3rd Quarter 2013
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
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THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 3rd Quarter 2013
Contents 4
Editorial
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President’s Report
Mission “To deliver high-quality products and services in order to instill excellence in the Electrical Practitioner, and to enhance the technical profession to enable it to make positive contributions to national development.”
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Linkages with External Partners
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IIEE 38th Founding Anniversary
Vision “To be the best and most prestigious professional technical organization in the Philippines.”
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Under the IIEE Spotlight
I - ntegrity I - nnovation E - mpowerment E - xcellence
2013 IIEE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AND OFFICERS National President VP-Internal Affairs VP-External Affairs VP-Technical Affairs National Secretary National Treasurer National Auditor Governor-Northern Luzon Governor-Central Luzon Governor-Metro Manila Governor-Southern Luzon Governor-Bicol Governor-Western Visayas Governor-Eastern/Central Visayas Governor-Northern Mindanao Governor-Southern Mindanao Governor-Western Mindanao Immediate Former President Executive Director
Gregorio R. Cayetano Alex C. Cabugao Ma. Sheila C. Cabaraban Larry C. Cruz Florigo C. Varona Angel V. De Vera, Jr. William J. Juan Freddie O. Orperia Virgilio S. Luzares Eusebio A. Gonzales Amando A. Plata Ariel O. Soriano Noel L. Olea Cleofe T. Caidic Gino B. Macapayag Fritzelou E. Arriate Richard O. Lizardo Jules S. Alcantara Ramon P. Ayaton
IIEE NATIONAL SECRETARIAT DEPARTMENT HEADS Administrative Technical Marketing Membership Finance
Niellisa Joy B. Bandong Ma. Elena U. Liongson Allen M. Pido Marjorie Aguinaldo-Muñoz Florante Q. Andrada
On Energy Efficiency
From the Office of the National President
MOA Signing between IIEE and MTC
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Cover Story
Energy Efficiency: Managing the Nation’s Energy Consumption
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Technical Feature
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Industry News
Analysis of Insulation: Capacitance & Power Factor on Substation Apparatus by Engr. Rodolfo R. Peñalosa
- DOE Partners with DILG on Energy Confab - ERC Issues the Net Metering Rules - ERC conditionally approves use of Prepaid Electricity in BATELEC I and BOHECO I
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he views and opinions expressed by the authors of letters, articles and research studies published in The Electrical Engineer DO NOT necessarily reflect the views of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE). The IIEE trusts the integrity of these authors. The IIEE exercises due review diligence but it is possible that the contents of the articles contributed may not be verified due to time constraints. Articles or visual materials may not be reproduced without written consent from IIEE. The IIEE reserves the right to accept or refuse submitted materials for publication. Articles, reactions and feedback from readers may be sent through e-mail at eemagazine@iiee.org.ph.
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Editorial
On Energy Efficiency
As defined in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory website, “energy efficiency is using less energy to provide same service”. In short, energy efficiency is POWER and COST SAVINGS for the consumer. However, despite numerous campaigns, the public is generally still unaware of the large untapped potential for additional energy savings, its cost effectiveness, and the benefits that energy efficiency would bring. The lack of adequate financing for energy efficiency projects can be attributed to the low engagement of industries in energy efficiency programs despite the high interest it generates. Setting energy efficiency targets also helps to motivate, challenge, and direct energy efficiency policy to provide a concrete basis for planning programs, mobilizing funding, and staffing up agencies. However, targets should be carefully developed and formulated based on a strong analytic foundation. They should not be too ambitious and too long-term without interim targets.
- The Electrical Engineer Editorial Board
PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Chairman: Vice Chairman: Members:
Overseer:
The ELECTRICAL ENGINEER The Electrical Engineer is published quarterly by the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE), with editorial and business offices at #41 Monte de Piedad St., Cubao, Quezon City, Philippines. Tel Nos. (632) 722-7383, 727-3552, 412-5772, 414-5626, Fax Nos. (632) 721-6442 & 410-1899. Website: www.iiee.org.ph, E-mail: eemagazine@iiee.org.ph. The present circulation of the magazine is 35,000 copies per issue to members and industry stakeholders.
