Rajasthan
Indicators at a Glance RAJASTHAN
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
44
57
69
1211
Urban share (%)
23
23
25
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
61
62
67
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
916
909
888
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
18
21
10
270
All
38
34
15
22
Rural
41
36
16
25
Urban
30
30
11
14
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
13,573
20,926
33,034
42,647
Agriculture
34
26
21
14
Industry
27
31
33
28
Services
39
44
46
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
4.0
6.7
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1
May 20, 2016
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
72
69
60
56
Male
85
83
76
80
Female
57
54
43
31
Agriculture
68
61
50
49
Industry
16
20
30
24
Services
16
18
20
27
Self-Employed
73
73
63
52
Salaried
11
11
13
18
Casual Wage
16
16
24
30
Rajasthan
Indicators at a Glance RAJASTHAN
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
501
388
244
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
79
67
47
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
44*
36~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
38
48
59
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
12
16
25
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
53
58
82
80
Rural
41
47
77
73
Urban
89
89
98
96
2008
2012
2012
All
43
51
56
Rural
26
40
46
Urban
88
83
77
All
64
58
44
Rural
82
74
60
Urban
13
16
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
2,461
3,569
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
438
726
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
20
21
20
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
0.9
1.8
3.5
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
8.3
6.4
4.8
6.9
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
May 20, 2016
Rajasthan
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Rajasthan is the 7th most populous state in India, home to 69 million people of whom 10 million are poor. Since 2005, the state has made tremendous progress in poverty reduction supported by faster growth that had a stronger than usual impact on poverty reduction. In addition, consumption inequality increased only marginally in this period. As a result, Rajasthan stands out among India’s low-income states. However, some areas within the state have yet to benefit from progress and growth tends to be volatile. Poverty in Rajasthan is lower than in India’s other Low Income States. Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Poverty is higher in Rajasthan’s western and southern districts District level poverty, 2012 Jaipur
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)
N
1
May 20, 2016
0.6-5.2 5.3-13.2 13.3-17.2 17.3-22.6 22.7-62.8
Rajasthan
Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction in Rajasthan was among the fastest in India after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Poverty declined sharply in both rural and urban areas of Rajasthan after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 50
40
Rural
41
Total 38
36 34
30
Urban 30
30
20
16 15
10
11
0 1994
2
May 20, 2016
2005
2012
PJ
GA NL DL MZ
Rajasthan
Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
Growth in Rajasthan was -3 faster than most of India’s Low Income States JH
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
CG
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
BH
All India
Leading OD
GJ
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
TN
HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
5
Low poverty, UP declining fast
-17 Lagging
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
OD CGHP MP
-15
4
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
12
PJ
WB AP
JH AS
Weakening
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Rajasthan’s growth led by services, but agriculture adds to its volatility Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)
20 20
15 15 5.9
15 15
4.4
10 10
5.9
10 10 5 5
0
5
5
2.7 3.9
0
0
-5 -5 2005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012
■ Rajasthan GSDP
■ All India GDP
0
4.0
5.5
May 20, 2016
7.1
3.9 2.6
1.8
0.1
2.3 0.9 0.4
2.7 5.9
3.4
0.9 -0.6
-0.3
-5 -5 -8.5
2005 2006 2006 2007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 -10 -10 2005
■ Services
3
1.4 3.9
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
Rajasthan
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Slower poverty reduction in Low Income States. Rajasthan, an exception Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
Rajasthan has separated from other Low Income States where most of India’s poor live bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
May 20, 2016
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
Rajasthan
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has increased marginally in Rajasthan Gini coefficient 0.4
0.32
0.3 0.25
0.31
0.27
0.26 0.26 0.23
0.22
0.23
0.2
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Consumption inequality in Rajasthan is lower than in most states Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
May 20, 2016
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
Rajasthan Jobs
People in Rajasthan are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work. Since 2005, growth in non-farm jobs has been among the highest in India, led by construction. Despite this, overall job creation in the state lags behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school and there is a growing jobs deficit. What’s more, half the population is still on the farm, and there are very few salaried jobs and even fewer job opportunities for women.
