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GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS, JANUARY 2025
By the World Bank
Over the past 25 years, progress has mostly bypassed the world’s 26 poorest countries. Home to more than 40 percent of people struggling on less than $2.15 a day, these countries are the central focus of global efforts to end extreme poverty. Yet their progress has stalled amid heightened conflict, frequent economic crises, and persistently feeble growth.
Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group flagship report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies. It is issued twice a year, in January and June. The January edition includes in-depth analyses of topical policy challenges, while the June edition contains shorter analytical pieces.
June 2025. 194 pages. Stock no. C212193 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2193-6). US$49.50
WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2025
By the World Bank
WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2025
Women, Business and the Law 2025 is the 11th edition of a World Bank Group series measuring the laws and regulations that restrict women’s economic opportunity.
Since 2009, Women, Business and the Law has informed research and policy discussions about the state of women’s economic empowerment, emphasizing the work still to be done to ensure equality of opportunity for all. The indicators build evidence of the critical relationship between legal gender equality and women’s employment and entrepreneurship.
April 2024. 178 pages. Stock no. C212063 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2063-2). US$43.95
LEVELING THE PLAYING FIELD
Addressing Structural Inequalities to Accelerate Poverty Reduction in Africa
Edited by Nistha Sinha, Gabriela lnchauste, and Ambar Narayan
Structural sources of Africa’s inequality are those rooted in laws, institutions, and practices that create advantages for a few but disadvantages for many. These include differences in living standards that come from inherited or unalterable characteristics, such as where people are born, their parents’ education, ethnicity, religion, or gender. They also arise from market and institutional distortions that privilege some firms, farms, and workers to access markets, employment, and opportunities while limiting access for the majority, curtailing their productive potential, and limiting earning opportunities.
This report argues that policies to address high levels of structural inequality in Africa are also at the heart of its slow progress in reducing extreme poverty. However, there is nothing inevitable about structural inequality. Societies that put up barriers to opportunities can also remove and replace them with policies aimed at reducing poverty and growing faster. Indeed, across the world, countries where the gap in inequality of opportunity is narrowest grow faster and have lower poverty incidence. Broadening access to opportunities represents one of Africa’s key prospects to raise productivity, earnings, and fairness and to accelerate poverty reduction. Leveraging the most recent data available for the region, this report provides recommendations aimed at improving the productive capacity of the poor population, the ability of poor individuals to use their capacities once they get to the market, and the design of fair fiscal policies.
Addressing Structural Inequalities to Accelerate Poverty Reduction in Africa
Edited by Nistha Sinha, Gabriela lnchauste, and Ambar Narayan December 2024. 342 pages. Stock no. C212160 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2160-8). US$43.95
AFRICA IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Governance and Inclusive Green Growth
Edited by Chorching Goh
AFRICA IN THE 21ST CENTURY GOVERNANCE AND INCLUSIVE GREEN GROWTH
Edited by Chorching Goh
April 2025. 460 pages. Stock no. C212186 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2186-8). US$49.50
Will the 21st century witness Africa’s major push toward catching up with other world regions? Or will the continent continue to underperform its peers? A flagship report published in 2000 provided a blueprint for Africa to claim the 21st century. Nearly a quarter of a century later, Africa’s progress reveals some advancements, yet endeavors to overcome pivotal challenges identified at the century’s outset have fallen short. The agenda to mitigate conflicts, invest in people, bolster economic competitiveness, and reduce dependence on external financing remains unfinished. What will it take to reshape Africa’s trajectory, not only for the few countries that have made notable advancement but for current and future generations across the continent?
The goal of fostering inclusive green growth remains, yet its attainment is increasingly daunting. The growth model, based on labor-intensive, polluting industrialization that once brought wealth elsewhere, is unlikely to succeed as automation expands, trade patterns shift, and climate pressures mount. Amid rapid population growth, achieving social and economic inclusion becomes more arduous. Moreover, sustainability confronts threats not solely from pollution and resource overextraction but also from the exacerbating impacts of climate change.
Nevertheless, promising instances and hopeful examples in numerous African nations demonstrate that there are no inherent barriers preventing Africa from accelerating development and narrowing the gaps with other world regions. To achieve this, countries must intensify efforts to address three crucial enablers of development:
• Governance with accountable leadership and a competent and committed state. Without this, progress on any aspect of development is unattainable.
• Africans equipped with skills, technology, and access to quality health care, enabling them to engage in society and the economy.
• Robust, well-functioning market systems that cultivate growth, foster opportunities, and generate productive employment.
This sequel report analyzes past achievements, enduring obstacles, and potential policy alternatives. Chapters outline strategies for governments to enhance support for inclusive green growth, delving into ways the continent can empower its expansive, young labor force with the requisite skills and resources for a modern, productive economy. Moreover, they explore how trade in goods and services can distribute economic gains across what has historically been the most fragmented world region.
GREATER HEIGHTS
Growing to High Income in Europe and Central Asia
By Christos Kostopoulos, Ivailo Izvorski, Iván Torre, Leonardo Iacovone, Michael Lokshin, Richard Record, and Szilvia Doczi
The countries of Europe and Central Asia (ECA) embarked on a historical transition from a planned to market economy in the early 1990s. While 12 economies have reached high-income status in a little over three decades, middle-income countries in the region have found that growth becomes harder the more they have advanced in their transition, and convergence with advanced economies has moderated.
This report uses the “3i” framework of the 2024 World Development Report Investment, Infusion, and Innovation—as a strategic approach to address these challenges and provides policy options on how to grow to high income. Drawing on comprehensive empirical analysis, the report emphasizes that the transition to high income in ECA requires continued foundational reforms to sustain growth momentum. It highlights the need for transformative changes to unlock private sector potential, optimize talent allocation, and drive innovation. Additionally, embracing the shift to low-carbon economies can accelerate technology adoption and productivity growth. This publication offers practical recommendations for policy makers to advance inclusive and sustainable economic growth across the region.
EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA STUDIES April 2025. 114 pages. Stock no. C212206 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2206-3). US$43.95
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The Middle-Income Trap October 2024. 272 pages. Stock no. C212078 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2078-6). US$54.95
THE NURTURING STATE
How Governments Can Promote Early Childhood Development in the Middle East and North Africa
Edited by Alaka Holla and Samira Nikaein Towfighian
The Nurturing State
Learning poverty—or the fraction of 10-year-old children who cannot read a simple paragraph—stood at 63 percent in the Middle East and North Africa region in 2019. Nearly 1 of every 3 young people ages 15–24 are idle, neither studying nor working, and the prevalence of mental illness among adolescents in the region is above the world average.
