Assam
Indicators at a Glance ASSAM
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
22
27
31
1211
Urban share (%)
11
13
14
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
64
65
70
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
975
965
962
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
12
10
10
270
All
52
35
32
22
Rural
55
36
34
25
Urban
28
22
21
14
0.20
0.22
0.25
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
16,128
18,809
24,240
42,647
Agriculture
39
26
22
14
Industry
22
28
23
28
Services
38
47
55
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
1.4
3.7
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1
June 20, 2017
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
56
60
51
56
Male
84
87
82
80
Female
24
31
17
31
Agriculture
71
68
56
49
Industry
6
7
13
24
Services
23
24
31
27
Self-Employed
58
69
68
52
Salaried
18
12
14
18
Casual Wage
25
19
18
30
Assam
Indicators at a Glance ASSAM
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
398
480
300
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
73
67
54
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
46*
41~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
67
75
82
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
16
18
26
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
22
37
61
80
Rural
15
30
57
73
Urban
74
86
93
96
2008
2012
2012
All
67
81
56
Rural
63
79
46
Urban
92
92
77
All
12
12
44
Rural
14
14
60
Urban
1
0
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
7,374
8,990
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
2,662
3,624
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
44
40
41
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
1.3
1.1
6.4
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
4.6
5.1
7.5
6.9
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
June 20, 2017
Assam
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Assam is home to 31 million people, a third of whom are poor. While poverty levels in Assam declined rapidly between 1994 and 2005, the state has since lagged behind most other states in reducing poverty. The incidence of poverty in Assam remains higher than the national average, with poverty levels being very high in some parts of the state. Growth, which is driven mainly by services, is among the lowest in the country. Consumption inequality, while low relative to other Indian states, has been increasing, especially in urban areas.
Poverty in Assam is higher than in most other Indian states Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There are pockets of very high poverty within Assam District level poverty, 2012 Patna
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)
N
1
June 20, 2017
0.6-5.2 6-20 5.3-13.2 20-26 13.3-17.2 26-32 17.3-22.6 32-43 22.7-62.8 43-60
Assam
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Since 2005, the pace of poverty reduction in Assam has been slower than in most other states Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
PJ
GA NL DL MZ
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Poverty declined sharply in both rural and urban areas of Assam between 1994 and 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70
60
50
Rural Total
55 52
40
30
36 35
Urban
34 32
28
20
22
21
2005
2012
10
0 1994
2
June 20, 2017
Assam
Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
Assam lags behind most -3 Indian states in economicJHgrowth
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
CG
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
All India
GJ HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
OD CGHP MP
-17 Lagging
4
BH
Leading OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
TN
-15
5
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
Low poverty, UP declining fast
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
12
PJ
WB AP
JH AS
Weakening
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Services contribute most to Assam’s economic growth, which is lower than the national average Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%) 10 10
15 15
8
8
6
6
5.3 0.4
10 10
4
6.5
3.6 3.7
4
4.2
4.2
4.0
3.4
2.1
5
5
2 0
0
0 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 20102011201120122012 2005
■ Assam GSDP
■ All India GDP
2 0
-3.2
0.7 -1.0
0.5 0.0
0.2 0.7
1.6 0.5
1.6
0.4 0.7
0.9 0.4
-2 -2 -4 -4 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 2005
■ Services
3
June 20, 2017
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
Assam
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Poverty reduction has been the slowest in Assam after 2005 Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
Assam is home to a larger share of India’s poor relative to its population bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
June 20, 2017
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
Assam
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality is increasing in Assam, a lot more in urban areas Gini coefficient 0.4 0.35 0.31
0.3
0.28 0.25
0.2
0.20
0.22
0.22 0.18
0.19
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Consumption inequality in Assam is lower than in most other states Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
June 20, 2017
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
Assam Jobs
People in Assam are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work. Nonetheless, half of Assam’s workforce is still on the farm. Despite positive job growth in the non-farm sectors of its economy, the state ranks very low on overall job creation. Moreover, very few working adults have salaried jobs. There are even fewer job opportunities for women who have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers.