The ELECTRICAL ENGINEER Editorial Board Chairman Editor-in-Chief Associate Editor: Technical Consultant: Administrative Officer:
Editorial Assistant
Larry C. Cruz Rolito C. Gualvez Ronald Vincent M. Santiago Dr. Allan C. Nerves Ramon P. Ayaton
Ana Kristina Cezele B. Besa
Advertising and Marketing Account Executive
This issue’s cover tries to show the difference between using an ordinary light bulb and an energy efficient light bulb. The LED bulb in the middle is the only lighted bulb, representing a more energy efficient lighting.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 3rd Quarter 2013
Editorial Staff
In the Cover
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Rolito C. Gualvez Ronald Vincent M. Santiago Cyrus V. Canto Marvin H. Caseda Glynn Andy O. Gayman Dr. Allan C. Nerves Roland P. Vasquez Larry C. Cruz
Mary Grazellen C. Jose 727-3552 loc. 100 721-6442 / 410-1899
From the Office of the National President President’s Report
Since PRC already released the requirements for ACPE Register, ACPER Chairman, Former Western Visayas Governor Engr. Cirilo C. Calibjo, PEE, Engr. Gregorio R. Cayetano PhD is very optimistic that IIEE would have 50 ACPE members by the end of 2013. He conducts regular presentation during regional conventions and ACPER booth can also be found in the regional conventions to cater the eartfelt greetings to my fellow electrical engineers! The ingenuity inquiries of members who are interested to apply. of men and women is the key element of IIEE’s success every now If the electrical practitioners want to practice in the United States of and then. America, Australia, Japan, etc. you must be accredited as APEC Engineer. This magazine issue signifies further achievement of the Institute, CHED, PRC and PTC are the accrediting bodies for APEC Engineer. successful undertakings and professional advancement can be read herein. Together, let us nurture competence and excellence in our 2. Accreditation of Engineering Programs of Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) to Outcome Based Education through the Philippine Technological profession. Council (PTC). Kudos to all Electrical practitioners. Mabuhay! In order to initiate the accreditation of HEIs’ engineering programs we are helping the PTC by providing program evaluators. The PTC conducts IIEE GOVERNANCE Certification and Accreditation System for Engineering Education (CASEE) The Memorandum of Agreement between IIEE and PLDT was trainings for would be program evaluator. The program evaluators conduct consummated last June 3 at the IIEE National Office. The MOA signifies site visits to schools of HEIs. As an example of what they are going to look the continuous partnership of the two organizations. Our partnership with at the program objectives of HEIs is how they state what the graduates PLDT means free Wi-Fi access of IIEE members while the Metro Manila would attain 3 to 5 years after graduation. PTC is already substantially Regional Conferences and Annual National Conventions are going on. IIEE equivalent with the Washington Accord. PTC is targeting 2015 to achieve members who wish to apply for residential subscriptions shall enjoy free full membership to the Washington Accord. installations of my DSL free of charge and landline installation. PTC needs at least 100 program evaluators in order to accredit more than I together with the National Auditor, Engr. William J. Juan visited Camp 100 engineering programs of HEIs. Crame’s Main Conference Room for the discussion and investigation of the explosion at Serendra Condominium in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. 3. Improvement of IT Infrastructure. The Serendra Condominiums are centrally fitted with liquefied petroleum gas. They have found out that majority of condominiums around Fort This priority project aims to improve membership database and facilitate Bonifacio do not have gas detectors. Gas detectors are normally installed faster transaction during registration. Unlike before, members can now at the floor level, because LPG is lighter than air, leaked LPG stays at floor update their personal information in the official membership website level. Also, it is worth recommending that exhaust fans should be installed by simply logging in their personal account. On the other hand, online registration was initially practiced during regional conventions while the above the floor level in order to purged out the LPG that leaked out. “TAP and CLICK” process will be applied during the ANC registration and The PRC conducted the Pre-summit for Professionals titled “Empowering technical sessions. the Professionals Towards the ASEAN Community” at Cielito Hotel in Sta. Rosa, Laguna. Together with Honorable Jaime V. Mendoza, Honorable 4. Update of Qualified Barangay Electricians to Become Registered Master Francis V. Mapile, 1986 National President Roger Avenido, Central Luzon Electricians (RME) and RME to become REE. Governor Virgilio S. Luzares and the undersigned attended said Presummit. The 2nd Philippine Professional Summit will be held on October The primary goal of this program is to increase the number of Registered Master Electrician (RME) and provide better opportunities to the barangay 15-16, 2013 at Manila Hotel. electricians. The Electricians Academy being chaired by Doc Remegio On September 12, IIEE hosted the Philippine Technological Council Board A. Gonzales was created to provide curriculum, which is based on the competency standards and requirements to become RME. meeting.
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Recently, I graced the Palawan Chapter’s Annual General Membership Meeting and Technical Seminar last September 27 at the Performing Arts Center, Palawan State University (Main Campus), Bgy. Tiniguiban, Puerto Princesa, Palawan. South Luzon Regional Governor Amando Plata charged the newly elected Chapter Officers; On the other hand, as Guest Speaker, I conducted the induction of new set of officers of the Palawan Chapter. PRIORITY PROJECTS
In this priority project we are encouraging our Regional Governors and Chapter Presidents to provide trainings to Barangay Electricians and Registered Master Electricians. For Barangay electricians we need to train them so that their knowledge in electrical installations will be upgraded and those who are qualified can become full-pledged RMEs. Several chapters such as Tarlac, Masbate and Negros Occidental conducted Electricians Day to further enhance the skills of barangay electricians within their area.
