Повышение эффективности систем теплоснабжения by World Bank Russia

ЕВРОПА И ЦЕНТРАЛЬНАЯ АЗИЯ

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СИСТЕМ ТЕПЛОСНАБЖЕНИЯ В СТРАНАХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ И ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЫ И РЕСПУБЛИКАХ БЫВШЕГО СОВЕТСКОГО СОЮЗА Документ Всемирного банка Информационный центр в России

инфраструктура и транспорт

JOINT UNDP / WORLD BANK ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) PURPOSE The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) is a special global technical assistance program run as part of the World Bank's Energy, Mining and Telecommunications Department. ESMAP provides advice to governments on sustainable energy development. Established with the support of UNDP and bilateral official donors in 1983, it focuses on the role of energy in the development process with the objective of contributing to poverty alleviation, improving living conditions and preserving the environment in developing countries and transition economies. ESMAP centers its interventions on three priority areas: sector reform and restructuring; access to modern energy for the poorest; and promotion of sustainable energy practices. GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (ESMAP CG) composed of representatives of the UNDP and World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regions benefiting from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank Vice President, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of four independent energy experts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, its work plan, and its achievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economists from the World Bank to conduct its activities under the guidance of the Manager of ESMAP, responsible for administering the Programme. FUNDING ESMAP is a cooperative effort supported over the years by the World Bank, the UNDP and other United Nations agencies, the European Union, the Organization of American States (OAS), the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE), and public and private donors from countries including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. FURTHER INFORMATION An up-to-date listing of completed ESMAP projects is appended to this report. For further information, a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report, or copies of project reports, contact: ESMAP c/o Energy and Water The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 U.S.A.

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Copyright ÂŠ 2001 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing August 2000 ESMAP Reports are published to communicate the results of the ESMAP's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of the paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal documents. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors, denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgement on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the ESMAP Manager at the address shown in the copyright notice above. ESMAP encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee.

"ESMAP Values your Feedback If you have found this report useful, or would like to provide comments on our reports and services, please log on to our website at www.esmap.org and leave your feedback. In this way we can better understand our audience's needs and improve the quality of our knowledge products. Thank you. ESMAP Management"

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................................................................................................................................ 195 PLic. D-2 KOCBEHHOE nOJKmOHEHWE L4T (K PAVMATOPAM, COEF4HEHHb1M nAPAJ1JlEnbHo)

.............................................. 195

PLc. F-1 TEnmOHAnP9>KEHHOCTb L APXLTEKTYPA CET ... .............................. 220 PLC. F-2 L.HBECT14LMOHH61E 3ATPATbl L TEnfOonOTEPL KAK 4YHKL,ifl5 OT AMAMETPA

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........................................................

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.........................................................

vii

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Pmc. F-4 OpeH6ypr: 06L4erogoBbie 3aTpaTbl Ha TennOBYIO 3Heprn*o Ha )Krli4JLLe c y'-eTOM 1 223 6e3 3aTpaT Ha oxpaHy oKpy>Katou4ev cpeAbi ................................. Puc. F-5 Bpo4,naB: 06LLeroAoBbie 3aTpaTbl Ha TennOBYIO 3Hepn4lO Ha >KmnwL4e c y'eTOM A 223 6e3 3aTpaT Ha oxpaHy OKpy)K2atI4e~i cpeAbi ................................

viii

npegmcnoBme BceMHpHM,I

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llpHBeCTH BCe 3TH HHBeCTIHIUIHH rIOg o6UH KOHTeKCT peCTpYKTYPH3aiUiH CeKTOpa. OH OCHOBaH Ha npoeiTe ESMAP "rIoBEiiueHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeCaJoCHa6KeHHS B

IJBE/lBCC", a Taioie Ha OrpOMHOM oribiTe pa6oTE,I B cdepe ueHTpaJI30BaHHoro (U{T) Kay B 3anaaHoR EBpone, TaK H B LUBE/BCC.

TerU[OCHa6weHHSA

ESMAP OKxa3aI 4HHaHCOBYiO iiO,epICKY HaCTOSIAeMY HCCiieOBaHHIO C geEI,O H3yXIeHHA ciie,4yioHx acIIeKToB: O

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rIPH KaKHx o6CTOSTeETIcTBax

ra3OM HJIH Apyra O

UIT, ,eieHTpM3OBaHHoe TeHjioCHa6)KeHHe

IIpHpOXiH.IM CaHTTepHaTHBaCTaHOBTCA ipezrOIITHTeCjiHEim BapHaHToM?

KaK HHCTHTYItHOHanbHaS cpeza AOJDKHa H3MeHHTh>CA C TeM, tITo6bI cnoco6cTBoBaTB 3KOHOMIqHOA cHcTeMe ipe=oKCeHHA TerIJ1oBori 3HeprCH H cupoca Ha Hee?

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LUT ABjiseTCA ZOMHHHpy oLLez TexHojiorHeHl TeImoCHa6)KeHHIA.

B HccjiezoBaHHslx eeCTH rOpo0oB HCnOJIL3oBanIH oHHaKoByio MeTo,oAorHio, KKoTopaA genaiia yIIOp Ha alaJIH3 o67eMa 3aMeHbI OaHorO BHza TOnJIBa AipyrHM, BbI6HpaS MexKIy LIT H aABTepHaTHBaMH, TaKHMH KaK BHyTpHAIoMOBbIe HJIH KBaPTHPH6ie KOTJHI C HCIIOJib3OBaHHeM npHpoAHoro ra3a. Bonpoc KOHKypeHIIHH MeexJy BHaaMH TonJIHBa, Ho BCeil BHIHMOCTH,

He,0CTaTOqHLM 06pa3oM peiuaeTCA BO MHorHX TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHHeCKHX o6oCHOBaHHAX (T3O) CHcTeM LIT, KOTopibie 6E TH BbIIonHeHE.I paHee. MeTo,AonorHIx TaKoKe no gepKHy.na Ba)KHOCT.b

BbEiBjieHHA

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B HaCTOsIueM oTmeTe o6o6iuaioTcA OCHOBHEIe 4aKTETI

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XaTITHepa, MaypHiLa XeHKeMaHca, Top,a XonbMcTpoMa, rIaBna KaMHHCKH, OMHHHKa JIaiMaHa, JlacJIo JIOBeH, CaAMOH MaAIHeT, xiHMa My3a, MaHTaca HoruHyca, APTO HYOPKHBH, 3pHKa IleTepcoHa, H4OHyT IypHia, JH HiliHrnepa, KOHCTaHTHHa CKOPHKa, r3pH CTarFHHca, rOCH YTHMYPY, flerrH YHJIbCOH HaCTOAsIH

H CairmaHa 3axeepa.

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a TaKwoe uIpaBHTeJ1BCTBaM

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Mex(gyHapoAHas3 ¢HaHCoBaa KoPrIoPaI1HA HH3Koe aaeneHHe He3aBHCHMIMf ripOH3BOAHTejU, 3J1eKTpO3HeprHH 0T01HTeJIbHBIe KOTeiibHBIe npe,geJhHEIe H3gep KKH XIHTejibHoro

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cpe2AHee gawBeHHe CHCTeMa IjeHTPajiH30BaHHoro TeriJIocHa6>KeHHIA TAxcejioe TOnO0HOe MacJIo (ma3yT)

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xii

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rHraxajiopHs (OqHH MHJIMHOH KHJIoKaopHW{)

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M3 meraBaTT 3JieKTPHieCKHM MT MeraBaiT TepMaiBHbMi TCY TOHHBI cTaHnxapTHorO yrZi TePauPKOYJIE

TAX

flepeBoc4 3HepreTL*iecKIlx ecUHHl4 IETE = 1,05506 Kg)K 1 FKaJI = 1,16 MBT.tq= 4,19 17)x= 1,75 napoBbie TOHHbI /Tiac 1 rL7x

= 0,278 MBT.ti== 0,239 FKai = 0,42 napOBrie TOHHrI /Mac

1 MBT = 0,86 FKaA = 3,6 fAxc= 1,52 iapOBbIe 1 m3 ippOHaHbir ra3

TOHHBI /ac = 8,5 MKaA (HH3=ik

TerIJIOTBOPHOCTH)

ripegen = 35,86 MNK = 9,88

KBT.Tq

1 TCY = 7 FKaii = 29,3 FAAc= 8,15

MBT.1l

BanloTHble 3KBHBanJeHTbI KypCE,I BaHjOT no oTHoueHHO K 1 zonuapy CLIA (CpegHHri 3a nepHo;z): EoArapHA

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flona,a (anommTr)

PYMEJIHH (neH)

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(nieB)

(py6nm,)

YKpaHHa (rpiiBHa)

Zpe,nHHH 3a

1996 r.

178

4,0

2,70

3084

1999 r.

5067

2peXHHi 3a

1,84

1,83

4,0

3,97

15333

24,62

4,13

xiii

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B cTpaHax IUBE/BCC npemyiecTBo T3Lt

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MOryT KOHTPOJIHPOBsaTE, oTpe6JIeHHe Teiila, H pearHpyeT Ha rieperpeB, oTKpLiBaA oyHa, aaxKe 3HMObI. B pe3yjibTaTe BwIcoKHe H3,epxKH CHCTeM LIT CTaJIH IBHEIMH B Haqajie 90-x rozoB, KOrga ijeHbI Ha iTepBHqHbIe 3HeprOHOCHTeJIH B 3THX CTpaHaX BEIpOChIH O YpOBHei MHpOBEIX pEIHKOB.

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OTOniieHHS IIpHBOAAT K 3arPS3HeHHiO BO3AyXa H CepEe3HO BJIHSEOT Ha 3nOpOBbe ropoacKHx )KHTeiieri. BCeMHpHEbIi BaHK, TaK 2Ke KaK H Apyrme MeICyHapOnHbIe H ABYCTOPOHHHe HHCTHTYTBI pa3BHTHS, ABjS1eTCA Ba)KHLIM HCTOxmHHKOM 4HHaHCHpoBaHHIA HHBeCTHUHIM B MoaRepHH3nauo ceKTopa TeriuOCHa6teHHA B LIBE/BCC. HaCTOAWHil OTHeT CTaBHT UeJIbIO IIpHBeCTH BCe 3TH HHBeCTHIIHH IIO,4 o6fHI KOHTeKCT peCTpyKTYPH3aIjH CeeKTOpa. OH OCHOBaH Ha ripoeKTe ESMAP "IlOBbnIIIeHHe 34FeKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeniOCHa6)IeHHA B [TBE/BCC" a TaKwe Ha orpOMHOM orinrre pa6oTEmI B c4epe gieHTpaiiH3oBaHHoro TerninoCHa6weHHs (ITT) KaK B 3ana,aHorI EBpone, TaK H B LIBE/FCC.

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3.1.3.3

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3.1.3.4

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3.1.3.5 3

daHuR u o6opydo6aHUR nompe6umeneuj 19

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Pa3z1eu

24, (BawUHrTOH, OKpyr KonyM6wq, BCeMIUPHblI BaHK, 1997 r. Transition 24, Washington, DC, The World Bank, 1997, pp. 7-91

7-9) [Studies of Economies in

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5.2.5).

B pa6oTe AnaHa BepTo H EepTpaHa PeHo "COUIanHCTHqecKHe ropoga 6e3 pEbIHKOB Ha 3eMmo" (Journalof Urban Economics, Vol. 41 (1997), pp.137-151) aHajiH3HPYIOTC. HeaocTaTKH, cB3aHHbIe CTaiKofl CTpyKrypOfl pa3BHTHB.

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xmaecyjTbh4ypa1UHH. B BpoinaBe iiepBbri BapHaHT oKm3ajcH

(FJIaBa

4). 3aecb, KaK H BO MHorHX roponax IlojuiH, HCrIoJIE30sBaHHe yrjsI B AOMOBEbIX KOTjiaX HJIH OK, KOTOpBIe cHa6)KaioT TenriOM He6ojibiuHe H30IHPOBaHHbIe CeTH, CHCTeMaTH'eCKH cHH)KaeTcs, .1H60 6narogaps HcriOJIb3oBaHHIo ipHpo,aHoro ra3a JIH6o rIoAKIIIoqeHHio H30JIHPOBaHHbIX ceTeH K 6ROKHpOBaHHO9 CHCTeMe LIT.

rIOBBImeHHe 34XeKrHBHOCTH CHCTeM TerlMIOCHa6feHMsi

B cTpaHax UeHTpanbHOiN H BOCTOHONi EBPOIII H

pecyiy6ncKax 6EIBmero CoBeTcKoro CoIo3a

3.1.5 1lHeemuL4uu a L4eJX CHu)KxeHUs mexHu'eccux nomepb npu nepeaaie u pacnpeedeneHuu27 Tpy6onpo6odHbie mexHonoauu

3.1.5.1

B CHcTeMax LIT B cTpaHax IJBE/BCC IIpesHMyieCTBeHHo HCIIOJIb3yeTCS TexHojiorHS, r.e BaTo1 Him nIeHo6eTOHOM. Tpy6bi o6u6iHo CTaJIHE,Ie Tpy6bI H30JIHYIoTCS MHHepaiiEHO uIpOKmaI,aIBaEOTCS IIOa 3eMjieii B 6eTOHHE,IX Kopo6ax, KOTOpbIe 3a1HHiaEOT Tpy6orDpOBOa OT . Ha HeKOT0pEJX yxiacTKax BHe]nHero gaBsneHHA H IIo3BOJITIoT gpeHHPOBaT]T BOA.y Tpy6oupoBoxHog CeTH, oco6eHHO B CHCTeMe riepe,awuI, Tpy6wI iipojio0xeHLI Hag rIOBepXHOCTM,O 3eMJIH.

rIpe,ZBapHTeJIhHO

H30JIHpOBaHHEIe Tpy6bI, yjiO)KeHHb1e

HeriOCpeACTBeHHO Ha rpyHT, CTanIH

AOMHHHpyioiiIeii TexHojiorHefi B 3anaWofi EBPOne, H HaqaiHE IInpHMeHSThCS B CHCTeMaX IUT B LIBE/BICC c KOHiua 80-x roroB. OHH COCTOST H3 BHyTpeHHefl CTajThHOH Tpy6EI, riojiHypeTaHOBOfi H30JHHH H BHemiHero Ko)Kyxa H3 B,ICOKOnJIOTHoro iiojiH3THneHa, KOTOPEJH He HYx<gaeTTC B 6eTOHHOM KOpo6e. HO HIOCKOJIEKY TeXHOlorHIS C npeABapITenIbHOi 3onIgHek Tpy6 o6xoAHTcM gopoxe, 'eM TexHoflor-RA co CTaJIbHOH Tpy6ori, ilocJieAHAq IIpOgofl)KaeT HaXOAHTB IpHMeHeHHe. CHTyalAHsI H3MeHHTCS, Korga 6yAyT YCTaHOBJIeHUI rioKpOKpEITHS peaJMHbIX paCXOgOB Ha 6eToH, CTajTh, MHHepaJIbHyiO BaTy H pwIHotIHwIe UeHI Z TpyAOBwIe pecypcbI6.

nomepu menna UeOdbI

3.1.5.2

MO)KHO OileHRTh o6luee OCyLueCTBJieHHI iipOr-paMME6I MOZePHH3auHH H KaTeCTBO CHCTeMMI pacripe,ejieHsA. 29I;o peKoHcTpyKuHH, 60JIBnmHCTBO cHcTeM 1xT IUBE/13CC xapaKTepH3oBaJIHCL BEICOKHMH B 1IOTePS1MH BOAbI H 3HeprHH, IO CpaBHeHHIO C CHCTeMaMH 3arlazHoeBpo1efiCKHX ropogax. Ta6n. 3-3 C 3aIIazuHoeBpoIIeACKHMH CTaHgapTaMH CpaBHHBaiOTCA 11OTepH TeIIJIi H BOALbI B iiiCTH HCCneZOBaHHEIX ropoxax. TeiIrnioTepH OieHHBaK)TCs 1IpH6JIH3HTeJIIEHo H3-3a TOrO, t qTO B 60o,ImIHCTBe CHICTeM IT HmeeTcA JIHIIU He3HaIHTeJThHoe KoJIHqeCTBo nIpH60poB yqeTa TerIna. BonbmasA qaaCm MoIL1HoCTe2 nO B,Ipa60TKYH TeJIfOTEI 3aMepSeT (c 6onEImer HJIH MeHEimeH TORHOCTLIO) Telnno, noraBaeMoe Ha CHCTeMy paciipe;xejieHHA. Bce 6oimiiee qHcj]o CBOe o6opyxOBaHHe, HO H3-3a OTCYTCTBHA 1ieHTPaZJTHLIX TeIIIOI1YHKTOB o6HOBft SeT nPH6opoB yqea TenIIa B3gaHHAx, IIoTepH BTOPHqHOg CeTH He MOryT 6En,B 3aMepeHEbI. I4, Kax

rIyTeM

oiipeaejieHHA nOTeph TenIia H BOA2TI

IIpaBHJIO,

HOBEIe

COBpeMeHHEIe

TeIIOnIYHKlTh,

qaCTOTLI aBapHi

KOTOPIme

o6biqHo

YCTaHaBBjHBaiOTCA

OTXeZJIBHBIX 3AaHHRX, OCHaIIXeHbI ipH6opaMH yieTa Tenna.

C 06cUINM HHABeHepHbwMH KoH4jHrypawmMH CHCTeM UT B UBE/BCC, a Taxoe pe)KHM4MH TeMnepaTypbI, ABaieHHS H pa6oTbi CM. lpwio)KeHHe. D. nOaJDKHa 66ITb BeHTHnsAXHA KpoMe TOrO, =A 6opb61C BRna)KHOCTEO lacToTa aBapHA Mo)KeT AaTb liHuEb pNH6jiH3HTejibHylo KapTHHy COCTOAHHA CHCTeMbI. He cyiecTByeT CTaH,apTHOrO onpeAeneHHs TepMHHa "aBapHsA". Ee3 KnaCCH4HIKaLaHH aBapKH TaKoKe He ACHO, ABJISeTCB JIH perHctpatuo OHa KpynHoN NHn He6oAbuioA. OzxHaKo, npeAnonaraM, *TO npeanpHATue LUT 6yaeT BecTH aBapHi cOr.naCHO HeH3MeHHbLiM paBHnaM, AHHaMHKa aBapNH Ha flpOTADKeHHH HecKojThKHx ineT ,aCT o3HaKoMjneHH 27 A1M

28 29

nofle3HYIO KHHcopMauHIO 0 COCTOS0HHH CHCTeMbi.

rIoBEJIleHHe 3c4eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeflnOCHa62ReHHA B CTpaHaX UIeHTPaBJbHOf H BOCTOHHOHi EBpomVI H

pecny6AHKax 6bxBiuero CoBeTcKoro Co0I3a

B Ta6J. 3-3

IoiKm3aHLI BbICOKHe rIOTepH B CHCTeMaX LIT B I|BE/FBCC iio cpaBHeHHIO C CHCTeMaMH LIT B 3anaaHoR EBporie. OHa TamoKe oTpa)KaeT HaTIHxHe HeaOCTaTKOB y IIepBHIqHbIX CHCTeM pacnpez:eJieHHA, 1o CpaBHeHHIO C BTOpHITHbIMH. I4MeeTcI HeCKOJ1bKO npHxIHH 3TOMY. TernoIIOTepH 3aBHCST OT Te,ieHHAs BOabI, TemnepaTypbi ropAeH BOZbI (Ha

BXoge H B o6paTHoM Tpy6OIIpoBOae), Temnepaiypbi oKpy)Kwaoiero Bo3,yxa, 11OBepXHOCTH Tpy6, XIHHbI Tpy6 H cFH3xiecKIx CBOHICTB HC1IOIEb3yeMbIX MaTepHajOB. I4Horza KaKOiiHH6yA2b

)aKTOp CBOaEHT Ha HeT BO3geHCTBHe

,pyrHx;

HHorga OH YCHhIHBaeT HX. IIO0t3eMHbIe

BOAbI H.IH CTOIHbIe BO,jbI, IpOHHicaK)o1He B 6eToHHbue KOpO6bI, He6nIaronpHsTHo B03aeHCTBYIOT Ha CBOHCTBa H3010HOHHOrO MaTepHaIia, BI3bliBaS BLICOKHe TerIJIoflOTepH. He6ojinasa ,ZIHHa CeTH MO)KeT yMeHMIlHTb IIOTepH; KpyrIHaS CeTb MO)KeT YCH1IHTb BO3geHiCTBHe TeiiJionoTepb. Bojiee HH3KHe cpeqHHe TemnepaTypbi ropsAefl BOAbI BO BTOpHT4HLIX CeTAX BbI3LBalOT CpaBHHTeibHO MaAbIe IIOTepH, a BbICOKHe TeMnepaTYPbI B 1iepBHIqHbIX CeTsX OTHOCHTenjbHO BbICOKHe rlOTepH. QAHaKo 6o0iee HH3KHe 1IOTepH BO BTOPHWHEIX ceTAx MOryT 6b1m HeRTpaJIH3OBaHbI BO3AeACTBHeM qpyroro 4aKTOpa, TaKOrO KaK 60IblImH4 MaCCOBbfIH pacxoa. BuICOKHH YpOBeHb 11OTepb BOabI B 60JlbIHHcTBe CHCTeM IT B HCCJ1e2OBaHHAX yKa3bIBaeT Ha rIJIOxOe TeXHHxieCKOe COCTOAHHe TenIiOCeTefi, KOTOpb1ie CKJIOHHblI K KOppO3HH. fIOTepH BO,bI TaK)Ke CHJIbHO BJIHLIOT Ha BbiCOKHe TelIJIOrIOTepH. COCTOXIHHe BTOPHWIHOH paCripe,aeIHTe2bHOH ceTH xiaCTO IBJiLeTCA OCHOBHOH flpH1tHHOrf ,21JIA BbICOKOrO YPOBHA 11OTepb Teniia H BOp;bI B CHCTeMaX IUT B IUBE/BCC. TenulonoTepH go 25 % iaCTO MO2KHO

o6HapyXMTL BO BTOpHxIHOM pacnpeaeneH4H 1no cfiely1o1HM rpHxiHHaM:

Ta6num4a 3-3. CpasBHeHmS nOTep6 BOAbI u pac4eTHb;x noTepb Tenna npu nepega'4e M pacnpegenleHUU B UCCneAOBaHHbIX ropoAax 14 B 3anaAHoh EBpone

Fopoo

17omepu eo0b3 (nonoiueHue KO CceMy o6?eMy, KoJzu'IeCm6o

Temnonomepu (94 om eeo6uMozo menaa 6 cemb)

Tun emopuwnoa cucmeMbi

,AuHa cemeu, nepeutiHan / 6mopu4laR, KM

lIeTipexTpy6HaA npfMaA

89/ 296

repBHMHaA: 14% BTopHiHKaA: 24%

4eTIEpexTpy6HaA nppmaA

268 /102

rIepBHn'Hax: 9%a BTopHllHaA: 25%

MqeripexTpy6Ha (100%/o) npAMaA (70%)

103 310

aByxTpy6HaA

827 / 0

pacnpe6ewumeAbHou

paS e 2zo) biienponeTpoBcK KayHac

nlepBHtmam: 40 H/,a HlepBHqHaA: 40

OpeH6ypr

BTopHIMas: H/FI rIepBHHHaA: 40

BTopHHaA:

H/A rlepBmHHax: 40

BTopu'lHax:

CO4MA

rlepBHnHaA:

BTopu'iHaA:

H/lA

25%

Bcero: 20%

Bcero: 26 THMHlluoapa

BHYTPHAOMOBLie TennonyHKThI

rlepBn'IHaq: 29 BTopMMHas: 155

BpounaB

rIepBHqHaA:

MepBHHHax:

'leTmipexTpy6HaA

BTopMMHas: 18%

npAMaq

88 / 302

KOCBeHHaA

Bcero: 24% Bcero: 11%

aByxTpy6Has

49/360

BHYTpHAOMOBlie

3ananHoemponercKa

Bcero: MaxcmmMajnHo

cHcTeMa H/.a: HeT zaHHb]x a. ToAaKo cHcTeMbi nepeAawlH; A

Hlcmo0inuU: ESMAP

1-5

paa

BTOpHWHaA BK=oiaeT ropoAoB.

