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JOINT UNDP / WORLD BANK ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) PURPOSE The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) is a special global technical assistance program run as part of the World Bank's Energy, Mining and Telecommunications Department. ESMAP provides advice to governments on sustainable energy development. Established with the support of UNDP and bilateral official donors in 1983, it focuses on the role of energy in the development process with the objective of contributing to poverty alleviation, improving living conditions and preserving the environment in developing countries and transition economies. ESMAP centers its interventions on three priority areas: sector reform and restructuring; access to modern energy for the poorest; and promotion of sustainable energy practices. GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (ESMAP CG) composed of representatives of the UNDP and World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regions benefiting from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank Vice President, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of four independent energy experts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, its work plan, and its achievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economists from the World Bank to conduct its activities under the guidance of the Manager of ESMAP, responsible for administering the Programme. FUNDING ESMAP is a cooperative effort supported over the years by the World Bank, the UNDP and other United Nations agencies, the European Union, the Organization of American States (OAS), the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE), and public and private donors from countries including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. FURTHER INFORMATION An up-to-date listing of completed ESMAP projects is appended to this report. For further information, a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report, or copies of project reports, contact: ESMAP c/o Energy and Water The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 U.S.A.
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Copyright Š 2001 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing August 2001 ESMAP Reports are published to communicate the results of the ESMAP's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of the paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal documents. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors, denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgement on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the ESMAP Manager at the address shown in the copyright notice above. ESMAP encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee.
"ESMAP Values your Feedback If you have found this report useful, or would like to provide comments on our reports and services, please log on to our website at www.esmap.org and leave your feedback. In this way we can better understand our audience's needs and improve the quality of our knowledge products. Thank you. ESMAP Management"
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H3eJIbHorO ToriHBa Ha Hnl3 B TypKMeH6awH znA 2005 r
Ta6nHua 4.32. EaiiaHc TOnJIHB B Y36eyHcTaHe B 1998 r. (B meTpHmecKHx ToHHax) .
88
.........................
88
76 Ha XepraHCKoM HnI3 anA 2005 r..................89
Ta6nHua 4.35. (DH3HqeCKHe CBOHCTBa 6eH3HHOB 014M 93 Ha (DepraHCKoM HnI3 xiA 2005 r
.................
Ta6nllua 4.36. cLepraHcKHH
Hrl3: flpHpoCTHLIe MOOLUHOCTH H 3aTpaTbl B2roXOBOM HC'4HcjieHHHa..A 2005.
Ta6nuHa 4.37. (H3HqeCKHe HH
CBoHcTBa BblCOKOOKTaHoBbix ........... 6eH3HOB Ha 4)epraHCKOm Hr3 6Ha2005
Ta6rHua 4.38. DepraHCKH
HMI3: flpHpocTHbie MOIUHOCTH H 3aTpaTbi B rOXuOBOM HCqHCJIeHHH XIsA 2005 r.,
6eH3nHoBR rnyni C BblCOKHM O4
87
.........................
Ta6nHua 4.33. BaianHc TOriIiHB B Y36eKHcTaHe B 2005 r. (B meTpwmecKHX ToHHax) Ta6nHua 4.34. DH3HqecKHe CBo0iCTBa 6eH3HHOB O/M
.............
2005 r
90 ........... 90
.........
........................................................................................................................
Ta6nHua 4.39. (LH3HqeCKHe CBoilCTBa 6eH3HHa 014/M 76 Ha EyxapcKoM HnI3
91
92
a
2005 r ...................................... 92
Ta6JlHua 4.40. (DH3HmeCKHe CBOHCTBa 6eH3HHa 04/M 93 Ha ByxapCKOM HnT3 zni
2005 r ........................................ 92
Ta6JIHua 4.4 1. EyxapCKH Hn3: npHPOCTHie HcqcneHH MOMHOCTH W HHHH ....... H 3aTpaTbI B roaOBOM Ta6nnua 4.42. (DepraHcKHim
HH
2005 r 2005r........
93
HrI3: OueHxa MOIUWOCTerl yCTaHOBOK H 3aTpaT B rOlOBOM HCEHCjieHHH Ha noBbiimeHHe
KaQecTBa AH3enJbHorO TOnflHBa =A 2005 r. (Baonn . 1998 r.).......
.
.
..............................................
93
Ta6nHua 4.43. BaAaHc TOnJIHB B Fpy3HH H ApMeHHH B 1988 r. (B meTpHaecHX TOHHax) o...................... ...................
95
Ta6iHua 4.44. Banaiic TonInHB B r]py3HH H ApMeHHH B 2005 r. (B meTpH
95
MeCKHX ToHHax)
......................
Ta6nluga 4.45. nloTpe6AeHHe TonrnHBa B KHprn3cKorl Pecny6.nHKe H TaZ)KHKHCTaHe B 1998 r. (B meTpH ecKHx ToHHax)
95
.........................................................................................
Ta6nHua 4.46. rIorpe6neHHe TOnnHBa B KHprH3cKori Pecny6InHKe H Taz)KHKHcTaHe B 2005 r. (B MeTpfHqeCKHX ToHHax)
95
.........................................................................................
Ta6nHIHa 4.47 CBoaHbie zaaHHbie no 3arpaTam
HfM3 Ha nOBbIiellHHe
TeXHWIeCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK TOrIHB 9........97
Ta6nHuua 4.48. CBoxumie aaHHbie no HpHPOCTHbIM 3aTpaTaM Ha nOBbllleHHe KaxeCTBa 6eH3HHa =AI CTpaH, HMe1ofHx Hnl3 (,aoi Ta6nHuia
4.49.
CaoaHbie
HMeioIUHx Hrl3 (,aon
1998 98. r.)
99
.....................................................................
aHHblie no npHpOCTHbIM 3aTpaTaM Ha nOBbllu1eHHe xaqecTBa 6eH3HHa anA CTpaH, He
1998 19.
r.)
99
.....................................................................
Ta6niHua 4.50. PeKoMeHzyeMbie TexHHIeCKHe Tpe6oBaHHJ K KaaieCTBy 6eH3HHa H aIH3ejnbHorO TOnnHBa (MaKcHMajbHo
n.O..YCTHMbe
.peXeb.)100.............................................................100
Ta6nHua 4.5 1. TexHH,ecKHe Tpe6oBaHHH EBponeHcKoro COMM3a (MaKcHMajibHo aoryCTHMbie npeeibi) ........ Ta6nHua 4.52.
IloKa3aTenH KaqecTBa 6eH3HHa O04/1
93, onpeeien6HHbie no npo6aM, B3STLIM B ApMeHHH .
100 .
... 105
Ta6nHua 4.53. floKa3aTenH KaMecTBa A43eiIHoro ToniIiHBa, orpezeneHHbIe no npo6aM, B3STbIM B ApMeHHH .
106
vii
....................................... 108
Ta6.iHua 4.54. Pe3ynbTaTbi aHaiH3a 6eH3HHOB A3ep6agaiaHa
Ta6nHiua 4.56. Pe3ynwETaTbl Ta6iniHa
4.57.
ma HalaH3a
Ta6AHua
4.59.
.............................. 111
43aeHOr TomiiHBa A3ep6aiawoKaHa
Pe3yJTTaTEi aHanIH3ma
........................ 112
B3ATbIX B rpy3Hm
................................. 112
po6 6eH3HHa, B3AThIX B AIMaTEi
............
Ta6rnuia 4.61. Pe3yJITaTEl aHanH3a npo6 6eH3HHa Oq/M 76, B3STMIX B KHprH3CKOAi Pecry6niHKe Ta6nHua 4.62. Pe3yJIETaTEl aHJaIH3a npo6 6eH3HHa O1/H 93, B3aTbIX B KHprH3cKori Pecriy6KKe Ta6nHua 4.63. Pe3ynbTaTEl aHanH3a npo6 6eH3HHa OI/M 76, B3RTb6X B TazCHKIICTaHe
TaKHKHcTaHe
114
............
114
....................
115
.........................................................................
aHan3a iTpo Ta6ArnH.a 4.66. Pe3yJnTaTbH
6
116
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XaH3enE.HOrO TorIHABa, B3ATbIX B TallmKeHTe
TexuwqecKue Tpe6oBaHHs
OIIYCTHMbIe npeenibi)1
116
......................
K Ka4ecTBy 6eH3HHa H RH3eEbHorO TOrnIHBa, (MaKCmman.HO
1...................................................................121 1999 r., T6HnHcH (Ipy3Hs) ........
Ta6rnHua Al.l. OpraHH3aLugoHHBmI perHoHajmHbli ceMHHap 10-1-
u HEoH
Ta6inHua A
oKTAn6ps 2000 r., EaKy (A3ep6aAalKaH) .
1.3.
114
aHaIH3a npo6 AH3eJTEHorO TorJIHBa, B3ATbIX B Kuprn3cKofl Pecry6JnHKe H IETaTbH
Ta6nrHua 4.65. Pe3yJTaTbi alHanIH3a npo6 6eH3HHa, B3RTbIX B TaIUKeHre
PeKoMeHayeMbwe
113
.......................
Ta6.rrHua 4.60. Pe3yJIETaThi alHaIH3a npo6 zH3eniTHorO ToniiHBa, B3ATbIX B AnMaTbi
Ta6nHua 4.64. Pe3y
111
..............
Pe3yJnlTaTbi aHanH3a npo6 6eH3HHa, B3ATbIX B rpy3HH...........................
Ta6nIHua 4.58. Pe3yJImTaTEi aHani3a npo6 zH3ejnTHorO ToruiHBa,
109
..........................
Ta6nHua 4.55. Pe3yjmlTaThi aHanima 6eH3HHOB A3ep6agaIKaHa (npoaonxKeHHe)
3aJoWEHTejbtbli perHoHaniiHbfI
ceMHHap 26-27
143 146
CnucoK P4CYHKOB PHC.
2.1. ConoCTaBnieHHe CpeaHecyToxHibix KOHueHTpaui4H N02
PHC. 2.2. ConoCTaBneHHe
cpeRHeCYTOHH6lX
KOHUeHTpaEHil CO
B
B
................................ 23
BaKy
PHC. 2.3. COIIOCTaBneHHe cpeaHcCyToxHEIX KOHUeHTpaUHri a3po3iier
B
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nOCTaM)
.....................
PHc. 2.5. ConoCTaBjieHHe KOHUeHTpauHRi SO2 B TaInKeHTe (no KOHTPOJIbHLIM 'qHCTbll BbLIHrpEil OT npOTHBO3aKOHHO
aeATenjbHOCTH B ynpOLfeHHOH aByxnepHOaHOr cxeme
PHc. 6.2. THnoBaag cxema uenoKH c6biTa .......................................................
viii
24
............................
BaKy
PHc. 2.4. ConoCTaB.neHHe KOHUeHTpaUHf NO 2 B TailUKeHTe (no KOHTPOJIERHbM nocTaM)
PHC. 6. 1.
23
..................................
EaKy
28
29 .
127 136
Bblpa)KeHme npH3HaTenbHOCTI4 HacToAluee o6cneaoBaHHe 6brno
(UNDP) 6aHKa
H rlporpaMMbl
npe;nlPHHATO B
paMKax cOBMeCTHOH rlporpaMMbi OOH no pa3BHTHio (ESMAP) MHpoBoro
opraHH3aLjHoHHOrH nIO,iepiuKH 3HepreTHqecKoro ceKTopa
nporpaMMbi <dloBbEumiHHe KatecTBa ropoacKoro B03,ayxa B cTpaHax CpeaHeHi 'HCTb1e ToUjlHBa>>. Mbl BbipaxKaeM
AnRs peanH3a4lHH
A3HH H KaBKa3a nyTeM nepeBoaa aBToMo6HnEHoro napKa Ha 6onee
r.ny6oKyio
6naroaapHocTb
meyHapOHoro
pa3BHTHA
fIpaBHTenbcTBy
BeJ1HKo6pHTaHHH
H
KaHanCKOMy
AfeHTCTBY
(CIDA) 3a 4wHaHcoBylo nOMOUb.
rnaBa 2 OCHOBaHa Ha
pe3YnETaTax pa6oTbl, npoBeAeHHOil B 1999 r. CTHBOM TernnHHroM H EpaHaHOM CTeHcH H3 6pHTaHCKOA 4HpMbm AEA Technology npfH yHaCTHH c.reneylolnHx COTPYaHHKOB KOMHTeTOB no rH,apomeTeoponorHHI (FHapoMeT) MHHHCTePCTBa oxpaHbl OKpy(aioueii cpe,abi A3ep6agawaHa H Y36eKHcTaHa: ,-pa MHp3axaHa MaHCHMOBa, r-Ha FHInUHuHxa XanxmHeBa, r-Ha 3aKH FacaH-3aae H r-Ha Fa3aH4apa A66acoBa B A3ep6aAxKaHe H ,-pa BHKTopa 'Hy6a, r-*uH TaTbAHbI OCOCKOBoH, r-ioH BaAeHTHHbi Ha3apoBog H r-xu OjibrH CBeHLIHUKOr4 B Y36eKHcTaHe.
FnaBa 3
OCHOBaHa Ha pe3yflbTaTax pa6oTbI, KOTOpyIO fnpOBenH B 1999 r. rper PaH,ayT H 5IueK POCTKOBCKH H3 MHHHCTePCTBa oxpaHbl oKpyx<aioiue cpe,gbi KaHanbl H npo(eccop AeHH3 KapMaH H3 KaprToHcKoro YHHBepcHiTeTa npH TexHHqeCKOrH nOMOUH H Ha 6a3e HHcopMauHH, nloJlyMeHHOH OT cienyyiouHx JIHU: OT A3ep6ar4zaKaHa - r-H Pay4 CaJIHMOB, HaHaJnHHK oTaena (rocyaapcTBeHHblri KOMHTeT no CTaTHCTHKe), r-H ArHn A. 1IJHxaJIHeB, HaHajnbHHK TeXHHHecKoro oTfena (A3epaBToHarjHnIsIT) H r-H PaMH3 Pa4HeB, 3aMecTHTe.iE aHpeKTopa (3KoMepKe3 - lOCyaapCTBeHHbIi 3KoJIorHqeCKHH ieHTp); OT Ka3axcTaHa - r-H AneKcaHip BorAaHMHKOB, HaHanTbHHK oTzena 3KOHOMHH H CHHXKeHHA
TOKCHYHOCTH
TOrnHB
H
IIPOH3BOACTBeHHbIX
MaTepHaBJOB
(HayqHo-HccneAoBaTea6cKHri
HHCTHTyT TpaHcnOpTa); OT TypKMeHHCTaHa - r-H BiiaAHmHp A. rna3oBcKHA, HaHanIbHHK YnpaB.neHHA MHHHCTepCTBa 3KOJorHH H OXpaHbl OKpy)KaMILUeri cpeamb); OT Y36eKHcTaHa - r-H Dapxaa Ca6HpoB, fnaBHEbIr cnerUHajiHCT (FnaBHoe ynpasneHHe FocyAapcTBeHHoro KOMHTeTa no oxpaHe npHpoqHoA cpe,aw) H npo4eccop 3,nyapn flAMbnneB H3 TalnKeHTcKoro ABTOMo6HJIbHoro H opolKHo-cTpoHTejbHoro HHCTHTyTa, ABJIASOWHiCS npeCTaBHTeiem Radian International B Y36eKHcTaHe. KpoMe TOrO, B TeXHHecKHXx,aHCKyCCHXx, HawjeAuiHx oTpaXKeHHe B rn. 3, rnpHHHManiH yHacTHe cnegyporue JiHa:
Om A3ep6afi&caHa: *
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*
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(FocyaapCTBeHHblI
KOMHTeT
no
Pay4 I. MypanoB, ,Z|HpeKTOp (FlpeanpHsTHe no peajTH3aHH npOeKTOB, rocyaapCTBeHHEIi
KOMHTeT
no
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H
KOHTpOJlIO
3a
HCnIoJTb3oBaHHeM
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pecypcoB
A3ep6arl,aPaHCKoA Pecny6nHKH); *
F-H
PacHM CaTrap3ane,
nOBblweHHOA
OHHCTKH
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HCCiienOBaHHHi no
3KOROrHH
B o6nacTTH ToruiHB H KOHTpORlIO 3a
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*
*
r-H WaniBa Or6aHn3e, 1eHepanibHbxI ceKpeTapE (Fpy3HHCKaA aBTOMo6HMbHaS 4eaepaUHA); f-xKa MIHA ToAya, Ha'anE.HHK oTae:ia Me>K(yHapOaHbix nporpamm (FnaBHoe ynpaBneHHe 3aiuHTbl B03nyLUHOro 6acceriHa, MHHHcTepCTBO oxpaHbI oKpyAcatowek cpeabl).
ix
Om Ka3axcmaua: * F-H MaM6eT MajiHM6aeB, cbIpbeBbIX MaTepHaJIOB).
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(HauHOHajbHblr4
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(DdaOpOB,
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H
(HaytHo-HcCnegoBaTesIbcKHii
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3KoJIOrHecKoro MoHHTopHHra, MHHHcTepCTBO oxpaHbi npHpoabm). *
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-
HamanbHHK oT,Lejia (HauHOHanbHbIri HHCTHTyT CTaTHCTHKH H
TypKmeHcTaTnporHo3).
Om Y36eKucmana: CneLiHaiHCT no rOpO0CKOMy TpaHcnopTy (rlpeanpHl4THe J1O6HUIHHH, no peanjH3maLH npoeKTOB, MHHHcTepCTBo aBToTpaHCnOpTa- Y3aBToTpaHc);
*
F-H Cepreil FpHropbeHBIP
*
F-H
*
F-H
EargacapoB, M. Aab6epT <<Y3aBToTpaHcTexHHKa>), Y3aBToTpaHC); CapBap
M. KoabipOB, PeKTop
3aMecTHTenb
reHepanbHoro
awpeKTopa
(HllO
(TaiuKeHTCKHr1 aBTOMo6HJbHblH4 H Aopo)KHo-cTpoHTeJIbHbIH
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Anna '-HpKOBa, FjiaBHbIfH CreLUHanHCT (YnpaBneHHe MeX<AyHapO,4HOrO COTpyRHHMeCTBa H
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*
F-ica TaMapa XaH6paxMaHoBHa CaHvoBa, (FocygapcTBeHHblmr KOMHTeT OXpaHbi npHpOAbl);
*
F-H rynJIbAMa [lyxpaT HaKTeBHqI
(IjeHp 3Ko0TorHH,
*
F-xca OIbra B. IJHnHIIOK, KOmmepmeCKaA 4HpMa).
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no
H3MepeHHIO
Bbl6pocOB
FAH);
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(TawKeHTcKas
npoH3BOACTBeHHO-
OCHOBaHa Ha pe3yJIbTaTax pa6oTbI, KOTOpYIO npOBeXIH B 1999 r. ,ZLKOH K.rlapK (pyKOBOjiHTenb Hccne,aoBaHHA), MHxa3ab Teccapo, KaHaT KyneHOB, POH Tap6H H CH Ka3,33MH H3 SNC-Lavalin International, a Tayoxe Powixep rIaTTepcoH, ()p3HCHC ryA-MapKc M TeppH CannHBaH H3 Comcept Canada. B pa6oTe, pe3ynJbTaTbl KOTOPOH cHcTeMaTH3HPOBaHbl B ri. 4, TeXHH4eCKoe Co2eHCTBHe OKa3blBanH cne,yiownme niHmia:
rnaBa 4
Om AMep6aibwcaua: * F-H 4aBya MaMeaOB, - HOBo-BaKHHCKHH
FAaBHblA HHxceHep (HpOH3BOXCTBeHHaA KOMnaHHS «<A3epHe#TbsHaAcar>> He#Tenepepa6aTblBaiouul44 3aBoa);
*
F-H HaHnb H. AMHpOB, HaMaTIbHHK npoH3BOaCTBeHHoro oTejia (rlpoH3BoacTBeHHaA KOMraHHA
*
<<A3epHe¢TbAHa?Kar>> - HoBo-BaKHHcKuH He4)Tenepepa6aTb6BaiowHH 3aBoA); F-H Myca 14. PycTaMOB, )jHpeiTop (I4HCTHTYT He4)TeXHMHieCKHX npoETecCOB, AKa4eMHA HayK A3ep6aHicKaHCKori Pecny6inuKH);
*
Hpo4.