To cope up with the demands for technological breakthroughs and professional advancement, we have created timely and relevant Priority On the other hand, there are electrical engineering graduates that took up and passed the RME licensure exams. We should provide free trainings to Projects of the IIEE. them to be able to pass the electrical engineering board exam and become 1. Membership to ASEAN Engineer Register, ASEAN Chartered Professional full-pledged REEs, IIEE has to do this as our corporate social responsibility. Engineer Register (ACPER) and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Engineer (APEC Engineer) – this project is the core of my leadership in line with this year’s theme. This is by virtue of the Philippines as one of 5. Widest Dissemination of Electrical Safety Enhancement and Awareness the signatory country on the General Agreement on Tariff and Trades and ASEAN Economic Community (ASEAN Economic Integration). By 2015, We have to widely disseminate Electrical Safety in order to prevent our borders will be opened to fellow electrical practitioners in the ASEAN electrical accidents and prevent occurrence of electrical fires. Last Region hence; borderless mobility of engineering services will take effect. Midyear National Convention we have a MOA signing with International Copper Association (ICA) for wider dissemination of electrical safety and In order to address the mobility of engineering services the CNP, awareness. Every electrical practitioner will be trained in electrical safety; Committee Chairmen, and the Board of Governors crafted the 2013 hence the MOA with ICA deals with the provision of training the trainors Theme: “Leading the Electrical Practitioners Towards Global Recognition”. on electrical safety awareness of electrical practitioners specifically during conferences and conventions.
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President’s Report Our Electrical Safety Committee on the other hand, conducts electrical safety campaigns and electrical safety trainings.
a. 14th Eastern/Central Visayas Regional Conference which was held last June 14-15 at Patio Victoria, Tacloban City. b. 1st Metro Manila Regional Conference held last July 19-20 at the Meralco Multi-Purpose Hall. c. 17th Southern Mindanao Regional Conference held last August 16-17 at SMX Convention Center, SM Lanang Premier, Davao City. d. 14th Bicol Regional Conference held last August 30-31 at the Iriga Plaza Convention Center, Iriga City. e. 15th Central Luzon Regional Conference held last September 20-21 at the Sison Auditorium, Lingayen Pangasinan.
6. Balik Liwanag Program as Banner Program for Corporate Social Responsibility As the banner program to alleviate the effects of calamities and flooding brought about by strong typhoons affecting members. We have to allocate funds to at least bring back power to those affected as part of the Institute’s corporate responsibility. The program requires 3% share from the net proceeds of the regional conventions and 5% share from net proceeds of Mid-year and Annual National Conventions.
FOREIGN CHAPTER ACTIVITIES
Brigada Eskwela – the program is created to support Department of Education’s initiative before opening of classes in June. Majority of the chapters joined the Brigada Eskwela in their areas and they also conducted audits electrical installation to ensure electrical safety in public schools.
The IIEE-State of Qatar Chapter hosted the 1st Middle East Regional Conference which was held last August 9-10 at Doha, State of Qatar. The convention was attended by 300 delegates coming from different chapters in the Middle East.
REGULAR EXECUTIVE MEETING AND REGULAR BOARD MEETING
I, together with the members of the Board of Electrical Engineering (BEE), Hon. Francis V. Mapile and Hon. Jaime V. Mendoza witnessed the success of the first ever convention in the Middle East. Furthermore, the 2nd Middle East Regional Conference will be held in Dubai, UAE and it will be attended by the incoming National President.
As member of the Executive Committee, we had conducted meetings in the following dates: (a) June 1; (b) July 6; and, (c) August 3; and, (d) September 7. All meetings were conducted at the IIEE National Office. On June 15, the 6th Regular Board Meeting was conducted at Patio Victoria, Tacloban City. Subsequently, 7th Regular Board Meeting was held at the Executive Lounge, Meralco Multi-Purpose Hall last July 20 and 8th Board Meeting was conducted at SMX Convention Center, SM Lanang Premiere, Davao City last August 17. Finally, 9th Regular Board Meeting was held at Sison Auditorium, Lingayen Pangasinan last September 21. The Board of Governors also attended the Special Board Meeting held at Shakey’s Function Room, Iriga City last August 31.
IIEE COUNCIL OF STUDENT CHAPTERS The IIEE Council of Student Chapters (CSC) under the supervision of the Student Affairs Committee (SAC), successfully conducted the Regional Student Congress and Regional Quiz Show at Region 1 and Region 8 last August 22 - 24. In the remaining regions it was simultaneously held on September 5-7. The quiz show winners will be competing for their regions during the National Quiz Show Competition which will be held on November 27 at the SMX Convention Center, Pasay City.
REGIONAL CONFERENCE Aside from meetings, I together with other Board of Governors attended the following Regional Conferences:
In the last issue, the meeting with Holcim under the President’s Report was written under the “IIEE Council of Student Chapters” sub-topic. It was supposed to be under the “IIEE Governance”. We apologize for the oversight.
Linkages with External Partners
MOA Signing between IIEE and MTC The Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines (IIEE) and Mechatronics Technologies Corporation (MTC) signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) last July 19 during the 1st IIEE Metro Manila Conference at the Meralco MultiPurpose Hall, Ortigas Ave., Pasig City. MTC is a stock corporation that has been conducting mechatronics and instrumentation courses in the past few years and has been accredited by Technical Education Skills Development Authority (TESDA) as a training and assessment center. The main objective of the signed MOA is to conduct free seminars in relation to mechatronics and instrumentation courses. IIEE and MTC has the same purpose of developing and retooling the skills, craftsmanship and competency of its members: electrical engineers and master electricians thru trainings and National Certification. The signatories of the said MOA are IIEE National President Engr. Gregorio R. Cayetano, IIEE Vice President for Technical Affairs Engr. Larry C. Cruz, MTC President Engr. Gamaliel F. Itao, and MTC Representative Ms. Judielyn Venus.
