control groups in which causality could be established. Fourth, effects were disaggregated by sex or referred to gender–specific outcomes. Studies included in the analysis are papers published between 2013 and 2018 for interventions implemented between 2008 and 2016. This time frame was chosen to avoid duplication of reviews already covered in previous reports. The review covered 16 impact evaluation studies grouped in five thematic areas: (1) Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) and Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs), (2) Labor Intensive Public Works (LIPW), (3) Community Driven Development (CDD), (4) Agriculture, and (5) Information. v The 16 impact evaluation studies included 10 peer–reviewed journal articles, five working papers, and one white paper by the World Bank. vi The list of studies and a brief description of the intervention are provided in Annex 2. Outcomes reviewed are organized according to the four pillars of the World Bank’s Gender Strategy. These outcomes relate to: (1) improving human endowments—education, health; (2) removing constraints for more and better jobs—employment, entrepreneurship, wages; (3) removing barriers to women’s ownership and control of assets—physical assets and financial assets, and (4) enhancing voice and agency and engaging men and boys to change social norms about masculinity and femininity. Given the lack of data and rigorous evidence for South Sudan, the review of impact evaluations included a subset of fragile states or low–income countries that could be considered comparators for South Sudan. Two sources were used to identify a country’s fragility, namely the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) score of the International Development Association (IDA) and Fund for Peace’s Fragile State Index (FSI). Almost all included intervention countries are both fragile and low–income countries except for five lower middle–income countries (Côte d’Ivoire, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Kenya, and Cambodia). These countries were included in the review because of their high state fragility index. The inclusion of these lower middle–income countries was also deemed necessary given that most of the existing impact evaluations on Social Protection (SP) that clearly establish causality between interventions and outcomes with sex–disaggregated results and those on gender–based violence, in particular, are concentrated in Latin America. As a result, there is only a limited number of studies carried out elsewhere that meet the selection criteria of papers for this review. 3. Poverty and Vulnerability in South Sudan vii On July 9, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan became the world’s newest nation and Africa’s 55th country. Unfortunately, independence from Sudan did not translate into peace for her citizens. Renewed conflicts in December 2013 and July 2016 have worsened the humanitarian situation and dented the progress that South Sudan was making following its independence. According to the World Bank, the conflict is estimated to have led to nearly 400,000 deaths since 2013. More than 4.3 million people have been displaced internally and to neighboring countries. Hunger is at historically high levels. Almost 7 million people (60
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