Hcc.neAosaHHA

TenflOnyHKThi (60%)

repBHwHal: 5-10%

BHyTpH)IOMOBble

BTopHiHasA: 0%

TenjionyHKThI

nepBH'IHoe pacnpeaeneHme.

noBlMieHHe 344eTKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TennOCHa6)KeHHA B cTpaHax UIeHTPajThHOfl HBOCTO'IHOii EBPOnbI H pecny6iiHxax 61IBsmero CoBeTcKoro Co0o3a

KBapTaJbHIe TeIIJIoiyHxTbi, rge HCIIOJIb3yIOTCS

TeiIUoo6MeHHHKH

oTIeIieHHM

AJIAI

BTOpHIHOAi paciipeAenHTenIbHOr ceTH, rpeaHa3Ha&eHHOi 0Mo6orpeBa ioMeeLeHHH, OT flepBHIHOii, 'aCTO HMe1OT rpo6neMbi C IPOH3BOaCTBOM B HHX IIO=HTO%IHOMi BOAbI MoMeHT, KOTOpbIII CyiueCTBeHHO CHH?KaeT cpe=HHl CpOK cny)K6EI BTOpIHb1IX Tpy6 no CpaBHeHHI1O c Tpy6aMH B nepBHHHORi CeTH. Apyrok IIpHxIHHOi1 AJIA YCKOpeHHOf IBjiSieTCSl TO, HTo TeHeHHe BOg,1I BO BTOpHIHOA pacnpeAejiHTeJIbHor4 CeTH,

KOPpO3HE

o6orpeBa rioMeeieHHi, IipegHa3HapIeHHOA OTOlHTeJIE,HOrO ce3oHa. KW YpOBHS

TeIIJIoriepegatH

3acopeHHA TeIIoo6MeHHHKOB,

rIpeKpaiuaeTcs riocne OKOHIIaHHS HaCTO CHH)KaeTCSI H3-3a BbICOKOrO

BE,I3BaHHOrO MHHepaEJIJHEMH oTno)KeHHSMH.

MIeTEmpexTpy6Hb6Ie CHCTeME,I oco6eHHO Majio3b4eKTHBHE,I. B Ta6ni. 3-3 rIOKa3aHa H qeTKaM B3aHMOCBS36 Mee=Iy BJ.ICOKHM YPOBHeM nOTepE, IIPH TpaHCnOpTe TelJIOTEI lIeTi,IpexTpy6HLIX CHCTeM. rBKBB rIOCTOSHHO IUIPCYJIHpyeT B HCIIOJIhE3OBaHHH 30 CHCTeMe, TaimM o6pa3oM, B6I3bIBaA 6on6iHe Tenn[onoTepH KOTOpEIC yCHJIHBaEOTCS FBKEB BMICOKHMH IIOTeP1MH BOItI, B16I3BaHHIMH yCKOpeHHOi IcOppO3Hefl Tpy6 TexHH,IecIcIH CPOK cny)K6E6I Tpy6 rBKEB o6E.,tiHo cocTaBJIAeT 10 fieT, HO Mo)KeT COKPaTHTbCA go 2-3 ieT B 3aBHCHMocTH OT KaHeCTBa MaTepHaJIa, H3 KOTOpOFO H3roTOBJIeHLI Tpy6i6i. B HeKOTOpi6IX ropoxgax BCC, rie 4IHHaHCHPOBaHHe game

rBKRB

qaCTO He Texo6cnIy>xHBaHEHs qpe3BbiNIaIHO orpaHHIeHO, o6paTHme Tpy66I 6o.E,mme eIne CHcTeMEI 3aMeH3UOTCA H BOga He BO3BpamaeTCS. TaiKoi THUn "OTKpEIrro noBTI1uaeT IIOTepH BO>I H Tenna. rIoTpe6neHHe rBKIBB Ha ogHoro IIOTpe6HTeILi B CHCTeMax LT B 1uBEASCC MO)xeT B 6 pa3 ripeBbiIaTb Cpe=HHl YpOBeHE, B 3ana=HoeBponeAcKHx CHCTeMax I1T. ToJI,KO He6OJIbas qaCTb 3Toro o6yCnoBnIeHa cBepxnoTpe6JIeHHeM H3-3a OTCyTcTBHIA fipH6opOB y-IeTa; 6OEMUaHHCTBO o6ycnoBneHo

IIOTeplMH B CHCTeMe padnpeIejieHHA. 3

ceTE, OTKpLTa B TOM CMEIcJIe, 'ITO paCIIIHpeHHe BO,fBI KOMIIeHCHEpyeTCS OTKPbITLIM npytoM, pacno11oIKeHHLIM Ha BepxHeM 3TaTKe 3gaHHsA, rg,e iiepeJIHB nIOCTyIIaeT B IpeHaJKHYIO CHCTeMy (OTKplrrOe 0ioA paciuHpeHHe), a He pacmapHTenEbHiim 6awwoM, r,ze MeM6paHa H/HUH ra3

rOTepH

BO,BI IIpORCXOgAT TaK)Ke,

gaB2ieHHeM

Korga OTOIHTeJfHa

3aCTaBJiIeT BoAy paciuipsiTEcs (3aKpLiToe pacmHpeHHe). [IepBas CHCTeMa

6ojibine pacnpocTpaHeHa B 1JBE/BCC, a nocneHIAA B 3ana;HHor EBpone.

3.1.5.3

HemexHuqecKue nomepu menna UeodbI

paciipe,1eJIHTejT6Hbix ceTeik, TpagHiHOHHbIe cHcTeMm I1T B IjBE/BCC lOiABepiKeH6I ApyrHM, XOTS H MeHee KrpyrEHIM fOTeSAM BOXII H Tefiiia. uenefi, He ropsrnefl BO,D;bI zLn IIoTepH o6ycxioBneHuI OTBO,D;OM KoMMep'IecKHe npe,zHa3HatIeHHb>Ix giiA oToriIeHHA, B IIOMeLjeHHAX noTpe6HTeUSI. B3STHe BO,Z EJ H3 paamTOpOB npOHCXOHT B "nPS1MbIX" CHCTeMaX IIT, rge BHYTPHXAOMOBoe pacupexeneHHe e BbMYCK BO,11EJ TenIIa He oTZ;ejieHo OT pacnpeaeneiHsI IT 32. ,;O Tex nop, nIoKa riocTynneH HH LUT He 3aMepSeTCS Ha Bxoge 3AaHHSA, OTBO,3 Teriia OTHOCHTCs K CHCTeMHbIM rOTep3M. ,Dpyroz BHA 11OTepi6 o6yCUoBneH OTCYTCTBHeM npH60poB Wia perynHpOBaHHAs noxtBog1a TerIna rIOMHMO iuiaqeBHoro COCTOSHH

rlo 3TO 4 npHqHHe 31 32

Ha npeiHpiTRAx

4T PyMEHHUH rBKEB

nlOUlaeTCA

TOJbKO B TeqeHHe HeCKOjibKHX MaCOB

B AeHb. IOrIHTO'IHax BOAa He MOXCeT HcIIOmm3oBaThCR, T.K. zl noTpe6neHHA CnyKHUT MeUHbiX Tpy6 BMeCTO Kenje3H6tX HAM CTaJIbHbMX o6XoHTCSICIHIKOM zoporo. TaKHe CHCTeMbi HHorga Ha3baBIOTCSI OTKpblTb6IM CHcTeMaMH".

FBKEB, a

HcHoJI630BaHHe

rIoBblIeHHe 344exTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeJliocHa6KeHHs B cTpaHax LjeHTpaJIBHOH H BOCTO0HOIr EBpOni} H

pecny6nHKax 6IIBIIero COBeTCKoro Co0O3a B IIOMeIIxeHHAX nioTpe6HTe.JiA. floTpe6HTem MoryT H36aBHTLCA OT H3JIHIIlHerO Teniia ZiuiHi OTKPbIB oKHa. rIOCKOJI,bKy HeTexH,iecKHe IIOTepH B OCHOBHOM B03HHIKaEOT BO BHYTpHaOM0BbIX CHCTeMaX, HCKJIIOtIHTelIbHO TpyaHo o0eHHHTh o6beM HeTexHHIeCKHx IlOTepb B CHCTeMaX C IIPIME,IMH CHCTeMaMH TeuIorIIepegatm.

3.1.5.4

t4Heecmuquu e peKOHCmPYKL(UIO

U 3aMeHy

cemeu

OCHOBHaA ,ojiL "CBepXHopMaTHBHLIX 11OTepT" (no cpaBHeHrIO C 3aIIaaHOeBpOieAcKHMf CiCTeMaMH) o6yCdIOBJIeHa Cnei4iHqeCKHMH c.Ua6ocTSMH CHCTeM IT. HaerIeHHOCTm6 HHBeCTHIUOHHOII 1IpOrpaMMbI Ha ycTpaHeHHe 3THX y3KHX MeCT gaCT CyUJxCTBeHHOe CHHKIeHHe IIOTep]6, rIoTpe6oBaB JIHIB a0flH 3aTpaT OT CTOHMOCTH 3aMeHi6I BCe- CHCTeMbI. HaH6oJIee Ba)KHIme rIpIH-HHI 3THX He2OCTaTKOB oripeAesoTCs B CJeI4ylOIUHX pa3zxejiax. HaH6o0jee BaxKH]IMH KaTerOPHIAMH HIHBeCTHUH9& giSm 6opb6EI C nOTepSHM

IIBE/BCC IBJnIOTCS cnezyoIe:

CeTAX

L|T

YrIoTHeHHe ceTerf rIyTeM YCTaHOBKHI KInIIaHOB

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YcTaHOBKa HOBBIX KoMiieHcaTopOB B CHcTeMax, KOTopEIe HClIOJh3YEOT TeiiecKo1IH'ecKHe KoMnieHcaTopEI," KOTopEIe CKnOHHBI K TeTI, IIpH YCJIOBHH, HITO CerMeHTbI Tpy6onpoBo2aa He 6yAyT 3aMeHSTbCSI Ha Tpy6bI C npeaBapHTeIE,HO H3oj=Hei!;

Ha Y"acTKax C BbICOKHM YPOBHeM rpyHTOBE,IX BO14 nH6o 3aMeHa Tpy6, repMeTH3am KaHaJIOB H Tfpy6 xTi 6opE,6EI c IIpOHHKHOBeHHeM BOA.

TIH6o

BMicoKHe

1IOTePH B TeinInoceTAx CTaBAT BOIIpOC 0 TOM, IBJIAeTCA JIH 3KOHOMHIeCKH rlenecoo6pa3HEbM 3aMeHa Bceri ceT HiH 'iacTH ee Ha coBpeMeHHEae rpe=apHTenErH0 H3OJnPOBaHHE.Ie Tpy6mI. I43-3a BbICOKOl CTOHMOCTH 3aMeHa BCei cyuiecTByioiiieH CeTH COBpeMeHHOl CeTMIO He3KOHOMHiHa H HeOCyIeCTBHMa B 4HHaHCOBOM OTHODneHHH. CTOHMOCTT, ripeaBaPHTejiTHO H30OJIHPOBaHHOi Tpy6EI 3aBHCHT OT ee aHaMeTpa. B cpeaHeM rpy6Li C pa3MepamH, KoTop0bI IIeHM eHSELOTC B THIiHtIHOri TeILuoceTH, CTOXiT npHMepHo 250 gojU. CIIIA 3a 1 KM ABOAHO Tpy6bI, yjiOxKeHHOEf B rpyHT. Pa3aeneHHe MeX(Ay CTOHMOCTEO Tpy6 H CTOHMOCTBIO yCTaHOBKH IpIMHepHO COCTaBJieT 70 %/30 % AsA 6onee KpynHElIX JIHHHri nepewa H 80 % /20 % =IS He6ojiBmHx pacnipeAemTeuiu HjEux Tpy6.

EciiH TeIrIOIIOTepH o6ycioBJIeHfl

JHMIB HeaOCTaTOxHorl x3ojiALWeH (KOHBeKUIHA IIf OTepH Ha HIjy"eHHH), 3aMeHa cTapwx Tpy6 He 6yAeT WH3HeCrloco6Horf. 'IHCTaq TCecyuas CTOHMOCTB, (4TC) HaKOnIJeHHOif 3KOHOMHH 3HeprHH o6biIHo CJIHMKOM He3HaTHTejibH aARA KoMiieHCaUHH KpyIIHbix HHBeCTHfIHOHHEIX 3aTpaT. TeM He MeHee, ec.TIH TenuiorioTepE 6ouE.mefl HacTmio o6ycnoBueHLI 11OTepSMH BO2ThI, 3aMeHa o6bFmHo CTaHOBHTCS CPOHIHOIH H )KH3HeHHO Ba(HOri Mepoi .IIS peKOHCTpyKIIHH. FIOCKOJ.IbKy IIOTepH BOZLI o6blrHo BbI3BaHEI HIJIOXHM KatIeCTBOM IIOZIIHTOtIHO BOAEJI H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6o0ee cepbe3HbiMH ripo6uieMaMH,

rloBEIIIeHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenrocHa6)KeHHA B cTpaHaax

eHTpaji6HOHl H BOCTO'lHOrl EBpOrm6I H

pecny6nHiXax 6blBmero CoBeTCKoro ComO3a CBA3aHH6IMMH C KOppO3Hef, BCS CHCTeMa MO)KeT 6EFm HOA yrpo3of H CpOK cnyK6EI CHCTeMbm B BapmaBe IIOTePH BOD;bI COOTBeTCTBYIOizerO YaCTKa) MO)KeT COKPaTHThCS. (HiiH

2000 TOHH B xiac (T/q) B 80-x roAax. 3aMeHa Tpy6onpOBoAa, o6opyAOBaHHs H KOMrieHCaTOpOB IIpHBeJIH K CHH)KeHHIO oTeph C 1400 T/A Ao

COCTaBTL1H nPHMePHO

iH)KCHepHOrO 450 T/' B nepHoa c 1992 HCpe3BbiiqHHO KOPOTKIM.

r. ro 1998 r., npH,ieM CPOK OKyriaeMOCTH

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o6a npogyKTa. HeKOTOpEIe H3 3aTpaT MOryT 6BITB teTKO IpHIHCaHBI K COOTBeTCTByIOIIHM npOryKTaM, TaxHe KaK riepeAaqa TeIUIOThI Ha llepBH'IHyIo ceTb. ,4pyrHe nioTpe6IsuoTCA COBMeCTHO, HaIIpHMep TOnJIHBO . B OCHOBHOM mno6oi MeToa rIo pacnpezejieHHIo 3THX o6mIIx 3aTpaT ABJi5eTCs rIpOH3BOJIbHbIM. locnie TorO KaK pIHHATO pemeHHe no MeTO Y H 4opMyJIa pacnpeaeneHHs 3aTpaT yCTaHOBjeHa, nerKo MO)KHO onpeaeJIHTb 3aTpaTbI Ha o6a

npo)yKTa.

C Io-Ka3aHa MeToAoJIorHA

IlpHoiceHHe

Xna

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pacqeTa

KOM6HHHpOBaHHOrO IIpOH3BoACTBa Ha CTOlMOCT6 rIPOH3BOACTBa TeIInoBoA 3HeprHH.

B 3ana,=woiR

EBpone PYKOBOaCTBYEOTCSA

rpHHIHnOM

B 3anaAHoM EBpone

KOTOpOMY

T311 COCTaBJISeT

pa3HRUy 3KOHOMHIIIeCKaS /4 HHaHCOBaA CTORMOCTE, TenJIoCHa6)KeHHA MexKgy o6IIiek CTOHMOCThIO KOM6HHHpOBaHHorO HIPOH3BOACTBa Ternia H 3neKTpo3HeprHH (KHT3) H pacqeTHoi 3KOHoMHTIeCKoi4/4HHaHcOBori BeJiHtHHori npoga; 3JIeKTPO3HeprHH OT T3LI. OAHaKo IpH OTCYTCTBHH COOTBeTCTByIoIefi HopMaTHBHo-IIpaBOBosI 6a3Ei OTKJIoHeHHI OT 3TOrO IIPHHiHna C'qHTaEOTCS HOPMaJIBHIM I[BjieHHeM H ICeHEJ CTaHOBITCSi AorOBOpHbIMH. Ha

HeXBaTKH 3JieKTpO3HeprIHH ueHa ee Ha BHyTpeHHeM pbIHKe 6ygeT 6jiaronpHsTHofl, wTO ,4aCT BICCOKHe zOXOgTI OT 3JieKTpO3HeprHH H HH3KY1O CTOHMOCTb aJI Terma. 06paTHoe Ha6jifoaeTCsi ripH H36fITOImHOM IpezJIO)KeHHH 3jieKTpO3HeprHH. rIPH

KaK 4aKTHtIecKax, TaK H OIHTHMaIHaA 11O3TOMY

AOJIA

OT CHTYaJHH c 3jieKTpo3HeprHeAI

HCCfle,aOBaHHEIM =HTejibHoro

BEICOKHMH

cTpaHaM.

nepHo,Aa

TaM TaKwe

TenJIoCHa62KeHHSI OT T3L1, B o6I5ieM, 3aBHCHT

CTpaHe. B Ta6n. 4-3 AaH o630p no npeacTaBjieHEi OiUeHKH npeAeJm,HEx H3gep)KeK

B KOHKpeTHOfI

HpOR3BOACTBa 31eK1pO3HeprHH

3KOHOMHtecKHMH

3aTpaTaMH

Ha nIPOH3BOACTBO

cTpaHaM. B cTpaHax c 6onee Ao.iA KT3

3jieKTpO3HeprMHH

o66rIqHO BEme 5 7

Ami lneiierl

alHnH3a B HaCTOASIefi

rnaBe npegiioJIaraeTCAs,

ITo 3jieKTpHIeCKHH TapH4 (HJnI

npe,ejThH6Ie H3,epxKKKH xmTeniEHoro rnepHo,ga HIpOR3BOAcTBa 3JIeKTpo3HeprHH) gOCTaTOtIHO BMiCOKH, rTO6MI nepeHeCTH <«BCe»> CTOHMOCTHOe rpeHMyiieCTBo KnT9 Ha LIT. 3To iooTpe6yeT HaJIHe TapH4Ja Ha YPOBHe nIpHMepHO 0,04 xonn. CIIIA/KBT (pe3ynBTaTbi HCCnelOBaHA CM. Pa3aen 4.2). B pacreTax, ripHHASTIX B HHxcecjieqymowHx Ta6nHrxax H o6cyxcAeHHAx, IIpeAu1ojiaraeTcA, tITO CTOHMOCTE, HHBeCTHIIHr B OTBOA TeerJioTi Ha 1 MBT.HI Ta X(e CaMa3, qTO H CTOHMOCTL HHBecTHIHH B KOTJIEI, KOTOpIue HCIOJIb3ylOTC3I B KpyIHb16X OK. IlpH TaKHX y1pOIIeHHEX Inpe2IIono)KeHHs1X, B03ZAeRCTBHe CTOHMOCTH riOKa3aHO B Ta6n. KHT3, Koraa B 4-4. MaKCHManTHoe HC1IOJIb3OBaHHe 3KOHOMHqecKoro noTeHzHaiia ,ni

TotiHee

KaqecTBe TOrUIHBa HCHOJn63yeTcA ra3, yMeHMflaeT 3aTpaT]6I Ha HpOH3BO2CTBO Tennia Ha 5 xoju. CILIA/MBT.tq) rio CpaBHeHRIO C 3KCruyaTaiei OK TennioileHTrpax Ha 1/3 (HJmIo

pyrHe yCTaHOBiKH Tamice HCriOjTE3yEOTCS

cpeiorl 57

UiaLIT

JACeTCA ropmaA

BoxAa, a

coBMecTHo, HaripHMep, naposue KOTTI. OgHaKO o6blqHOR

IIpOH3BOMCTBO ropiNe

BOJII He

Tpe6yeT napOBLIx KOTjiOB.

Bo3HHKaeT Bonpoc, CTOHT nJH 3TH 3aTpaTm OTHOCHTB K LIT. ARA cpaBHeHHa, oioni Teniia, npoH3BeCeHHoro T3LU B (DHHnAHAHH

H JaHHl cocTaBnJeT 60nee 70 %. B Haqania nocTpoeHx KaK T3UI. c camoro 6bliH 3ieKTpOCTaHiuHH icpynHme Bce nieT 15 Te'ieHHe nocneaHHx

Pa3BHuHe

He6ojTLHu

(10-15

MBT)

aeCieHTPajiH3oBaHHuX

3xOHOMHy1eCKHMH CTHMYAaMH; B HacToAiiXee apeMs 3TO CTaJIO

T3LU

BHaqajie

3KOHoMHqecKH BbIrOJRHlIM

nOaAepwKHBaaCia

XejioM.

roBME.meHHe 344eKTMBHOCTH CHCTeM

TenrnocHa62KeHHA B cTpaHax LteHTpajihHOH H BOCTOMHOri EBponI 1H

pecny6nHKax 6bIBmero CoBeTcKoro C0103a

II IIOqTH Ha

2/3

rIpOH3BOgCTBa

(HIiH fpHMepHO

Teniia

14 ao.

CIIA/MBT.I) rio

CpaBHeHHIO CO CTOHMOCTMIO

BHYT-pHOMOBbIMH KOTJIaMH.

Ta6ftua 4-3. CTOUMOCT6 npOU3BOACTBa 3neKTP03HePrUU H CHTYa4HR C KflT3 B ceKTope 3HepreTHKH no CTpaHaM lpeaeAhbxIe

H3AepxicKH

=i-rTe.)T6Horo nepuoga Ha rIpOH3BOACTBO 3iieKTp03HeprHH

Cmpana EonrapHA JIHTBa

(lIJ)dom. CIlA /KBm.,i 0,0335 (BEipa6oTica) 0,028

(3KcnopTHaa ueHa)

Bilpa6oTKca 3iieKTpo3HeprHH H AoJi KnIT3 3nexCrpO3HeprNH, ripOH3BOAHMOr1 Ha Ko33Io3yHcKoH aToMHoiH 3JieKTpocTaHUNH

45%

Eoonee 90% lieHTpaiiH3oBaHHoro

Tenna

B KayHace H Bmmnoce

npoIH3BoAHTCS OK. YcTaHoBneHHas MoIRHoCT6 ,AUs ripoH3BoAcTBa 3jeKTpO3HeprHH T3L 3OBOJT6HO HH3xa no CpaBHeHHfO CO CnPOCOM Ha MOmRHOcTE, reHepHpyioDimo TrenrTo. KpoMe Toro, OHa Majio HCnOJTL3yeTcsi, TaK KaK npOH3Bo,qcTBeHHOri

MOIUHOCTH HrHaBiHHCXOH aToMHOri 3JIeKTPOCTaHuNH Z(OCTaTOqHO AnA nOKpE.ITH3 Bcero BHyTpeHHero

crpoca Ha 3nieKTPO3HeprNEo, a Taoxe = KaiiHHaHrpa,a. MoUVIocTH

T3Lt no

3KcnOpTa B JlaTBHIO H

HpoH3BOACTBY

3jieKTpO3HeprHH CJrYXHT B xaqecTBe pe3epBHEIx,

Koraa

OaHH H3

3AepiHMX peaiTopOB OCTMHaBJ1HBalOT 1113POBePKH H1H Texo6cAymKHBaHms.

no.rmma

0,045

20-30% ueHVpaini3oBaHHoro Tenna H 10% 3.neKTpo3HeprmH npoH3BoAHTcA rlpH KoM6HHHpoBaHHOM rIpo3BOAcTBe. MHorHe

Tennio3i3eKTpOCTaH1WH pacroJI0KCHei B6JnN3H yronimHLx

maXT,

CjIIIuKOM aaJieKO OT rOpOACKHX ieHTpOB, 'qTo6ii 6EITL HCnOrIEO3oBaHHMMH I3T. PYMEIHNS

0,042

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3AeCKTpO3HeprHH cocTaBnAeT oKo00o 22 ycTaHoBj1eHHoH1 TeIuioBoI MOIIHOCTH,

noniy,4eHO

Tic.

