Банковская система в переходный период by World Bank Russia

РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ

Банковская система в переходный период

Документ Всемирного банка Информационный центр в России

финансы и инвестиции

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Department Publications cie,AyeT o6pauaTLCS no aApecy Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, aApecy no HHH U.S.A. 20433, D.C. F, The World Bank, 1818 Street, N.W., Washington, Publications, The World Bank,, 66, avenue d'Idna, 75116 Paris, France. ISSN: 0253-2123 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lamdany, Ruben, 1954Russia: the banking system during transition. p. cm. - (A World Bank country study) "This report was prepared by Ruben Lamdany and it is based on the work of two World Bank missions." ISBN 0-8213-2754-2 1. Banks and banking-Russia (Federation) 2. Finance-Russia (Federation) 3. Post-communism-Russia (Federation) I. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. II. Title. III. Series. 1993 HG3130.2.A6L35 332.1'0947-dc2O

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tITO CnO)KHO npOBOAHTb

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1992 r.

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7 HCKa)KeHHe B MexaHH3Me nepeAaqH o6LSicHAeTcS, riiaBHbIM o6pa3oM, 3a,aTOsHbIM COCTOSHHeM (pHHaHCOBOfk CHCTeMB, a TaKxoe OCo6eHHOCTSxMH crpyKTypBI co6cTBeHHocm npexnpK3tTHKI.

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AeHexHo-Kpe,aHTHas IoJI0THKa UeHTpaJIbHoro 6aHKa Poccin

6aHK nPoBo0HT yqeTHy)o riomnTKy, KoTOPaS TeopeTwiecKH LeHTpajibHM6 IIo3BOnJ1eT 6aHKam 6paTm B3aAMbm CpeACTBa Ha onpegeeHH6EIX yCJIOBH3X. YqeTHas CTaBKa KpeAHToB UeHTpa&rHoro 6aHKa KOmmepYecKmm 6aHKaM B HIOHe 1992 r. 6LTIa nOBbMIeHa c 40 Ao 80 npoijeHToB, a B MapTe 1993 r. Ao 100 npoileHTOB. B yCJIOBsX HH4)JISW, cocrawmoMefi 6onee 1000 nIpoLeHToB, Hemm3S oxcHaTb, 1TO yieTHas cTaBKa B pa3Mepe 80-100 IIpOixeHTOB Mo)KeT IIPHBeCTH K pawioHHpoBaHH1O B HC11H0J3OBaiHH pecypcoB. Ha ilpaKTHIKe y-IeTHas no1JHHKa HCn1JTb3YeTCA riOTH HCKJUoqHTeJTbHO B KaqeCTBe KaHana peaRMarH nlporpaMMbI pacripexejieHAs iAeHTpaMU3OBaHHLIX KpeARToB.

3.2

B 1992 r. 1jeHTpaRLHmrIA 6aHK BbiIaTHj OKOjiO 2,8 TPH3IJ¶HOHa py6nek B BHAe iAeHTpaAH3OBaHHbIx iejieBLIx KpeAHToB, ITO cocTaBno 60Onee 95 npo0LeHTOB o6uwero o6feMa KpegHTOB, ripexocTaBneHHbIx KoMMmepYeCKHM 6aHKaM, H 6onee IIOJIOBHHbI BceH

3.3

B paMKax 9THX ripOrpaMM 3aeMUlHKH UeHTpaJTHHbIM 6aHKoM C nIpaBrTemTrCTBOM, KpeAIHTOBaHHSI o6romapHBanm o6seM H yCJIoBHA H MecTHbIMH BnacTIMm. B iXenoM 6aHKu urpainu HcKJuO'TejbHo rIacCHBHY0 poJM 1POBOAHHKa 4HHaHCoBBIx pecypCoB. Ta6mnxa 3.1 OMKa3bIBaeT, qTo no0IqT Bce 4)HHaHCOBbIe pecypcwI 6bIH npeAocraBneHbI B paMKaX qeTmipex riporpaMM: ceJIbcKoe X03SdUCTB0 (46 (18 npogeHTOB), TonJIHBHo-3HepreTH'ecKCfK 1ipo0LeHTOB), IIpoMb11ljieHHbIe npeAnpHrrHs 6 ceKTop (14 IpoijeHToB) HI TeppHTOPHI KpakHero ceBepa ( 1 nIpogeHToB) . H porpamma AiLA cenBcKoro X03AACTBa 6uIna HanpaBjeHa Ha BHU>I gereJIHOCTH, B CaMOM IHPOKOM CMbICne CBI3aHHbie C CeJThCKHM X03SACTBOM, H BKJIO'lana ieJmlIk Ha6op HHCTpyMeHTOB OT 3aOiMOB, npeXocTaBneHHBIx KpeAHTOB 4)epMepaM H 3arOTOBHTejiBHbIM opramH3aiuM AeHeXKHO

Crossing

MKCnIaHCHH 3a yKa3aHHIA riepRoA.

OIICaHHe 3BOJIIOLWH 6aHK0BCK0A CHCTeMbi c 1987 r. nlpHBOATCI B: Russian Economic Reform: the Threshold of Structural Change, BceMHpHpni 6aHK, 1992 r, cTp. 106, BCTaBKa 7-1.

araKTOpbI, OKa3MIBaioUxHe BJNHSHHe Ha daHKOBCKYIO CHCTeMy, flOAO6HO paCCMOTpeHbI B F X,pyre rnaBe 4. OpraHK3aAKu H CDyHKIHOHHpOBaHKe IOHTpaJmbHOro 6aHKa, OrIHCaHLI B pSAe AOKJaaOB, HeAaBHO BbIflyUqeHHbix MexcAyHapoAHbim BanIOTHbYM C4OHAOM. 5.

AaHHbLi pa3.en OcHoBaH Ha H3AaHHH "Explicit and Implicit Subsidies and Financial Transfers

to Enertprises: a Strategy for Downsizing and Reform", MexyHapoAHbIM BIioTHLiM 4COHAOM B MapTe 1993 r.

BbmlyueHHoM

BceMHpHBIM 6aHKoM H

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3.4

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Ta6nrHna 3.1 rIporpaMMII6ieneBoro KpegHToBaHHs, 1992

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3.9

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3.11

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3.12

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3.16

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3.18

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3.19

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O,HOBpeMeHHO C noraueHi4em OCHOBHOu CyMMbI Kpe,HTa. KpoMe 3Toro, 6aHiM AOnicM Tpe6oBaTb BbInnaTbI 6onee teM 25 npOgeHTOB AJI KOMneHCai.H H3RepxKeK B CBI3H C Heo6XoAHMoCTbiO noAepxaHHA pe3epBHbIX Tpe6OBaHH Ha YPOBHe 20 npoIXeHToB, nlpH TOM xITO Ha peepBHbIe cpeACTBa npoieHTbI He HaqHcUOTCS. Mapxa AOnIKHa TaK)Ke KOMIneHCHpOBaTh 6aHKaM onepaguOHHbIe H3AepxKH H KpeA;THIie pHCKH. TaKxm o6pa3OM, mapxca B pa3mepe OKOjIO 50 npolyeHTOB no KpeAHTaM C HH3KHM YPOBHeM pHcKa He TOJTKO

He ABImeTCs,

KaK yTBepXKAaIoT HeKOTOpLIe, xipe3MepHO BbICOKOU, a Hao6opoT, MoxKeT

C'HTaThCS OTHOCHTenbHO HH3KOU.

H13 Ta6lHiXibI 3.3 MOX(HO yBHAeTb, qTO TeMIrhI pOCTa aKTHBOB H CCYA 3HawHTeJTlHO 3.21 pa3flHtiaIHcb no 20 KpynHerLuHM 6aHKaM. AKTHBbI 6aHKOB, 3a HcKmUO'eHHeM ABYX H3 HHX, pocJIH 6bIcTpee tem o6feMbI ccyA, npeAocTaBJiseeMbIx Mm. HHTepecHo OTMeTHm, wrO HaH6oJIee 6MbCTpbIU POCT aKTHBOB Ha6mfoajiCA B TeX 6aHKax, KOTOpbIe HMeIH HH3KMA Ko0cfrjEHimeHT oTHoiueHHH CCyA K aKTHBaM. B 6oJM0MHCTBe ciyqaea 9TOT HH3KHA Koq4)(DHLIeHT CBI3aH C BeAeHHeM

6aHKoM BaJIIoTHLIbx cqeTOB, CTOHMOCTb KOTOpbIX B

py6neeoM BbIpaKeHHH yBeJIH'HjiacCb BCjieACTBHe o6ecgeHHBaHEA py6JIS. 3Ta B3aHMoCBAS3b oco6eHHo oteBHAHa Ha IpiMmepe TOKO6aHKa, KpeAo6aHKa H 14HKoM6aHKa, KOTOpLIe, KaK H3BecTHo, BeAYT KPYnHbIe orIepaLHH C HHOCTpEHHOA BamoToH. HeyAIBWMeJBHo, 'TO CYMMbl

Henorauemwix ccy, pOCJIH ropa3,o 6LIcTpee B TeX 6aHKax, KOTOpme CyIKHjIH KaHanaMH

pacnpeAeneHHA cpeAcTBrno nporpammam rleneBoro KpeAfHTOBaHHA: 9TOT pOCT COCTaBHJI 6onee 7 000 npoUeHTOB B 9neKTpo6aHKe H 6onee 1 000 npoixeHToB B Poccen6xo36aHKe H rIpoMcTpoH6aHKe.

3.22

ESOJILMHHCTBO 6aHKOB BJIOXHJIH qaCTb CBOHX aKTHBOB B HeBHxKHMocTb, aKEH

npeAInpHIsHTNN H Aaxce B C03gaHHe BayqepHaix HHBeCTHLWOHHMIX (DOHJOB. MHorHe 6aHKH

HCnJOJT,b3ylT 43HHaHCOBbIH ZieBepaxK AJ HHBecTHIrH, 4DHHaHCHpyZ HX H3 CpegCTB npH IOBepxHoCTHOM B3rnAIe Ha 6aa1aHcoBLIe oTqeTbI MHOriX 6aHKOB MO)KeT C03gaThCM BrieqaTjTeHHe, wTO 06%beMbi 9THX HHBeCTHIHfk riOKa eiixe o'eHb mami H COCTaBJALTOT OKOJIO 1 npoileHTa Bcex aKTHBOB, OAHaKO STH UH4)p6 MOryT OKa3aTbcA o6MaHtqHBBIMH H3-3a o6ujHX 6yXraJITepcKHx IIpo6nieM B 7epHOAM BbICOKONk HHC1RHISH. AenO3HTOB.

3.23

(Di)HaHcHpOBaHHe KaIIHTaJIOBJIoxeHHA H3 cpeArCT AenIO3HTOB AIBJiSeTCA oqeHb

pHCKOBaHHOH

IIpaKTHKOH H, KaK iipaBHJIO, He pa3peiiiaeTCsi

B ApyrHx cTpaHax. B

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CHICTeMa PoccHH 6bITm CMOAe3iHpOBaHa KaK yHHBepcanibHas, no npHmepy FepMaHH4, HJI ee HyJKHo pa3genNHTb Ha ABe acTH - CHCTeMy KOMMeptieCKHX H CHcTeMy HHBecTHNHoHHbIx 6aHKOB, KaK B COeAHHeHHIIX HTaTaX. rpe3ox)KeHHA no STOMY BOIIpOCy paCCMaTPHBaEOTCA B pa3Aene UIraBbI 5, rOCBsUeHHOM Bonpocam perynHpOBaHHI.

