Punjab
Indicators at a Glance PUNJAB
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
20
24
28
1211
Urban share (%)
30
34
37
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
66
70
74
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
875
798
846
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
5
5
2
270
All
22
21
8
22
Rural
20
22
8
25
Urban
27
19
9
14
0.25
0.31
0.30
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
28,175
37,739
55,967
42,647
Agriculture
46
33
23
14
Industry
22
25
30
28
Services
32
43
48
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
2.7
5.8
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1
June 20, 2017
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
57
61
54
56
Male
84
83
79
80
Female
28
39
27
31
Agriculture
57
50
36
49
Industry
15
22
31
24
Services
27
28
32
27
Self-Employed
59
59
51
52
Salaried
18
22
28
18
Casual Wage
23
19
21
30
Punjab
Indicators at a Glance PUNJAB
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
177
192
141
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
51
44
26
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
37*
31~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
57
68
75
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
25
35
41
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
90
96
98
80
Rural
87
96
98
73
Urban
96
98
99
96
2008
2012
2012
All
86
87
56
Rural
81
85
46
Urban
96
90
77
All
24
16
44
Rural
36
22
60
Urban
5
6
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
1,816
3,347
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
923
1,864
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
26
25
25
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
3.3
3.3
2.6
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
6.5
4.6
5.2
6.9
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
June 20, 2017
Punjab
Poverty, Growth & Inequality With poor people making up less than a tenth of its population, Punjab is one of India’s richest states. After 2005, poverty reduction in the state was among the fastest in the country. In spite of this, Punjab’s western and central districts record higher levels of poverty than its other regions. Since 2005, however, the state’s growth has fallen below the national average. And, off late, services have contributed more to growth than manufacturing. Surprisingly, after 2005, consumption inequality in Punjab has decreased, albeit only slightly.
Poverty in Punjab is among the lowest in the country Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There is higher poverty in the central and western parts of Punjab than the rest of the state District level poverty, 2012 Patna
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)
N
1
June 20, 2017
3−5
0.6-5.2 3-5 5.3-13.2 5-7 13.3-17.2 7-9 17.3-22.6 9-11 22.7-62.8 11-18
Punjab
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Like many states in India, poverty reduction in Punjab was faster after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Poverty reduced in both rural and urban areas in Punjab after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 30 Urban
Total 20
Rural
27
22
20
22 21 19
9
10
8
8
0 1994
2
June 20, 2017
2005
2012
PJ
GA NL DL MZ
Punjab
Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
Growth in Punjab has been -3 lower than the national average after 2005 JH
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
CG
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
All India
GJ HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
OD CGHP MP
-17 Lagging
4
BH
Leading OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
TN
-15
5
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
Low poverty, UP declining fast
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
12
PJ
WB AP
JH AS
Weakening
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Since 2009, services have been contributing more to Punjab’s growth than manufacturing Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%) 12 12
15 15
10 10 10 10
5
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
3.7 3.2
1.9
5
3.5
0
0 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012 2005
■ Punjab GSDP
■ All India GDP
2.8
5.6
4.8
4.0
2.8 0.3
0.9
1.1
1.3
3.7
4.2
2.6
1.9
0.6
-0.4
0.4
5.4
0.7 0.4
-0.1
-2 -2 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012 2005
■ Services
3
June 20, 2017
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
Punjab
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Poverty reduction in Punjab after 2005 has been faster than in most states Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
A very small share of India’s poor live in Punjab bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
June 20, 2017
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
Punjab
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Slight reduction in consumption inequality in Punjab after 2005 Gini coefficient 0.4 0.34 0.31
0.3
0.30
0.29
0.25
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.26
0.2
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Consumption inequality in Punjab is just below the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
June 20, 2017
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
Punjab Jobs
Contrary to popular perception, over two-thirds of Punjab’s labor force works off the farm, among the highest levels of non-farm employment in the country. Since 2005, job growth in the state has been modest, with most new jobs being created in the non-farm sector. Most of these new jobs have, however, been for men. Female labor force participation in the state is not only low, but has been declining sharply since 2005. On the positive side, Punjab’s share of wage employment, especially of salaried jobs, has increased.