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38th IIEE Founding Anniversary
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hirty-eight years. Thirty-six presidents. And thousands of electrical engineer members who have been part of the Institute. This year, the Institute celebrates its 38th Founding Anniversary with a KKK (Katipunan) theme. part of the Institute. He is the son of Engr. Arturo L. Lopez who led the merging of Philippine Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (PIIEE) and Philippine Society of Electrical Engineers (PSEE).
The event was held on September 14 at the IIEE National Office in Cubao, Quezon City. In the morning, a technical seminar entitled “PEC 1-2009 Essential Seminar for Master Electricians” was conducted in the morning with Engr. Raul Sera Josef as the speaker.
As part of the celebration, a thanksgiving mass was held at five in the afternoon with Fr. Popoy Perey. After the mass, dinner was served while music from the live band serenated the officers of IIEE and guests of the event.
The IIEE National Secretariat also prepared a presentation in line with the anniversary’s theme, creating a short skit with video presentation played in between.
The program proper ended with the ceremonial cake slicing led by the IIEE National President together with the officers present at the event.
IIEE Current National President Engr. Gregorio R. Cayetano delivered the opening remarks and welcoming of guests, and followed by the acknowledgement of dignitaries and guests by Engr. Florigo C. Varona. An introductory message from a member of the Council of National Presidents (CNP) Engr. Arthur A. Lopez was also delivered where he thanked everyone who has been a
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Under the IIEE Spotlight
< Gathering of IIEE Iriga City-Rinconada Chapter with newly elected City Mayor of Iriga City, Engr. Ronald Felix Y. Alfelor, a member of the said chapter, to discuss important matters related to the 14th Bicol Regional Conference.
During the 3rd Regional Chapter Presidents’ meeting, with Sammy Barba of Catanduanes, Alexis Olila of Camarines Norte, Amando Lanuza of Sorsogon, Jigger Bugtong of Camarines Sur, Albert Ramos of Iriga-Rinconada, Alfred Olea of Partido, Gian Paula Badong – RSC Chairwoman, Engr. Ariel O. Soriano, the Regional Governor, and other officers from host chapter >
Conducted Technical Seminar as part of the celebration of the 37th IIEE-Zambasulta Chapter’s Founding Anniversary on July 27-28.
Pre-Conference Meeting on August 10 in preparation for the Western Mindanao Regional Conference
14th Eastern/Central Visayas Regional Conference in Tacloban City on June 14 and 15
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The First Metro Manila Regional Conference held on July 19-20 at Meralco Multi Purpose Hall, Meralco , Compound, Ortigas, Pasig, City. Part of the activities are Bowling and Golf Tournament held at SM North and Valley Golf and Country Club, respectively.
17th Southern Mindanao Regional Conference at the SMX Convention Center, SM Lanang, Davao City, with Sports Tournament (Golf and Tennis) and Skills Competition and Research Competition on August 16 and 17
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IIEE Aklan Chapter conducted a technical seminar on June 29 at Garcia College of Technology Annex Bldg. Estancia, Kalibo, Aklan
IIEE Davao Chapter conducted the oath taking ceremony of new Professional Electrical Engineers as members of Mindanao Association of Professional Electrical Engineers (MAPEE). The oath taking was administered by Hon. Francis Mapile of the Board of Electrical Engineering.
With the chapterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s commitment to help the community, the IIEE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Camarines chapter through its VP for Technical Affairs, Casimiro Flores initiated the first phase of the electricians training for the twenty five (25) out-of-school youth-beneficiaries of Barangay Bagumbayan Sur, Naga City. This community project was materialized through the sponsorship of Kagawad Jogen Alanis of LGU-Bagumbayan Sur and the full support of Mayor John Bongat of the City Government of Naga through the Metro-PESO of which has donated materials and tools for the training. The trainees have completed a total of 40 hours training on Basic Electricity under the supervision and guidance of the pool of experts of IIEE-Camarines members: Casimiro Flores, RME; Victorino Francisco, RME; and Jigger Bugtong, REE. The culminating activity of the first graduates of the Basic Electricity Training was held last June 1 at the Barangay Hall of Bagumbayan Sur. For its continued support to the outof-school youth skills development, the LGU-Bagumbayan Sur and IIEE-Camarines chapter has been planning to institutionalize the Basic Electricity Training project and make it part of their annual program. The next phase of the training was held on August 24.
Engr. Fortunato C. Leynes, Chairman of PRB of Electrical Engineering, on his conferment of membership to the APEC Engineers Registry on September 16 at the Bayleaf Hotel, Intramuros, Manila.
