GCYE Youth Job Creation Toolkit - Part ONE

FOR Y OUTH E MPLOYMENT

– Securing full employment for all young women and men by 2030, one nation at a time –United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 8

YOUTH JOB CREATION TOOLKIT

by David Woollcombe, Coordinator, Global Campaignfor Youth Employment (GCYE)

A Project of Peace Child International

Co-Chairs: Layne Robinson, Commonwealth Secretariat, & Jeremy Lefroy MP Parliamentary Network on the World Bank & IMF Web: www.gcye.co.uk Email contact: david@woollcombe.org

We have an URGENT need to go to scale:

Globally, there are 73 million unemployed youth and 620 million youth not seeking work. 600 million youth will enter the job market by 2030 with only 200 million jobs awaiting them. So, to meet the UN’s SDG 8 Target 5 goal of “full employment for all young women and men by 2030,” governments need to CREATE OVER A BILLION JOBS in the next 12 years: that’s 6 million a month – a million a month in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa each. This is no time for piecemeal solutions: solving the Youth Unemployment problem at scale will require national, government-led, policy-driven, system-wide solutions.

We have to ‘ruthlessly re-orient the delivery of education’: Most national education provision aims to create effective employees for waged labour markets. When 85 to 95% of livelihoods will not be earned in waged labour markets but in self-employment or household enterprises, CURRENT APPROACHES TO EDUCATION ARE NOT APPROPRIATE. We need to educate youth to be self-employed: to be job-creators, not job-seekers.

Fast-changing Jobs Markets:

The US Dept. of Labour produced the astounding statistic that “65% of the children entering our schools today will, by the time they leave school, be doing jobs that do not currently exist.” Situations differ but ALL countries face a hollowing-out of traditional labour markets as robotics and digitisation now do millions of jobs that were done by humans: whole professions – like accountancy and insurance – are liable to be eviscerated by online applications. So - WE MUST NOT EDUCATE OUR CHILDREN FOR JOBS THAT DON’T EXIST OR ARE ABOUT TO DISAPPEAR: WE MUST EDUCATE THEM FOR THE JOBS OF THE FUTURE. That requires us to teach them 21st Century skills – team-building, digital skills, critical & creative thinking.

There is no harder, or more urgent, development challenge in our world today. Governments – and youth themselves – need to learn from each other, and rigorous evaluation of initiatives in the field, how to address this challenge which threatens to wreak havoc on communities throughout the world.

The Campaign is a coalition of youth job and enterprise creation practitioners who want to work together to enable that learning, one nation at a time.

THE STAKEHOLDERS

1. Government –

• Ministry of Youth

• Ministry of Education

• Ministry of Labour / Employment

• Treasury

• Prime Minister’s or Cabinet Office

• Ministry of Environment

• Ministry of Culture and Digital Media

• Ministry of Communications

• Individual Members of Parliament – PN Members and others

2. Business & Private Sector –

• Chamber of Commerce

• Employers Organisations (eg. CBI in UK)

• Trade Unions

• Individual Industry Leaders & Business Celebrities ( – esp. those who complain they cannot find suitably qualified recruits;)

3. Youth Job Creation Experts

– Practitioners & Academics

• Academics – Employment experts;

• Professors teaching MBAs & Business (Universities)

• Secondary School Teachers

• Secondary School Teachers of Business Studies, Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Creation

• Youth Job Creation Practitioners: leaders of NGOs working on Youth Job Creation

• Economists who specialise in Labour Market Issues

• Journalists and commentators who write about youth employment issues

4. Investors / Donors –

• Banks and Micro-Finance Agencies (MFAs)

• OECD DAC Donor Agencies,

• International grant & loan giving agencies

• Online crowd-source funding platforms;

5. Youth –

• National Student Representative Organisations

• Youth NGO leaders working on employment / entrepreneurship issues

• Individual Youth leaders and young celebrities (pop, media & sports stars)

• Scouts / Guides / Boys & Girls Clubs

• Unemployed and frustrated youth

MAIN COMPONENTS of A SYSTEMS APPROACH

FIRST – Do no harm!

• Remove ALL Tax / Licence Burdens on SME Start-ups

• Simplify Business Registration: Create One-Stop physical and Online shops

• Eliminate corruption / nepotism in Government procurement regimes

• Don’t impose High Minimum Wages

• Break up cartels; remove restrictive practices & constraints on employment creation;

• Don’t make it impossible for companies to fire under-achieving employees

SECOND – Increase inward investment – to expand the waged employment sector

• Prepare a costed schedule of Public Sector Infrastructure Projects

• Encourage private investment in Infrastructure – esp. the Digital Infrastructure;

• Create a National Economic Development Plan (NEDP) that delivers social and environmental, as well as financial, returns;

• Create SMART Targets for Economic Development over the next 5 to 10 years, with KPIs that ODA and investor partners can use to measure the success of the NEDP

• Conduct Promotional ‘Open-for-Business’ style campaigns to attract FDI and encourage companies to seek it by advertising, TV Programmes, Game Shows, Public Events, Poster Campaigns etc.

• Invest in Green Economy Development and other government-led initiatives – wage subsidies, tax breaks, preferential procurement from youth-led business start-ups, EU-Nordic style youth job guarantee schemes, expanded public works programmes, large-scale infrastructure projects –

THIRD – Reform Education – to prepare youth for the Job Market as it exists

• Teach Entrepreneurship – both inside the classroom & outside it

• Introduce School Enterprise & Self-financing School Schemes to deliver experiential Entrepreneurial education and create income for the School, enabling scholarships or lower school fees;

• Set up effective, K thru’ 12th grade, comprehensive Career Guidance provision

• Recruit School-to-business Connectors to connect schools with local employers

• Involve Private Sector in School Management / Curriculum Planning / Teaching & Mentorship

• Involve youth in School Management / Curriculum Planning / Teaching & Career Guidance

• Improve, and make more practical, business studies curricula & Business School courses;

• Teach 21st Century Skills: Lifeskills, critical thinking, problem-solving, green-tech, digital skills etc.