MBT; 38% Bceri 14829,

cocTaBjiAEo1uer4

nlpH KOM6HHHpOBaHHOM npOH3BoacTBe.

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0,025

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arperaTamH KOM6HHHpOBaHHOrO npoH3BoCTBa, a BTopaB HOJIOBHHa OK. Tenno, nony"eHHoe rIPH xoM6HHHpOBaHHoM rlpo3BOcTBe, COCTaBJ13eT npHMepHo 26% scero

npoH3BBeeHHOro Terula; 3ieKTpo3HeprHA, Bbipa6oTaHHaA rnpH KoM6HHHpOBaHHOM IIpOH3BOMCTBe, CoCTaBj3eT ripHMepHO 30% BCerH Tenn1BO01 3HeprRH, npOH3BeaeHHOrN B PAO E3C POCCHH. OAHaKo H3-3a 3HaqHTeELbHoA m36LIToIqHor1 MOHIHOCTH,

YKpaHHa

ipe2xe3bHi6e 3aTpaTEI ARHTeJIbHOrO riepmoaa Ha ripo3Bo0cTBo 3JieKTpo3HeprHH CJIHMKOM HH3KH, WTo606 oripaBaar HH3eCTHIHH B HOBbIe cOBpeMeHHLie MOIUHOCTH KnT3. 0,035

YKpaHHe OTOnHTenLi6H6ie KOTJTn.1 HpOH3BOAST 6o0nee 2/3 1 HOBLIX MOuIHOCTeri KflT3 3aBHCHT OT

Teruia. O6ocHoBaHHe

cyAb6il aTOMHOR 3ieKT-ipocTaHiHH B T4epHo6Eme. HcmoviNuK: COTpYAHHrH BceMHpHoro Eamca.

H loBbLimeHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenIJOCHa6)KeHHA[ B CTPaHaX ICeHTpanbHoS H BOCTOqHori EBporIbl pecnry6iHxax 6bEsmero COBeTCKoro C0o03a

H3 Ta6ii. 4-4, 3aKmotjaeTcA B TOM, HTO IIT, HepBbrfi BbIBOa, KOTOpIR MOmKHO czenara C OCHOBaHHOe Ha OIITHMH3HPOBaHHOAi T3LI, pa6oTaioiueA Ha ra3e, - Mo2KeT KOHKYPHPOBaTB $BE/BCC AO Tex riop, rIOKa CTOHMOCTB BHYTpHIOMOBbIMH KOTJIaMH B CpeRHeM ropo=e B riepetarH Terma noTpe6HTeMO HHx)e 14 AoJIn. CIIIA/MBT.tq. BTOPOr BEIBOa 3aKXJOBaeTCS3 MecTa. TOM, HTO CTOHMOCTb IIPOH3BOXACTBa TeHiia CHRJbHO OTJIHtaeTCSI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT B CIlIA xojn. 10 OT KoJle6neTCs TeIIna << OflIYCTHMa»>> CTOHMOCTh TpaHcIIopTa CpegH.u CHH>KaeT OpeH6ypre (rge HH3KxSa 3KOHOMHqeCKas3 CTOHMOCTE ra3a Ha rpaHHiue ropoaa

3HatIeHHe 3KOHOMHH 3arpaT) ,Ao 20

Ta6jnLta 4-4. CpaBH4TeJlbHaS

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nlpeAnlplTST4

(Aonn. CWA /MBT.4) Pa3HHua B CTOHMOCTH Mexcy T3LI H BHYTpHAOMOBbIM KOTJIOM

TgHenponeTpoBc K

KayHac OpeH6ypr CO#As THMHrioapa

6om. CLLA

COOTHO

T3LW (153%) $7,7

KpynHaA OK

MeCTHaA OK

BHYTPH.OMOB Oil KOTeii

(KlW85Y) $12,1

(KUJ 85%) $15,4

(KTI 800o) $19,0

/lAm.u

(%/0)

$11,3

$8,6 $6,3 $9,9 $10,0

$13,7 $9,3 $16,1 $16,3

$17,6 $14,8 $19,5 $18,7

$21,2 $17,0 $24,7 $24,2

$12,6 $10,7 $14,8 $14,2

45 39 44 45

1ueHHe

36 $20,4 $30,3 $22,4 $16,1 $9,9 39 $14 $22,7 $18,1 $13,9 $8,7 a. nPOH3BO=vT 80% roaoBoro npoH3Bo0CTBa Tennia Ha T3U c KfIJ 170% (CM. Hpxno)XeHHe C) H 20% B OK rpH KIfL 85%. 1 fpHmexaHHe: H4pLi CTOHMOCTH, npmBeAeHHbie B Ta6nH.ie, xaHmI 6e3 y era TermonoTepi.. HcmotiuK: OueiH CoTpy,HoiaB BceMHpHoro EaHiKa Ha 6a3e: OHKpeTHIX HCciieZOBaHHH no nporpamme BpoUnaB B cpeAHeM

ESMAP C BHYTpHAOMOBbIMH KOTjiaMH ciexyeT HpHHI TIeUIOrIOTePH ripH riepeAaqe H pacripezejieHHi. 9TH TerIJIOfaOTepH Tpe6yIOT OT

nlpi cpaBHeHHHH 1T,pa6oTawouaeH OT T3I1, BO BHMaHHe8

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arperaToB L|T llOBbuIeHHOrO TO wKe camoe KOjIHIeCTBO Term[oiioTepH

ABJIfOTCSA

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T3L1

iiogep

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H CHCTeMof, npOH3BoaCTBa. IIOBbiIeHHA ofbeMa

pa60TaioiueA

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pa6oTaioneri

OK, BKMEOTISa

CHCTeMOH,

HeO6XO,AIHMOCTE,

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15-

_______

10-

10-*

I--

a0%/

L(THa 6a3e T34

5 -

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5% rkrepH

10% 15% 20% PIM

25%

ipmpre

HcmotiHuK: OJeHxH COTpyAiHHKoB BceMHpHoro BiaHKa Ha OCHOBe HCCiieAOBaHHH

ropo,oA

nro nporpamme ESMAP; CM. Ta6n. F-3

F-4 B rIpHnOKeHHH F.

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HMeTbrnoTepH

go 35%. Ha PHC. 4-1 IIOKa3aHO CpaBHHTeJIbHO orpaHHIeHHoe BO3gerICTBHe

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4.1.3

TpaHCIopTa

OaKmopb,, enuoLLoulue Ha cmouMoCmb pacnpedeneHuR mennocou

3HePBUU

4.1.2.4 Pa3MepbI,

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H pacrIpeAejieHHe

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B IIoMeLeHHH SABieTCS

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nOBbImeHHe 343eKTHBHOCTH cHcTeM TermOcHa6fKeHHA B cTpaHax UeHTpaibHOri H BOCTO4HOA EBponlI H

pecriy6JIHKax 6bElBmero CoBeTCKoro CO0F3a

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H HH)Ke IOTePH TeIIia H BO.gI Ha

1 MBT.1I, rIpOxaHHBiE

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B Ta6n. 4-5

UIoKa3aHa TenjiOHaiipx(KeHHOCTb B

iimecTH

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Harpy3KY H TerIJIoHarIpsiKeHHOCTb6, XOTX 3oHa o6CnyIBaHHX

HeXaBHO

CoTpyaHHKH

oripe,AeZeHHI

BceMHpHoro

BapHaHTOB

yrlpO1UeHHYIO

BaHKa pa3pa6oTajiH C

OTOIIJIeHHSL

HaHMeHBUIHMH

3aTpaTaMH,

MO4enBl

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=A Ha

3aI1,gHOfl TeXHOIOHrHH ,uu CIITyaIHH, Korga co3,aaeTcx HOBoe npetnpHiHTHe. 60 3Ta Mogefm CpaBHHBaeT XojiroBpeMeHHLie H3AepXCKH Ha YpOBHe Io-fpe6HTens:

ixeHTpaji3oBaHH0rl

OK,

pa6oTaioIuei rop3aIa ABJIAeTCX

TeILIOHOCHTe.ieM

I T, rge ra3e, C cer6io BOAa, aBT0MaTH3HPOBaHHLIMH

TeInonyHKTaMH H npH6OpaMH yqeTa;

IeHTpaJiH30BaHHOR iBnlSeTCI

TeiLiOLeHTPaJIH C ceTMEO

ropsqax

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IIT, rge TenJIOHocCHTenieM

aBT0MaTH3HP0BaHHLIMH

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131

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50-60 (1994)

10-20 (1995)

4-10 (1994) 10-15 (1994)

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80 (1998) 40 (1998)

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54(1998) 60 (1996)a

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HMeHH noTpe6HTesi.

132

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riepe,gaBaTb KOMMYHaJiHLIM rIpe,anpHIATHLAM 85 HatIHcJIeHHO4 CeMESM C HH3KHMH OXOgaMH. o6sI3aHbI

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B pamKax npoeKTa BceMHpHoro BSaHa no IUT r. KHeBa 6bLTo npoBegeHo o6ciiegoBaHHe 1997 r. B Cpe,XHeM HaceneHHe, nooKnIOqeHHoe K UIT, rpaTKno 6% CBOHX pacxo,gOB Ha UT, 4% Ha ropAqyio Bo,Ay, Bcero 10% (c BblqeTOM CKH,AOK H cy6cHgHR). rIPH 3TOM 3Ta uH4pa

,gOMOX03SACTB B

Kone6aJiacb B AHana3oHe OT xlyTb B6luie 15% y cambix 6ebmLix ,gOMOX03AACTB go 5% y caMbEX 22

6ormamix. B KHeBe Cpe,gHH$i TapH4 3a TeroO Ha MoMeHT npOBe,LeHHA o6cnegoBaHHs cocTasBJ1U zionU./FKan ('{TO HOKPbUIO 6bl 3aTpaTbL) H BO3MeIueHHe nPOH3Bo0cTBeHHb1X H3XAepxceK noTpe6irreneri B KHIHWHOM ceK-rope B HacToAiuee BpeMS cocTaBneST 80% . HeCKOJ1bKO o6cAe,ioBaHHR 6bmH npoH3BegeHb6 BaHKa

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CO CTOPOHbl

B POCCHH B 1995 r. B paMKaX npoexcra BceMHpHoro npe,gnpHsITHr4.

Bo3MeiueHHe

H3xepHKex

cocTaBJAJIO

npHmepHo 30%. CoriacHO BHyTpeHHeH oueHKe npoeKTa BaHica cpegHHe pacXOblw Ha )KHnbe (peMoHT + KOMMYHanbbHbe yciiyrH) COCTaBJJIH npHMepHO 5% OT geHe)KHbIx AOXOgOB ceMbH. ECJIH npexAnoAOcHTm, qTO H3gepxaKH B03MelUalOTCA nOIHOCTbEO, 3Ta uH4)pa yBenH'Hnacb 6bl nPHMePHO go 15%. Pe3ynbTaTm o6cneAoBaHHAs B r. Bjia,HMHpe H BonIxoBe yKa3blBamO, trrO B cpeaHeM ,ronA

paCXOOB Ha xKHjbe cocTaBmeIT 10% OT ,zOXO,AOB ceMbH H 20-25% y 6e,HeriwHx ceMer. o6cne,zoBaHHe cemeH no 3HepreTmKe B J[HTOBCKHX ropo,Aax BHimEnoce H KayHace B Haqane 1995 r., npeAnpHHmTbie KaK 'acTm npoeK-ra ESMAP 88 zano cnexyIoIUHe Pe3yJILTaTl: B CpeZHeM AOMOxO3URCTBa TPaTHRH 11% Ha 3HeprEHo (UT npHMepHO cocTaBjAeT 50% OT 3TOH w mpbI),CeMwH C HH3KHMH goxoAaMH go 20%. Bo3MeiueHHe 3aTpaT Tor,a COCTraBnO lI1HpoKoMacurra6Hoe

HpHMepHO

30%.

r1oTpe6HoCT.b

B cy6cHAHix CHH3HTCA C yBjne1eHHeM AOXOAOB, KOTOPbIe OTCTaBaBiH OT pOCTa IteH Ha 3HeprHio. PeKoHcTpylauHs CHCTeM IUT H 3AaHHA, KOTOPEIe HpHBe)IY K CyitfeCTBeHHOH 3KOHOMHF 3HeprHH, TaK)Ke CHH3HT CYMMY OnJIaT]6I 3a MHeprHio y nIoTpe6fTenIer H BCJIegCTBHe

3Toro yMeHLM1HT BEImaITaI cy6cyHHi. B THMHIIoape KOHCYJIbTaHTbI yCTaHOBHJIH, qTO TapH4ThI nO BO3MeiiieHHO nomHOr CTOHMOCTF 3aTpaT MozepHH3HpoBaHHoir CHCTeMmI UT c

Cp. "Russian Federation: Affordability of Cost Recovery in Housing and Conimunal Services" (Draft Report, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, March 1999). (<PoccHHcKaS (D)eepaua: 0ocTynHoCTb BO3MeCIIeHHA 3aTpaT Ha 2KHAiHuiHo-KoMMyHajibHbme yCJayrH>> (npoexT oTqeTa, BamHHrroH: BceMHpHbir1

EaaHx, MapT 1999 r.). B naqane 1998 r. pacnpeAeneHHe 3aTpaT Ha T3J, notaioLuinx Tenno B CHCTeMY LUT KHeBa, m3MeHHJIocb, qTo zano cHmmeHue TapHf)OB c 22 Aonn. CWATKan Ao 17 aoni. CIUAIFKan. CM. Ukraine: Kiev District flpoeICT 1998).."YKpaMHa: Report (April Heating Improvement Project, Staff Appraisal rrPanBOBaHHOrO TernwocHa6)KeHHS B r. KHeBe. OiueHoqriwr oTTeT COTPYaHHKOB COBepmeHcTBOBaHHSi

BaHxa" (anpenb 1998 r.). 87

Russian Federation: Enterprise Housing Divestiture Project, Staff Appraisal Report (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, April 1996.) "PoccHItcKan (DeaepaiH: flpoeKT no oTAneneHmo 2KuHnmHoro 4oHga ripegnpwrrHrIl, OueHOIqHOf oTqeT coTpyaHHKoB BaHKa (BamHHrToH: BceMnpHuri BaHi, anpens 1996).

Josephine Arpaillange, The Buildings and the People: Lithuania Household Energy Survey, Building Assessment Study, and Homeowner Association Study, Consultant Report for ESMAP (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, June 1995). XK03e4HH ApnaAHic "3aaHMi H niOAH: HccneAioBaHHe no 3HepreTuKe A[OMOX03fiCTB B JIHTBe, HccJTeAoBaHHe oueHKH 3AaHHA H HccjieaoBaHHe accoIxHaixHH OTqeT KOHcynjTTaHTa anA ESMAP (BaiIUHrTOH: BCeMHpHblU BaHK, HOHb 1995 r.).

AoMoBnaaeabueB".

HoBBrnEieHHe 34fIeKTHBHOCTH CHcTeM TerlmocHa6)KeHH3a B cTpaHax LjeHTpaJTbHo0i H BOCTOIIHOI EBpomrw H

133

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CeEqac iipezpIHmaIOTCA iiOibKH B HeKOTOPFIX cTpaHax pa3pa6OTaTb6 cTpaTerHlo TeIIJIOBOEI 3HeprHH, KOTOpaS oripe;IeJIHT TeXHHqeCKHe H HHCTHTyIIHOHa2JIJHbIe pemeHHA C TeM, 'iT06EI CgeIiaTb HH4#paCTpyKTypy TerIIOBOE 3HeprHH yCTOriHBOri B 4MHaHCOBOM, COLIHaNJIHOM H 3KOJIOrH'eCKOM nUiaHe.

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rIepBOHaHaA6Hoe IIOBmiUeHHe UeH Ha 3jieKTpO3HeprIHIO B Haqaue 90-x rO,OB HfPHBeJIO K OrpOMHOEI 3aBZaojKeHHOCTH n0 oriiiaTe CO CTOpOHEI nIOTpe6fTenefl. BCnegCTBHe 3TOFO MHOrHe Mepropampe4einiTeLHme KOMLaHHH He CMOrJIH O11TIaTHTb XOJIrH CBOHM rIOCTaBBiLHKaM CBOH{M rIOCTaBIUHKaM, CO3,aaBaS CHCTeMy TpeXCTOpOHHHX IOjirOB. rIpoueHT HeiinaTeRJIbHKOB 6E,I H OCTaeTCS BbICOKJIM oco6eHHO cpex4 norpe6HTeneiA IT. 3a OTO1lJeHHe B roz IIpHXOAHTCS nJlaT{HTh HaMHOrO 6o0i6me, qeM 3a 3JieKTpZHeCTBO H EnpHpOgHbm ra3 H Tpy,ZHO OTKJIUO'IHT] HerIJIaTejTwE6 KOB. flpo6neMa 3aIoji)KeHHocTH ioTpe6HTeeiieE eme aajieKa OT cBoero pemeHHs. 9 0 );axce B TaKHX cTpaHax KaK flonibia, r,ae 3KOHoMHTIecKaS CHTyalHAS 3HaT4HTeJIbHO y.JNytIHjiacb, KOMIIaHHH LIT Bce eme CTaIKHBBaEOTCA CO 3HatHTeZji1HbIMH 3agoJDKeHHOCTJqMH. B TO BpeMA KaK KOMIInaHHE JT B 3anaaHok EBporie o6E,rIHo HmeIT ypOBeHE, <«3aoiJDKeHHOCTH tHCTOH CyMMBI iIpo,a-aiK, KOTOpEiA HCtiCjiAeTCA aHSIMH)), MaKCHMyM 40 21Heri, 3Ta 1H4pa Bce eme 6.IH3Ka K 100 XDUM BO MHOrHX KOMIIaHHAX IOJIbIIIH. B cTpaHax, nie2KaJEHX aajiee Ha BOCTOK, o6brHLie YPOBHH 3a,gojieHHoCTH xAocTHraiOT 6o0iee 300 aHeft. Yxy=uaioweeCs KatieCTBO TeIjIoBoAI 3HeprHH H3-3a KOpOTKOrO OTOIIHTenjE,HOrO ce3OHa H HH3KHX TemnepaTyp nozABOgIa, oTieBHAHo, TaKwoe ycyry6HAo 3Ty CHTyaIHIO. Bo MHOrHX crpaHax BCC npo6feMa 3a,Io.KeHHOCTH ycyry6nAerCs TeM BaxTopoM, 'rrO JIHmB He6OfthmOE rIPOLeHT imaTeTeeri 11pOH3BO,HTCA HaAH'IHBIMH; OCTan]6HOe Hepe3 6apTep, BeKCeJIS H T.X.

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Tenno H ropnqyso Bo0y COCTaBAMCT npHMepHo 60% OT pacxoaOB CeMbH Ha xOMMyHaJTbHO-

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134

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MoHHTopHHr pa6oTm

TerJIOcHa6AKeHHA) H gpyrHx

TenrioceTeH PerynHpoBaHHe

caKTOpOB. rIOBFbIeHHe Kfl), npoH3BegeHHoe B 1992 - 1994

HeyCTaHOBHBiuerOCA

rr., yxce npHHOC3T pe3yfIbTaTbl B

TelleHHSI

OTHOiueHHH 3KOHOMHH 3aTpaT H

fIporpaMMbx no

CyUIeCTBeHHOrO CHHlKeHHA noTepEB BO,bI H Tenra.

JnHKBHAaI]HH H

nepeo6OpyAoBaHmo He6onBInHx KOTenJIHbIX

.TIATB45I

18/14

I1REHTPAJMI3

OBAHHOE TEILOCHAE EH1IE B r. EJIrABE

1995

2000 rr. * *

rIporpaMMa HaueneHa Ha

06LUHA TeMn OCyueCTBjieHHSA

nepeBO, CHCTeMEI Ha pexcim c

ripoeKTa - Y,aOBneTBOPHTenFbHbIH.

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Terma 3KOHOMXT

YBeJiHqeHHe IKIT

roz. Tpy6onpoBoAHEie pa6oTbI

KOTeCBHBrX

CHH3HJIH Ha 50% o6feM

BopB6a C Te'lbio

nOAflIHTOMHO

YCTaHOBKa npH60pOB

MarHCTpanJTHBIX TerAoceTlx.

y-ieTa Tennia

OcyiuecTB.ieHHe KoMnoHeHToB

* 18/6

FEOTEPMAJ

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6 HH3KHX abIMOBb1X Tpy ,

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(npoeKT

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30% Tenia

JIHKBHAaHIA BpeAHbEJXJI3a

abIMOBbIMH Tpy6aMH

JIITBA

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rlpiOweHHe

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CTOHMOCTb upoeicTa /

yTBep2ZeHHlI

cyMMa

ero

upoeJCTa H

3aBepmeHHR

A 171

icomiioHeHTLI

OCHOBHIe

upoeKTa

COCTOHHne (Ha

1998 r.)

3aHMa (MJIH. ,aonnJ.

CHIA) KJIAAIIIE,1A

TennHMHoro ra3a H SOX

1997- 1999 rr. EOCHI5A

ABAPHIIHOE

?/20

BOCCTAHOB AEHTPAM3 OBAHHOrO

ynpaBneHHA, MOHTaBK BHYrPH.OMOBOFO o6opyAoBaHHA H yCTaHOBKa npH6opoB yqeTa Terna

)ICEHEI5, 1996

1998 rr. 98,2/20

PECJYErEJIKA

IIPOEKT HO 3JIEKTPOCE T5LM H

(25,4) *

(25,6)

IEHTPAJII3 OBAHIHOMY TEMIOCHA];

(17,9)

PecTpyK-rypH3awu

3aeM 6bEI ipeocTaBneH B 1996

TapH4OB Ha

3eKITPO3HeprHIo rlporpaMMa CHH2IeHHS

B mae 1998 r. 6bu1 oAo6peH

TeXnHHqecKHx nOTepb B 3HeproCHCTeMe

MJH. ,ROn.

nOTepb

CHIKeHHe

Tpy6OnpOBoAax

2KEHHO 1996

DPOEKT 110

BBO2, B AeriCTBHe Typ6HHBI xiA T3U Hepeo6opyAoBaHHe

KOTejnbHbIX

38/24

H 6BITOBBIX

OKPYNKAIOEL

CHCTeM

EII CPE, E

HCnOJIb3yXOIIHX BH.bl TonjiHBa, 3arPA3H3SOIUHe

2001

nepepacxo,Lia

KOMnOHeHTe

ARA nOKPBETHIIA

CpeACTB B peKOHCTpYKUMHH

T9U.

H30TALxHH *

1996

aoIInOJHHTeJ]LHb1A KpeaiT B 15

TeruioceTeH H 3aMeHa

- 1999 rT.

CJIOBEH

AHCTaHIUHOHHOrO

TEnJOCHAE

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CapaeBo: KoTeibHbie, pacnpeAenwrHTe.Hbie CeTH, TerIJIOnYHKTbI, ueHTPEi

JIEHE

BoccTaHoBneHHee

rr.

OTOruieHH1,

IIPOEKT no J1OBLImEH1M

?/70

3HEPrETHq

ECKOrO KIM4I

1996 -2002 rr.

1997

B TeqeHHe nHnOTHoro nepHoaa 3 mecAua B 1995 r. 6BEiH

ogo6peHbl 3aHIMbI Ha

3KOAOrmeCKH MHCTbie OTOrIHTeJIbHbie cHCTeMbI.

CyMMy 1,5 MJIH. HeMeUKHx MapoK.

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Kr,

IUT H

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BH,AbI TOIUIHBa H

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npeCaOCTaBBeH

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oKpyiKaxoUyio cpezgy Ha nOJIHOCTbIO cropaloLUHe

POCC14A

3aeM 6bm r.

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172 rIoBLmeHHe

CTOHMOCTb

3aBepmeHHS

OCHOBHi6e icomfoHeHTbI

npoeicTa /

IXaTa |yTBep3IC,IeHH5H peaero I u poeKcTa }{ ero

CyMMa cyma

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3agma

COCTOaHHe (Ha

upoeKCTa

1998 r.)

