Himachal Pradesh Indicators at a Glance
HIMACHAL PRADESH
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
5
6
7
1211
Urban share (%)
9
10
10
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
65
70
75
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
951
896
909
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
2
1
1
270
All
35
23
8
22
Rural
37
25
8
25
Urban
14
5
4
14
0.27
0.30
0.30
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
21,445
37,731
60,311
42,647
Agriculture
32
25
17
14
Industry
28
38
40
28
Services
40
36
43
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
5.3
6.9
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
78
75
70
56
Male
87
82
77
80
Female
69
68
63
31
Agriculture
75
64
58
49
Industry
11
18
23
24
Services
13
17
19
27
Self-Employed
81
73
68
52
Salaried
10
14
18
18
8
13
14
30
Casual Wage
1
June 20, 2017
Himachal Pradesh Indicators at a Glance
HIMACHAL PRADESH
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
54
50
35
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
39*
34~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
60
74
79
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
21
32
47
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
92
96
97
80
Rural
91
98
98
73
Urban
99
88
92
96
2008
2012
2012
All
55
61
56
Rural
53
54
46
Urban
74
94
77
All
42
22
44
Rural
47
26
60
Urban
9
4
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
3,683
7,275
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
421
906
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
54
52
49
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
2.6
4.0
4.8
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
7.3
6.1
6.2
6.9
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
June 20, 2017
Himachal Pradesh Poverty, Growth & Inequality
With poor people making up less than a tenth of its population, Himachal Pradesh is one of India’s more prosperous states. Since 1994, there has been a steady decline in poverty in the state, specially in the rural areas. As a result, the difference in poverty levels between the state’s rural and urban areas has narrowed considerably. In spite of this, Himachal Pradesh’s western and central districts record higher levels of poverty than its other regions. Growth in the state has been modest after 2005, driven mainly by the non-farm sectors of the economy. In urban areas, consumption inequality has increased.
Poverty in Himachal Pradesh is among the lowest in the country Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Districts in the west and center of Himachal Pradesh have higher poverty than the rest District level poverty, 2012
Patna
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)
N
1
June 20, 2017
0.6-5.2 0-1 5.3-13.2 1-4 13.3-17.2 4-8 17.3-22.6 8-9 22.7-62.8 9-18
Himachal Pradesh Poverty, Growth & Inequality
Since 1994, a steady decline in poverty in Himachal Pradesh Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
PJ
GA NL DL MZ
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
With rapid poverty reduction in rural areas, the rural-urban gap in poverty is closing in Himachal Pradesh Population below poverty line, (%) 40 Rural Total
37 35
30 25 23
20
Urban 14
10
8
5
8
4
0 1994
2
June 20, 2017
2005
2012
Himachal Pradesh Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
Growth in Himachal Pradesh is similar to the national average -3 JH
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
CG
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
All India
GJ HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
OD CGHP MP
-17 Lagging
4
BH
Leading OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
TN
-15
5
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
Low poverty, UP declining fast
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
12
PJ
WB AP
JH AS
Weakening
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Non-farm sectors drive Himachal Pradesh’s growth Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)
15 15
12 12 10 10 8
10 10
5
5
4.7
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
3.6
0
0 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012 2005
■ Himachal Pradesh GSDP
■ All India GDP
0
2.8
1.4 4.4 3.3
5.2
3.9 3.8
3.7
5.7 3.8
1.7
0
4.1
1.7 3.2 2.1
2.0
1.6 -0.2
5.9
-0.7
-0.2 -2.4
-2 -2 -4 -4
2005 2006 2006 2007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 2005
■ Services
3
June 20, 2017
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
Himachal Pradesh Poverty, Growth & Inequality
The pace of poverty reduction in Himachal Pradesh has been among the fastest after 2005 Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
A very small share of India’s poor live in Himachal Pradesh bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
June 20, 2017
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
Himachal Pradesh Poverty, Growth & Inequality
Consumption inequality has risen in urban areas of Himachal Pradesh, but dropped marginally in rural areas Gini coefficient 0.4 0.34
0.3
0.30 0.30
0.29
0.27
0.31 0.28
0.28
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Consumption inequality in Himachal Pradesh is lower than the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
June 20, 2017
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
Himachal Pradesh Jobs
Most of Himachal Pradesh’s people are engaged in farming. Non-farm jobs account for a lower share of employment than in most other states. Over two-thirds of Himachal Pradesh’s workforce is self-employed, and very few of the rest have salaried jobs. Since 2005, jobs in the state have grown, albeit slowly. Many of the jobs created during this period were in construction. While female labor force participation in the state is high, it has been declining in recent times.