3.24

IloqeMy xe cTaBKH HO geno3HTaM H KpeAHTaM B peaBjTHOM BbIpaxceHH HMeEOT BbICOKoe oTpHuaTeSIbHoe 3HaqeHHe, ecniH 6aHKH MOryT CBO60AHO HX nOBLbmaTb? HHepIs - HH43JIsOHHMe OxcHAamS, OTCTaEOuHe OT peaBjHLIX TeMnOB mHHJIJ, 'qTO O3HaqaeT, w*o npoieHTHbIe CTaBKH, ycTaHaBnHBaeMbie 3apaHee, IIpH oaRTHeeCKoR Oi.eHKe OKa3]IBaXOTCAI HHxe ypOBHA[ HH43JIIHH -- H AeHeKHexbIe m o3HH (HenpaBHInLHas oUeHKa peaJbHOi CTOHMOCTH AeHer), T.e. ABJIeHHe, KorAa HeKOTOpLIe OixeHHBaEOT HOMHHaJTHY1O CTaBKY KaK oqeHb BBICOKYIO, He COOTHOC5[ ee C YPOBHeM HH4)MIIUIH - IBJEISOTCS YaCTH'1HbIM OTBeTOM Ha 9TOT BOnIpOC. Cyuyec¶ByeT eI.e p51 IIpHNHH, ro KOTOpbIM HH3KHe YIpOIeHTHbIe CTaBKH KaJKYTCM, B KaKOM-TO cMbIcJie, pbIHOtIHbIMH KJIHPHHrOBbImH CTaBKaMH. Bo-nepB6IX, CIpOC Ha KpeAHThI orpaHiqeH TeM, iTO HeMHOrie 3aeMu4KH MOryT rIpeAoCTaBHTb 3aJIoroBoe o6ecrieYeHHe HIiH HbIe rapaHTHH, KOTOpbIX Tpe6yiOT 6aHKN B CBSI3H C Mo6HJTH3aLHef Kpe,HTHbIX CpeACTB Ha pbIHKe, rqTOAeZaeT CHTyaHiuo C geHTpanN30BaHHbIMH KpeAHTaMH H KpeAHTaMH CBOHM aKxNOHepam COBepmeHHo UpOTHBOnOJIO)KHOfi. Bo-BTopbIx, ecnH 6aHKH nOBbIUaJOT npOlyeHTHbIe CTaBKH nO AeHO3HTaM, OHH AOJIHblI OAHOBpeMeHHO H no KpaiNHeii mepe IIPOIIOPLNOHaJHO yBenHmqwn CBOIO MapxKy. 9TO OTnyrHeT Yacm%HX ny'mx KJTeHTOB, OCTaBHB 6o0iee pHCKOBaHHbIe CCyxI>. HaKoHeil, 60oamrmHCTBO KOMnaHHf H 6aHKOB npeAno'ifTaioT HaripaBMLqT CBOH cpegcTBa H 9HeprNHO Ha io66HpoBaHHe IIpaBHTeJIbCTBa H ILeHTpanbHoro 6aHKa B ixeniix riojiy'eHsI AeiiieBbIX ienesBIx KpeAWTOB BMeCTo KOHKypeHUHH Ha OTKpbITOM pbIHKe 3a IIpHBJIe'eHHe 4NHaHCOBbIX KipeAHTHLIX cpeCTB. I1PHHUHU KIIaCCH4)HKaUSA

KommepqecKix 6aHKOB Poccim

3.25

B COOTBeTCTBHH C npeAraraembrm rpHHwrOM, 6aHKH noApas3enJLOTcS no ux OCHOBHbIM BDHIaM nesTejibHocTH. C y'eTOM Apyrx KpHTepHeB, HanpHMep,

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co6CTBeHHocm H xapaKTepa ynpaBEieHsI. KnaCCH4)HKamS cnyxcH opraHH3awioHHm HHcTpyMeHToM r¶pH aHanI3e AReSTenbHOCTH 6aHKOB H onpeAejieHne4 CTOSyTX nepeA HHMH npo6neM. Ha nparKTiKe MHorHe 6aHKH npoBoA3T onepaixHH, xapaKTepHLie A,A HecKojihKHx

18 onpeAejmeM]IX HHKe KaTerOpHM, H CO BPeMeHeM MOFYT MeHsTb xapaKTep CBOeiK OCHOBHOR HanpHMep, K3 "6aHKa-KaHana" mm "6aHKa-areHTa" 6aHK MOx(eT gesITejTbHOCTi. Mepe TOrO, KaK Iio 6aHK" xOpOmHfi AHBepcH,HIgHpyeTCs3 cocTaB ero aKlWOHepOB H ycjioxceTC xapaicep ero ynpafBeHHL nipeBPamm6CA

3.26

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6e3yCnoBHo nIpeACTaBIASOT co6oh caMbIe 3HaqHTemJIHbIe "6aHKH-KaHanbi". KaK npaBHJO, rocy apCTBeHHbie rpeAipHSTSA HMeIOT B

9THX 6aHKaX 60J6MfyIO AOfl1O aKNi., qem B

"6aHKax-areHTax".

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qeM APYrHMH 6aHKaMH. B CTpaHax C pbIHOqHOfI 9KOHOMHKON (DHHaHCOBbIe OTAeJTh THNi OCyIgeCTBJIAIOT MHOrHe H3 ycjiyr, KOTOpbIe B HaCTOAIIXee BpeMA B PoccHH HpeAnpJII 3aKpeHJLIiOTCS 3a 6aHKaMH-areHTaMH. Hx aKuKOHepmI, BKna3AHKH H 3aeMMHKH--3aYaCTyMO OAHH H Te )Ke IiHia, WTO B MeHbLiei mepe xapaKTepHO AIn 6aHKOB ApyrHx THNIOB. KpoMe Toro, ileJiH ynpaBJIAIOIIHX H aKUHOHepOB B 6aHKax 9TOrO THna TeCHO B3aHMOCBI3aHbI. B HaCTOAXIiee BpeMX 60JILbIHHCTBO pOCCHKCKHX 6aHKOB BbirOMIASOT tacTHqHo pojm 6aHKoB-

areHTOB, XOT51 6aHKH, BbIIOjiHAiouHe HCKnIOqirTeJThHO pOnib areHTOB, KaK rIpaBHJO, OqeHL MaIibI no pa3Mepy.

"3apo=aiowUecs "XOPOIffHe" 6amH". B POCCmH yxce cefWac cyIeCTByeT rpyrma 3.29 20-30 BeAyIUIHX KOMMepqeCKHX 6aHKOB, pa3BHBaiOIAHXCA B "IIpaBHJTbHOM" HaIIpaBjieHHH H, iio BceH BH=HMOCTH, npeBpaWaIoIHxCs B HaCTOSiie 6aHKOBCKIFe ytpeXAeHHs. TI4HCIO TaKHx 6aHKOB pacTeT no mepe TOrO, KaK peOpraHH3yIOTCA 6aHKH, OTHOCAuHeCSA K ApyrHm

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3.30

OAHHM H3 OCHOBHbIX

PYKOBOACTBY rpOBOHT6 IOJIHTHIKy, He

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OKynaioT

aKIUHH; TaKIHe 6aHKIH, KaK ipaBHJIO, pa3BHBaEOTCS 6bIcTpee. Euye OAHHM 4aKTopoM. CTHMyJIHpytOiuHM pa3BHTHe "xopoiniero" 6aHKa, IBJIAIOTCA CBSI3H C 3apy6excHBIMH 6aHKaMH wepe3 BHeIIHeTOproBbIe onIepanHH, ynpaBneHHe CqeTaMH B HHOCTpaHHOfI BamoTe mm Iepe3 rPSiMbIe HHBecTHiHH. 9TOT ripoLecc HAeT 6bICTpbIMH TeMfiaMH B pgge 6aHKOB MOCKBbI H CaHKT-rleTep6ypra. 3.31

PYKOBOAJCTBO 6aHKOB 3TOH rpyniibi OTHOCHTeJbHO He3aBHCHMO OT npeinpHArTHaKUHOHepoB, H, KaK npasBHjo, o6iaXAaeT 6o0iee BbICOKOH KBaH4HKagHeA, qem PYKOBOAHTeJiH 6aHKoB-KaHanoB. YKa3aHHLIe 6aHKH rpeAoCTaBJIAIOT KpeHI CBOHM KJiHeHTaM H aK[HOHepaM, TOJIbKO 6y,gytH yBepeHHbIMH B HX ioraIIIeHMH; CPOKH 3aHMOB, KaK npaBHjio, B MeHbIIIei CTeneHHH eM B gApyrHx 6aHKaX 3aBHCqT OT TOrO, SBJISeTCS 3aeMTEIHK JIH aKuHOHepOM 6aHKa. iOJIbIIIHHCTBO 3aHMoBB, rpeAOCTaBJIAeMbIX 3THMH 6aHKaMH, o6ecne'{HBaIoTcS 3anoraMH, rapaHTHeH TpeTbHX JiHI HJIH cTpaxyeTCs. 3HaqHTeJIbHaA xTaCTb KpegHTOB HanpaBJIgeTCA qaCTHMIM KOMMepqeCKHM CTpyKTypaM H aKuHOHepHbIM KOMnaHHAM, KOTOpbIe fuH6o y)Ke SABJIOTCA 'aCTHbiMH npeAripHATHKMH, JIH60 HaXO,ITCAI B npoiecce ITpHBaTH3auHH.

3.32

Pg "XOpOIIHX" 6aHKOB OCyigeCTBJISeT onepaIL1HH C KpeAHTHbIMH KapToqKamH H HMeeT AOCTyII K BaJI1OTHbIM onepauHAm qepe3 ceTb CBWDT. BOJIbmHHCTBO H3 HHX HMeEOT KOppeCIOHAeHTcKHe OTHOLCeHHA C HpeCTHKHbIMH 3apy6eXCHE IMR 6aHKaMH. HeKoTopbie yMCe ABJIBSOTCS IIapTHepaMH 3apy6exKHbIX 6aHKOB, a eule 6ombinee 'mcno 6aHKOB CTpeMHTCA1 K 9TOMy. MHorHe 6aHKH CO3AanH accoImayum, B KOTOpbIe BXOAST HeCKOJIbKO yqpexKIeHH1I, COBMeCTHO BLICTyIIEOTNHX B HX onepaiHsx. Co BpeMeHeM H fpH

YCJIOBHH HaJIHAHS npOAyMaHHbrX CTHMYJIOB B TaKHX accoiyzagMAx MOryT HMeTb CJIHASH4A, qTO rIpeBpaTIT HX B enye 6onee KpYIIHbIe 6aHKH.

MecTo

TpH KpynHeIiiix cneUWanH3HPOBsaHHbIx 6aHKca 3.33

TpemsI KpyflHefIIHMH ciiegHanH36pOBaHHbIMH 6aHKaMH ABJIAIOTCA C6ep6aHK (c6eperaTenbHbhI 6aHK), PocceirbXO36aHK (CeJIm6CKOXO3A4CTBeHHbii 6aHK) H

*IPOMCTpOH6aHK (npoMbTiuIneHHo-CTpOHTenbHbIi 6aHK). B HX Ha3BaHHAX OTpaxKeHa HX cneUJHaJIH3aIUHAs B YCJIOBHIX 6bIBIIero COBeTCKOrO CTpOA. B HacToAruee BpeMS 9TH TPH 6aHKa

ABJIAHOTCA

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yHBepcanbHbie6aHKH. OAHaKO, HX AeATen HOCTh no-npex HeMyqeTKO criegHaLj

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B CHJIY HX CpaBHHTeJIbHHMIX 11peHMyIeCTB B iinaHe KBaJiH4N KaixHH H HHCIpaCTpyKTypbI, a TaKX(e BcJIegCTBHe Toro, qTO OHH npogojDKaiOT BbICTyIaTb KaK HHCTpymeHTbI rOCyAapCTBeHHOH IIOJIHTHKH B COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHX OTpaCJIAX H BHaaX AeMTeJIBHOCTH.