(MINH. ,aoJ. CiIEA)

| IEIICKA5A

375/125

PECrIYBJII4KA

MOK BcTynaer

MogepHH3aum H

npoeKT

pacUIHpeHHe T31U, pa6oTaloweri Ha yrne/ra3e,

aeRCTBHe B

1997

#HHaHCOBOM

ro,Ay

cHa6xcaeT TenmoM

KOMELIHILPO

KOTOpaA

BAHHOE

nlpOMwIulIeUHHble o6ibeKTbI

IIPOII3BO,ZC

r. KnaAHo

TBO 3JIEKTPO3H EPrHuH H TErIJIA B r. KJIAAHO 1997 r. POCC{A TEIIJIOBASA H 3JIEKTPHI'E

102/67

HoBaA 3nieKTpocTaHiA

xiAs npoeKT MOK, BcTyriaeT

KOM6HHHpOBaHHoro

HpOH3BoAcTBa

Ha ra3e,

CKAAI

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3HEPFIRSA ,TxJISIKpymHoe CEBEPCTAJI

(H 3jieKTpo3HeprHeR) cTaneaHTeiiHoe

TeruiocerrH

1998

aeHCTBHe

1998

,HHaHCOBOM

rogy

rIPOH3BOACTBO H MeCTHbie

________

B. IIPOEKTbI, 3ATPAr1LBAIOIIIHE B OCHOBHOM, CTOPOHY HOTPEEJIEHIIHI CHCTEMEE IEHTPAJIH30BAHHOrO TEIIJIOCHAE.CEHIHI

JIITBA IIOBIkIIlEHH

21/10

E 3HEPFETHq ECKOrO ICng

PeKoHc-rpyKuHA wmiBix 3aaHHi

A nOBbllileHHSA

3HepreTHmecKoro

PeKoHCTpyKLuA MiKOn wu nOBbIwueHHn 3HeprerHqecKoro KIrJ

TexHrmecKoe CoaeiCTBHe

roO MOHAIA

KnlZl

1996 - 1999 rr.

ARA rIOTeH1JHaRbHbIX 3aeMIIHKOB

3aeM

BCTynaeT

B CHny B

B 1997

4HHaHCOBoM roxy

uBnH nognHcaHbi

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cor.iaiueHms c 35 accouHauuSMH gomomBage1BLeB H K mapTy 1999 r. HHBeCTHUiHH 6byrH peanH3OBaHbI B 7 LKonax. O61UHPHaA yqe6Has nporpamma 21J KOHCYJIBTaHTOB B o6jiacTH 3HepreTHKH H aCCoLjHaUHH 9OMoBnagenbueB.

POCCHA IIEPE,A,AA KJ1IgHOF

?/300

PeKOHcTpyKluIA

3aeM BCTynaeT B CHRy B

mHieHepHoro o6opyAoBaHHA 350 Tbic.

4HHaHcOBOM roy.

nporpamma

1997

]Ba3oBas

yCTaHOBK1H

fIpuioceHme

,jlaTa YTBepK2eHuH5

npoeK-Ta H ero

3asepmeHnH5

CTOHMOCTb npoercTa /

OCHOBHIe KomuoHeHTI

cymma

npoeicra

COCTOSIHHe (Ha

3aHMa (MJIH. i0oan.

1998 r.)

CIIIA)

O 4DOHIJA

KBapTHp B

1TELWHI1AT 11 1996 - 2002 rr.

3500 3AaHHxx 6

npH6opOB yxeTa Tenna H

rOpOzqOB

Apyroro H3MepHTeJIHHOrO

TexHHFecKoe coAeHICTBHe B npOH3BeIAeHHH 3aMepOB

o6opyA0BaHMA 3gaHHH

3aaepLueHa B 1997 r. rIpH6opbm y'eTa yCTaHOBJleHMl B 360 3AaHHAX; 72 3gaHHA 6b6Ti

llpH rIpOH3BOaCTBe Teruia,

pacripeAeneHA H

OIlA51 CYMMA 3AfMOB 110 TPOEKTAM HA CTAVH OCYIIECTBJ

A 173

1998/99

noTpe6neHHA TeIrmOBOA 3HeprHH (pa3pa6oTKa

OTpeMOHTHPOBaHbI B

6a3oBbix gaHHbIX, opraHH3aLU-Lq CHCTeMbI

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rr.

B 53-x ileHTpanEbHbIX

1078

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C. IIPOEKTLI HA CTAIM I OArOTOBKH YKPAIIHA YCOBEPIIEH CTBOBARHE CHCTEMbI

370/200 *

PeKOHCTpyKUHS H 3aMeHa cTapbLx KOTJIOB, YCTRHOBKa HOBblX; YcoBepueHcTosBaHe ceT

TXT B KHEBE

Ha MarHCTPanbTHb6X

1998

riepeKaIHBaJoLuHx H

2002

rr.

flpoeKT npeacTaBia eH COBeTy gHpeKTOpoB BceMHpHoro BaHKa

5/98

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YcTaHOBKa aBTOMaTH3HPOBaHHbIX TenFJOnYHKTOB

KOMriOHeTr HHCTHTyUHOHajTbHOHi noa,aepicaH: o6yteHHe, o6opyfRoBaHHe H

nporpaMMHoe o6ecneieHHe

,i uenerl ynpaBneHHiA npoeKToM, nepecMoTp TapH4POB Ha TernioByio 3HeprmH1o_

HX CTPYKTYPb

174

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pecny6nHKax 6bLBmero CoBeTcKoro C0o03a

CTOHMOCTb / ,D,aTa ~a~a upoeicTa EcoMnoHeHTbl ~OcHoBHEbIe pocira npoeKTa cyMMa YTBepxeHHHI 3aHMa npoecTa H ero Ao.IJI. (MJIH. 3asepmeBHnH

ICOneiomoeT6 COCTOHHe

(Ha 1998

r.)

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YCOBEPHIEH CTBOBAIEHE

35/30

rlo.aepxuca npH

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2000

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1998 - 2000 rr. POCC5A

MYEHMJA

?/100

FIHBeCTHLiHm npHMePHO B 5

3aeM BCTYnHT B CHny B 2001

ropoaax B peKOHCTPY1U.MO

4HHaHCOBOM roAy

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TernoceTei H/HiH nepeBo,

TEIIJIOCHAB

OTenJTHbIe KOTJIbI B 3gaHHAx, a TaKice B MePbI

ACEHI1iE 1998 - 2002 lIATBHA1

Ha cTopoHe Harpy3KH

rr.

PEKOHCTPY

?/30

PeKoHCTpyKunuI cHCTeM UT IloXepxcKa mep no

3aeM BCrynHT B CHJiy B 2000 bHHMHCOBoM roAy

cm6wImH3auHHm npeAnpamiHi UT

IKEL

CIICTEMJ6I IrT B r. PMI-A JII3TBA

?/30

PeKOHCTpYIKS CHCTeMbi TeruiOCHa6AKeHHS r.

3aeM BCTynlHT B CHIy B 2001 MHHaHcoBoM rogy

Bwimoca

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E 3HEPFETHM ECKOFO KII,ZI IIKII,Z; T EOJ1FAPHA

?/65

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B ropoax rlepHHK *

TEHJIOCHAE )ICEIIHE

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3aeM

BCTYIIHT B CHnY B 2000

#HHaHCOBoM

roay

po6aBneHHe KoM6HHHpoBaHHoro nPOH3BOACTBa K 3THM

CHCTeMaM

110JTIIIA IIPOEKCT HO BO30IJHOBJI HqEMOIR H rEOTEPMAJI

HCnOJm63oBaHHe

reoTepmaiHLX BOA

?/50

3aeM BCTYnHT B CHIY B 2000 4HHaHCOBoM ro,y

b6HOfl

3HEPrH BEBFPHIT HCIIIOJIB3OB

?/60 _IPOH3BOACTBO

rlepeo6opyAoBaHHe OK B

3aeM BCTyIHT B CHJY B 2000

KOM6HHHpOBaHHOe

4fHHaHCOBOM rogy

flpuioxKeHHe

A 175

CTOHMOCTB

AaTa yTBepAenHHI nipOeXTa H ero

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cyMMa 3aHMa

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1998 r.)

(Man. ,Qonn.

CElA)

AHIIE

HCIIO3Th3OBaHHeM 6HoMaccBI

BHIOMACCM6 B PAMKAX IIPOEKTA GEF "rJIOEAJI,H I61E 3KOJIOfiLHE CKIIE BO3MO2CHO CTH" YKPAJIHA PEKOHCTPY

?/30

PeKOHCTpyluHs

HHBKeHepHoro

KUIIM1 OBIIgECTBEH

o6opyzAoBaHHs B UKOaX H 60nbHHUax Br. KHeBe c

HlBIX

Lxenlb1O HOBmiueHHA

3,D;Am B r. KIIEBE C IJEJIBEO IIOB6IUEHH

3KOHOMHH 3meKTPO3HePHHI

3HEPrETHI ECKOrO KII, 1998 - 2002 rr. CYMMA 3AIIMOB IIO IIPOEKTAM HA CTA,7H IIOT OTOBK HI (C)

795

3aeM

BCrYriHT B CHJIY B 2000

FHHmHCOBOM roziy

176 fIoBuLmeHHe 344eKTHBHocTH CHCTeM TenriocHa6fteHHS3 B CTpaHaX qeHrpanibHOH

H BOCTO'Hori EBpOnIbl H

pecny6nHKax 6biBmero COBeTCKoro C0o03a

PaMKa A-1.

npoeKT6i

no LeHTpanN30BaHH0MY TennocHa6mKeHI1o B nOnbwe

K HacTosLeMwy BpeMeHu pe3ynbTaTbi no npoeKTaM TennOCHa6)KeHuI4 B nlOnbCKHX ropoAax rAaHbCKe, rAbIHe, KaTOBILAe, KpaKOBe H BapwaBe nony.4eHbi BeCbMa yAoBneTBoPU1Te.nbHbie. Peant3ai4.q nporpamm onTIMm3aiLAm B 3TLX nqTi4 ropogax C

1992 r.

gario: 24% OT IHX YPOBHA 1992 r.;

cHHnKeHHe o6iuHx noTepb TenJiOBO2 3HeprHH Ha 15

cHH)KeHHe rlOTepE BOIbI zo 28-62% OT YPOBHS Ao Haqajia npoerTa; H

3HaqHTl3enHoe yny'meHHe Ka,ecTBa BO,bI, qTO nO3BOJIHJIo ocyIUecTBHTb MepbI

no coxpaHeHMo

3HeprHH B 3AaHHHX (aBToMarn3aums Ten3ionyHKToB). Bao6aBOK: npoRaaK TenniOBO

3HeprHH B

rIOaTH 100% 3aKynaeMoIl TeMnOBOHi 3HeprHH, a TaKwKe KpynHa3 Aoa HacToAsUee BpeMA 3aMepAnOTCA.

KorAa K 3arpsA3HeHHe BO3Ayxa cyIuecTBeHHo CHH3HJIOCb B pe3ynjETaTe AocTHrHyTofl 3KOHOMHH 3HeprHH KOTeCJbHbIX, CTaJIH Hcnonb3OBaTb BMecTo He6ojn6mHxX, pa6oTaiolnx Ha yrne, He3 "eKTHBIx MarHCTpaEJILHLe TeCruoceTH, JIH6o nepemnI Ha HCnOJIi3oBaHHB ra3a.

B peSyibTaTe

B HacTo5rnuee IOCTHrHyTOi4 3KOHOMHH 3HeprHH, HCTOHEHHKH TenniOBOri 3HeprHH (T39L BpeMSA HCnEIThlB1aOT CHHAKeRHe npo,awK TeruiOBOHi 3HeprHH. 3To fo3BOJIHJIO 3aKpEITL ycTapeamHe npoH3BoAcTBeHHRIe MOEIEHOCTH HJH, KaK B HeKOTOPEX ropoAax, npOTsIHyTh TenioceTH B Te parYoH1I,

rAe UT KOHKypeHTOCnOCO6HO H3IH npoAnonKHTE6

niKBHaa4MO KOTejnbHEix.

rlpeAnpHluTHs

IUT cyiieciBeHHo ynyimquIH CBOH KommepMecme nOKa3aTeaH 6naroAaps CHHlleHHlO HpeBiMeHnMo qHHaHcoBwx ge6HTOpCKO2 3aAonJxeHHocTH, a B HeKOTOpEIX cny"aax 6naroAap3I Tpe6oBaHHrH 3aHMOB 6o0nee qeM Ha 100%.

'TO KacaeTCA oTpacneBori nOj¶HTHKH, TO rip3imme Cy6CH2xHH noTpe6HTeJLqM B 2KHnHumHoM ceicrope cHH3HnHcb c noqTH 80% CTOHMOCTH 1991 r. Ao npHMepHo 6%, B cpeAHem ARI flOnHJIrH B uenIoM H cHH)KeHHe cy6CHAHrH CTHMYJIHpyeT 4 aKTHqeCKH Ao HyJTA B BLImeyKa3aHHbmx nATH ropoAax. TaKoe BHeApeHHe mep no nOBEUmeHHO 3HepreTuqeCKoro K,l H COXpaHeHHO 3HeprHH Ha ypOBHe KOHeCiHOrO

noTpe6HTeJIA. 1UeHoBbIe cy6cUuHm,

npewae npeaocTaB meMme HeKOTOp6IM )KHAHIUHLiM KoonepaTHBaM

Ha ixeHTpaJiH3oBaHHoe TenhiocHa6xKeHHe, B HacToAimee BpeMS HcrOJTIb3YIOTCA XIA ynyjqmeHH B oTAejibHoM 3AaHHH H ynjy1meHHe COCTOSHHA (H3MepeHHm 3aHHai 3HepreTHqecxoro KnIgJ BHyTpHAOMOBb6X Tenno3HepreTHqecKoro o6opyAoBaHHA H BHemHeHl H3O3IAIHH 3AaHHs). HHKenpHBeAeHHbie KoHKpeTHble pe3ynbTaTbi no oAHomy H3 nObJCKHX 3aeMmHxoB (,aaHHibe 6a3HpyloTcsl Ha cTaHAapTH3oBaHHbmx rpa1yco-fAHax): 3aKiynOK TenJIOBOfl 3HeprHH, HcKjnoqaA pe3yAbTaTEI 3KOHOMHa 3HeprHH (3aMepeHHas KaK CHHCKeHHe B nepHoA C 1994 no 1996 rr. COCTaBHAna 15% H KoTejibHLx) oToreHTCi6Himx inHKBiAaLunH nporpammbi AocTHrHeT, no MeHbmert Mepe, 25% KO BpeMeHH 3aBepmeHmi npoeKra a 1998 r. YcoBepmeHcTBoBaHHe ceTH

aano npHMepHo oaHy TpeT6 3TOHl 3KOHOMHH, a Mepbi no coxpaHeHmo 3HeprHH Ha ypOBHe TermOnyHKTOB OCTaiTHbie 2/3. CHHweHHe Bbl6pOCOB 6naroAapsI iHKBHnauHH owonwreanmbHx KoTeJnbHLix, pa6oTaioEux Ha yrnie (He cqHTaR

cHHx(eHHA Bbl6pOCOB, B pe3ynbTaTe yMeHbmeHHB noTpe6HOCTH B HacocHbMx yCTaHOBKaX Ha 33%, H CHHACeHHA 3aKynOK Tenria y HCTO'qHHKOB TenAOBOfl 3HeprHH), BiflRnSAHT cneAyIowiHM o6pa3oM:

SO2 :

15 %

HCTOqHHK: PauTHa

NOx:

10%

3o0na:

Bemeecaya, 1997, HApTo HyOPKHBH, 1998

22 %

CO2

16 %

fIpHao)KeHHe A

PaMKa A -2. nlpoeKT no rpoeicT no

IUT

L4eHTpa.nM30BaHHOMY TennocHa6fteHm*O B J1aTBI*u.

B EnraBe, JIaTBHSI, HaajiCSA B

1995

r. OH nponBHraeTcA xOpoImo, C onepe)Kalou.HMH TeMnaMH

H C MeHbUIHMH 3aTpaTaMH, EieM 3aJIo?KeHO B cMeTe. Ha moJIB 80%. rIIOSBHIHCb HeKOTopj6e BOOBYIyIeBmEsloLUHe pe3yJThTaTEI:

3KOHOMU5

177

1997

r. npoeiT 6bmi peanIH3OBaH npHMepHO Ha

pe3ynbmame a6moMamu3azfuu. fIpHmepHo floJIoBHHa 3AaHHrl B HacTosAnee BpeMA HMeeT 3To npHBeno ripHMepHO K 25%-My CHH)KeHHiO Io'rpe6JieHmA TerLia B aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHb6x 3gaHHAX, rge 3KOHOMHA noxoanma no 40%. FOpOACKO0 COBeT pemai 6

aBToMaTHqecKHe TerLJIOflyHICT6I.

pacnpe(eiinHT

3Ty

3KOHOMHiO

Mexc1y

)KHJnbTIaMH H UpeplpHRTHeM

]UT,

KOTOpoe

ycTaHaBnIHBaJia

TerLTIOnIyHKT]I.

CHuiceHue nomepb e cemu u mpy6onpoBo6ax. Ilociie Toro KaK peajH3agHA 3aInaHHpoBaHHoH1 nporpaMMBi no Tpy6onlpoBoaaM COCTaBHna ripHMepHO 60% (npM4epHo 1/3 OT nepBOHaqajTbHorl anHHBI ceTeri npeanpHATHA), noTepH BOui 6binH cHHXleHbl lpHMepHO Ha 60%, a noTepH Tenna Ha 37%. KoppO3HA Tpy6onpoBogHog ceTH CHH3HniacB c 14% B roa no MeHee 5% R3-3a yAyIluIeHNA KatecTBa BHyTpeHHell BOgbI H, npeaBapHTeiBHo H3OJIHpOBaHHbnX Tpy6.

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Typ6HHbI: Typ6HHBI

C IIPOTHBOAaBReHHeM H KOH.eHCa1WOHHbIe Typ6IHHI C OT6opaMH. CBegeHHA no .pyrHM TexHojiorHxM UaHEI B Ta6n. 3-2 B OCHOBHOM oTHeTe.

T34"c npomu6o6a6AeH'iecKou myp6uHoii. B 06bIImHbIX KOHJAeHcalHOHHEIX 3JieKTpOCTaHLUHxX KoHetHCHPYeTCS rIpHMepHo lIpH 400 C .gnx CO3;xaHHM HaRHygmero BaKyyMa B

Ilap

KOHXzeHCaTOpe ,JS gaOCTH)KeHHM MaKcHMaJMHOf BbIpa6OTKH 3ieKTPHMeCTBa Typ6HHOr, IIHpmepHO AO 40% pacxozyemoro ToriJIHBa. 3Ta TemnepaTypa CJIHmKOM HH3Ka AIIT. 1103TOMY, B T3IJ C iipoTHBOgaBjieHHeCKOH Typ6HHOH nap <<KOHzeHcHpyeTC3)» B TeHnoo6MeHHHKe ripH 6onee BEICOKOf TemiiepaType C TeM, HTo6EI BoAa Zn= LT zocTHrna Temnepa-ypmi 85 - 130 0C. CpaBHwTeILHO BbICOKaA TeminepaTypa oxiiaxleHHA IOBlImIaeT IIOqTH BaKYYM KOH,IeHcaTopa IIpMHepHO ,Ao 0,5 - 1,5 6ap RaBjieHHSA B TenIiJoo6MeHHHKe (oTCo,ga TepMHH <<IpOTHBoaaBjieHHe>>). 3To orpaHHBaeT BEIpa6OTKy 3JIeKTpo3HeprHH Ao 35% OT 3HepreTHTecKoro coAep)KaHHA pacxoAa TOnJIHBa, HO nO3BOjineT HCIIOJIL3OBaTE, BEbipa6OTaHHoe TemlIo (npHmepHo 35% OT Bcero pacxo,;a TOIIJIHBa) i,Xn HarpeBaHHA BO3flbl B TeIUioceTvx. 3To AaeT 90 % o6wero KIL 3Hepronpeo6pa3oBaHH3i H COOTHOmeHHe BEIpa6oTKH 3JieKTpO3HepMIH K BbIpa6oTKe TeIIJIOBOH 3HeprHH (=Cm) paBHOe 0,64. T3I| C IIpoTHBo,AaBsneHtiecKo Typ6HHOA HmeeT 4sHKCHpOBaHHoe cooTHoMeHHe Cm IpH pa6oTe T31 'IHCTO B peXKMe KoM6HHHpOBaHHOro nIpOH3BO;ICTBa, HO IIpOIOpIHH MOrYT

npHmepHo

6EImTE

rH6KHMH

6iiaro,gapu

YCTaHOBKe

nepenycKHoro

KiianaHa

Typ6HHEI

H/HJIH Teriio H 3ieKTpo3HeprHmO. K1I TOIIJIHBa 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH, BEIpa6OTaHHOf4 C IIOMOuIlImO rIOIIOJIHHTeJIbHOrO OXJIaAHTeJiA, SBjiSeTCA HH3KHM H o6briHo HCIIOJb3yeTCA TOJITKO B ,IOOJIHHTenMHOrO

OXAaaHTeJIS,

TaKHM 06pa3oM, nIo3BOJn

OTaeJMHO BEIpa6aTEIBaTE,

aBapHrIH]6X HJIH nHKOBBIX CHTyaiHSxX C xieKTpo3HepreW.

T31( c KouHeucayuefl u om6opoM napa. Ha TaKHx CTaHiHAxx nap oT6HpaeTCA H3 Typ6HH lIpH YPOBHAX TeMrIepaTypE.I H gaBJIeHHS, KOTOpbie AOCTaTO'HO BE,ICOKH nXiUT. rlap, KOTOpE,IH He 6bu¶ OTo6paH, nlpo.AojiaeT nOCTyIIaaTb B KOH.eHCaIuHOHHyIO 'iaCc yCTaHOBKH. TaKoM THmn T3LJ o6nagaeT rIepeMeHHEiM cooTHomeHIHeM Cm: qem 6oni,me oT6op napa xzn HpOH3BOACTBa ropsimeA BOAEI, TeM MeHEine 3IieKrpO3HeprHH BEIpa6aTEIBaeTCA B KOHgeHCaUHOHHOr4 taCTH. 185

186

nOBBimeHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM Teru1OCHa6fteHHs B CTpaHaX LeHTPaJnbHOA

H BOCTOIHOri

EBpOnbi H

pecny6nmcax 6blamero CoBeTcKoro CoIo3a

T3LI C KOHaeHCauHeA H oT6opoM iiapa MO)KeT pa6oTaTL Be3Ae, HaxuHHas OT pe.HMa rioTHO nOJIHOrO IIPOTHBO,AaBjieHHA (3neKTpH'ecKHft KIIP; MaKCHMaJIbHO 35% H4 TeIIJOBoEI KH)g MaKCHImaibHO 50% OT Bcero pacxoiAa TOITlIHBa Ha 3HepreTHi4eCKor yCTaHOBKe, pa6oTaiouTefl Ha yriie) H KOHqaA pex)MOM IIOJIHOri KOHAeHCaUHH (noAHLT4 3j1eKTpHweCKHH- KHrj MaKCHMyM 40% H 6e3 BTIpa6oTKH TeIIjiOBOi& 3HeprHH Ha yCTaHOBKe, pa6oTaioweei Ha yrie)."1 CpegHHI4 3HepreTH'eCKHA KH,L T3LA HaXOaIHTCS B ripeaeniax 60 - 85%, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rO,KjuolqeHHOfk TenJIOBOrI Harpy3KH. IIpOCTO MO)KHO IIPOH3BOACTBe pacxo, ipoAemOHCTPHPOBaTb Ha <<Eiuarpamme C3HKHu> (CM. PHC. C-1), KOTOPBIi IIOKa3biBaeT TOIIIHBa, HCTO'qHHKH rIOTePb H BbIpa6oTKY 3neKTPO3HeprHH H TennIa WiA oT,enbHoro H AMs BbIpa6oTKH 55 eXHHHuI 3JieKTPHIeCTBa H3 100 egZHHRI COBMecTHoro IIpoH3BoacTBa. B cjiyae c T3L] (176 eXLHH1I) Ha 31% MeHH,ue, qeM B cJyMiae Temia norpe6neHHe ToBa OTejiEBHOA BE,Ipa6OTKH (256 e=HHII). 3HaIeHHs Ha PHC. C-2 THHIIHE,I .Hj TeXHO3iOrTH TBepb1X BHAOB TOriJIHBa, KoM6HHHpoBaHHoro lIpOH3BOAcTBa, OCHOBaHHBIX Ha ipHmeHeHRHH B HaCTOAiiee BpeM B 3anagHofl EBpone. TaM, rge B KaqecTBe KOTOPE.i HCIIOJIL3ylOTCA 3KOHOMHAS

3HeprEHH

ToImma BbI6HpaeTCs BBIpa6oTKH

ra3a

COOTHOmeHHe Cm

112 Kl

KOM6HHHpOBaHHOM

rpH

IIpHpo,Hifi

riapa

HHTerpapOBaHEi

HJIH HCIIOJIL3yeTcS1 MO)KeT HMeTh 3Ha'IeHHe OKOJIO 1.113 H

3iieK-ipocTaHwum

OnpeAenlBeTCA 3AeCB KaK qHcTbi

co6cTBeHHIIx Hy)KA, BEIlTeHHOg H3 rIpoH3BeAeHHoA

yrne, 6onime Hcnonb3YpoTcB no

cpaBHeHHIo

Cm BEUIe. TaM, rAe npoIleccEI

ra3, cooTHoiiieHHe

zui

Krlg

(HCnOnE3oBaHHe

3JieKTpo3HeprHH).

pa6oTalonHMH

Ma3yTe

HnH

TtBHraTeJIb,

3eKTpO3HeprHH

33¶eKTpocTaHUHH,

co6cTBeHHux HyicA (yromimibe MeJThHHIt6l,

C 3neKTpoCTaHhlIAMH,

ra3OBBIH

zWA

pa6oTaloU1He Ha

KoHBegepLi, BeHTHnSTopw), THCTBHi Knl,

Ha ra3e.

