25 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41
Initial Clearance Distance, Di
5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 6. 7.
Obtain the nominal system voltage and the altitude of the line. Determine the maximum system voltage. Compute for the Transient Peak Voltage. Compute for the Initial Clearance Distance. Compute for the Withstand Voltage of the Air Gap or the Maximum Transient Overvoltage at a distance. Compute for the Critical Flashover at standard atmospheric condition. Compute for the relative air density. Compute for the exponent, m. Compute for the withstand voltage of the air gap. If the withstand voltage of the air gap is less than the transient peak voltage, increase the value of D. Repeat Step 5 to 6 (iteration) until such time that the value of the withstand voltage of the air gap is slightly more than the transient peak voltage.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
Technical Feature IV. EXAMPLE
Step 7. Repeat steps 5 to 6 until the obtained value of withstand voltage of the air gap exceeds near transient peak voltage.
Example #1. Compute for the MVCD for a 230 kV line with an altitude of 2.134 km. Step 1. Nominal system voltage = 230 kV, Altitude = 2.134 km. Step 2. Maximum system voltage for 230 kV = 242 kV. Step 3. Transient Peak Voltage = 395.18 kV ftrOV = 2.0 for 230kV VtrPK =
=
Vmax × 2 3
× ftrOV
242 kV × 2
3 = 395 .18 kV
× 2.0
Step 4. Initial Clearance Distance = 0.9031 m Di
1 Vm 0.85 8 3400 1.037 1.3 1 395 .18 0.85 Di 0.9031m
3400 CFOS kw k g 8 1 D 3400 1.037 1.3 8 1 0.9031 CFOS 464.94 kV
e
A 8.6
0.78
Step 5.3. Exponent m = 1.0678 CFOS CFOs m 1.25 0.2 500 D 500 D 464.94 464.94 0.2 1.25 500 0 . 9031 500 0 . 9031 1.0678
Step 5.4. Withstand voltage of the air gap = 303.1 kV. Vm 0.85 kw k g m
3400 8 D
1
3400 0.85 1.037 1.3 0.781.067 8 8 1 0.9031 Vm 303.1 kV
Step 6. Withstand voltage of the air gap is lesser than the transient peak voltage. Therefore, increase the value of D.
Vm VtrPK 303.1 kV 395.18 kV
Vm
Vm< VtrPK? Increment
1.0678 1.0414 1.0159 1.0034 0.9985 0.9936 0.9934
303.10 335.12 366.80 382.51 388.77 395.02 395.33
YES YES YES YES YES YES NO
0.1 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.001
2) North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Transmission Vegetation Management NERC Standard FAC-003-2 Technical Reference, September 2009.
About the Authors JOHN PLACENTE is a faculty member (Assistant Professor III) of the School of EECE and School of Graduate Studies of Mapua Institute of Technology. He is also a Consultant (Reliability and Special Studies) of the National Transmission Corporation (TransCo) and an E&I Design Consultant of OTV France. He received his Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE, Cum Laude) from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) in 2004 and his Master of Science in Electrical Engineering (MSEE, Cum Laude) from Mapua Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2009. Currently, he is pursuing his PhD Electronics Engineering in MIT. He is a Registered Electrical Engineer (REE, 15th Placer) and a Certified Instrumentation and Controls Engineer (CICE). He is a member of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines (IIEE), Philippine Instrumentation and Controls Society (PICS) and the International Association of Engineers (IAENG).
Step 5.2. Relative air density = 0.78
2.134 8.6
0.9031 1.0031 1.1031 1.1531 1.1731 1.1931 1.1941
m
1) G. Gallet, G. Leroy, R. Lacey, I. Kromer, General Expression for Positive Switching Impulse Strength Valid Up to Extra Long Air Gaps, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. pAS-94, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1975.
Step 5.1. Critical Flashover at Standard Atmospheric Condition (CFOS) = 464.94 kV
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
CFO (kV) 464.94 510.69 555.43 577.43 586.17 594.86 595.30
REFERENCES
Step 5. Withstand voltage of the air gap = 303.1 kV. (For further iteration, not final)
D
Therefore, the MVCD is 1.1941 meters.
8 3400 kw k g
e
No
RONALD VINCENT SANTIAGO is currently the Electrical Engineering Program Chairperson of the School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (EECE) of Mapua Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) from MIT in 1989 and Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering (MEEE, Magna Cum Laude) from MIT in 2000. He is a Registered Electrical Engineer (REE) and is the Academic Affairs Committee Chairman of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines (IIEE). Engr. Santiago was awarded as the 2004 Outstanding Electrical Practitioner in the Field of Academe by the IIEE and by the Mapua Institute of Technology Electrical Engineering Alumni Association (MITEEAA). He is also the past president (2010-2011) of the MITEEAA, member of the Bureau of Product Standards Technical Committee 10 (TC10) of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), an accreditor/assessor for Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA) and Commission on Higher Education Regional Quality Assessment Team (CHED-RQAT).
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 4TH QUARTER 2013
23
SACE Emax 2. Managing the power.
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