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Cover Story
Energy Efficiency: Managing the Nation’s Consumption Energy Efficiency
Efficient Usage in the Philippines
Energy is an important part of everyone’s lives, referring to more than just the amount and numbers on people’s utility bill every month.
In order to lower their cost of monthly electricity bills, Filipinos find ways to lessen energy consumption.
Managing the resources strenuously by consuming energy efficiently should be done to preserve the comfort and quality of life that it provides. As defined by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, “energy efficiency is using less energy to provide the same service”. It differs from energy conservation, where the latter is defined by the BusinessDictionary.com as “the reduction in the amount of energy consumed in a process or system, or by an organization or society, through economy, elimination of waste, and rational use.” These are techniques used as energy reduction, and most of the time, people mistakenly use it as synonymous for one and the other; however, these two terms should not be used interchangeably because it has different meanings. Global Energy Efficiency Projects The European Union (EU) is serious on their objective of reducing the amount of energy that is consumed by people everyday. For EU, 2020 is an important date. They will try to cut 20% of the greenhouse gas emission by 2020 and their energy consumption. They believe that it is important to “consume less and consume more efficiently.” In an infomercial from the European Commission website, they urge people to “incorporate energy efficiency in their daily lives, streets, the places they work, and the houses they live in.”
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According to a study conducted by the United States Agency for International Development, the Philippines has a higher average electricity rates in comparison to four other selected ASEAN members. On the other hand, it is expected that the energy consumption globally will rise 44% over the next two decades according to The National Academy of Sciences in the United States. Since energy efficiency is linked to the economic growth of the country, the government also included energy efficiency projects to their objectives. Last May 29, the Department of Energy (DOE), together with the European Union (EU) Delegation to the Philippines conducted the recent 2nd EU-Philippines Energy Meeting. The meeting focused on the theme, “Energy Efficiency to Boost Economic Growth” at the New World Hotel, Makati City. The National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Program (NEECP) is being implemented by the DOE, as presented during the meeting. Its objective is “to make energy efficiency and conservation a way of life” and with a goal “to improve utilization of all users through energy efficiency and conservation programs.” The NEECP is one project of the DOE to encourage efficient energy usage. Projects that are under the NEECP are the following: Information, Education and Communication Campaign (IEC), Standards and Labelling for Household Appliances, Fuel Economy Run, Government Energy Management Program (GEMP), Energy Management/Energy Audit/ ESCO Accreditation, Recognition Award, Voluntary Agreement Program, Philippine Energy Efficient Project (PEEP), and Philippine Industrial Energy Efficiency Project (PIEEP).
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 3rd Quarter 2013
The IEC is the “promotion of energy efficient home appliances through social internet media”, while the GEMP aims to reduce “the monthly consumption of electricity and transport petroleum products by all government offices by at least 10%”. The project components of PEEP are efficient lighting initiative and efficient building initiative. In connection to the PEEP, the DOE is encouraging consumers to shift to compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs because it has higher efficacy and is more efficient than incandescent light bulbs which are commonly used in homes. On the other hand, the project objective of the PIEEP is “to introduce ISO 50001 Energy Management System Framework along with system optimization approach for improvement of industrial energy efficiency in the Philippines.” The project period is from December 2011 to May 2017.
Among the different strategies that have been planned in pursuit of efficient energy usage is providing prepaid electricity to households, designed to help consumers to conserve their consumption of electricity. The Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) has recently granted conditional approval on the implementation of prepaid electricity service in Batangas and Bohol of the Xen Energy Systems, Inc. with Batangas I Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC I) and Bohol I Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BOHECO I). The service will let consumers monitor their electricity consumption through text messages; consumers will receive messages on their mobile phones with regards to their remaining load once it’s lower than ₱50. Furthermore, Manila Electric Co. (MERALCO) will launch its prepaid electricity service in the first quarter of 2014. The prepaid electricity scheme will help consumers to budget their expenses.
“Energy Efficiency is using less energy to provide the same service.”
During the 4th Philippine Energy Efficiency Forum last July 9 at the SMX Convention Center, it is highlighted that “companies who actually invest in energy efficiency is good for the company because it cuts down rates.”
An article in the DOE portal states that, “It is declared policy of the government to promote the judicious conservation and efficient utilization of energy resources through adoption of the cost-effective options toward the efficient use of energy to minimize environmental impact.”
In 2007, the Administrative Order No. 183 from the Office of the President mandates the use of energy efficient lighting/lighting systems (EELs) in government facilities. This is also known as the Palit Ilaw Program. While different sectors provide programs, let us contribute our share in promoting energy efficiency not only here in the Philippines but also abroad.
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Technical Feature
Analysis of Insulation Capacitance & Power Factor of Substation Apparatus By: Engr. Rodolfo R. Peñalosa, PEE, PECE, APEC Engr.