• Create Jobs / Enterprise Clubs for students + Community Entrepreneurship Networks for youth and adults to facilitate local one-on-one mentorship of young entrepreneurs

• Create opportunities for young people to start and run small businesses while still at school;

• Ensure effective Basic Skills education – reading, writing, numeracy. Leave no child illiterate;

• Link the teaching of Sport, drama, music and the arts to youth job creation in sport and creative industries;

• Re-think the nature / philosophy of education – Education for Self-Reliance;

– Educate for Planetary Literacy – sustainability, environment, history of entrepreneurship etc.;

FOURTH – Public & Private sector Policy / Project initiatives

• Create Apprenticeships / work experience opportunities - Transition years, dual systems etc.

• Access to Finance – create systems that reward success and learn from/do not punish failure;

• Provide access to Mentorship

• Encourage and support Youth Leadership

• Run Business Plan Competitions – locally, nationally and internationally;

• Change mindsets, remove all barriers and invest, empower & support young women into decent jobs

• Run programmes to create Jobs for the disabled

Q U I C K W I N S

At their first meeting, each Campaign Board must select some quick wins for immediate implementation. We recommend the following because a long-term strategy will likely include all of them, and because most of them can be done for very little additional financial outlay:

1. School Enterprise Week: These can be done by every school in the nation – and introduce young people, their families and communities, to hands-on, practical business creation strategies along with the experience of actually starting and managing a small business.

2. Skills-Matching - stronger partnerships, led by the Private Sector, to ensure that employers are getting the qualified recruits they need from Schools, Universities and VET institutions;

3. Apprenticeships – again, led by the Private Sector, companies must be encouraged, through tax & other incentives, to set up apprenticeship schemes to recruit & train the employees they need.

4. Entrepreneurship and Business Plan creation Training: to be provided in all Schools and Colleges;

5. Life skills Training: this, and work-place readiness training, to be woven into existing curricula;

6. Career Guidance – to be available in all schools;

7. Employer / Youth Connector Systems: schools & communities to be encouraged to set these up;

8. Jobs Clubs: government to encourage all schools and youth groups to set these up;

9. Digital Entrepreneurship & 21st Century (green jobs) Skill Hubs: to be introduced nationwide into existing VET & College Campuses

10. A Youth Business Start-up Loan Scheme: supported by the Government, to be set up nationwide with accompanying mentorship provision;

11. Stock & Equipment-leasing loan: arrangements to be made so that these are available through all foreign and domestic retail Banks

12. Announce a Target for Foreign Direct Investment: when he became President, Cyril Ramaphosa set himself a goal of raising $100bn in Foreign Direct Investment into South Africa in 5 years. Ten months on, he’s half way there. At its launch, each national Campaign should announce a similarly ambitious, but achievable, target.

We recommend these immediate actions not just for Public Relations purposes but also because experience gained implementing some of them will inform and strengthen the information and evidence foundations of the National Action Plan. GCYE consultants will train local partners and consultants to include rigorous monitoring and evaluation regimes into each ‘Quick Win’ action to ensure that, whether successful or not, the learnings from each of these actions is captured and woven into the background diagnostic that will inform the creation of the National Action Plan on Youth Job and Enterprise Creation.

G O O D / B A D I D E A S

Ideas with potential proposed by young people: These ideas came up during youth job creation seminars co-managed by young people and Third Sector professionals:

Ø Annual National Jobs Summits – each country should assess its progress on developing better supply and demand side job creation opportunities for youth every year. Such summits would be regional in larger countries.

Ø UN Year of Entrepreneurship: to draw together the learning from such Summits, the UN should host a Year of Entrepreneurship with a single big conference attended by Heads of State to gather together the learnings from the National and – if possible –regional / continental summits.

Ø Create an International League Table – to rank UN Member States in the order in which they invest and innovate to create more jobs for their youth populations: top of the list would be those nations that invest in both short- and long-term policies to increase the number and quality of jobs. Fundamental to such a League Table would the creation of better metrics by which to compare the impacts and cost-effectiveness of different interventions.

Ø High Asset Value Youth (HAVs and HAV-Nots): Youth equipped with basic literacy, numeracy, managerial and entrepreneurial skills have High Asset Value: governments need to develop policies to create more of them – and less of the HAV-Nots. “We need more Mary’s!” (See School Enterprise article by Teach a Man to Fish;)

Ø Modernise Agriculture: several successful young Africans are quitting the cities to develop agri-business projects in their home villages – bring entrepreneurial experience, modern farming techniques, and local investment to modernise and improve farm outputs.

Ø Facilitate / incentivise Self-learning: more and more learning is happening over the internet – with young Americans getting 70% of their knowledge from websites. That trend should be encouraged – not because they make schools irrelevant, but because it might force schools to equip themselves better for 21st Century learning.

Ø Embrace, expand and improve the gig economy: 76.7% of working youth work here; 96% are in the informal economy compared to 83% of adults; for youth “Informal is Normal”!

Ø Encourage Socialpreneurs: Social Enterprise and the 3rd Sector (NGOs and charities) –are a massive growth area for youth jobs. Yet many – perhaps most – youth and almost all parents have only the vaguest idea of what Social Enterprises are. Schools and VET systems should prepare young people for working in, or starting, social enterprises and co-operatives which have a social and environmental, as well as a financial, bottom line.

Bad Ideas:

Ø Too many tailors and Hairdressers

Ø Mobility incentives – don’t work!

Ø Wage Subsidies – beware!

Ø Job Guarantees – why?

Ø Public Sector Infrastructure – Plan carefully to ensure that training in appropriate job skills are delivered

Ø Youth Centres – under-staffed, under-funded = under-whelming!