A majority of Himachal Pradesh’s workforce is still employed on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100
25
36
42
80 75
60
■ Non-farm
64
■ Farm
58
40
20
0 1994
2005
2012
The share of non-farm employment in Himachal Pradesh is lower than in most states Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
Himachal Pradesh Jobs
Job growth in Himachal Pradesh was positive but slow after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Construction led job creation in Himachal Pradesh after 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
0
CONS
CONS
6
PUB
PUB
3
THR
THR
-1
MANU
MANU
4
TRAN
TRAN
2
MINE+UTIL
0
FIRB
18
MINE+UTIL FIRB
0.0
2
0.5
1.0
■ 2005 June 20, 2017
1.5
■ 2012
2.0
2.5
Himachal Pradesh Jobs
Since 2005, more casual wage jobs in Himachal Pradesh Employment by wage type, (%) 100
80
13
14
14
18
73
Wage Labor
68
60
40 Self Employed
20
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
The share of salaried jobs in Himachal Pradesh is similar to the national average Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
June 20, 2017
Himachal Pradesh Jobs
Despite positive job growth, not enough jobs for the size of the working age population in Himachal Pradesh Million
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)
5 5
â&#x2013; 2005 4 4
â&#x2013; 2012
Working age population not in school
+0.6
2.0
+0.3 All Workers
3 3
+0.1
2 2
Male Workers
+0.2
1 1
0 0
1.3
0.9
Female Workers
Working age population not in school
All Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
0.00.0
1.7
0.50.5
1.0 1.0
1.5 1.5
Female labor participation in Himachal Pradesh is high but declining Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 89
80
86 78
73
82
72
71
76
60
67
Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female
40 36
20
30
28
0 1993-94
4
June 20, 2017
2004-05
2011-12
2.02.0
2.5 2.5
Himachal Pradesh Gender
Himachal Pradesh has made good progress on gender issues. Women complete higher levels of secondary school than in many other states. Moreover, gender gaps in schooling are closing. And, female labor force participation in the state is the highest in the country. Despite these achievements, challenges remain. The stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ratio of girls to boys is below the national average, having improved only slightly in recent times. While female labor force participation in the state is high, it has declined after 2005. In rural areas, there are very few non-farm jobs for women. In contrast, urban women work less, but they have the same types of jobs as urban men.
Child sex ratio in Himachal Pradesh is below the national average Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969 964 962 957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Slight increase in Himachal Pradeshâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s child sex ratio after 2001 Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 951
950 896
909
900
850
800 1991
1
June 20, 2017
2001
2011
PJ HR
Himachal Pradesh Gender
Secondary school attainment of women in Himachal Pradesh is higher than in many other states Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
20
21
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Secondary school completion is lower for women than men in Himachal Pradesh, rural women further lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 60 53
Rural Females
50 41
40
30
21
11
38
29
30
12
Urban Females
20
20
20
15
16
11
10
12
10
63
0
Males
■ Illiterate
2
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
June 20, 2017
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Himachal Pradesh Gender
Gender gaps in schooling have narrowed for the young in Himachal Pradesh Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 21-23
9
24
15
Female
Male
15-17
5
51
46
18-20
86
Age
83
9-11
98
6-8
98
100
4
97
93
12-14
3
1
99
-2
96
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012 21-23
30
3
60
18-20 15-17
Male -1
59
Age
90
1
91
12-14
96
99
3
9-11
97
100
3
6-8
98
99
1
100
3
27
Female
June 20, 2017
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Himachal Pradesh Gender
Himachal Pradesh has the highest female labor force participation in the country Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
33
30
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Female labor force participation in Himachal Pradesh has declined after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 89
80
86 78
73
82
72
71
76
60
67
Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female
40 36
20
30
28
0 1993-94
4
June 20, 2017
2004-05
2011-12
Himachal Pradesh Gender
Rural women in Himachal Pradesh work mainly in farming, more non-farm jobs for rural men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
Rural Females
2
6
5
23 40 22
87 16
■ Farm - All
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
When urban women in Himachal Pradesh work, they have similar jobs as urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
11
Urban Females
5
4 19 24
61
■ Farm - All
5
June 20, 2017
■ Non-farm Self Employed
58
■ Non-farm Salaried
19
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Himachal Pradesh Social Inclusion
Despite overall progress in poverty reduction, some groups have been left behind. Scheduled Castes, in particular, have a higher incidence of poverty than other groups, and have witnessed a slower pace of poverty reduction. Moreover, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes lag behind others in education. People belonging to the general category have more salaried jobs than others. On the bright side, most groups in the state have lower rates of open defecation and enjoy greater access to drinking water than the rest of the country.