These pathologies plaguing school-age children and youth in the region have much earlier origins. Their paths to weak learning, diminished mental health, and depressed labor market prospects most likely started in early childhood—the period from gestation to age 6—a critical period when the brain is still forming and when children pick up skills, such as early language and numeracy, that set them up for learning-related skills in school, such as reading and mathematics, and for skills such as focus, perseverance, and emotional regulation that prepare them for the labor market and lay the foundations for future mental health.
This report makes the case for all governments in the region to play a greater role in promoting early childhood development—specifically in (1) ensuring efficient and equitable provision of services for children under age 6, (2) coordinating the different sectors that tend to provide services for this age group and partnering with non-state providers, and (3) regulating and monitoring the quality of early childhood services and the development of children. The report documents the extent to which governments currently fulfill these roles in supporting children’s healthy physical growth, socialemotional and mental health, and early learning, as well as in mitigating the potential for permanent harm that arises from poverty, maltreatment, and conflict. The report articulates a basic minimum package for children focused on early learning, early health and nutrition, and the protection of children from poverty. It also proposes roles for a government to function as a “nurturing state” that supports the health, skills, and productive potential of the region’s youngest residents and future workforce.
Alaka Holla Samira Nikaein Towfighian Editors
RECLAIMING THE LOST CENTURY OF GROWTH
Building Learning Economies in Latin America and the Caribbean
By William F. Maloney, Xavier Cirera, and Maria Marta Ferreira
Latin America has lost not decades but a century of growth due to its inability to learn: to identify, adapt, and implement the new technologies emerging from the Second Industrial Revolution. Superstars like Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay fell behind peers like France and Germany, while the entire region retrogressed in industries it once dominated and was unable to take advantage of new opportunities that propelled similarly lagging countries like Finland, Japan, the Repubic of Korea, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden to the advanced country club.
Data presented in this volume suggest this remains the case today as Latin American firms continue to lag in the rate of adopting new technologies and in their efficient use within firms. Latin America entered the 20th century technologically unarmed, lacking technical and entrepreneurial capabilities. Building learning economies will require three areas of reform. First, the demand for knowledge and innovation must be increased by improving managerial and technical capabilities as well as the incentives to innovate. Second, beyond building necessary human capital, new ideas can be facilitated by reorienting universities and research institutions to partner with the private sector and serve as seedbeds for new entrepreneurs and industries. Finally, government policy and the overall enabling environment need to support the ongoing process of risky experimentation that constitutes the development process.
BANK LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN STUDIES
June 2025. 180 pages. Stock no. C212205 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2205-6). US$43.95
Building Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean
February 2024. 244 pages. Stock no. C211959 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1959-9). US$43.95
THE JOURNEY AHEAD
Supporting Successful Migration in Europe and Central Asia
By Laurent Bossavie, Daniel Garrote Sanchez, and Mattia Makovec
This book seeks to enhance the understanding of migration in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) and to propose policy solutions to better leverage its benefits and reduce its costs for all parties involved. It examines migration in the region in its diverse forms, including forced and economic migration, low-skilled and high-skilled labor mobility, and temporary and permanent moves across borders. It analyzes these policy issues from the perspective of migrants, countries of origin, and destination countries. It shows that migration has been an engine of prosperity for all actors involved and helped address some of the large demographic and socioeconomic disparities in the region. It also argues, however, that there is scope to increase the net gains from migration and to distribute them more equally among all actors involved. To do so, it utilizes a combination of existing evidence and new analysis carried out for the preparation of this book.
Based on this evidence, the book proposes a set of policy recommendations tailored to the diversity of migration challenges and experiences in ECA. It argues that policy responses tailored to the specific challenge they aim to address can ensure greater and better distributed welfare gains from migration among origin countries, destination countries, and migrants. While some of these policies can be taken unilaterally by either origin or destination countries, others require close coordination between the two, or even at the regional level. Some of these policies can be implemented rapidly in the short term, while others require more substantial intuitional reforms but can yield large returns in the medium-to long term. While this book focuses on ECA, the great diversity of migration patterns, experiences, and challenges in the region makes its policy lessons relevant on a global scale.
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BUILDING RESILIENT MIGRATION SYSTEMS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Lessons from COVID-19
July 2022. 164 pages. Stock no. C211855 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1855-4). US$43.95
WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2024
The
Middle-Income Trap
By the World Bank
Middle-income countries are in a race against time. Many of them have done well since the 1990s to escape low-income levels and eradicate extreme poverty, leading to the perception that the past three decades have been great for development. However, the ambition of the more than 100 economies with incomes per capita between $1,100 and $14,000 is to reach high-income status within the next generation. When assessed against this goal, their record is discouraging. Since the 1970s, income per capita in the median middle-income country has stagnated at less than one-tenth of the US level. With aging populations, growing protectionism, and escalating pressures to speed up the energy transition, today’s middle-income economies face ever-more-daunting odds. To become advanced economies despite the growing headwinds, these countries will have to make miracles.
Drawing on the development experience and advances in economic analysis since the 1950s, World Development Report 2024 identifies pathways for developing economies to avoid the “middle-income trap.” It points to the need for not one but two transitions for those at the middle-income level: the first from investment to infusion and the second from infusion to innovation. Governments in lower-middle-income countries must drop the habit of repeating the same investment-driven strategies and work instead to infuse modern technologies and successful business processes from around the world into their economies. This requires reshaping large swaths of those economies into globally competitive suppliers of goods and services. Upper-middleincome countries that have mastered infusion can accelerate the shift to innovation—not just borrowing ideas from the global frontiers of technology but also beginning to push the frontiers outward. This requires restructuring enterprise, work, and energy use once again, with an even-greater emphasis on economic freedom, social mobility, and political contestability.
Neither transition is automatic. The handful of economies that have made speedy transitions from middle- to high-income status have encouraged enterprise by disciplining powerful incumbents, developed talent by rewarding merit, and capitalized on crises to alter policies and institutions that no longer suit the purposes they were once designed to serve. Today’s middle-income countries will have to do the same.
WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT October 2024. 272 pages. Stock no. C212078 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2078-6). US$54.95
Business Ready (B-READY) is a new World Bank Group corporate flagship report that evaluates the business and investment climate worldwide. It replaces and improves upon the Doing Business project. B-READY provides a comprehensive data set and description of the factors that strengthen the private sector, not only by advancing the interests of individual firms but also by elevating the interests of workers, consumers, potential new enterprises, and the natural environment.
This 2024 report introduces a new analytical framework that benchmarks economies based on three pillars: regulatory framework, public services, and operational efficiency. The analysis centers on 10 topics essential for private sector development that correspond to various stages of the life cycle of a firm. The report also offers insights into three cross-cutting themes that are relevant for modern economies: digital adoption, environmental sustainability, and gender.