A. X. A3H30B, 3aMecTHwrenb AHipeKTopa (14HCTHTyT AKa,eMHHA HayK A3ep6aAwiaHCKor4 Pecny6nHKx);
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HexTeXHMH4eCKHX
npoueCCOB,
PaxHM C. AnHMapzaHoB, 3aMecTmTemb ailpeKTOpa npoueccoB, AKazeMHA HaYK A3ep6aiiHaaHCKoil Pecrry6nrHKH);
*
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(HIHCTHTYT
(CAyxK6a npoBe,AeHHA
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- Caleb Brett); *
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npOBeeHIHHA
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HCnbiTaHHH
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*
flpo4. 3TH6ap HcMaHmoB, BHue-npe3mxleHT (Jla6opaTopHsi Spetra
97).
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F-H BiaaHMHp Fa#Hep, flpe3HaeHT (ATm6payCKHH HecPTenepepa6aTbIBajouIHH 3aBOR); F-H T. BSeKecoB, 3aMecTwTenb rnaBHoro
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(ATblpaycKHri
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CBeTjiaHa IHeTpoBa, 3aBeqyioiuaA (A.nMaTMHCKas
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Om TypxueHucmaHa: * F-H Xouire.im6aib nlpoMbiLuImeHHOCTH
Ea6aeB,
3aMecTHTe.nb
MHHHCTpa
(MHHHCTepCTBO
Hecrera3oBOH
H MHHepmTbHbIX pecypCOB).
Om Y36eKucmana: *
*
L-p A. A6H.IOB, 3aMecTHTenb npeace=TaTenA (OY36eKHe4Tera3>>, HauHOHajTbHaA KOpnopauAH He#Tera3OBOH npoMmbLmieHHOcTH);
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I46parHMoB, gHpeKTOp
(<<Y36cKHeeTera3>>,
HauHOHajiHas
KOpnOpaUHS
He#Tera3BOH npoMbuLTmeHHOcTH).
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m ycnOBHbIe o6o3HaqeHHs AAS
API ASM
ATOMHa3i a6cop6IkHoHHaA CneKTpOCKonHX
AMepHKaHCKHri HecjTAHOH HHCTHTyT
rIporpaMMa
KOHTPOJIS B pewKHMe HMHTaUHH
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ASTM
AMepHKaHcKoe o6LuecTo no HcnElTaHHIo MaTepHYaioB
B
3KOHOMHHeCKHH BbIHrp6IU OT yvaCTHA B npIOTHB03aKOHHb1X raeACTBHAX
b/d BappenerH
B CyTKH
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HenpepblIHaA pereHepaUH4
CDU
ATMoc4epHaS HecTeneperoHHah YCTaHOBKa
CEE CIDA
CN CNG CO CO2
CONCAWE EBRD ESMAP
KaTanmHamopa (pHopMHIr B nOCTOSHHOM pewKHMe) IjeHTpaAbHas H BOCTO4HaS EBpona
KaHa,IcKoe AreHTCTBO MeX)ZYHapOAHoro pa3BHTHA KpeKHHr-6eH3HH npHpOAHbIri ra3 MOHOKCHA yrnepoAa (OKHCL yrnepoAa) C)KaTbEi
)jiioKcHA yrnepo;la (xaByoKHcb yrnepoAa) CoxpaHeHHe HHCTOrO Bo3LayXa H BOAbl B EBpone EBpOrIeiCKHHi 6aHK peKOHCTpyKIWH H pa3BHTHS4
COBMeCTHaS pa3pa6oTKa IlporpaMMbl OOH no pa3BHTH10 H HpOrpaMMbm OpraHH3auHOHHOH
EU F
noflep)KKH (3HepreTH4ecKoro ceicropa M HpoBoro 6aHKa) EBponericKH9 C0103 (EC) IHTpa4Hbie CaHKLIHH, HaKBaqblBaeMbie Ha KOMriaHHH 3a ytaCTHe B npOTHBO3aKOHHbIX KOMMepHecKHx ZaeACTBHAlX
FBP TeMneparypa FCC
KOHua neperoHKH (KHneHWA)
YCTaHOBKa KaTaBiHTHHeCKOrO KpeKHHra B
nceBAOO)KH)KeHHOM cnoe
FID FSU FTIR GAI
HIaMeHHb6ii HOHH3aUHOHHblr XIeTeKTop EBIBUIHHi CoBeTcKHrH C0103 HK-cneKTpOCKonHAs (HHwpaKpacHaa cneKTpOCKOnHA) c npeo6pa3oBaHHeM 0ypbe Focy,AapcTBeHHaA aBToMo6HRIbHaS HHcneKUHS
(rAIl)
GC GC-MS G/D
xpoMaTorpa4 ra3oBaA xpoMaTorpa¢H. ra30BblI
- Macc-cneICTpocKonHA
OTHolueHHe 6eH3HHa K CpeHlHHM AHCTHJIJIATaM
(xRH3eJbHoMy H peaKTHBHOMY TonnIHBaM)
GDP GF/A g/i
BajiOBOR BHyTpeHHHri npoJyKT CTeKJIOBOJIOKHO, MapKH
rpaMMOB
A
Ha £iHTp
GNP BajbOBOIl HaLuHOHaIibHblH fpOUYKT GOST rOCCTaHaapT HC YrneBojopo,al xii
RD HDS
HD-VKT IBP ICP-AES ICP-MS
T/M IPCP
ISO kg
kg/i kg/m3 km km
2
kPa I
LD LD-VKT LNG LOD urM Mg Mn/i mg/m 3 ml mm
mm2 /s MMT Mn MON MTBE NEAP
BoJIbLuerpy3HblH; MOLUHblH FHapoo6eccepMBaHHe flpo6er 6o.rbieerpy3Horo TpaHCnopTHorO cpeaCTBa B
KHKnOMeTpaX TeMnepaTypa Haxiajia neperoHKH (KHneHHA) HHAYKTHBHO CBA3aHHaS niia3ma- aToMHa
3MHCCHOHHa3 CrieKpTOMeTpHA I4HJayKTHBHO CBs3aHHaA nnIa3Ma - MaccCnepKTpOMeTpHA TexocMoTp H Texo6cny)KHBaHHe 14HCT4TyT He#TexHMHiecKHx npoueccoB MexcAyHapoAHaA opraHH3auHS no cTaHaapTH3aUHH (14CO) KunorpaMMbl KHorpaMNoB Ha iiHTp
KHnorpaMMoB Ha Ky6HqecKIH MeTp KKnoMeTpEl
KYBapaTHblX KKnoMeTpoB
KnionacKanH JHTpb61
JIerKHH; nerKoBoH; MaioMOWHbEH rlpo6er nerKoBoro TpaHCflOpTHOFO CpeaCTBa B KimOMeTpax c>KHiceHHbEJ npHpoHEiHbi ra3 flopor o6Hapy>KeHHs .J4HTpOB B MHHYTY
MHnjIHrpaMMoB mapraHua Ha JUHTp MHnJIHrpaMMOB Ha Ky6HqecKHA MeTp MnwiHnHTpbi MHuniHMeTpbi KBaapaTHlIx MmHmiHMeTpOB BceKyHAy
MeTHJILHaIOneHTaZHeHHlTPHKap6OHHJ mapraHua MapraHeu OKTaHoBoe qHcjio no MOTOPHOMY MeTO)TY MeTHnTpeTHMHo6yTHnoBbEH
34Hp
HaiuOHa.iHas nporpamma npHpoaooxpaHHbIX aeCTBHA
NGO
NIOSH NIS
nm N0
2
NO, 03
P
HenpaBHTenbcTBeHHaA opraHH3aUHA HaUHOHajTEHblH HHCTHTYT TeXHHKH 6e3onaCHOCTrH H oxpaHbI -rpyAa HoBwne He3aBHcHMbie rocyzapcTBa
HaHoMeTp AHOKCHA a3OTa (zByoIKHcb a3oTa)
OKHC.rbI a3oTa 030H
Bbiroaa OT HeyqaCTHA B npOTHB03aKOHHblX KoMMep'lecKHx ,aerCTBHAX
PM PM1 0
ToHKoaHcnepcHbie MaCTHLbl (a3po3onH) ToHKo;HcnepcHbie qaCTHUEJ c a3pOaHHaMHMeCKHM
,aHaMeTpoM MeHee 10 MHKPOHOB
PM2 .5 xiii
ToHKo0acnepcHbie MaCTHULlc a3pOZIHHaMHqeCKHM
ppb ppm
PTFE
ZaHaMeTpOM meHee 2,5 MHKPOHa MaCTHU Ha MHHuapa (Mnpa-') MacTu Ha MHnnHOH (MnH) rIOJIHTeTpaBTop3THjieH (ToproBoe HaHMeHOBaHHe <<TeJInoH>>)
RON rpm S02
T96
OKTaHOBOe {Hcjio no HcciieAoBaTenibCKOMY MeTOay 060pOTOB B MHHyTy lHoKcHg cepwi (JByoKHcb cepbl)
TeMnepaTypa, iIpH KOTOpOHi wcnapseTcA
96%
TOrLTIHBa
TEL TML
TSP tVy
UNDP
TeTpa3THnCBHHeu
TerpaMeTnu1cBHHeu CyMMapHbwe B3BelueHHbie '4aCTHLIbI (MeTpH,4ecKHx) TOHH B rox
lIporpaMMa
pa3BHTHS OpraHH3auHH 06iexmHiHHbWx
HauHui
UNECE
9KOHOMHqeCKaA KOMHCCHA
EBponBl iAs
OpraHH3auHH 06¶beaHHeHHbIx HauHH
USALD
US$ US$A1 USTDA VKT vol%
W HO wt%
wt ppm XRF jggm
3
Jm
AreHTCTBO CIIA no MexAyHapO[aHOMY pa3BHTHIO
,ojmapbi CLUA JlojmapoB CIllA Ha nHTp YnpaBneHHe TOPrOBJIH H pa3BHTHA CIA rIpo6er TpaHCnOPTHOFO CpeaCTBa B KHJOMeTpaX 06XbMHbEI
npOueHT -
BceMHpHaA opraH43auH 3paBooxpaHeHHA BeCOBoi npoueHT LacTeil Ha MHJIJIHOH no Becy
PeHTreHOBCKaA 4.nyopeciieHMlA MHKporpaMMOB Ha Ky6HMecKHH MeTp MHKPOH (TEcICAHaA AojSl MHnJIHMeTpa)
xiv
TepMHHbl U onpeAeneHH4 ApoMaTHnca
YrneBonopoqbI,
(Aromatics)
qHcJIo
MojieKyJIa KOTOPbIX Coaep>KHT OaHO HJIH 6oJbUlee
6eH3oJmbHbx
KoneLu.
ApoMaTHKa
HMeeT
UeHHbIe
aHTHaeTOHaUHOHHbie (BblCOKOoKTaHOBble) XapaKTepHCTHKH.
]eH3oji (Benzene)
ApoMaTH4ecKHrl
yrnepoaa
6e3
yrjieBOqOpoR
C
OAHHM
KOJIbLOM
H3
6 aToMOB
anKHJIbHbIX ueneri. BeH3O] SBJISeTcS KaHueporeHHbIM
BeLueCTBOM.
BaaoBoii nPHPOCT
Banowoi
(Gross increment)
nlpOIYKTOB (He#Teg
npupocm
npeArcTaBnieT
(B ueHaX H
co6ori
KOMHOHeHTOB),
HO
pa3HOCTb
1-11713)
TepMHHaie
Ha
H
CTOHMOCTH
CTOHMOCTH
HpHBeaeHHas
K
CbIpbA
KOHTpOJIbHOMy
BapHaHTy. CM. Ta6nHLUbl B rn. 4.
BHc6peKCHHr (Visbreaking)
flpoLtecc
"MArKOrO"
rfJaBHbIM
o6pa3oM
TepMHHeCKOrO ARS
npHMeHMeMbih
KpeKHHra,
CHHCKeHHS
BS3KOCTH
H
TemnepaTypEi
3aCTbIBaHHA BaKyyMHbIX OCTaTKOB.
rFHpoo6eccepHBaHne
npoLtecc y2JaneHHA cepb H3 TOrIHBa B flPHCYTCTBHH BOAOpOza.
(Hydrodesulfurization) rHapoo6jiaropa>KHBaowuHf [HII3]
(Hydroskimming) FHjpooSHcTKca
(Hydrotreating)
Hn3 c
npOCTOHi CxeMOri, B KOTOpOH eCTb YCTaHOBKH pH4¢OpMHHra aJIS
nlOBbHiieHHM
OKTaHOBOrO mHcCia 6eH3HHa, HO HeT apyrHx YCTaHOBOK
BTOpHMHHoI nepepa6oTKH. He#Te3aBoUcKori AUS
apOMaTHKe
H30Mepxi3aT (Isomerate)
ripoLiecc,
B
KOTOPOM
riOTOK
o6pa6aTbIBaloT
coaepaKaHHS Cepbl, a3OTa H apyrHx reTepoaToMOB H ARA HaCEi6ieHHS ZIBOjHbIX CBR3eH (HanpHMep, B BOAOPOAOM
H
CHHX(,KeHHS
gHOnecPHHax).
TepMHHb6
"rHapOOMHCTKa,
rH,apoo6pa6oTKa H riiApoo6eccepHBaHHe" HcrloJIb3YOTCAS B npoMLiwnjeHHOCTH cpaBHHTe.JbHO yCJIOBHO. npO.LyKT npoLecca, B KOTOPOM yrnieBogopoabi C rlpAMOi uernlo (o6bi4Ho c 5 HnH 6 aTOMaMH yrnepoza) npeBpawUBOTCA B pa3BeTBfl6HHbie
rapa4HHbl
C 66nbEUHM OKTaHOBbM MHCJIOM.
KaTajIHTHqeCICHi IOHBepTep
YCTpOU4CTBO,
BCTpOeHHOe
(Catalytic converter)
coztepwxawuee
KaTanIH3aTop,
B
BbIXAonHyio Ha
CHCTeMy
KOTOPOM
OKCHA
aBTOMo6HRA
yrniepoaa
H
(CO)
npeBpawaeTcA B AHOKCHA yrnepoaa, a HecropeBIUHe yrneBO,aOpObI B aHOKCHZ yrnepoaa H BOAy. KaTaiH3aTop, Ha KOTOPOM npeBpaigaloTcA TORbKO CO H HecropeBlUHe yrjieBoAopOabI, Ha3bIBaIOT
,RByxnyTeBbIM. TpexnyTeBoR KaTaJIH3aTop npeBpaLuaeT, KpOMe TOrO, OKCHJ4bI a3oTa (NOx) B a3OT H BOAY (HAM B KHCYIOPO2 HnH B aHOKCHL yrnepoaa).
KaTajiHTUHecIHi icpeiCHHr B "icunsnueM" crioe (KKqD)
He#Te3aBOaCKO9 npouecc npeBpaXueHHsi uHpKyjiHpyOUHHi
roa3Onb,
TSKeJIbliX MmaceJ
B nerKHH4
6eH3HH H 6onee jierKHe npOAyKTbI.
(Fluidized catalytic cracking
(FCC)) KOKCOBaHHe
(Coking)
He4Te3aBoacKori npouecc - TepMHqeCKHr4 KpeKHHr B )KeCTKHX yCJOBHAX, B KOTOPOM TA)KeJIOe OCTaTOHHoe TOriIiHBO npeBpaulaeTcA B
TBdpAbEJA
KOKC,
AerKOKHriAUHe
nepepa6oTKH Ha apyrHx KpeKnHr (Cracking) 030H
yrfleBOaOpOabI, ripHrOAHbie JAD HTJ3, H B Hai¢Ty H AirKHA
YCTaHOBKaX
ra3o0mb. XHMH4eCKHrI npouecC, B KOTOPOM mojieKyna ("KpeKHpyeTcs") Ha MojieKyJIbi MeHbuiero pa3Mepa. BeCUBeTHbIH
ra3;
xv
030H
ripeaCTaBlAeT co6oi
pacKarbiBaeTCs
armoTponiyHo 4opMy
(Ozone) OKcHrenaTbI
Kmcnopoaa H HMeeTXHMHmieCKyIo 4OpMyYIy 03.
(Oxygenates)
He4Tenepepa6oTKe,
Jmo6ble CnHpTbl
OIcTaHoBoe IHcjio no HCCIeAOBaTenJbCKOMy MeTOZay (01I)
B
MaCTHOCTH,
06blIHO
K OKCHreHaTaM
B
OTHOCAT
nOBblleHHA
DIA,
HcnORb3yeMbie
3¢Hpbi,
npOCTbie
H
KHCnOpOa.
cozepcawlHe
coeaHHeHHA,
opraHHqeCKice
OKTaHOBOrO ,Hcjia H/HfH yMeHblleHHS coaepAKaHHS4 CO B BblIxOnHLIX ra3ax aBToMo6HSi. OKTaHoBOe qHCJIO TonJIHBa, onpeaenIseMoe B pe3KHMe, oTBelaioLeM aBToMo6HAs
aBHlKeHHIO
C
HH3KOH
CKOPOCTbIO
HnH
B
rOPOflCKHX
yCJIOBHAX.
(Research octane number (RON)) OIcTaHoBoe
HCJIO no
meTOAy (O'M (Motor octane number
MOTOPHOMY
OKTaHoBoe
'Hcno
TonrIHBa,
KOTOpbIH
aBHraTenSI,
oripeaenSeMoe
COOTBeTCTByeT
ero
Ha
TaKOM
pa6oTe
npH
peKHMe aBHwKeHHH
aBToMo6Hns no aBToMarHcTparnH.
(MON)) Ilepepa6aTilBaeMan Helj6Tb (Crude run) flpnMOrOHHlIfl
(Straight-run)
He4Te3aBoacKoA TepMHH, OTHOCSAlHiiCS K THfly nepepa6aTbIBaeMop
He#TH. BeH3HH, Ha3bIBaIoT
HenOCpeRCTBeHHOfi npauOOouHbim 6eH3HHoM; TO we
noniylaeMblE
pa3rOHKOA
camoe
He4¢TH,
OTHOCHTCA
K
AH3MfbHOMY TOrUIHBy.
PH4opMaT (npOxRyKT pHNjopMHHra) (Reformate)
rlpozyKT rpeBpaieHHA
npAMOrOHHOii
H KpeKHHr-HacTbI,
KOTOpoe
CBOAHTCA npex)fe scero K .erHH2pHpOBaHHEO HaTCHOB B apOMaTHKy. PH4opMaT npeacTaB.JLeT co60ur HaH6onee BaBKHLbl HCTOIHHK 6eH3oua
H CyMMapHori apOMaTHKH B 6eH3HHe. YrueBoz0opoAbI
OpraHHMecKHe coeAHHeHHA, COCTOSiWHe H3 yrnepoaa H BoAopoaa.