3.34

Hcxe paccMaTpHBalOTCs CTPYKTypa H OCHOBHbIe BHAgb1 AeSiTeJIbHOCTH KaxcAoro H3 9THX 6aHKoB; OHH TaK)Ke OTpa8eHbI B o6iueM BHAe B Ta6JrnHie 3.5. PeKOMeHgaiNHH AoKiiaAa B OTHOiiieHHH C6ep6aHKa H flpOMCTpof6aHKa H3JIO)KeHbI B L'naBe 4, a B OTHOLIeHHH PocceJnbXO36aHKa -- B pa3gene rJIaBI 6, IIOCBAigeHHOM KpeAHTOBaHHIO ceJThcKoro XO3AIfiCTBa.

20 C6ep6aHK. C6ep6aHK ABJIAeTCM HaH6oJIee AHHaMHtqHbIM H3 3THX Tpex 6aHRoB. TpaAHTEHOHHOe OTJIHgHe C6ep6aHKa OT BCeX OCTa8.bHbIX 6aHKOBCuX yqpexpAeHlHA KOTOPLIe COCTOAJIO B TOM, qTO OH rIPHBjieKaJI BKJaIbI AOMaIIHHX XO3XACTB (HaceieHms),

3.35

aBToMaTHIqeCKH

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eTa. B nocjiexuHHe ABa rogra npaBHTeJ3hCTBo nIpeXocTaBHJO rocyXrapCTBeHHoro 6iox0 rlpaBneHHIO C6ep6aHKa 60obIIIyEO He3aBHCHMOCTb H pa3penmJIo emy pa3BHBaTL CBOIO B rqpyrHx o6nacTqx. C6ep6aHK 6EIcTpo paCIuIHMpeT TaKHe HOBmIe RA ce6s

AeATenbHOCTb a TaKxce BHAbI e3rreJmbHOCTH, KaK KpeXHTOBaHHe npegripHqTHH H XOMaIIHHX XO3AfICTB, nIpHBneqeHHe ,genO3HTOB nPeXnPHATHH. OH COgeHCTBOBaJI CO3gaHH1O MeXC6aHKOBCKOrO PbIHKa, Ha KOTOPOM BbICTyIaeT cefqac B KaqecrBe OCHOBHOrO KPe=TOPa. C6ep6aHR ero HacsHTbIBaeT 6onee 100 TbIC. aKUi4OHePOB, B OCHOBHOM CBOHX COTPYXRHHKOB, O,HaKO aKiUOHepOM aKuHH elue He HMCeOT XOxgeHRA Ha Pb6HKe UeHHbIx 6yMar. KpynHeflunim KOTOpOrO C6ep6aHKa SiBnDeTCA UeHTpajTbHblIi 6aHK, npegcegaTemeb npaBjieHHA OAHOBpeMeHHO ABJisMeTCS npegcexaTeeiem npaBjieHH C6ep6aHKa. C6ep6aHK nPaKTHieCKKH OCTaeTCA MOHOHOiJICTOM B iipHBjieqeHHH py66eBLIX BKJI8aOB XOMamIHHX XO3XACTB, Ha ero cqeTax xpaHHTCA 6onee 90 npoqeHToBc6epexceHKif, BCe 6aHKH HMeIOT npaBo COCTaBjiAuoiMHX 570 Mjipg. py6. XOTX B HaCTOSLAee BPeMq nIO3WSH OTKPbIBaTb cqeTa c6epexceHHf XOMaIlIHHX XO3XHCTB, C6ep6aHK coxpaHUI CBOH

3.36

no CneJyiOLuHM npHqHHaM: *

Ero ceTb, HactHTbIBaioigaA

6onee

40 TbIC. CHjHiHaJIOB

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90 rIpOUeHTOB 6aHKOBCKEHX yqpexc)eHHfl B POCCHE, B Pe3YnbTaTe qerO Ha 6OJbiUIeh YaCTH TePPHTOpHH CTPaHbI H B ropOxOB C6ep6aHK IBSieTcS KpynHbIX pafUOHOB 60JIbILUHHCTBe COCTaBjiMeT 6oiee

e1HHCTBeHHbIM 6aHKOM.

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6aHKOM,

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C6ep6aHK npewnaraeT iejbIh pixg ycnyr, KOTOpbIe He npeAocTaBwsnocsA gpyrHMH 6aHKaMH, BKmIO'aA nepeBog ninaTexcef 3a KOMMyHajTHbIe ycnyrH, ynIiaTY HanorOB H BbInnIiaTy neHCHf4. paBHTemJTbCTBO KOMI8eHCHpyeT IIIHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHO MHeHHe, 'TO BKnagq'HKaM C6ep6aHKa HX o6eCileHeHHbIe B pe3yjibTaTe RHH4JM1mH BKJIagbI, nOCKOJITKy nOAo6HOe meponpwxme yxKe HMe3iO MeCTO B npo0n1oM.

21 Ta6nuuia 3.5 KPvnHef4iuIHe cieuHajIH3HpOBaHHbie 6aHKH

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3.41

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3.43

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3.45

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3.47

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4.4

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4.5

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4.6

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4.7

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4.10

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6aHKH, XOTA CyLueCTBYIOT H aK1uKOHepHbIe 6aHKM, npmUeM B HeKOTOpEIX H3 HMX rocyAlapCTBo He pacnojliaraeT KOHTpOflbHbIM naKeTOM aKLHMi. nlepeCTpOiKa AeSTe3BHOCTH 6aHKOB npOBOAMTCS nO3TanHO, U npaBMTeJILCTBO npeArnonaraeT Co BpMeeHeM COKPaTHTb cBoe y'acTTe B HMX (CM. Competition and Efficiency in Hungarian

Banking, D.Vittas and C. Neal, The World Bank, WPS 1010, October 1992).

31 "o6BaJMHOH" MoXePHH3aLlHH 6aHKOBCKoro ceKTopa KpaTKO paCCMaTpHBaEOTCA B KOHLIe HacTosI11gef rJiaBbI.

4.15

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4.16

flporpaMMa BMC cTaBHT riepeg co6off *

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cieAyiouyse B3aHMoCBs3aHHbie 3aAaqH:

ripaKTHKY 10 CpaBHeHHIO C

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6aHKOBCKO04 geATeJIhHOCTE4.

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13.

B TeOeHHe npoiulioro ro,a B paMKax riporpaMMbI TeXHH'eCKoro coTpyJHmqecTBa BCeMMpHbLi 6aHK 3aHHMajicx pa3pa6oTKok nporpaMMEI BMC COBMOCTHO C UcHTpaAbHbM 6aHKOM H oco6CHHo ero MOCKOBCKHM oTAejieHHeM.

B cnexywoax pa3gxenax rpsHBO,HTCA nHDmetD unama nporpammw i IBMC, cocTosiierO H3 Tpex OCHOBHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB: Ha6opa HOpMaTHBHbIX Tpe6oBaHHiI, KOTOPbIM 1OJTxKeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb BMC, KOMIImeKCa npeHmyulecTB, KOTOpbie MOmrf 6b1I npHBne,q 6aHKI K BCTyrICeHHMO B CHCTeMy EMC, H KOMInieKca aAmHHHcrpaTHBHbIX Mep, KOTOPbIe cneiyeT npeAnpHHsAm rsi nPOBeAeHHS npOrpaMM]l. 4.17

HopMaTHBHbie Tpe6oBaHHS nporpaMMbl. HpexrnaraeMbIe cTaH,japTmi MoyT 6b1m

4.18

aimxx nAmBBegeHbI HeMeAJIeHHO J1160 OCyu1eCTBjieHbI IocrenIeHHO B TeqeHHe 6nft B mo6oM cjiyqae HOpMaTHBHbHe Tpe6oBaHHA AonaKHi 6bm o6xs[BJIeHbI C i gecsT neT. MOMeHTa BHeApeHHA ripOrpaMMbI, C TeM wo6bI 6aHKH 3HamI, KaK HM HeO6XOXUMO BCTryIIeHHA B CHCTeMy EMC. HanpHmep, B HaqaJIe BHeXpeHHA nepeCTpoHnCAi ARA151 nporpammhi cTaH,aPT lMC BoTHouieHHH nOKa3aTejiS COOTHOIIIeHSA yCTaBHOrO KanHTaiJa cTerIIeHH PHCKa Mor 6bi 6bm yCTaHOBJIeH Ha YPOBHe 8 K aKTHBaM HIO B3BeuieHHo npogeHToB. B anJTepHaTHBHOM BapHaHTe 3HaIeHHe [raHHoro Ko94)4)HieHTa AOJTKHO 6im TaK)Ke 06¶b[BjieHO C MOMeHTa BHeApeHHA ripOrpaMMbI, H 6aHKH, KOTOpbIe XOTXT 6Mm

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Ao 4, 6 H 8 npOIeHTOB K 1994, 1997 H 2000 nporpaMMbI B 1993 r.).

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4.19

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4.20

B 9TOf CBS3H BO3HHKaeT Boiipoc: rioqemy 6bI He BHeApIHT cTaHAapTmI EMC OAHOBpeMeHHO ARA Bcex 6aHKOB? TaKOil mar He npeAcTawBieTCS HH

rIO9TaIrHO, HO

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IBMC

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4.21 CnexywowuHe IIxBTh cTaHaaDToB MoryT 6brm npHHsATI AnI peocTaBneHH cTaTyca BMC. KaK rOBOPHJIOCb BbIIme, HeKOTOpbIe H3 9THX CTaHXaPTOB MOr3IH 6b1 6bItm BBegeHbl HeMeAJIeHHO H B nIOnHOM o6ieMe, iipeXWCMOTpeHHOM B ojiroCpo'HHOfH OIITHMaJHOH riepcrieKTHBe, HfiH MOryT BBOHTCSA IIO9TarIHo. B mo6oM cnyqae, Bce 6aHKH gOJKxHbI 6yxWT ripegnpHHASTm 3HaRTeJIbHbIe YCHJIM no geACTByiOUyHe COBepiUeHCTBOBaHHIO CBOeH geArTen6HOCTm C TeM, qTO6bI COOTBeTCTBOBaTh HOpMpTHBHMm Tpe6OBaHHAM BMC.

4.22

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4.24

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4.25

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14.