Ø “Don’t train youth for jobs that don’t exist!”

Ø “Beware Displacement” – you don’t solve the youth unemployment problem by replacing an older employee with a younger one.

DRAFT QUESTIONNAIRE

Answer each question out of 10

0 = it doesn't exist; 1 - 10 means it does exist; 1 = very ineffective; 10 = hugely successful

Current Policies: Education

• Is entrepreneurship Education on the National Curriculum in every school?

• Are self-financing Schools Enterprises included in the curriculum?

• Are self-financing Schools Enterprises included as an extra-curricular activity?

• Is career Guidance available to all grades?

• Are there Connectors to Local Employers?

• Are 21st Century Skills (Green, digital, life, team, communications, presentation skills etc.) included in the curriculum of every school?

• Are dual systems of education in place - day release, work experience etc.?

• Do you encourage Project-based education? Sports or Creative Arts projects?

• Is Business plan-creation training encouraged and taught in school lessons?

• Do you have Vocational Training Centres (TVET programmes / LRCs)?

• Are there Policies in place to support youth unemployed get into work?

• Are there Government managed Apprenticeships, Work Experience or On-theJob Training schemes?

• Is there government support for 2nd chance, older youth education in Basic Skills?

Current Policies: Access to Finance & Mentorship

• Is there a government loan guarantee scheme providing non-collateralised loans to Youth led business start-ups at low interest and on flexible terms?

• Are there efficient online banking services available to youth with mobile phones?

• Online crowd-source funding / crypto-currency lending known & accessible to youth?

• Secured lending: does government support / promote Equipment -leasing & stock loans to youth?

Networking / Support

• Job clubs: does government encourage / fund schools to set them up?

• National mentoring services: do they exist?

Current Policies: Government Job Creation Actions

FIRST - Do no Harm:

• Is it simple to set up and register a new company?

• Are there cartels, corrupt or restrictive practices, poor industrial relations, minimum wage laws, hiring/firing regulations that constrain new job creation?

SECOND - Increase Inward Investment:

• Do you have an ambitious Schedule of Public Infrastructure & Development Projects?

• Vision 2030 / 2050? Does your government have one? Are you happy with it?

• Does your government have "Open for Business" / enterprise promotion campaigns running in the media?

THIRD - Other Government-led Initiatives?

• Do you have a National Youth Employment Strategy in place?

• Do you have national Business Plan Competitions?

• Do you support Non-government youth job creation organisations like Junior Achievement, Youth Business International or others?

• Do you have a national strategy for the economic empowerment of young women?

• Do you have a national strategy for the economic empowerment of young people with disabilities?

• Does your government do preferential procurement from youth-led start-ups?

• Does your government support wage subsidies, job guarantee or other 'Employer of Last Resort' style programmes running in your country?

• Global Entrepreneurship Week?? - Does your country take part every year?

FOURTH - Are there metrics in place to measure each intervention satisfactorily?

FIFTH - Is the budget provision made available for these policies adequate?

Private Sector Initiatives

• Do the government and private sector work together on Skills-matching programmes to ensure companies get recruits with the right skills?

• Are the Private Sector getting enough of the recruits that they need?

• Do you know of any effective private sector youth job creation or training initiatives and could it be replicated by government?

• Does the private sector have any involvement in School / Education Management?

Narrative Questions

• How would you improve the measurement of each policy or strategy?

• Do you feel that these measure are satisfactory? Can you suggest improvements?

• What other youth job creation policies / initiatives are you currently considering?

• What is the biggest obstacle to their effective implementation?

• How would you prioritise the different components of the Systems Approach?

• In which areas do you think there will be significant economic growth in your nation in the next 3 to 5 decades? Tourism, Creative Industries, Biz Services, FinTech, other?

• Are the Job Creation / Training schemes in place to create the young managers and employees who will drive these growth areas?

• Does your government do preferential procurement from youth-led start-ups?

CARIBBEAN QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS

6 7 0 5 10 0 n 4

• Do you have a national strategy for the economic empowerment of young people with 9 6 8 6 10 0 8 0

• Do you have a national strategy for the economic empowerment of young women?

Achievement, Youth Business International or others?

hatchery & Incubator programmewell-marketed

• Do you have national Business Plan Competitions? Idea to Innovation + Caribri business 9 7 4 6 7 0 8 0

• Do you have a National Youth Employment Strategy in place?

THIRDOther Government-led Initiatives?

• Does your government have "Open for Business" / enterprise promotion campaigns 7 8 7 0 5 6 8 6

• Do you have an ambitious Schedule of Public Infrastructure & Development Projects?

10 8 5 7 5 7 0 4

9 7 7 6 2 8 7 8

wage laws, hiring/firing regulations that constrain new job creation?

• Is it simple to set up and register a new company?

FIRSTDo no Harm:

8 8 5 7 8 8 8 4

• National mentoring services: do they exist?

• Job clubs: does government encourage / fund schools to set them up?

Networking / Support

n 7 4 0 0 10 0 2

• Secured lending: does government support / promote Equipment-leasing & stock loans n 6 6 0 6 10 2 0

Youth led business start-ups at low interest and on flexible terms?

Current Policies: Access to Finance & Mentorship

• Is there government support for 2nd chance, older youth education in Basic Skills?

• Government managed Apprenticeships / Work Experience / On the Job Training?

• Are there Programmes targeted to support youth unemployed get into work?

• Do you have Vocational Training Centres / TVET programmes / LRCs?

• Is Business plan creation training encouraged and taught?

• Dou you encourage Project-based education? Sports or Creative Arts projects?

• Are dual systems of education in placeday release, work experience etc.?

• Are 21st Century Skil ls (Green, digital, life, team, comms, presentation etc.) included?

• Are there Connectors to Local Employers?

• Is career Guidance available to all grades?

• Are Schools Enterprises / self-financing mechanisms included in extra-curricular?