Former Chairman, Board of Electrical Engineering, PRC (1999-2010)
Exclusive Philippines Distributor, Doble Engineering Company, USA This technical article will deal with substation apparatus maintenance, an essential procedure to prevent breakdowns that usually end up in economic losses, loss of property and manpower accidents. What is the underlying principle of testing substation apparatus insulation power factor and its capacitance? The answer is simple, it is to measure the fundamental AC characteristics of the insulation, which is vital to operation start up and future apparatus maintenance in the substation. The other measurements must also consider the overall condition of the insulation, not only of bushings, but also the insulation of its windings, oil and other parts of the apparatus, specifically for power transformers, CTs, PTs and power circuit breaker bushings. When we look at electrical characteristics of an apparatus, - Changes can indicate an increased or decreased size of the insulation system, the presence or absence of an insulation component or the movement of the conductors. These changes can affect the performance of the insulation system.
Figure 2. A perfect capacitor
A capacitor as we know has two conducting plates separated by a dielectric with thickness of “d” and a dielectric constant “ε”. From Figure 2, the capacitor allows positive and negative charges stored in the electrodes. The movement of electrons from the negative plate to the positive plate is greatly restricted by the dielectric medium when a potential difference is applied across the plates. The plates, however should be in relative proximity to each other. The amount of charge that develops on the plates of a capacitor is proportional to the voltage across the plates and the relationship between voltage and charge is expressed by the equation: Q = E * C, where Q is the charge, E is the voltage, and C is the capacitance. Shown in Figure 3 is the effect of distance and area on the capacitor.
- Changes can also indicate moisture, insulation deterioration, destructive agents or ionization that can affect the dielectric strength and serviceability of the insulation.
Figure 3. Shows the effects of distance between plates on capacitance.
A simple model for electrical insulation can be built using electrical components, such as resistor, inductor and capacitor. As an example, a power transformer’s overall insulation behaves like a resistor, inductor and capacitor inside the unit. However, if we are to look into a perfect capacitor, Figure 2 below describes it:
When two different insulating dielectric materials are inserted between the plates, some insulating materials enhance the capacitance and therefore there is charge formation. It was in 1836, when Michael Faraday discovered that when space between the plates of a capacitor is filled with another insulating material, the capacitance would change, and this is now called the dielectric constant ε. Figure 1. The basic elements of substation / insulation.
As an example, we have two different materials shown below with different dielectric constants:
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Technical Feature
Consider the typical insulation system of any apparatus, such as that of a power transformer. Below is the schematic diagram of an apparatus (like a capacitor) with different types of insulation (oil, porcelain and paper).
Figure 4. Dielectric constant of different materials
It is therefore obvious that the capacitance is affected by physical changes in the insulation. As an example shown below, the insulation power factor of oil, windings, bushings, etc. are deteriorating, when physical characteristics of the insulation change.
Figure 7. Specimen with different insulation medium Figure 5. showing the physical characteristics of an insulation system
Below is an example of capacitance and current readings analyses. It shows the physical changes inside the insulation where the capacitance is affected by physical changes.
Assuming that the above specimen (oil) insulation leaks, one will expect the insulation system to deteriorate as will be shown in the simple computation:
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of testing an insulation system that shows capacitance affected by physical changes in the specimen
From the formula mentioned above, the relationship between Current and Capacitance is expressly shown by the formulas below. The insulation variation is indicative of the change in current and capacitance when the voltage applied E is injected into the specimen under tests.
Figure 8. An example of deteriorating insulation medium that affects capacitance and total current
The above computations would indicate high dielectric strength without any contamination and very low dielectric strength when contaminated with air and therefore, the capacitance and the current are low. Therefore, the characteristics of the test specimen (insulation system) are determined from the total current and capacitance that represent the physical make up of the specimen (in this case a power transformer) which is size dependent. Dielectric Loss, Watts Dielectric loss has dimension in Watts. The energy expended on dielectric losses is in the form of heat. In fact, dielectric loss is how fast electrical energy is transformed into heat when the dielectric is subjected to an electric field. The current that is in phase with the applied voltage (resistor) produces loss in the specimen (insulation), which is E x IR = Power (watts), or the formula shown in the next page:
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From the formula above, it is easy to understand the way power factor is calculated and below is the equivalent diagram for computing power factor: Why do we analyze Watts-Loss?
Figure 10. How power factor is calculated
It is therefore easy for us to determine how the specimen insulation reacts as it deteriorates. In a no-loss insulation system, the current is purely due to the capacitance or IR = 0. As the insulation deteriorates, the watts will increase. In general, a low or lower loss insulation system is a better insulation system. Typically, large insulation systems will have higher losses than smaller insulation systems in the same condition.
Below are the theoretical limits of capacitor and resistor power factor in percent.
How does one look at the basic insulation circuit? Below is how one can view the equivalent circuit: Figure 11. Typical power factor limits in percent
This power factor has been shown to be size dependent. Below is the explanation to better understand its meaning.
Figure 9. Basic power/dissipation factor circuit
Consider the insulation power factor. Why the power factor? Dielectric loss is a function of volume and for a larger insulation system; there is more material to dissipate watts due to inherent losses, deterioration and contamination. And when we analyze losses, there is a need to compare the size of the insulation tested, which is difficult to measure physically and the dielectric loss in watts. How do we calculate power factor?
