Odisha
Indicators at a Glance ODISHA
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
32
37
42
1211
Urban share (%)
13
15
17
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
66
68
72
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
967
953
941
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
20
22
14
270
All
59
58
33
22
Rural
63
61
36
25
Urban
35
38
17
14
0.25
0.29
0.28
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
13,475
20,038
30,594
42,647
Agriculture
40
23
17
14
Industry
25
34
34
28
Services
35
42
49
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
3.7
6.2
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
64
66
58
56
Male
86
87
85
80
Female
43
46
33
31
Agriculture
74
63
56
49
Industry
11
18
23
24
Services
15
19
22
27
Self-Employed
54
57
61
52
9
9
11
18
38
34
29
30
Salaried Casual Wage
1
May 20, 2016
Odisha
Indicators at a Glance ODISHA
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
424
303
222
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
90
73
51
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
45*
38~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
47
59
68
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
10
16
21
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
22
39
70
80
Rural
15
32
66
73
Urban
69
81
95
96
2008
2012
2012
All
20
27
56
Rural
14
19
46
Urban
56
72
77
All
79
73
44
Rural
88
82
60
Urban
29
18
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
5,558
6,002
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
1,382
1,636
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
32
32
32
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
-0.3
0.0
2.2
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
4.0
3.8
1.8
6.9
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
May 20, 2016
Odisha
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Odisha is the 11th most populous state in India and home to 42 million people. Poverty reduced sharply in the state after 2005, but is still very high. Districts in the south and west are among the poorest in the country and the state is home to 14 million poor. Growth is higher than in some Low Income States, but has slipped below the national average in the recent period. Consumption inequality has increased marginally after 2005, mostly in urban areas.
Poverty in Odisha is higher than in most states Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Districts in the south and west of Odisha have very high poverty
Bhubaneswar
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 2-15 15-29 29-48 48-58 58-71
N
1
May 20, 2016
Odisha
Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction in Odisha was among the fastest in India after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Poverty declined sharply in both rural and urban areas of Odisha after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 Rural 60
Total
63
59
61 58
50 40 Urban
35
38
36
30
33
20
17
10 0 1994
2
May 20, 2016
2005
2012
PJ
GA NL DL MZ
Odisha
Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
Odisha’s growth is higher -3 than in some Low Income States, but below the national average JH
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
CG
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
All India
GJ HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
OD CGHP MP
-17 Lagging
4
BH
Leading OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
TN
-15
5
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
Low poverty, UP declining fast
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
12
PJ
WB AP
JH AS
Weakening
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Services contribute the most to Odisha’s growth, which has slowed down since 2007 Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%) 15 15
15 15
0.4 14.2 5.3
10 10
10 10
3.8
7.1
5
0
5
5
0 2005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012
■ Odisha GSDP
■ All India GDP
0
5
0.9 0.8
0
May 20, 2016
4.9
5.4
4.0
4.1 2.8
2.0 0.4
1.0
0.4
-1.4
1.4
0.4
-1.0
2.9 1.2
-0.1 2005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012
■ Services
3
6.2
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
Odisha
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Odisha’s poverty reduction is faster than most Low Income States Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
Odisha is among the Low Income States where a disproportionate share of India’s poor live bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
May 20, 2016
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
Odisha
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has increased marginally in Odisha, mainly in urban areas Gini coefficient 0.4 0.34 0.29
0.3
0.28
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.35
0.24
0.22
0.2
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Consumption inequality in Odisha is lower than the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
May 20, 2016
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
Odisha Jobs
People in Odisha are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work such as construction and transportation. Growth in non-farm jobs has been positive after 2005 but not as high as some other Low-Income states. The overall job creation in the state has not kept pace with the growing working age population that is not in school. What’s more, more than half the population is still on the farm, and there are very few salaried jobs. For women, there are even fewer jobs and many have dropped out of the labor force.