B-READY draws on a robust data collection process that includes specially tailored expert questionnaires and firm-level surveys. The 2024 report, which covers 50 economies, serves as the first in a series that will expand in geographical coverage and refine its methodology over time, supporting reform advocacy, policy guidance, and further analysis and research.
For further information, visit the B-READY website at www.worldbank.org/ businessready.
POVERTY, PROSPERITY, AND PLANET REPORT 2024
Pathways
Out of the Polycrisis
By the World Bank
The Poverty, Prosperity, and Planet Report 2024 is the latest edition of the series formerly known as Poverty and Shared Prosperity . The report emphasizes that reducing poverty and increasing shared prosperity must be achieved in ways that do not come at unacceptably high costs to the environment. The current “polycrisis”—where the multiple crises of slow economic growth, increased fragility, climate risks, and heightened uncertainty have come together at the same time—makes national development strategies and international cooperation difficult.
Offering the first post-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic assessment of global progress on this interlinked agenda, the report finds that global poverty reduction has resumed, but at a pace slower than before the COVID-19 crisis. Nearly 700 million people worldwide live in extreme poverty with less than $2.15 per person per day. Progress has essentially plateaued amid lower economic growth and the impacts of COVID-19 and other crises. Today, extreme poverty is concentrated mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa and fragile settings. At a higher standard more typical of upper-middle-income countries—$6.85 per person per day—almost one-half of the world is living in poverty.
The report also provides evidence that the number of countries that have high levels of income inequality has declined considerably during the past two decades, but the pace of improvements in shared prosperity has slowed, and that inequality remains high in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Sub-Saharan Africa. Worldwide, people’s incomes today would need to increase fivefold on average to reach a minimum prosperity threshold of $25 per person per day. Where there has been progress in poverty reduction and shared prosperity, there is evidence of an increasing ability of countries to manage natural hazards, but climate risks are significantly higher in the poorest settings. Nearly 1 in 5 people globally is at risk of experiencing welfare losses due to an extreme weather event from which they will struggle to recover.
The interconnected issues of climate change and poverty call for a united and inclusive effort from the global community. Development cooperation stakeholders—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to communities and citizens acting locally in every corner of the globe—hold pivotal roles in promoting fair and sustainable transitions. By emphasizing strategies that yield multiple benefits and diligently monitoring and addressing trade-offs, we can strive toward a future that is prosperous, equitable, and resilient.
2025 GLOBAL FINDEX AND CONNDX DATABASES
Financial Inclusion and the Digital Economy
By Leora Klapper, Laura Starita, Dorothe Singer, and Alexandra Norris
For more than a decade, the Global Findex Database has been the definitive source of data on global access to financial services, from payments to savings and borrowing. The fifth edition introduces new data series on financial health, from resilience to climate risks and fintech products. This edition also presents the inaugural Connectivity and Digital Transformation (ConnDX) survey, a comprehensive demand-side data source on digital connectivity that explores how adults across the world access and use mobile phones, the internet, and digital IDs and how these tools drive the use of financial services and broader economic empowerment.
Over recent decades, digital technologies have significantly improved the lives of people in developing economies. Mobile phones and digital platforms have enabled women and low-income adults to access information, discover income opportunities, and use digital financial services to improve their livelihoods. Yet critical questions remain: How equitably are these benefits distributed? Who is still excluded, and why? The new ConnDX database offers a detailed window into these questions based on nationally representative surveys of approximately 150,000 adults in more than 145 economies. This report is an essential resource for policy makers, researchers, and practitioners working to build a more inclusive and digitally connected global economy.
RETHINKING RESILIENCE
Empowering People for a Changing Climate
By Forhad Shilpi, Claudia Berg, and Matthew Kahn
Global warming is accelerating, and harmful weather events caused by climate change—such as extreme storms, droughts, heatwaves, or wildfires—are becoming more frequent and severe. The burden of climate disasters is, and will continue to be, borne disproportionately by poor people and poor countries. This report argues that resilience to climate change will ultimately depend on the adaptation decisions of millions of individual households, farms, and firms.
Public policy can coordinate collective adaptation actions, provide incentives, and extend direct support where necessary. However, the evidence suggests that adaptation efforts have fallen short. The drivers of the muted adaptation response by households, farmers, and firms include incomplete information, financial constraints, markets for adaptation tools or services that do not exist or offer limited products, or public policies that are confusing or distorting. Enabling and empowering individuals to take actions and invest in resilience measures appropriate to their own context is the priority for policies. The report offers several broad principles to guide policy and proposes specific policy actions to build resilience. Resilience challenges are complex, and the report recommends layering instruments to deal with multiple constraints; varied weather events; and the differential financial abilities of households, farms, and firms.
By Leora Klapper, Laura
By Forhad Shilpi, Claudia Berg, and Matthew Kahn
INTERNATIONAL DEBT REPORT 2024
By the World Bank
For more than five decades, the World Bank’s premier annual publication on debt, now titled the International Debt Report (IDR), along with the associated International Debt Statistics (IDS) database, have helped shape policies in development finance by sharing timely and comprehensive external debt data and analysis with the international community. Drawing on data collected through the World Bank’s Debtor Reporting System, this publication has kept pace with evolving borrowing patterns and new lending instruments, measured the impact of initiatives to relieve debt burdens, and promoted best practices in debt recording and reporting. Each year the report presents timely analysis of evolving trends in external debt stocks and flows of low- and middleincome countries (LMICs), as well as issues and challenges for development finance. The IDS database provides comprehensive information on external debt stocks and flows of public and private borrowers in LMICs by borrower and creditor, the terms on which external loans are contracted, current and future debt service, and debt indicators in relation to key economic variables.
Unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of LMICs, IDR 2024 is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. For more information on IDR 2024 and related products, please visit the World Bank’s Debt Statistics website at www.worldbank.org/debtstatistics.
THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024
Pathways to Scale
By Inés Arévalo Sánchez, Janet Heisey, Sarang Chaudhary, Timothy Clay, Victoria Strokova,
The State of Economic Inclusion Report (SEI) 2024 explores efforts to scale up economic inclusion programs—bundles of coordinated, multidimensional interventions that support individuals, households, and communities to sustainably increase their incomes and assets—in the context of overlapping crises. These programs transform the economic lives of the poorest and most vulnerable people, building their resilience and creating job opportunities.
The report features data from 405 programs across 88 countries, benefiting over 70 million individuals either directly or indirectly. This marks almost doubling in the number of programs and nearly a 50 percent increase in coverage since the SEI 2021 report. Governments continue to lead in scaling up these economic inclusion programs, covering nearly three-fourths of program participants. However, nongovernmental programs have also significantly contributed to the increase in coverage in recent years, in addition to serving as both service and capacity-building providers for governments.