(Hydrocarbons) LteTaHOBoe qucjio (Cetane number)
3MnHpHMeCKaA mepa KawecTBa BocniiaMeHeHHA AH3eJIbHoro TonjiHBa, KOTOpaA xapaKTepH3yeT CKJIOHHOCTb TOIlJHBa K caMoBocnIIaMeHeHHIo npH TeMnepaType H gaBjieHHH, HMeiOiiIHX MeCTO B Kamepe cropaHHA aBTOMo6HRA.
IleTaHOBLIH
UjeTaHOBoe
MONKHO
YBejiHw4HT
c C
noMoLubio
UeTaHOnOBbilualOII1HX ,o6aioK. Ha 3MnHpH'HeCKOA OCHOBaHHa3 suciia, ueTaHOBOrO KOppeJIUHH C rliOTHOCThIO H napaMeTpaMH JneTyIeCTH. [1eTaHOBbIiH HH2eKC He MO)KeT OTpa)KaTb pe3yJIbTaT BBeaeHRA ,ro6aBoK, nOBbIuIaaioIutHx UeTaHoBoe qHCjiO.
uHjecKc OueHKa
(Cetane index)
MHCJIO
xvi
npeaM6yina I
3arpq3HeHHe ropo,acKoro Bo3fyxa IBfSIeTCA npo6neMori, Bbl3blBaioLuei pacTyinee 6eCnOKOACTBO BO MHOrHX HOBblIX He3aBHCHMbix rocyrapcTBax (HHEF) 6ElBiIero CoBeTcKoro CEoo3a. B ropoaax CTpeMHTeJIbHO yBeJIHHHBaeTCS qHCjieHHOCTb aBToMo6HlEHoro napKa, OaHaKO cny)K6bl perHcTpaUHH, TexocMoTpa H Texo6cj1yxKHBaHHs aBToMo6Hneii He B COCTOSHHH o6ecrieqHT no,uaepwxKy riporpammam nOBbhiueHHS Ka4eCTBa Bo3xyxa. rIpo6enbl, CBI3aHHbie C BpeqHbIMH Bbi6pocaMH, ycyry6nIAIOTCs HH3KHM Ka-eCTBOM noTpe6nIeMorO TOnnHBa. XOTA HeKOTOpble BH.Ibl
Bpe,aHbIX Bbi6pocOB (HanpHMep, rlapHHKOBbie ra3bi) r'no6ajbHoM MacimTa6e, HaH6onbLLIHH YPOH 3Ja0pOBbIO 3arPA3HeHHe
B03,ayLUHoro 6acceriHa.
npOcTpaHcTBe
HEW
Bo3raeACTBHe
rO HeKOTOpbiM
ipe3mepHo
npe aMeTOM
6eCnOKOACTBa B
mnoaeg Ha £IOKaTibHOM
YPOBHe HaHOCHT
ABnSlOTCA
OUeHKaM,
3arps3HeHHoro
B KpyrIHbEX ropoaax Ha BCeM
B03IYXa ewKeronHo
rpHBOaHT K
npe)IeBpeMeHHOH cMepTH OKOJIo 40 TEJC. H 3a6oneBaHHIo OKOJIO 100 TblIC. qenojBeK (Hughes and Lovei, 1999 r.). MHCTbie 3KOHOMH,4ecKHe noTepH OT TaKoro poqa BpeIHbIX BO3ZAerCTBH9 OUeHHBaiOTCA B 5% ropO,CKOro 6io,a>eTa. HpHqeM CTeneHb BO3AeACTBHA Ha 3ZIOPOBbe JIIOaeg He6onibEuIHx H paCcpe,aoToteHHEIX HCTO-HHKOB 3arpA3HeHHS (THna aBToTpaHCnOPTHbIX CpeaCTB) OKa3bJBaeTCS
HenpOfIOPLIHOHaIbHO
BbICOKOH, riOCKOJIbKy 3TH Bbi6pOCbi HMelOT MeCTO Ha YPOBHe
yJIHUbi, a pacceHBaHHe 3arpI3HHTeJieA TaKorO THna npoHCXOaHT C TpyaOM. HaH6oflee Bpe;lHbIMH B 3TOM oTHUILeHHH ABJISIOTCS TOHKOAHCnepCHbie B3BeweHHbie LiaCTHUbI (a3po3onH), Bbl3bIBOiliHe
ibIxaTeEbHbiX riyTeH, a TaKwoe CBHHeU, KOTOPbIH OKa3b3BaeT flary6Hoe BO3AerlCTBHe Ha YMCTBeHHOe Pa3BHTHe AeTeH H, ABJIAACb CTOHKHM 3arPA3HAlOflHM BelUeCTBOM, HaKannJHBaeTCA B oKpy)KaiouieH cpege. 3a6oJIeBaHHA
2.
Oco6eHHO xKryqHe npo6neMbl CTOAT nepe, HII, rae 3arpS3HeHHe B03IYUIHoro 6acceriHa CBS3aHO c pa60TO TPaHCnOPTHbIX cpefaCTB, 'TO o6ycnOBneHO H3HOIIeHHOCTbIO HX aBTOMO6HnEbHbiX naPKOB H OTCYTCTBHeM
aBToMo6HnJeH
pa3BHTOH
HH4paCTpyKTypbi CHa6)KeHHA
H CHCTeMbE
TOniiHBOM,
TeXOCMOTpa H Texo6cniyxHBaHH4.
TexHHqecKoFo
coaep)KaHHS
HIMeIOTCA coo6IueHHs,
corinacHo
KOTOpbIM BO MHOrHX ropoaax A3ep6agzwaHa, Ka3axcTaHa H Y36eKHcTaHa TpaHCriOPT ABJISeTCS OCHOBHblM
HCTO4HHKOM
npHXOaHTCA
3BrPSI3HeHI{B BoaIIyxa, npHf4M B HeKOTOPbIX qaCTb cyMMapHoro o6feMa Bbi6pocOB. B
3Ha'{HTeCibHaA
3KOHoMH'ieCKOrO cna4a cyMMapHoe noTpe6neHHe
nPHBeJTO
3HeprHH B 3THX
MeCTaX
Ha ero
.rno
90-x rr. B pe3yfIbTaTe cTpaHax yMeHblUHnOCb, 4TO
K CHHKeHHIO YPOBHA BpeAHbIX BbI6pOCOB, o6yc.noBjieHHbIx
c)KHraHHeM HCKonaeMbix
TOruiHB. XOTS B KpaTKOCpOMHO riepcrieKTHBe 3TO H npHBO,lHT K CHH)KeHHfO HHTeHCHBHOCTH 3arpA3HeHHS ropoacKoro Bo3ayxa, 3KOHoMH'IeCKaSl nenpeccmu o6ycnomHna TaKxce coKpaieHme pecypcoB, BbEieJIAeMbiX Ha 6opb6y C Bper4HbIMH BbI6pocaMH, H CTMan npHMHHOi 3aMeaneHHA npouecca o6HOBneHHA napKa aBTOMo6HJneii, YTO B AoJIrocpoT{HoH riepcneKTHBe aOJDKHO oTpHuaTejibHO CKa3aTbCA Ha MepOrIpHATH5[X no o6ecneTieHHIo KameCTBa ropocKoro Bo3IyXa. Ecni He
ripe,npHHATE
TeXHHMwCKHX
Heo6Xo2aHMbIX
Tpe6oBaHHH
K
mep no H3MeHeHHIO HOpMaTHBaM
HbIHelIHeH
Bbi6poCOB
ITOJIHTHKH
aBToMo6HJEbHbIX
B
OTHOUieHHH
aBnHraTenerl
npH
perHCTpaUHH HOBbIX TpaHCnOpTHblIX CpeACTB, Hane)KacaueMy Texoc6JIy>KHBaHHio HMeiOlIIHXCS napKOB aBToMo6HneH H ,JaeKBaTHbIM TeXHHqeCKHM YCJIOBHAM Ha KaxleCTBO TOnIUHB, TO B Tet'eHHe nocnie,youLux 10 - 15 neT POCT 'Hcjia aBToMo6HJeg H noBbEIJIeHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH H4X 3KCnUiyaTalIHH npHBexyT K YCTOHr4HBOMY yBeJIH'ieHHIO o6'beMoB Bbli6poCOB Bpe,HbIX BeLUeCTB.
3.
Bo
H36e)KaHHe TaKOrO pa3BHTHA co6b6lTH, B cTpaHax o6cneaoBaHHoro perHoHa Heo6xoaHMo paMKH KpaTKOCpO'IHbIX H CpeaHecpO'IHbIx MeponpHl1THurno yJIly'iueHHio He M)OlbKO KaqecTBa TonnHBa, HO U XapaKTepHCTHK BbI6pOCOB aBToMo6HJEHb>IX aBHraTeneH, nOCKOJIEKy OmepTHTb
JIOCTH)iceHHe JiHUlb OXaHo4 H3 3THX LefieHriaCT BeCbMa orpaHH'eHHbli4 pe3yJIbTaT. KpoMe Toro, onpeAeneHHA
OrIepaTHBHOCTH
nporpaMMa, B 3THX cTpaHaX
H
TBepaOCTH,
C
KOTOpbIMH
mOnHma
pean4H3OBbIBaTbCA
lAB
TaKaq
aOJTKHbI oTfaBaTTb ce6e oP-eT B xapaKTepe H 3Ha'IHMOCTH npo6neMbm
1
2
nlpHmeHeHHe 6o0iee
MHCTbIX MOTOpHblX TOJIUHB 0nA
o6ecneqeHHA
4HCTOThI
B03Xayxa B cTpaHax CpezHeH
A3HH H KaBKa3a 3arpA3HeHHS B03 ayXa, HHame rOBOpA, Heo6xOZWMo o6ecneqHTb HaadeKHbiH MOHHTOPHHr KaqecTBa
Bo3,ayxa. Mepbi no BBeaeHHIO 3arPA3HeHHM
B
aeACTBHe
(H o6eCnemeHHIO BbEnOJ]HeHHA) 6onee )KeCTKHX HOpMaTHBOB eAeTenJbHOCTH OTeqeCTBeHHbIX He4)Tenepepa6aTbiBalowHx
B03AyXa CKa)KYTCA Ha
3aBO,AOB, Ha pexKHme HajIoroo6JIoKeHHS ABH)KeHH31. ApyrHMH CnOBaMH,
Bce
H TapHi4HKaUHH, a TaKwKe Ha opraHH3aLHH Aopo*KHoro
3TH npo6neMLl
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C 12 no 20 Huonsj 1999 r. C 12 no 19 HIojTh 1999 r.
31.6 (60.8) 21.9 (42.2)
5.7 (15.2) 4.9 (13.1)
9.0 (18.1) 19.0 (38.1)
C 12 no 19 HioflA 1999 r. C 12 no 19 HMORA 1999 r. C 12 no 19 MnoAs 1999 r.
7.7 (14.8) 10.8 (20.7) 13.7 (26.4)
4.9 (13.1) 2.5 (6.6) 3.2 (8.6)
43.3 (86.6) 34.6 (69.2) 35.7 (71.4)
17.2 (33.1) 3.2 (8.6) 10.2 (19.5) < LOD 16.6 (31.9) 4.1 (10.9) 17.6 (33.9) < LOD 16.4 (31.5) 4.1 (11.0) 11.4 (22.0) 4.9 (13.2) 10.6 (20.5) < LOD 15.0 (28.8) 4.1 (11.1) 7.4 (14.2) 5.0 (13.3) 16.7 (32.1) < LOD 19.1 (36.7) 3.3 (8.8) 44.1 (84.9) 3.3 (8.8) 15.3 (29.3) 3.3 (8.8) 6.3 (12.2) 6.5 (17.4) 38.6 (74.2) 4.8 (12.8) nopora o6HapyweHHA.
22.2 (44.5) 24.1 (48.2) 18.9 (37.9) 24.2 (48.5) 31.3 (62.7) 33.1 (66.2) 26.3 (52.6) 33.3 (66.6) 22.9 (45.8) 19.4 (38.8) 30.2 (60.3) 8.7 (17.4) 29.3 (58.5) 37.9 (75.7) 26.3 (52.6)
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16.7 (44.4)
26.0 (52.0)
20.3 (39.1)
5.1 (13.6)
56.9 (113.8)
38.9 (74.8)
5.8 (15.4)
32.1 (64.2)
31.2 (60.0)
5.9 (15.8)
64.1 (128.1)
32.1 (61.8)
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no 7 aBryCTa 1999
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7.3 (19.5)
40.2 (80.4)
21.1(40.5)
4.4 (11.7)
41.7 (83.5)
43.1 (83.0)
9.8 (26.2)
26.0 (51.9)
40.9 (78.6)
11.5 (30.6)
24.2 (48.5)
29.9 (57.4)
7.4 (19.7)
39.8 (79.6)
22.2 (42.6)
4.1 (10.9)
29.4 (58.9)
20.5 (39.5)
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48.8 (97.5)
40.0 (76.9)
10.7 (28.6)
54.0 (108.0)
43.4 (83.5)
7.4 (19.8)
19.2 (38.3)
30.2 (58.1)
7.3 (19.5)
31.0 (62.0)
45.8 (88.1)
8.1 (21.7)
74.0 (148.0)
35.2 (67.6)
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HomeHKiaTypy ToriHB H noTpe6HocTE B 6eH3HHe
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6bmia pa3pa6oTaHa MO,aenb B BHAe 3neKTpOHHOHi Ta6JHIbli no KaxcOHi CTpaHe, KpOMe ApMeHHH H KHprH3cKoA Pecny6JIHKH, B KOTOpbEX ,AaHHbIX no napKam aBToMo6HIei nOHOJy-HTE He yaajocE. I4MeiouylocA no KaXc,flOio CTpaHe HH4OpMaUHo BBOaHtHl B 3Ty 3iieKTpOHHyIO Ta6HUy, InpHMeM nOhIHOTa BBOqHMOH HH4opMaUHH 6bma pa3JIHqHOH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOi HnIH cTpaHbI.
3.11
B
nywem cjiy4ae, TOJIbKo no OTAeJfbHbIM Mo(enJISM HMeJIHCb peanbHbIe aaHHbie KaK no
B cnyqae TaHKHKHCTaHa 6bmiH nOflYmeHbl TOJIbKO cyMMapHblie aHpbi no 6eH3HHoBbEM H 4H3enfbHbIM aBTOMo6HnJAM. xiA Toro 4TO6bi npHMeHHTb Ta6nIH4Hy1O Moaenlb K TaHxKHKHCTaHy, Ha ripHmepe Ka3axcTaHa onpeae.JHRH pacnpeRiieneHHe aBToMo6HnreH no MeTbIpeM rpynnam (rpy3oBble aBTOMo6HJH, aBTo6ycbi, nierKoBbie H cneuHanLHbHbie aBToMo6HH), aTaKoe Hx pa3aeneH4e no noTpe6nMeMoMy Tor1HBy (6eH3HH H 4H3enJbHoe TonrHBo). Jns oTexecTBeHHbIM, TaK H no HMIIOpTHbiM aBTOMo6HASM.
Ka2K,aOri
no,arpynnbw
Bbi6paIH
npeACTaBHTejibHbEIi
THn
aBTOMo6HnS,
OCHOBbiBaACb
pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTH 3Toro THna B Ka3aXCTaHe. TaKOHi noixoA co'nH KoppeKTHblIM,
Ha
oCKOJIbKy no
napKy Ka3axcTaHa HMeBJHCb notapo6Hbwe CBeaeHHJ. QaHaKo, COOTHOLUeHHe aBTOMo6HlJbHOMy aBToMo6Haerl c 4H3enJbHbEMH H 6eH3HHoBbEMH aBHraTeJ]AMH B 3THX cTpaHax xapaKTepH3yeTCA pe3KHMH pa3J]H'HHMH.
3.12
B OnOJIHeHHe K xHcjieHHOMy cocTaBy napKa aBToMo6HnieH B o6cJiegOBaHHbix cTpaHaX, B HCXOaHbIX KOJIOHKaX 3J1eKTpOHHOHi Ta6HUbi ripeOcTaBHeHElOCHOBHbIe XapaKTePHCTHKH KaxcAoro THna aBToMo6HIeH aaHHoro napKa, a TaKwKe zaHHbie c pa36HBKori no rojam (TaM, rae OHH HMenIHcb). BaKHeri[uHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, npeIcTaBJISAIIUHMH HaH6oJIbmHH HHTepec, ABJIAIOTCA THn TOnJIHBa H ero pacxog Ha 1 KM npo6era (OHUl onpeAennKoTcA H3roToBHTeJieM aBToMo6HJUI). rlpH flpOBeaeHHH aHYain3a 6buTH r]pHHATbE cneapyowHe qOnyrueHHi: aBTOMo6Hnb pa6oTaeT Ha Tpe6yeMoM ToruiHBe (HanpHMep, Ha 6eH3HHe C MHHHMajibHbIM 014, OrOBOpHHbIM H3rOTOBHTejieM MaIUHHbl); yaenbHblHi
38
rIpHmeHeHHe
6o0iee qHCTJIX MOTOpHEJX TOnIIiHE an2 o6ecne4eHIH4
qHCTOTbl
B03,ayxa B CTpaHaX CpeaHeH
A3HH H1KaBRa3a pacxo,4
TOrYHBa COOTBeTCTBYeT
TexHHqecKoe
o6cJyTcKHBaHHe
napaMeTpy,
H peryHPOBKa
H3roToBHTeIeM.
yKa3aHHOMY CHcTeMbi
nHTaHHA
,aOCTHXCeHHH npOeKTHOH TOnnUHBHOH 34MeKTHBHOcTH aBTOMo6HAS,
ABJISAOTCS
rIocKoJEKy
npaBHEbHOe
Ba)KHHbIMH
aKTopaMH
B
npHBe,aeHHbie B aHaniH3e BenHqHHbi,
BO3MO)KHO, OKa3anIHC6 3aHH.CKeHHbiMH no CpaBHeHHIO C 4DaKTHqeCKHM pacxoaoM TOriJIHBa. B HaCTOsAlLeHi rniaBe aJU3 HH3KOOKTaHOBbEx 6eH3HHoB (T.e. 6eH3HHoB C OI/M, paBHbIM 72 H 76 nYHKTaM) nPHASTO paBHbIM 91 o6o3HatIeHHe 76 OTI/M, B TO BpeMA KaK BbICOKOOKTaHOBbLIe 6eH3HHbl (T.e. 6eH3HHEl C 011,
l1YHKTy H Bl6liue) o6o3HaqalOTCs KaK 93
01O.
B TorHBe RAS KOHTPOJTEHOro roxaa paccliHTaHbl C HcriOflb3oBaHHeM cpeACTBa B KH5oMeTpax (HITCK) no rpynnam (T.e. 40 TEIC. KM TpaHcnOPTHoro npo6era oueHOK rogoBoro ,anA rpy30BHKOB, 50 TbiC. KM ,WASaBTO6yCOB, 15 TbIC. KM AAA JierKOBbIX H 10 TbIC. KM ,AiA cneLHanJbHbIX wTO o6sAcHAeTcA OaHHaKOBbIMH X4AIA BCex cTpaH, aBTOMo6HneH). BeniqHHbl nTCK npHHSTbE
3.13
HoTpe6HOcTH
[aHHblIX no OTaej1bHbIM CTpaHaM. Pac'&rTEJ BbInOJIHeHbl =Ana Kaxc,forO THna aBToMo6Hneii a pe3yjThTaTbi CYMMHPYIOTCA no TpeM BH,IaM ToHYIHBa. TaKHM cnoco6oM 6bmH noJ1yqeHbi ,aaHHble o TeopeTHqecKoM noTpe6neH4HH TornHBa B KOHTPOnIbHOM, 1998 ro,gy. Pe3ynbTaTI 3THX paC'I6TOB rpHBEeAeHbl Ha B Ta6ni. 3.2. TaM )Ke npeaCTasneHbl AaHHb1e o noTpe6JIeHHH 6eH3HHa H ZH3e2ThHOrO TOnjiHBa, noJIyqeHHble rpynno alHanIH3a He#Tera3oBoro ceKTopa H3 npaBHTeniCTBeHHEIX HCTO'HHKOB, H OTCYTCTBHeM
rpynnoH
3TOH
BbIlnOJIHeHHbie
Bb6COKOOKTaHOBEIM
Me2KY
cnpoca
pacnpeaeiieHIHA
oxeHKH
H
HH3KOOKTaHOBblM 6eH3HHaMH.