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4.28

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4.30

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4.31

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4.33

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4.36

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paCriojio)KeHHbIX B KpymIHLIX ropoAax, 6aHKaM meyHapoAHbix cTaHAaPTOB (EMC). 4.40

B cooTBeTcTBHH co BTOPbIM BapHaHTOM, C6eperaTem6HEIai 6aHK cocpeAOqNwTCA Ha IIpHBJIe'eHHH BKJIaAOB AOMauHUX X03XINCTB, BLMOJIHAIS pOJIb, CXOXCyIO C pOMIO CyLIeCTBybOuLHx BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX IIOqTOBLIX 6aHKoB. B AraHHOM BapHaHTe C6eperaTenLHOMy 6aHKy 6wbIo 6M 3anipeI1eHO npeAOCTaB 36KpeTHnI npeInpH5rrHM, H OH 6EIm 6b OrpaHH'IeH B pa3mepe ccyA, npeAocTaAemIe x gOMamHHM X03ANfcTBaM, H o6¶beMax KpegHTOB, npeAnaraeM]ix Ha MexC6aHKOBCKOM pbIHKe. HaripHmep, C6eperaTeumHOMy 6aHKy MO)CHO 6bIJx0 6bI pa3peIlUTbT npeAocTaBen KxpeAHThI Ha Mex(6aHKOBCKOM pLIHKe B o6'beMe, He npeBEbiiaioIEIem 10 IipOpeHTOB OT BKTaAOB, a ripH Kpe,HTOBBHHH HaCeCeHHS -- go 15 npOtXeHTOB, HO He 6ouiee 5 MHNTJOHOB py6neft

KaX(AOMY 3aeMUIlHKy, T.e. B npegenIax

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o4)OpMJIeHHS BBI6gaqH H o6cJyIXBaHnsI Kpe,HTOB. OcTaJIBHbIe BKJia,bI MorIH 6BI 6Bim HCIIOJIb3OBaHLI ANA nOKYrKH He o6pauaioUXHxcsA Ha PBIHKe rOcyXapCTBeHHbIx ueHHbix 6yMar c nepeMeHHoi npOLeHTHOI CTaBKOfl Ha HeCKOJTbKO nYHKTOB HHJKe yqeTHOI CTaBKH

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4.41

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4.42

rIepexo, K pbIHOqHOfi 3KOHOMHKe ynpa3HHfl OCHOBHbIe 4 NyHKWH rlpoMcTpof6aHKa. C yqeTOM BHyTpeHHefI WHHaMHKH 6aHKa MO)KHO npeHojIOxcHmT6, qTo IIpOMCTpof6aHK Mor 6bi cTaTm riperLATCTBHeM npH npOBeAeHHH npOrpaMMbI pe4)OpM. ro mepe OTKa3a OT rOCyxapCTBeHHorO KpeAHTOBaHHA, o6seM oHepagidHl IpOMcTpOf6aHKa pe3KO COKpaTHTCS. BbIcoKaA XOJiS KxpeAHTOB, nO KOTOpbIM He nOCTyHaTOT niIaTexuH CTaBOK, H npo,onxaioWaACA TeHAeHI,H o6oco6neHHu OTXejieHHfi rlpoMcTpofi6aHKa TaKwe oKaeKeT BJIHAHHe Ha coKpaugeHHe o6fteMa onepaIHfi 6aHKa.

npOgeHTHbIX

4.43 aKTHBHOA

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flpOMCTpoN6aHKa, HCnOJIb3y)l cJIeARyiowe MepbI:

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AIHHaMHtqHbIe 6aHKIH.

OT rIpOMCTpOf46aHKa TaKxce MO)KHO HOTpe6OBaTb paCCTaTbcA CO BCeMH aKTHBaMH (BKJIIOqaA HeABHwK4MOCTb), He BXOXRIWHMH B cdpepy ero OCHOBHON4 gesTenbHOCTH. BbIpy'Ka, rOjiyqeHHaS OT 3THX npOAaJK, He

AoJHa HCrIO3h3OBaThbCA Ha nrpeAocTaBjieHHe HOBBIX KpeAHTOB, a AoJDKHa 6bITb HarIpaBjieHa Ha riOKpbITHe AOjIrOB flpoMcTpoA6aHKa IInpaBHTeCTBY H IjeHTpam6HoMy 6aHKy Hnx ,ReIIOHHpOBaHa B KaKoM-31H60 ApyrOM 4,HHaHCOBOM yqpexceHHH KaK rapaHTmI *UeHTpajbHbIli

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Ha Mex6aHKoBCKOM pbIHKe, wTo6ii H36exKaTh KocBeHHoro

onepa1HH (PHHaHCHPOBaHHA PHCKOBaHHMiX KpeATOB IIpOMCTpOi6aHKa H3 CPeACTB BKJIaAOB AOMaUHHX X03AfICTB.

.4.44

BO3MO)KHO, wTO nocnie npOBexAeHHsI pa3yKpyuHeHH

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43HHaHCOBOfk CTpyKTypOf4. EcJIH We STorO He

npeAnaraemsie MepbI o6ecneqaT nocTeneHHoe coKpameHHe oriepaWdl

nPpoH3otAeT, AaHHoro 6AHKa, He BLI3LIBaS 3HaqHTeJIBHbIX He6JIaroIpHITHbIX HapymeHHH BO BCeII 6aHKOBCKOA

cHCTeMbI.

PA3BHThE bHHAHCOBOR HH4PACTPYKTYPbI

5.1

B HacTosAulei rniaBe paccMaTpHBaIOTCS HaH6onee BaxKHbIe pe4)opMbI cDHHaHCOBOf4 iaHHppacTpyKTypbI POCCH1H, Heo6xogHMbIe xIA Toro qTO6bI noxAepX(aTh pa3BHTHe npoqHofh H 934X4eKTHBHOf1 pbIHOqHOfi 4¢IHaHCOBOfl cHcTeMbI. DHHaHCOBaA HH4paCTpyKTypa BKJIIO,aeT B ce6s IIpaBOBbIe OCHOBbI, peryjJHPOBaHHe H yqeT, rocygapCTBeHHbIe HHCTHTyTbI, npogeCCcI H CHCTeMbI, B KOTOPbIX geHCTBYIOT (DHHaHCOBLIe yqpexKgeHHA. B gaHHofi rnaBe paCCMaTpHBalOTCA1 cie,gyioiiHe acneKTbI 4(HHaHCOBOH HH(bpaCTPYKTYPbI POCCHH: flpaBOBbIe OCHOBU6, pm3BHTHe 6yXra=TepCKorO yqeTa H aygHTa, o6ecneqeHHe 6aHKOBCKoro peryIHpoBaHHA H Ha,3opa 3a AeSTeJIbHOCTbIO 6aHKOB,

nOArOTOBKa

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5.2

rIpaBOBbIe OCHOBbI cyigeCTBOBaBIneH paHee 1ieHTpajiH3OBaHHOH nnjaHOBOA 3KOHOMHKH HCXOXHJIH, B OCHOBHOM, H3 agMHHHCTpaTHBHbIx, a He AoroBOPHLIX OTHOUleHHI4 H 3HaqHTenJbHO orpaHH1HBaJIH npaBo HMeTb qaCTHyIO C06CTBeHHOCTH H npaBo pacnopAxaTbcs ejo. EaHKOBCKaS H (DHHaHCOBaq CHCTeMa paccMaTPHBsaRaCb KaK HeoTbeM3ieMaS IaCTb rIIaHOBO1l 9KOHOMHKH H eCfCTBOBmaa IIOqTH xeJIHKOM Ha OCHOBe Heny6jiHKyeMbIx 3aKOHoAaTeTJIbHbIx aKTOB. HlOHSATHA pbIHOxHOHl 9KOHOMHKH 0 cBo6oxe

3aKJiio0eHHA KOHTpaKTa H o6MenpHHsTbIx nP1HHuHnax ripaBoBoro rocyxapcTBa 31H60 6bIJIH HeH3BecTHbI, jH6o OTBepraJInHcb.

5.3

3a nocjiexAHHe nojiTopa roxga nojioxKeHHe Haqanio MeHAThcA. BbInH cgenaHbi

rIOIrKH rIpOBeCTH B )KH3Hb 3aKoHbI, KoTopmIe (a) CpaBHHTeJThHO SCHbI H HcnojiHHMEI; (6) coAep.KaT OCHOBHbIe noioxKeHHJ AorOBOpHoro npaBa Ha 4pOHe Cepbe3HbIe

(cyugeCTBOBaHnA)

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HapymIeHHl

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5.4

KOHc3JIHKTOB, cBA3aHHbIX C rpOTHBOpeqHSIMH B 3aKOHoAaTejTbCTBax.

B peKOPAHO

KOPOTKHeCPOKH3aKOHOAaTeJIbHbIMHaKTaMH BePXOBHbIM COBeTOM H npe3HAeHTCKHMH yKa3aMH 6bIn npHHAT pXA 3aKOHOB: "3aKOH O 6aHKpOTCTBe" (geficTByeT

c 1 MapTa 1992 roxa), "3aKoH 0 BajiTOTHOM peryJIHpOBaHH4" (c 4 HOA6pA 1992 r), CyD.eCTBeHHbIe riOripaBKH B TPYXOBOM KogeKce (25 ceHTM6pM 1992 r.), a TaKKe 6onibloe yKa3OB H iIOCTaHOBjieHHfI nO pa3JIHqHbIM acTeKTaM, KaCa1OIHIHMCA

KOJIHtqeCTBO

17. HaH6onee BaxKHbIM 3JIeMeHToM 4rnHaHCOB091 HH4paCTPyKTyPbI SBjiAeTCA L]eHTpambhbiA 6aHK, C KBaaJIH4luIpOBaHHbIM nePCOHaJIOM H CpeACTBaMH, IIO3BOJIA1oU£MmH eMy 4)OpMyjiHpOBaTb C)HHaHCOByIO H perylixpyioUiy HOjINTHKy. OAHaKO 3TOT BOllPOC He paCCMaTPHBaeTCI B HaCTOXAgeM AOKjiaAe. EMY yejIZCeTCA BHMmaHHe B AoKxcaje "PoccHAcKax <DeAepawuX: yKpeniIieIHeH aHlaHJ3 MOHeTapHbIX onepaiwA ILeHTpaJIHOrO 6amnca. MB4, oipi6pb 1992 r.

44 HHTenJIJeKTyambHOI Co6CTBeHHOCTH, TpaCTOB, 3anoroBoro o6ecneqeHHA, aKiwoHePHbIX o6ieCTB, pa3JIHqHoro poga ToBapHiecTB, peryj1HpoBaHHA PbIHKa IXeHHbIx 6yMar, BOIIpOCOB He(¢TMHOH H ra3OBOH rpoMbITiJIeHHOCTH, 6yxranrepcKoro yqeTa, H 3eMeJhHOft pe4opMbi. no mepe KOHCTHTy1HOHHOI pe4OpMbI, HHOCTpaHHbIX HHBeCTH>Hi pa3BHTHS pbIHOqHOfI 9KOHOMHKIH MHOme H3 9THX 3aKOHOAaTenJbHbIX aKTOB noTpe6yIOT KOppeKTHpoBKH. ARA ocyUeCTBneHHM o6UHX npHHUHIOB, 3aJIO)KeHHbIX B pa3JIH4HUIX 3aKOHOgaTenjbHbIX aKTax, nOTpe6YIOTcs TaKxKe AonoJIHHTeJbHMie pernameHTHpyioii e 3aKOHOAaTeJIbHbIX BTOpOrO IIOKOJIeHH HOpMbI H npoiAeAypbI. rIOHago66HTCq C03gafHHl aKToB, BKJIIO'qaS npHHATHe Mmep no ciiegyioloHM BOnpocaM: rpHBaTH3aIIHH,

HenjiaTeicecnoco6HOCTb. 3aKOH B 3TOii o6JIaCTH y)Kxe cyieCTByeT, HO AR ero sqc1beKTHBHoro 4)yHK9HoHHPOBaHKs Heo6xogiHMo npIHHST iLenbifk Heo6xoAHMa pa3pa6oTKa PAA nO)A3aKOHHbIx aKTOB. B 'acTHocTH, nonO)KeHHH OTHOCHTenJbHO KPHTepHeB I1pH3HaHHIA rOCygapCTBeHHMIX HerJIaTexcecnOCo6HbIMH, pa3XjefleHHS OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, npeAnpAxT1HTH B3BeLueHHOrO 4HppM, rOCygapCTBeHHbIX y6bITKOB 4HHaHCOBbIX peryjiHpOBaHHs, HanpasneHHoro Ha o3,OPOBeHHS HenJiaTexKecnocO6HbIx npe,gnpHwTH,

H KpTepHHeB 6aHKPOTCTBa.