Puja Vasudeva Dutta, and Colin Andrews
STATE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION REPORT 2024
Missing the Course toward Universal Social Protection
Edited by Emil Tesliuc, Claudia Rodriquez Alas, and Jamele Rigolini
December
Social protection plays a critical role in promoting greater equity, resilience, and opportunities, especially among the poor and vulnerable populations, and it is more important than ever. Following the permacrises, it is needed to contribute solutions for climate change, aging, youth employment, and migration. The report explores the progress in achieving Universal Social Protection (USP) among emerging and developing economies (EDEs)—namely, countries’ ability to provide social protection support whenever and however people need it, with a special focus on covering the extremely poor population and significantly reducing the income shortfall (poverty gap) of the poorest quintile. The report conveys the following key messages:
• EDEs are falling behind achieving USP by 2030 because of solid, but excessively slow, progress. Further progress toward USP will require building strong institutional and operational foundations, as well as broader enabling conditions, before rapid scaleup can be realized.
• Weak social protection systems and low financing levels point to an urgent but feasible imperative to reinforce financing and system-strengthening efforts, prioritizing the poorest and more vulnerable households.
CYBERSECURITY ECONOMICS FOR EMERGING MARKETS
Enabling the Private Sector
By Estefania Vergara Cobos
In an increasingly interconnected world driven by the rapid adoption of digital technologies, the significance of cybersecurity cannot be overstated, particularly in developing countries. As these nations strive to harness the power of technology to fuel economic growth, enhance public services, and improve quality of life, they concurrently face heightened risks associated with cyber threats. The exposure of developing countries to cyber incidents is often compounded by factors such as limited resources, political tensions, inadequate infrastructure, an inefficient cybersecurity industry, cybersecurity workforce shortages, and fast-evolving digital landscapes. Cybersecurity Economics for Emerging Markets shows that the ramifications of cyber incidents in developing countries can be severe, ranging from financial losses that threaten the macroeconomic stability of nations to the disruption of essential services and impediments to socioeconomic progress.
This book examines thousands of cyber incidents that have occurred in the past decade in over 190 countries, identifying their nature, key characteristics, and impact, as well as the roles that markets and governments should take to better protect cyberspace. Thus, the book offers actionable, evidence-based policy recommendations for developing nations that include efforts to bolster resilience in the most critical, costly, and interconnected sectors, such as public administration, health care, finance, and communications, to support the national cybersecurity industry, to invest in research and development, and to develop proactive measures to prevent systemic risks.
DISEASE CONTROL PRIORITIES, FOURTH EDITION (VOLUME 1)
Country-Led Priority-Setting for Health
Edited by Ala Alwan, Mizan Kiros Mirutse, Pakwanja Desiree Twea, and Ole F. Norheim
Through collaboration and capacity strengthening in a select number of low- and lowermiddle income countries, Disease Control Priorities, Fourth Edition (DCP4) summarizes, produces, and helps translate economic evidence into better priority setting for efficient and fair health outcomes. DCP4 is relevant for all countries committed to increasing public financing of universal health coverage and promoting other health-improving policies.
Volume 1 presents the overall lessons learned in defining and implementing essential health service packages (EHSPs). The volume is divided into three parts:
• Part 1 focuses on the experiences of selected countries in developing their EHSPs, including Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Iran, Malawi, Pakistan, Somalia, and Zanzibar; Nigeria’s Lancet commission; India’s Ayushman Bharat Health System Reforms; Colombia’s health benefit package; and the evolution of priority setting in Mexico.
• Part 2 presents cross-cutting insights on the development and implementation of EHSPs based on the experiences of six countries involved in the DCP3 translation, which included Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, and Zanzibar.
• Part 3 presents three case studies: cross-national experiences on child health and development during school age and adolescence, lessons learned from recommendations to address noncommunicable diseases, and the implementation of the DCP3 essential surgery package.
INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK FOR NUTRITION 2024
Edited
by Meera Shekar, Kyoko Shibata Okamura, Mireya Vilar-Compte, and Chiara Dell’Aira
In 2017, the Investment Framework for Nutrition report set the stage for transformative nutrition investments, culminating in strong donor and country commitments at the 2021 Tokyo Nutrition for Growth Summit. The world is facing polycrises, including food and nutrition insecurity; climate shocks; fiscal constraints; and rising rates of overweight, obesity, and noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Investing to address global nutrition challenges is more critical than ever.
Despite a 44 percent decline in child stunting from 1990 to 2022, 148 million children remain stunted, and malnutrition rates are still high. The global progress is insufficient to meet the Sustainable Development Goals, as increasing anemia rates among women of reproductive age; stagnating rates of child stunting, wasting, and low birthweight; and rising childhood and adult obesity rates persist.
This report provides an update to the Investment Framework for Nutrition , broadening its focus to include low birthweight and obesity while incorporating policy considerations, operational guidance for country-level implementation, and gender and climate change perspectives.
NATURE’S PARADOX
Stepping Stone or Millstone?
By Richard Damania, Ebad Ebadi, Kentaro Mayr, Jun Rentschler, Jason Russ, and Esha Zaveri
January 2025. 146 pages.
no. C212164
Nature’s Paradox is about the intersection of two major crises of the 21st century—the sustainability crisis and the social exclusion and inequality crisis. The planet is grappling with severe environmental issues, including climate change and ecosystem collapse, which pose global existential threats. Local communities bear the brunt of other issues like air and water pollution and land degradation, which stem from unsustainable economic growth models.
The book delves into the nexus between social exclusion and environmental decline, focusing on those at higher risk of exclusion due to their identity, ethnicity, race, or Indigenous status. It introduces the Underrepresentation Risk Index (URRI) to quantify the extent of exclusion from decision-making, revealing that around 1 in 4 people globally face a high risk of political underrepresentation and its associated vulnerabilities. Nature’s Paradox finds that underrepresented groups predominantly reside in rural areas, are employed in agriculture, and have limited access to essential public services. While they are less exposed to air and water pollution, the impact on them is disproportionately high, likely due to a lack of public services and an inability to cope with their impacts.
Finally, Nature’s Paradox explores additional dimensions of social exclusion, including poverty and gender disparities, and their interplay with the developed URRI, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the potential interconnections between social exclusion and environmental hazards.
WATER FOR SHARED PROSPERITY
By Fan Zhang and Christian Borja-Vega
June 2025. 85 pages.
no. C212071 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2071-7). US$35.00
This report aims to introduce a novel way of positioning water as an engine for growth and equity by highlighting the deep associations between water and inclusive growth. The report will identify risks and opportunities within the global water sector that affect shared prosperity to promote more active international dialogue on water challenges and solutions. To that end, it will synthesize existing evidence and generate new empirical evidence based on the most recent data available on the intricate interplay between water and shared prosperity. The report will also discuss the policy implications to underscore the need for comprehensive governance frameworks, investment strategies, technology and innovation, and community engagement to achieve shared prosperity through sustainable water management. This is a joint publication of the Government of Indonesia and the World Bank.