Non-farm employment is increasing in Assam, but more than half the workforce is still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100
32
29
44
80 71
60
■ Non-farm
68
■ Farm
56
40
20
0 1994
2005
2012
Non-farm employment share in Assam is below the national average Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
Assam Jobs
Assam ranks very low on overall job growth after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
While the non-farm sectors created new jobs in Assam after 2005, millions of farm jobs were lost Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
-3
THR
THR
5
PUB
PUB
1
MANU
MANU
7
TRAN
TRAN
2
CONS
CONS
14
MINE+UTIL
-2
FIRB
18
MINE+UTIL FIRB
0
2
1
2
3
■ 2005 June 20, 2017
4
5
■ 2012
6
7
8
Assam Jobs
Little change in wage employment in Assam after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100
19
18 Wage Labor
80
60
12
14
69
68
40 Self Employed
20
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
The share of adults with salaried jobs in Assam is lower than the national average Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
June 20, 2017
Assam Jobs
Not enough jobs in Assam for the size of the working age population not in school, especially for females Million 20
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%) 20
â&#x2013; 2005
+3.1 15
â&#x2013; 2012
Working age population not in school
15
0.0 10
2.5
0.0
All Workers
10
+0.8 1.4
Male Workers 5
5
-0.9
0
0 Working age population not in school
All Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
Female Workers
-6
-5.6
-4-6
-2-4
0 -2
20
Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Assam after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 84
80
87
82 76
83
77
Rural Male
60
Urban Male Rural Female
40
Urban Female
33 25 18
20 16
17
1993-94
2004-05
13
0
4
June 20, 2017
2011-12
42
64
6
Assam Gender
There is mixed progress for women in Assam. The child sex ratio is higher than in most other states, but is declining. And, although maternal mortality rates in Assam have improved, they are still the highest in the country. Moreover, after 2005, gender gaps in schooling have widened. A majority of the rural women are employed on the farm. While few urban women work, a larger share of them have salaried jobs compared to urban men. There has been a sharp decline in female labor force participation in the state after 2005. As a result, there are fewer women in the Assamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workforce compared to most other states.
Child sex ratio in Assam is among the highest in the country Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969
964 962
957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Child sex ratio is declining in Assam Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000
975
965
962
2001
2011
950
900
850
800 1991
1
June 20, 2017
PJ HR
Assam Gender
Maternal health is improving in Assam Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 600 490
500
390
400
300
300 200 100 0 2003
2009
2013
Assam has the highest maternal mortality ratio in the country Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
285 285
300
244 208 208
221 221 222
200 167
112 113
100 61
68
79
127 133
141
92
0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ
AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.
2
June 20, 2017
Assam Gender
Secondary education attainment among adult females in Assam is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
20
21
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Assam has fewer women than men with secondary education, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 35 31
33
31
Rural Females
30 26
25
24
22
25
21
34
23
18
20 15
Urban Females
12
10
11
21
21
47
5 0
Males
■ Illiterate
3
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
June 20, 2017
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Assam Gender
Gender gaps in schooling have widened for some younger groups in Assam Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 16
9
21-23
7
Female
Male 34
26
18-20 15-17
8 65
Age
61
4
100
-1
84
85
6-8
-1
92
93
9-11
0
88
88
12-14
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012 13
21-23
16
3
Female
Male 35
18-20 15-17
Age 100
June 20, 2017
2
79
91
94
98
3 0
98 89
6-8
4
13
77
12-14 9-11
48
80
92
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
3 100
Assam Gender
Female labor force participation in Assam is among the lowest in the country Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
33
30
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Female labor force participation in Assam dropped substantially after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 84
80
87
82 76
83
77
Rural Male 60
Urban Male Rural Female
40
Urban Female
33 25 18
20 16
17
1993-94
2004-05
13
0
5
June 20, 2017
2011-12
Assam Gender
A large majority of rural women work in farming in Assam, more non-farm jobs for men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
Rural Females
12
8
7
6
7 59
22
79
■ Farm - All
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
When urban women work in Assam, they are more likely to have salaried jobs than urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
10
35
■ Farm - All
6
June 20, 2017
Urban Females
4
8
52
■ Non-farm Self Employed
45
■ Non-farm Salaried
7
39
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Assam
Social Inclusion Social groups in Assam record uneven progress. While Scheduled Castes saw a sharp decline in poverty after 2005, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes saw a rise in poverty levels. As a result, today, social groups across the state face similar levels of poverty. While there is hardly any difference in open defecation, access to drinking water and schooling between social groups, some groups have lower access to salaried jobs than others.