3.14
OueHKH
KOHTPOJIbHOM
no
Mo2eniH
CyJUeCTBeHHO
roAy
H
HMeio1iHeCA
pa3JIHMalOTCA
KaK
4DaKTH1ecKHe no
ztaHHbIe o
a6COJTOTHbIM,
TaK
H
pacxoae
no
TorJiHBa
B
OTHOCHTeJIbHblM
KOJIH'IeCTBaM. OueHKH no MOqejiH, rlojiy'eHHbie zUA CYMMapHorO cnpoca Ha 6eH3HH, HeH3MeHHO BbiIue 3Ha'1eHHrH, B3ATEIX H3 HMeIOUIHXCA galHHbIX 0 nOTpe6neHHH TOrLIIHBa. (,4aHHbEe Ta6n. 3.2 ,rWA TypKMeHHcTaHa He o6HapyAUHBaloT COBnaaeHHM paCM&TOB no MOReJiH C 4XaKTH4eCKHM pacxoziom K 6eH3HHa A-76; 43aKTHqeCKHe aaHHbie OTHOCATCA K cyMMapHOMY HPOH3BOZIcTBy 6eH3HHa, a He noTpe6jieHHwo ero aBTOMo6HnbHLiM napKOM cTpaHbI).
3.15 aBToMo6HneeH. aBTo6yCOB
H
A6COJlIOTHbie KOJIHqeCTBa TOIJ1HB 3aBHCAT OT HlpHHATOi BeJIH'HHbi flTCK no rpynnam roay npo6er rITCK COCTaBlAIeT 50 TblIC. KM B roz 2MA
HanpHMep, B KOHTpOJIbHoM
40
TbiC. KM
B roA .nA
rpy3OB4KOB.
BepOSTHO,
BnonHe
MeHSTbCS KaK X,IA TOH HuH HHOH CTpaHbI, TaK H ,LAS KOHKpeTHblIX yCJIOBHi H3 3THX CTpaH. ALiAon
'TO
3HaneHHe IITCK
MOwCeT
KOHTpOjTbHOrO rojAa B KaXCfOH
pa3HbIX THHOB TOnnHB H o6ulee ero noTpe6jieHHe B KaXKzxOM cTpaHe B KOHTpOJIbHOM
aBTOMO6HtIbHorO napKa HanIpHMep, nTCK (aBTo6yCOB)
cTpaHe H OT COOTHOWeHHA (rpy3oBHKOB) = 5/4.
ro,Ay 3aBHCAT OT COCTaBa
B aaHHOr1
rpynraM MaLUHH, T.e.,
/IHTCK
IITCK no
rlpHMeHeHHe
6o0ee MHCTbIX MOTOPHbIX TOIIJIHB Aim o6ecne'1eHHA A3HH H KaBKa3a
YHCTOTbI BO3AtXa
B cTpaHax CpeaHeR
39
Ta6nmLAa 3.2 Pacxoq TonnfsBa B o6cneAOBaHHbIX CTpaHaX B 1998 r. (B MnH. TOHH) 76 OYL/M 92 OT I'H
CmpaHa
qgu3eAbHoe
mornueo A3ep6afiLOJcaH aaKTHqecKKHeaaHHi6e
0.12
0.35
0.52
PacqeT noMoaeniH
0.50
0.27
0.56
cDaKTHqeCKHe,aaHHbme
0.09
0.35
0.29
Pacv4T no MoaeJ]H
0.57
0.37
0.26
qaKTHqeCKHe AaHHEie
1.6
PacqeT no MoaeJiH
2.2
0.38 1.1
2.8 1.4
0.27 0.40
0.03 0.08
0.90 2.7
rpy3Uw
KamaxcmaH
TaioacuxucmaH 4aKTHqeCKHe
gaHHbme
PaclqT no MoaenIH
TypKMeHucmaH qaKTHmteCKHe aaHHbie
-
0.70
0.63
0.20
0.09
1.8 2.3
0.17 0.65
2.5 0.78
0.64
Pac4eT no Moaern
Y36eKucmaH DaKTHmeCKHe aaHHbie PacqeT no MoaenIH
IAaHHLDI
o pacnpeaenieHHH cnpoca
MeWKAy BbICOKOOTaHOBbIM H HH3KoOKTaHOBbiM 6eH3HHaMH Ha cocTaBnaeT 0,64 MJIH. TOHH.
UMeCTcS; CYMMaPHOe nPlOH3BO4CTBO 6eH3HHa BcTpaHe 3.16
3aBbI6meHHbie
AonyIeHHAMH,
KOTOpbIe
no moueju 3HameHHA pacxoAa TOrUIHB MaCTI4NHO o6ycnoBaneHbE npHXoaZHnOCb npHHHMaTb H3-3a OTCYTCTBHA CTaTHCTHT4eCKHX AaHHbEX. OJ,HHM H3 HaH6ojiee OMeBHaHbIX ciia6bEx MeCT Ta6JIHqHOrl MOJIej]H ABflMeTCA gonymeHHe 0 TOM, 'TO BCe 3aperHcTpHPOBaHHb6e aBTOMo6HnH aeiCTBHTejEbHO 3KcnC1yaTHPYIOTCA H 'TO 3a ro, OHH npOXOJAT nyTb, PaBHblH nPHHHTOMY IITCK. XOTA B 3THX cTpaHax npaKTHKa CnHCaHHA H3HOIIIeHHbix aBToMo6HJIeH OCTaBJIAeT )KeJiaTb
aBTOMO6HjieH
nyLilnero,
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MO)KHO CLIHTaTB, 'ITO
BenHKa.
2jOR)KHo npHBeCTH K 3aBbiulieHHIO
PacqeTHoe
Ha 6eH3HH B 6yayieM AJaI
4Hcjia aBTOMo6HAeH,
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6oEu.ierpy3Hblx aBTOMo6HneH c 6eH3HHOBbIMH
.qpyrHMH rpynnaMH MaulHH,
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3aBbIllieHHe
TOIJIHBa.
B
HO He pa6oTalou-Hx
B CBOIO owepeab,
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eCTIH 'HCJIO
aBHmraTeJAMH B MOaejiH 3aBbiiueHO rio CpaBHeHH1O C
TO npHBeteHHbie Bbilue pe3yJlbTaTbl eLu 6onblEe yCHnIT nanemie cnpoca aBTOMo6HnEbHoro napKa. Pa36poc aaHHb1X OT CTPaHbl K CTpaHe
3TOH rpynnbi
TaKxce MoAKeT 6blTE o6ycnoBj]eH npo6enaMH B HMe1OIaHXCS .aaHHbIX. KpoMe TOrO, B03MO)KHO, HMeeT MeCTO HeXBaTKa cbaKTHweCKHX aaHHbIX
O
pacxoaax TOruIHBa H3-3a TOrO, 'ITO He YMHTEIBaeTCA TOnIUHBO,
nonazaiouiee B cTpaHy KOHTpa6aHAHbIM nyreM.
Euie O,HHM
B03MO7KHbIM o6bscHeHHeM paCxOxIeHHHl
Megy ~facKTHIeCKHMH H paC'qITHbIMH aaHHbIMH IBJIAeTCS TOT 4aKT, 'TO y aBTOMO6HeeH, pa6oTaioiuHx Ha HH3KOOKTaHOBbmX 6eH3HHaX, 3Ha'eHHe IITCK HaMHOrO HH)Ke, qeM y aBToMo6HneH, pa6oTaiouiHx Ha BblCOKOOKTaHOBElX 6eH3HHax.
3.17
Pacxox.eHHiA Mewny BeniHqHHaMH noTpe6neHHA 6eH3HHa pa3Hbix xapaKTepHCTHK, PaCC'IHTaHHbIMH rio Moae.jH H B3STbIMH CTaTHCTHKH, aJA pa3HbIX CTpaH IlpHMeHeHHe 6eH3HHa c 6onee BblCOKHM, qeM Heo6xoaHMo, OKTaHOBblM qHCjiOM He CO3,aaeT pa6oTbl aJnA 605ELUiHHcTBa aBBHraTeJierl. Hcno11Eb3OBaHHe TOnniHBa C MeHblUHM, wmM
U3
oKTaHOBbIM
iHCJIOM
CO3,aeT
npo62¶eMbl
B
pa6oTe
aBTOMo6HJIA;
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HMCeOTCS
oKTaHOBbIX pa3nIHHbI.
roMeX JA1 Tpe6yeTcA,
CBe,eHHA,
qTO
40
rIpHMeHeHHe 6o0iee qHCTBIX MOTOpHLIX TOruiHB aut o6ecneveHHA 4HCTOTbl Bo3Jayxa B CTpaHax CpeaHef4 A3HH H KaBKa3a
HOJTb3OBaTeYIH HaXOAST nyTH DAnA HX peiueHHA, KOraa BblCoKoK1TaHOBOrO 6eH3HHa HeT B npoga)Ke HnIH OH CJIHUKOM ziopor. HanpHMep, KaK y)Ke rOBOpHJIOCb Bbmlwle, OHH He3aKOHHO BBOaAT TeTpa3THnCBHHeu HnH aHajiOrwHHbie ,ao6aBKH B 6eH3HH ,tIA fOBbillueHHS ero OKTaHOBOrO HHcjla. Apyras npaKTHKa, 0 KOTOPOH cBHueTejbCTBa,
HMe]OTCA napa,4oKCaJTHbHe
UeJIblO
C
3aKmoqlaeTcA B nepeeienKe .IBHraTeJ1A
CHH3KeHHS4
CTeneHH cxKaTHA, nocne Hero OH 6e3 oco6Eux npo6neM Mo)KeT pa6oTaTb Ha HH3KOOKTaHOBOM 6eH3HHe. K COfKaJIeHHIO, HeT HH4OpMajHm, KOTOPaA nomorna 6bl BbIpa3MTb KojiHHeCTBeHHO CyMMapHbl BKnaa 3THX cnoco6oB H TeM CaMbIM peUMHTE, MoryT JIH OHH CTaTb npHhHHoH paCXO)zeHHii MeX*y OueHKaMH no MOIeJIH H CTaTHCTHMeCKHMHa.aHHbIMH o nOTpe6nieHHH 6eH3HHa pa3HbEX OKTaHOBblX XapaKTepHCTHK.
A3ep6agawaHa H Fpy3HH, rae ,i YKa3aHHbie pacxox<AeHHA 6onee cyUeCTBeHHbl cbaKTHMeCKOe noTpe6neHHe BbICoKoOKTaHOBoro 6eH3HHa npeBbliuaeT 3HaqeHHe, gaBaemoe paCMeTaMH no OHM He CTOJIb BenJiKH ,JIA Ka3axCTaHa H Y36eKHcTaHa, rAe noTpe6neHHe BbICOKOoKTaHOBOrO Mo,Aenf. He MHHHMyM, KaK Bblme, npHBeadHHbie 061bICHeHHS, npearnonaraeMoro. 6eH3HHa MeHhuIie
3.18
rpOTHBopemaT nOPSAaKy BeJIHMHHbl 3THX paCXo)KfeHHH.
3.19
MTO KacaeTCA 4H3eJTlHOrO TOnIJiHBa, TO Ta6JIMHHas MOaeJIb OileHHBaeT ero noTpe6nieHHe aaHHbIe BKJIIOHaeTCA TaKoKe noTpe6JIeHHe
TOnbKO Ha aBTOaoporaX, B TO BpeMA KaK B CTaTHCTH4ecKHe
TOrMHBa BHeaOPO)KHbIMH TpaHCrIOPTHbIMH cpe,-CTBaMH. fIo3TOMy MO)KHO npeInOlO)KHTb, TOnInHBa no CTaTHCTMqeCKOH OT4eTHOCTH npeBbICHT OueHKH cnpoca no MogfeAH. ii ZIeACTBHTeJLbHO, OUieHKH no MOaenJH OKa3bIBaioTCS HH)Ke ,qS AH3enjbHorO TOnHIHBa (3a HCKmIO'eHHeM TaawHKHcTaHa). 3HaMHTenbi6Ho 60niee BbICOKOe noTpe6neHHe aH3eilEHOrO TOrLTHBO, rioAC'qHTaHHoe no AH3eJbHorO
'ITO pacxoaL ,H3efLbHorO
MO,aeJIH, yKa3blBaeT Ha TO, HTO 'HHCJIO AH3eJlbHbIX MaIUHH CHAbHO 3aBbiLueHO. flO3TOMy pa36poc Meway no Mo.enJH, H CTaTHCTHM'eCKHMH gaHHbMMH noTpe6neHiA TOnriHBa, BeiIHxIHHaMH, pacC'qHTaHHb6Mm TaxIKHKHcTaHa B Ta6ji. 3.2, o6ycjiOBneH, cKopee Bcero, 3aBbillUeHHb6M HHCJIOM npHBe,ReHHbIMM ,4AnA aBTOMo6HJIeii C aH3efibHbIMH UBHraTeJ1AMH H zIOriyweHRAMH, npHHATblMH no aBToMo6HIbHL6M napKaM.
apyrHx CTpaH, TO 3zaecb 3TH pa3JH'HS 'IHacTH'HO MoryT 6BITb ciegCTBHeM HeTOMHOcTeH B CaMHX,aaHH6IX 0 napKe aBTOMo6HieH H pacxo,ie TOnrHBa.
T4TO KaCaeTCl
B
3.20 CHHwKeHHe
HH3KoOKTaHOBoro
pacxozaa
Ha HH3KOOKTaHOBOM
pa60TaioWLXHMH
aBTo6ycOB
npOFHO3HbEX LaaHHbIX Ha npe2ICTOSAuHe roabi Ta6JiH'qHas MoJaenb B OCHOBHOM zaeT
MOUIHbEX
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OKOHmaHHH
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cKopee Bcero, OKaBKeTCS o0IHo6oKHM, a B He4Teao6biBawowyIo oTpacnjb npOMbilujieHHOCTH npHDaTCA BKjiaAblBaTb 6o0nbuLe, qeM B ino6yio Apyry1o, excero4Hbie TeMnbI pOCTa BBfl, CBA3aHHbLe HMeHHO C 3THM BapHaHTOM, HaHgeHHbLH
6
BeJIH'qHHOH 10% B KaBcfoM aaHHoM bmTH orpaHH'EHbE Ta6jiH4IHOr4 MoaenH, paccqHTbIBanJaHnA Kaxcoro roga
no
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(B %)
Ha YPOBHe,
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-
AHHaMHKa
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IAn
pOnIopULHOHaSjbHOM pocry BBrI, npm YCJIOBHH e)KeroaHoro 6eH3HHa Ha 5% (no KOHTPOJIbHOMY cny'alo). ,9pyrHe
BapaHHTbl o6cyxQai<oTcq HH)Ke B pa3,aejie, nOCBSIUdHHOM aHlanH3y
3.21
roxgy. CyMMapHblHi flTCK, Ao 2010 r. 3TH pacqdeTi6
HOMeHKiiaTypbl
TOruiHB
yBCTBHTejibHOCTH. B
Ka3KaoHrO
KOHKpeTHOl
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nporHO3aMH no BBII H z(aHHbIMH onpeRenAeTcA npexcie HOMeHKnaTypa TOrnHB B HMeHHO o6pa3oM, TaKHM roa. KOHTpOJ1bHbliH Ha no napKy aBToMo6HiieH
Bcero
goTnyLueHHAMH, 3aJIO)KeHHbIMH B MOJeJIb,
6o0nee A31HH H KaBKa3a rIpHMeHeHHe
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roay,
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a
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3HameHHS
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41
IHCTOTbl BO3,aXa B cipaHax CpelmHeg
noTpe6neHHA
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3.22
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53
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3.75
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59
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47
62
59
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< 195
< 195
< 195
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< 205
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no
no
no
no
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spec.
spec.
spec.
spec.
spec.
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56,000 786,000 176,000
104,000 654,000 237,000
110,000 175,000 487,000
310,500 1,940,000 900,000
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770,000
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B
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83.5 76.4
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60 70
60 190
60 100
1.4 28 7
1.5 34 18
1.6 39 15
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95.0 84.9
93 6onBlne 6eH3HHa KaTaiHTHmeCKOrO KpeKHHra, 4eM B
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c 6eH3HHaMH apyrHx MapoK, 6oraie KoMnoHeHToM C apoMaTHKH. B BbEcoKooKTaHoBExX 6eH3HHax pH4OpMHHra, nocnie nycKa yCTaHOBKH H3oMepH3aIIHH, a go6HTECA 6yaeT MOiKHO % 2 o6. MeHee coaepwaffi 6eH3ona 20 MJIH. xRonn. nopsAxKa COCTaBsT 4.30, B Ta6nI. 3aTpaTb61 Ha 3TO, KaK nlOKa3aHO cepuI.
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Ta6jmua 4.30. Hn3 B TypKMeH6awm: npHpocTHble MOLMHOCTM 1 3aTpaTbl B rOAOBOM mCLimCJemHH Ann1 2005 r. BapuaHm c u3womepu3aiue 150,000
rlpHpocTHas MOI.IHOCTb, T/rOa KanHTaHioB2ioweHHs, MJIH. ZJIOnT.
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Ha H13 a TypK,meH6auwu 6 2005 Z.
B TypKmeH6almH 6yaeT BbIpa6aTbIBaTbCs AH3ejbHoe TOIIJIHBO HCKnIUOHTen3bHO
aMH3eibHoro TorIAHBa, npHBeadHHoe B Ta6n. 4.31, OCHOBbIBaeTC31 Ha rPAMorOHHOM AH3enJbHOM TorUTHBe. B AH3eJnbHOM nyne HII3 B TypKmeH6aLlUH Mo)KeT cogepxaTECA OKOJIO 12 Bec. % njrKoro uHpKy.lHpyioLnero ra3oHnr KaTajiHTHqeCKoro KpeKHHra H OT 7 ao 8 Bec. % jierKoro ra3oHrM KOKcOBaHHA. 3TH KOMnOHeHTbi MOA(HO 6ygeT noaaBaTb Ha KOMIayHAHpOBaHHe nocne Toro, KaK Ha Hfl3 nOCTPOAT YCTaHOBKy rHgpooOHcTKH flH3enfbHOrO TOrinHBa. B 3TOM c.rymae coaep)KaHHe cepbl B aH3enJbHOM TOnHJHBe He 6yaeT npeBbeiuaTm 0,05 Bec. %, a ero uLeTaHOBbiH HHaeKC 6yaeT COCTaBJI.STb OKoJIo 49. BbIcoKorO
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829 55.6 1,500
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Ha ByxapcKoM Hfl3 B 6eH3HH HHKOraa He ao6aBniuAH T3C. B Ta6fl. 4.32 rlpHB0oaATCB AaHHbIe o pa36HBKe Heq)TenpoAyKTOB no THnaM H o6 HX Biipa6oTKe Ha 3aBogax B 1998 r. HporHo3Hbxe ,aaHHbi6e no Bblpa6oTKe HpO.1yKUHH Ha HnI3 npHBeAeHbI B Ta6ni. 4.33. Bbipa6oTKa HT3 c6aaaHcHpoBaHa c 3THAHpyIoT.