KOHAeHCaWHOHHOjH 3nxeKiTpocTaSHHH Ha yrne COCTaBAZeT npHMepHo 40%.

Cm o6wnHo cocTaBiieT 0,5 - 0,6 Ha T3UI, pa6ONmHaX Ha TBepAOM ToruiHe; OKOjio 0,4 0,6 =AjT3L1 c ra3oTyp6mmori yCTaHOBKOfl Ha ra3e C OaHHO'qHbM lIHKnOM (npoilecc); npHMepHO 1,0 - 1,1 CooOTHOmeHHe

xni 3ieKTpocTaHuHR c ra3oTyp6HHHuMH ycTaHOBKaMH XUI He6ojThmHx ra3oBbIx uBHraTeneA.

C KOM6HHHpOBaHHBiM

iiHKnoM; H rpHMepHO 0,8 -1,0

lpmIowem4eC

PuC. C-1. 3HEPrETM*ECKMI

3nEKTPL4qEcKO

187

BAnAHC PA3J,EnbHOrO u KOMB4HHPOBAHHoro nPO1.3BO,CTBA 14TEnnOBOu 3HEPru4m (An. TBEP9b1X BMJOBTOnnlBA)

3HepreTwiecKHil 6anaHc ripm pa3AenbHOM u KOM6uHHpoBaHHOM npO[13BOLCTBe 3I3HeprHi4 u Tenna (TBepAbie BMAb6 TonnsBa) Pa3AjenbHoe npO-BO

Tonnumso

256

noTepu fPH

c)KHr.

136 3/3Heprmq

120

lnoTepm npu C)K.

Tenno

noTepu npm

KOHA.

npOAyKTbi

100

KOM6UH. nPOU3BOACTBO TonnHBo

176

ll2 313H.

C)K.

Termo

npOAyKTbi

n\joTepm npm 21

100

4CTO9HHK: COTPY,4HHicH BceMHpHoro BaHKa

3HeprenmecxHil

KYflJ cieflyioiLmm o6pa3oM: 344eKTHBHas 3HeprHH

HuiH

34MeKTHBHoe 3HeprHH

IpOTHBo,aBneHqecKoA

lIPOH3BOaCTBa

OTOIIHTeJIHaS

«KFJ

TeEiOBOH

KOTeIHaS

HiPOH3BOACTBa

3HeprHH

HMeeT Ko3434¢HHeHT

TermOBOf

3HeprHHD>

T3L

MO)KHO

npOH3BOaCTBa

HpHMepHO

paCCl-fTaTb

TeflJIOBOH

85%. MHHHMaJIHO

ixoTpe6neHHe TOrEIHBa DJ ripOH3BO,ACTBa Toro Ke KojHqeCTBa TeinnOBOH Typ6HHax T3IJ c KOHgeHcCaUHef H oT6opoM riapa HiH T39U c Typ6HHoA (KOTOpasI HMeeT 6onEmHi yzejibHbIg pacxoA TOnIIBa -

BbeIIII ypOBHA, Heo6xoaHMoro x rIlpOH3BOaCTBa TOJIbKO 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH) COCTaBBiAeT IIpHMepHO IIOJIOBHHy nIoTpe6nieHHqs TOI3Ba B OTOnIHTeJITHOA KOTeJIbHOri. 3TO aaeT "Kf" B

noBbEImeHHe 344eKTHBHocTH CHCTeM TermocHa6fKeHHSA B cTpaHax LeHTpaJILHoA H BOCTOIIHOI EBpol6I H pecny6niKax 6bEBmero COBeTCKOrO C0o03a

188

RTO Ha Ha T3I1 4 . rIpexriojiaraeTcs3, KoJIHHeCTBO TOIIJIHBa B nponecce UPOH3BOACTBO 3JIeKTpo3HeprIHH Tpe6yeTcsI TaKoe xce IIpoH3BoacTBe. 3HaIeHHe 170 pa3XenjThHOM KOM6HHHpOBaHHoro IIPOH3BoacTBa KaK lIpH

170% (=0,85/0,5)

Teniia

IIpOH3BoAcTBa

HCIIOJlb3yeTCS WLA pac'IeTOB B riaBe

H OT6opOM riapa BbIpa6OTKa 3JTeKTpO3HeprHH 6ygeT riaAaTb, KOH,eHCalHeHC iLeneRi lIT, TaK KaK norTpe6neHHe ToIIJIHBa , Korga TerILOBaS 3HepHSI BbIpa6aThIBaeTCs aOnAAO 6bITb ocTaeTcs IIOCTOSHHbIM. rIpOH3BOXACTBO 3TOII iiOTepSHHOR qoeKTpo3HeprHH T.e. apyroH 3HeprOCHCTeMbi; HaIHIOHaJIbHOH HPOH3BegeHo r,e-Jii6o B apyroM MecTe

T3IJ c

KOHAeHCa1IHOHHO-Tenjio4¢HKauHOHHOii

BbIIIIeyKa3aHHbIX

IIpH

3IieKTpOCTaHUHeH.

KOH,aeHCaiWOHHOrk

CTaHIzHH,

roTeps

3HaIeHHqX

5% (c 35 go 40)

AJIA

3neKTpHwecKoro

KrHI MO)KeT 6brrb BOCIIOJIHeHO 3TOiH ajibTepHaTHBHOH KOHLeHCaIjHOHHOA 3jieKTpOCTaHUHeA. fIpH KflI 40% norpe6nieHHe TOIIBa cocTaBJISeT 12,5 eaHHHII (5 e=HHHI.I, flpOH3BseaeHHEIX ripH Kfl,T 40%), HITO gaeT <«fJ4>> TeTioBoH 3HeprHH IpHMHepHO 440% (55/12,5). 3TOT pacTeeT HpeAnOJIaraeT, HITO Ha Tenrio OT Typ6HHbI YXOAHT TOJIbKO TO KOJIH'eCTBO TOrIHBa, 3aMeigeHHI HPOI3BOBaCTBa 1IOTepSHHOri 3neKTpo3HeprHH. flOCKOJIbKy KOTOpOe Tpe6yeTcsx X Teniia KOJle6jieTCs B TexieHHe roza, <<«K >> npOH3BOAcTBa TeIIJIOBOA ypOBeHb OTBOga 3HeprHH Ha KOHxIeHCaUHOHHO-TerInO4HKaUHOHHOii 3JeIKTpOCTaHItHH B ilejioM 3a roa HaMHoro

HHxe 400%.

6bTrrb IIpHMeHeHMI

JS HHBeCTHflHOHHbIX c6epe)KeHHIR B T3U iipH cpaBHeHHH c oTejbHEIMNH OTOIIHTeaJbHbIMH KOTejibHEIMH H CO CXO)KMH YPOBHSIMH BbIpa6OTKH TenIIa H 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH. 3JIeKTPOCTaHLH3MH Cy11ecTByioT cyIIuecTBeHHEIe pa3JImAX B HHBeCTHUIHOHHLIX 3aTpaTaX Ha T3LU (CM. Ta6Ji. 3.3 B OCHOBHOM OT'eTe). CTOHMOCTEinepeBoga KpyrIHoMacInTa6HOrl CymeCTByiOIeH HJIH Te wce caMbIe

3MHHpHiqeCiuHe

iipaBHjia He MOryT

600 MBT Ha T31U He6ojibIuas[; YCTaHOBKa ,AJ oTBoAa Teniombi o6m'Ho Ao6aBmLueT He 6o07ee 15 - 20% K CTOHMOCTH 3iieKTpOCTaHLiHH. CTOHMOCTb Ha YCTaHOBjieHHyio MOUHOCTh B MBT He6oYibumIo4 aeieHTpajiH3OBaHHOA T31I niiaHHpyeMori 3IieKTpocTaHUHH Ha 100

paHE>Iue 6bua HaMHOrO BbEfne, qleM WLI KpynHON TeIijio3jieKTpoCTaHuHH, CymieCTBeHHO CHH3HJIHCb B nocieZegHHe HeCKOJIEKO ReT.

3KoHoMH,ecKHe

HO 3aTpaTi6I

43HaucoBi6ie H3gepiKcn [IpOH3BoAcTRa TenCIoIaoii 3HeprHH Ha T3W

O>uHaHCObieu gKoHoAmuiecKue

u3bep3IcKu npouweodcm6a

06uie pa3maLmA MexIy 4HHaHCOBEIMH H 3KOHOMH'IecKHMH H3,ep)KKaMH TenJIOBOii 3HeprHH Ha T311 xopomo H3BecTHEi:

npOH3BOaCTBa

(B OCHOBHOM

()HHaHCOBEIe H3AepxKKH He BKjUO'IoaOT BHeIIHHe BbIr'ObI If 3aTpaTI BO3,geEIcTBHe Ha oKpyxKaiouyio cpe,Ay).

3KoHoMHqecKHe H3gepZKH He BKjnoHaIOT Hajioroo6JIo)KeHHe, IIOIHHbI H cy6cHzmi4.

ripOH3BoAcTBa 3JieKTpo3HeprHH Ha T3LU paBHa PacTIeTHaS 3KOHOMHIecCKaS BenHHa 3JIeKTpO3HeprOCHa6)KeHHA, T.e. RTeJIeTIIHOrO nepHoAa (fl4Jf) pegeaJLbHbLM H3gep2KaM 3 J3aHHIX Ha PHc. C - 1, pe3yJAbTHpyloInHr CXO14Hx 250% = 100/(176-136) x 100 % 1

KHrl

ripoH3MocTBa TenXiOBOf1 3HeprHH 6iui

6E,

fIpmIo)xeHHe C 189

rIpOH3BQIICTBeHHbIM

3aTpaTaM Ha COBpeMeHHOH

3jieKTpoCTaHUI4H.

PaCHeTHaS1

4HHaHCOBaS

BeJIEHIHHa paBHa TapH4iy peaJIH3aUHH.

CnviHaif I: Uo6aBneHHe

OTBOJIV

Tenia K CYlueCTBYIOgef

3JIeKTPOCTaHLIHH

HHBeCTHUIHOHHNIM 3aTpaTaM Ha YCTaHOBKY n10 oTBogy TeniJIa;

O a

CTOHMOCTB IIHPOM3BOACTBa TeriROBOR 3HeprHH paBHa:

(DHHaHCOBaB

YCTaHOBKH

InIoc CTOHMOCTh

nmTUoc

,zpyrHe

iorpe6neHHA

H3MImHerO

IIOBbIIUeHHSA

TOnJIHBa;

IIepeMeHHbIX

H39ep)KKaX

IIpOH3BOaCTBa

3JIeKTpOCTaHIHH; LI

nmoc no1epsi AOXO,AOB OT cna,ga B

rIpHmep II: Ao6aBneHH

FO0OBaS

npOH3BOACTBe 3neKTpo3HeprHH.

fIepeBoZ( oTonHTeJiBHofl KOTeJIbHOfi Ha KoM6HHHPOBaHHoe nPoH3BoAcTBo ra30BoH TYP6HH]I Hii ra3oBOrO ABfrnaTeng

4HHaHCOBaSi

HHBeCTHIHOHHBIM

CTOHMOCT6

3aTpaTaM nlJmOC

BBIpa6oTKH

3ZeKTp03HeprHH

yBeI'eHHBIe

H3gepxcKH

paBHa

rvTeM

BMipaBHeHHEIM

Ha TOIIJIHBO H nOBBIMIfeHHe

pacXO,AOB. FozgBuie cHHaHCOBBIe H3ZaepxcKH npOH3BoAICTBa 3HeprHH B OTOIIHTeJThHOr KOTejibHori, iiepeBeeHHoe Ha pOH3BOZCTBO B T31, MO)KHO paecmaTpHBaTB 1o0 AByMS yrIaMH 3peHHA. Hx MO)KHO IIOjiyqHTB,

,4pyrHX 3KCIUIJYaTaIHOHHLIX

TerigOBOR YCJIOBHAX

HCIIOJIL3yS J1H6o:

06H=e rOgOBbIe H3MaepxKH 3IeKTpo3HeprHH.

JIH6o

rOFOBbIe

H3aepxKKH

UPOH3BOACTBa

IIpOH3BOACTBa

T3Ii

T31U MHHYC

BBIpa60TKy 3mempomepMH (loBieHHme H3Ztep)KH

pacxozI

3KcnInyaTalmHIo

HHBeCTHIUHOHHMIe

TenjiOBO

3aTpaTmI).

H 3Ta

MHHYC

gaeT

B cIyiae

HCTHHHYIO

HeTOlIIHBHbIe

BEIpaBHeHHLIe

CTOHMOCTh

fIpOH3BOACTBa

3HeprEH KaK TaKOBOR.

CTpIOHTejU,CTBO HOBO}I CTpOHTeEjTCTBa

H3zep)KeK IIPH

T3LI

HOBOf4

T3Lt

11pOH3BOrACTBa TeIfOBOH 3HeprHH MOrYT 6b1IT

npo0ac

rnmoc

Pa3HHila mexcy 1epBOII H BTOpOII OieHKOi XaaeT ripeRmy4eCTB0 #HaHCOBbIX HpOH3Bo.aCTBe Ha T311, KOTOpOe iepexoxaT Ha noTpe6HTeneA LIT.

IlPHmep III:

HHaHCoBEIe H3Z,ep2KKH Ha TOllIJBO H

Texo6cJy)KHBaHHe

iwpa

ZOXOIbI

4¢HHaHCOBwe

(3KOHoMKwqecKHe)

H3AepxcKH

paCCcHTaHbI ABYMS pa3JIHHBIMH clIoco6aMH:

KaK pa3HM Ha

a B HHBeCTHIHOHHbIX 3aTpaTax, pacnpeaejieHHDiX no rozam, H paCXOAOB 3KCIIYaTagIHIO H Texo6CJIy)KHBaHHe (BKmo-rSI ToriJIHBO) T3L1 H 3jieKTpocTaHIUHH,

BbIpa6aTbIBawOmef TO 2e

camoe KOJIH,ecTBo 3neKTpo3HeprHH;'

pa3Mep 3nefKpocTaHuHH COCTaBnJeT 600 - 1200 MBT (XOTA 3feieKT MacinTa6a meHee npH CoBpeMeHHotk TeXHOJIOrHH C KoM6HHHpoBaHHBLIM LuiKjioM, eM Ha TpaAHuHOHHBmX Tenro3ieKTpoieHTpaA1x). EciH MOmIHOCTE T3L B MBT3 n MeHB6e, aolOnOHHTem6Hhie HHBeCTHUHH B T3U o6biHO He cpaBHHBaioTCS Co CTOHMOCThIO 3fleKTpOCTaHUHH TOrO we pa3Mepa. CooTBeTcTByoueri

115 OnmBjimHml

BLipa)KeH

190

nOBbIIueHHe 3cfeKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenrOCHa6)ReHHM B CTPaHaX LUeHTpBJ.HOA 1 BOCTO-IHO}R EBPOnBI H pecny6miiKax 6riBinero CoBeTcKoro C0103a

HflH riyTeM pacrpe,neIieHHIs FO,OBIX H3xxepiceK T3LI Ha HIPOH3BO,4CTBO Te1IJ10BOri 3HeprHH H BM6IeTa aOXO02OB (paCqeTHOA 3KOHOMHIeCKOR BeJIHTHHBI) OT 1IPOH3BOaCTBa 16 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH 116.

IHPOH3BOLaCTBa BeiiHHHa 3KOHOMHqIeCKaS pacHeTHai:s HIOCKOJIbKY npHHLIHne, 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH paBHa rIHI)1 3IieKTpo3HeproCHa6)KeHHA (IpOH3BoacTBeHHbIe H3gepXKKH COBpeMeHHOz 3JIeKTPocTaHIHH), o6a MeToma aonix)KHBI gaTb Te we cambie 3KOHoMH1ecKHe 117 H3gepxcKH IIpOH3BOACTBa TeIIJIOBOi 3HeprHH

Pacqeir TaPH4a Ha 3ieKTpO3HMeprgo zuis T3LI wm

IOCTH2KeHHS 6e3y6ErroqHocTH

OT T3IJ/OK, paBHa TeXHOjiOrHeM KOHKYPHpy1OiieH iIpOH3BOUHMOA CTOHMOCTH Ha eZ4HHHIIY TeIIJIOBOA 3HeprHH, (Ha IIpaKTHKe 3TO KOTJITI B 3,aaHHH) MHHYC CTOHMOCTB nepeRaan H paciipeaeneHHA Te1IJIOBOA

MaKCHMajhHam

ieHa egXHHHELI TeriJIOBOH 3HeprHH, nogaBaeMoHi

3HepFHH. MaKcHMaMhHaS iieHa, IIOjiyIeHHaA 3THM MeTo,OM, MO)KeT 6bIEr, HClOJIbE3OBaHax pacqeTa MHHHMaJIBHOH LueHE>I 3a 1 KBT.H, KOTOpyiO T3L1 MO2KeT rIOIyqHTh, 3a BbIpa6oTKy 3ZexTpo3HeprHH AXU KOHKypeHIIHH Ha pJIHKe TeIIJIOBOA 3HeprHH: o

YMHoxKeHHe MaKCHMasjiHOH ueH6I 3a 1 FKaII Ha rOgOBY1O BMIpa6oTKy TeIIJIOBOA 3HeprHH B rKan[ aeT MaKCHMa1HbIiA AOXOA OT iipoga)KH TeiJIOBOH1 3HeprHH.

Pa3HHLia Mex)fy MaKcHMmaJTHBIM AOXOXAOM OT fipoAaX( TenjiOBOH 3HeprHH H o6WHMH H3gep)KKaMH IIpOH3BO,ACTBa Ha T3Ii B rog, qB3IAeTCq AOXO,OM, KOTOpEIH MoXKeT 6E,TE, nOffyeH OT rIpOAaX(H 3JIeKTpo3HeprHH.

JIeiieHHe 3Toro goxo,ga Ha KOJmHIeCTBO KBT.'1, KOTOpEIe BbIpa6aTnIBaioTCM B CpeAHeM B ro,g, ;IaeT MHHHMa7iEHbIrl CpeAHHH TapH4) Ha 3ieKTpO3HeprHmo, KOTOpEIHA oJnDKeH HOyqHTim T312.

BBITIIeOIIHCaHHbI1 MTOR HCIOJT3OBajiCA B npHmepax. HanpHMep HpH HCCIieaOBaHHH r. THmHmoapa, IIOxIjIeHHb>Ig B pe3yjTbTaTe TapH4) Ha 3IieKTpO3HeprHlO, HeO6XOgHMEjrl uAI ajibTepHaTHBOr4 ABISeTCR CTOHMOCTh CTpOHTCejiCTBa KpyI1HOg 3ieKTpocTBHuHH. 3Ta CTOHMOCTE Torna BeiiHUHHO1t pacnpeaejieHa, B COoTBeTCTBHH C OTHOCHTeJnBHOui 6E1TB npOInPpIXOHaniBHo ,onIKHa 3JieKTpHqecKoi Mo0HHOCTH .

IlpH

1'7

4IHHaHCBom

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B ,aByXKOJIOHHEIX CHCTeMaX BHyTpeHHerO pacIpereJIeHHA Ha pa,HaTopax 6E,ITE, yCTaHOBjieHfI HC1iapHTejibHEIe Teij1OMepE BMeCTe C peryj1Hpy1oIjlHMH KJIanaHaMH, BO3MOIKHO, TepMOcTaTH'ecKHMH. I4cnapHTeflbHbIe TeruIOMepbI o6XoATcsA AemeBO. HegOCTaTKOM ABjiAeTCS TO, 'ITO fIpH6opbI yqeTa HMeEOT npe,iien norpemHocTH + / 30%. O.HaXo, iiOCKOji6Ky B KBapTHpe, rio KpadiHei mepe yCTaHOB11eHO TpH paaHaTOpa, IIpe,eji riorpeiuHoCTH B cieTe Ha OnnlJaTy HH)Ke. aoJmm.i

Ycmauo6Ka Ksapmupubzx npu6opos y4ema 2opAfei Tpe6yeTcs

122

npH6opa yqeTa -

O,HH

.ls

KyXHH,

606bl.

06immo

apyrogI

Ha KawyIO KBapTHpy

wIAI BaHHOi4.

B oTJWe

PacupeaeneHme TernOBOr 3HeprHH B MHoroKBaPTHBH IaOMaX o6bEIHo

66uo cnpoeKTHpoBaHO TaKHM o6pa3oM, fTO pazmaTopEi6 coeAZHsoTcA nocjieaOBawTzEHo Tpy6aMH =An ropH4ek BO,zl, KoTopEhe upoXo=T BepTHKanB6HO tepe

nOEaKCOqeH

3llaHHe. TaK KaiK Ka)KbiH H3HeTwpex HnH rIBTH paAHaTopoB o6El'HOHl KBapTHpEI

KoTAejibHog BepTHKanJbHO

rpy6e, AnA Kawaoro pazHaTopa noTpe6yeTcsi oTvenibHi ripH 6 op yqeTa. TpaAHLJHOHHO, B UlBetIHH BHyTpHKBaPTHpHmie rpH6ophi y'eTa, KaK npaBnHo ,e npHMeHAIIHCCb, HO OHH

CTanH o6M3aTenEbHIMH c 1997 r.

208

nOBbIIleHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TermocHa6KeHHA B CTpaHaX LieHTpajibHOA pecny6iimax 6biBmero CoBeTCKoro C0o03a

BOCTO'rHOfi EBpomi1-U

ripH60pOB yqeTa TerniOBOz 3HeprHH HcnapHTeim,oro THria, npO6opm yrieTa ropsAief BO>I Tpe6yIOT H3HXieCKOFO 110,aKEOwHKA K Tpy6am ropsxiero BO,aOCHa6x(eHHA. 1l3zepKKH Ha TaKHe nPE60PbI YlIeTa H HX BEIrOgw peaKO o6cyIxganIHcE B IHuTepaType. CyIIueCTBy1Oi1JeiL

He,aoporHx

KBapTHpHIX

Mepbl Ha CTOPOHe Harpy3KI: npimep OpeH6ypra KOTopEIe HClOJI3OBBajiHcb ripH MoaenjpOBaHH BapHaHTOB Ha 6a3HpyEOTCs Ha liaKeTax, pa3pa6oTaHHMx BCeMHpHE,IM BaHKOM ,s CTOpOHe Harpy3KH rHJOTHOrO npoeEra IIo IIOBbfeHHHIO 3HepreTHHeCKoro KF.IE XCHJIHTI B JIHTBe (OTieT OiLeHKH COTPYAHHxaMH N215397-LT, HIOHE6 1996 r.). rIogroToBHTenLHas pa6oTa W 3Toro ripH ripoeKTa qacTHrHo 6b[a upogenaHa B paMKaX HacTosAnero IIpoeKTa ESMAP

MepMi, Ha CTOpOH Hearpy3KH

Thetmie EBponeAcKoA KOMHCCHH, CM. BCEOM (1995 r.): Costeffective Technologies for Therno-Rehabilitation of Buildings in Lithuania. Consultant rioauepwKce

iporpamMMLi

Report (3KOHoMHtIHbIe TexHojiorFH no TepMOpeCKOHCTPYK1EHH KOHCyJILTaHTa).

