Kerala
Indicators at a Glance KERALA
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
29
32
33
1211
Urban share (%)
26
26
48
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
72
75
77
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
958
960
964
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
9
6
3
270
All
31
20
8
22
Rural
34
20
9
25
Urban
24
18
5
14
0.29
0.36
0.38
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
21,024
36,744
59,868
42,647
Agriculture
30
17
10
14
Industry
21
23
22
28
Services
49
60
68
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
5.2
7.2
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1
June 20, 2017
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
57
59
53
56
Male
82
80
77
80
Female
35
41
32
31
Agriculture
48
36
26
49
Industry
22
27
32
24
Services
30
37
43
27
Self-Employed
44
44
38
52
Salaried
15
19
22
18
Casual Wage
41
36
40
30
Kerala
Indicators at a Glance KERALA
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
149
95
61
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
11
15
12
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
25*
19~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
90
91
94
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
25
33
43
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
62
83
96
80
Rural
56
79
96
73
Urban
78
93
97
96
2008
2012
2012
All
76
76
56
Rural
75
73
46
Urban
81
82
77
All
4
2
44
Rural
5
3
60
Urban
1
1
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
5,227
6,423
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
4,362
5,544
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
27
25
22
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
4.1
4.3
3.3
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
5.9
5.9
6.3
6.9
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
June 20, 2017
Kerala
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Kerala has experienced a steady decline in poverty since 1994. As a result, poverty levels in the state are among the lowest in the country. After 2005, Kerala grew and reduced poverty faster than many other states, with growth being driven mainly by services. But, while Kerala is home to a small share of India’s poor, pockets within the state record a high incidence of poverty. In addition, Kerala has the highest levels of consumption inequality in the country.
Poverty in Kerala is among the lowest in the country Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Some districts in Kerala, such as in the north, have more poverty District level poverty, 2012 Patna
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)
N
1
June 20, 2017
3−4 4−5
0.6-5.2 3-4 5.3-13.2 4-5 13.3-17.2 5-7 17.3-22.6 7-10 22.7-62.8 10-37
Kerala
Poverty, Growth & Inequality There has been a steady decline in poverty in Kerala since 1994 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Poverty declined at a faster rate in urban areas of Kerala after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 40
Rural 30
Total
34
31
Urban 24
20
20 20 18 9
10
8 5
0 1994
2
June 20, 2017
2005
2012
PJ
GA NL DL MZ
Kerala
Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
40
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
-1
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
Growth in Kerala is higher -3 than the national average JH
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
CG
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
All India
GJ HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
OD CGHP MP
-17 Lagging
4
BH
Leading OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
TN
-15
5
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
Low poverty, UP declining fast
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
12
PJ
WB AP
JH AS
Weakening
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Kerala’s growth mainly driven by services Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)
15 15
12 12 10 10
10 10
8
8
6
6
6.0
6.9 7.4
7.7
7.2
4.8
5
0
4.4
5.2
5
0 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012
■ Kerala GSDP
■ All India GDP
4
4
2
2
0
0
3.4
0.5
2.3 0.9
2.9 1.5 -1.0
1.5
0.1 0.3
-0.2
1.7 -0.2
1.0 0.5 -0.7
-2 -2 2005200520062006200720072008200820092009201020102011201120122012
■ Services
3
June 20, 2017
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
Kerala
Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction in Kerala after 2005 has been faster than in many other states Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
The share of India’s poor in Kerala is small bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
June 20, 2017
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
Kerala
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality in Kerala increased largely in the period between 1994 and 2005 Gini coefficient 0.4 0.36
0.40 0.40
0.38 0.35
0.36 0.32
0.3
0.29
0.27
0.2
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Kerala has the highest consumption inequality in the country Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
June 20, 2017
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
Kerala Jobs
Most people in Kerala work off the farm, with nearly two-thirds of the workforce engaged in wage employment. But, many among them earn casual wages. This is not surprising since most of the new jobs created in Kerala were in construction. Still, overall job creation in the state has lagged behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school. Moreover, Kerala faces a growing deficit of jobs, especially for women, who have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers.
