Tamil Nadu Indicators at a Glance
TAMIL NADU
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
56
62
72
1211
Urban share (%)
34
44
48
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
70
73
76
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
948
942
943
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
26
20
9
270
All
45
31
12
22
Rural
51
38
16
25
Urban
34
20
7
14
0.31
0.34
0.33
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
20,601
33,115
59,185
42,647
Agriculture
24
11
8
14
Industry
34
32
31
28
Services
42
57
61
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
4.4
8.6
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1
June 20, 2017
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
70
67
60
56
Male
86
84
80
80
Female
54
51
40
31
Agriculture
54
46
35
49
Industry
22
26
34
24
Services
24
27
31
27
Self-Employed
40
42
32
52
Salaried
18
22
26
18
Casual Wage
42
37
43
30
Tamil Nadu Indicators at a Glance
TAMIL NADU
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
167
111
79
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
49
37
21
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
31*
23~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
61
71
78
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
19
27
39
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
64
89
98
80
Rural
54
85
97
73
Urban
82
95
99
96
2008
2012
2012
All
41
47
56
Rural
22
31
46
Urban
63
65
77
All
47
42
44
Rural
74
67
60
Urban
16
13
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
2,671
3,152
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
1,355
1,770
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
36
31
30
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
2.6
2.2
2.5
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
7.4
3.4
7.3
6.9
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
June 20, 2017
Tamil Nadu
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Tamil Nadu is one of India’s richest states. Since 1994, the state has seen a steady decline in poverty, with the result that today, Tamil Nadu has lower levels of poverty than most other states in the country. Nevertheless, parts of the state still record high levels of poverty. After 2005, Tamil Nadu was among India’s fastest growing states, with growth being driven mainly by services. Although consumption inequality in the state decreased slightly after 2005, it still remains higher than in many other states.
Poverty in Tamil Nadu is lower than in many Indian states Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Parts of Tamil Nadu have high poverty District level poverty, 2012 Patna
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)
N
1
June 20, 2017
0.6-5.2 0-4 5.3-13.2 4-6 13.3-17.2 6-10 17.3-22.6 10-17 22.7-62.8 17-54 No data
Tamil Nadu
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Since 1994, there has been a steady decline in poverty in Tamil Nadu Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
PJ
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Poverty has declined steadily in both rural and urban areas of Tamil Nadu after 1994 Population below poverty line, (%) 60
50
Rural Total
40
51
45
38
Urban 30
34
31
20 20
16 12
10 7
0 1994
2
June 20, 2017
2005
2012
GA NL DL MZ
Tamil Nadu
Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
Growth in Tamil Nadu has -3 been among the fastest in India after 2005 JH
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
CG
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
All India
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
TN
HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
Low poverty, UP declining fast
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
OD CGHP MP
-17 Lagging
4
BH
Leading OD
GJ
-15
5
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
12
PJ
WB AP
JH
Weakening
AS
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Services drive Tamil Nadu’s economic growth Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%) 18 18
20 20
16 16 15 15
9.5
14 14
8.0
7.7
12 12 10 10
5
0
10 10
5
0 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012 2005
■ Tamil Nadu GSDP
■ All India GDP
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
5.8
4.3
5.2
4.5
4.3
0.5
1.5
1.5
5.4
5.3
5.9 4.7
0.6
1.2 -0.5
-2 -2
6.3
0.6
-0.6 -0.2
1.3 0.8
2005 2006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 2005
■ Services
3
June 20, 2017
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
Tamil Nadu
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Poverty reduction in Tamil Nadu has been faster than in many other states after 2005 Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
Tamil Nadu has a smaller share of India’s poor relative to its population bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
June 20, 2017
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
Tamil Nadu
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality in Tamil Nadu decreased marginally after 2005 Gini coefficient 0.4 0.34 0.31
0.36 0.33
0.33
0.3
0.34
0.28 0.28 0.28
0.2
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Consumption inequality in Tamil Nadu is higher than the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
June 20, 2017
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
Tamil Nadu Jobs
People in Tamil Nadu are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work such as construction. But, while growth in non-farm jobs has been positive, it has been slow. And although wage employment grew after 2005, this growth took place mainly in jobs that paid casual wages. Overall, the pace of job creation in the state has lagged behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school. For women, there are even fewer jobs than before, and many have dropped out of the labor force.