3gaHHA

B TIHTBe. OTHeT

fpmAo>xeHRe E

Ta6nu4a E-1. Mepbl

Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3KI

(U4CTO4HHK:

ESMAP klccneroBaHMe

nplMepe r. OpeH6ypra)

XapaKTepHCTHKH 3gaHHH (C60pHble )KeJie3o6eToHHbie CoHCTpyKIaHH, 1964 r.)

flOnEI:

JIeCTHH'IHLie

KJIeTKH:

KBapTHpbI:

Bcero o6orpeBaeTcsl

100

4960

m2: XapaxTepncTHliH mep Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3JCH

lIpH6op ymeTa

Ha ORHO 31RaHHe

06uasi

CTOHMOCT-6/

3K1OHOMHH

CTOHMOCTb

2KHJIHWe

3HeprHH

(AonnJ.

(AOnn.

(icBT.-i/ro4t)

CL IA)

CWIIA)

CpoK cJyWic6bI (roAwb)

1250

5525

249206

TenJIOBOR 3HeprHH

flaiceT per-ynHpoBaNHH ITemnepaTypbi

H30JAMOHNl Tpy6

2780

54825

11700

117

88635

2410

72685

PeMoHT oICHa H30JIauHS CTCHeL6

29264 57270

293 573

356220 192097

15 15

H3o0SWHU JCpbl6IH

44640

446

187167

H30JIsH.9 nlOBaJ b6HOrO

14880

149

124778

124250

1243

565761

n,qanaHbl

TepMOCTaTa PeMOHT neCTHH-iHOhI

JICeTicH

nomeLweNHH

3aMeHa

OICOH

209

210

FIoBbumeHHe 3¢4eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenmocHa6)KeHHS B CTpaHaX geHTpajBHoHi H BOCTOHHOH EBpor6I H pecny6inHxax 6EMBmero CoBeTCKoro C0103a

XapaKTepHCTHICH mep Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3KH , noJIHbIii IIHBeCTHUHH

3KoHoMHsI

(MniH. ,Ronnj.

(T;Wxcrog)

KoMUJImTe cTga

3KCoHOMHsI TOnJIHB2 (MJIH.

3J,aHHS

3KoHoMHs 3HeprHH H2COCOB (MJIH. ,AOnnJ.

,Ronn. CIllA/roa)

C_lUA/roa)

|_CH_IA)

0,00

IIPH6op

yxeTa TenniOBoN 3HeprHH

0,97

0,00

HalceT peryjnipOBaHHA

4,28

694

1,74

0,07

IoHTpoJnbHbIlN

BapHaHT

TemnepaTypbi

Tpy6 H30JIIHaSr IKanaHbI TepMOCTaTa

2,15

153

0,38

0,02

9,06

PeMoHT JecTHHqHOHi

1,87

247 203

0,62 0,51

0,03 0,02

22,65 44,33 34,55 11,52

993 535 522 348

2,49 1,34 1,31 0,87

0,11 0,06 0,06 0,04

96,17

1576

3,95

0,17

lKeTKcU

PeMOHT OKH2

H30HsUHS CTeHbH H30JInIHA KpbI6IMN H30nsusHH I1no,sanibHoro InoMeLueHHu 3aMeHa OKOH

BHYTpeHHSS CTaBICaxOXOHOCTH no MepaM Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3KI BC4

IlpH6op yqeTa TeniiOBONl

BKmO'IeHO

BaHHbIX HeT

3HeprHH rlaKeT peryrnHpoBaHHsI

73,71%

BKfiOgeHO

22,28%

BKjUOoeHO He BKnUoqeHO

TemnepaTypOi

1n30J1sfUHJ IKAanaHb6

Tpy6 TepMocTaTa

4,09%

BKjIIoqeHo

PeMoHT .1eCTHHqHO9 rCAeTKH eMoHT oKHa IH301n'UHSf

CTeHbI

H30Jswasi Kp6IUIH

H30JaUHSn

nORBaJ1bHoro

11,22%

BKmOHeHO

-4,39%

He BKjiOoeHO

-2,37%

5,43%

He BKJ1OHeHO

-1,57%

- He BKJHioT-eHO

BKJmOYeHO

noaMeeHHH 13aMeHa OICOH

rlpHnoKeHHe E

Onpe,enieHHe naiceTa Mep Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3KH 3KOHOMHA 3/3HeprHH

-Bcero: - Ha 3aaHHe: - Ha xKimnue

TA)K/roa rIZUK/roa

2042,25

IFA/roOa

26,39

MAHB.'oUi.

31,91125

2638,57

HHBeCTHIIH

-Bcero:

CinA -

Ha 3aaHHe: Ha )HIune

aojm. CUJA AoM. CIlIA

41229,00 412,29

(HcmotHuK: KoHKpemHbie uccmeoo0aHua no a Opez6yp2y no npoapaxme ESMAPP) 3KOHOMHS TorlTBa paccqHThiBaeTca Ha ocHoBe caieay)owI rnpearionooeHHH: 24% 3KOHOMHH TeruiOBO1l 3HCprHH Ghna 6Ei noi"yeHa 3a cqeT OTOnUHTeBHMx KOTe1bHmmx 76% 3KOHOMHH TenriOBOIl 3HeprHH 6bua 6bl noinyqeHa 3a cqeT T3U ,goji, rioiryqaeMas 3a cqeT oTormTenmbH1x KOTeJnHBrx, B 2 pa3a BbmlIe, qeM npH HLIHemIlHer pa6oTe - TenuoBmme IIOTepH OCTaiOTCS TeMH XKe B a6COJUOTHOM BB6paxKeHHH. - 3HeprHS HaCOCOB OT pacnipeaenieHU TeniOBOwf 3HeprHH CHHKaeTCS UpOrOPIIHUOHBJTHO CHH)KeHHIO 3HeprHH. - 3HeprnA HaCOC0B cocTaBnsieT

25% OT co6cTBeHHOrO noTpe6jieHHI 3/CTaHIHH

- 3KoHoMwwecKHe H3,gepKKH Ha TonUHBo 1,226 aoiM. ClIAIFLR (npHpoatiH ra3): - 3KoHoMHqecKHe H3,epxKKu Ha 0,024 gonin. CUIA/KBT.q HPOH3BOACTBO 3nieKTp03HeprHH:

3KoHoMHs TOflHBa Mo)KeT 6blTb nerio pacclIHTana cneAyioniaiM

o6pa3oM: - 3KoHOMHA TOIIJIHBa B OTOnHTeJBHOA KoTe6bHOH: KOTenETHOR

- 3KoHoMHsA TonniHBa Ha

T3LU: 76%

,ZIpyrue npernonowKeHsA: - Krl)0 OTOrITem6HOrl 92,5 KoTeBH0O1: - KflJ T3J: 42,6 - 3HeprHA Hacoca: 4,5

24%

3KOHOMHS 3HeprmH

% % MBT.'q/ T,7J,x TenrioBofi

3HeprHH

3KOHOMHA 3HeprHH /

/ Krlg T3X

Kj;

OTorIHTeCJIEHOi

211

L I

np4no)KeHHe F 3KoHOMW4ecKaR CTOUMOCT6 TonilMBa, 3aTpaTbl Ha nfpOM3BO[CTBO

TennOBOA 3Hepril u pacnpegeneHHe, B03AeICTBHe CMCTeM TenJlocHa6)KeHHR Ha OKpy)KwaiUyo cpeAy 3KOHOMH4eCKas CTOUMOCTb TOnlJHBa

npupodHbUh ea3 3KoHoMHMecKaA ueHa iipHpo;xHoro ra3a BKmoqaeT:

LjeHy Ha

IIJIFOC

IIJEOC

ilpRpOaHi6i ra3 Ha rpaHH1e; B 1996 r. o66mmo ixeHa 6blna oKojio 78 zonmii. CILIA Ha 1000 Ky6. M.; CTOHMOCTE, 1Iepegatm, BKUO'1aA CTOHMOCTE, Ce3OHHOrO aKKYMYJIHPOBaHHA TeIJIOTEbI OT rpaH1ibI ro pOpOXCKHX BOpOT (paBHa TapH4y ui KpyIIHOH T30j); CTOHMOCTE,

11epBHtIHOrO

pacnpeaejieHHIX

(paBHa

TapH4y

pIA5 MecTHOR

OTOIIHTeJIbHOfi KOTeJThHoA);

ILIJOC CTOHMOCTE, BTOpHT1HOrO paCIpezeneHHA, BKJEOqas CTOHMOCT16 rOiogCJUOqeHHS 3AaHHM (paBHa TapH4¢y =nx KoTia B 3lAaHHH);

TapHclmI R aOMOXO3S1fCTB (nozaaa Ha YPOBeHL KBapTHp) euie BEine, TaK Kax OHH BKJ1O'qaEOT BBICOKY1O CTOHMOCTEb BEBIHC]b1BaHHM CReTOB Ha oriiiary H o6Cny>KHBaHHe MeJIKHX IIOTpe6HTeneA{.

cPuytaHCO6ble mapUqbl-MOryT OTJImqaTi,CA OT 3KOHOMHqeCKOrl CTOHMOCTH riOCTaBKH, TaK KaK KOMIIaHHA, pa6oTamoiuaS1 C IIpHpO,gHbIM ra3oM, aMeS MOHOIOJIinO Ha HOCTaBKH, nocTapaeTCA HC10JE3OBaTE, IIpHHIIHii ijeHoo6pa3oBaHRA Ha OCHOBe 3aMemeHHA TOnJiHBa, YCTaHaBjmHBa TaKylO LIeHy Ha ra3, MTO Jl.x KacxWoro Knacca norpe6HTeJu OH OCTaeTCA KOHKypeHTOCIIOCo6HBIM 110 CpaBHeHHO C apyrHMH BHzaMH TOIBa, HanpHMep, Ma3yTOM B npoMbnJeHHOM

ceKTope. Ho aaxce Torga cTpyKTypa 4HHaHCOBMIX TapH4OB 6yaeT HaIOMHHaT]6 CTpyKTypy 3KOHOMHaeCKO CTOHMOCTH. Ha ripaKTHKe B3HHO, HTO #HHaHCOBMi Tapm4 3a rIpHpOAmHE, ra3 rx HaceeieHHA ripHMepHO B 2 pa3a Bbime, qeM TapH4 UM KPYIIHLIX 11pOMLI=IeHHLIX IIOTpe6HTeJieft. 3To COOTHOileHHIe oTpaxcaeT COOTHOIIeHHIe ileH MeX1Qy Ma3yTOM H ierKIHM .gHCTHjuIITHLiM TOnIiHBOM (ueHoo6pa3oBaHHe Ha OCHOBe 3aMeIneHHA TOIJIIHBa). nO-BHAHMOMy, 3TO TaKwKe xopoio oTpa)KaeT pa3HHIY B 3KOHOMH-eCKOf CTOHMOCTI rIOCTaBOK ,BYM KaTeropHif rioTpe6HTeYieri. HeKOTopue H3 iieHOB6IX pa3j1HHi

T3IJ yCTaHOBOK, pa6oTaioIIIHX Ha Ma3yTe Prio ipOKpbnITE nHKOBOfif ioTpe6HocTH Ha Tenn1OBY1O 3HeprmEo. 3To BEapaBHHBaeT KpHByIO c1poca Ha ra3 6oJIE,ie, qeM B ciyiae c oTZeILHLIMH noTpe6HTeiAsMH, TaKHM o6pa3oM, coKpaLaA HHBeCTHIIHH B Tpy6onpOBODAbI H eMKOCTH 1l5 xpaHeHHAI. B OpeH6ypre, HanpHMep, o6ycnoBneHbl HCI1OJM3OBsaHHeM

3KOHOMHX1eCKaA CTOHMOCTE, ra3a WIS OTzeJILHE,IX KOTJIOB B KBaPTHPaX paCCTE,I0BaRaCb

213

214 IIOBblueHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TennOCHa6fteHHA BcTpaHaax LeHpanbHOA H BOCTOxHO}R EBPOnbl H pecny6mHKax 6blmiero COBeTCKoro C0103a ileHe 9,6 aoim. CIIIA/ MBT.m; a CTOHMOCTb ra3a, HcIOJIb3yeMOFo Ha T3I, coCTaBJsiAia 61% OT 3TOii BeJIHqHHbI. rIpeMmyI1eCTBO B H3ZaepXcax gnA ipexgeJHOLe H3Zaep>KKH IIpH IIOCTaBKaX HM B TeMeHHe

cpege 6yxeT Ha6nioAaTicsI

B KOHKypeHTHOfi

KpyIIHMIX rioTpe6HTenefi, rIOCKOJE6KY

HeTKoe

RnHTenbHOrO nepHoAa HH)Ke. TeM He MeHee,

aeueHrpaJI3oBaHHbIe

TexHojiorHH

AOJDKHbI

6LImB ciioco6HuI CKOmneHCHpOBaTh HeAocTaTOK BMICOKHX 3aTpaT Ha pacnpeaejieHHe B 6ojunFix cHcTeMax LIT, TaK KaK TpaHCiOPT ropAmeg BOABI o6XoA2uTcsi 3HaqHTenJIhHO opoWe, MO)KHO rpeaLnojio2HTb, ro nowaia ropsAqej BO)bI .IeM rHpHpoAHoro ra3a. flpaKTHimecK, meHee MOm;HOrO orIIoJIHHTejibHme H3lIep)KKH Ha ra3 xM CTOHT B TpH pa3a 6obmie.

TeriIoreHepaTopa,

Hgeajie

npeAcTanJIoT

co6or XIIrOJIHHTeJIEHbMI

TpaHcllOPT ra3a OT

go MeCTa pacriojio)KeHHS MeCTa HaXOIeHHIA KpyIlHOfl YCTaHOBKH TenruoreHepaTopa. 3TO paCCTOSHHe paBHO paCCTOSHHIO noaaqH ropAmeMI BOabEI.

yKa3aHHoro

Ta6nHUa F-1 iTpeRCTaBjiAeT oieHKy 3KOHOMH-eCKOk CTOHMOCTH ra3a H COOTBeTCTByloiIHe EaeCTH rOpO(OB, HCCJIieOBaHHLIX B paMKaX IIpOrpaMMbI CTOHMOcTHMie KoMIoHeHThI ,nISi ESMAP.

Ta6nMtma F-1.

OLIeHKa 3KOHOMHqeCKOU CTOMMOCTU

npHpOAHoro ra3a Ha Bbe3Ae

ropoA, MiOnb 1996 r. 3KoHoMHqeciKaI

CTpaHa

Bbe3,

B ropo

33CTOHMOCTb Ha B6e3me B

ropo,

Aonjm./100

AoJ1./l

xo.rui./1000

0 Ky6. M

000

Icy6. M

Ky6.

EonrapHs JlTBa

Co4HA KayHac

rIoEb.Iua

BpouiaB

103,8 1,3,4 81,5 8,9 8 102,6 3 99,8

11,0 1 4,0 5 15,0 12 15,0 11

114,8 85,5 117,6 114,8

2 6

0,0 10 3,3 7

45,0 83,3

PyMBIHm THMHmIloapa 45,0 OpeH6ypr Poccisi 80,0 YKPaHHa 1IHeriPOneTPOBCK HCTO'qHHI: COTPYpaHmKH BceMHpHoro EaHKCa

xaonnjruc 13

13,2 9,8 13,5 13,2 2

5,2 9,6

rIpHMeiaHHAs:

ESMAP:

oionrapIAs

"IlpHpogHoMy

ra3:

1lo?IHTHKa HI BoIIpOCLI'=, oTqeT

N째

188/96 2.

CTOHMOCTE,

XUUIHIUHOrO

.OCTaBKH

rpaHHrie

4oHIa OT npe=npHTHr

ra3a, anpejm 1996 r).

ropo,ga

(rlpoeKT

SAR oTaejneHHA

Ha OCHOBe npoeica no pacnpeAIeneHHIO

rIpHnoweHHe F 215

1996 r.): 1,65 ,4ojrn. /1000 Ky6. M /100 KM. CpegHeB3BenIeHHaS IIHHa TpaH3HTHLIX .IIHHHi, paccqHTaHHaA YKpra3IipoeKToM, COCTaBJISeT 1190 KM. Bmiiiieyxa3aHHoe 3HaIeHHe HeMHOrO HH2Ke CTOHMOCTH 3a TpaH3HT, yCTaHOBneHHMIi4 YKpra3npOeKTOM, 1992 r. (22 %OJTI.); HeT CCbUIKH Ha ra3, iio.yHeHHbIii xKax pOJITH' OUeHKa BceMHpHOrO EaHKa ,aeT 3KOHoMieCKHe H3ZaepX(KH TpaH3HTa B 15 ,gojum./ 1000 Ky6. M ra3 B KaleICTBe po5UITI, COCTaBHJI 6EI IIpHMepHo 6,5% OT BeJIHIHHM>I ripOriyCKHOEI cioco6HocT, IIpHMepHo 6 Ao.ivi. /1000 Ky6. M. 06maq TpaH3HTHaS riiaTa rIJOC ra3 B KalleCTBe pOSAITH C HCIIOJIh3OBaHHeM TparHIHOHHoro MeTo4a COCTaBJia 6u 21 aojui./ 1000 Ky6. M.

HIo PYMrIHHH: 4,0. B 1992 r. Bo.nrapHs onIiaTHIia

Ho YKpanHe: 19,8

Ha OCHOBe (Lovei, HEojE,

KOJIH-IecTBo ra3a, ocTaBiueecs B PYMEIHHI COCTaBHJIO HMIIOpTHpOBaHHOrO BojirapHeli H3 POCCHH.

TpaH3HT

HaTypoft:

4% OT o6feMa ra3a,

B pacqeT

(Lovei, inojiE

Ha OCHOBe pacqeTa IIJIaTbI 3a TpaH3HT ();HelipoiieTpOBCK HaxOAHTCs3 B 200 KM

B3STO

(2 aonu./ 1000 Ky6. M ./100 KM)

200

1996 r.)

OT pOCCHEiCKOEi rpaHHUIb B HoBoncKoBe).

ra3 npogaeTcA Ha rpaHHfie iMmropTepa. Ha OCHoBe pacqeToB riiiaTI 3a TpaH3HT A YKpaHHEII H TpaH3HT qIepe3 Be.napycE, o6omejics 6bi npHMepHO B 9 gojn./ 1000 xy6. M (nHHa rpy6oupoBoga no BenapycH 500 KM). Io Bceii BHXHMOCTH, Hlojbma niiaTHT HaMHOrO 6onmue, HeM JIHTBa.

(Nocius, Hiojib 1996)

10.

OpeH6ypr pacnonoxeH 6JIH3KO K KPYIIHoMy ra3OBOMy MeCTopo2keHHIo. CTOHMOCTh TpaHcIopTa He paccmaTpHBaeTcq.

11.

Cpezi

CTOHMOCTb TpaHcnopTa 1epe3 PyMEIHHiO nIe)HT B npezeniax 11 - 15

,aonn./ 1000 Ky6. M (ESMAP: CrpaTerHLS B oTHomeHHH HPHPOAHoro ra3a ,IsA PYMMIHHH, ioJm 1996 r.). Bionbmee 3HaqeHHe HPIHH3TO H3-3a pacrojio)KeHHA r. THMHiuoapa Ha CaMOM 3anaIHOM KOHUe CTpaHmI. CTOHMOCTB ra3a Ha BXoae B ropo,l MO)eT H3MeHHTLCA, eCJIH THmHIMoapa 6yaeT CHa6wKaTECsl qepe3 BeHrpHIO.

12.

KaK H EI PymInHHH (BpowiaB pacnoiioiKeH B 3anaa,HoA wacTH Ilonbum). Tpe6yeT nepepa6OTKHl.

13.

Ha OCHoBe 1IKy6. M= 8700 Kxani (HH3UIuA npeIen TenjiOTBOpHOCTi).

To we camoe 3HaHeHHe,

3KOHOMUiecKue U3depNKU Ha dpyeue sudbi monnuea B OTHOIImeHHH 3KOHOMHIeCKHX H3laep)KeK Ha .pyrHe BHABI TOHJIHBa, nOMHMO npHpoaHoro ra3a, no 6 H3yqeHH6IM ropoaam ESMAP CM. Ta6n. F - 2.

Ta6n. F-2. 3KoHoMH4ecKme I3gep)KKm npOM3BOACTBO yrJsq, 3j1eKTPo3Heprum

u Ma3yTa B CBE I 6CC

OCHOBHbie napameTpbi )nIJHKOHKpeTHblX npHMepoB: 3KOHOMHMeCKHe H3nepwICH HO BHA,aM TOnHJHBa Ba3HCHbliH rOI: 1995 POCCH51

YKpaRHHa

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MHPOBOHi

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PyMb61HHSI

JHTBa

Co4HA

THmuHioapa

KayHac

pbIHOK

PoTrepAaM

AnHenponeTp. OpeH6ypr

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BpolunaB

T3U

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Et)uHuqa U3M.

Ky36acc

YroJnb, B IeJIoM nO CTPaHe

Ypan B cpe1HeM

JIrHFHHT

JHrHHT

TenJIOTBOPHOCTb CTOHMOCTB Ha

KKaI/Kr

AoJu. ClllA/T

uaxTe

4HaHCOBmLe HOTepH,

,OJ1i.

cy6cH,HH

CWIA/T

CTOUMOCTb TpaHCnOpTHPOBKH ARoJu.

HeT JIaHHb6X

MapHua

5012

7160

5500

4500

5000

1700

1600

112

109

148

131

8,6

15,6

9,8

6,2

5,3

5,8

21,2

18,8

6000

CWIIA/T

no cTpaHe

3KOHOMHqecCaH CTOHMOCTb AOJU.

CmA/T

npH TernjIOTBopHocTH 7000

Ao.Ju.

CDUA/T jouLn. CMA/TFKan

CepocoJep)KaHHe, (%) 3onbHocTr,

0,7-0,9%

0,8-1,0% 21%

(%)

5-7%

YroJIb, HMnOpT

TCnFOTBOPHOCTb

KKaJi/Kr

6000

6000 HeT naHHbIX

5500

HeT

HCT

HeT

AaHHbIX

JaHHbIX

napiTeT HmnopTa 3HepreTHqeCKorO yrai =

UeHa

7,5

9,7

9,1

12,0

13,7

8,8

4,5

3,5

3,35

4,2

2,8

ZOJn.

Ha rpaHHUe

CmIA/T CTOHMOCTH TpaHCnOpTHPOBKH

jAoJLI.

no cTpaHe

CLLIA/T

3KoHoMHxiecKag CTOHMOCTb

jo-ru.

npH TenJIOTBOpHOCTH

CIIUA/T 7000 Aojioi.