Non-farm employment is increasing in Rajasthan, but half the workforce is still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100
32
39
50
80
■ Non-farm
68
60
61
■ Farm 50
40
20
0 1994
2005
2012
Non-farm employment share in Rajasthan is below the national average, but higher than most Low Income States Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
May 20, 2016
Rajasthan Jobs
Job growth in Rajasthan was among the highest in India after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Construction drove job growth in Rajasthan after 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
-2
CONS
CONS
11
MANU
MANU
1
THR
THR
2
PUB
PUB
2
TRAN
4
MINE+UTIL
1
FIRB
8
TRAN MINE+UTIL FIRB
0
2
5
10
■ 2005 May 20, 2016
15
■ 2012
20
Rajasthan Jobs
More wage employment in Rajasthan after 2005, mostly for casual wages Employment by wage type, (%) 100
16
80
24 Wage Labor
11 13
73
60
63
40 Self Employed
20
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
Fewer salaried jobs in Rajasthan than in other states Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
May 20, 2016
Rajasthan Jobs
Not enough jobs in Rajasthan for the size of the working age population not in school, especially for females Million 40 35
40 +5.8 35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0 Working age population not in school
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)
â&#x2013; 2005
â&#x2013; 2012 Working age population not in school
2.2
+2.1 1.1
All Workers +2.3
2.0
Male Workers -0.2 Female Workers
All Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
-0.5
-0.50.0
-0.3
0.00.5
0.51.0
1.01.5
1.52.0
Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Rajasthan after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 88
85 78
80 78
60
67
78 71 63
20
Urban Male 50
40
24
28 20
0 1994
4
May 20, 2016
2005
Rural Male
2012
Rural Female Urban Female
2.02.5
2.5
Rajasthan Gender
Women and girls in Rajasthan face persistent barriers to progress. The child sex ratio is among the lowest in India, and is declining. Maternal mortality is high, but has seen improvement. And although more women work in Rajasthan compared to other states, there has been a sharp decline in female labor force participation since 2005. There are fewer non-farm job opportunities for women in rural Rajasthan, and very few urban women work. On a positive note, gender gaps in schooling are starting to close for younger girls.
Child sex ratio in Rajasthan is among the lowest in the country Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969
964 962
957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Child sex ratio is getting worse in Rajasthan Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000
950 916
900
909 888
850
800 1991
1
May 20, 2016
2001
2011
PJ HR
Rajasthan Gender
Maternal mortality ratio is improving in Rajasthan Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 500 445
400 318
300 244
200
100
0 2003
2009
2013
Maternal mortality ratio in Rajasthan is higher than in most states Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
285 285
300
244 208 208
221 221 222
200 167
112 113
100 61
68
79
127 133
141
92
0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ
AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.
2
May 20, 2016
Rajasthan Gender
Secondary education attainment among adult females in Rajasthan is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
20
21
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Rajasthan has high gender disparity in education attainment of adults, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 57
60
Rural Females
50
65
40
16
9
10
34
30
25
22
Urban Females 18
20
17
16
34
10
10
19
14
34
0
Males
■ Illiterate
3
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
May 20, 2016
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Rajasthan Gender
Gender gaps in schooling narrowing for younger groups in Rajasthan Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 5
21-23
12
7
Female
Male 11
18-20 15-17
19
30
Age
34
65
31
63
12-14
87
78
9-11
100
80
14
92
76
6-8
24
8
84
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012 14
21-23
23
9
Female
Male 28
18-20 15-17
Age 100
May 20, 2016
17
80
80
92
91
12 5
96
88
6-8
4
23
63
12-14 9-11
51
80
89
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
1 100
Rajasthan Gender
Female labor force participation in Rajasthan is higher than the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
33
30
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Female labor force participation in Rajasthan has dropped substantially after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 88
85 78
80 78
60
67
78 71 63
20
Urban Male 50
40
24
28 20
0 1993-94
5
May 20, 2016
2004-05
Rural Male
2011-12
Rural Female Urban Female
Rajasthan Gender
Majority of the women in rural Rajasthan work in farming, more non-farm jobs for men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
Rural Females
24
16
3 4 50
10
77 16
■ Farm - All
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Urban women in Rajasthan are less likely to have salaried jobs compared to urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
Urban Females
4 12
16
39
27
41
■ Farm - All
6
May 20, 2016
■ Non-farm Self Employed
19
42
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Rajasthan Social Inclusion
Despite overall progress in poverty reduction in Rajasthan, many social groups have been left behind. Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in particular continue to lag behind in schooling and salaried jobs. Scheduled Tribes stand out not only for the slow pace of poverty reduction among this group, but also for high open defecation rates and poor access to drinking water.