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300,000 313,000 0 313,000 76,000 382,000
1998 r.
(B MeTp4LieCKHX TOHHax)
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Byxapa n. a. 658,750 116,250 775,000 525,000 625,000
- 300,000
1,171,250 53,750 1,225,000 275,000 1,875,000
0 -323,000 10,000 - 313,000 - 76,000 - 382,000
0.67
0.57
0.82
Cymmapnoe nompe6,7eHue 0 1,820,000 180,000 2,000,000 800,000 2,500,000
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0.68 OTHoiueHHe B/IJ 17puw4evaNue: n. a. - 2AaHHBIx He mmeeTcA. Ha#Ta H3 AjiTBI-ApbIKa HzeT B 6noK cMeweHHA
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300,000 900,000
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518,000 - 67,000
762,000 1,847,000
0 313,000
354,000 744,000
475,000 1,375,000
76,000
600,000
238,000
585,000 9,000
n. a.
n. a.
n. a.
n. a.
923,000 910,000
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n. a.
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2,269,000
382,000 0.68
720,000 0.56
1,204,000 0.95
873,000 n. a.
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21
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45
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220,000
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430,000
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320,000
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102.2
91.8
54.2
6.3
20.4
18.4
10.8
1.7
3.1
2.5
1.5
0
3.1
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1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
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Spectra 97
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cMoji no rOCT'y npOH3BOAHTCA
TPHBHaBnbHbIi
nepexoa Ha MeTOaHKH ASTM He npeacTaBJIAeTCA B03MO)KHEIM. OnHaKO, nepcoHani na6opaTopHri HMeeT aocTaTo4HO BbICOKyFO KBajiHq)HKaUHio, a nonyqaeml6e pe3yEbTaTbl 3IBJiAIOTCA BsnOnHe yAOBjieTBOpHTenbHbIMH.
Mexna6opaTopHaA pa6oTa no KoppeniSiUHH pe3yJILTaToB, nO-BH4AHMoMy, rpOBOAHTCA B KaK B nonJyeHHOH HHopMaauHH, CorJiacHo o6ieMe. orpaHHmeHHOM oqeHb UeHTpanEHOii HCnblTaTejiEHoHi na6opaTopHH, TaK H B AJIMaTHHCKoH Ea3oBoi He#TsHor HccYezOBaTeAbcKoii JIa6opaTOpHH, pa3 B rOa K HHM nocrynaioT npo6F6l 6eH3HHoB H tIH3eflbHbIX TOnnIHB H3 UeHTpaJIbHOH Jla6opaTopHH roccTaHaapTa. 06e na6opaTopHH HcnEbITblBamOT npo6E[, rpeacTaBJIAIOT pe3yJETaTbl H CHHTaIOT HX HpHeMReMEIMH, ecJIH He nocTynaeT HHKaKHX Bo3pa)KeHHri. TaKHM o6pa3oM, y na6opaTopHii, 4yHKUHOHHpylo.iHx
apyra,
HeT B03MO)KHOCTH HH ocyLieCTBJ1ATb o6paTHyIo CBA3b, B3aHMoo6MeHoB TaKOrO poaa (HHaqe roBops, y acneKToM KOTOPaS ABASeTCS BaKHbiM HHX HeT BO3MOHKHOCTH npOBOXHTb o630p TO0HOCTH aHlaH3OB H pacxo=eHHHl capyrHMH nia6opaTopHAMH-yMacTHHKaMH), HH onpeAeenrTb pa36poc pe3yJIETaTOB HcC.eAOBaHHA, He3aBHCHMO 4pyr OT
norpeLIHOCTH H 4pyrHe CTaTHCTHmecKHe napaMeTpbi.
*
cyiUeCTByeT 4XOpM CTaTHCTHleCKorO KOHTPOJIA HeKOTOPbLM aaHHbIM, B AnMaTHHCKOH Ba3OBOA He4TsHOH HccneaOBaTenibCKO ii a6opaTopHH, HcrElTaHHA ay6iHpyioTcA, H Ha 6a3e aByx B OAHOHi
HH
TOMHOCTH
H3
He
na6opaTopHri
H3MepeHHri, XOTA,
nO
HCnblTaHHH BbIBOaAT cpeAHHr4 pe3yjlbTaT.
*
B
BBa3OBOr
AnMaTHHCKOH
He#TSHOH
Hccjiez(oBaTejibcKoH
na6opaTopHH
6bmH
npe;IcTaBneHbLI HeKOTOPbIe cePT4HKaTbi no oTaenjEbHbIM oTrpy3KaM aBToMo6HJiEHorO 6eH3HHa c pa3njHqHbix H3. CepTH,HKaTbm 6buIH BbEHicaHbl B 1998 r. H, no-BHAHMOMy, OTHOCHJIHCb K npHeMOMHbIM HCITbiTaHHAM rpy30B, ROCTaBJieHHbiX XKeJe3HOZ(OPOKHb6MH UHCTepHaMH.
4.102
EcnH rOBOPHTb
o6
o6feM KoHTpone KameCTBa 6eH3HHa, aH3enbHoro, a B03MO2KHO,
peaKTHBHorO TOHnHBa (no pe3yJIbTaTaM HcnibTaHHH,
H
npoBoaHMbiX TOjibKO B a3ponopTax), TO nocnie
AnMaTHHCKOH ]5a3oBO4 He4YTAHOR HccJiegOBaTenbCKOH .ria6opaTopHHTaKoH KoHTpOjin HH B AnMaTEI HH, cKopee Bcero, HHrge B Ka3axcTaHe He npOBOnHTCA. HCnbITaHHB cpaBHHTenbHO Manioro x4Hcjla npo6 6eH3HHa H aH3enjhHFO TonnHBa BbESBHJH HecKojibKo cYiyIaeB CHjibHorO 3arpA3HeHHA. CoBepieHHo C ZpyrHMH KOMIOHeHTaMH TOnnIHBa H TaKHMH MeTHnJUHKYIorieHTa.zeHHnTpHKap6OHHn mapraHua (MMT) H pa3JTHtlHbIMH PaCTBOPHMbIMH KOMnneKcaMH xene3a (THna, HanpHMep, 4eppoueHa), KoTopbe HMeIOTCS B qTO 3,4ecb
OqeBH,AHO,
rocierHpo,aaBKHbIMH
HMeeT
MecTo cMeLIIHBaHHe
Ao6aBKaMH, KaK
T3C,
CBo6oXHOH npoAaxKe.
4.103
BaxuHoe 3HaqeHHe 3TOrl npo6neMbl
;XH3enjbHOrO
TOnInHBa
AaMaTHHCKOH
no
Ba3OBO9
aBTo3aripaBOtHbIM
HeATMHOH
o6yCJIoBjleHo CHCTeMOH pacnpegeneHHs
CTaHUHAM
HcciieROBaTenbCKOH
B
flO-BH,HHMOMy,
AAMaTBi.
na6opaTopHH
riepeBO3STCA
6eH3HHa H
nPOAYKTbI
B
C
OCHOBHOM
MHoroxHcj1eHHbLIMH He6OJTlEUHMH 6-KonecHbLMH 6bIBUiHMH apMerHCKHMH aBTOUHCTepHaMH eMKOCTEIO OT 2000 OT 4000 ii. Bo Bcex cnymaAx pa3gaTOqHElI pyKaB He HaXOaHTCA B 3aKpbIToH Tpy6e, a HaBHT BOKpyr uHcTePHbI c3aaH. Ha pyKaBax HeT MeTajiiHweCKHX 4)HTHHrOB, C noMoiuETo KOTOPEIX HX MOiKHO 6bmo 6bl ruoTHo nogcoeAHHHTb K 3BaHBHbIM FOPJIOBHHaM nOg3eMHbIX pe3epByapoB. [IOCTaBKa TOnHHB TaKHM TpaHCnOpTOM
He TOJThKO
BnOJIHe
MO)KeT rIPHBeCTH
K CJ¶yqaHHOMy
3arPA3HeHH1O
npOJyKTOB
BOaOH,
rPA3L6O H/HnH )ROpO)KHOi nbMlbfO, HO H CO3f,aaT yao6Hyio CHTyauLHiO AnA CMeLuHBaHHSi C XpyrHMH Ba3OBoH He4TSIHOH HccJIefOBaTejIbCKOH npoAyKTaMH nocie OTnpaBKH TOnnIHBa c AnMaTHHCKOH na6opaTopHH.
4.104 AnMaTbi.
rlociienpogaxcHbie Ao6aBKH OHH HCHOJnb3ylOTCS
K TOrLTIHBaM, nIo-BHAHMOMy,
AJS H3MeHeHHA
KaqeCTBa
6eH3HHa H
hBJIqIOTCA nerKo aOCTynHblIMH B
Z(H3eJlbHOrO
TOrluHBa B UIHpOKHX
HmpHmeHeHHe 6onee qHCTm6X MOTOpHBIX TorIHB z1ixo6ecneqeHHi
'IHCTOThl BO3,ayXa B cTpaHax CpeaHeg
105
A3HH H KaBKa3a
MacuirTa6ax, nOCKOJEKy
nlpOBeaeHHbie
HCnbITaHHA CBHzeTeniELCTBYIOT 0 TOM, TITO OHH nonaxaloT B 6eH3HH
)ao ero nOCTaBKH Ha aBTO3anpaBOTlHbJe CTaHUHH. Co3Aa&TcA BneiaTJIeHHe,
HTO
B HeKOTOpOe KOJIH'eCTBO
qo6aBJIsnoT pa3jiH'4Hbie paCTBOPHMbie OpraHHiTeCKHe KOMrlmeKCEl xceiie3a. B O,AHOii npo6e 6eH3HHa C aBTo3anpaBo4Hor4 CTaHUHH SONAR cotepwafKHHe xceiie3a OKa3anOCB HaCTO.JTKO BbICOKHM, 'ITO HeBO3MO)KHO 6bETO BbEIlOJIHHTb KOJOpHMeTpH'ieCKyiO nQOROTOBKY ;ln onpeaeneeHH 6eH3HHa B Ka3axcTaHe
CO,aeP)KaHHA
CBHHUa.
XOTA
BO
H36e)KaHHe
HCTHpaHHS
H
H3Hoca
CTeHOK
UHHiHHApa
KOMnaHHA,
no npegexioiEMy coaep)KaHKio npoAaioiuaA weie3ocouepwcawHe ao6aBKH, BbiaaeT peKOmeHaauH )Kene3a, HeT HHKaKOH rapaHTHH TOrO, 'TO Ha BCeM nlyTH 6eH3HHa ao 3anpaBKH 3TH peKomemaut.H BbIFOfIHAIOTCS HJH '4TO HX He HapyuiaeT KaKoH-JIH6o nOCTaBBUHK 6eH3HHa, nOJTb3yIO0UHriCA go6aBKaMH npH CMeeiueHHH. HeKoHTponHpyeMoe ipHmeHeHHC 3THX BeiaeCTB He)KeinaTenibHo ;awe B aBToMo6HnAx, He HMeIoWHX KaTaJ]HTH'eCKHX
HerTpanH3aTopoB,
a BO Bcex aBToMo6HRAx,
CHa6)KeHHbIx CHCTeMoH
KaTaniHTHHecKOH HeHTpaIH3auHH, OHO CTaHOBHTCS npOCTO BpegHbuM.
Pe3yabmambl ucnblmaHuu Apmeuluq
4.105
rIpo6BE 6eH3HHa, B3ATbwe B ApMeHHH no cxeme cjiyxaHHoro oT6opa, aHajiH3HpOBaJIH B
paMKax npOrpaMMBI Jla6opaTopHbix HCIIBITaHHH B BaKy (A3ep6akuxaH). rlpo6Bi 6eH3HHa H3 ApMeHHH 6paJIn Ha nByX pa3HbIX CTaHUHAX TeXo6CJ1yXKHBaHHS, HaXOnAIUHXCA B BaHaA3ope, rOpOAKe C HaceIieHHeM 50 TbIC. )KHTeneH. B npo6e I 6bmUH BbiMBJieHbl c1egETI CBHHua. 06e npo6bl HMenH BbICOKOe coaep)KaHHe o.re4HHoB (B npeaienax 19 - 23%), HTO KOppeiiHpyeT C HX BbICOKOH HyBCTBHTejibHOCTbIO (KOTOpylO onpe,en3uiH MeTO2IOM HK-cneKTpOCKOnHH C npeo6pa3oBaHHeM (Dypbe IROX), a HMeHHO - 6onBEmori pa3HHueH Mexcay OWH H OT3/M. CoXLepAcaHHe 6eH3ona B gaHHOM perHoHe ABJISeTCA Heo6bi'Ho HH3KHM 93. B npo6e 1 couepwanocb 1,5% MTM3, 'ITO, no BceH BHAHMOCTH, =Au 6eH3HHa 0111 CBHweTejibCTByeT 0 peHTa6ejTbHoCTH HcrojTE3OBaHHA OKcHreHaTOB. XapaKTepHcTHKH 3THX npo6 6eH3HHa
2 6Bmo o6HapylKeHo BeCbMa BEbICOKOe coztep)KaHHe cepbl H oJIe4HHOB, ao6aBoK 6eH3HHa KOKCOBaHHS H 6eH3HHa KaTaniHTH'eCKOrO KpeKHHra. B npo6e I BMSIBneHO 6onee HH3Koe coaepxKaHHe 6eH3ona, npHHeM o6e npo6bl HMe1OT HH3Koe cogepwKaHHe aPOMaTHKH anS AaHHOH oKTaHOBOH xapaKrepHCTHKH. B UejioM, Ka'eCTBO 6eH3HHa ABfSAeTCS npHBOAATCH B Ta6n.
4.52. B
npo6e
'ITO CBH.eTeJlbCTByeT 0 HaiiH'HH
XOpOUHM, H BCe npo6Bx yaOBieTBOPAIOT qLegCTBYIOIUHM TeXHHiteCKHM Tpe6oBaHHAM.
Ta6nu4a 4.52. noKa3aTenH Ka4ecTBa 6eH3MHa 01/M 93, onpegeneHHbIe no npo6aM, B3RT61M B ApMeHMH Jlpo6a1 17po6a 2
flowasamemu Katecm6a 6en3uHa
01111 O1 4/M AaBneHHe napOB, Kfa OnOTHOCTb, Kr/M 3 CogepicaHHe CBHHua, r/n
96.2 84.8
93.9 82.0
49.3
50.3
750.6
749.6
0.00112
0.000075
CorepxaHHe CBHHUa, BeC. MJIH
1.5
0.1
CogepKaHHe Cepbl, BeC. MJ1H1 Co,aepiKaHHe 6eH3ona, o6. % CoflepwaHHe apoMaTHKH, o6. % Co,aepxcaHHe oje4¢HHOB, o6. %
300
1,100
1.4 32.8
2.6 34.7
19.0
23.0
TIO, C T50, °C
67.5 109
57 103
T90, °C
169
179
MTB3, o6. %
1.5
0.0
rlpnMeHeHHe
106
6onee qHCTbIX MOTOPHMX TOrITIJB =A o6ecneqeHAs 'qHCTOTb6
B03ayXa B cTpaHax
Cpe4Hei
A3UU H KaBKa3a 6 Pe3ynbTaTbl aHanH3a AH3e11bHoro TorUHBa, F[PHBMAHHbie B Ta6n. 4.53, bm]H flnoJiyqeHbl C nOMOHibO ToqeIrHbIX npo6, KOTOpbie oT6HpaTIH B ApMeHHH; aHaiiH3 3THX npo6 Bbino.)HsLTia CriyiK6a
4.106
npOBeAeHHA HCnblTaHHii <<HIHTepTeK>> - Caleb Brett, HaxO.AlaSACA B BaKy (A3ep6afigmaH). 06e npo6bl ;H3eCEbHOFO TOr.HBa, B3ATbie B ApMeHHH, yaOBJIeTBOPAIOT TeXHH'eCKHM Tpe6oBaHHxM.
Ta6nmt4a 4.53. floMa3aTenM Ka4eCTBa AI3enbHomo TonnuBa, onpeA,ejniHHbie no npo6aM, B3ITbIM B ApMeHMH Hpo6a I H7oKa3amewu Kawecm6a u3e.ibHoeo mon'nusa 3 838.4 rlJIOTHOCTE, Kr/M 48.5 HHJeKC UeTaHOBbEl 1 1200 CogepKaHHe cepEi, Bec. M.JIH 194 T10, 째C 256 T50, 째C
1lpo6a2 826.6 50.2 1400 200 263 339 345
320 346
T90, CC T96, CC A3ep6afi4caH
To6bEi nonbiTaTBCA OXBaTHTb BeCb A3ep6aggwaH, npo6bl 6eH3HHa oT6HpaJIH Ha HeCKOJIbKHX 3anpaBoqHbix CTaHUXHMX B BaKy, B Ky6e/rlawio6e H B rAHAKe. Ky6arITaluo6a HaXOgHTCS npHMepHO B 225 KM K ceBepy OT EaKy, HeaaneKO OT rpaHHiibi c PoccHeH, a FAHDKa - npHMepHO B 500 KM K ceBepo-3anaay OT BaKy, HeaaJieKo OT rpaHHlbl C Fpy3HeiH. HpO6bi oT6upanH B 1 0-nITpoBble
4.107
,lnA Toro
nojiH3TneHOBhie
KoHTeiHepbi
H
repMeTH3HPOBaJH
ImaCTHKoBoH
IAeHKoH
Oro6paHHble npo6bI nepeBO3HJ1H B yCJIOBHAX oKpy)Kaioiieii cpegbi, T.e. npH qTO
HenJE3A
nPH3HaTb HAeanJbHb6M
Ilpo6bi
cnoco6oM.
nepeBo3HTbE Ha 6onbjiEHe paCCTOHHX no yxa6HCTOfiopore
H3 Ky6bEllMauio6bi
cpa3y
nocne
TemriepaType H r1HpKH
B 6araiKHHKe aBToMo6HAI
oT6opa.
OKOjiO 35CC, npUXOAHJOCb
npH 3THX BbICOKHX
TeMnepaTypax oKpy)Kalouleii CpeAibI, TaK 'qTO MOriiH HMeTb6 MeCTO HeKOTOpi6ie noTepH jierKIx 4paKuHA rIpo6bl He XpaHJiH B xoJIoUALHHiKe, TaK KaK ero He 6buio. nlepeg TeM KaK BCKPEITL ,IA
(nieTyyqHx).
npOBeAeHHA HcnbITaHHm, npo6bl oxnawzajiH B MMHXf. XOTA HeXOTOpoe KOjiHmeCTBo ZerKHX paKWHA Tep3nocb, noTepH npH pa3roHKe no ASTM D 86, IpHBeadHHbie B Ta6t. 4.54, nOKa3bIBaioT, wTO nOTepH npH TpaHcnOPTHPOBKe H xpaHeHHH npo6 6bmH COBceM He3HaqHTeabTHbIMH, nOCKOJIbKy noTepH npH pa3roHKe
BeJiHqHHOH
#paKuHAMH
BaKHHCKOrO Spectra
97
1%
HuH HeCKOJIEKO
6onbEue o6bI'qHO
CB13blB8IOT Co CpaBHHTe.iEbHO J1eTyqHMH
6eH3HHa. fIpo6bl 6eH3HHa, KOTOpbie 6bimH HOKa3aBHb6I
HT13,
B na6opaTOpHH uIsHraTeneHi
HOBO-
XpaHHJIHCEv B CTapbiX 6yTmTKax H3-nO,4 CnHPTHbIX HanHTKOB, a B na6opaTopHH
- B CTapEIX BHHHbvEX 6yTmvlxKax, TaK
YTO MOriiH HMeTb MeCTO aOnOjiHHTeiJbHbIe He6ojiin6He
nOTepH B xo=e BTOpH'qHoro oT6opa npo6.
