3. Moreover, the costs of adjustment on select industries and workers are often visible earlier than the highly diffused benefits from reforms experienced by consumers and exporting and importing firms. These distributional and temporal problems can lead to half-hearted implementation, reform reversals and dissuade policy makers from pursuing future efforts toward liberalization. 4. See, for example, Bas (2014) on India and Beverelli, Fiorini, and Hoekman (2017) for a sample of 56 countries at different stages of development. 5. Trade facilitation programs and policies can cover the full spectrum of border procedures, from the electronic exchange of data about a shipment, to the simplification and harmonization of trade documents and processes, to the implementation of measures to enhance transparency and predictability for traders. 6. McKenzie (2017) reviewed 24 randomized control trials. The one successful program focused on addressing spatial mismatches by providing young rural women in India with information about job opportunities in business process outsourcing (Jensen 2012).
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