NATURE’S PARADOX
Stepping Stone or Millstone?
By Richard Damania, Ebad Ebadi, Kentaro Mayr, Jun Rentschler, Jason Russ, and Esha Zaveri
UNLEASHING PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH FIRM FINANCING
By Tatiana Didier and Ana Paula Cusolito
The ability of firms to finance investments in physical and human capital and innovate through digital, green, and other technologies is central to productivity and economic growth. Yet myriad distortions and frictions can prevent the efficient allocation of financial resources to firms, negatively impacting their growth and productivity.
Drawing from a newly constructed Orbis data set for 2.5 million private firms, Unleashing Productivity through Firm Financing shows that misallocation of finance stifles aggregate productivity. This volume focuses on the links among firm financing, financial constraints, and firm performance, using comprehensive and underexploited firm-level data for emerging market and developing economies. This work explores both the effects of firms’ access to finance and the composition of finance (equity versus debt) on firm performance. It also provides a novel, quantitative assessment of the extent of constraints in debt and equity financing for private firms of different sizes and the impact of such constraints on aggregate growth and productivity. The findings provide robust analytical underpinnings for existing practical knowledge in supporting access to finance for small and medium-sized enterprises in emerging market and developing economies.
FINANCING FIRM GROWTH
The Role of Capital Markets in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
By Cesaire Meh, Sergio Schmukler, and Imtiaz Ul Haq
Well-functioning capital markets can foster economic growth and allocate resources efficiently. Firms can tap into a broader funding base by issuing debt and equity in capital markets, often at cheaper rates and longer tenors than through other sources of external finance, such as banks. However, capital markets in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have lagged those in high-income countries (HICs). Firms in those countries have thus more often relied on bank financing or retained earnings to fund investment and expansion, and they have experienced greater financial constraints than their counterparts in HICs.
This report shows that the gap in capital market financing between LMICs and HICs has narrowed in recent decades, with benefits not only for firms accessing those markets but also for the countries where they operate. The analysis reveals greater participation by firms from LMICs in domestic and international capital markets since the 2000s, compared with the 1990s. More firms from more LMICs have increased their participation in capital markets. This increase is associated with greater investment, employment, and allocation of funds to smaller, younger, and more productive firms, which tend to be more financially constrained. To reach these findings, the analysis in the report uses a novel database of the universe of bond and equity issuances from companies around the world between 1990 and 2022.
THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF TERTIARY EDUCATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
By Koen Geven and Roberta Malee Bassett
As technological advances have accelerated globally and developing economies have moved away from agriculture, the skills premium for tertiary education graduates has remained high. Tertiary education has driven innovation in developing economies by helping young people adopt technology and enabling economies to catch up with—or even invent—new technologies and production processes. Tertiary education has also helped community development more subtly through spillover effects on community health, improved family life, civic participation, and localized development around institutional campuses.
This report argues that tertiary education faces a twin challenge in the coming two decades. First, tertiary education will expand greatly, especially in low- and middleincome countries. Policymakers will be challenged to maintain equality of opportunity as well as the relevance and quality of tertiary education. Second, policy makers will need to finance this expansion. Governments at different levels of economic development will need to find strategic ways of funding while also balancing costs between the public purse on the one hand and families and students on the other. The report provides practical recommendations on how policy makers can address their most urgent priorities to (1) strengthen access to tertiary education for disadvantaged youth, (2) improve the relevance and quality of tertiary education, (3) mainstream technology usage in both teaching and research at tertiary education institutions, and (4) diversify the supply of tertiary education beyond “world-class” universities.
FROM PROSPECTIVE TO PREPARED TEACHER
A Global Study of Initial Teacher Education
By Laura Gregory, Kathryn Bullard, Michel Welmond, Anna Boni, Zid Mancenido, and Diego Luna Bazaldua
FROM PROSPECTIVE TO PREPARED TEACHER
A Global Study of Initial Teacher Education
Coherent and aligned education systems rely on teachers who are well-prepared and motivated. Initial teacher education is the first stage in teachers’ career-long professional development. It is a critical step for teachers to gain the knowledge, competencies, and skills they need for teaching and to formulate their professional identity and commitment to the field.
This report analyzes how primary school teachers are prepared across the world and identifies lessons and guiding principles that can help improve the quality of teacher preparation mechanisms. The case for investing in initial teacher education is presented. The report explores issues around attracting and selecting strong candidates into initial teacher education programs, as well as the content of impactful programs; the methods of assuring quality; and the importance of aligning institutions for responsive, efficient, and quality-driven teacher preparation.
The Transformative Power of Tertiary Education in Developing Countries
By Laura Gregory, Kathryn Bullard, Michel Welmond, Anna Boni, Zid Mancenido, and Diego
PATHWAYS
TO PROSPERITY FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN AFRICA
Edited by Kehinde Ajayi and Estelle Koussoubé
Africa stands at a crossroads, with its future prosperity hinging on the policy and investment decisions it makes today. The continent has an opportunity to shape the trajectories of generations to come by investing in the success of a pivotal population: its adolescent girls. With over 145 million adolescent girls calling Africa home, the potential for transformative change is immense. Yet challenges persist, from high rates of child marriage to limited educational opportunities. Nearly half of African girls ages 15 to 19 are out of school or married or have children. How can African countries overcome these challenges to ensure that adolescent girls enter adulthood empowered to thrive?
Pathways to Prosperity for Adolescent Girls in Africa offers a ground-breaking road map for change. This landmark report outlines concrete, actionable policy recommendations; provides a comprehensive review of evidence-based interventions; presents a datadriven categorization of African countries to guide investments in adolescent girls; and introduces an innovative framework for understanding and measuring adolescent girls’ empowerment. Drawing on extensive research and consultations with adolescent girls, policy makers, and practitioners, this report reveals that investing in adolescent girls can yield a tenfold return in economic impact.
Migration in Africa is primarily driven by the search for economic opportunity, safety, and security, as well as the need to escape environmental hardships. However, as Migration: Africa’s Untapped Potential discusses, migration’s potential to uplift African livelihoods remains largely unfulfilled. While nearly 15 percent of the world’s migrant population is from Sub-Saharan Africa, fewer than 1 percent leave the continent, compared to around 5 percent from North Africa. Most Sub-Saharan African migrants move within Regional Economic Communities, although destinations like North America and Gulf countries are becoming more popular. Africa is also home to a quarter of the world’s refugees, primarily hosted in neighboring countries.