A large majority of the people in Kerala work off the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100
52
64
74
80
■ Non-farm
60
■ Farm 48
40
36
20
26
0 1994
2005
2012
Kerala’s non-farm employment is among the highest in the country Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
Kerala Jobs
Little job growth in Kerala after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Most new jobs in Kerala after 2005 were created in construction Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
-5
THR
1
MANU
-1
PUB
1
CONS
CONS
7
TRAN
TRAN
2
FIRB
4
MINE+UTIL
-4
THR MANU PUB
FIRB MINE+UTIL
0
2
1
2
■ 2005 June 20, 2017
3
■ 2012
4
5
Kerala Jobs
Wage employment increased in Kerala after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100
36
40
80
Wage Labor
60
19
40
44
22
38 Self Employed
20
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
The share of workers with salaried jobs in Kerala is slightly above the national average Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
June 20, 2017
Kerala Jobs
Not enough jobs for the size of the working age population in Kerala, especially for females Million 25
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)
25
+1.1 20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
â&#x2013; 2005
â&#x2013; 2012 Working age population not in school
0 Working age population not in school
-0.1
All Workers
+0.1 +0.2
0.3
Male Workers -0.3 Female Workers
0
0.7
All Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
-1.5
-1.5-1.0
-1.1
-0.5 -1.0
-0.5 0.0
0.00.5
0.51.0
Since 2005, fewer women are participating in the labor force in Kerala Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 83
81
80 81
79
77 75
60
Urban Male Rural Female
42
40
36 39 33
33
28
20
0 1993-94
4
June 20, 2017
Rural Male
2004-05
2011-12
Urban Female
1.01.5
1.5
Kerala Gender
Kerala stands out from the rest of India for its achievements on gender. The state has a high child sex ratio and the lowest incidence of maternal deaths in the country. Kerala’s women are also among the better educated in India. Moreover, unlike other states, both boys and girls are almost at par in educational attainment. But, surprisingly, fewer women work in Kerala than men. What’s more, female labor force participation in the state is declining. While rural men and women do similar kinds of jobs, women living in cities tend to have more salaried jobs than men.
Kerala’s child sex ratio is higher than in most other states Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969
964 962
957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Child sex ratio has been gradually increasing in Kerala Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 958
960
964
1991
2001
2011
950
900
850
800
1
June 20, 2017
PJ HR
Kerala Gender
There has been a steady decline in maternal mortality in Kerala Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200
110
100
81 61
0 2003
2009
2013
Kerala has the lowest incidence of maternal deaths in the country Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
285 285
300
244 208 208
221 221 222
200 167
112 113
100 61
68
79
127 133
141
92
0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ
AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.
2
June 20, 2017
Kerala Gender
Secondary school attainment among Kerala’s women is higher than in many other states Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
20
21
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Similar education outcomes for men and women in Kerala, urban women more educated than rural Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50 43
43
Rural Females
40 10
32
30
23
28
40
27 21
21
Urban Females
20
6
9
10
17
26
50
4
0
Males
■ Illiterate
3
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
June 20, 2017
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Kerala Gender
There are hardly any gender gaps in schooling for the young in Kerala Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 21-23
4
15
11
Female
Male 42
45
18-20 15-17
-3
Age 12-14
99
9-11
100
-5
81
86
100
-2
98
-1
95
96
6-8
-3
96
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012 21-23
Age
-2
Male 64
7
95
-3
92
12-14
99
99
0
9-11
99
100
1
95
6-8 100
4
21
57
18-20 15-17
23
Female
June 20, 2017
95
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
0 100
Kerala Gender
Female labor force participation in Kerala is close to the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
33
30
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Female labor force participation has dropped in Kerala after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 83
81
80 81
79
77 75
60
Urban Male Rural Female
42
40
36 39 33
33
28
20
0 1993-94
5
June 20, 2017
Rural Male
2004-05
2011-12
Urban Female
Kerala Gender
Similar kinds of jobs for men and women in rural Kerala Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
28
33
23 39 23
24
15
■ Farm - All
Rural Females
15
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
When urban women work in Kerala they tend to have more salaried jobs than urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
Urban Females
8
16
10
28 32 32
■ Farm - All
6
June 20, 2017
■ Non-farm Self Employed
28 46
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Kerala
Social Inclusion Some groups in Kerala have made more progress than others. The Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in particular stand out for higher levels of poverty. They also lag behind in schooling and access to salaried jobs. Moreover, while very few households in Kerala practice open defecation, this practice continues among most Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste households. These groups also have lower access to drinking water than others in the state.