CLIAJT .onn. ClUA/icani 3AeITpo3HeprHsi HpeCeJIbHbie H3JePKicH

IeHTOB/ICBT.q

JAJIHTeCJbHoro nepHoAa 4CTOqHHK: COTPYrHHUcH BceMHpHoro SaHKa

2,5

frlpHoxeHHe F

217

3KOHOMWmeCKaR CTOUMOCTb. npON3BOACTBa Tenria CpaBHeHHe 3aTpaT Ha IIpOH3BO.ACTBO TeIjioBoH 3HMeprFH Ha T3U H B OTOnIHTeJIbHLIX KOTeJIE,HbIX, IHOAaEOIIHX TeIInjO B TeIlnIOCeTh, CO CTORMOCTbIO npOH3BOZCTBa TerUlOBOfi 3HeprIHH KOTJIaMH B 3taHHAX, HYAaeTCA B nOrpaBKe Ha TefJIOIoOTepH IpH nepegaTIe H pacdipe,eJIeHHH. 143-3a TeIInIIoTepb B CHCTeMax LIT CyIUeCTBYeT rIoTpe6HOCTE B 6onEbmIIer

Bbipa6oTKe TeIIJIOBOi

3HeprHH Ha yCTaHOBKax LT ARA fIoaaI TOrO ice KojiHiecTBa TerIIJOBOk 3HeprHH B 3,4aHHAI, KOTOpOe BbIpa6aTi,IBaeTCs KOTjiaMH B 3gaHHiX. TerjoriOTepH ABJIAIOTCS HacTmIEo CTOHMOCTH TerUTouIepeuanH, KOTOPaA aHaJIH3HpyeTCA B Pa3,aene 4.1.3. B aByX Ta6JIHIaX HH)Ke HOKa3aHbI pe3yJIBTaTEI aHaAH3a B03gefCTBHI YPOBHA TeHnjOnOTepb Ha pa3HHIXY B CTOHMOCTH rIIOH3BOACTBa TeIIJIOBOM 3HeprMH Ha BE,IxoOe C rIpe.JpHATH, ripH CpaBHeHHH CHCTeMwI Ha 6a3e T31J H CHcTeMbI, rpeaycMarPHBsaomeA KOTJIMI B 34aHmH, BKEolI10A norpe6HoCTB xis yBejiHqeHRA npOH3BOacTBa.

Ta6n. F- 3. Pa3HwLa BCTOUMOCTU4 npOH3BOACTBa TenlnOBOU 3HeprHH: T31-LIT nlpOTHB KOTenbHbiX B 3AaHHRX, KaK CIyHKLAM4 OT TeniolnOTepb floTepH

10%

15%

20%

25%

,llHeiipOnIeTpOBCK

$11,3

$10,5

$10,2

KayHac OpeH6ypr CO4Hs

$9,8

$12,6 $10,7 $14,8

$9,4

$11,7 $1O,1 $13,8

$11,3 $9,8 $13,3

$10,9 $9,4 $12,8

THMHmoapa

$14,2

$13,2

$10,5 $9,1 $12,3

BpounaB B CPEaHEM CPEA. K030. CTOHMOCTH

$12,7

$12,2

$20,4 $14 39%

$11,7

$19,4 $13,1 42%

$18,9 $12,7 44%

$18,4 $12,2 46%

$17,9 $11,8 48%

I4CTOqHHK: COTpy1HHKH BceMHpHoro BaHca,

Ha OCHOBe

xOH1cpeTHbIX ilpHMepoB ESMAP

344eKTHBHaA cHcTeMa JIT, pacrIojio2leHHaA B paHoHe BbICOKOii IIIOTHOCTH clipoca, HMeeT TerIJIOrIOTepH IIPHMePHO 10%. MeHee 344eITHBHbIe cHcTeMMI HJH 394XeKTHBHbIe CHcTeMbi, pacrioo)KeHHi6ie B pafoHax C HH3KHMH rIOTHOCTSMH cupoca, 6yzyT IMeTB nOTePH rlpHmepHo 25%. B Ta6niHie F-3 noKa3aHo cpasBHHTeCJIHO orpaJ{HH-eHHoe B03,erICTBHe TeiljioIOTep]6 Ha ipeHmyrlecTBa 3aTpaT ipH <<OnTHMH3HpOBaHHOM rIPOH3BOaCTBe Ha T3I)>, H riOKa CTOHMOCTB Teiinonepegawu (KaHHTajBHwe H34epCXKH muuoc 3aTpaTbI Ha 3KcljinyaTaHUlO H Texo6CJIy)KHBaHHe

MHHYC CTOHMOCTh TenjioHoTepB)

6yAyT HH)Ke 11,8 ItT 6y.ieT KoHKypeHTocrioco6Hor. AJIs YCTaHOBOK OTOIHTeNJIhHMX KOTejiBHuX, KaK I1OKa3aHO B Ta6n. F-4, CHTYaUHA HaMHOrO MeHee 6iiaronpiATHasq. CTOHMOCTE TenrionepeRaam Toraa 4oJIDKHa 61mTE HHXCe 5,3 - 7,4 zoun. CIIIA. ,J,iA rpa4)H'IecKoro ripe.CTaBjieHHA CM. PHC. 4.1 B HaCTo3uieM OTqIeTe.

13,1 gouin.

CLIA/MBT.I, CHCTeMa

218

rloBbuweHHe 341eKTHBHocTH CHCT4M TerenocHa6)IeHHA

B CTpaHaX UeHTpam6HOf H BOCTOx*HO1r EBPOrmb

pecny6JiHKax 6blsBlero CoBeTCKOro C0o03a

Ta6n. F- 4. Pa3HMIa B CTOUMOCTm lpOI13BOACTBa TenlnlOBOUI 3HeprIU: OK-L4T npOTHB KOTenJHblX B 3AaHHMX, KaK CDyHKLAHq OT TenflOflOTepb IHOTepH

10%

15%

20%

25%

)IHenpOIIeTpOBCK

$6,9 $7,5 $7,7 $8,6 $7,9 $14,2 $8,8 61%

$5,7 $6,1 $6,8 $7,0 $6,3 $12,6 $7,4 67%

$5,1 $5,4 $6,3 $6,2 $5,4 $11,8 $6,7 70%

$4,5 $5,8 $5,8 $5,4 $4,6 $10,5 $6,0 74%

$3,9 $4,1 $5,4 $4,6 $3,8 $10,2 $5,3 77%

KayHac OpeH6ypr CoRsx THMHnioapa BpoUiaB B CPE,HEM CPE,. KO30. CTO0IMOCTH

HcTotnHHmK: COTPYuHHKIH BceMHpHoro SaHKa,

Ha OCHOBe KOHKpeTHBIX

Hanpfl)ceHHOCT6 TennOBOIR Harpy3KN u M3AepM(KN CTOEIMOCTE, pacipeaenieHHM yHKgHIO

HanpAIKeHHOCTH

npHmepOB ESMAP

Ha pacnpeAerieHie y6EIBaiomyio HeCKOJIhKO onpegxeneHHir

TefnlOBOr4 3HeprHH o6i,rHo rIpezcTaBiser co6oi

TeiUiOBOri Harpy3KH. I4CHOOJIb3yeTCS

HarISAKeHHOCTH TeriLiOBOH Harpy3KH. <<HanpAIceHHoCTb TenjioeMKoCTH») Tpy6onpOBoaa, UpoioeiCHHorO B TpaHmee>> HJIH BLipaxeHa 1Iepe3

4JIS1 YCTaHOBJieHH

Mo)KeT 6EIm

<(MBT/KM

Kai< "MBT/Km2". «(Hanp3ieHHOCT16 TeIJIMOBO Harpy3KH>» MOweT 6E,ITE Bi6ipaxKeHa Hepe3 «<MBT.q/KM Tpy6oripOBo,a, Ipojio)ceHHorO B ipaHiIIee) H KaK <<MBT.,i / KM2>>. HaIIPS)KeHHOCTB TenJIOBOfi HarPY3KH BBilIe cIIpoca Ha TeI7inoeMKOCTb (MBT/ KM2) oiipeaeiAseTCs KaK: O

TeDII0OBaA Harpy3Ea 3,aaHHf B yHITEiBaeTCs THI 3,aaHHA (BbICoTHoe, HH3Koe);

pa3Mep

COOTBeTCTBylOWeM

(pacIeTHa.A)

o6cnyWcHBaeMoro

yqacTKa

orIIpeaejieHHE6IM

HClI0JIB30BaHHe TeppHTOpHH (ymrEni, liapKH, 3,4aHHAL

HanpA)KeHHOCTE, TeIIIOBOII Harpy3KH

oripezeniieTcsA

qepe3

3HeprHH Ha

yIacTOK

paROHe;

rpyrinaM

3AaHHA,

32aCeb

H T.,A.).

TeIIJIOBYIO Harpy3Ky Ha ,JHHy

rpy6onpOBora

epe3:

rIIOIHyO TeIITiOBYEO HarPY3KY Ha 3TOM y"aCTKe;

wAJHHY Tpy6onpOBO0UOB Ha 3TOM yiacTKe. 06iuyO

pac'IeTOB H CpaBHeHHSA TeIIoHalIpADKeHHOCTH, BXOaHbi 3HaMxeHHA olipeeJIeHE6I rlyTeM nO2iyHeHHS OTBeTOB Ha cJieAyiolHe BOnpOCLI: JIJI

OJIDKHE 6,Irb

O O

EMKOCTHaS Harpy3Ka: rOiAKTEOEoeHHaA Harpy3Ka HiH nIHKOBaS Harpy3Ka? 3HepreTHIecKaA Harpy3Ka: nioTpe6feHHas HnI IIocTaBneHHaS 3HeprHAl?

JJHHa Tpy60npOBO0XO1R o6BOXIHblX IHHHf?

CHCTeMLI:

TOHHO

2MHHa nOZBO2=HX H o6paTHix Tpy6 HJIHZAHHa

rlpuiowemie

219

YHaCTOI: BKmOqIaA HiH HcCKJUOoMa HeHaCeJIeHHEIe "taCTKH (rIapKH, rIpyMrl H T.A.), rAe HaXO,L5ITCSI rpaHNinI o6cnyxMBaeMoro y-laCTKa?

06bFmqHo Mo0KeT 6m,TIb ipHMeHeH cJielyioIHri IIpHHIUHII: El

eveM KOpoe CeTL Ha 1 MBT HJI Ha 1 MBT.'I rOaOBOfl Harpy3KH, TeM HH)Ke HHBeCTHitHoHHbIe 3aTpaTbI H HH)Ke TeIIIOnOTepH H 11OTepH BOaEZI Ha 1 MBT.H, flpO2aHHbIf rioTpe6HTemo.

TeInuOrIOTepH Bo3paCTaIOT, KaK H H3-3a TOrO, 'ITO TpaHCIIOcTHo I CeTE, CTaHOBHTCA IJHHHee, TaK H H3-3a TOrO, 'ITO Tpy6Eli CyAaiOTCI. YpOBeHb . TeiLiOiOTepB Ha eCZHHuy TpaHCnopTHpyeMo0 Te11JIOBOiN 3HeprHH CHHNKaeTCs C yBeniHeHHeM amaMerpa Tpy6onpoBoaa zjo Tex nop, rIoKa iponycKHma cnoco6HoCTEb Tpy6ul He yBeJIH'HTCS qpe3MepHo no CpaBHeHHIO C Harpy3KoA. 3ToT nIpHHNH1I rIOJIHOCThIO 6a3HpyeTCs Ha iipeZriojioxKeHHH THIIHIqHOA <<apXHTeKTypE>I CeTH, Kor.a noTpe6HTenH 6oAee HNH MeHee paBHoMepHO pacipeaeuieHELi no o6cnyialBaeMoMy

yiacTKy, a ceTm HmeeT MHoxCecTBo oTBeTBjieHHii. Ha pHc. F-i noKa3aHo, 'TO onpegeueHHe TeIIJIOHanp5DKeHHOCTH He MO)xeT 3aMeHHTEJ aHaJIH3 OCMOTpHTeCJ6HOCTH CHCTeMEI LUT, IIOCKOJIEKy Te wKe caMbIe TenJIOHan1IpSKeHHOCTH gpyrHe apXHTeKTypi6I CeTH H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, pacnpeAejieHHe.

(B MBT/KM2 ) MoryT cKpLIBaTL COBepmeHHO apyroe HHBeCTHPOBaHHe H H3E9ep)KKH Ha

CooTHoiiieHHe MexKIy HHBeCTHiuiOHHbIMH 3aTpaTaMH H TennonoTepqMH, a TaKwoe HaripAiKeHHOCTLIO TerIJIOBOH Harpy3KH, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, noKa3aHO Ha PHC. F-2 H F-3 6onee nogpo6Ho. I4CHoJIb3yS zwaMeTp Tpy6onpoBo09oB BMeCTO HanpAIeKHHOCTH TenrIOBOAI Harpy3KH N npe,Anojiaras,, wTO .AJLS[ BCeX AHaMeTpoB CKOPOCTEb nOTOKxa OHHaKOBaA, Ha PHc. F - 2

IIOKa3aHO, xITO HHBeCTUHOHHoHie 3aTpaTbI Ha eNHHHiNy nponycCKHoNi cnoCo6HOCTH fpH Tenuonepegaxie na,zaOT go 50% npH nepexoge C 200-MM Tpy6onpOBoAa Ha 400-MM Tpy6onpoBo0, H go 30% IIpH nepexoge Ha Tpy6onIpOBOa gHaMeTpOM 800 MM. TenlofIoTepH Ha eaNHHHiy npoIIycKHoN& cnoco6HOCTH cHHNKaEOTCS eine 6onbme, ,no 13 H 11 %, CooTBeTCTBeHHO. PaMHmia B HaIIpSDKeHHOCTH Harpy3KH o6'sACHXeT O0pOMHYIO pa3HHUy ripH TenCJIOOTePSIX MexQAy CHCTeMaMH, KOTOpEIe B OCTaJIBHOM KCrIOJIb3yl0T OIHHaKOBYIO TexHojiorHI. B cHcTeMax LXT FepMaHHH, Hcrlojib3yeMbix B caMIIX KpynHLIX

yp6aiH3HpoBaHHIx iueHTpax, cpeAHHe TeniioiioTepH cocTasBnoT oKojio 10%/. B AaHHH, rge IJT oxBaTImaeT 6o0iee 50% xcmmuiIXHoro 4joHga, CpeaHHe IIOTepH COCTaBJIH1OT 22%, B He6oIbmHx cenEcKNx CHCTeMax, nOTepH aOXO=T Ao 40%. nOABHaIHCb

paNioHax;

B HHfepnaHzax CHCTeMEI IJT

XOBOJhHO Io03xtHO; H B OCHOBHOM HCIIOJIE,3yOTCS

CpegHeM IIOTePH COCTaBJIEOT 24%.

B HOBEIX, MaAOHaCeneHHbi6x

220

IloBbrIneHHe 3@4eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TennocHa6)KeHHR B CTpaHaX lAeHTpajThHOA H BOCTOtIHOR EBpormi6 H pecny6auncax 6IBxBmero COBeTccKoro C0o03a

Puc.

F-1. TEnnOHAnPsIKEHHOCTb

TennoBaq Harpy3Ka 50 MBT ,q1nMHa ceTu 25 KM

TennoHanp.qK. = 2 MBT/KM TennoHanp,qK. =50 MBT/KM 2

U APXUTEKTYPA CETU

TennoBaA Harpy3Ka 50 MBT

TennoBaq Harpy3Ka 50 MBT QniHa ceTM 0 KM

qnMlHa ceTi 1 KM

TennoHanpsx. = 50 MBT/KM TennoHanpq)K. =50 MBT/KM 2

TennoHanpFix. = c TennoHanpnix. =50 MBT/KM

TY - Tenno3HepreTH.ecKaq ycTaHOBKa

PUC. F-2. MHBECT4LIHOHHbIE 3ATPATbI 1 TEnnOnOTEPU KAK OYHKIU4.q OT rUAMETPA TPYSbI 1 .2

------- ,-------- -.----.------

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- - - ... .

- - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - -

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-.-

YpOOHb TonIAonoTepb

-..

po BOe b NH Se c TM 4

--.--

- - - - - - - - - -

A Ka

1ICTOqHHK: PaccqH'TaHo

a 00 mm

400 u

200 mm M

*Tp

no aaHHiMM Hcci1eaOBsazH

Tpy6 h

ESMAP Ha npm4epe

zHeriponeTpoBcKa, Ta6n. 3.13 H PHc.

3.7. npHIMe,qaHHe: flpelnonaraeTc3II OCTOxHHaJA CKOpOCTh TexeHHq W151BCeX flHaMerpOB.

CHHxeHHe HHBeCTiHiOHHBIX 3aTpaT B CHCTeMe UT C noBwIneHHeM HaipASKeHHOCTH TerIjiOBO1l Harpy3KH ipOaeMOHCTpHpOBaHO Ha PHc. F-3. CHHDKeHHe HanpAIKeHHOCTH Harpy3KH CHJT6HO BJIHAeT Ha yBeJIHNeHHe HHBeCTHIUoHHBIX 3aTpaT, 'eM

Ha IOBEI1iueHHe

8300

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(CM. PHc.

F-2).

ceTefI H IIOAKjIOqeHHA

221

3TO, BepOATHO, BEbI3BaHO BI,ICOKOil CTOHMOCTM,O HH>KeHepHbIX K 3gaHEO, Koraa Ta &e caMaq Harpy3Ka pacrpeaenAeTcs no

HeCKOjEiKHM 3ZIaHHSM, BMeCTO O,lHOrO 6orn,iiorO 3gaHHA

(PHc. F-1).

Pt4c. F-3. HAnPqSVEHHOCTb HArPY3Kl. 14I4HBECTI4UI4OHHblE 3ATPATbI B UEHTPAnJI30BAHHOM TEnfJOCHA5SEHIM

HanprnKeHHoCTb Harpy3KH u HHBeCTHLA4OHHbie 3aTpaT61 B IAeHTpanJ 3OBaHHOM TennocHa6wKeHHH

800 x

700

600 x co 500 E ic-400O 50 z

200 100 0 500

800 1200 1900 2300 2800

TennOHanprnKeHHOCTb MBT.4/ra/roA HICTOqHHi: BHToJI6A lqepy6HH 'HHcTwryuHoHajmEHLie Tpe6oBaHH no r noBB6IMeHHfo 3c4eKTHBHOCTH TerToCHa6axeHHL. OT'eT KOHCynjTTaHTa ESMAP. BamHHrToH, oKpyr Koj1yM6HA: BceMHpHbrl} EaHK, 1996 r. (niHTHpyeTcs H3 HCccneAoBaHH ESMAP Ha npHmepe BpounaBa, Ta6n. 33).

MHOrHX HCCIe,gOBaHHqX HCIIOJIb3yeTCSI HaIIpAKeHHOCTEh

TenIJIOBOHI Harpy3KH B Ka{eCTBe

rIepBoro YK3aRHA Ha 3KOHOMHLeCKyio rpaHHiy Meewy IIT H CHCTeMOrl ra3oCHa6IceHH3s. KaK TOJMKO B03paCTaioIaA CTOHMOCTE, TpaHcOpTHpOBKH 1 MBT. TeHnjiOBOl 3HeprHH c

IIa,IeHHeM HaiipA)KeHHOCTH TerijioBoro rIoTOKa JIHKBEHRPYeT rpeHMyMecTBa 3aTpaT Ha IIpOH3BOJtCTBO MBT.HI TeriIia, IpHpOAHEHbd ra3 cTaHOBHTcA 6onee BbIrOaIHMm BapHaHTOM (CM. Ta6n. 4-2 B OCHOBHOM OTtieTe). 3TOT nozxoa iomoraeT HpOH3BeCTH 6EjcTpEui oT6op parOHOB ropozaa, IIO,aXOaAIMX xI5A CHa6)KeHHIA UT, HO He yCTpaHSeT HeO6XOaHMOCTH B 6onIee rJIy6OKoM aHaAIH3e.

222

rIOBblIIeHIe 344IeTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenfOCHa6)KeHHIA B CTpaHaX 1geHTPaJTbHOf H BOCTOTIHOi EBPOnrI H pecnry6nHKax 6bLBwero COBeTcKoro C0o03a

BnMJHR

e Ha OKpy)KaiOuAyiO cpeAy pa3nJi4H6IX BaptaHTOB TennocHa6NKeH&Iq

pa6oTalo0laA Ha yrJIe, BEI6HpaeTCS B KaMecTBe o6meHauHoHanibHoro rpo0H3BoAHTejiA-3aMeHHTejsi, ero BbI6poCbI BEIiiie, B OTJIHme OT HipenpHSATIIA B Pa3,aene 4, 'em BbI6poCbI CyiueCTBy1oueH T3U HIiH ripeanaraemoro BapHaHTa coBpeMeHHoi T3LI. Ilepexo, Ha KOTJIbI B 3mamHm HJIH B KBapTHpaX B OpeH6ypre fO:3TOMY yBentmJno 6E cyMmapHEuIe BbI6poCEI, 'iTO oTpa3IHJoc 6LI B riOBIUiieHHH 3aTpaT Ha Teijio, eciiH IIpHH5TE, BO BHHMaHHM H39epXaH Ha OXpaHy oKpyA(a&oi.eM CpeabI. Bm6pocE6I Kor,qa cTapas

He3oeKTHBHaA 3iieKTpOCTaHiHAS,

UT 6EuiH 6BI

HH>Ke 3MHCCHr nperipHAsmA- 3aMeHHTeJjA. B pe3yJmETaTe, o6niasa CTOHMOCTE, TefIIOBOiI 3HeprHH B noTpe6jieHH3i, BKjO'aSA KOHTpOJEHOM BapHaHTe HwIH B crieHapHuiX Mep CO CTOPOHm CTOHMOCTE, TeHJIOBOM ieM HH)Ke, CBSI3aHH]bIe C oKpy)Kaioiief cpeaofi 6yjeT H3,epXKH, 3HeprHH B cnyqae "6e3 3arpaT Ha oxpaBHy oKpyIcaioteii cpeaI". B BapHaHTax c rIpH

rIpHHLTHH{

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ra3oTyp6HHHbEM yCTaHOBKaMH 3aMKHyToro iHKJia (Fy3L]) 3o4eKT oco6eHHo O'IeBHaeH; CM. PHc. F-4 H F-5. B ripimepe c OpeH6yproM, OTHOCHTeJIBHO HH3KHe BbI6pOCE,I BapHaHTa

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rY3LU gaii

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6E, 3KOHOMHIO Ha BbI6pocax, 3HaIeHHAI KOTOpLIX BIime, HeM

TenIa, TaKEIM o6pa3oM Be= K "6ecidaTHoMy TenrIy".

BpoixLIaBa BaPHaHT

o6umas CTOHMOCTE,

npHIoxceHHe F

223

Pwu F4 OMpir

3pprJ3,WIpbIaTlenn feO 3. uo Ha NXw 3mWpB Ha coxpay aoWeI cpq i

1200-

c ym

u 6e3

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l =--c3-X0 -o ZO~~~

400-E

Br1w

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HcToqHHi: 14cieAOBaHHe no nporpaMme ESMAP

Bme4r4

MC 6

P"r5

Ha npHmepe OpeH6ypra.

Puc. F-5. BpownaB O6uleroOsble 3aTpaTmi Ha TenrioByf o 3Heprnlo Ha xonuiule Cy4eeToM U 6e3 3aTpaT Ha oxpaHy oKpyNcax4eH cpeAbi

700 600 500

-m

a3oB 6e3 300C *BEa3m. c300C MCH 6e 300C

200 -

BapuaHT 1

BaptlaHT

Bapi4aHT 3

BapuaHr 4

-100

THcTOqHHm: HccnegoBaHHe

no nporpaMMe ESMAP Ha npmepe BpowiaBa.