Slower poverty reduction for Scheduled Castes than other groups in Himachal Pradesh Population below poverty line, (%) 40
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%)
37 34
All India Himachal Pradesh Scheduled Tribe
9
6
Scheduled Caste
19
22
Other Backward Caste
43
19
General
29
53
Pace of poverty reduction
30
19
20
-17% per year
16
16 -12% per year
-24% per year
9
10
6 -13% per year
3
0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty among Scheduled Castes in Himachal Pradesh is lower than in most other states SC population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 60 50 40
51
47
44
41
40
40
39 33
30
33
29
29
24
20
21
20
19
19
19
19
18
18
16
16
16
10
15
15
13
10 0
0 BH CG MN UP JH MP OD KA GA AI AS HR WB MH DL TN RJ
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
16
June 20, 2017
JK
GJ SK KL HP NL
0
PJ UK AR AP TR MG MZ
Himachal Pradesh Social Inclusion
Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Himachal Pradesh have less schooling than other groups Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 27
Scheduled Tribe
26
26
Scheduled Caste
18
Other Backward Caste
0
23
20
19
General
8
■ Illiterate
15
37
17
18
20
39
45
11
53
40
60
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
More salaried jobs for those belonging to the General category Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
20
21
9 72
18
61
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried Other Backward Caste
General
■ Self-employed
8 20 14
2
June 20, 2017
21 66
71
Himachal Pradesh Social Inclusion
Households across all social groups in Himachal Pradesh practice less open defecation than the rest of the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 69 59
60
48
44
40
32
31
22
22
21
20
15
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
■ Himachal Pradesh
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
Access to drinking water for the Other Backward Castes is lower than other social groups in Himachal Pradesh Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100
80
60
67
61
56
58
57
55
69
44
48
40 27
20
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
■ Himachal Pradesh
3
June 20, 2017
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
Himachal Pradesh Health and Education 60 50
Himachal Pradesh has40made significant progress in education. Over two-thirds of its adults have completed secondary school, higher than in many other states. Moreover, enrollment in higher 30 education has increased after 2012, and children’s learning outcomes are the highest in the 20 country. In health, however, progress is mixed. On the positive side, fewer households practice open defecation than10in the rest of the country. And, infant mortality, already lower than the national average, is declining. On the other hand, malnutrition levels are high, especially among lower income groups. 0 Total Rural Urban Infant mortality is declining in Himachal Pradesh Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
52
50
40
35
35
26
23
20
■ 2006
0 Total
Rural
■ 2013
Urban
Himachal Pradesh’s infant mortality is lower than the national average Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
50
46
40 31
30
18
20
10
9
10
21
22
24
24
31
32
32
35
35
36
26
26
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
Himachal Pradesh Health and Education
Malnutrition in Himachal Pradesh is lower than the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
21
28
28
29
29
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Malnutrition is high for lower income households in Himachal Pradesh Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 62
60
59 54
48
50 40
60
47
49 41
39
36 29
30
25
20 10 0
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Himachal Pradesh Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.
2
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
â&#x2013; All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Himachal Pradesh Health and Education
Fewer households in Himachal Pradesh practice open defecation compared to the rest of the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
68
73
74
61
45
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Barring the very rich, levels of open defecation are similar across income groups in Himachal Pradesh Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 100
78
67
78
69
75
93
80
60
40 33
20
27
22
31 25
7
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine
3
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
â&#x2013; Open defecation
Quintile 5
Himachal Pradesh Health and Education
Secondary school attainment of adults in Himachal Pradesh is higher than in many other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50 38
40 30 20
48
47
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
39
40
43
41
43
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Significant progress in schooling in Himachal Pradesh after 2012 Education attainment, (% age 18-30)
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
80 80 71
19
21-23
70 70 60 60
49
18-20
51
28
+9 59
+10
50 50 85
15-17 95
12-14
30 30
98
+3
99
+0
99
+2
24
20 20 10 10
+6
91
Age
40 40
13
9
16
9-11
99
12
6-8
4
97
00 Illiterate Illiterate
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
â&#x2013; 2005
4
June 20, 2017
100 100
â&#x2013; 2012
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
100 100
Himachal Pradesh Health and Education
Enrollment in public schools is higher in Himachal Pradesh than the rest of the country Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Enrollment in private schools increased after 2012, mostly for the rich Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 99
100
93
95 86
85
80
91 76
75
78 69 62
60
48
40
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ 2005
5
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
PJ MN KL GA
Himachal Pradesh Health and Education
Learning outcomes of children in Himachal Pradesh are the highest in the country Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
HR HP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Learning outcomes in Himachal Pradesh have been consistently above the rest of the country Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ Himachal Pradesh
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
6
June 20, 2017
2012
2013
2014
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
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May 20, 2016
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
4
May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
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May 20, 2016