Over two-thirds of the people in Punjab work in the non-farm sector Employment share by sector, (%) 100
42
50
64
80
■ Non-farm
60
■ Farm
58 50
40
36
20
0 1994
2005
2012
Punjab’s non-farm employment share is higher than in most other states Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
Punjab Jobs
Job growth in Punjab has been weak since 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Most new jobs after 2005 in Punjab were created in the non-farm sectors of the economy Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
-4
MANU
MANU
5
THR
THR
-1
PUB
PUB
5
CONS
CONS
7
TRAN
TRAN
2
FIRB
7
MINE+UTIL
6
FIRB MINE+UTIL
0
2
1
2
■ 2005 June 20, 2017
3
4
■ 2012
5
6
Punjab Jobs
Salaried jobs increased in Punjab after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100
80
19
21
22
28
Wage Labor
60 59 51
40 Self Employed
20
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
The share of workers with salaried jobs is higher in Punjab than in many other states Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
June 20, 2017
Punjab Jobs
Not enough jobs for the size of the working age population in Punjab, especially for females Million
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)
20 20
â&#x2013; 2005
+2.0
â&#x2013; 2012
Working age population not in school
15 15
1.7
0.5
All Workers
+0.4 10 10
+0.9 1.7
Male Workers 5 5
-0.5 Female Workers
-2.6
0 0
Working age population not in school
All Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
-4 -4
-3 -3
-2 -2
-1 -1
0 0
Low urban and declining rural female labor force participation in Punjab Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 84
80
84
84 79 80
78
Rural Male 60
Urban Male 47
40
33
Rural Female 32
20 21 15
18
0 1993-94
4
June 20, 2017
2004-05
2011-12
Urban Female
1 1
2 2
Punjab Gender
Women in Punjab record mixed progress. On the bright side, maternal mortality — already lower than the national average — is improving. And, although fewer adult women have secondary education compared to adult men, the gap in schooling between boys and girls is narrowing. On a less positive note, however, the state has one of the lowest child sex ratios in the country. In addition, fewer women work in Punjab than in many other states. What’s more, women’s participation in the state’s labor force has declined dramatically after 2005, especially in rural areas. While rural women work mostly on the farm, when urban women work, they tend to have similar jobs as urban men.
Punjab has one of the lowest child sex ratios in the country Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969
964 962
957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Punjab’s child sex ratio, which worsened during the 1990s, increased after 2001 Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 950 900
875
846
850 798
800 750 700 1991
1
June 20, 2017
2001
2011
PJ HR
Punjab Gender
Since 2009, maternal mortality has been declining at a faster pace in Punjab Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200 178
172 141
100
0 2003
2009
2013
Punjabâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maternal mortality rate is below the national average Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
285 285
300
244 208 208
221 221 222
200 167
112 113
100 61
68
79
127 133
141
92
0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ
AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.
2
June 20, 2017
Punjab Gender
There are more women in Punjab with secondary schooling than in many other states Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
21
20
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There are gender disparities in education in Punjab, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50 44
40
35
30
30
20
Rural Females
38
20
21
20 15
23
12
30
Urban Females 12
22
10
15
11
52
0
Males
■ Illiterate
3
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
June 20, 2017
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Punjab Gender
Gender gaps in secondary schooling and above are narrowing for the young in Punjab Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 10
10
21-23
0
Female
Male
15-17
62
Age
57
5
1
94
93
100
-2
86
88
6-8
2
86
84
12-14 9-11
-5
25
30
18-20
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012 23
21-23
21
-2
Female
15-17
9-11
100
June 20, 2017
3 76
1
92
95
95
3 3
98
93
6-8
4
45
75
Age 12-14
Male 42
18-20
91
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
-2 100
Punjab Gender
Fewer women participate in the labor force in Punjab than in many other states Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
33
30
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Low urban and declining rural female labor force participation in Punjab Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 84
80
84
84 79 80
78
Rural Male 60
Urban Male 47
40
33
Rural Female 32
20 21 15
18
0 1993-94
5
June 20, 2017
2004-05
2011-12
Urban Female
Punjab Gender
A large majority of rural women work in farming in Punjab, more non-farm jobs for rural men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
Rural Females
4 9
20 12 44 18
75 18
■ Farm - All
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
When urban women work in Punjab, they have similar types of jobs as urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
8
46
■ Farm - All
6
June 20, 2017
Urban Females
4
4
12
41 54
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
30
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Punjab
Social Inclusion Despite Punjab’s overall progress in poverty reduction, some social groups have been left behind. Scheduled Castes in particular display higher levels of poverty and have witnessed slower poverty reduction than other groups. Moreover, education and job outcomes for these groups present a stark contrast with others. Open defecation is also higher among the Scheduled Castes. Compared to this, access to drinking water, which is high compared to the rest of the country, does not vary as much between Punjab’s households.