3aaiorax O 3aKOH CyIImeCTByIoIlHfI o6ecneqeHHe. 3anoroBoe o noIro)KeHHA qeTKHe OTCYTCTBYIOT HeM B MajiOc12eKTHBeH, nOCKOJIbKy IIpHOPHTeTHOCTH KpeAlHTOpOB. KpoMe TOrO, OH He npeXyCMaTpHBaeT geHTpann30saHHoro MexaHH3Ma perHCTpaiAHH 3anorOB a TaK)Ke npaBHJI B3bICKaHKS 3anora. *

3aKOHbI O Co6CTBeHHOCTH. OnpegaeneHHe npaBa C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha TOBapbI H HeMaTepHaJIbHbIe UeHHOCTH B iLejiOM yXOBfleTBOpHTejIbHO, HO HeO6XOXU4MO BHeCTH yTO'IHeHHe B 3aKOHOgaTeJIbCTBO 0 BjiageHHH 3eMjiefi. Be3 3HaqHTeJIbHbIX H3MeHeHHft B 9TOH o6naCTH 3aKOH 0 3aJIOrOBOM o6ecneqeHHH He MoKceT 6bITb ac141eKTHBHbIM, a 9TO nperI1MTCTByeT np4BjieteHHIO HHOCTpaHHbIX 14HBecTHL]Hf.

3aKOH o nipeHinSHTHI4X. PaCCMaTpHBaeTCq HOBbIU 3aKOH o6 aKyHOHepHbIX o6uieCTBax. OH XOJIKeH peLIHTb TaKHe BOIIPOCbI, KaK CO3AaHHe KOMMep,eCKHX npegrnpHsTHHt, onpegeiieHHe cTaTyca orpaHHFeHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, rpOUpeAyPbI BXOKgeHHA Ha PbIHOK H BbIXOXa C pbIHKa, CeHe)KHbie 3aMMbl, rIOKyrKa B paCCpOrKY H apeHAa. 3aKOH 0 pacqeTax H CHCTeMax pacqeTa. CpO'qHO Heo6xogHMa pecjopMa CHCTeMblI pacqeTOB, rIOBbIUIIeHHA C LtenbIO YCOBepuIfeHCTBOBaHHA 6e3OnaCHoCTH H HCHIOJIb3OBaHHA HOBOfI TeXHOJIOrHH. npHOpHTeTHOM 3agavefi 3geCb BJIASeTCS pa3pa6OTKa KOHiLeriLHH KOMMYHHKagHfi H OpraHH3aUHOHHOfl CTpyKTypbI. COBepiUeHCTBOBaHRe TexHoJIorH HMmeeT npAMOe OTHOuieHHe K 3aKOHY 0 9OKa3aTeJTbCTBeHHOM ripaBe, KOHTPaKTaX H ArPyrHx npaBax co6CTBeHHocTH. HOBaS TexHojiorHq nOTpe6yeT TaKxce

45 HPOBegReHHA ApyrHx Mep, HanpHMep, perJiaMeHTHpoBaHsA 3JIeKTpOHHOu CHCTeMbI riepeBOOB geHeXHblIX cpeXCTB. 3aKOHogaTeImCTBO 0 ueHHbIX 6vmarax. Heo6xoAHMa pa3pa6oTKa iioJIo)KeHHH, peryJIHpyIOUWX pbIHOK BbIiiyCKa H onepagHfZ c i4eHHbIMH 6yMaraMH, BKJIIOqaq yripaBJIeHHe HHBeCTHLIHOHHbIMH oriepaunmm. TaKoe 3aKOHOgaTeJIbCTBO yxce HaXOXAHTCS B CTa,XHH pa3pa6oTKH. OHO XROXKHO o6ecneqHT]6 nPaBOBYIO OCHOBY AJSI Co3)aHHS ynpaBJreHHA no TOproBJe ieHHbIMH 6yMaraMH, cIOHXOBbIX 6HPiK, (pIHpM, CHeIIHaJ1H3HPYIOIIHXCA Ha onepausAx C LieHHbIMH 6yMaraMH, HHBeCTHIHOHHbIX 4)OH,OB, COBMeCTHbIX 4)OHROB H gpyrHx (1HHaHCOBbIX yqpexKgeHHH. *OHROBbIe 6HPH. flporpamma npHBaTH3anH 3HatHTeNjbHO fpOXBxHeTCA Briepe;j, ecJii 6yXgeT YCOBepIeHCTBOBaHa CHCTeMa TOprOBjiH leHHbIMH 6yMaraMH. IlpoeKT 3aKOHa rio CO3XaHHIO H peryn pOBaHX41 AeATeJIbHOCTH q)OHXOBbIX 6Hpx yxe CyigeCTByeT, HO 3aKOH r1OKa He nPHHST. *

CTpaXOBaHHe. 3aKOHOgaTejmbHas 6a3a B o6JIaCTH CTpaXOBaHHS1 nOjrHOCThIO OTCyTCTByeT. Heo6xoxgHMo Co3gaaHHe peryJn4pypoiero opraHa H pa3pa6OTKa COOTBeTCTBy1OIIHX flOA3aKOHHbIX aKTOB HO CO3AaHmO qaCTHbIX CTpaXOBbIX 4HPM, "6JIaropa3yMHOMy" (npygeHga.]bHOMy) peryjTHpOBaHHIO, yx1aCTHIO HHOCTpaHHLIX CTpaXOBLIX KOMnaHHf H nepeCTpOfIKa CHCTeMbI COIHzambHoro o6ecneqeHHA.

5.5

COBepIIIeHCTBOBaHHe B BbIiueyKa3aHHbIX o6nIacTAx nOMOxceT C03gaTb lLHpOKylO pa3BHTHA pbIHOqHOH 6aHKOBCKOf CHcTeMbI. Heo6xoxmmi TaKxCe 6onee KOHKpeTHbIe nOJIO)KeHHA B o6JIaCTH 6aHKOBCKOrO H 4)HHaHCOBOrO HpaBa. rpeACTOHT pelUHTh P31) CTPYKTYPHbIX BOIlPOCOB, B 1aCTHOCTH, BOrIpOC O po0H H nOjmHOMoqHAX IleHTpaJThHOrO 6aHKa H ero B3aHMOOTHoIIeHHxx c rapJIaMeHToM, MHHHcTepCTBOM dFHHaHCOB H ,gpyrHMHOTpaCJIeBbIMH MHHHCTepCTBaMH H TaKHM o6pa3oM OnpegeZJHTb HX MeCTO H O6A3aHHOCTH B CHCTeMe Hag3opa 3a 6aHKOBCKOH gesrTejTbHOCTbIo, o6mme HanpasB3eHHA B pa3BHTHH 6aHKOBCKOH CHCTeMbI H, B qaCTHOCTH, onpegeneHHH xaparrepa H MaCIUTa6OB nOflHOMOqHfI H o6A3aHHocTef 6aHKOB.

3aKOHOgaTeJIbHY1O 6a3y AJx

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6aHmKOBCKOf CHCTeMbI. Heo6xogHMbI MexaHH3Mbl, o6nerqaioigHe npH3HaHHe H HCnOJIHeHHe

cyAe6HLIx pemeHHRf, TLeHTpanbHbIH opraH no perHcTpaiHH 3aJIoroB, a TaKxKe yqpexKAeHHA no iopHxIeC HCrIOJIHeHHIO 3ajioroB, c60py HajorOB H BbInoJIHeHHIO gpyrHx noAo6HbIx 4yiHKuH.

Heo6xoxHMo TaK)Ce CO3,AaHHe yqpeK;XeHHAs no npegoCTaBJIeHHIO KOHKpeTHLix

46 6aHKoBcKHx ycjiyr, HaripHMep, aHaJI3a cTaTHcTHIecKHx rioKa3aTeJieH AeMTeJMHoCTH ripeAipH4ATHf, CHCTeMbi XpaHeHSA AROKyMeHTaIJH rnpeIpH=slH, yqeTa HeiTorameHHbix HJH qeKOB, OgHOpa30BbIX iiIiaTexceH, ounH6oK B nIIaTexax, a TaycKe yTepSHHbIx rIOxHuleHHBIX qeKOB. ByxraJITepcKnil yMeT H ayAHTopcicas npoBepica BaHKH H ApyrHe (pHHaHCOBbie y"pexAeHH B POCCHH B HaCTo=ee BpemA H ayAi4a gefCTByI0T B YCJIOBHXX OTcyTCTBHs HagnexaLgeR CHCTeMLI 6yxranTepcKoro yteTa

5.7 H

HHCTPyMeHTOB

344eKTHBHOrO

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ynpaBjieHHA.

CHCTeMa

6yxrajTepCKoro yteTa B POCCHH HCTOpHgeCKH 6LijIa OpHeHTHpOBaHa Ha o6ecneReHHe IleHTPaJIH3OBaHHOrO KOHTPOJIS CO CTOpOHLI rocygapCTBa 3a HCIIOJTh3OBaHHeM peCypCoB ByxranTepcKHe KagpBI B OCHOBHOM 3aHHManIHCB CqeTOBOACTBOM, cjierio npeAnpHATrii. co6JnowaH MHoroqHcjieHHBIe HHCTPyKMHH H yXenSI Manjo BHHMaHHS npHHWnaM 6yxrajiTepcKoro yieTa. ByxranTepcKi4fi yteT Ha YPOBHe npenpHsrrHs

H 6aHKa Manjo

OTjIHaJICSA OT ytIeTa, OCyiueCTBjiSeMOrO B rOCygapCTBeHHbIX BegoMCTBax, H npeACTraBJ o3Haqana c060A Ha6op LieneBbIx q)OHAOB. 3KOHOMHYeCKaS H303SIgH POCCHH no cyn4ecTBy HHOCTpaHHofi OTCYTCTBHe HeO6XO9JHMOCTH 3aHHMaTBCSA fpo6JIeMaMH, CBI3aHHE IMH C HeHyX(HbIM. 6bIn1 yqeT ee BaJioTOfi. rIOCKOJITKY HH4fRAUM CtHTaJiacb HeCyaxeCTBy1OLgefi,

He 6hmlo qeTKO HaIiaJKeHHOH CHCTeMi6I nPOBepKH cqeTOB 6aHKOB H nPpe,rnpHATHH. BMecTo pa3 3TOrO ripeACTaBHTeJIH HaJIOrOBOf CJIy)K6bI IIpOBOXHJIH HHCIIeKLHOHHbIe peBH3HH OAHH B gBa roAga, KOHTpOJIHpYA JIHIfIb Co63loAeHHe npaBHJI H HHCTpyKtHM.