BapmaHT 5

I I

np4no)KeHHe G AHenponeTpoBCKIYKpal4Ha: HHTerpl4pOBaHHbfl4

AeMOHCTpaLAoHHbIu npoeKT no 3KOHOMU14 TenifiOBOA 3Heprmi* Lenm IlpoeKT npOgeMOHCTP"yeT 3KOHOMH'qHOCTE. H 3Heproc6eperaEotlHe Mepbi, icaK B CHCTeMbI TeIIjiocHa62KeHHA, TaK H ropAqero BoaoCHa6xceHH, a TaKxxe B 3aaHwix, o6ia,aaOT IOTeHTHa1iOM gzi pacipocTpaHeHHs onErra B

6onee

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6bIBmero CCCP"

DNIEPROPETROVSKIUKRAINE. DUTCH TASK FORCE: TEBODIN/ECN/ENECO. JUNE 10, 1997. FINAL CONSULTANT REPORT. THE HAGUE. Kaunas/Lithuania. Dutch Task Force: Tebodin/ECN/Eneco. May 23, 1997. Final Consultant Report. The Hague. OrenburgiRussia. Stork Comprimo Consultants. March 1997. Final Consultant Report. Amsterdam. Sofia/Bulgaria. Mannheimer Versorgungs- und Verkehrsgesellschaft (MVV). April 1997. Final Consultant Report (Fieldwork carried out jointly with Sofregaz). With support from Kreditanstalt flir Wiederaufbau/French Consultant Trust Fund. Mannheim. Timisoara/Romania. MVV. April 1997. Final Consultant Report (fieldwork carried out jointly with Sofregaz). With support from Kreditanstalt flir Wiederaufbau/French Consultant Trust Fund. Mannheim. Wroclaw/Poland. Stork Comprimo Consultants. March 1997. Final Consultant Report. Amsterdam. );PYrHe MaTepNaSIi,

no,grOTOBw1eHHbme B PaMKaX nporpammm ESMAP "HoBblmeHNe Kr, CNCTeM TeEiocHa6fteHHsI B LReHTpaJI6Hofi H BocroqHoft EBpone, pecny6aHiKaX 6IBImero CCCP"

Arpaillange, Josephine. June 1995. Lithuania-TheBuildings and the People: Homeowner Association Profile, HouseholdEnergy Survey, Building Assessment Study. Main Report and List of Reports. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. BCEOM French Engineering Consultants. 1995. Cost-effective Technologiesfor ThermoRehabilitationof Buildings in Lithuania. Final Consultant Report; with support from the European Commission DG XVII THERMIE Program. Biomass Technology Group. May 30, 1995. "Household Fuel Appliance Assessment Study on Lithuania." Draft Report. Cherubin, Witold. September 1996. InstitutionalRequirementsfor Increasingthe Efficiency ofHeating in Poland. Final Consultant Report. Warsaw.

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CrpaHax ECC

Friedemann & Johnson Consultants/MVV. September 1995. "Increasing the Efficiency of the Heating Sector in Central and Eastern Europe: Definition of Methodology." Draft Consultant Report. With support from the European Commission DG XVII THERMIE Program and MVV (Mannheimer Versorgungs- und Verkehrsgesellschaft). Mostert, Wolfgang. December 1997. The HeatingSector in Centraland EasternEurope: Issues and Options. Final Consultant Report. Copenhagen. Oeko-Institut. March 1998. Increasingthe Efficiency of Heating Systems in Centraland Eastern Europe: Application of the Environmental ManualforPowerDevelopment. Final Consultant Report. Darmstadt. Pogorzelski, Jerzy, and Krzysztof Kasperkiewicz. October 1996. The Role ofEnergy Conservationin Increasingthe Efficiency of Heating in Poland. Final Consultant Report. Warsaw. Vine, Edward, Eduardas Kazakevicius, Lee Schipper, and Stephen Meyers. April 1997. ResidentialEnergy Use in Lithuania: The Prospectsfor Energy Efficiency. Final Consultant Report. Berkeley. AOnOnHIHTenbHbie MaTeplanbl

Martinot, Eric. 1997. "Investments to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Existing Residential Buildings in Countries of the Former Soviet Union." Studies of Economies in Transition 24 (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank). World Bank. April 1998. Profile of Energy Sector Activities of the World Bank in ECA. Washington, D.C.

Joint UNDP/World Bank

ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) LIST OF REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country

Activity/Report Title

Date

Number

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR) Africa Regional

Angola Benin Botswana

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros

Congo C6te d'Ivoire

Anglophone Africa Household Energy Workshop (English) Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electric Power System Losses in Africa (English) Institutional Evaluation of EGL (English) Biomass Mapping Regional Workshops (English) Francophone Household Energy Workshop (French) Interafrican Electrical Engineering College: Proposals for Shortand Long-Term Development (English) Biomass Assessment and Mapping (English) Symposium on Power Sector Reform and Efficiency Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (English) Commercialization of Marginal Gas Fields (English) Commercilizing Natural Gas: Lessons from the Seminar in Nairobi for Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) Power Rehabilitation and Technical Assistance (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Energy Assessment (English) Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study (English) Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy (English) Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study (English) Household Energy Issues Study (English) Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Technical Assistance Program (English) Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) Energy Assessment (English) Petroleum Supply Management (English) Status Report (English and French) Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1983-1987) (English and French) Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) Peat Utilization Project (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) Household Energy Strategy Study (English) Energy Assessement (French) Elements of Strategy for Urban Household Energy The Case of Ndjamena (French) Energy Assessment (English and French) In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros Energy Assessment (English) Power Development Plan (English and French) Energy Assessment (English and French) hnproved Biomass Utilization (English and French)

07/88

085/88

08/88 02/89 05/89 08/89

087/88 098/89

03/90 03/90

112/90 --

06/96 12/97

182/96 201/97

01/00 05/89 10/91 06/85 09/84 01/86 07/87 07/87 02/88 05/91 01/86 03/86 06/91 06/82 01/84 02/84

225/00 4708-ANG 142/91 5222-BEN 4998-BT 047/86 071/87 072/87 -132/91 5730-BUR 052/86 134/91 3778-BU 012/84 011/84

05/85 09/85 11/85 01/92 08/84 02/90

036/85 042/85 046/85 9215-BU 5073-CV 110/90

08/92

9898-CAR

12/93 01/88

160/94 7104-COM

05/00 01/88 03/90 04/85 04/87

230/00 6420-COB 106/90 5250-IVC 069/87

-2Region/Country Cote d'Ivoire

Ethiopia

Gabon The Gambia

Ghana

Guinea Guinea-Bissau

Kenya

Lesotho Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali

Activity/Report Title Power System Efficiency Study (English) Power Sector Efficiency Study (French) Project of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (English) Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project (English) Bagasse Study (English) Cooking Efficiency Project (English) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Solar Water Heating Retrofit Project (English) Solar Photovoltaic Applications (English) Petroleum Supply Management Assistance (English) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Rationalization in the Industrial Sector (English) Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) Industrial Energy Efficiency (English) Energy Assessment (English) Household Energy Strategy (English and French) Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English & Portuguese) Management Options for the Electric Power and Water Supply Subsectors (English) Power and Water Institutional Restructuring (French) Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Status Report (English) Coal Conversion Action Plan (English) Solar Water Heating Study (English) Peri-Urban Woodfuel Development (English) Power Master Plan (English) Power Loss Reduction Study (English) Implementation Manual: Financing Mechanisms for Solar Electric Equipment Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English and French) Environmental Impact of Woodfuels (French) Energy Assessment (English) Technical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of Fuelwood Use in the Tobacco Industry (English) Status Report (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Household Energy Strategy (English and French)

Islarnic Republic Energy Assessment (English and French) of Mauritania Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French)

Date

Number

12/87 02/92 09/95 07/84 10/85 12/86 12/86 12/87 02/96 07/88 11/83 02/85 03/85 04/85 11/86 06/88 11/88 11/92 11/86 01/94 08/84

-140/91 175/95 4741-ET 045/85 062/86 063/86 -179/96 6915-GA 4743-GM 030/85 032/85 035/85 6234-GH 084/88 074/87 148/92 6137-GUI 163/94 5083-GUB

04/85

033/85

02/90 04/91 05/82 03/84 05/84 02/87 02/87 10/87 11/87 09/96

100/90 118/91 3800-KE 014/84 016/84 -066/87 076/87 -186/96

07/00 01/84 12/84 06/85 12/87 01/87 12/87 10/95 08/82

231/00 4676-LSO 5279-LBR 038/85 081/87 5700-MAG 075/87 176/95 3903-MAL

11/83 01/84 11/91 03/92

009/83 013/84 8423-MLI 147/92

04/85 07/90

5224-MAU 123/90

-3 Region/Country Mauritius

Mozambique

Namibia Niger

Nigeria Rwanda

SADC SADCC Sao Tome and Principe Senegal

Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Republic of Sudan

Swaziland Tanzania

Activity/Report Title Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Power System Efficiency Audit (English) Bagasse Power Potential (English) Energy Sector Review (English) Energy Assessment (English) Household Electricity Utilization Study (English) Electricity Tariffs Study (English) Sample Survey of Low Voltage Electricity Customers Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (French) Status Report (English and French) Improved Stoves Project (English and French) Household Energy Conservation and Substitution (English and French) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English and French) Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) Improved Charcoal Production Techniques (English and French) Energy Assessment (English and French) Commercialization of Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Mid-Term Progress Report (English and French) SADC Regional Power Interconnection Study, Vols. I-IV (English) SADCC Regional Sector: Regional Capacity-Building Program for Energy Surveys and Policy Analysis (English)

Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English and French) Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meeting (English and French) Urban Household Energy Strategy (English) Industrial Energy Conservation Program (English) Energy Assessment (English) Electric Power System Efficiency Study (English) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Options for the Structure and Regulation of Natural Gas Industry (English) Management Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Status Report (English) Wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility (English) Energy Assessment (English) Household Energy Strategy Study Energy Assessment (English) Peri-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study (English) Tobacco Curing Efficiency Study (English) Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands (English)

Date 12/81 10/83 05/87 10/87 12/94 01/87 03/90 06/96 06/97 03/93 05/84 02/86 12/87

Number 3510-MAS 008/83 070/87 077/87 3643-MAS 6128-MOZ 113/90 181/96 195/97 11320-NAM 4642-NIR 051/86 080/87

01/88 08/83 07/93 06/82 05/84 08/86 02/87 07/91

082/88 4440-UNI 11672-UNI 3779-RW 017/84 059/86 065/87 8017-RW

12/91 12/93

11/91

141/91

10/85 07/83 10/84 05/85 04/86 02/89 05/94 01/84 08/84 10/87 12/85

5803-STP 4182-SE 025/84 037/85 056/86 096/89 165/94 4693-SEY 021/84 6597-SL 5796-SO

05/95 05/83 07/83 06/84 11/84 07/87 02/87 10/97 11/84 08/88 05/89 06/90

172/95 003/83 4511-SU 018/84 026/84 073/87 6262-SW 198/97 4969-TA 086/88 102/89 --

-4 Region/Country Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zaire Zambia

Zimbabwe

Date

Number

Industrial Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance (English) Power Loss Reduction Volume 1: Transsmission and Distribution SystemTechnical Loss Reduction and Network Development (English) Power Loss Reduction Volume 2: Reduction of Non-Technical Losses (English) Energy Assessment (English) Wood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake (English and French) Power Efficiency Improvement (English and French) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Institutional Review of the Energy Sector (English) Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry (English) Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick and Tile Industry (English) Tobacco Curing Pilot Project (English)

08/90

122/90

06/98

204A/98

06/98 06/85 04/86 12/87 07/83 08/84 01/85 02/86 03/86 12/88

204B/98 5221-TO 055/86 078/87 4453-UG 020/84 029/85 049/86 053/86 092/88

02/89 03/89

Energy Assessment (English) Rural Electrification Strategy Study Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Energy Sector Institutional Review (English) Power Subsector Efficiency Study (English) Energy Strategy Study (English) Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) Energy Assessment (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Status Report (English) Power Sector Management Assistance Project (English) Power Sector Management Institution Building (English) Petroleum Management Assistance (English) Charcoal Utilization Prefeasibility Study (English) Integrated Energy Strategy Evaluation (English) Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance Project: Strategic Framework for a National Energy Efficiency Inprovement Program (English) Capacity Building for the National Energy Efficiency Improvement Progranmme (NEEIP) (English) Rural Electrification Study

12/96 09/99 05/86 01/83 08/85 11/86 02/89 02/89 08/90 06/82 06/83 08/84 04/85 09/89 12/89 06/90 01/92

097/89 UNDP Terminal Report 193/96 221/99 5837-ZR 4110-ZA 039/85 060/86 093/88 094/88 121/90 3765-ZIM 005/83 019/84 034/85

Activity/Report Title

109/89 119/90 8768-ZIM

04/94

12/94 03/00

228/00

11/90 05/89 12/89 07/93

-101/89 105/89 156/93

11/94

168/94

EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) Asia Regional China

Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar (English) County-Level Rural Energy Assessments (English) Fuelwood Forestry Preinvestment Study (English) Strategic Options for Power Sector Reform in China (English) Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control in Township and Village Enterprises (TVE) Industry (English)

Region/Couniry China

Fiji Indonesia

Lao PDR Malaysia Myannar Papua New Guinea

Activity/lReport Title Energy for Rural Development in China: An Assessment Based on a Joint Chinese/ESMAP Study in Six Counties (English) Improving the Technical Efficiency of Decentralized Power Companies Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Power Generation Efficiency Study (English) Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industries (English) Diesel Generating Plant Efficiency Study (English) Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) Biomass Gasifier Preinvestment Study Vols. I & II (English) Prospects for Biomass Power Generation with Emphasis on Palm Oil, Sugar, Rubberwood and Plywood Residues (English) Urban Electricity Demand Assessment Study (English) Institutional Development for Off-Grid Electrification Sabah Power System Efficiency Study (English) Gas Utilization Study (English) Energy Assessment (English)

Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Energy Strategy Paper (English) Institutional Review in the Energy Sector (English) Power Tariff Study (English) Philippines Commercial Potential for Power Production from Agricultural Residues (English) Energy Conservation Study (English) Solomon Islands Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English) South Pacific Petroleum Transport in the South Pacific (English) Thailand Energy Assessment (English) Rural Energy Issues and Options (English) Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves and Charcoal Kilns (English) Northeast Region Village Forestry and Woodfuels Preinvestment Study (English) Impact of Lower Oil Prices (English) Coal Development and Utilization Study (English) Tonga Energy Assessment (English) Vanuatu Energy Assessment (English) Vietnam Rural and Household Energy-Issues and Options (English) Power Sector Reform and Restructuring in Vietnam: Final Report to the Steering Committee (English and Vietnamese) Household Energy Technical Assistance: Improved Coal Briquetting and Commercialized Dissemination of Higher Efficiency Biomass and Coal Stoves (English) Western Samoa Energy Assessment (English)

Date

Number

06/96

183/96

09/99 06/83 11/81 09/84 02/86

222/999 4462-FIJ 3543-IND 022/84 050/86

04/87 12/88 02/90 12/90

067/87 095/88 107/90 124/90

11/94 03/93 06/99 03/87 09/91 06/85

167/94 154/93 215/99 068/87 9645-MA 5416-BA

06/82 07/83 -10/84 10/84

3882-PNG 006/83 -023/84 024/84

12/93 08/94 06/83 01/92 05/86 09/85 09/85

157/93 -4404-SOL 979-SOL -5793-TH 044/85

09/87

079/87

02/88 08/88 10/89 06/85 06/85 01/94

083/88 --5498-TON 5577-VA 161/94

09/95

174/95

01/96 06/85

178/96 5497-WSO

-6 Region/Country

Activity/Report Title

Date

Number

SOUTH ASIA (SAS) Bangladesh

Bangladesh India

Nepal

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Energy Assessment (English) Priority Investment Program (English) Status Report (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Small Scale Uses of Gas Prefeasibility Study (English) Opportunities for Conmmercialization of Nonconventional Energy Systems (English) Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project (English) Mini-Hydro Development on Irrigation Dams and Canal Drops Vols. I, II and III (English) WindFarm Pre-Investment Study (English) Power Sector Reform Seminar (English) Environmental Issues in the Power Sector (English) Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Manual for Environmental Decision Making (English) Household Energy Strategies for Urban India: The Case of Hyderabad Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Energy Efficiency & Fuel Substitution in Industries (English) Household Energy Assessment (English) Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, and Markets (English) National Household Energy Survey and Strategy Formulation Study: Project Terminal Report (English) Managing the Energy Transition (English) Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program Phase 1: Commercial Buildings Five Year Plan (English) Energy Assessment (English) Power System Loss Reduction Study (English) Status Report (English) Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English)

10/82 05/83 04/84 02/85 12/88

3873-BD 002/83 015/84 031/85 --

11/88 07/90

091/88 120/90

07/91 12/92 04/94 06/98

139/91 150/92 166/94 205/98

06/99

213/99

06/99 08/83 01/85 06/93 05/88

214/99 4474-NEP 028/84 158/93 --

10/89

103/89

03/94 10/94

10/94 05/82 07/83 01/84 03/86

3792-CE 007/83 010/84 054/86

Natural Gas Policies and Issues (English)

10/96

188/96

Power Sector Reform in Selected Countries Increasing the Efficiency of Heating Systems in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (English and Russian) The Future of Natural Gas in Eastern Europe (English) Natural Gas Investmnent Study, Volumes 1, 2 & 3

07/97

196/97

08/00 08/92 12/97

234/00 149/92 199/97

Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development Energy Sector Restructuring Program Vols. I-V (English) Natural Gas Upstream Policy (English and Polish) Energy Sector Restructuring Program Establishing the Energy Regulation Authority

11/97 01/93 08/98

16855-KAZ 153/93 206/98

10/98

208/98

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) Bulgaria Central and Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe Kazakhstan Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan Poland

-7 Region/Country Portugal Romania Slovenia Turkey

Activily/Report Title Energy Assessment (English) Natural Gas Development Strategy (English) Workshop on Private Participation in the Power Sector (English) Energy Assessment (English) Energy and the Environment: Issues and Options Paper

Date

Number

04/84 12/96 02/99 03/83 04/00

4824-PO 192/96 211/99 3877-TU 229/00

10/96 03/84 01/86 07/95 10/98 02/99 05/86 09/88 04/89 06/90 03/90 02/92

189/96 4157-MOR 048/86 173/95 209/98 210/99 5822-SYR 089/88 099/89 115/90 -136/91

04/92 11/96 11/96 12/84 02/87 03/91

146/92 190A/96 190B/96 4892-YAR 6376-YAR 126/91

07/89

04/97

194/97

12/97

200/97

06/98 04/83 12/87 11/90

203/98 4213-BO -111/90

04/91 08/91 01/92 03/92 12/93 01/94

129/91 131/91 137/91 125/92 164/93 162/94

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) Arab Republic of Egypt

Morocco

Syria

Tunisia

Yemen

Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Status Report (English and French) Energy Sector Institutional Development Study (English and French) Natural Gas Pricing Study (French) Gas Development Plan Phase II (French) Energy Assessment (English) Electric Power Efficiency Study (English) Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Sector (English) Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Fertilizer Sector (English) Fuel Substitution (English and French) Power Efficiency Study (English and French) Energy Management Strategy in the Residential and Tertiary Sectors (English) Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume I (French) Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume II (French) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Investment Priorities (English) Household Energy Strategy Study Phase I (English) LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC)

LAC Regional

Bolivia

Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reduction in the Caribbean (English) Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) Elimnination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean - Status Report (English and Spanish) Harmonization of Fuels Specifications in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) Energy Assessment (English) National Energy Plan (English) La Paz Private Power Technical Assistance (English) Prefeasibility Evaluation Rural Electrification and Demand Assessment (English and Spanish) National Energy Plan (Spanish) Private Power Generation and Transmission (English) Natural Gas Distribution: Economics and Regulation (English) Natural Gas Sector Policies and Issues (English and Spanish) Household Rural Energy Strategy (English and Spanish)

-8Region/Country Bolivia

Brazil

Chile Colomnbia

Costa Rica

Dominican Republic Ecuador

Guatemala Haiti

Honduras Jamaica

Mexico

Panama Paraguay

Peru

Activity/Report Title Preparation of Capitalization of the Hydrocarbon Sector Introducing Competition into the Electricity Supply Industry in Developing Countries: Lessons from Bolivia Energy Efficiency & Conservation: Strategic Partnership for Energy Efficiency in Brazil (English) Hydro and Thermal Power Sector Study Rural Electrification with Renewable Energy Systems in the Northeast: A Preinvestment Study Energy Sector Review (English) Energy Strategy Paper (English) Power Sector Restructuring (English) Energy Efficiency Report for the Commercial and Public Sector (English) Energy Assessment (English and Spanish) Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) Forest Residues Utilization Study (English and Spanish) Energy Assessment (English) Energy Assessment (Spanish) Energy Strategy Phase I (Spanish) Energy Strategy (English) Private Minihydropower Development Study (English) Energy Pricing Subsidies and Interfuel Substitution (English) Energy Pricing, Poverty and Social Mitigation (English) Issues and Options in the Energy Sector (English) Energy Assessment (English and French) Status Report (English and French) Household Energy Strategy (English and French) Energy Assessment (English) Petroleum Supply Management (English) Energy Assessment (English) Petroleum Procurement, Refining, and Distribution Study (English) Energy Efficiency Building Code Phase I (English) Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Phase I (English) Management Information System Phase I (English) Charcoal Production Project (English) FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) Energy Sector Strategy and Investment Planning Study (English) Improved Charcoal Production Within Forest Management for the State of Veracruz (English and Spanish) Energy Efficiency Management Technical Assistance to the Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia (CONAE) (English) Power System Efficiency Study (English) Energy Assessment (English) Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) Status Report (English and Spanish) Energy Assessment (English) Status Report (English) Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program in the Sierra (English and Spanish) Energy Strategy (English and Spanish)

Date

Number

12/96

191/96

08/00

233/00

01/95 09/97

170/95 197/97

07/00 08/88 12/86 11/94

232/00 7129-CH -169/94

06/96 01/84 11/84 02/90

184/96 4655-CR 027/84 108/90

05/91 12/85 07/88 04/91 11/92 08/94 08/94 09/93 06/82 08/85 12/91 08/87 03/91 04/85

8234-DO 5865-EC

11/86 03/88 03/88 03/88 09/88 09/88 07/92

061/86 --

08/91

138/91

04/96 06/83 10/84 09/85 09/85 01/84 08/85

180/96 004/83 5145-PA

02/87 12/90

064/87 --

----

11798-EC 12831-EC 12160-GU 3672-HA 041/85 143/91 6476-HO 128/91 5466-JM

---

090/88 088/88 135/92

043/85 4677-PE 040/85

-9 Region/Country Peru

Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sub Andean

Trinidad and Tobago

Activity/Report Title Study of Energy Taxation and Liberalization of the Hydrocarbons Sector (English and Spanish) Reform and Privatization in the Hydrocarbon Sector (English and Spanish) Energy Assessment (English)

Date

Number

120/93

159/93

07/99 09/84

216/99 5111-SLU

Energy Assessment (English) Environmental and Social Regulation of Oil and Gas Operations in Sensitive Areas of the Sub-Andean Basin (English and Spanish)

09/84

5103-STV

07/99

217/99

Energy Assessment (English)

12/85

5930-TR

GLOBAL Energy End Use Efficiency: Research and Strategy (English) Women and Energy--A Resource Guide The Intemational Network: Policies and Experience (English) Guidelines for Utility Customer Management and Metering (English and Spanish) Assessment of Personal Computer Models for Energy Planning in Developing Countries (English) Long-Term Gas Contracts Principles and Applications (English) Comparative Behavior of Firms Under Public and Private Ownership (English) Development of Regional Electric Power Networks (English) Roundtable on Energy Efficiency (English) Assessing Pollution Abatement Policies with a Case Study of Ankara (English) A Synopsis of the Third Annual Roundtable on Independent Power Projects: Rhetoric and Reality (English) Rural Energy and Development Roundtable (English) A Synopsis of the Second Roundtable on Energy Efficiency: Institutional and Financial Delivery Mechanisms (English) The Effect of a Shadow Price on Carbon Emission in the Energy Portfolio of the World Bank: A Carbon Backcasting Exercise (English) Increasing the Efficiency of Gas Distribution Phase 1: Case Studies and Thematic Data Sheets Global Energy Sector Reform in Developing Countries: A Scorecard Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: Text Marketing of Small "Solar" Batteries for Rural Electrification Purposes A Review of the Renewable Energy Activities of the UNDP/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme 1993 to 1998 Energy, Transportation and Environment: Policy Options for Environmental Improvement

11/89 04/90

07/91

10/91 02/93

05/93 10/94 02/95

155/93 -171/95

11/95

177/95

08/96 05/98

187/96 202/98

09/98

207/98

02/99

212/99

07/99

218/99

07/99

219/99

08/99

220/99

11/99

223/99

12/99

224/99

152/93

- 10-

Region/Country Global

8/31/00

Activity/Report Title Privatization, Cornpetition and Regulation in the British Electricity Industry, With Imnplications for Developing Countries Reducing the Cost of Grid Extension for Rural Electrification

Date

Number

02/00 02/00

226/00 227/00

CES

MAD YII 11

The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel.: 1.202.458.2321

Fax.: 1.202.522.3018

Internet: www.esmap.org Email: esmap@worldbank.org

A joint UNDP/ World Bank Programme