Higher poverty rate and slower poverty reduction for the Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan Population below poverty line, (%) 58
60
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India Rajasthan Scheduled Tribe
9
15
Scheduled Caste
19
20
Other Backward Caste
43
46
General
29
19
Pace of poverty reduction
49
50
40 -5% per year
40 28
30
19 -13% per year
19
20
9 -15% per year
10
4 -21% per year
0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan is lower than in other Low Income States ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60
63 56
54
53
50
51
50
49 43
40
43
40
39
36
30 20 10
33
32
31
26
26
25
23
20
19
15
13
13
9
9
8
0
0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
6
May 20, 2016
0
PJ GA DL
Rajasthan Social Inclusion
Stark contrast in educational attainment across social groups in Rajasthan Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 58
Scheduled Tribe
19
48
Scheduled Caste
22
42
Other Backward Caste
21
General 0
17
20
■ Illiterate
10
14
20
13
17
15
23
16
46
40
60
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Rajasthan have more casual wage jobs compared to other social groups Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
38
43
53
51 12
4
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried
Other Backward Caste
General
9
16 11
28 72
2
May 20, 2016
■ Self-employed
63
Rajasthan Social Inclusion
Open defecation in Rajasthan is higher than the national average, especially among the Scheduled Tribes Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100 90
90 80
69
70 60
68 59
58
50
56 48
44
40 28
30
21
20 10 0 All
Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
■ Rajasthan
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
Access to drinking water is the lowest for the Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 80
74 69
60
56
54
51
47
58
44
40 27
20
17
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Rajasthan
3
May 20, 2016
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
Rajasthan
Health and Education Health and education outcomes in Rajasthan have been improving, but progress is slow. Infant mortality remains well above the national average, and malnutrition and open defecation rates are high even among the rich. Most adults only have a few years of schooling. While improvements in school enrollments for the younger generation are a bright spot, better learning outcomes have not followed. Enrollment in private schools is higher than in most other states.
Infant mortality rate is declining in Rajasthan Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 80
74 67
70 60
51
47
50
41
40
30
30 20 10
■ 2006
0 Total
Rural
■ 2013
Urban
Rajasthan’s infant mortality rate is among the highest in India Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
80 50
40
40
31
20
30
18
20
10
46
60
9
10
21
24 22 0
24
26
31
32
32
35
35
36
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
26
Total
Rural
Urban
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
May 20, 2016
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
Rajasthan
Health and Education Malnutrition in Rajasthan is lower than in other Low Income States Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
21
28
28
29
29
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Malnutrition is high across most income groups in Rajasthan Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60
60
54
52
50
48
48
44
49 45 40
40
41
30
24
25
20 10 0
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ Rajasthan
2
May 20, 2016
Quintile 3
■ All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Rajasthan
Health and Education Open defecation in Rajasthan is higher than the national average Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 28
30
72
70
47
73
85
80
60 58
53
40
27
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine
3
May 20, 2016
61
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
Open defecation is high in Rajasthan for richer households too
15
74
45
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
42
73
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
100
68
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
â&#x2013; Open defecation
Quintile 5
Rajasthan
Health and Education Fewer adults in Rajasthan have completed secondary school when compared to other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50
47 38
40 30 20
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
40
39
41
43
43
48
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There are gains in schooling for the young in Rajasthan Education attainment, (% age 18-30)
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
50 50
40 40
35
22
20 20
21 16
40
+19
50
15-17 23
+10
21
18-20
27
18
73
+23
Age
30 30
8
21-23
41
75
12-14
87
+12
15
9-11
10 10
6-8
94
85 80
88
+9 +8
00 Illiterate Illiterate
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
â&#x2013; 2005
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May 20, 2016
100 100
â&#x2013; 2012
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
100 100
Rajasthan
Health and Education Public school enrollment in Rajasthan is lower than in most low income states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
PJ MN KL GA
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Enrollment in private schools has increased in Rajasthan, but mostly for the top 40 percent Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100 88
86 76
80 69
71
73 67 61
57
60
45
47
40 26
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ 2005
5
May 20, 2016
Quintile 3
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Rajasthan
Health and Education Learning outcomes in Rajasthan are below the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Learning outcomes have shown little improvement in Rajasthan Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ Rajasthan
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
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May 20, 2016
2012
2013
2014
HR HP
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
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Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
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Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
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May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
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Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
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