Africa is now at a pivotal crossroads. With a rapidly growing young population facing economic stagnation, conflict, and climate change, the continent’s workforce is expected to increase by 600 million people by 2050, making up a third of the world’s youth. In contrast, labor forces in high-income and upper-middle-income countries are set to decline by 200 million. This “Great Demographic Divergence” opens a window of opportunity for Africa to enhance its migration management systems. This report shows that investing in these systems can better support migrants across the migration cycle, from developing skills in demand domestically, regionally, and globally to ensuring dignity and safety in transit or at their destination.
INEQUALITIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Multidimensional Perspectives and Future Challenges
By Anda David, Murray Leibbrandt, Vimal Ranchhod, and Rawane Yasser
AFRICA DEVELOPMENT FORUM
January 2025. 292 pages. Stock no. C212150 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2150-9). US$49.50
Drawing evidence from recent research, this book focuses on the political economy of inequality, social mobility, and climate change to provide an important contribution to the research on inequality in Africa. It aims to understand socioeconomic inequalities, as well as their determinants, evolution, and effects, and to identify public policies that can address them, in the framework of the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals. The book also highlights the importance of the African context in the global inequality discussion, while pinpointing some of the crucial research gaps on inequalities across the continent. It was written in close collaboration with the African Center of Excellence for Inequality Research to ensure that the discussion of inequalities is informed and driven by African researchers.
DIGITAL SKILLS FOR AFRICA
Building Capabilities for Global Competition and Local Innovation
By Alex Twinomugisha, Ekua Bentil, Robert Hawkins, and Yevgeniya Savchenko
June 2025. 130 pages.
Stock no. C212203
(ISBN: 978-1-4648-2203-2). US$43.95
With digital skills now essential to participate in the modern economy and data becoming the new currency of growth, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) must act decisively to prepare its large youth population for the digital age. This report advocates a dual-track strategy: ensuring universal digital literacy while simultaneously accelerating advanced digital skills development. This approach recognizes that, while broad-based digital literacy is essential for inclusive growth, Africa must also build advanced capabilities in artificial intelligence (AI), data science, and software development to drive innovation and economic transformation.
The analysis highlights both the urgency and opportunity for the region. SSA’s youth population offers unprecedented potential for digital innovation, but only if the region can rapidly develop both basic digital literacy and advanced technical capabilities. The report provides a comprehensive roadmap for implementing this dual-track approach through coordinated action from governments, educational institutions, industry partners, and development organizations to ensure SSA can participate in and help shape the global digital economy.
ROBOTS, AI, AND PLATFORMS
Changing Jobs in East Asia and Pacific
By the World Bank
New technologies—robots, artificial intelligence (AI), and digital platforms—are affecting the relationship between growth and jobs by creating new tasks, enhancing labor productivity, and displacing workers. Productivity gains from automation helped create jobs for skilled workers in nonroutine manual and cognitive tasks in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. However, robots have displaced lowskilled formal workers engaging in routine manual work. The share of workers potentially exposed to AI is even larger than the share exposed to robots, even though East Asian countries employ fewer people in cognitive task occupations than do advanced countries.
Digital platforms are encouraging participation in the labor force of marginalized populations but also are inducing some formal sector workers to embrace a new digital informality. While the evolution of technology is hard to predict, the region must equip its people with deeper technical, digital, and soft skills that complement the new technologies; facilitate capital mobility and worker mobility across sectors, occupations, and space; remove factor price distortions that could lead to excessive automation; and encourage social insurance for workers in the new digital informal economy.
GREEN TECHNOLOGIES
Decarbonizing Development in East Asia and the Pacific
By the World Bank
East Asia is helping the rest of the world decarbonize and encouraging the domestic adoption of renewables. However, there is an imbalance: even as the region’s innovation and investment significantly improve global access to green technologies, its own emissions continue to grow because of the reluctance to penalize carbon-intensive technologies. The disparity between domestic supply and demand also spills over into international trade, provoking measures that limit access to markets and technologies. Deeper reform of the region’s own policies may foster greater international cooperation on climate change, innovation, and trade in green goods.
EAST
FIRM FOUNDATIONS OF GROWTH
Productivity and Digital Technologies in East Asia and Pacific
By the World Bank
EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
April 2025. 130 pages.
Stock no. C212200
(ISBN: 978-1-4648-2200-1). US$43.95
In recent decades, economic growth in East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) surpassed that in most other emerging market and developing economies, but this growth has been driven primarily by capital accumulation rather than increases in productivity. Firms are the protagonists of productivity growth. Some of the less productive firms in EAP countries are beginning to catch up with the more productive ones. However, the most productive firms in the region are not taking full advantage of new technologies and are unable to achieve the productivity growth of leading global firms.
In digital manufacturing sectors such as electronics, between 2005 and 2015 the productivity of the top 5 percent of firms globally increased 2.5 times faster than the top firms in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam. Both incentives and capacity are a problem. Incentives for firms to compete and innovate have been diluted by explicit protection in services and implicit protection in goods. The capacity to manage and innovate has been undermined by the inadequacy of skills. Using industrial policies to improve incentives and capacity is constrained by limited fiscal resources and institutional capability. Instead, bold policy action to unleash competition, improve infrastructure, and reform education could revitalize the region’s economy.
SERVICES UNBOUND
Digital Technologies and Policy Reform in East Asia and Pacific
By
the World Bank
EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
December 2024. 172 pages.
Stock no. C212082
(ISBN: 978-1-4648-2082-3). US$43.95
Services are a new force for innovation, trade, and growth in East Asia and the Pacific. The dramatic diffusion of digital technologies and partial policy reforms in services— from finance, communication, and transport to retail, health, and education—are transforming these economies. The result is higher productivity and changing jobs in the services sector, as well as in the manufacturing sectors that use these services.
A region that has thrived through openness to trade and investment in manufacturing still maintains innovation-inhibiting barriers to entry and competition in key services sectors. Services Unbound: Digital Technologies and Policy Reform in East Asia and Pacific makes the case for deeper domestic reforms and greater international cooperation to unleash a virtuous cycle of increased economic opportunity and enhanced human capacity that would power development in the region.
DATA FOR BETTER GOVERNANCE
Building Government Analytics Ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean
By Juan Francisco Santini, Flavia Sacco Capurro, Daniel Rogger, Timothy Lundy, Galileu Kim, Jorge de León Miranda, Serena Cocciolo, and Chiara Casanova
Governments in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region face significant developmental and institutional challenges, such as slowing growth, fiscal constraints, and inefficiencies in the public sector. At the same time, governments have invested significantly in government technologies (GovTech), making LAC a global pioneer in management information systems (MISs). This creates an opportunity for governments to leverage MIS data to strengthen the functioning of government and achieve development goals—that is, government analytics.