Poverty declined sharply for Scheduled Castes in Assam after 2005, but increased for Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes Population below poverty line, (%)
All India
Pace of poverty reduction
50
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%)
44
Assam
Scheduled Tribe
9
15
Scheduled Caste
19
10
Other Backward Caste
43
29
General
29
45
40
1% 2% per -6% per year per year 32 year 33
36 31
29
30
33 -1% per year
29
20
10
0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in Assam is lower than the national average ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60
63 56
54
53
50
51
50
49 43
40
43
40
39
36
30 20 10
33
32
31
26
26
25
23
20
19
15
13
13
9
9
8
0
0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
6
June 20, 2017
0
PJ GA DL
Assam
Social Inclusion Little variation in education attainment by social groups in Assam Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 18
Scheduled Tribe
37
16
Scheduled Caste
33
17
Other Backward Caste
0
■ Illiterate
24
24
31
20
20
27
30
18
General
25
29
23
40
60
27
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Other Backward Castes in Assam have more salaried jobs and less self-employment than other groups Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
6
Scheduled Caste
10
14 13 84
73
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried Other Backward Caste
General
17
23 55 22
2
June 20, 2017
12 70
■ Self-employed
Assam
Social Inclusion Households, across all social groups, in Assam have significantly lower levels of open defecation than the rest of the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 80 69 59
60
48
44
40
21
20 12
13
12
13
7
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Assam
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
Households in Assam have similar access to drinking water across social groups Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100
80
81
82
97
83
78
69 58
56
60
44
40 27
20
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Assam
3
June 20, 2017
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
Assam
Health and Education 80 70 60 Assam has recorded slow progress on health and education. On the positive side, infant mortality, 50 which is among the highest in the country, is falling. And, open defecation is lower than in other 40 states. On the other hand, malnutrition levels in Assam are higher than the national average and 30 the poor. Moreover, most adults only have a few years of schooling. While are more acute among 20 there are gains in schooling for the young, learning outcomes are among the lowest in the country, 10 and worse still, are deteriorating. Enrollment in public schools remains high. 0 Total
Rural
Urban
Infant mortality rate is declining in Assam Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 80
70
67
60
56
54
42
40
32
20
â&#x2013; 2006
0 Total
Rural
â&#x2013; 2013
Urban
Assam has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the country Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60 50
46
40 31
30 18
20 10
9
10
21
22
24
24
31
32
32
35
35
36
26
26
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
Assam
Health and Education Malnutrition in Assam is higher than the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
21
28
28
29
29
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Malnutrition is higher among the low income households than the rich in Assam Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 57
60
60 52
50
54 49
48
46
38
40
41 34
30
25
20
16
10 0
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Assam Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.
2
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
â&#x2013; All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Assam
Health and Education There is less open defecation in Assam when compared to other states Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%)
12
13
All
Quintile 1
82
82
18
18
90
95
80
60
40
20 10
0 Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine
3
June 20, 2017
61
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
Barring the very rich, open defecation does not vary much by income in Assam
87
74
45
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
88
73
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
100
68
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
â&#x2013; Open defecation
5
Quintile 5
Assam
Health and Education Fewer adults in Assam have completed secondary school when compared to other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50
47 38
40 30 20
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
39
40
43
41
43
48
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There are gains in schooling for the young in Assam Education attainment, (% age 18-30)
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
50 50 12 14
21-23 36
27 23
+12
63
15-17
24
42
78
+15
Age
25
10 10
30
18-20
30 30
20 20
+2
39
40 40
12-14
17
9-11
9
6-8
88
93 98
93 84
91
+5 +5 +7
00 Illiterate Illiterate
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
â&#x2013; 2005
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June 20, 2017
100 100
â&#x2013; 2012
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
100 100
Assam
Health and Education Public school enrollment in Assam is among the highest in India Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
PJ MN KL GA
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Enrollment in public schools has increased across all income groups in Assam after 2005 Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 99
100
98
93
97
93 85
80
79
78
79
79
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
Quintile 3
75
78
60
40
20
0 All
■ 2005
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June 20, 2017
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Assam
Health and Education Assam ranks below all states on learning outcomes Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Learning outcomes have been deteriorating in Assam Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ Assam
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
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June 20, 2017
2012
2013
2014
HR HP
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
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May 20, 2016
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
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Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
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May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
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May 20, 2016