Non-farm employment in Odisha is rising, but more than half the workforce is still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100
26
37
44
80 74
60
■ Non-farm
63
■ Farm
56
40
20
0 1994
2005
2012
Odisha’s non-farm employment share is below the national average Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
May 20, 2016
Odisha Jobs
Jobs grew in Odisha after 2005 , but growth was not as high as in some Low Income States Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Construction led job growth in Odisha after 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
-1
CONS
CONS
11
THR
THR
2
MANU
-1
PUB
3
TRAN
6
FIRB
2
MINE+UTIL
0
MANU PUB TRAN FIRB MINE+UTIL
0
2
2
4
■ 2005 May 20, 2016
6
8
■ 2012
10
12
Odisha Jobs
Slight decrease in wage employment in Odisha after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100
34
29 Wage Labor
80 11
9
60
61
57
40 Self Employed
20
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
Share of salaried jobs in Odisha is among the lowest in the country Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
May 20, 2016
Odisha Jobs
Not enough jobs in Odisha for the size of the working age population not in school, especially for females Million 30
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)
30
â&#x2013; 2005
+3.2
20
20
â&#x2013; 2012 Working age population not in school
+0.9
0.7
All Workers
+1.6 10
1.7
2.0
Male Workers
10
-0.7 Female Workers 0
0 Working age population not in school
All Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
-3
-3-2
-2.0
-2 -1
-10
01
12
Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Odisha after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87
88
78
78
85
80 81
Rural Male 60 46
Rural Female 35
40
20
Urban Male
49
23
28 20
0 1993-94
4
May 20, 2016
2004-05
2011-12
Urban Female
23
3
Odisha Gender
Gender disparities are high in Odisha. The child sex ratio is higher than in most states, but is declining. Maternal mortality is poor. And although more women work in Odisha compared to some Low-Income states, there has been a sharp decline in female labor force participation after 2005. There are fewer non-farm job opportunities for women in rural Odisha, and fewer salaried jobs for urban women. On a positive note, gender gaps in schooling are starting to close for younger girls.
The child sex ratio in Odisha is higher than the country average Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969
964 962
957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Odishaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s child sex ratio is deteriorating Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 967 953
950
941
900
850
800 1991
1
May 20, 2016
2001
2011
PJ HR
Odisha Gender
Maternal health is improving in Odisha Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 400 358
300 258 222
200
100
0 2003
2009
2013
Maternal mortality ratio in Odisha is higher than in most states Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
285 285
300
244 208 208
221 221 222
200 167
112 113
100 61
68
79
127 133
141
92
0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ
AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.
2
May 20, 2016
Odisha Gender
Secondary education attainment among adult females in Odisha is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
20
21
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Lower levels of schooling among adult women in Odisha, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50 41
Rural Females
40
43
30 23
24
27
20
24
20
13
27 23
20
Urban Females
16
29
10
19
20
32
0
Males
■ Illiterate
3
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
May 20, 2016
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Odisha Gender
Gender gaps in schooling narrowing for younger groups in Odisha Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 3
21-23
5
8
Female
Male 9
18-20 15-17
8
17
Age
32
43
11
67
12-14
77
10
87
9-11
81
6-8 100
4
91
80
7
88
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012 3
21-23
13
10
Female
Male 21
18-20 15-17
Age
4
67
20
88
9-11
97
6-8
96
May 20, 2016
7
47
12-14
100
28
93 97 95
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
5 0 -1 100
Odisha Gender
Female labor force participation in Odisha is close to the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
30
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Odisha after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87
88
78
78
85
80 81
Rural Male 60 46
Rural Female 35
40
20
Urban Male
49
23
28 20
0 1993-94
5
May 20, 2016
2004-05
2011-12
Urban Female
Odisha Gender
Majority of the women in rural Odisha work in farming, more non-farm jobs for men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
Rural Females
15
10
3
8
17 59
18
■ Farm - All
■ Non-farm Self Employed
69
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Urban women in Odisha have fewer salaried jobs than urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
13
Urban Females
10
12
22 27
37
39 41
■ Farm - All
6
May 20, 2016
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Odisha
Social Inclusion There is uneven progress across social groups in Odisha. Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in Odisha is the highest in the country. Open defecation is high and access to drinking water is poor for most households, but Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes are the worst off. These groups also lag behind in schooling and in having salaried jobs.