• Are Schools Enterprises / self-financing mechanisms included in the curriculum?

• Is entrepreneurship Education on the National Curriculum?

Current Policies: Education

Questions

7 5 4 9 1 10 0 0

10 8 10 6 9 10 8 7

Naketa West Deandra Chung

Ena Walters Kera Polonio John Roach

Marcos Ambrister

Tavon Allicock Mary Wilfred

JAMAICA St V & Grns Belize

Domenica Bahamas

Guyana St LUCIA

Each question answered out of 10. 0 = it doesn't exist; 110 means it does exist, but 1 = very ineffective where 10 = hugely effective & successful; n = Don't Know

GCYE Youth Job Creation QuestionnaireCARIBBEAN RESULTS ANALYSIS

4 2 0 4 3 10 4 2

10 8 8 3 10 3 9 6

• Is there a government loan guarantee scheme providing non-collateralised loans to 0 8 8 3 6 0 2 0

0

0 0 2

9 0 8 2 4 4 6 5

5 3 8 3 4 3 0 5

10 5 3 7 7 3 6.5

4 0 8 5 1 0 6 0

7 8 2 2 5 0 2 3

0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

3 2 8 1 2 5 1 3

7 3 3 1 0 0 3 4

5 2 2 0 2 0 4 2

6 0 2 4 6 0 0 0

Policies: Education

Nu-Visual Nirmala

Maharaj Henry Charles

GCYE Youth Job Creation QuestionnaireCARIBBEAN RESULTS ANALYSIS

Narein

Average

• Are the Job Creation / Training schemes in place to create the young managers and 257

190 175 169 164 164 115 Country

the next 3 to 5 decades? Tourism, Creative Industries, Biz Services, FinTech, other?

• In which areas do you think there will be significant economic growth in your nation in

• How would you prioritise the different components of the Systems Approach?

• What is the biggest obstacle to their effective implementation?

• What other youth job creation policies / initiatives are you currently considering?

• Do you feel that these measure are satisfactory? Can you suggest improvements?

• How would you improve the measurement of each policy or strategy?

• Are there metrics in place to measure each intervention satisfactorily?

• Does the private sector have any involvement in School / Education Management?

• Do you know of any private sector youth job creation or training initiatives?

• Are the Private Sector getting the recruits that they need?

6 7 7 9 5 0 8 5

• Are there government + private sector Skills-matching programmes being explored 7 7 4 0 5 0 7 2

Private Sector Initiatives

• Global Entrepreneurship Week??

Resort' style programmes running in your country?

7 7 5 3 3 2 5 4

8 7 n n 0

TOTALS

employees who will drive these growth areas?

• Are the Job Creation / Training schemes in place to create the young managers and

the next 3 to 5 decades? Tourism, Creative Industries, Biz Services, FinTech, other?

• In which areas do you think there will be significant economic growth in your nation in

• What is the biggest obstacle to their effective implementation?

• Do you feel that these measure are satisfactory? Can you suggest improvements?

Narrative Questions

116

108 121 105 100

94 101 83.5

• Does the private sector have any involvement in School / Education Management?

• Do you know of any private sector youth job creation or training initiatives?

1 2 3 2 1 4 1

0 0 n 7 5 0 8.5

5 2 0 5 3 3 3

• Are there government + private sector Skills-matching programmes being explored 6 1 0 3 6 4 4 5

Private Sector Initiatives

Resort' style programmes running in your country?

• Does your government do preferential procurement from youth-led start-ups?

disabilities?

4 3 n 5 1 3 5 0

7 n 7 0 5 0 7

• Do you have a national strategy for the economic empowerment of young people with 0 7 0 n 0 n 1 1

0 0 2 5 5 n 8 3

• Do you support Non-government youth job creation organisations like Junior 0 n 8 0 1 5 0 0

• Do you have a National Youth Employment Strategy in place?

running in the media?

• Vision 2030 / 2050? Does your government have one? Are you happy with it?

• Do you have an ambitious Schedule of Public Infrastructure & Development Projects?

SECONDIncrease Inward Investment:

0 5 8 7 0 4 7 0

n 8 0 5 0 0

9 4 3 7 4 4 n 3

• Are there cartels, corrupt or restrictive practices, poor industrial relations, minimum 2 3 9 6 1 7 2 4

FIRSTDo no Harm:

Current Policies: Government Job Creation Actions

Networking / Support

to youth?

2 7 0 5 1 7 2 3

0 5 8 0 2 0

5 0 0 0 3 0 0

Policy Experience File

Campaign Partners: The agencies who have met and been involved in Parliamentary Network initiatives and publications

whose work is at the centre of the Systems Approach that we advocate - and which we know to be effective:

1. Parliamentary Network on the World Bank and IMF

2. Commonwealth Secretariat

3. Peace Child International

4. CDC Group

5. • Fundacion Paraguaya / Teach a Man to Fish

6. • Youth Business International

7. Prince’s Trust

8. • International Youth Foundation

9. Plan International

10. Standard Chartered Bank

11. Restless Development

12. • Y-Care International

13. Raleigh International

14. British Council

15. IDS / University of Sussex

16. Dutch Enterprise Organisation

17. DFID

18. DANIDA – Youth Leading the World 2030

19. Irish Aid

20. GIZ

21. Prospera Consulting

22. Helen Osborne Consulting

23. SPARK – focussing on Youth Job Creation in post-conflict fragile states

24. Mastercard Foundation

25. • Rockstar Mentors

26. Lendwithcare

27. • Kiva.org

Government Initiatives: Fulfilling Government commitments to mandates made in: SDG 8/5; G-20; CHOGM; CHOGM Youth Forum; GPC Action Plan; ILO Global Jobs Pact(2009); ILO 2012 Resolution on Youth Employment;

1. For information about Youth Policy in most UN member states, check each nation’s Youth Policy Factsheets

2. Namibia’s National Youth Service – National Youth Directorate, Training & Youth Credit Scheme

3. Ghana’s National Youth Employment Programme and Youth Employment Agency + National Entrepreneurship & Innovation Plan – with up to 5-years tax vacations; Youth Enterprise Fund;

4. • South Korea’s Meister Schools

5. • Dual Systems of Education – Austria / Germany / Switzerland

6. Nigeria - National Business Plan Competition – You Win;

7. Commonwealth Alliances of Young Entrepreneurs

8. Guinea - Create a Ministry for Youth Employment

9. Australian Enterprise Network for Young Australians (ENYA)

10. Zambia’s 6th Natl. Development Plan seeks to create a “culture of entrepreneurship by promoting entrepreneurship training at all levels of the educational system.”

