Bihar
Indicators at a Glance BIHAR
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
65
83
104
1211
Urban share (%)
10
10
11
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
60
57
63
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
953
942
935
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
42
49
36
270
All
61
55
34
22
Rural
62
56
34
25
Urban
45
44
31
14
0.22
0.21
0.22
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
6,655
8,560
13,482
42,647
Agriculture
49
32
24
14
Industry
10
14
20
28
Services
41
55
57
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
2.3
6.7
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
55
55
45
56
Male
85
86
77
80
Female
22
22
9
31
Agriculture
80
73
62
49
Industry
5
9
16
24
Services
14
17
22
27
Self-Employed
50
60
53
52
6
4
6
18
45
36
42
30
Salaried Casual Wage
1
May 20, 2016
Bihar
Indicators at a Glance BIHAR
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
400
312
208
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
62
60
42
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
56*
49~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
37
48
58
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
13
17
24
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
11
16
31
80
Rural
6
10
25
73
Urban
60
74
80
96
2008
2012
2012
All
63
73
56
Rural
60
72
46
Urban
83
86
77
All
74
68
44
Rural
80
73
60
Urban
28
21
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
1,325
1,306
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
1,274
1,471
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
12
13
14
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
2.4
2.2
6.3
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
10.3
10.7
9.1
6.9
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
All
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
May 20, 2016
Bihar
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Bihar is the 3rd most populous state in India. It is home to over 100 million people, 36 million of whom are poor. Bihar is one of the faster growing Low Income States. Since 2005, the pace of poverty reduction in the state has picked up. Despite this, large parts of the state remain very poor. Consumption inequality has remained largely unchanged. Growth is driven mainly by services, but fluctuations in agricultural output put it at risk.
Poverty in Bihar is higher than in most states Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Pockets of very high poverty within Bihar District level poverty, 2012 Patna ★ Patna
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)
N
1
May 20, 2016
0.6-5.2 0-19 5.3-13.2 19-30 13.3-17.2 30-37 17.3-22.6 37-47 22.7-62.8 47-72
Bihar
Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction picked up in Bihar after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Poverty declined in both rural and urban areas of Bihar more rapidly after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70
60
Rural 62 Total 61
56 55
50 Urban 40
45
44
30
34
34
31
20
10
0 1994
2
May 20, 2016
2005
2012
PJ
GA NL DL MZ
Bihar
Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
Growth in Bihar was faster -3 than in most of India’s Low Income States JH
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
CG
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
All India
GJ HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
OD CGHP MP
-17 Lagging
4
BH
Leading OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
TN
-15
5
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
Low poverty, UP declining fast
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
12
PJ
WB AP
JH AS
Weakening
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Bihar’s growth is driven by services, agriculture adds to its volatility Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)
20 20
20 20
15 15 6.7
15 15
5.8
6.7
10 10 4.7
10 10 5
2.5
5 4.5
0
5
0
3.0
-5 -5 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012 2005
0
7.0
5
0
0.6 1.3 -3.6
■ Bihar GSDP
■ All India GDP
6.7 4.8
5.4
6.7
2.8 5.0
3.0
2.5
3.8
0.7 2.9
-2.3 -3.8
-5 -5 2005 2006 2006 2007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 2005
■ Services
3
May 20, 2016
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
Bihar
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Bihar’s poverty reduction is faster than some Low Income States Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
A disproportionate share of India’s poor live in Bihar bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
May 20, 2016
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
Bihar
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has remained stable in Bihar Gini coefficient 0.4
0.32
0.3
0.28 0.22
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.2
0.19
0.29
0.21
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Consumption inequality in Bihar is lower than in most states Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
May 20, 2016
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
Bihar Jobs
People in Bihar are beginning to move off the farm and into other kinds of work. That said, the workforce remains largely tied to agriculture, more so than in most other states in the country. Though there has been an increase in the number of jobs after 2005, job creation has lagged behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school. Very few workers have salaried jobs. Very few women work in Bihar. Worse still, women have exited the labor force in large numbers after 2005.