Figure 12 - Comparison of Insulation Power Factor for Transformers of Different Ratings
Figure 12 shows the comparison of two power transformers with quality of insulation being size independent and its power factor remaining the same regardless of the size of the transformer or the insulation system. Therefore, the power factor is independent of voltage, independent of specimen size, and is temperature sensitive. This is why a correction factor is applied to the measured power factor recorded for some types of apparatus, and measurements are performed on the apparatus using stable input frequency. Are insulation systems voltage-sensitive? Yes, it is one of its characteristics that has to be clearly understood. When closely examining insulation, very small gaps or â&#x20AC;&#x153;voidsâ&#x20AC;? could exist. These voids develop an electrostatic
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Technical Feature
potential on their surfaces. These small gaps become ionized and creates PD (partial discharge), shown on Figure 13:
In this figure, one can determine the voltage one uses to measure the total current, angle and magnitude. Then extract the reactive component which is capacitance and the real component is resistance-Watts. A test set should include the following components for basic insulation power factor measurements:
Figure 13. PD (partial discharge) developed inside an insulation as voids
These voids could be anything inside the insulation or could be due to bubbles that develop when the insulating material is at very high temperature. When voids are present inside the insulation, as voltage is increased, the power factor increases depending on the void density. Therefore, a tip-up test should be performed as shown below:
â&#x20AC;˘
Components of simplified test circuits - power source - current & loss meter - high-voltage test cable - low-voltage test cable - insulation specimen - test ground â&#x20AC;˘ Test set operation is based on the relative positions of the power source, current & loss meter, and the insulation specimen with respect to the various test leads. Shown below is an example of how a Grounded - Specimen Test Mode is connected: (GST-Ground)
Figure 14. Tip-Up Test limits
Example of Power Factor Tip-Up Tests:
Figure 17. GST-Ground Test
In this diagram, the test set step-up transformer high voltage lead is connected to HV winding, the LV lead is connected to the LV winding and the ground lead to ground of the power transformer under test with all HV and LV bushings shorted.
Figure 15. Tip-Up test reference
How do you test the specimen for a tip-up test? 1. Apply a test voltage to an insulation specimen - the potential across an impedance will result in current flowing through the specimen. 2. Measure the current vector - vector has a magnitude and direction (angle) - reference is the applied voltage 3. Calculate the impedance - use Ohms law - exact the real and reactive components Measurement references:
It is therefore important to consider the issues, such as, power requirements of the test set supplying a maximum amount of current at a given voltage (max. 12kV), to eliminate external influences, like substation electro static interference that affects the results of tests accuracy. It means, de-energized conductor placed with in this electric field will assume a potential relative to its position within this electric field and more importantly could affect the safety of the operator when injecting 10-12kV of AC power to the specimen. The critical factor one needs to consider for the test set is how much current can the test instrument supply with the maximum voltage. Remember this basic rule, the larger the load (test specimen) the more current it will require in order to maintain higher voltage stress. Author: Engr. Rodolfo R. PeĂąalosa, PEE, PECE, APEC Engr. Former Chairman, Board of Electrical Engineering, PRC (1999-2010) Exclusive Philippines Distributor, Doble Engineering Company, USA
Figure 16. Measurement references
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THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 3rd Quarter 2013
Industry News DOE PARTNERS WITH DILG ON ENERGY CONFAB September 6
(Pasay City) The Department of Energy (DOE), in cooperation with the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), conducted a National Government – Local Government Energy Forum on 06 September 2013 at the Heritage Hotel, Pasay City. In the forum, Energy Secretary Carlos Jericho L. Petilla stressed that the DOE continuously crafts and implements programs to address the energy needs and requirements of the country. He also highlighted the different committed and indicative power projects that would respond to the growing energy demand in the Philippines. As host communities to energy projects, the Secretary emphasized that the Local Government Units (LGU) have an overriding role in approving the construction of power plants and energy facilities.