11. Botswana’s National Action Plan for youth includes a Youth Development Fund providing youth-led business start-ups with funding;

12. Sri Lanka National Youth Policy – includes training in entrepreneurial skills in all its VET activities;

13. Pakistan’s Youth Social Enterprise Award

14. • South Africa Expanded Public Works Scheme

15. South Africa Youth Enterprise Development Strategy 2013 – 2023 (YEDS)

16. Australia – Commonwealth Bank’s Youthsaver A/c

17. • Singapore Skills Future Agency

18. Singapore Workforce Agency – working with industry to retrain their employees to develop the new skills needed in a fast-changing labour market

19. Singapore Skills Matching service

20. Singapore – OCBC Bank’s FRANK Savings A/c - bank services tailored for youth!

21. • Scotland Individual Training Accounts – funds to support self-directed life-long learning;

22. Wales Youth Entrepreneurship Strategy

23. Sri Lanka – Hatton National Bank’s Youth savings A/c

24. • Seychelles My First Job Scheme and Youth Entrepreneurship Unit;

25. Tunisia’s Mashrou3i Project – in partnership with UNIDO – creating 6,000 jobs;

26. Tunisia’s embrace of Smart Industry 4.0 – a component of Tunisia’s industry portal;

27. Bangladesh – Padakhep’s Introduction of Financial Services – for street children

28. Uganda – FINCA - an “unconventional Community Bank,” - runs Star Girl self-managed savings A/c

29. Uganda – Straight Talk Foundation – training and empowering the whole youth

30. Mexico – Programa de Incubadores de Negocios para Jovenes (PROJOVEM) in English – promoting youth start-ups in agri-business and alternative tourism.

31. • Ontario Emerging Technologies Fund – and the Clean Tech Fund supporting innovation in Clean Tech.

32. • Junior Achievement Worldwide teaching Financial literacy skills and nurturing the entrepreneurial spirit to create a workforce ready for today’s business challenges

33. Chile – Emprendejoven – taking young lives to the next level!

34. Startup Chile – a 5-star initiative started by InnovaChile to launch high potential entrepreneurs on a global platform

35. Colombia’s International Park of Creativity (IPOC) – promoting innovation and creativity amongst Colombia’s youth

36. Sistema de Aprendizaje Tutorial (SAT) – tutorial system of secondary education that aims to develop a generation of socially minded and relevantly trained young people to serve as engines of sustainable development in their communities.

37. • MIT Entrepreneurship Development Education Program. Bill Aulet’s world famous entrepreneurship training course which has produced entrepreneurs to the value that, were they a country, they would be the world’s 10th largest economy

38. Germany – Federal Association of Young Entrepreneurs – stimulating interest in entrepreneurship

39. India – Start-up Village in Kerala

40. InvestSmart – SME start-up funding

41. • Kenya – Youth Enterprise Development Fund – offering flexible loans at competitive rates

42. Kenya Equity Group Foundation provides Financial Literacy Training

43. Kosovo – Helvetas initiative

44. National Youth Service - Kenya

45. Flexicurity - Denmark

46. Universal Basic Income (UBI) – Finland

47. Kenya – African Success Story – Generation X – TV series

48. Canada – Ontario’s Small Business Enterprise Centres – providing entrepreneurs all the tools they need to start and grow their businesses.

49. Tanzania – Private Sector Foundation – seek change in public policy in order to promote a better business environment

50. UK - Young Enterprise

51. • UK – Shell Livewire – supporting Enterprise Development for 30 years

52. UK – Jaguar Land-rover Inspiring Tomorrow’s Engineers and Young Women in the Know initiative: promoting learning and engagement in STEM subjects

53. UK – Dragon’s Den – TV Series

54. USA / UK – The Apprentice – TV Series

55. UK – Founders4School – arranging school visits to the founders of successful business start-ups. Brilliant Entrepr. Ed.

56. • UK – Start-up Loans Scheme

57. UK – Youth Employment UK Network (YEUK)

58. UK – Enterprise Educators supported by the National Conference on Enterprise Educators which hosts the International Enterprise and Entrepreneurship Conference(IEEC) to share knowledge on what works in Enterprise Education

59. UK – Make Your Mark Challenge – a website dedicated to helping young people start their own business

60. UK – UnLtd – provides supports to Social Entrepreneurs

61. UK - NESTA – the innovation foundation. We back new ideas to tackle the big challenges of our time.

62. Tanzania BUNI - a technology Hub fostering innovation and entrepreneurship through capacity building, mentoring and community empowerment. Goal? - to discover, nurture and mentor youths with innovative technological solutions to problems facing Tanzania.

• Caribbean Government Initiatives:

63. • Tobago Strategic Business Development Unit, Dept. of Enterprise Development and Labor, Tobago

64. • NEDCO, Tobago is understaffed and is still in the process of recruiting Business Relationship Officers to assist businesses, so as it stands all they provide is loan facility;

65.