Non-farm employment is rising in Bihar, but over half of the workforce is still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100
27
19
38
80 80
73
60
â&#x2013; Non-farm
62
â&#x2013; Farm
40
20
0 1994
2005
2012
Non-farm employment share in Bihar is amongst the lowest in the country Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
May 20, 2016
Bihar Jobs
Job growth positive in Bihar after 2005, but growth was not as high as in some Low Income States Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Construction led job creation in Bihar after 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
-2
CONS
CONS
20
THR
THR
2
MANU
-1
PUB
6
TRAN
2
FIRB
10
MINE+UTIL
-6
MANU PUB TRAN FIRB MINE+UTIL
0
2
5
10
■ 2005 May 20, 2016
15
■ 2012
20
25
Bihar Jobs
Increase in wage employment in Bihar after 2005, largely for casual wages Employment by wage type, (%) 100
36
42
80
Wage Labor
4
60
6
60
53
40 Self Employed
20
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
Share of salaried jobs in Bihar is the lowest in the country Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
May 20, 2016
Bihar Jobs
Not enough jobs in Bihar for the size of the working age population not in school, particularly for females Million
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)
60 60
â&#x2013; 2005
+9.3
50 50
â&#x2013; 2012
Working age population not in school
2.5
40 40
0.5
All Workers 30 30
+0.9 +4.0
2.4
Male Workers
20 20
10 10
-3.1
Female Workers
Female Workers
-15 -15
-10.8
0 0
Working age population not in school
All Workers
Male Workers
-10-10
-5 -5
0 0
Low and falling female labor force participation in Bihar Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87
88 78
80 73
74 67
60
Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female
40 23
23
20 9 11
11
1993-94
2004-05
0
4
May 20, 2016
8
2011-12
5 5
Bihar Gender
Bihar’s performance in closing gender gaps is mixed. Adult women are twice as likely to be illiterate than adult men. The state has the lowest rate of female labor force participation in the country. Though Bihar’s child sex ratio is more favorable than the national average, it is declining. On a positive note, gender gaps in elementary schooling have narrowed, and maternal mortality is declining. And although few women work, women workers have the same types of jobs as their male counterparts.
Child sex ratio in Bihar is above the national average Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969
964 962
957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Bihar’s child sex ratio is declining Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000
950
953
942
935
900
850
800 1991
1
May 20, 2016
2001
2011
PJ HR
Bihar Gender
Maternal mortality ratio in Bihar is improving Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 400
371
300
261 208
200
100
0 2003
2009
2013
Biharâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maternal mortality ratio is above the national average Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
285 285
300
244 208 208
221 221 222
200 167
112 113
100 61
68
79
127 133
141
92
0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ
AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.
2
May 20, 2016
Bihar Gender
Secondary education attainment among adult females in Bihar is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
20
21
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Significant gender disparity in education attainment among adults in Bihar, urban women fare better than rural Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 57
60
Rural Females
50
59
40
19
9
12
33
30
29
Urban Females
22
20
16
19 15
31
10
10
19
13
36
0
Males
■ Illiterate
3
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
May 20, 2016
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Bihar Gender
Gender gaps in schooling are narrowing for younger groups in Bihar Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 16
2
21-23
14
Female
Male 31
11
18-20 15-17
20
65
Age
56
6-8 80
60
11
79
68
9-11
17
81
64
12-14
100
10
57
47
40
20
0
20
40
9
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012 10
21-23
32
22
Female
Male 24
18-20 15-17
Age 100
79
May 20, 2016
88
80
10
76
81
6-8
4
22
66
12-14 9-11
46
88
9
89
1
-3
78
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bihar Gender
Bihar has the lowest female labor force participation in the country Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
33
30
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Bihar after 2005, mainly in rural areas Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87
88 78
80 73
74 67
60
Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female
40 23
23
20 9 11
11
1993-94
2004-05
0
5
May 20, 2016
8
2011-12
Bihar Gender
Farming is the main activity for males and females in rural Bihar Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
4
Rural Females
3
7
12 12
17 67
■ Farm - All
■ Non-farm Self Employed
77
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
When urban women work, they have similar types of jobs as urban men in Bihar Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
15
Urban Females
8
9 22 28
22 54
■ Farm - All
6
May 20, 2016
■ Non-farm Self Employed
41
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Bihar
Social Inclusion There is uneven progress across social groups in Bihar. There are stark differences in education attainment and types of jobs across social groups. The poverty rate for Scheduled Castes in the state is the highest in the country. Open defecation is high across social groups, particularly for the Scheduled Castes. And though households in Bihar have better access to drinking water than the rest of the country, Scheduled Castes lag behind other social groups within the state.