HeCMOTpA Ha 3TH OTKJIOHeHHA OT Hea,ibJHbHbX YCJIOBHH oT6opa, a TaK,oKe xpaHeHHM
4.108
HCnbiTaHHA npo6 6eH3HHa, pe3yJlbTaTbI, KaK npaBHRo, OKa3bIBaBIOTC OHH ABJIAIOTCA BnOnIHe peflpe3eHTaTHBHbIMH
cTa6HJIbHbIMH, H3
Tero
ciieAyeT,
H 'TO
aAA OiLeHKH o6mero KaYCCTBa 6eH3HHa B A3ep6arlawaHe H
qTO caejiaHHbie BbIBOAbI BrIIOHHe IocToBepHbl.
rlo pe3ynbVTaTaM
4.109
aHJanH3a 15
npo6 6eH3HHa, npeacTaBJIeHHbIx B Ta6.n. 4.54 H
4.55,
MO)KHO ceenaTE cneuyioiiHe Bb6IBObl: *
Co6epoicauue c6unyia:
HH
B
ODHoH
npo6e
He 6buo
o6Hapy>ceHo
noz.aJoILeecA
H3MepeHHIO KOjiH'ieCTBO CBHHua.
*
rae npOBOAHROCL6 HcnEiTaHHe Ha cepy, ed coAepKaHe 6buIo BblICOKHM B 6eH3HHax, nofly4eHHbIX CMeUweHHeM npAMOFOHHOrO 6eH3HHa c 6eH3HHoM pH4opMHHra. BblcoKoe coaepwaMe apOMaTHKH, B03MO)KHO, nOBflHSJIO Ha TOYHOCTb Co6epmXcaHue cepbl:
onpe,aeneeHH
TaM,
cepbi TlaMnOBbIM MeTOaOM.
rlpHMeHeHHe
6o0iee qUCTB6X MOTOpHblIX Torulm14 A3HH H KaBKa3a
107
am o6ecneqeHHA qHCTOThI BO3AyXa B CTpaHax CpeaHer4
*
CocepoicaHue 6e,i3oha.: CoaepxcaHHe 6eH3ona HaxoamHocb B npeAienax OT BbICOKOrO go o4eHb BbICOKOrO, oco6eHHo B XOaOBbIX mapKax 01/1 93 (75% pI6HKa) H O4/11 95.
*
Aunau3 yaneeooopoc)oe: 3TOT aHaIH3 o6Hapy>KHBaeT BeCbMa BbICOKOe coiepxKaHHe o6wer apoMaTHKH (6onee 50 o6. % B 6eH3HHe 0/14 95 H4OT 45 go 50 o6. % B 04eH6 pacnpocTpaHeHHOM 6eH3HHe O4/14 93). ALRiA 3THX TOnHHB 0onwKeH Ha6nmogaTbCA 3HaqHTeiibHLIH Bbl6pOC 6eH3oaia H3 BbIXYiorIHOH Tpy6bl aBToMo6HIH H3-3a TepMHqeCKOFO LaeanKHmHpOBaHHA
He6eH3OJIbHoH
apOMaTHKH
B
aBHraTeJie.
JJ;OBOfbHO
BbICOKOe
coaep>KaHHe ncesBoKyMofla H ii3oziypona (TeTpa3ameMUHHbiH 6eH3on) B COlIeTaHHH c BbICOKHM
Co0ep)KaHHeM
6eH3ona
CBHqeTenbCTByeT
0
TOM,
LTO
Ha
YCTaHOBKY
Hfl3 nocTynaeT Cblpbe C OqeHb iuIHpOKHMH npeaenamH BblIKHnaHHsl, coaepxcaluee cpaBHHTJeibHO TSDKeJIbie 4paKium. IROX FTIR-aHarnH36I yKa3BbIBaIOT Ha npHCyTCTBHe onieHHOB, HO HH3KHe HOaHbIe qHcnia npo6 3acTaBJIAIOT npeanOjiOXKHTb, 1qTO 3TH pH4OpMHHra C HenpepbEBHOrl pereHepauHeH KaTaniH3aTopa
pe3yJTbTaTbI,
Ofle4HHOB
B03MO)KHO,
OKa3aJIHCb
3aBbIuIeHHbIMH.
Ha HOBO-BaKHHCKOM
OTCyTCTBHe
qpyrHx HCT04HHKOB
B npoLiecce nepepa6oTKH, KpoMe HH3KOOKTaHOBoro 6eH3KHa KOKCOBaHHA,
ipOMbITOrO Weinomblo,
genaeT TaKyTO HHTepripeTaLXH1O o6oCHOBaHHOH.
*
fIemyttecmb: Bb6cOKaA TemnepaTypa HaQana KHneHHH CBHaeTe.iThCTByeT O TOM, 'TO 6eH3HHHbI HMe1OT HH3Koe gaBjIeHHe napoB. B HeCKOJIEKHX npo6ax 6eH3HHa ABHO fIpHCYTCTByeT TSDKejiaJl ripHMecb. BepOATHee Bcero, 3TO - KepOCHH, TaK KaK MeCTHaA MapKa aBHaUHOHHorO Typ6HHHoro TonIiHBa TS-1 HMeeT orpaHmmernie no TeMnepaType KOHUla KHneHHA (250°C). AH3enTiHOe TOrTHBO npH KOHueHTpaUHH B 6eH3HHe B npegeiiax Bcero 1 - 2% nO4HHMaeT TemnepaTypy KOHUa KHneHHA 6onee qeM Ha 100°C.
*
OKmauo6ble
xapaKmepucmuKu:
flonytHTE,
pe3yJbTaTbI
onpeqeneHHA
O4/H
,jBHraTeRAX Ha HoBo-BaKHHCKOM HF3 He 6bEo B03MO)KHOCTH, HO COTPY4HHKH
Ha
iX1
cTeneHb 9OBepHA K annapaType H pe3ynbTaTam aHaAH3a IROX FTIR. 04M/ H, BO3MO)KHO, KaKaA -TO OKTaHOBaS xapaKTepHCTHKa rOJIOBHO9 4)paKulHH 6eH3HHa (HanpHMep, RIOOC, KoTopa SABJIAeTCA HCnibITaHHeM Ha 0M/ #paKuHH, 0 BbEKHKmnaOlleg ao 100 C), KaK nojiaraloT, KOppeBiipyiOT c 4)aKTHMeCKHM A2OP2HEIM O04 aJIA 6onibLUHHCTBa Kap6iopaTopHbi6x 4-liHnHHApoBbmx amToMo6H&eH. HIOKa3aTeinb R1OOC HMeTOT 3HamHTenJbHyfo
UIHPOKO
HCnO1Ib3OBsaH
CBOHCTB
no #paKUHIM
KOTOPbIX
HMe[OTCA
B EBpone ,tIA
XapaKTepHCTHKH
pacnpeaeneHHA
OKTaHOBbIX
npocToro 6eH3HHa pH4OpMHHra, noJnyeHHorO Ha HI13, B cxeme TOJIbKO
aTMOC4¢epHaAi neperoHKa
H
pH4OpMHHr.
Ol/vM,
onpexaeneHHoe Ha HCfbITaTeJIIbHbIX IBHraTeJIAx, XOpOIuo cornacyeTcs C pe3yjibTaTaMH FTIR-aHanH3a 1A2 MapOK O4/H 95 i O/H 93, HO Ha 5 - 7 HyHKTOB HHXKe, qeM aaeT FTIR-aHanH3 asA 6eH3HHa O41M 76, qTO MOiKHO o6ASCHHTb MajibiM co;epKaHHem apoMaTHKH B TaKHX TOIJIHBax. *
Cma6UwbnoCmb u npo3paltHOCmb monnuea: CpaBHHTeJThHO
BEiCOKOe coAepxKaHHe CMOJI,
ocaxic,aeMbix renTaHOM, ABJ]AeTCA Heo6blHbIM =nA 6eH3HHOB, nOjy'eHHbLIX CMeLueHHeM
lIpAMOrOHHoro 6eH3HHa H 6eH3HHa p4opMHHra, oco6eHHO Korga rIpAMOrOHHbIri 6eH3HH Bbipa6oTaH H3 MaJIoCepHHCTOi He4TH. TaKOH pe3y.JThTaT aHBaH3a MOXCHO 6blIno 6bl o6TbAHCHHTb TeM, WTO BO BCe MapKH 6eH3HHoB KaKHM-TO o6pa3oM nonaaao He6oJibuHe KOjiH'IeCTBa 6eH3HHa KOKCOBaHUH,
npOMbITOrO leIInO'IbiO.
108
rlpHMeHeHHe 6o0iee wHCThIX MOTOpHMIX TOInHB ui o6ecneTeHHA HHCTOT16 BO3X/Xa B cTpaHax CpeaHerl A3HH H KaBKa3a
Ta6J]HIa 4.54.
Pe3y.BTaTmi aHaJIH3a 6eH3HHoB A3ep6aiRawaHa
OcmamoK,
Hlomepu,
%
%
206
1.2
1.8
200
200
1.5
1.5
168
209
209
1.5
1.5
116
169
208
208
1.4
1.6
76
115
166
205
205
1.4
1.6
50
77
117
166
207
207
1.5
1.5
0.7738
54
81
118
163
205
205
1.8
1.2
0.7525
47
75
113
160
190
190
1.3
1.7
0.7660
60
85
133
204
250
250
3.0
1.0
0.7573
49
79
116
161
203
203
1.5
1.5
0.7515
49
76
117
172
213
213
2.0
1.0
0.7735
45
74
115
168
206
206
2.0
1.0
0.7695
57
89
137
207
234
234
3.5
1.0
0.7705
51
85
130
197
236
236
2.0
1.5
0.7700
48
85
135
200
239
239
2.5
1.0
17HOmnoCmb
Ng
npu 20 C,
n/n
uca npo6e HpAbw
KZ/A
1
A-95 TaneTEaKy 17.08.99 A-95 JlyKorin
2
Pa3ornKa, 째C 50% 90% 97%
H. K.
10%
0.7865
55
82
119
169
206
0.7885
53
82
120
167
0.7758
50
77
116
0.7738
52
78
0.7718
51
0.7770
K
K.
BaKy
3 4
5
6
17.08.99 A-93 TaneTEaKy 17.08.99 A-93 JIyKoiIJI BaKy 17.08.99 A-93 A3nerpon Ky6a 15.08.99 A-93 A3neTpon EaKy
7 8
17.08.99 A-93 HanIo6aAA3 neTp. 15.08.99 A-76 JIyKoflai BaKy
12
17.08.99 A-76 flanlo6aAsl3 neTp. 15.08.99 A-76 A3neTpon Ky6a 15.08.99 A-76 TaneT EaKy 17.08.99 A-93 BeH3HH
13
XaHniap 17.08.99 A-76 BeH3HH
9 10
11
rAH,AKa p-H
IRHxgxKa p-H
14 15
XaHiap 17.08.99 A-93 A3neTpon FrHApKa 17.08.99 A-76 A3nerpon rAHzpKa 17.08.99
1lpuMextaHue: Kr/il - KHnorpammOB Ha iiHTp;
H.
K. - TemnepaTypa Ha'laja KHneHHA; K. K. - TeMnepaTypa KOHIja KHnleHHI.
rIpHMeHeHHe 6onee qHCTEIX
MOTOpHMIX TonnIHB An
o6ecneqeHHA YHCTOTbI
BO3,ayxa B crpaHax
109
CpeZHeH
A3HH H KaBKa3a
Ta6nmuua 4.55. Pe3ynbTaT6i a ranM3a 6eH3HHoB A3ep6aiA)icaHa (npo9onxKeHNe) N
Co6epoic.
0LIIH
OIIM
IROX
OI/M
cepbl, eec. %
IROX
D2700
Cooepwc c6uruza,
Co6epmcanue, 6ec. % ApoMamuKa O0etpuHbi
EeU30o3
n/n
7ipJblK Ha npo6e
1
A-95 TaneTBaKy 17.08.99 A-95 JIyKOan I aKy 17.08.99
H/O
97.5
84.1
85.0
0.000
4.8
58.1
5.1
HUo
97.9
84.4
84.0
0.000
5.1
59.0
4.6
A-93 TaneT EaKy 17.08.99 A-93 IyKofl EaKy 17.08.99
0.106
96.0
83.8
82.5
0.000
4.1
53.8
3.3
0.092
95.8
83.6
85.0
0.000
3.8
52.4
3.1
A-93 A3neTpon Ky6a 15.08.99 A-93 A3neTpon EaKy 17.08.99
0.048
95.9
82.9
82.0
0.000
4.2
54.3
3.1
0.057
95.6
83.0
84.5
0.000
4.0
51.2
4.6
A-93 rIamo6a An3
HVO
94.9
82.5
79.0
0.000
3.9
51.0
3.2
HIVo
90.2
79.5
75.0
0.000
3.0
34.4
7.3
0.107
88.3
77.5
67.0
0.000
2.4
31.2
3.6
HIo
90.6
80.4
75.0
0.000
2.6
37.3
8.5
HWo
88.4
78.5
71.5
0.000
2.5
30.7
8.3
FVo
96.0
83.2
ND
0.000
4.4
52.8
4.8
FPO
88.6
77.5
ND
0.000
2.5
32.7
4.4
0.082
90.2
70.0
77.3
0.000
2.8
37.4
5.0
0.100
89.1
78.5
73.2
0.000
2.3
33.8
6.3
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9
neTp. 15.08.99 A-76 JlyKOHJ EaKy 17.08.99 A-76 rlamo6a As3
z
neTp. 15.08.99
10
A-76 A3neTpon
Ky6a 11 12
15.08.99 A-76 TaneTEaKy 17.08.99 A-93 EeH3HH rFHxAKa p-H XaHn.ap
13
17.08.99 A-76 BeH3HH rfsHima p-H XaHnap
17.08.99 14 15
A-93 A3nerponi FKHXVKa 17.08.99 A-76 A3neTpon flIH3Va 17.08.99
HIo - He onpeaeniSnH.
93 oT A3neTpon, BaKy, zpyroiH na6opaTopHH ("HHTepTeK", Caleb Brett). AHaniH3 noKa3aji coziep)KaHHe cepbi MeHee 0,01 Bec. %. KpoMe Toro, B Jia6opaTopHm "MiHrepTeK", Caleb Brett 6Eiin TaloKe BmnOmnHeH alanH3 Ha cepy HOBI6IX ripo6 04-/M 76 H O4/H 95 OT A3neTpoji, EaKy, KOTOpblH BbLqBHnl coaepiKaHHe cepbi 0,04 Bec. % B 6eH3HHe O4/M 76 H MeHee 0,01 Bec. % B 6eH3HHe Oq/H 95. 3TH HOBLie npo6bi, oTo6paHHEje rlO3)xe, He HMelOT HHKaKoro oTHoiueHHM K npo6aM 1, 2, 8 H 11, 3a HCKflioqeHHeM Toro, qTo MapKH 6eH3HHa HMecTa OT60pa (aBmo3anpaBoxHmle cTaHLIHH) 6bmIH HAeHTHqHLIMH. Hpuwe,iawuR:
rlopor
o6Hapy)KeHHA CBHHiia cocTaBsne-r 0,001 rMn. HOBYKO npo6y 6eH3HHa O/H
aHanJH3HPOBanH Ha cepy
29 Hoq6pA 1999
r., HO TOJIEKO B
110
o6ecneqeHim
HpHMeHeHHe 6o0iee qHCThIX MOTOpHUIX TOnInHB wia A3HH H KaBKa3a
B
4.110
C Ka'eCTBOM
BpeMA CHTyaLxHA
HacToALuee
qHCTOThI BO3,yxa B crpaHax CpegHe}
TOnnHBa
RH3eJThHorO
SBjiAeTcA BniOJIHe
HOpMaJEbHOii. CygA no aHanIH3y npo6 J13eniE.HOFO TorLTIHBa (pe3yibTaTbl KOTOpOrO npeacCTaBfeHEl B Ta6i. 4.56), MO)KHO cgenaTb cnezyioUXHe BbIBOUbl:
*
Kavecmeo oopeHw?. Bce fH3ejiHbHe ToruTHBa HMenuH BbicoKoe iLeTaHoBoe 'Hcjo npH onpeIe.jeHHH ero qepe3 ueTaHOBbEHi HHaeKC no MeTOaHKe ASTM D 976-80. XOTA HOBOEaKIHCKHU HrI3 pacnonaraeTr no MeHbElUem mepe lXBYMA ;XBHraTeJSiMH pOCCHHiCKOrO
xnA
npOH3BOACTBa
*
He H3BecTHO, r1POB09ATCS1 JIH TaM qHCJIO, KaK npaBHIO, CyuxeCTBeHHO npeeBBWaeT HOPMHpyeMy1o
onpegeneiHHA UeTaHOBbIX 'uiceni,
UeTaHOBOe BeiiHqHHY (45 rTYHKTOB). HCnbiTaHHS.
CooepocaHue cepbl. CoaepKaHHe cepbi
500 ro 600 Bec.
npo6neMbl o6eccepMeaHHvi
4HCTHmAITa
am3enbHoe TOnInHBO He CTaHeT
OT
0,05 xo 0,06 Bec. % (HInH OT
Ha HoBo-EaKHHcKOM
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*
6bEJo HH3KHM -
1 MnIH ). rIO-BHAHMOMY, HeT HHKaKoH Heo6xoaHMocTH
B o6cy=eHHH
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KaKas-HH6yaEb BblICOKOCepHHCTaB 4paKUXi
C
riOKa He 6yzaeT 3aMeHeHa MajiOCepHHCTaS1 He4Tb C
TeMnepamypa 6CnblUbKU. ,;aHHEie no TemnepaType BCrbiIUIKH CBHAeTeiibCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'ITO B CeTH pacnpegenieHHvA TOnJIHB B AH3ejibHoe TOniiHBO MO)CeT nonaaaTb He6onbmuoe HII3,
HOBo-BaKHHCKHi
6eH3HHa.
KOJIHqeCTBO
BCnbiiuKH Buine 70°C. Y ABYX
"MeCTHbIX"
BCnbiuIIKH HaXOaHmaCb B npe,aeiax
OT 60 uo
KaK
ripaBHnO,
RaaT
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6
npo AH3eflbHoro TonnjiHBa TemnepaTypa 62°C. COTPYAHHKH4 cnyxc6bi "HHTepTeK"
KaK npaBHO, TemnepaTypa BCnbIlUKH npeBbiinaeT 700C. 06e npo6bE C HH3KOH TeMnepaTypoi BCnbllllKH miiH oxieHHl Bb1COKyIO L.BeTHOCTb no ASTM D 1500 (2.0), B TO BpeMA KaK y apyrHx npo6 noKa3aTe.3Eh uBeTHOCTm 6bmI HU3KHM (0.5). 3TO OTMeTHJIH,
EITO,
MOWKHO 06'FvACHHTb nonazaHHeM He6onbiuorO KOJ7H,eCTBa He4¢TH H3 XKeIie3HOaOpO)KHO4 UHcTepHbI, B
*
KOTOpOrU nepeBO3HJH XW3ejibHOe TOrJHBO.