This report provides a conceptual framework to assess and provide guidance on the regional government analytics agenda and how to harvest the benefits of GovTech investments. First, it examines how government analytics can inform policy making and improve accountability and efficiency, drawing on survey data and successful applications of government analytics. Next, it considers the enabling conditions for government analytics, data infrastructure and analytical capabilities, and how to strengthen them. Finally, it provides practical guidance on how to holistically develop a government analytics agenda.
COMPETITION AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
By Ekaterina Vostroknutova, James Sampi, Charl Joost, and Jorge Thompson Araujo
Competition is central to economic growth, but empirical evidence on how competition affects productivity in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region is limited. This study fills this gap with state-of-the-art empirical research. It draws on firm surveys in the formal sector and domestic competition enforcement datasets in Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay. It also presents new methodologies to measure the impact of competition on productivity through the enforcement of competition laws and import competition in the manufacturing, services, and information and communication technology sectors.
Enforcing domestic competition increases firm productivity in the affected markets and the value chains in Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay, while removing local barriers to entry increases firm productivity in Peru. When looking at trade, only a fraction of Chile’s most productive firms can respond to a sharp increase in imports from China by increasing productivity or innovation efforts, highlighting the need for complementary policies during trade liberalization. Ensuring market contestability is particularly important to enable firms to weather such shocks and create more productive markets. However, complementary policies are also necessary to increase the effectiveness of competition: innovation policies, including strengthening of managerial capabilities, as well as policies that mitigate the impact of trade shocks through education and worker re-skilling programs.
THE WORLD BANK PRODUCTIVITY PROJECT SERIES
Launched in 2017 with The Innovation Paradox, the eight volumes in this series represent frontier thinking on the measurement and determinants of productivity for global policy makers.
UNLEASHING PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH FIRM FINANCING
By Tatiana Didier and Ana Paula Cusolito
Drawing from a newly constructed dataset of 2.5 million private firms, this report presents novel evidence about the productivity gains developing countries can obtain by removing financial distortions and fostering efficient and inclusive financial markets.
November 2024. 150 pages. Stock no. C211939 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1939-1). US$43.95
PLACE, PRODUCTIVITY, AND PROSPERITY: Revisiting Spatially Targeted Policies for Regional Development
By Arti Grover, Somik Lall, and William Maloney
This book develops a framework for thinking through spatially targeted policies and assessing their social value, while presenting new evidence on key empirical issues.
March 2022. 262 pages. Stock no. C211670 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1670-3). US$48.50
HARVESTING PROSPERITY: Technology and Productivity Growth in Agriculture
By Keith Fuglie, Madhur Gautam, Aparajita Goyal, and William F. Maloney
This book documents frontier knowledge on the drivers of agriculture productivity to derive pragmatic policy advice for governments and development partners on reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity.
November 2019. 268 pages. Stock no. C211393 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1393-1). US$49.95
PRODUCTIVITY REVISITED: Shifting Paradigms in Analysis and Policy
By Ana Paula Cusolito and William F. Maloney
Productivity Revisited argues for an integrated approach to productivity analysis that incorporates both the need to reduce economic distortions and to generate the human capital capable of identifying the opportunities offered to follower countries and upgrade firm capabilities.
December 2018. 200 pages. Stock no. C211334 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1334-4). US$39.95
BRIDGING THE TECHNOLOGICAL DIVIDE: Technology Adoption by Firms in Developing Countries
By
Xavier Cirera, Diego Comin, and Marcio Cruz
Technology is a key driver of economic development. However, the extent to which firms adopt and use technologies and to what purpose is poorly understood. From a technological standpoint, firms largely remain black boxes. This report proposes a new approach to measure and understand the adoption and use of technologies by firms.
July 2022. 240 pages. Stock no. C211826 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1826-4). US$49.50
AT YOUR SERVICE? The Promise of Services-Led Development
By Gaurav Nayyar, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, and Elwyn Davies
Considering technological change and linkages between sectors while differentiating across types of services, this book assesses the scope of a services-driven development model and policy directions that maximize its potential.
October 2021. 312 pages. Stock no. C211671 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1671-0). US$48.50
HIGH-GROWTH FIRMS: Facts, Fiction, and Policy Options for Emerging Economies
By
Arti Grover Goswami, Denis Medvedev, and Ellen Olafsen
This volume presents new evidence on the incidence, characteristics, and drivers of high-growth firms in developing countries, focusing on the extraordinary abilities of these firms to create jobs and output, as well as the fragility of high-growth episodes and policy options to reinforce them.
February 2019. 190 pages. Stock no. C211368 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1368-9). US$45.00
THE INNOVATION PARADOX: DevelopingCountry Capabilities and the Unrealized Promise of Technological Catch-Up
By
Xavier Cirera and William F. Maloney
This book explores the “innovation paradox” in developing countries, revealing how weak firm capabilities and insufficient complementary investments limit the returns on innovation. Using new data, it highlights the need to shift policies from R&D-focused approaches to building firm managerial capabilities and strengthening National Innovation Systems to drive productivity growth.
October 2017. 214 pages. Stock no. C211160 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1160-9). US$39.95
WORLD BANK OPEN KNOWLEDGE REPOSITORY
openknowledge.worldbank.org
The World Bank is the largest single source of development knowledge. The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (OKR) has been the World Bank’s official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products since 2000. By providing free access to its books, reports, and knowledge products, the World Bank aims to foster innovation and support efforts to alleviate poverty globally.
The OKR contains more than 38,000 World Bank Group items and is continually updated with
Annual Reports and Independent Evaluation Studies
World Bank Publications, including flagship reports, serials, academic books, and practitioner volumes
World Bank Economic Review and World Bank Research Observer journal articles (after embargo)
Pre-prints, metadata, and links to World Bank–authored, externally published journal articles
Policy Research Working Papers—works in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues
Economic and Sector Work—analytical reports about a country’s economy and/or specific sector
Knowledge Notes capturing lessons learned from World Bank operations and research
Country Opinion Surveys providing feedback on World Bank Group activities
Translations for select titles, and more.
WORLD BANK PUBLICATIONS BESTSELLERS
Discover the best-selling publications from the World Bank over the past years, listed in no particular order.
WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2024 The Middle-Income Trap
The report identifies principles for growth to enable middleincome countries to transition to high-income countries, applying a framework that proposes how the forces of creation (from both entrants and incumbent firms), destruction (of outdated arrangements), and preservation (of existing norms and institutions) can be balanced to speed up progress.
WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT
October 2024. 272 pages. Stock no. C212078 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2078-6). US$54.95.