5.8

HeAocTaTKH CyigeCTByionef1 CHCTeMLI 6aHKOBcKoro yqeTa, y3KOe nIOHHMaHHe

OTCyTCTBHe CYTH 4)HHaHCOBLIX OTqeTOB, IIpHMHTHBHbIe MeTOIbI 6yxraJiTepCKoro yYeTa, 3HaqHTeJImHyio COOTBeTCTBYOI1efl CCTrMemI OTqeTHOCTH H KOHTPOJA nipeACTraB3SOT

OnaCHOCTb ARAX 43HHaHCOBOl CHCTeMmI. OCHOBHmIe HeAOCTaTKH cyMeCTByioIIef CHCTeMEI CBX3aHbI C TeM, YTO c1l4HaHCOBbIe oTYeTbI He AaEOT BKjiaAqHKaM, aKgHOHePaM TPeTbHM nm4iaM TORHOR KapTHHLI Ae1iTeJIbHOCTH 6aHKa, ero rIiaTe)Kecnoco6HocTH, UpH6bITMHoCTM 6aHKOB H JIHKBHXHOCTH H He MOryT CJIY)KHTh HaAeKXHbIM 9OKa3aTej3bCTBOM COOTBeTCTBHA

KPHTepHAM 6naropa3yMHoro Be,reHHM Aen. 5.9

rlPaBHTeJTbCTBO

ripH3Ha3iO

Ba)KHOCTb

COBepUIeHCTBOBaHHS

CHCTeMMI

(MeCTHmix) 6yxraJITepcKoro yYeTa H ayAHTa AxII HHOCTpaHHMIX H HaIMIOHaji6HIX BHyTpeHHeIk HHBeCTOPOB, KpeXHTHbIX yqpe)KXeHHfi, rOCyAapCTBeHHbIX BeAOMCTB H BCefl

yqeTa 4jHHaHCOBOH CHCTeMbI. IlepBbIM iiarom B HanpaBneHHH pe43OpMbI 6yxraJTepcKoro 6binio nplHTHe B geKa6pe 1991 r. HOBOrO rIojIO)KceHHA 0 npHHHnaX H CHCTeMaX 6yxraJiTepCKoro yqeTa, COOTBeTCTByiOlTTerO riiaHy CqeTOB. BBe,AeHHe HOBOfi CHCTeMbI 6yxranTePCKoro yqeTa B 6aHKax OCYlueCTBJLeTCA B qeTbIpe 9Taria: CyUeCTBYIOUlaA CHCTeMa IIPHBOXITCA B COOTBeTCTBHe C Meex1yHapo,iHof

IIpaKTHKOf4 C TOYKH 3peHHI o6i1Hx

pIHHUHrioB H oTpax(eHHA.

47 *

Pa3ocnaH6I HHCTpyKItHH, paTxcHmioawe nepBoHaqaimHLie niarH c tenfb1o IIpHBe,geHHA 4)HHaHCOBBIX OTqeTOB B COOTBeTCTBHe C HOBbIMH HOpMaMH K 31 eieKa6ps 1992.

Pa3pa6oTaH rpOeKT HOBOro nIIaHa CqeTOB H n1OgrOTOBneHMI ro[po6iHmIe meTOxH,>ecKHe yKa3aHsA, KOTOpEbIe nO3BOJRIT BBeCTH HOBOe Ino)oeHHe B CHJIY He nlO3,gHee 1 AHBapA 1994 r.

B TeqeHHe nocneiyiuoHx xByx--Tpex neT 6yAeT

InpoBegeHa KopeHHaA pe4popMa cHCTeMbI 6yxrajrTepcKoro yqeTa. 3aTparHuBa1OI1Was BOnPOCL 4)HHaHCOBOH oTqeTHoCTH, HpaBOBOH oTqeTHoCTH H CTaTHCTHqeCKoH oTqeTHOCTH.

5.10

Jii

IIoXrOTOBHnT

9THX

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6yxranTepcKoro

y'eTa H ayxgwra, BKRnoqas noHATHA "06IIIentHArTx nHIIp HTIOB vqeTa" H "o6ienDHHAT]hIX HODM aVLIHTODCKON1 nDOBeDKH", KOTOpbIe COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH 6bI MHPOBbIM cTaH,gapTaM. 3To o3HaqaeT, qTO cqeTa 6yxWT oTpaxaTm 6vxranTepcKoro

HCTHHHYIO H CrpaBegJTHBYIO oixeHKy CTOHMOCTH 6anaHCOBMIx aKTHBOB H OTBeqaTm Mexg)yHapOgUHbIM Tpe6oBaHHAM noC3iegOBaTe3bHOCTH, OCTOpOKHOCTH (B3BeMeHHocM) H nhIaTe)Kecnoco6HoCTM. rIpegnonaraeMbIx 3aKOH 6yxeT TaKxce HaIeJieH Ha TO, qTo6ibr * *

CO3AaTm CHbHbIHe peryxBHEIe H KOHCyjThTaTHBHMIe opraHH3aIjH. CO3AaTb

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BK3UOEqaA

POCCHNCKHi COBeT no 6yxraJITepcKHM CTaHAapTaM, oTBeqaEoiulHt 3a JInaHHPOBaHHe H ocyulecTB3ieHHe npeo6pa3OBaHHH, H nepHogHieciKu nepeCMaTpHBaTab CTpyKTypy 9THX opraHoB B CooTBeTCTBHH C MeH3IIOTIMHCSA YCJIOBHIMH.

5.11

rlpo4eccAs ayAHTopa B PoccHH geenaeT nepBmIe inar1 B CBoeM pa3BHTHH. IlenLIA pAA aygHTopcKHx 4)yHK=HA BHacrosAgee BpeMS OCyi1eCTBJAeTCA pAgOM YHO3THOMOqeHHLIX pOCCHHCKHX 4bHpM a TaKiKe HeKOTOPbIMH HaH6onee nPH3HaHHLIMH meyHapo,HbMH 6yxrajrTepcKHMH bHpMaMH. 06beM H KaqeCTBO BbffoiHAeMofI HMH pa6omI HeOArHHaKOBbI H, B LxefOM, 3HaqHTeRBHO HHCe Mex<AyHapoxHbIx Tpe6oBaHHfi, npeAYBIAmeMLIX K 6YXraITePCKOMY yU'eTy H oTqeTHocT. B HacTosAiiee BpeMS HepeaibHo 6Imo 6b oxaTL npOBeeAeHiA ayxHTOPCKHX r1POBePOK B nOJTHOM COOTBeTCTBHH C meyHapogHbIMH HOPMaMH, nOCKOJThKY BHeUIHHH ay,ffT npeACTaBnMeT CO6o0 HOBOe AieHHe ARAM POCCNNH ,JAero BHegpeHIA He XBaTaeT nOXrOTOBjieHHbIX KagpOB.

5.12

CpeAHeCpoqHaA nporpamma no yKpenreHHIO Ka,gPOB 6yXraATepOB H aY;uNTOPOB

goDRHa BKnloqaTb:

flePenoARrOTOBKY H IIOBbImIeHHe KBaTHcjHKa8IXHH pa6OTaEOtWX B HacToAuee BPeMS 6yxranTepOB H 6yxranTepcKRx 4MpM Ha OCHOBe

48 HoBOro niiaHa CqeTOB, COOTBeTCTBYJOiuero MexKyHapORHbIM HOPMaM 6yxraJrrepcKoro yqeTa H aygHTa. *

Pa3pa6oTKy KPHTepHeB cepTH4KaH MOjiOIX CneiwajCTOB KOMIIeTeHTHLIM COBeTOM rno 6yxrajiTepcKoMy yIeTy m ayAHTOpCKHM nlpOBepKaM; pa3pa6oTKa yqe6Horo Kypca no 6yxrajrTepcKOMY yteTy AIii CpeAHHX ilKOn, HHCTHTYTOB H YHHBepCHTeTOB.

CoC3AaHHe npo4)eCCHOHanbHBIX opraHH3ag

B MOCKBe H perHOH8JmHbIX

iXeHTpax.

Pa3BwrHe ayAHTa B qaCTHOM H rOCygapCTBeHHOM ceKTope. PeryAHpoBaHHe H HaA3Op.

5.13

PerynurrmBHas

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H KOHTPOJIBHbIe

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34 eKTHBHOCTL o6ecnelqHBaoIoIHMH (DeAepagHH o 6aHKaX H 6aHKOBCKOH UeHTpajiLH6i

6aHK.

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OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a (a) Bbixaxy JIHleH,H3Hf 6aHKaM, (6) pa3pa6oTKy 6naropa3yMHBIx IIpaBHJI, B (B) ocyujeCTB3neHH KOHTPOJLS, B TOM }HCJne Ha MecTax, (r) npHmveHeHHe caHKIrHii

OTHOIueHHH 6aHKOB, KOTOpbIe He Co6jiIOAaIOT upaBHn perynmpoBaHm yrpo3y HHTepecaM CBOHx Ae6HTOPOB H KpeXAHTOpOB. 5.14

1991

lUeHTpaj1bHbIfl

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nIpHHyAHTemjiHLix Mep BeCbMa orpaHHqeHLI. PacmHpeHHe B03MOxKHOCTek UeHTpamHoro

6aHKa B o6naCTH HaA3opa -- npoiyecc mAJiTejibHbia, rocKoJThKy OH CBX3aH c nocreneHHebim nIpHO6peTeHHeM cneiHajIHbIX HaBbIKOB H OnibITa, npaKTHqeCKH He CyuxeCTByIOiwHX B

pOCCHAICKOA 3KOHOMHKe. Heo6xoAHMo II03TOMY paccTaBHTb IpHOpHTeTbI, onpegenaH B KOTOPbIX MoxCeT H AnxOneH 6rrm AOcTHrHyT 6icTpbIi r nporpecc H HanpaBneHHsI, HaIIpaBHB B HmX BesMma orpaHHxeHHbie pecypcbi OTAe3Ta ynpaBjieHHA 6aHKaMH

BHHMaHHe nepBocTeneHlioe YAenfHTb PeKOMeHAyeTCA 6aHKa. JeHTpan]bHOrO (BMC) H cTaHAaPTOB MeeAyHapoAH{Ix ocymecnneHmio riporpammbi CO3AaHHS BaHKOB OrpaHHx4eHHIO CHCTeMHbIX pHCKOB, B qaCTHOCTH, HegOnyIeHHio HCnIOJIb3OBaHH rocyAapcTBeHHLIx cpeAXCTB 6aHKaMH BHe cHcTeMbI BMC H orpaHHqeHHIO pocTa HennaTex(ecnOCo6HbIx 6aHKoB. r 6aHK AOnxKeH orpaHHIHTh BbUAaqy 6aHKOBCKHX jHueH3Hfi TOJThKO UleHTpajmHbx 5.15 6aHKaMH cHcTeMi6 BMC. B KaqeCTBe nIpOMexyrTOqHOrO ruara IIB Heo6xoAHMo no meHbuieu mepe (a) yxecToIHThb npoiecc BbIAaqH JiHueH3HfI C ilenIo orpaHzHHHTL

49 pacripocTpaHeHHe He3AOPOBbIX MeTOAOB 6aHKOBCKOfl AeATejbHoCTH; (6) lloz Tpe6oBaHHH K pa3mepy MHHHMarbHoro KaIIHTaJIa H HHAeKCHpOBaTb ero Ha ypOBeHb HH4pJ1S1ZHH; (B) 1IOB1BICHTb Tpe6OBaHHA B OTHOiiieHHH onrITa, YPOBHA KOMrIeTeHTHoCTH, H AO6pOCOBecTHocTH nlOTeHiwHaJRbHbIX aKIHOHepOB H ynpaiumouHx; (r) BBeCTH 06A3aTejILHibif 1OipSgOK oXo6peHisl IeHTpanbHbIM 6aHKOM nO6bIx CyigeCTBeHHbIX H3MeHeHlHI B CTpyKType KaIiHTaJIa 6aHKOB.