Higher poverty and slower poverty for the Scheduled Castes in Punjab Population below poverty line, (%) 40
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India
38
Punjab
Scheduled Tribe
9
0
Scheduled Caste
19
38
Other Backward Caste
43
13
General
29
48
30
21
19
20
Pace of poverty reduction 16 -12% per year
10
7
-15% per year
8 -13% per year
6
2 -14% per year
0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty among the Scheduled Castes in Punjab is lower than in other states SC population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 60 50 40
51
47
44
41
40
40
39 33
30
33
29
29
24
20
21
20
19
19
19
19
18
18
16
16
16
10
15
15
13
10 0
0 BH CG MN UP JH MP OD KA GA AI AS HR WB MH DL TN RJ
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
16
June 20, 2017
JK
GJ SK KL HP NL
0
PJ UK AR AP TR MG MZ
Punjab
Social Inclusion There is more illiteracy among the Scheduled Castes than other groups in Punjab Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 25
Scheduled Tribe
21
31
37
Scheduled Caste
22
Other Backward Caste
21
18
General 0
25
17
20
■ Illiterate
23
13
25
15
41
13
53
40
60
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
More casual wage jobs for the Scheduled Castes when compared to other groups Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
5
39
56
35
41
24
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried Other Backward Caste
General
■ Self-employed
6 20 51 29
2
June 20, 2017
30 65
Punjab
Social Inclusion Open defecation is higher among the Scheduled Castes than others in Punjab Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 69 59
60
48
44
40 29
20
21
16 8
7
1
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Punjab
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
Access to drinking water is high for all groups in Punjab Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 98
100
93
87
84
81
80
69 58
56
60
44
40 27
20
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Punjab
3
June 20, 2017
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
Punjab
Health and Education 60 50 40
Punjab has made significant progress in health and education. Infant mortality and open defecation rates are lower than 30 the national average. And, more adults have completed secondary school 20 than in many other states. What’s more, children’s learning outcomes are among the highest in the country. Nonetheless, malnutrition levels are high for many households across different 10 income groups. And, while children from poor families go to public school, those from richer families mainly attend 0privateTotal school. Rural Urban Infant mortality has been declining in Punjab Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60 50
48
44
36
40 28
26
30
23
20 10
■ 2006
0 Total
Rural
■ 2013
Urban
Punjab’s infant mortality rate is below the national average Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
50
46
40 31
30
18
20
10
9
10
21
22
24
24
31
32
32
35
35
36
26
26
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
Punjab
Health and Education Malnutrition in Punjab is below the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
21
28
28
29
29
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Barring the rich, malnutrition levels are higher than the national average for most households in Punjab Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60
60
56 52
53
48
50 40
54
49 45 41
37
30
25 20
20 10 0
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Punjab Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.
2
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
â&#x2013; All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Punjab
Health and Education Open defecation in Punjab is lower than in other states Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 73
90
92
10
8
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
97
80
60
40 36 27
20 16
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ Access and use of latrine
3
June 20, 2017
61
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
Open defecation is higher among low income groups in Punjab
64
74
45
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
84
73
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
100
68
■ Open defecation
3
Quintile 5
Punjab
Health and Education The share of adults with secondary schooling in Punjab is greater than the national average Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50
47 38
40 30 20
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
39
40
41
43
43
48
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Since 2005, Punjab has made significant progress in secondary schooling and above Education attainment, (% age 18-30)
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
60 60
33
50 50
10
21-23
23
20 20
10 10
44
60
15-17
+17 76
+16
Age
30 30
+12
27
18-20
40 40
22
20
46
12
31
85
12-14
22
9-11
13
6-8
94 87
94
+9
96
+2
92
+5
00 Illiterate Illiterate
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
â&#x2013; 2005
4
June 20, 2017
100 100
â&#x2013; 2012
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
100 100
Punjab
Health and Education Public school enrollment in Punjab is lower than in most states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Enrollment in private schools is increasing in Punjab, a lot more for the rich Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100 87 78
80
69
60
67 59
57 47
44
44
40 27
20
29 15
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ 2005
5
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
PJ MN KL GA
Punjab
Health and Education Learning outcomes of children in Punjab are among the highest in the country Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Since 2012, learning outcomes have been declining in Punjab Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ Punjab
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
6
June 20, 2017
2012
2013
2014
HR HP
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
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May 20, 2016
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
4
May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
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May 20, 2016