IMPACT EVALUATION IN PRACTICE, SECOND EDITION
By Paul J.
Gertler, Sebastian Martinez, Patrick Premand, Laura B. Rawlings, and Christel M. J. Vermeersch
The second edition of the Impact Evaluation in Practice handbook is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to impact evaluation for policy makers and development practitioners.
September 2016. 364 pages. Stock no. C210779 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-0779-4). US$45.00.
STRATEGIC INVESTMENT FOR HEALTH SYSTEM RESILIENCE
A Three-Layer Framework
Edited by Feng Zhao, Rialda Kovacevic, David Bishai, and Jeff Weintraub
As countries consider how they will invest in essential improvements to their defenses against future health threats, this book proposes a three-layer investment framework approach for the most effective use of their resources.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES
August 2024. 198 pages. Stock no. C212116 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2116-5). US$43.95.
ADVANCING CLOUD AND DATA INFRASTRUCTURE
MARKETS
Strategic Directions for Low- and MiddleIncome Countries
By Natalija Gelvanovska-Garcia, Vaiva Mačiulė, and Carlo Maria Rossotto
This report analyzes the transformative opportunities and challenges associated with developing robust cloud and data infrastructure markets in low- and middle-income economies.
SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
July 2024. 160 pages. Stock no. C212065 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2065-6). US$43.95.
GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS, JUNE 2024
Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group flagship report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies.
GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS
July 2024. 194 pages. Stock no. C212058 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2058-8). US$49.50.
CYBERSECURITY ECONOMICS FOR EMERGING MARKETS
By Estefania Vergara Cobos
As one of the pioneering works in this field, this book examines thousands of cyber incidents in the past decade, uncovering the threat landscape across nations and the economic and developmental ramifications. With an evidence-based approach, it offers actionable policy recommendations aimed to bring efficiency into cybersecurity approaches.
October 2024. 128 pages. Stock no. C212120 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2120-2). US$43.95.
WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2024
Women, Business and the Law (WBL) is a World Bank Group project measuring the laws and regulations that restrict women’s economic opportunity. WBL informs research and policy discussions about the state of women’s economic empowerment and emphasizes the work still to be done to ensure equality of opportunity for all.
WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW
April 2024. 178 pages. Stock no. C212063 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2063-2). US$43.95.
THE LABOR MARKET IMPACT OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT
Jobs in Host Communities in Colombia, Ethiopia, Jordan, and Uganda
By Jan von der Goltz, Kirsten Schuettler, Julie Bousquet, and Tewodros Aragie Kebede
When refugees arrive, host communities often worry what will happen to their jobs. While some may face losses, others find that new opportunities open up in host communities. This study looks at four developing countries to show who wins and who loses, how refugees and hosts interact, and what policies can support better jobs for both.
July 2024. 320 pages. Stock no. C212041 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2041-0). US$54.95.
THE PATH TO 5G IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
Planning Ahead for a Smooth Transition
This report surveys the technical capabilities of 5G and explores how it can help countries reach connectivity goals and broader development objectives by using 5G as a layer of connectivity alongside 4G and other modalities. It provides a guide for planning a policy and regulatory ecosystem to support infrastructure deployment and adoption.
SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
July 2024. 144 pages. Stock no. C211604 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1604-8). US$48.50.
THE BUSINESS OF THE STATE
Governments actively participate in commercial markets in different forms, from controlling the production of goods and services to investing in firms as a minority shareholder. This report uses new evidence to understand the impacts of these different ownership arrangements across sectors and institutional settings.
December 2023. 204 pages. Stock no. C211998 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1998-8). US$43.95.
DIGITAL OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICAN BUSINESSES
Edited by Marcio Cruz
The International Finance Corporation identifies how shortfalls in African firms’ adoption and use of digital technologies prevent them from realizing their full potential and how the private sector can help resolve the region’s “incomplete digitalization,” harnessing the investment opportunities it presents.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION RESEARCH SERIES
May 2024. 210 pages. Stock no. C212088
(ISBN: 978-1-4648-2088-5). US$43.95.
IMPACT EVALUATION IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Theory, Methods, and Practice
By Paul Glewwe and Petra Todd
This book provides a comprehensive exposition on how to conduct impact evaluations. It covers both randomized controlled trials and nonexperimental methods (such as difference-in-differences and matching methods) and also provides extensive practical advice for conducting impact evaluations.
March 2022. 422 pages. Stock no. C211497 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1497-6). US$59.95.
HANDBOOK ON IMPACT EVALUATION
Quantitative Methods and Practices
By Shahidur R. Khandker, Gayatri B. Koolwal, and Hussain A. Samad
Public programs are designed to reach certain goals and beneficiaries. Methods to understand whether such programs actually work, as well as the level and nature of impacts on intended beneficiaries, are main themes of this book.
October 2009. 260 pages. Stock no. C18028 (ISBN: 978-0-8213-8028-4). US$49.95.
TEN THOUSAND STEPS IN HER SHOES The Role of Public Transport in Women’s Economic Empowerment
By Muneeza Mehmood Alam and Lisa Bagnoli
This report illuminates public transport’s role in women’s access to economic opportunities in select MENA cities. It examines the links among mobility, gender, and access to economic opportunities, as well as provides evidence of gender differences in mobility patterns and travel behavior and the barriers and challenges women face.
MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT
July 2024. 112 pages. Stock no. C212091 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2091-5). US$43.95.
HANDBOOK ON POVERTY AND INEQUALITY
By Jonathan Haughton and Shahidur R. Khandker
For anyone wanting to learn, in practical terms, how to measure, describe, monitor, evaluate, and analyze poverty, this handbook is the place to start.
March 2009. 442 pages. Stock no. C17613 (ISBN: 978-0-8213-7613-3). US$39.95.
WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023
Migrants, Refugees, and Societies
How can cross-border mobility be managed in a manner that is beneficial to all? The World Development Report 2023 shifts from a narrow focus on labor markets for migrants and legal protection for refugees to a more holistic perspective—one that recognizes the humanity of migrants and the complexity of the societies of origin and destination.
WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT
July 2023. 344 pages. Stock no. C211941 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1941-4). US$49.50.
GREENING NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Trends, Lessons Learned, and Ways Forward
By Emma Dalhuijsen, Eva Gutierrez, Tatsiana Kliatskova, Rachel Mok, and Martijn Gert Jan Regelink
National Development Financial Institutions (NDFIs) are crucial in mobilizing investments for climate and environmental (C&E) objectives. NDFIs also must manage C&E-related financial risks. This report distills insights and guidance to provide recommendations for greening NDFIs.
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS
March 2024. 94 pages. Stock no. C212031 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-2031-1). US$41.95.
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