Higher poverty rate and slower poverty reduction for Scheduled Tribes in Odisha Population below poverty line, (%) 100
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%)
83
All India Odisha Scheduled Tribe
9
22
Scheduled Caste
19
22
Other Backward Caste
43
36
General
29
21
Pace of poverty reduction
80 67
60
63 -4% per year 51
40
39 -8% per year
33
24
20
-10% per year 12 -14% per year
0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha is the highest in the country ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60
63 56
54
53
50
51
50
49 43
40
43
40
39
36
30 20 10
33
32
31
26
26
25
23
20
19
15
13
13
9
9
8
0
0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
6
May 20, 2016
0
PJ GA DL
Odisha
Social Inclusion Stark contrast in educational attainment across social groups in Odisha Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50
Scheduled Tribe
24
40
Scheduled Caste
25
28
Other Backward Caste
15
General 0
23
24
26
22
20
■ Illiterate
18
13
23
25
40
8
38
60
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Odisha have more casual wage jobs Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
35
Scheduled Caste
39 61
51
4
10
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried
Other Backward Caste
General
■ Self-employed
15 25 10
2
May 20, 2016
22 65
63
Odisha
Social Inclusion Higher open defecation among all social groups in Odisha compared to rest of country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80
87
86
90 73
69
69
70
59
60 50
48
44
50
40 30 21
20 10 0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Odisha
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
Poor access to drinking water for most households in Odisha, Scheduled Tribes are the worst off Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 80 69
60
58
56
48
44
40 27
28
27 20
20
14
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Odisha
3
May 20, 2016
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
Odisha
Health and Education There is mixed progress on health and education in Odisha. Infant mortality in the state is high, but has seen improvement. Malnutrition is particularly high for the poor. There is very high open defecation, even among the rich. Most adults only have a few years of schooling. There are however gains in schooling for the young. Most of them attend public schools. Although learning outcomes are better in Odisha than in other states, they have stagnated in recent times.
Infant mortality rate is declining in Odisha Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 80
76
73
70 60
53
53
51
50
38
40 30 20 10
■ 2006
0 Total
Rural
■ 2013
Urban
Odisha’s infant mortality rate is among the highest in India Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
80
50
60
46
40
40
20
31
30
18
20
10
9
10
21
22
024
24
26
31
32
32
35
35
36
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
26
Total
Rural
Urban
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
May 20, 2016
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
Odisha
Health and Education Malnutrition in Odisha is close to the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
28
28
29
29
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
21
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Malnutrition is particularly high for the poor in Odisha Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 80
60
60
60 54 49
48
45
42
40
41
40
25
21
20
13
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ Odisha Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.
2
May 20, 2016
Quintile 3
■ All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Odisha
Health and Education Open defecation in Odisha is among the highest in the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 17
20
18
80
82
59
94
80
83 73
60
40
41
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ Access and use of latrine
3
May 20, 2016
61
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
High open defecation among richer households too in Odisha
6
74
45
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
27
73
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
100
68
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
■ Open defecation
Quintile 5
Odisha
Health and Education Secondary school attainment among Odisha’s adults is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50
47 38
40 30 20
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
39
40
43
43
41
48
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There are gains in schooling for the young in Odisha Education attainment, (% age 18-30)
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
40 40
30 30
30
29 25
20 20
22
5
18-20
13
7 +2
23
24
37
15-17
+11 56
+19
Age
21
21-23 31
18
72
12-14 9-11
10 10
91
89
6-8
84
100 100
80 80
+19
97
+8
96
+12
00 Illiterate Illiterate
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
■ 2005
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May 20, 2016
■ 2012
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
100 100
Odisha
Health and Education Public school enrollment in Odisha is higher than in most low income states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
PJ MN KL GA
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Enrollment in public schools has remained high for most income groups in Odisha Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 96
100 89
99
95
96
94
88
92
91 85
80
73 63
60
40
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ 2005
5
May 20, 2016
Quintile 3
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Odisha
Health and Education Learning outcomes in Odisha are better than in most Low Income states Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Learning outcomes have shown little improvement in Odisha Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ Odisha
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
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May 20, 2016
2012
2013
2014
HR HP
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
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Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
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Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
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May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
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Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
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