5.16

B Ta6ft1e 5.1 IIPIHBOAHTCS KpaTKoe orHcaHHe

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I pHCKa, HCIOJb3yeMbie B otXeHKe aKTHBOB, B geLJOM HHIKe, em 9TO HripeYCMOTpeHo Ba3eJThCKofi KOHBeHIZHef. HanpHmep, nio iipaBHjam UeHTpaamHoro 6aHKa KO4 )H1i4eHT no ccyAam nIpeArpHrrHsM KoJie6JIeTCs OT 20 Ao 50 n1poIeHTOB; KO39R4H[eHT rio BK.IaAaM B HeXBHMHMOCTb HJH aKLMOHepHbie o6igecrBa HaXO,HTCSA B rpeARenax OT 25 Ao 80 HpOi.eHTOB B TO BpeMs, KaK B COOTBeTCTBHH C BIa3eJbcKOfk

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5.17 CneAyeT H3MeHHTb HeKoTopbIe rIpaBHjia, KacaIgecA Bcefk 6aHKoBcKof cHcTeMbI, BKJ1O'qaA H 6am , He AiBjmIoHecS BMC. UeHTpanmHbi 6aHK AoJIKeH

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5.18 Ilocne iIpHHSTHA peiueHHs o6 ocyrIecTBwieHHH IporpaMMbI BMC IUeHTpanbHbIH 6aHK AonaxeH 6yxeT pa3pa6OTaTh H BbIryCTHTH "iiDaBHjTa 6garoDawvMAr" AJJ TaKHX 6aHKoB (CM. rniaBy 3). genecoo6pa3Ho ripegycmoTpeTb nocTeneHHoe IOBbIiueHHe ypOBHA

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B KpaTKoCpowHot H cpexAHecpoqHo4

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0.20

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0.75 0.50

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5.20

nIpOBOMThCA CTpaTerEHH aBTOMaTH3aLiHH aeHTpaJTHoro 6aHKa, Ha6juOmeHHe XOJKHO OmqeTOB. nOCiieAOBaTefbHOCTH CBOeBpeMeHHO H BKJIIOqaTh TUTeabHHyiO npOBepKy rIporpaMMa 6ygeT rioIn3HOf H B nOArOTOBKe npOBePKH Ha MeCTaX, nOCKOJILKY aaCr

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5.21 PaClnIHpeHHie B03MO)KHOCTeHi UeHTpajibHOrO 6aHKa B npOBeAeHHH HpOBeDOK Ha MecTax npeAcTaBjiseT co60ou caMyIo BaJKHyIo H TPY,JHYIO 3aAaty, cTosryilo riepeA OTAeenoM pery HpOBaH3 AeATeAjbHOCTH 6aHKoB. PeineHHe 3TOH gojiroCpOqHOH 3aga'm AOJIX(HO TiI1aTeJIbHO

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5.22

)JIA CKOpefIInero pemUeHHA 3THX 3aAa' UeHTpaJThHbIH 6aHK gOnDKeH nopymTb HX BbIlOjiHeHHe CHeIJHaJIH3HPOBaHHbIM 4)HpMaM, TaKOH rpaKTHKOfXAO CHX fop flOJIb3yIOTCs HeKOTOpbIe 6aHKH B 3anagHou EBpone. B TeteHe 6iHKa HX Tpex--ILM neT IleHTpaJbHOMY 6aHKy cJiexyeT TaKxKe paCCMOTpeT6 B03MOXHOCT6 COBMeCTHOfi pa6oTmi

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5.23

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H Ha,30pa HeO6XOAHM ilembif pAA nOJIHOMO'qHl, CBA3aHHbIX C peAoCTaBneHHem HHOpMaHH, HaJIoKeHHeM CaHKIaHH, HaqHHaA C npeAynpexcxeHHf4 H nTPpadpOB H KOHqaA 3aMeHOfk pyKOBOACTBa, OT3bIBOM JIHueH3Hfl H IIPAMLIM BMeii1aTeJThCTBOM CO CTOPOHbI ueHTpaJmHoro

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52 H rIOXrOTOBKH npOrpaMMbI LuHpoKoMaCInTa6HhIe OpraHH3OBaTb nepeIoArOTOBKH B o6JIaCTH 6aHKOBCKOrO ynpaBneHHs, MapKeTHHra H npeAoCTaBJIeHH 6aHKOBCKHX ycjiyr, yripaBJIeHHq piCKOM, o6ecneqeHHR (bHHaHCOBOH cra6HJIbHOCTH

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5.25

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pa3pa6OTKa AoroBopa 0 3aHme HJiH KpeAHTe OCcyieCTBS1eTCS B onpeAeZeHHom iopHgHCecKoM KoHTeKcTe. B PoccHH KopnopaTHBHoe npaBo eige HeaocraToTHo qeTKo C¢OpMyJImpOBaHO, B CBSI3H C 9THM nOArOTOBKY CIIneuHaHICTOB B o6JlacTH KpeAHTOBaHfSA HiPHXOXHTCSA npOBOAHTb C yqeTOM TOrO, qTO CaMx KOHTpaKT]I TOJIbKO pa3BHBaIOTCA.

He rOTOBMI K fIocKoJIbKy KaXpBI 6aHKOBCKOH CHCTeMbI nIpaKTHqeCKH 5.26 CpOqHO OCyLigeCTBJIeHHIO 6aHKOBCKOH AeRTeJIbHOCTH B HOBbIX YCJIOBHAX, HeO6XOAHMO OpraHIH3OBaTh 6a3oBoe o6yqeHHe. rIoWrOTOBKa CneimaiHCTOB B paMKaX CHCTeM6I,

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B CO3,aHa MOCKOBCKaA 6aHKOBCKaSi iuKonia. B psAAe pOCCHiHCKHX ropoAoB nPHHHMaEOTCA MacElTa6e H ApyrRe KOHKpeTHbIe Mepbi. H pacnpocTpaHHTb nO BCefi CTpaHe.

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nOCKOIbKy KpeXHTOBaHHe COCTaBnAeT OCHOBY 6aHKOBCKOH geiSTeRLHOCTH H 5.28 no ABJIAeTCA o6JIaCTblO camorO BbICOKOro pHCKa, pa3pa6oTKa y'ie6HbIx nporpaMM

KpeAHTOBaHHIO AOJDKHa nOJIYtHTb nPHOPHTeTHoe HanpaBjieHHe. Ha AaHHOA cThwH 6aHKaM TaKxKe cjiexyeT yHThCA cTpaTerHH, TaKTHKe H MeTOAMa

4)HHaHCOBorO nniaHHPOBaHHA MM

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53 6BIT6 JOCTaTOqHO U1HPOK4M H BKJIlOqaTb TaKHe AHCUHMIMHHbI, KaK geHbrH H 6aHKOBCKOe 6aHKOBcKHe orepamHH, (RHaHCHpOBaHKe TOproBJIH, o6ame npHHUHfnbI ynpaBjieHHS, MapKeTHHr H "po3HHIHoe" o6cnyMcHBaHHe

geJIo, PbIHKH KarIHTaOB, me)KgyHapOgHbie KiHeHTOB.

5.29

Eiie OAHOA 4)OpMOH OpraHH3MaHH o6ygeHH5 6aHKOBCKHX pa6oTHmKOB a

TaKwKe

yKpen.eHIGH CTpYKTYPbI pOCCHHICKHX 6aHKOB MoXCT ABHTbC31 nporpamma yCTaHOBjieHHA IapTHepCKiHX OTHOIueHHII MeXCXy POCCHHCKHMH H BeXYIUHMH 3apy6eXHHbIMH 6aHKaM4. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 9TOEI rpOrpaMMofl, npegCTaBHTeJIH 3apy6exKHbIx 6aHKOB 6yAyT KOHCYJThTHpOBaTb CBOHX POCC1HCKHX raPTHepOB HO BOnpOCaM cTpaTerHqecKoro IIaHHPOBaHHM H OpraHM3aduH pa6oTbI. rpH 9TOM OHH 6yAyT ytaCTBOBaTb B riOBCeaHeBHOH ynpaBjieHxieCKOHf AeSTeJIbHOCTH pOCCHHCKHX 6aHKOB C TeM, qTO6bI pOCCHHCKHe KoJIJTerH MorJiH nepeHHMaTb HX oriTIT. B nopAgKe KOMieHcaWHH 3a 9TH yCJIyrH HHOCTpaHHbie 6aHKH MOriiH 6bi flOJIyqaT6 .H60 onpegeieHHoe B03HarpaxKceHHe, 11H60 xOjIo B KarIHTaIie pOCCHAICKOrO 6aHKa-napTHepa. TaKaA nporpamma OCy-lmeCTBJiAeTCA B flonnme C nOMOaTbEO KpeAX4Ta BCeMHPHOrO 6aHKa. PacqeTHaM CHcTeMa

5.30

PactieTHaq CHCTeMa npegCTaBJi5eT co6ofi MexaHH3M, c rOMomo

Io KOTOporo

o6A3aTenbCTBa, B03HHKaIOiuAme B pe3yJIbTaTe 3KOHOMHqeCKOf4 reATeJIbHOCTH, nOraInaxOTCA nyTeM nepeBoxAa AeHe)KHbIX cpeACTB. HaCTOAIIUHfI pa3gxen BbIAeSjieT Ty o6nacTb pacieTHoH CHCTeMbI, KOTOpa5 CBA3aHa c HCnOJnb3OBaHHeM 6aHKOBCKHX greno3HToB. PaceTHasA CHCTeMa 944eKTHBHa B cnyiae, Korga KJIHPHHr, npouecc nepeAatiw ninaTeXHHoR RHH4opMaamH,

OCyI1teCTBJIAeTCS 6bICTpO H HageXHO. 14 Korxa OKOHqaTeJIbHbIlf paCqeT, T.e. ()aKTHqeCKHfl nepeBOA UeHHOCTeH, OCyWeCTBj1SeTCI B qeTKO yCTaHOBJIeHHbIe CpOKH, B HY)KHOM o6fteMe H nO Ha3HaqeHHIO.

5.31

CyigeCTByioiUaA B POCCHH4 CHCTeMa paCqeTOB npHCHOCo6JIeHa K HyxcAaM ileHTpanIH3OBaHHOfi rIiaHOBOH 9KOHOMHKH. OHa He MOxceT YXOBjJeTBOpHTeJIbHO peiiHTb npO6JieMy teTKOCTH4 Hi 6bICTpOTbI COBepiueHHA pacqeTOB, qTO ipe3BbIxiaHO Ba)KHO B

YCJIOBHMX pbIHOqHOfi 3KOHOMH4KI4. jaHHaM CHCTeMa TaK)Ke He B COCTOSHHH CnpaBHTbCA C pe3KHM yBeJIHteHHCM o6ibeMa A,eHeXKHbIX onepaHi4l, xapaKTepH , UM nepexo;xHoro nep4o;xoa. BOJIbIlaSI qaCTb nJIaTeKeH OCYIyiieCTBnIeTCSAepe3 UeHTpaJibHbIfI 6aHK, KOTOPblA HMeeT CeT16 H3 1400 pacqeTHO-KaccoBbIx LeHTPOB (PK1I). KaxcAbIfl 4HJIHaJi KOMMept1eCKOrO 6aHKa HMeeT CqeT B MeCTHOM PKU. OriepalHH c nOTpe6HTeJIsMH H npegripHATHSMH pO3HHqHOft TOprOBJIll 06b'qHO OCyIteCTBJI5AOTCX c HCnOJTb3OBaHHeM HanjHqHbIX AeHer, B TO BpeMA, KaK paCqeTbi ripegnpHATHf H rocygapCTBa B OCHOBHOM OCyLUeCTBJ1IlOTCM

C nOMOLbiO

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gaIOTCq B nHCbMeHHOH (OpMe H o6pa6aTbIBaIoTCx BpyqHyiO. EcnH cqeT nJITnbIUHKa Ae6eTyeTCA cpa3y xce nocne BBegeHHA nopyxieHTA B CHCTeMy, CqeT noj¶ytaTeni nniaTe>Ka Kpe,HTyeTCM TOJIbKo nocnie TOro, KaK niaTe>KHbIH AOKyMeHT nOCTyiHIi B ero 6aHK. IJOCKOJIbKy npoiuecc nriaTexca MoJKeT 3aHHMaTb XLo Tpex HeAeJI6, 9TO

OTPHiUaTeJbHO CKa3bIBaeTCM Ha JIHKBHgHOCTH npegrHpHATHA.