There is higher poverty among the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Kerala Population below poverty line, (%) 60
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%)
54
All India
Kerala
Scheduled Tribe
9
2
Scheduled Caste
19
9
Other Backward Caste
43
63
General
29
26
Pace of poverty reduction
50
39 -4% per year
40 31
30
-9% per year
21
20
16 10
10
-14% per year 7
6 -8% per year
0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty among the Scheduled Castes in Kerala is lower than in many other states SC population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 60 50 40
51
47
44
41
40
40
39 33
30
33
29
29
24
20
21
20
19
19
19
19
18
18
16
16
16
10
15
15
13
10 0
0 BH CG MN UP JH MP OD KA GA AI AS HR WB MH DL TN RJ
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
16
June 20, 2017
JK
GJ SK KL HP NL
0
PJ UK AR AP TR MG MZ
Kerala
Social Inclusion Stark contrast in schooling by social group in Kerala Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 33
Scheduled Tribe
13
Scheduled Caste
16
0
28
31
23
3
General
18
24
6
Other Backward Caste
21
32
32
39
24
20
57
40
■ Illiterate
60
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
More casual wage jobs for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Kerala Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
16
18 61
20
16
67
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried Other Backward Caste
General
■ Self-employed
25 38
41
21
2
June 20, 2017
46 29
Kerala
Social Inclusion Some households belonging to the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Kerala practice open defecation Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 69 59
60
48
44
40 21
20
14 8 2
1
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Kerala
Scheduled Caste
1
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
Lower access to drinking water for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Kerala Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100 86
80
76
76 69 56
60
58
53 44
40
34 27
20
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Kerala
3
June 20, 2017
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
Kerala
Health and Education 18
16
14 12
Kerala outperforms most states on health and education. Infant mortality is among the lowest 10 in the country, and open defecation is very low compared to other states. As for education, two 8 in every five adults has6 completed secondary school, which is higher than in most other states. 4 What’s more, the learning outcomes of Kerala’s children are among the highest in the country, and 2 enrollment in higher education has increased since 2005. Notwithstanding these achievements, 0 however, there is room for improvement inRural the nutritionUrban levels of lower income families. Total Infant mortality rate is low and declining in Kerala Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
16
15
13
12
12 9
■ 2006 Total
Rural
■ 2013
Urban
Kerala’s infant mortality is among the lowest in the country Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
50
46
40 31
30
18
20
10
9
10
21
22
24
24
31
32
32
35
35
36
26
26
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
Kerala
Health and Education Malnutrition in Kerala is the lowest in the country Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
21
28
28
29
29
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Higher malnutrition among the lower income households in Kerala Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60
60
54 48
50
50
50
41
39
40 30
49
25
25
25 18
20 10 0
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Kerala Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.
2
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
â&#x2013; All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Kerala
Health and Education Kerala has very few households that practice open defecation compared to the rest of the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 98
96
97
99
97
99
2
1
3
1
3
1
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
80
60
40
20
â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine
June 20, 2017
61
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
There is no difference in the practice of open defecation by income level in Kerala
3
74
45
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
0
73
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
100
68
â&#x2013; Open defecation
Kerala
Health and Education Secondary school attainment among Kerala’s adults is higher than in many other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50
47 38
40 30 20
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
39
40
43
41
43
48
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Since 2005, significant progress in secondary schooling and above in Kerala Education attainment, (% age 18-30)
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
80 80 68
70 70
13
21-23
60 60
43
18-20
60
30 30
+10
93
Age
37
+17
83
15-17 40 40
26
20 20
12-14
98
99
+1
9-11
99
100
+1
11
10 10 2
6
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
■ 2005 June 20, 2017
96
6-8
1
Illiterate Illiterate
4
+9
50
50 50
00
22
100 100
■ 2012
95
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
-1 100 100
Kerala
Health and Education Enrollment in public schools in Kerala is lower than in most other states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
PJ MN KL GA
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Higher public school enrollment among children from low income families in Kerala Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 80 67
64
60 52 46
55
46
50
46
40
36
38 26
24
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ 2005
5
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Kerala
Health and Education Learning outcomes in Kerala are among the highest in the country Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Learning outcomes in Kerala have been consistently above the rest of the country Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ Kerala
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
6
June 20, 2017
2012
2013
2014
HR HP
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
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May 20, 2016
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
4
May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
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May 20, 2016