Poverty rate is high across social groups in Bihar, especially for the Scheduled Castes Population below poverty line, (%) 90
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India Scheduled Tribe
9
2
70
Scheduled Caste
19
18
60
Other Backward Caste
43
62
General
29
18
Pace of poverty reduction
77
80
Bihar
59
56 -1% per year 51 -6% per year
52
50 40
34
32 -7% per year
30
23 -5% per year
20 10 0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty rate of Scheduled Castes in Bihar is the highest in the country SC population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 60 50 40
51
47
44
41
40
40
39 33
30
33
29
29
24
20
21
20
19
19
19
19
18
18
16
16
16
10
15
15
13
10 0
0 BH CG MN UP JH MP OD KA GA AI AS HR WB MH DL TN RJ
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
16
May 20, 2016
JK
GJ SK KL HP NL
0
PJ UK AR AP TR MG MZ
Bihar
Social Inclusion Stark contrast in educational attainment across social groups in Bihar Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 58
Scheduled Tribe
15
12
59
Scheduled Caste
44
Other Backward Caste
20
General 0
17
20
21
21
8
14
12
21
15
47
40
■ Illiterate
15
60
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Bihar have more casual wage jobs compared to other social groups Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
29
34 61
66
5
5
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried Other Backward Caste
General
■ Self-employed
18 40
56
12 70
4
2
May 20, 2016
Bihar
Social Inclusion Open defecation is high across all social groups in Bihar, especially among the Scheduled Castes Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100 85
80
73
68
71
69 59
60
48
44
40
35 21
20
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Bihar
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
Better access to drinking water in Bihar, but Scheduled Castes lag behind other social groups Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100 85
80
76
73
69
65 58
56
56
60
44
40 27
20
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Bihar
3
May 20, 2016
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
Bihar
Health and Education Bihar has a lot of ground to cover in improving health and education outcomes. The state has one of the highest incidence of malnutrition in the country. Infant mortality is declining, but is still high. Open defecation is widely practiced, even among the rich. Most adults have only a few years of schooling. Learning outcomes are low and show a declining trend over the years. On a positive note, there are gains in schooling for the young. Enrollment in public schools remains high.
Infant mortality rate is declining in Bihar Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 70 62
60
60 50
42
40
45
42
33
30 20 10
â&#x2013; 2006
0 Total
Rural
â&#x2013; 2013
Urban
Infant mortality rate for Bihar is close to the national average Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
80
50
60
46
40
40
20
31
30
18
20
10
9
10
21
22
024
24
26
31
32
32
35
35
36
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
26
Total
Rural
Urban
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
May 20, 2016
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
Bihar
Health and Education Malnutrition in Bihar is amongst the highest in the country Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
21
28
28
29
29
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Malnutrition is high across most income groups in Bihar Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60
63
60
56
59 54
56 49
48
50
41
41
40 30
24
25
20 10 0
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ Bihar Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.
2
May 20, 2016
Quintile 3
■ All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Bihar
Health and Education Open defecation in Bihar is higher than in most states Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%)
80
60
18
81
82
30
70
68
33
51
67
49
40
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ Access and use of latrine
3
May 20, 2016
61
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
Open defecation is high across all income groups in Bihar
19
74
45
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
32
73
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
100
68
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
■ Open defecation
Quintile 5
Bihar
Health and Education Bihar has one of the lowest rates of secondary school completion among adults Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50
47 38
40 30 20
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
40
39
41
43
43
48
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There are gains in schooling for the young in Bihar Education attainment, (% age 18-30) 50 50
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
46 9
21-23
21
+12
40 40
20
20 20
22
12
+16
53
15-17 23
37
+19
72
Age
30 30
21
18-20
33
31
13
10 10
12-14
73
9-11
74
89 61
6-8
+11
84
79
+15
+18
00 Illiterate Illiterate
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
â&#x2013; 2005
4
May 20, 2016
100 100
â&#x2013; 2012
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
100 100
Bihar
Health and Education Public school enrollment in Bihar is amongst the highest in the country Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Enrollment in public schools has increased marginally for most income groups in Bihar Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100
94
94
98
88
93
97
97 89
88
93 81
80
85
60
40
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ 2005
5
May 20, 2016
Quintile 3
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
PJ MN KL GA
Bihar
Health and Education Learning outcomes in Bihar are close to the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Learning outcomes in Bihar are low and have declined Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ Bihar
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
6
May 20, 2016
2012
2013
2014
HR HP
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
1
May 20, 2016
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
3
May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
4
May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
5
May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
6
May 20, 2016