Thzom70MoCmb / BX3KOCmb. 4TO
RoncHo
3TH4noKa3aTenjH ABiIAIOTCS BBICOKI MH (HO He aHOMaJIbHbIMH),
crnoco6cTBoBaTE
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pacxoAy
TOnnIHBa
H
pa6oTaioLuHx Ha TOniHBe
CO cTojib cpaBHHTenJbHO B61COKO4 BA3KOCTbEO.
rpy3Ul 4.111
H O'I 93 peanH3yWOTCS Ha BceH TeppHTopHH rpy3HH. seH3HH OH/LI 95 HMeeTCS H peaJiH3yeTCS rjiaBHbIM o6pa3oM B paHiOHe T6HjiHcH. Ilpo6bl 6eH3HHa, KOTOpbie 6pariH B T6HJIHCH no cxeme cj1yMaiHoro oT6opa, aHanH3HpOBanH B paMKax nporpaMMbI na6opaTopHblx
CopTa
6eH3HHa
OI/M
76
HCn]blTaHHH B BaKy (A3ep6airltKaH). XapaKTepHcTHKH 6eH3HHa npHMeHHTeji6HO CHCTeMaTH3HPOBaHbE B Ta6n. 4.57. [lpo6bi 6eH3HHa XN1 H 2 6parn Ha aByx cTaHUHAX Texo6cJIy)KHBaHHm pacno11o)KeHHbIX Ha yni. Mapulana rejiOBaHH. B Tpex U3 ieTm6peX npo6, B3A6TbIX B T6HHcH, 6buH o6HapywKemm cneaOBbie KOHLueHTpaLIHH CBHHIa. CoxepAKaHHe cepii 6buio OqeHb HU3KHM, qTO rOBOPHT 0 nOqTH nlOjnHOM
OTCyTCTBHH KpeKHHr-npOAyKTOB. BbIsBneHo BbECOKoe
coaepwKaHHe 6eH3ona H o6iueg apOMaTHKH.
npHMeHeHHe 6o0iee
4HCTbIX MOTOpHblIX TorLTIHB If
o6ecneLeHH1 4HCTOTbl BO3xYxa B cTpaHax CpeaHeri
111
A3HH H KaBKa3a
Ta6ni4a 4.56. Pe3ynbTaT6i aaran[43a g43en6HorO TOnnMBa A3ep6agAxwaHa
N? nln
ffp3bIK
Ha
npo6e TaneT EaKy 17.08.99 JIyKOHI EaKy 17.08.99 A3neTpoJ1
1
2 3
Th7om-
Co)ep-
HOCmb
o3caHue
Uema-
Pa3eoHKa no ASTMD86,
npu 20 °C
cepbl,
HO6blU
6ec. %
uHdeKc
0.8414
0.06
50.3
218
268
0.8434
0.06
50.0
224
0.8438
0.05
49.5
220
T-pa
K
OmMo0Ho 360'C,
K.
%
C
MM-/c
334
367
96
60
4.47
270
330
365
97
68
4.64
268
320
353
98
72
4.68
260
330
365
97
62
4.25
268
320
354
98
72
4.68
268
324
357
98
70
4.82
268
325
356
98
72
4.88
°C 50% 90%
10%
6CnblZSKU,
BA3Kocmb npu 20°C
BaKy
17.08.99 Hio6a As13 0.8393 0.05 49.2 206 rieTp. 15.08.99 5 A3neTpoJi 0.8440 0.06 49.4 222 Ky6a 15.08.99 49.9 220 0.8427 0.05 6 FaHzma p-H XaHnap 17.08.99 0.06 49.4 220 7 A3neTpori 0.8441 rAHawKa 17.08.99 17pumeaiaHw: K. F. - TeMfiepaTypa KOHUa KHneHHA; MM2/c 4
-
KBapaTHlX MH.JIHMeTpOB B ceKyHAy.
Ta6nmLwa 4.57. Pe3ynbTaTbi aHlanM3a npo6 6eH3IlHa, B3SITbIX B rpy3MI IYoKa3ameAu Kaxiecm6a 6eH3uua
0H/H OTL/M gaBneHHe
napOB, Kda
LroTHocTE, Kr/M3 Cogep,iKaHHe CBHHia, r/ni
Co,aepxaH4e CBHHua, Bec. MJIH 1 CogepicaHHe cepmi, Bec. MInH'
o6. % CogepwaHHe apoMaTHKH, o6. % Co,aepxcaHHe OnIH(¢HHOB, o6. % Co,aepxcaHHe 6eH3ona,
TIO (°C) T50 (°C) T90 (°C) lpuMe4aHue: Kr/M3
H7po6a Ng 1 6eH3uia
17po6a Ng 2 6eH3uHa
Hpo6a NQ 1 6en3uHa
IIpo6aNg 2
OYI/M 76
OLI/M 76
0EI/H93
OLIIH93
89.0 77.9
93.1 79.6
97.7 84.7
95.7 81.7
54.8 727.9 0.0008 1.1 500 2.9 25.0 9.7
48.4 763.7 0.000 0.0 200 3.5 39.9 6.5
51.4 776.8 0.00039 0.5 < 100 4.6 49.9 7.1
769.7 0.00054 0.7 100 4.1 45.4 5.6
57 96 171
76 116 164
78 115 159
75 114 165
6eH3una
47.5
- KHJOrpaMMOB Ha Ky6HmecKHiH MeTp.
Pe3yJbTaTbi aHaiH3a npo6 4H3eiiHoro TormHBa, npHBmeeHHbie B Ta6n. 4.58, 6bmIH rioJIyqeHb6 C floMomEo ToqeqHbix npo6, KoTopbie oT6HpajuI4 B T6H&HcH; aHanH3 npo6 BEmaojHmJa CnyAK6a ripOBeaeHHM HcnElraHHi <<IIHTepTeK>> - Caleb Brett, HaxoaSi1aACS B Baicy (A3ep6aiRAKaH). 06e
4.112
npo6bi .aM3eibHoro TOnIIHBa YAOBjieTBOpAEOT TeXHHMeCKHM Tpe6oBaHKIM. UeTaHoBBIrl H4HaeKC y o6eHx MH3efbHoro npo6 cocTaBJIAeT 6onee 51, qTo cBHZ4eTenJbCTByeT o6 HCKJUOtIHTeiEbHO BbICOKOM KamecTBe TonJIHBa.
112
lIplMeHeHHe 6onee qHCT6IX MOTOpHb6X TorTHBnxm
o6ecneqeHHn
qHCTOThl BO3RyXa B cTpaHax CpexHerI
A3HH H KaBKa3a
Ta6nmL4a 4.58. Pe3ynbTaTbl alani3a npo6
u43enbHorO TOnnusa,
B3RTbIX B rpy3.r
17po6a I 833.0 53.2 800 192 268 321 334
HoKamameAu Kaxiecmea ou3enbHOOo monnusa [JOTHOCTh, Kr/M IleTaHo0bE1 HHaeKC
Co,qepcaHHe cepbi, Bec. MnH-4 T1O, °C T50, °C T90, °C T96, °C
I7po6a 2 826.6 51A4 600 149 251 344 360
7puwewaiue: Kr/ml - KHjOIrpaMMOB Ha Ky6HmecKHHi MeTp.
Ka3axcman B 3 HnA 4 HCCne2IOBaHH6IX npo6ax 6eH3HHa 6buio o6HapyxceHo no=aioweecA 3amepy coAepxcaHHe CBHHLIa, a B OaHO4 npo6e 6eH3HHa (N2 3, A91 Sonar), oKpaUJeHHOii B TeMHO-sHTapHbElr 4.113
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6eH3HHa
npHCYTCTBHe paCTBOpeHHOHi oKTaHonOBbEiuaioiueA go6aBmH Ha OCHOBe napoB 6buIo HopMaJIbHbLIM, C TOHi, OAHaKo, orOBOpKOH, tiTO B 6onxEIHHcTBe npo6
3a,H4KCCHpOBaHo
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nOCKOJIhKY Ha pH4OpMHHr
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6Euio
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B
BO3MO)KHO,
Ka3axcTaHe.
3T0
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HCr[OAb3OBaHHeM cTaporo namnoBoro cnoco6a onpeaeiieH4sA cepm., BHocsAuero CHCTeMaTHMeCKyio H3 ,pyrHX HCTO'HHKOB. YpoBeHb COaepKaHHSA CBHHua oLuH6Ky, H rOCTaBKaMH 6eH3HHa B 3TOT nepHoA4 HanHHHe 3arpA3HeHHS
3aCTaBMSeT npeanoJo.cHT
He6ojTiEujHx
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B CHCTeMe
npoZyKTa,
c6EITa, a
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N°
n/n 1 2 3 4 5
Ta6nu4a 4.59. Pe3yJlbTaT6i aHanM3a npo6 6eH3HHa, Pa3eoHKa no cmane)apmy ASTM Co6epvcaHue ilpAbK Ha D86, °C cepbl, npo6e A95 Integrate A91 Chevron A91 Sonar A80 Chevron A80 Sonar
B3SITblX B AlMaTbi
OKmaHo6oe 'ICuro OtlI/M OxLI/I 85.5 96.5
6ec. % 0.065
H. K. 35
10% 57
50% 105
90% 171
K K. 197
0.060
38
58
103
178
204
93.0
85.0
0.009
0.067 0.052
35 40
57 63
114 98
180 163
205 198
92.6 83.0
84.5 77.8
0.019
0.140
34
5
110
172
195
82.7
77.5
RpuMetiaHuR: H.K. - TemnepaTypa HalaJia KHIIeHHA (pa3rOHKH); K.K. - TemnepaTypa KOHUa KHneHHA (pa3roHKu);
HMeeTcA; OU4 onpeaeJMuI no ASTM D2699,
4.114
Cocep. c6uwnia z/7 0.000
0.006 -
AaHHBIX He
Oxl/M onpeaenmmi no ASTM D2700.
Bbuio oTo6paHo TOJhKO ABe npo6El 4H3enAEHoro TonniHBa, pe3y.rIBTaTEI aHaiH3a KOTOpTIX OKa3aJIHCb pa3HRbMH: OAHH - yOBAeTBOpHTeJImHbIH, BTOpOH - HeylOBAeTBopHTejibH,IH. OaHaKo, KaK npaBHJIO, B Ka3axcTaHe BEIlnYCKaiOT aH3elnbHoe TOrlXHBO xopowUero KaxieCTBa c ueTaHOBbiMH 'iHcjiaMH
BEflie 45.
rIpHMeHeHHe 6oniee qHCThIX MOTOHM61X TorLTIHB
SI o6ecneleHHS
qHCTOTbI B03xyxa B cTpaHax CpeAHei
113
A3HH H KaBKa3a
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p.7blK
Ha
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npu
6ec. %
uHneKc
npo6e
TonnMBa, B3.1TbIX B AnMaTbi
AH3enbHoro
Pa32oHKa no cmaH,)apmyASTM D86
20 °C
'C npu omeoue
T-pa ecnbzUUKU
6ec. %
50S ec.
96 6ec. %
360 °C
Ku, °C
BA3KOCmb npu 20°C, MM2c
I
Chevron
0.8357
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123
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1
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125
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6.9
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B
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6.11
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6.12
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6.13
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oco6blx npeaocTopocKHocTeri aIsA o6ecneHeHHA HX B nepeABHXIHOri Bbillle, Ma2JO BepOSTHO, 'To6bi
.na6opaTopHliH MOKHO 6bmo nIpOBeCTH cTporoe OnlpeaeJIeHHe OKTaHOBlX mHCeJi, HO n1pHCYTCTBHe 3arpA3HHTeneH onpeaeJiHTEb MO)KHO. LIIA oueHKH oKTaHOBbIX MHceni B nepeABU)KHOH na6opaTopHH qaCTO npHMeHAHOT IK-MeToa c npeo6pa3oBaHHeM ctypbe.
CnHcoK t4cnOJ1b30BaHHOM n14TepaTypbi Beaton, S. P., G. A. Bishop, Y. Zhang, L. L. Ashbaugh, D. R. Lawson, and D. H. Stedman. 1995. "OnRoad Vehicle Emissions: Regulations, Costs, and Benefits." Science 268, 991-93. Cadle, S. H., R. A. Gorse Jr., T. C. Belian, and D. R. Lawson. 1999. "Real-World Vehicle Emissions: A Summary of the Eighth Coordinating Research Council on Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop." Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 49, 242-55. CCME (CoBeT MHHHCTPOB oxpaHbi oKpyuwaloueii cpeabi KaHaabi). 1998. Environmental Code of Practicefor Light Duty Motor Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Programs. 2d ed. Ottawa: Environment Canada.
Chang, Thi. 2001. "Journally Speaking: Encoded Fuels." Oil and Gas Journal, 99(17), 15, April 23. Cohen, Mark A. 1998. "Monitoring and Enforcement of Environmental Policy." Draft paper. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University. Coninx, P. 1998. Vehicle Emissions Testing: AirCare and Drive Clean, and the Potential of Inspection and Maintenance Programsin Canada. Vancouver, B.C., Canada: Fraser Institute. CONCAWE (CoxpaHeHHe 'HcTOrO Bo3ayxa H B0,R6I B EBpone). 1997. Motor Vehicle Emission Regulations and Fuel Specifications. Part 1: Summary and Annual 1996 Update. Part2: Detailed Information and HistoricReview (1970-1996). Brussels: Special Interest Publications. Dahl, Carol. 1995. "Demand for Transportation Fuels: A Survey of Demand Elasticities and Their Components." Journalof Energy Literature 1(2), 3-27. Faiz, Asif, Christopher S. Weaver, and Michael Walsh. 1996. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Standardsand Technologiesfor ControllingEmissions. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Guenther, P. L., G. A. Bishop, J. E. Peterson, and D. H. Stedman. 1994. "Emissions from 200,000 Vehicles: A Remote Sensing Study." The Science of the Total Environment 146/147, 297-302. Heyes, Anthony. 1998. "Making Things Stick: Enforcement and Compliance." Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 14(4), 50-63. Hughes, Gordon, and Magda Lovei. 1999. Economic Reform and Environmental Performance in
Transition Economies. World Bank Technical Paper 446. Washington, D.C. McClintock, P. M. 1998. "The Colorado Enhanced I/M Program 0.5% Sample Annual Report." Prepared for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Tucson, Ariz.: Remote Sensing Technologies Inc. NESCAUM. 1997. "Northeast Diesel Smoke Testing Pilot Program, Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management." Document MS-13. May. Boston, Mass. NMA (HaUHOHajiHaS accoLtHaijHA aBToMo6HJ1HcToB). <www.motorists.org/issues/emissions/Remote-Sensing.htrnl>.
155
156
IlpHMeHeHHe 6oiee qHCTbIX MOTOPHBIX TOLTiHB WiS o6ecnexeHHA '{HCTOTbI B03Zyxa B cTpaHax CpeAHeri A3HH H KaBiKa3a
Petherick, D. S. E. 1996. Ontario's Indoor, Controlled-Mode Remote Sensing I/M Prescreen Concept. ASME Paper 961699. [BulllleB 3. 1999 r. JHXIHbIe KoHTaKTli; OTBeTb6 Ha <<MoTopHbie TOnIVHBa nOBblluIeHHO14 MHCTOTbD> B
BO[pOCEb
no o6cnenoBaHHIo MHpoBoro 6aHKa
Y36eKHcTaHe.
Ca6HpoB (D. 1999 r. JLHqHbIe KoHTaicrTb; OTBeThI Ha BOnPOCbI no o6cneaoBaHHto MHpoBoro 6aHKa O<MoTopHEie TOnHiHBa nOBbiUIeHHOH 'qHCTOTEI>) B Y36eKHcTaHe.
USTDA (YnpaBneHHe TOprOBJIH H pa3BHTHS CIIA). 1997. "Technical, Economic, and Environmental Impact Study of Converting Uzbekistan Transportation Fleets to Natural Gas Operation." Prepared by Radian International LLC. Y3aBToTpaHc, 1999 r. 14HHopMaixHs o npo6neMax, CBS3aHHbIX c npoeKToM <JlpHMeHeHHe 6onee xHCTBIX MOTOPHblIX TOIIHB AnsI o6ecnetieHHs xHCTOTbE BO3,aXa B crpaHax CpezwHer A3HH H KaBKa3a>>: lepeBoa C OTBeTm Ha Bonpocbi MHHHcTePCTBa oxpaHbi oKpy)Ra1joieH cpeAEi KaHaabl. pyccKoro. MHHHcTepcTBo TpaHcnOpTa Y36eKHcTaHa.
WEEM (Wielka Intemetowa Encyklopedia Multimedialna). 1998. <www.encyklopedia.pLVwiem>. Zhang, Y., D. H. Stedman, G. A. Bishop, S. P. Beaton, and P. L. Guenther. 1996. "On-Road Evaluation of Inspection/Maintenance Effectiveness." EnvironmentalScience and Technology 30, 1445-50.