• Agricultural Development Bank - loan facilities(but nothing else!) for Agricultural Entrepreneurs

66. • Trinidad & Tobago’s i2i competition = idea2innovation; Min. of Planning & Sus Dev initiative;

67. • Beltraide – an umbrella group in Belize that supports inward investment and SME Start-up

68. • Dominica Youth Business Trust – Umbrella organisation for the Entrepreneurship support on the island;

69. • EPIC – Canada-funded Entrepreneurship Programme for Innovation in the Caribbean(EPIC) – a 7-year programme fostering high-growth start-ups in the mobile & Climate Change technology fields implemented by InfoDEV

70.

• Afro-Caribbean Enterprise Network (ACBN)

71. • YBTT - Youth Business Trust of Trinidad & Tobago

72.

• Junior Achievement – Banks in Action programme – teaching about banking

Global Government-led Initiatives:

73. ILO – Syndicoop – Clean up / Improve the Informal Sector programme

74.

• ILO – Start & Grow Your Business Schemes & Know About Business (KAB)

75. UNCTAD / Empretec – local, Market-driven entrepreneurship training centres operating through implementing partners, like Enterprise Uganda, in 36 countries. It has supported 340,000 young entrepreneurs since 1988

76. Global/Netherlands: Aflatoun International - providing the next generation with the tools to run their own social and financial enterprises for a sustainable future.

77. Global/Netherlands: Child & Youth Finance International (CYFI) - CYFI partners with organizations in 137 countries to create policies and programs that enable children and youth to learn about money, have access to a bank account, develop entrepreneurial skills and, most importantly, to believe in themselves.

78. Global – Mastercard Foundation is supporting UNCDF run YouthStart – financial services for young people

79.

80.

81.

• Global – GSMA’s Mobile Money for the Unbanked supports young people to access financial services via mobile phones;

• Microsoft for Start-ups – formerly Global BizSpark, provides promising start-ups with software, support and visibility

• Global – CISCO’s Networking Academy – 9000 academies in 170 countries; helped 8m young entrepreneurs in 20 years

82. • EU – Entrepreneurial School Project – teaching teachers in 22 countries to introduce entrepreneurship across the curriculum. Supports a Virtual Guide to Entrepreneurial Learning with more than 100 tools and methods to support entrepreneurial teaching and learning from 85 different schools in 10 countries.

83. EU Youth Apprenticeship Plan

84. EU Youth Jobs Guarantee Scheme

85. Global - Seedstars World – Global Business Start-up Contest with $1,500,000 in prize money

86.

87.

• Global – Samasource – digital impact outsource that enables 60,000 youth to acquire skills that lift them out of poverty

• Global – UNIDO & Hewlett Packard Initiatives: Learning Initiative for Entrepreneurs (LIFE); Graduate Entrepreneurship Training through IT (GET-IT) – IT Education to grow existing & start-up enterprises

88. • Global – ENABLIS Entrepreneurial Network launched in 2002 (G-8 Summit) to provide promising entrepreneurs with support & Mentorship to scale up their enterprises

89. Global – Agricultural Enterprise Curriculum (Making Cents)

90. • Global – Entrepreneurship Curriculum Programme(ECP): UNIDO’s programme implemented in several countries, like Mozambique, reaching over 100,000 students;

Gender Initiatives:

91. Women’s Economic Empowerment adds billions to national economies says UN Women analysis

92. DFID’s Girls Education Challenge (GEC) – vocational training for 25,000 girls

93. African Union Girls Can Code initiative to promote women in IT business; ITU, UN Women & AU

94. UN-EXXON Road Map to Women’s Economic Empowerment (2012, updated in 2017)

95. Women’s World Banking

96. • Goldman Sachs 10,000 Women

97. Women’s Environment & Development Organisation – not directly involved in women’s economic empowerment, but it is a strand of their work

98. Standard Chartered Bank – Goal Girls – Sport to promote economic empowerment of young women

Inter-Governmental Coalitions & Platforms:

99.

120. UN Global Init. for Decent Jobs

121. Co-Impact

122. Making Cents

123. GCYE / RTI

124. X Prize Power Skills Contest

125. Alliance for Intl Youth Development: IYF etc.

126. Joint Youth Employment

127. New Employment Opportunities (NEO)

128. Initiative for Africa

129. MIT Solve Competition Youth, Skills and the Workforce of the Future

130. EU Youth Guarantee Programme – Promising Initiatives

Youth Job Creation Non-Government Funding Agencies:

131. Rockefeller Foundation

132. JP Morgan Chase

133. Prudential

134. Citi Foundation

135. Google

136. Fossil Foundation

137. Salesforce

138. Adecco

139. Michael and Susan Dell Foundation

140. Accenture

141. Nestle

142. Unilever

143. Manpower Group

144. Hilton Hotels

145. MISK Grand Challenge

146. MIT Solve Competition Youth, Skills and the Workforce of the Future

147. African Development Bank (ADB) – youth employment initiatives

148. ADB’s Jobs for Youth Initiative

149. African Union Youth Decade (2009 to 2018) plans to Accelerate Youth Empowerment for Sustainable Development. It has KPIs on youth entrepreneurship to enable governments to assess the decade’s success and impact;

150. One of the 8 x Pillars of the EU’s Youth Strategy is on Youth Employment & Entrepreneurship;

151. African Guarantee Fund – an initiative to support banks to invest in youth-led SME start-ups

152. EU Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs

153. World Bank ‘Joven’ Programmes in Latin America – esp. Chile

154. Youth Employment Funders - Group: Mastercard, USAID etc

155. Mastercard Foundation

156. Ford Foundation

Non-Governmental Initiatives:

157. Future Business Centre in Cambridge, UK: growing mostly hi-tech businesses from start-up to maturity

158. Perspect AI – Game-based Youth Aptitude Analysis: “An immersive VR solution measuring true human potential and enabling data driven talent decisions for a modern workplace.”