In the same way, Secretary Petilla informed everyone that the DOE would explore and offer options through energy policies to help the LGUs. Moreover, he encouraged the LGUs to extend their utmost cooperation as it is vital to the realization of the energy plan for the country. Other officials from the DOE also discussed several initiatives, statutes and laws relative to the energy sector such as the ER194 otherwise known as the Benefits for Host Communities, and several components of the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 and Oil Deregulation Law of 1998 concerning the LGUs. Also present in the forum were local government officials across the country, representatives from DILG, and industry leaders. Source: www.doe.gov.ph
ERC issues the Net-metering Rules July 3
In a resolution promulgated on July 1, 2013, the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) adopted the Rules Enabling the Net-metering Program for Renewable Energy, including the Net-metering Interconnecti on Standards (Netmetering Rules). The Net-metering Rules allow electricity end-users who are updated in the payment of their electric bills to their distribution utility (DU) to engage in distributed generation. They can generate electricity from renewable energy (RE) sources like solar, wind, biomass or such other RE Systems not exceeding 100 kW that can be installed within the end-users’ premises and supply the electricity they generate in excess of what they can consume directly to their DU. In a net-metering arrangement, the end-user maintains a twoway connection to the distribution system and is only charged or credited, as the case may be, for the difference between the electricity supplied by the DU (import energy) and the electricity it supplies to the DU during times when it has excess RE generation (export energy), both of which are metered using 2 uni-directional meters, one for import and one for export, or a single bi-directional meter. Under the Net-metering Rules, pending the development of a different pricing methodology, the net-metering customer’s export energy shall be priced based on its DU’s blended generation cost. Included in the Netmetering Rules also are the standards, which shall be complied with and observed by the net-metering customer to address engineering, electric system reliability, and safety concerns for net-metering interconnections, such as those concerning
voltage level, frequency, and power quality, and those relating to system protection. Section 10 of Republic Act No. 9513 or the Renewable Energy Act mandates the ERC, in consultation with the National Renewable Energy Board (NREB), to establish the net-metering interconnection standards and pricing methodology to usher in the implementation of the net-metering for renewable energy program. NREB developed the draft net-metering rules, which after being subjected to public consultations and after a series of coordination meetings and workshops between the ERC and the NREB Technical Working Groups and the relevant stakeholders, was adopted and approved by the ERC. “The net-metering program will definitely change the electricity landscape. From just being recipients of electricity, electricity users may also now become generators, supplying not only their electricity requirements but also that of others through their distribution utilities’ system. They avoid drawing electricity from the distribution grid equivalent to their own RE generation that they consume, in the process realizing savings in their electricity bills, and get paid a reasonable price for their RE generation that they cannot any more consume. It is a winwin, for the electricity end-user and, more importantly, for the environment because of the additional RE capacity that is shored up by the program,” ERC Chairperson and CEO Zenaida G. Cruz-Ducut explained. Source: www.erc.gov.ph
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Industry News ERC conditionally approves use of Prepaid Electricity in BATELEC I and BOHECO I June 6
The Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) granted conditional approvals on the two (2) applications of Xen Energy Systems, Inc. (XESI) filed with: (1) Batangas I Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC I under ERC Case No. 2011-001 PRES) and (2) Bohol I Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BOHECO I in ERC Case No. 2011-002 PRES)to implement prepaid retail electricity service (PRES) using XESI’s prepaid metering system. The conditional approvals, as contained in two separate Decisions, authorize BATELEC I and BOHECO I to implement PRES in their respective franchise areas for a test period of three (3) years subject to six (6) conditions which involve strict reporting and monitoring requirements and conformity to the provisions of the rules promulgated in ERC Resolution No. 15, Series of 2009 entitled Rules for Prepaid Retail Electric Service Using a Prepaid Metering System (as amended by Resolution No. 17, Series of 2012). The PMS will use advanced meters (Type Libra) and a XESI-developed meter management and vending system. Prepaid loads will come in one hundred peso increments. BATELEC I and BOHECO I will sell the prepaid loads in selected retail stores and payment centers in their respective franchise areas.
distribution utility; (b) a transaction number; (c) the date and time of purchase; (d) the Meter Identification Number; (e) the loaded amount; (f) the Tariff Charge; and (g) the number of transactions that occurred within a month. For those customers who do not own mobile phones, a written confirmation of the credited amount will be made available at the distribution utility’s main office.
The prepaid loads will be debited based on the current postpaid retail rate at the time the load was purchased. The prepaid electricity customer with a mobile phone will be informed of the credited amount through a short message service (SMS) text every time a load is purchased. A confirmation message will come after a purchase with the following information bits: (a) the name of the
“The ERC welcomes this innovation in providing electricity since consumers now have an alternative scheme where they can closely monitor and manage their electricity consumption and adhere strictly to their set budgets,” ERC Chairperson Zenaida G. Cruz-Ducut stated. Source: www.erc.gov.ph
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A customer’s currently available load can be known via SMS or through the meter installed in their premises. The electricity credit balance can also be accessed from the internet after a customer secures a username and password from the distribution utility (DU). Customers will be alerted either via SMS or through a red light flash from their meters if the remaining credit is fifty pesos (PhP 50.00) and below. The PMS is also programmed not to interrupt the electric service of customers who run out of credit during hours when retailers and payment centers are closed. The negative balance incurred will be netted out at the next purchase of electricity credit.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 3rd Quarter 2013
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Special Feature
OFFICIAL LIST OF 1st Semester 2013 - 2014 IIEE SCHOLARS The followings names of scholars have successfully complied with the IIEE Scholarship Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) for the 1st Semester of School Year 2013 - 2014.
1. ABANTE, RENA JANE T 2. AZNAR, CHRISTOPHER JOHN G. 3. MANDAWE, REYNA C. 4. CAL, JOHN ADRIAN P. 5. GUARDIANO, JOHNNELLE S. 6. INOCENCIO, ROBERT KENDALL M. 7. SANTIAGO, MARY ROSE L. 8. HABANA, RAYMART V. 9. ORPERIA, JERWIN S. 10. APDON, MARK L. 11. DE VERA, DARLYN GRACE B. 12. SAGUINO, EXPEDITO A.
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he Electrical Engineer, our quarterly magazine, and our website (http://www.iiee.org.ph) will feature different activities conducted by different regions and its chapters.
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THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 3rd Quarter 2013