Joint UNDP/World Bank ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) LIST OF REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country
Date
Number
Anglophone Africa Household Energy Workshop (English) Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electric Power System Losses in Africa (English) Institutional Evaluation of EGL (English) Biomass Mapping Regional Workshops (English) Francophone Household Energy Workshop (French) Interafrican Electrical Engineering College: Proposals for Shortand Long-Term Development (English) Biomass Assessment and Mapping (English) Symposium on Power Sector Reform and Efficiency Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (English) Comrercialization of Marginal Gas Fields (English) Commercilizing Natural Gas: Lessons from the Seminar in Nairobi for Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond Africa Gas Initiative - Main Report: Volume I Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) Power Rehabilitation and Technical Assistance (English) Africa Gas Initiative - Angola: Volume II Energy Assessment (English and French) Energy Assessment (English) Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study (English) Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy (English) Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study (English) Household Energy Issues Study (English) Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Technical Assistance Program (English) Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) Energy Assessment (English) Petroleum Supply Management (English) Status Report (English and French) Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1983-1987) (English and French) Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) Peat Utilization Project (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Africa Gas Initiative - Cameroon: Volume III Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) Household Energy Strategy Study (English)
07/88
085/88
08/88 02/89 05/89 08/89
087/88 098/89 ---
03/90 03/90
112/90 --
06/96 12/97
182/96 201/97
01/00 02/01 05/89 10/91 02/01 06/85 09/84 01/86 07/87 07/87 02/88 05/91 01/86 03/86 06/91 06/82 01/84 02/84
225/00 240/01 4708-ANG 142/91 240/01 5222-BEN 4998-BT 047/86 071/87 072/87 -132/91 5730-BUR 052/86 134/91 3778-BU 012/84 011/84
05/85 09/85 11/85 01/92 02/01 08/84 02/90
036/85 042/85 046/85 9215-BU 240/01 5073-CV 110/90
Energy Assessement (French) Elements of Strategy for Urban Household Energy The Case of N'djamena (French) Energy Assessment (English and French) In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros Energy Assessment (English)
08/92
9898-CAR
12/93 01/88
160/94 7104-COM
05/00 01/88
230/00 6420-COB
Activity/Report Title SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR)
Africa Regional
Angola
Benin Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros
Congo
-2 Region/Country Congo C6te d'Ivoire
Ethiopia
Gabon The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Activity/Report Title Power Development Plan (English and French) Africa Gas Initiative - Congo: Volume IV Energy Assessment (English and French) Improved Biomass Utilization (English and French) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Power Sector Efficiency Study (French) Project of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (English) Africa Gas Initiative - C6te d'Ivoire: Volume V Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project (English) Bagasse Study (English) Cooking Efficiency Project (English) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Africa Gas Initiative - Gabon: Volume VI Energy Assessment (English) Solar Water Heating Retrofit Project (English) Solar Photovoltaic Applications (English) Petroleum Supply Management Assistance (English) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Rationalization in the Industrial Sector (English) Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) Industrial Energy Efficiency (English) Energy Assessment (English) Household Energy Strategy (English and French) Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English & Portuguese) Management Options for the Electric Power and Water Supply Subsectors (English) Power and Water Institutional Restructuring (French) Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Status Report (English) Coal Conversion Action Plan (English) Solar Water Heating Study (English) Peri-Urban Woodfuel Development (English) Power Master Plan (English) Power Loss Reduction Study (English) Implementation Manual: Financing Mechanisms for Solar Electric Equipment Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English and French) Environmental Impact of Woodfuels (French) Energy Assessment (English) Technical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of Fuelwood Use in the Tobacco Industry (English)
Date
Number
03/90 02/01 04/85 04/87 12/87 02/92 09/95 02/01 07/84 10/85 12/86 12/86 12/87 02/96 07/88 02/01 11/83 02/85 03/85 04/85 11/86 06/88 11/88 11/92 11/86 01/94 08/84
106/90 240/01 5250-IVC 069/87 -140/91 175/95 240/01 4741-ET 045/85 062/86 063/86 -179/96 6915-GA 240/01 4743-GM 030/85 032/85 035/85 6234-GH 084/88 074/87 148/92 6137-GUI 163/94 5083-GUB
04/85
033/85
02/90 04/91 05/82 03/84 05/84 02/87 02/87 10/87 11/87 09/96
100/90 118/91 3800-KE 014/84 016/84 -066/87 076/87
07/00 01/84 12/84 06/85 12/87 01/87 12/87 10/95 08/82
231/00 4676-LSO 5279-LBR 038/85 081/87 5700-MAG 075/87 176/95 3903-MAL
11/83
009/83
--
186/96
Region/Country Malawi Mali
Activity/Report Title Status Report (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Household Energy Strategy (English and French)
Islamic Republic Energy Assessment (English and French) of Mauritania Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) Mauritius Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Power System Efficiency Audit (English) Bagasse Power Potential (English) Energy Sector Review (English) Mozambique Energy Assessment (English) Household Electricity Utilization Study (English) Electricity Tariffs Study (English) Sample Survey of Low Voltage Electricity Customers Namibia Energy Assessment (English) Niger Energy Assessment (French) Status Report (English and French) Improved Stoves Project (English and French) Household Energy Conservation and Substitution (English and French) Nigeria Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Rwanda Status Report (English and French) Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) Improved Charcoal Production Techniques (English and French) Energy Assessment (English and French) Commercialization of Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Mid-Term Progress Report (English and French) SADC SADC Regional Power Interconnection Study, Vols. I-IV (English) SADCC SADCC Regional Sector: Regional Capacity-Building Program for Energy Surveys and Policy Analysis (English) Sao Tome Energy Assessment (English) and Principe Energy Assessment (English) Senegal Status Report (English and French) Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meeting (English and French) Urban Household Energy Strategy (English) Industrial Energy Conservation Program (English) Energy Assessment (English) Seychelles Electric Power System Efficiency Study (English) Energy Assessment (English) Sierra Leone Somalia Energy Assessment (English) Republic of Options for the Structure and Regulation of Natural South Africa Gas Industry.(English) Management Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining Sudan Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Status Report (English)
Date
Number
01/84 11/91 03/92
013/84 8423-MLI 147/92
04/85 07/90 12/81 10/83 05/87 10/87 12/94 01/87 03/90 06/96 06/97 03/93 05/84 02/86 12/87
5224-MAU 123/90 3510-MAS 008/83 070/87 077/87 3643-MAS 6128-MOZ 113/90 181/96 195/97 11320-NAM 4642-NIR 051/86 080/87
01/88 08/83 07/93 06/82 05/84 08/86 02/87 07/91
082/88 4440-UNI 11672-UNI 3779-RW 017/84 059/86 065/87 8017-RW
12/91 12/93
141/91 --
11/91 10/85 07/83 10/84 05/85 04/86 02/89 05/94 01/84 08/84 10/87 12/85
5803-STP 4182-SE 025/84 037/85 056/86 096/89 165/94 4693-SEY 021/84 6597-SL 5796-SO
05/95 05/83 07/83 06/84 11/84
172/95 003/83 4511-SU 018/84 026/84
-4 Region/Country Sudan Swaziland Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zaire Zambia
Zimbabwe
Activity/Report Title Wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility (English) Energy Assessment (English) Household Energy Strategy Study Energy Assessment (English) Peri-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study (English) Tobacco Curing Efficiency Study (English) Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands (English) Industrial Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance (English) Power Loss Reduction Volume 1: Transmnission and Distribution SystemTechnical Loss Reduction and Network Development (English) Power Loss Reduction Volume 2: Reduction of Non-Technical Losses (English) Energy Assessment (English) Wood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake (English and French) Power Efficiency Imnprovement (English and French) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Institutional Review of the Energy Sector (English) Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry (English) Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick and Tile Industry (English) Tobacco Curing Pilot Project (English) Energy Assessment (English) Rural Electrification Strategy Study Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Energy Sector Institutional Review (English) Power Subsector Efficiency Study (English) Energy Strategy Study (English) Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Status Report (English) Power Sector Management Assistance Project (English) Power Sector Management Institution Building (English) Petroleum Management Assistance (English) Charcoal Utilization Prefeasibility Study (English) Integrated Energy Strategy Evaluation (English) Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance Project: Strategic Framework for a National Energy Efficiency Improvement Program (English) Capacity Building for the National Energy Efficiency Improvement Programme (NEEIP) (English) Rural Electrification Study
Date
Number
07/87 02/87 10/97 11/84 08/88 05/89 06/90 08/90
073/87 6262-SW 198/97 4969-TA 086/88 102/89 -122/90
06/98
204A/98
06/98 06/85 04/86 12/87 07/83 08/84 01/85 02/86 03/86 12/88
204B/98 5221-TO 055/86 078/87 4453-UG 020/84 029/85 049/86 053/86 092/88
02/89 03/89
097/89 UNDP Terminal Report 193/96 221/99 5837-ZR 4110-ZA 039/85 060/86 093/88 094/88 121/90 3765-ZIM 005/83 019/84 034/85
12/96 09/99 05/86 01/83 08/85 11/86 02/89 02/89 08/90 06/82 06/83 08/84 04/85 09/89 12/89 06/90 01/92
--
109/89 119/90 8768-ZIM
04/94
--
12/94 03/00
228/00
-5 Region/Country
Activity/Report Title
Date
Number
EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP)
Asia Regional China
Fiji Indonesia
Lao PDR Malaysia Myanrnar Papua New Guinea
Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar (English) County-Level Rural Energy Assessments (English) Fuelwood Forestry Preinvestment Study (English) Strategic Options for Power Sector Reform in China (English) Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control in Township and Village Enterprises (TVE) Industry (English) Energy for Rural Development in China: An Assessment Based on a Joint Chinese/ESMAP Study in Six Counties (English) Improving the Technical Efficiency of Decentralized Power Companies Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Power Generation Efficiency Study (English) Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industries (English) Diesel Generating Plant Efficiency Study (English) Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) Biomass Gasifier Preinvestment Study Vols. I & II (English) Prospects for Biomass Power Generation with Emphasis on Palm Oil, Sugar, Rubberwood and Plywood Residues (English) Urban Electricity Demand Assessment Study (English) Institutional Development for Off-Grid Electrification Sabah Power System Efficiency Study (English) Gas Utilization Study (English) Energy Assessment (English)
Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Energy Strategy Paper (English) Institutional Review in the Energy Sector (English) Power Tariff Study (English) Commercial Potential for Power Production from Philippines Agricultural Residues (English) Energy Conservation Study (English) Solomon Islands Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Petroleum Transport in the South Pacific (English) South Pacific Energy Assessment (English) Thailand Rural Energy Issues and Options (English) Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves and Charcoal Kilns (English) Northeast Region Village Forestry and Woodfuels Preinvestment Study (English) Impact of Lower Oil Prices (English) Coal Development and Utilization Study (English) Energy Assessment (English) Tonga Energy Assessment (English) Vanuatu Rural and Household Energy-Issues and Options (English) Vietnam
11/90 05/89 12/89 07/93
--
11/94
168/94
06/96
183/96
09/99 06/83 11/81 09/84 02/86
222/999 4462-FIJ 3543-IND 022/84 050/86
04/87 12/88 02/90 12/90
067/87 095/88 107/90 124/90
11/94 03/93 06/99 03/87 09/91 06/85
167/94 154/93 215/99 068/87 9645-MA 5416-BA
06/82 07/83
3882-PNG 006/83
10/84 10/84
023/84 024/84
12/93 08/94 06/83 01/92 05/86 09/85 09/85
157/93 -4404-SOL 979-SOL -5793-TH 044/85
09/87
079/87
02/88 08/88 10/89 06/85 06/85 01/94
083/88 --5498-TON 5577-VA 161/94
101/89 105/89 156/93
-6 Region/Country Vietnam
Western Samoa
Activity/Report Title Power Sector Reform and Restructuring in Vietnam: Final Report to the Steering Committee (English and Vietnamese) Household Energy Technical Assistance: Improved Coal Briquetting and Commercialized Dissemination of Higher Efficiency Biomass and Coal Stoves (English) Petroleum Fiscal Issues and Policies for Fluctuating Oil Prices In Vietnam Energy Assessment (English)
Date
Number
09/95
174/95
01/96
178/96
02/01 06/85
236/01 5497-WSO
10/82 05/83 04/84 02/85 12/88
3873-BD 002/83 015/84 031/85 --
11/88 07/90
091/88 120/90
07/91 12/92 04/94 06/98
139/91 150/92 166/94 205/98
06/99
213/99
06/99
214/99
02/01 08/83 01/85 06/93 05/88
237/01 4474-NEP 028/84 158/93 --
10/89
103/89
03/94 10/94
--
SOUTH ASIA (SAS) Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Energy Assessment (English) Priority Investment Program (English) Status Report (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Small Scale Uses of Gas Prefeasibility Study (English) Opportunities for Commercialization of Nonconventional Energy Systems (English) Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project (English) Mini-Hydro Development on Irrigation Dams and Canal Drops Vols. I, II and III (English) WindFarm Pre-Investment Study (English) Power Sector Reform Seminar (English) Environmental Issues in the Power Sector (English) Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Manual for Environmental Decision Making (English) Household Energy Strategies for Urban India: The Case of Hyderabad Greenhouse Gas Mitigation In the Power Sector: Case Studies From India Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Energy Efficiency & Fuel Substitution in Industries (English) Household Energy Assessment (English) Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, and Markets (English) National Household Energy Survey and Strategy Formulation Study: Project Terminal Report (English) Managing the Energy Transition (English) Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program Phase 1: Commercial Buildings Five Year Plan (English) Energy Assessment (English) Power System Loss Reduction Study (English) Status Report (English) Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English)
10/94 05/82 07/83 01/84 03/86
3792-CE 007/83 010/84 054/86
10/96
188/96
EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA)
Bulgaria
Natural Gas Policies and Issues (English)
-7 Region/Country
Activity/Report Title
Central Asia and Cleaner Transport Fuels for Cleaner Air in Central Asia and The Caucasus the Caucasus (English and Russian) Central and Eastern Europe Power Sector Reform in Selected Countries Increasing the Efficiency of Heating Systems in Central and Eastem Europe and the Former Soviet Union The Future of Natural Gas in Eastern Europe (English) Natural Gas Investment Study, Volumes 1, 2 & 3 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan & Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development Kyrgyzstan Poland Energy Sector Restructuring Program Vols. I-V (English) Natural Gas Upstream Policy (English and Polish) Energy Sector Restructuring Program: Establishing the Energy Regulation Authority Energy Assessment (English) Portugal Natural Gas Development Strategy (English) Romania Workshop on Private Participation in the Power Sector (English) Slovenia Energy Assessment (English) Turkey Energy and the Environment: Issues and Options Paper
Date
Number
08/01
242/01
07/97
196/97
08/00 08/92 12/97
234/00 149/92 199/97
11/97 01/93 08/98
16855-KAZ 153/93 206/98
10/98 04/84 12/96 02/99 03/83 04/00
208/98 4824-PO 192/96 211/99 3877-TU 229/00
10/96 03/84 01/86 07/95 10/98 02/99 05/86 09/88 04/89 06/90 03/90 02/92
189/96 4157-MOR 048/86 173/95 209/98 210/99 5822-SYR 089/88 099/89 115/90 -136/91
04/92 11/96 11/96 12/84 02/87 03/91
146/92 190A/96 190B/96 4892-YAR 6376-YAR 126/91
07/89
--
04/97
194/97
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA)
Arab Republic of Egypt
Morocco
Syria
Tunisia
Yemen
Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Status Report (English and French) Energy Sector Institutional Development Study (English and French) Natural Gas Pricing Study (French) Gas Development Plan Phase II (French) Energy Assessment (English) Electric Power Efficiency Study (English) Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Sector (English) Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Fertilizer Sector (English) Fuel Substitution (English and French) Power Efficiency Study (English and French) Energy Management Strategy in the Residential and Tertiary Sectors (English) Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume I (French) Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume II (French) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Investment Priorities (English) Household Energy Strategy Study Phase I (English)
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC)
LAC Regional
Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reduction in the Caribbean (English) Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish)
-8Region/Country LAC Regional
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic Ecuador
Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica
Activity/Report Title Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean - Status Report (English and Spanish) Harmonization of Fuels Specifications in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) Energy Assessment (English) National Energy Plan (English) La Paz Private Power Technical Assistance (English) Prefeasibility Evaluation Rural Electrification and Demand Assessment (English and Spanish) National Energy Plan (Spanish) Private Power Generation and Transmission (English) Natural Gas Distribution: Economics and Regulation (English) Natural Gas Sector Policies and Issues (English and Spanish) Household Rural Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) Preparation of Capitalization of the Hydrocarbon Sector Introducing Competition into the Electricity Supply Industry in Developing Countries: Lessons from Bolivia Final Report on Operational Activities Rural Energy and Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency & Conservation: Strategic Partnership for Energy Efficiency in Brazil (English) Hydro and Thermal Power Sector Study Rural Electrification with Renewable Energy Systems in the Northeast: A Preinvestment Study Energy Sector Review (English) Energy Strategy Paper (English) Power Sector Restructuring (English) Energy Efficiency Report for the Commercial and Public Sector (English) Energy Assessment (English and Spanish) Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) Forest Residues Utilization Study (English and Spanish) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (Spanish) Energy Strategy Phase I (Spanish) Energy Strategy (English) Private Minihydropower Development Study (English) Energy Pricing Subsidies and Interfuel Substitution (English) Energy Pricing, Poverty and Social Mitigation (English) Issues and Options in the Energy Sector (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Status Report (English and French) Household Energy Strategy (English and French) Energy Assessment (English) Petroleum Supply Management (English) Energy Assessment (English) Petroleum Procurement, Refining, and Distribution Study (English) Energy Efficiency Building Code Phase I (English) Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Phase I (English) Management Information System Phase I (English)
Date
Number
12/97
200/97
06/98 04/83 12/87 11/90
203/98 4213-BO -111/90
04/91 08/91 01/92 03/92 12/93 01/94 12/96
129/91 131/91 137/91 125/92 164/93 162/94 191/96
08/00
233/00
08/00
235/00
01/95 09/97
170/95 197/97
07/00 08/88 12/86 11/94
232/00 7129-CH -169/94
06/96 01/84 11/84 02/90
184/96 4655-CR 027/84 108/90
05/91 12/85 07/88 04/91 11/92 08/94 08/94 09/93 06/82 08/85 12i91 08/87 03/91 04/85
8234-DO 5865-EC
11/86 03/88 03/88 03/88
061/86 --
----
11798-EC 12831 -EC 12160-GU 3672-HA 041/85 143/91 6476-HO 128/91 5466-JM
---
-9Region/Country Jamaica
Mexico
Panama Paraguay
Peru
Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sub Andean
Trinidad and Tobago
Activity/Report Title Charcoal Production Project (English) FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) Energy Sector Strategy and Investment Planning Study (English) Improved Charcoal Production Within Forest Management for the State of Veracruz (English and Spanish) Energy Efficiency Management Technical Assistance to the Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia (CONAE) (English) Energy Environment Review Power System Efficiency Study (English) Energy Assessment (English) Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) Status Report (English and Spanish) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program in the Sierra (English and Spanish) Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) Study of Energy Taxation and Liberalization of the Hydrocarbons Sector (English and Spanish) Reform and Privatization in the Hydrocarbon Sector (English and Spanish) Rural Electrification Energy Assessment (English)
Date
Number
09/88 09/88 07/92
090/88 088/88 135/92
08/91
138/91
04/96 05/01 06/83 10/84 09/85 09/85 01/84 08/85
180/96 241/01 004/83 5145-PA 043/85 4677-PE 040/85
02/87 12/90
064/87 --
120/93
159/93
07/99 02/01 09/84
216/99 238/01 5111 -SLU
--
Energy Assessment (English) Environmental and Social Regulation of Oil and Gas Operations in Sensitive Areas of the Sub-Andean Basin (English and Spanish)
09/84
5103-STV
07/99
217/99
Energy Assessment (English)
12/85
5930-TR
11/89
--
04/90
--
07/91
--
10/91 02/93
152/93
GLOBAL Energy End Use Efficiency: Research and Strategy (English) Women and Energy--A Resource Guide The International Network: Policies and Experience (English) Guidelines for Utility Customer Management and Metering (English and Spanish) Assessment of Personal Computer Models for Energy Planning in Developing Countries (English) Long-Term Gas Contracts Principles and Applications (English) Comparative Behavior of Firms Under Public and Private Ownership (English) Development of Regional Electric Power Networks (English) Roundtable on Energy Efficiency (English) Assessing Pollution Abatement Policies with a Case Study of Ankara (English) A Synopsis of the Third Annual Roundtable on Independent Power Projects: Rhetoric and Reality (English) Rural Energy and Development Roundtable (English)
155/93
05/93 10/94 02/95
--
11/95
177/95
08/96 05/98
187/96 202/98
171/95
-10Region/Country Global
8/8/01
Activity/Report Title A Synopsis of the Second Roundtable on Energy Efficiency: Institutional and Financial Delivery Mechanisms (English) The Effect of a Shadow Price on Carbon Emission in the Energy Portfolio of the World Bank: A Carbon Backcasting Exercise (English) Increasing the Efficiency of Gas Distribution Phase 1: Case Studies and Thematic Data Sheets Global Energy Sector Reform in Developing Countries: A Scorecard Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: Text Marketing of Small "Solar" Batteries for Rural Electrification Purposes A Review of the Renewable Energy Activities of the UNDP/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme 1993 to 1998 Energy, Transportation and Environment: Policy Options for Environmental Improvement Privatization, Competition and Regulation in the British Electricity Industry, With Implications for Developing Countries Reducing the Cost of Grid Extension for Rural Electrification Undeveloped Oil and Gas Fields in the Industrializing World
Date
Number
09/98
207/98
02/99
212/99
07/99
218/99
07/99
219/99
08/99
220/99
11/99
223/99
12/99
224/99
02/00 02/00 02/01
226/00 227/00 239/01
KESMAu^D The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel.: 1.202.458.2321
Fax.: 1.202.522.3018
Internet: www.esmap.org Email: esmap@worldbank.org
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A joint UNDP/World Bank Programme
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