159. Prince’s Trust Mentorship & Financing Schemes

160. PCI – Be the Change Academies

161. PCI – ISHANGO - inclusive Business Plan Creation Trainings (via Mobile Phones)

162. DDT – Demand Driven Toolkits (Making Cents)

163. InspirEngage UK and global – Start-up Boot camps

164. Junior Achievement – Enterprise without Borders

165. Nairobi Garage – youth innovation and enterprise-creation centers;

166. Year Up

167. Creative Associates

168. Maharashi Institute Impact Sourcing Academy

169. IL&FS Skills

170. African Management Institute

171. YouthBuild International

172. Youth for Technology Foundation

173. Educate – Uganda

174. WAVE (West Africa Vocational Education)

175. Junior Achievement

176. Akazi Kanoze

177. Association of Volunteers in Intl. Service

178. Education For Employment

179. Service WINGS Programme

180. Harambee

181. Hand in Hand International

182. Plan International

183. Traidcraft

184. Save the Children

185. World Vision

186. Catholic Relief Services

187. Care International

188. Y-Care

189. EOH

190. Mentec Foundation

191. Global Communities

192. Career Box

193. Australia – Oz Green initiative: Youth leading the World

194. Tanzania BORA project – ‘Bora’ is the Tanzanian word for ‘better’ so this is a project to better the lives and jobs of all young Tanzanians, especially young women to achieve their full potential

195. Techo – youth-led charity that builds houses to give dignity and create employment opportunities and skills for the poor

Entrepreneurship Training Initiatives:

196. Specialist Academies – like the Aldridge Academies, Peter Jones Academies, The Academies Enterprise Trust, School for Start-ups,

197. Studio Schools – a good idea gone bad

198. The Branson Centre for Enterpreneurship – Caribbean and South Africa

199. School Enterprise Challenge

200. Self-Financing Schools – A Zambian example of the many schools financing themselves through enterprise

201. Fundacion Paraguaya

202. School Farms Network – promoting the idea of hosting a farm within a school

203. • Timiakatemia, Finland: Entrepreneurship College where “students run their own cooperative businesses and learn with real money and real customers. TIIMIAKATEMIA offers consultancy teams to work with other schools / colleges and governments to introduce effective entrepreneurship education into schools; (One of our key partners)

204. JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Finland – the University where Timiakatemia is hosted also has a range of other very innovative business study courses.

205. Hand in Hand Intl approach; their Village Uplift Programme; Green Jobs approach;

Private Sector-led Training Initiatives:

206. Rockstar Mentors Group

207. McDonald’s Youth Training Initiative;

208. Infosys Leadership Institute;

209. Block chain – online crypto-currency training programmes; Oxford; Firebrand Training;

210. Accenture – Skills to Succeed

211. Goldman Sachs – 10,000 Women

212. Coursera – 10,000 women’s online course

213. Barclays Apprenticeship Schemes – Banking on Change

214. McKinsey’s Generation Initiative

215. Education to Employment – McKinsey Report

216. Job Creation in Africa – McKinsey Report

217. McKinsey / Walmart / USAID – Generation Programme

Easing Youth Access to Finance initiatives:

218. Jatropha – Youth Micro-Finance Bank

219. Lendwithcare

220. Kiva.org

221. Zidisha – person-to-person micro-lending

222. Darecha – Tanzania micro-venture capital firm, Julius Shirima;

223. Equity for Tanzania – EFTA – Jeremy Lefroy’s Equipment Leasing Operation

224. IYF’s Passport to Success: Invest in softskills – McKinsey said 40% of employers cite lack of soft skills cause them to refuse potential employees. Hilton said: “We hire for tech skills and fire for lack of Life Skills.”

225. IYF’s Youth Action Net

226. IYF’s VIA programmes

227. IYF’s ENTRA 21 programme

228. AISEC Internship programmes

229. Enternship

230. Making Cents & Plan Intl. - Enterprise your Life (EYL)

231. SPARK – ignites ambition in fragile states

Green Economy Initiatives:

232. Clean-tech Open Events

233. Green Economy Job Creation Schemes – Retro-fitting Housing Stock; Citizen Energy; Liter of Light; Green Dalmatia

234. Green Investment Banks: The OECD’s list

235. Business Council for Sustainable Development

236. Feed-in Tariffs and other renewable energy subsidies

Digital Economy Initiatives:

237. Computers for Africa

238. Computer Aid

239. Lease-to-buy Computer / Tablet purchasing scheme, Guinea

240. Impact Sourcing

241. Internet.org – the Facebook initiative

242. Low-cost laptops – One laptop per child for Low Income Countries

243. Microsoft4Afrika

Training in Soft Skills:

244. Career Guidance Websites to identify successful entrepreneurs, doctors, lawyers, public servants etc. with back-casting interviews to explain how they achieved their success, what they studied etc.

245. Futurpreneur Canada – tell the stories of successful entrepreneurs; not the mega-stars like Oprah Winfrey or Richard Branson, but the modestly successful who have led fulfilling lives;

246. Hilton – Open Doors & Youth Careers Initiative

247. Young Africa Works – the MCF Initiative

248. Youth Think Tank – MCF Initiative

249. Mashinani Hub, Kenya

250. Future Africa Forum

251. CAP Youth Empowerment Institute, Kenya

252. Youth Employment Service, South Africa

253. Making Finance Work for Africa – an initiative of the African Development Bank

254. PODCAM Network, Malawi – Parents of Disabled Children Association of Malawi

255. Inclusion International, United Kingdom – Disabled Rights Charity

256. Evenbreak – Jobs Matching service for Disabled People

257. International Disability Alliance

258. GLAD Network

259. Mercy Corps

260. Technoserve

261. Challenges Group – Business Development Services

262. African Development Bank – Jobs for Youth Programme

263. African Development Bank – Flagship Programmes

264. BRAC – Skills Development

265. BRAC – Innovative approaches to Youth Employment

Philosophical Directives and IDEAS:

266. Universal Basic Income Schemes - Citizen's Income (CI), Citizen's Basic Income (CBI) (in the United Kingdom), Basic Income Guarantee (BIG) (in the United States and Canada), or Universal Demogrant, deliver periodic cash payments to citizens on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement

267. Green, Orange (creative industries), Lavender(caring professions) and Hospitality Economies – all of which have massive potential for creating jobs for young people must be prioritised along with the other jobs growth industries identified by ILO in their Annual Global Employment Trends reports. These tell us that manufacturing jobs are in decline: Health / social work, Fintech, hotels / catering, transport, storage and ICT jobs are on the increase;

268. Conditional / Unconditional Cash Transfer Schemes: A programme championed by the World Bank which helps impoverished people by giving them straight cash payments. They have proven very successful at ending poverty – but not so successful in creating jobs for the poor;

269. Robust Entrepreneurship Eco-systems: The work of the Kauffman Foundation on entrepreneurial eco-systems has been invaluable to those working to support young entrepreneurs to be successful. Its lessons can be adapted / translated to support the building of entrepreneurship eco-systems in all other parts of the world.

R E S E A R C H

Some recent systematic reviews of Youth and employment interventions

compiled by Jim Sumberg (IDS), July 2018 (j.sumberg@ids.ac.uk)

What works for whom and in what situations? Below, listed under each common intervention, is a selection of readily available evidence reviews. Most are formal systematic reviews (with all their strengths and weaknesses). Where no “youth specific” evidence reviews could be identified, more general reviews are included. The literature includes hundreds of individual studies. These are not listed below.

TVET

• Fox, L., & Kaul, U. (2017). The Evidence Is In: How Should Youth Employment Programs in Low-Income Countries Be Designed? Washington, DC: USAID. [Available here]

• Kluve, J., Puerto, S., Robalino, D., Romero, J. M., Rother, F., Stöterau, J., Weidenkaff, F., & Witte, M. (2017). Interventions to Improve the Labour Market Outcomes of Youth: A Systematic Review of Training, Entrepreneurship Promotion, Employment Services and Subsidized Employment Interventions. Systematic review 37. London: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie). [Available here]

• Tripney, J., Hombrados, J., Newman, M., Hovish, K., Brown, C., Steinka-Fry, K., & Wilkey, E. (2013). Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Interventions to Improve the Employability and Employment of Young People in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Oslo: The Campbell Collaboration. [Available here]

Entrepreneurship training / self-employment programmes

• Kluve, J., Puerto, S., Robalino, D., Romero, J. M., Rother, F., Stöterau, J., Weidenkaff, F., & Witte, M. (2017). Interventions to Improve the Labour Market Outcomes of Youth: A Systematic Review of Training, Entrepreneurship Promotion, Employment Services and Subsidized Employment Interventions. Systematic review 37. London: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie). [Available here]

• Hughes, S., & Schachtebeck, C. (2017). Youth entrepreneurial intention in South Africa – a systematic review during challenging economic times. Global Business and Technology Association. [Available here]

• Burchell, B., Coutts, A., Hall, E., & Pye, N. (2015). Self-employment Programmes for Young People: A Review of the Context, Policies and Evidence. EMPLOYMENT Working Paper No. 198. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO). [Available here]

• Chigunta, F., Schnurr, J., James-Wilson, D., & Torres, V. (2005). Being “real” about youth entrepreneurship in Eastern and Southern Africa. SEED Working Paper No. 72. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO). [Available here]

Financial inclusion / credit / micro-credit / savings groups

• Karlan, D., Savonitto, B., Thuysbaert, B., & Udry, C. (2017) Impact of savings groups on the lives of the poor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114: 3079-3084. [not youth specific] [Available here]

• Miller, M., Reichelstein, J., Salas, C., & Zia, B. (2015). Can You Help Someone Become Financially Capable? A Meta-Analysis of the Literature. The World Bank Research Observer, 30(2), 220-246. [not youth specific] [Available here]

• Gash, M., & Odell, K. (2013). The evidence-based story of savings groups: a synthesis of seven randomized trials. Arlington, VA: The SEEP Network. [not youth specific] [Available here]

Business management training

• DCED. (2017). What do we know about the effectiveness of Business Management Training? Key studies referenced in the DCED Evidence Framework, Working Document, last update: March 2017 [not youth specific] [Available here]

• Chinen, M., de Hoop, T., Balarin, M., & Alcázar, L. (2016). Vocational and Business Training to Increase Women’s Participation in Higher Skilled, Higher Valued Occupations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Oslo: The Campbell Collaboration. [not youth specific] [Available here]

Mentoring

• DuBois, D. L., Portillo, N., Rhodes, J. E., Silverthorn, N., & Valentine, J. C. (2011). How Effective Are Mentoring Programs for Youth? A Systematic Assessment of the Evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12(2), 57-91. [programmes in USA; covers a number of areas, not only economic/business] [Available here]

Formalisation of informal firms / businesses

• Bruhn, M., & McKenzie, D. (2014). Entry Regulation and the Formalization of Microenterprises in Developing Countries World Bank Research Observer, 29(2), 186-201. [not youth specific] [Available here]

• de Andrade, G. H., Bruhn, M., & McKenzie, D. (2016). A Helping Hand or the Long Arm of the Law? Experimental Evidence on What Governments Can Do to Formalize Firms. World Bank Economic Review, 30(1), 24-54. [not youth specific] [Available here]

Business incubators

• Pompa, C. (2013). Literature Review on the Impact of Business Incubation, Mentoring, Investment and Training on Start-up Companies. London: Overseas Development Institute. [not youth specific] [Available here]

Links between employment, violence and peace

• Brück, T., Ferguson, T. T. N., Izzi, V., & Stojetz, W. (2017). A Review of the Theory and Practice of the Impact of Employment Programmes on Peace in Fragile and Conflict-affected Countries. Berlin: International Security and Development Center. [not youth specific] [Available here]