54 cyigecTBy1ouiefi 6aHK irpaeT BaXCHYIO pOJIB B peopraHM3auiH IleHTpanBHbIH KjIHpHHrOBOfi cHcTeMbI. BBeAeHa HOBaS copMa teKOB H OTMeHeHa CHCTeMa rniaTexHbIx Tpe6OBaHHf. CHCTeMa PaCteTOB B paMKax oxHoro ropoAa yJiyqIHHJIacB, OcO6eHHO B cJIywasx KPYflHbIX pacqeTOB rIo MOCKBe. TeM He MeHee, OCyjgeCTBJIeHHe pacqeTOB MerK 3aAepXKKoH. BBeAeHa HOBaS ropoAaMH rio-npeXKHeMy ocylgecTBJimeTCs C 60JIBUIII cTaHAapTHas c1opMa nnaTe)KHoro riopyIeHHA H nepecMaTPHBaeTCS 3aKOH O HniaTe)Kax.

5.32

5.33

OAHOfIH3 KiiiOqeBbIX npo6neM B pa3BHTHH CHCTeMBI niaTexKef MBimeTCA

HecorJiacoBaHHocTb ieneizi H 3aAati. UeHTpaBJbHOMy 6aHKy HPHXOWTCS peIiaTm ChIO)KHYIO 3a,gaqy cTaHAapTH3aIHH IIJIaTexKHbiX CpeACTB, npoiLeAyp H npaBHJI. XJIs Toro, 9Tro6BI 3(cI(eKTHBHO YAOBfleTBOPATb pacqeTHbie riOTPe6HOCTH POCCHfICKOM 9KOHOMHKH, pac'qeTHaS CHCTeMa gOJDKHa OXBaTbIBaTB BCIO CTpaHy. KpoMe TOrO, riOCKOJIhKY AaHHOR CmCTrMe npHAeTCSA IIOAKJIOqHTCA K MexAyHapOHbIM paCqeTHbIM CHCTeMaM, pOCCHftCKIe cTaHAapTbI AOJDKHI B MaKCHMaBbHOfI CTeHeHH IpH6JIH3HTBCSA K MemKgyHapOAHMIM.

OAHaKo, CTOJIKHYBLUHCb c rlpo6neMaMH CerOXHSlHerO AHS, HeKOTOpBIe 6aHKH peIIIH nepefiT K C03AaH4IO CBoef co6CTBeHHOf4 BHyTpH6aHKOBCKOf CHCTrMBI pacqeTOB,

5.34

paCqeTHiM iLeHTpaM, H He 3aBHceTh OT UIeHTpanbHoro 6aHKa. HeKoTophle ropoAa nbITalOTCA IIOCTpOHTb CBOH Co6cTBeHHbie HpHBA3aHHOfI

K MeCTHbIM H perHOHaBjbHBIM

CHCTeMbI H fIOPXAOK pacqeTOB, qTO 3Ha'HTeJIbHO 3aTPYHHT npoIXecc Co3AaHMIAHHLIX H YBs3aHHbIX MexKAY Co60o B MaCLuTa6aX Bcef4 CTpaHbI CTaHgapTOB ripOBeAeHA paCqeTOB. B TO xce BpeMS, OrIbIT APyrHx CTpaH rOBopHT, 'qTO CTpeMjieHHe [leHTpaUbHoro 6aHKa HaBs3aTb npoilecc CBepXy H ocyigeCTBsTb ero "no nuiaHy" MOKeT TOJIBKO IIPHHeCTH BpeX, HOCKOJnbKY UIeHTpanJbHbIH 6aHK qacTo OKa3BIBaeTCX He B COCTOSHHH YAROBJeTBOPHT rpOTHBopeqaIHe Agpyr ARpyry HHTepeCbI CTOPOH H TeM CaMbIM MO)KeT rIOAOPBaTb KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe HaqHHaHH5I, npoHcxoriHe 3a npeAeJIamH o)HXl4aJIbHOfi cHcTeMBI.

5.35

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pyKOBOAsiigerO KOMmTTa AiiA OCyIeCTBjieHHA Ha30pa 14

KOOPAHHaHUHH Pa3BHTHA CHCTeMbI paCqeTOB H pa3pa6OTKH CTaHAaPTOB. B COCTaB FPK BO4AyT 25--30 qeJIOBeK, H3 KOTOPIX 10 6yAyT nPeAJCTaBJIATb OTAeJIfbI [UeHTpajnHoro 6aHKa, a OcTaJIbHbie -- KOMMepiecKHe 6aHKH, accolHaL4HH KOMMepteCKHX 6aHKOB, B HerO TaKxce BOMYT rHHOCTpaHHbIe 9KCnePTBI H3 MBD, BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, ,UpyrHX meyHapOgHbIX opraHH3agH4 H ueHTpanJbHbIX 6aHKOB 3arTa,HbIX CTpaH. IUeHTpaJbHbIH 6aHK onpexAemjir ILueCTb BOrpOCOB, KOTOpbIe HeO6XOMmO peUHTb ARA C03AaHHA pac'ieTHoH cHCTeMbI: B3aHMHbIH 3ateT Tpe6oBaHHId, CHCTeMa nepeBoAoB KpyrHH6X CYMM, HOBI6e nLJaTeT)KHLIe HHcTpyMeHTbI, BHYTpH6aHKOBCKHe pacqeTbI, pa3BHTHe HH4CHpCmaiHOHHOft cHCTeMbI H npeACTOwT rIOXArOTOBKa KaAPOB. )IjM BLInOJIHeHHS Kax<KOH H3 YKa3aHH]IX 3aAaq

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5.36

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55 y1 pexgeHHe, ocyigecTBAnIoayee nnaTexc (IeHTpaMbHbIf 6aHK/qaCTHbIIV MeCTHbIH HaiuOHaJIbHmif 6aHK); 4lOpMy paCqeTOB (6e3 BblqeTOB/C B6I1eTaMH); Ha3HaqeHHe nmaTexa H

rpHOpHTeTblI pa3BHTHA5 (OnTOBbIl/pO3HHrHbIfi/Mex6aHKOBCKHci); pOpMy OHnIaTbi (6yMaXCHas1/9neKTpoHHaA, naKeTHa/B peXHMe peanimoro BpeMeHH); KOMMyHHKiUHOHHMie

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5.37

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5.38

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5.39

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5.40

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5.41

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5.42

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5.44

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5.45

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5.46

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5.47

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5.49

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6.2

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6.3

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6.5

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6.10

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6.11

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6.18

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6.20

CnIeIyeT 'eTKo pa3 JIHxiaTb gonroCpoxIHoe KpeAXfTOBaHHe npHo6peTeHHs XHjTSI H rIpHo6peTeHHe HegBHXCHMOH CO6CTBeHHOCTH B KOMMep'eCKHX geiiAx. B nocjiexHee BpeMAI pa3BHTbIe CTpaHbI HCnbIThIBaJIH Cepbe3HbIe TPYAHOCTH B 6aHKOBCKOM ceKTope, BbI3BaHHbIe6e3pacCyxHI1MKperHToBaHHeMiKoMMepqeCKOfIHeABH)KHMocTH.KpeAHToBaHHe HeABH)KHMOCTH BHe iRHJIHIIHOrO ceKTOpa (T. e., oTejief, aJMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX H KOMMepqeCKHX 3AaHHH H T. A.) CyigeCTBeHHO OTJIH'aeTCs OT qojiroCpOqHorO KpeAHTOBaHHA XHIHUwHoro CeKTopa. TaKoe KpeATOBaHHe CTajiKHBaeTCA C TeMH Ke npo6jieMaMH, qTo HXojiroCpO'qHOe KpeAHTOBaHHe HHBIX KarIHTaJOBJIoKeHHfl, HrPH KOTOpbIX CTOHMOCTb 3aiora H3MeHIeTCS CO BpeMeHeM B ropa3go 6oJnBrHx pa3Mepax. BnonHe BepoSTHo, oTO HHBeCTHIUHH B HeAgBHKHMOCTb BHe )KHJIHIUHOro ceKTopa 6yAyT Ha npOTSKeHHH oripeAejieHHorO BpeMeHH pa3BHBaTbC5C C rOMOIUbiO CpeACTB aKIHOHepHOrO KarIHTaA.a, Tpe6ypoiero yIaCTH51 HeCKOJIhKHX HHBeCTopOB. POCCHfICKHU BapHaHT COBMeCTHbIX TpaCTOB (4)OHIOB) nO HHBeCTHIUHAM B HeABH>KHMOCTb yxe AeHCTByeT B KpYnHeiiuiHX ropoAax, rAe OCyUgeCTBJASOTCS rIpH6bIJIbHbIe HHBeCTHrIH1 B ueHTpanjbHbI KBapTajibI.

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6.21

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BaJIOBorO BHyTpeHHero pPOAyKTa H TaKaA xKe AO3nS pa6o'eH cHJII. Bojiee 20 npouleHToB HacenewHHA POCCHH ripOaKHBeT B CeJIbCKHX paHOHax. Pa3MepbM CTpaHbI H TPYAHOCTH B

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MHOrHX perHOHOB. KpoMe 9TOro, npaBHTenJbCTBO paCCMaTPHBaeT nOAepxxKy ceJhCKoro XO3AfICTBa KaK cIIoco6 orpaHHIeHHA Mi4rpauH HHCcejieHH B ropoga, rge PbIHKH KHJIbA H pa6oqe CHJIbI Y)Ke HCrIbIThIBalOT onpeAejieHHyIo neperpy3Ky. B cHJIy 9THX HpH'qHH pOCCHHICKHe BjiaCTH HCIIOJlIb3yOT Cy6CKjAHpoBaHHbIe uejieBbie KpeAHTLI B Ka'eCTBe o6ecnle'eHHA CeJICKOMY XO3MHCTBY AOCTyri K KpegHTaM H C gLeJIbio Cy6CHAHpOBaHHx CejbCKOrO Xo3AHCTBa1 9 . IpOAOBO3IbCTBHeM

19. floApo6Has xapaKTepHCTKa ceJILcKOXO3sAfcTBeHHbD( OTpaciret xaeTcq B: "Food and Agricultural Policy Reforms in the Former USSR - Agenda for the Transition", Studies of Economies in Transition, BceMHpHbJk 6aHK (1992).

6.22

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6.24

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6.25

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Ha IeieBbIe KpexHTbI, pacnpegeJiLeMbIe qepe3 PoccenbXo36aHK B KaqeCTBe HCTOqHHKa o6opOTHbIX CpeACTB; KanHTaJOBJIO)KeHAS XAeIaIOTCA JIHUIUb B MHHHMaJIbHbIX MaCLuTa6ax.

6.26

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B 1991

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6.28

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6.30

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6.31

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6.33

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