Nearly two-thirds of Tamil Nadu’s people work in non-farm sectors Employment share by sector, (%) 100
46
54
65
80
■ Non-farm
60
■ Farm
54
40
46 35
20
0 1994
2005
2012
The share of non-farm employment in Tamil Nadu is among the highest in the country Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
Tamil Nadu Jobs
Job growth in Tamil Nadu was slow after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Most new jobs created in Tamil Nadu after 2005 where in construction Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
-4
MANU
MANU
1
THR
THR
1
PUB
PUB
1
CONS
CONS
11
TRAN
TRAN
6
FIRB
3
MINE+UTIL
12
FIRB MINE+UTIL
0
2
3
6
■ 2005 June 20, 2017
9
■ 2012
12
15
Tamil Nadu Jobs
More wage employment in Tamil Nadu after 2005, mainly for casual wages Employment by wage type, (%) 100
37
43
80 Wage Labor
60
22 26
40
42 32
20
Self Employed
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
One in every four workers in Tamil Nadu has a salaried job, which is higher than in many other states Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
June 20, 2017
Tamil Nadu Jobs
Not enough jobs for the growing size of the working age population in Tamil Nadu Million
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)
60 60
â&#x2013; 2005
â&#x2013; 2012
Working age population not in school
50 50 +4.9 40 40
+0.5
1.5
0.2
All Workers
30 30
+1.8
20 20
1.3
Male Workers -1.3
10 10
-1.6
Female Workers
0 0
Working age population not in school
All Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
-3.0-3.0 -2.5-2.5 -2.0-2.0 -1.5-1.5 -1.0-1.0-0.5-0.5 0.00.0 0.50.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.02.0
Female labor force participation declined sharply in Tamil Nadu after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87
80
83
85
81
82
78
Rural Male 60
65
63
Urban Male 50
40 34
33 27
20
0 1993-94
4
June 20, 2017
2004-05
2011-12
Rural Female Urban Female
Tamil Nadu Gender
Women in Tamil Nadu have experienced mixed progress. On the bright side, maternal mortality in the state is low and declining. Moreover, women in Tamil Nadu are better educated than in many other states, with more girls going to school today than before. However, Tamil Naduâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s child sex ratio is below many other states and has not shown much improvement since 2001. On the work front, women have been leaving the labor force in large numbers since 2005, especially in the rural areas. But, when women work, they by and large have similar types of jobs as men.
Child sex ratio in Tamil Nadu is higher than the national average Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969
964 962
957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Little improvement in child sex ratio in Tamil Nadu after 2001 Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000
950
948
942
943
2001
2011
900
850
800 1991
1
June 20, 2017
PJ HR
Tamil Nadu Gender
Steady decline in maternal mortality in Tamil Nadu after 2003 Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200
134 97
100
79
0 2003
2009
2013
Tamil Nadu has fewer maternal deaths than most other states in the country Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
285 285
300
244 208 208
221 221 222
200 167
112 113
100 61
68
79
127 133
141
92
0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ
AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.
2
June 20, 2017
Tamil Nadu Gender
A third of Tamil Nadu’s women have completed secondary school, which is higher than the national average Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
20
21
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
More men have secondary schooling than women in Tamil Nadu, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50 44
Rural Females 40 34
30 24
20
38
23
14
25
29
15
22
Urban Females
18 14
19
21
14
46
10
0
Males
■ Illiterate
3
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
June 20, 2017
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Tamil Nadu Gender
No gender gaps in schooling among the really young in Tamil Nadu Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 11
8
21-23
3
Female
Male
15-17
8
31
23
18-20
65
Age
56
9 6
95
89
12-14 9-11
98
99
1
6-8
98
98
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012 14
21-23
24
10
Female
15-17
51
6
Age
80
0
80
98
12-14
-1
97
9-11
100
100
0
6-8
99
99
0
100
4
Male 45
18-20
June 20, 2017
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tamil Nadu Gender
Female labor force participation in Tamil Nadu is higher than the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
33
30
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Tamil Nadu after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87
80
83
85
81
82
78
Rural Male 60
65
63
Urban Male 50
40 34
33 27
20
0 1993-94
5
June 20, 2017
2004-05
2011-12
Rural Female Urban Female
Tamil Nadu Gender
Women have slightly more casual wage jobs than men in rural Tamil Nadu Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
Rural Females
18 28 17
52
51 9
13
■ Farm - All
12
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Women do similar types of jobs as men in urban Tamil Nadu Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
Urban Females
9
12
19
14
28 40
34
43
■ Farm - All
6
June 20, 2017
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Tamil Nadu Social Inclusion
Progress across social groups has been uneven in Tamil Nadu. For the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, poverty remains higher than for other groups. These groups also lag behind others in schooling and access to salaried jobs. Moreover, open defecation is higher among households belonging to these groups. One area where most households in the state face a challenge is access to drinking water, with levels of access being lower than the national average.
More poverty among the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Tamil Nadu Population below poverty line, (%) 60
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India
Tamil Nadu
9
1
Scheduled Tribe
49
50 42
Scheduled Caste
19
21
Other Backward Caste
43
74
General
29
3
Pace of poverty reduction
40 30
27
26 -7% per year 19 -13% per year
20
10 -13% per year
10
10
2 -23% per year
0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty among Scheduled Castes in Tamil Nadu is lower than in many other states SC population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 60 50 40
51
47
44
41
40
40
39 33
30
33
29
29
24
20
21
20
19
19
19
19
18
18
16
16
16
10
15
15
13
10 0
0 BH CG MN UP JH MP OD KA GA AI AS HR WB MH DL TN RJ
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
16
June 20, 2017
JK
GJ SK KL HP NL
0
PJ UK AR AP TR MG MZ
Tamil Nadu Social Inclusion
There is variation in schooling levels by social group in Tamil Nadu Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 52
Scheduled Tribe
29
Scheduled Caste
24
21
Other Backward Caste
6
General
23
12
20
10
18
17
30
16
41
14
0
20
68
40
■ Illiterate
60
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
More casual wage jobs for those belonging to the Scheduled Castes in Tamil Nadu Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
16 38 48
22
61 14
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried
Other Backward Caste
General
17 38
2
June 20, 2017
27
36
26
■ Self-employed
56
Tamil Nadu Social Inclusion
Open defecation is high among the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Tamil Nadu Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 69 62
61
60
59 48
44
42
38
40
21
20
11
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
■ Tamil Nadu
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
Access to drinking water is lower than the national average for most households in Tamil Nadu Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100
79
80
69 58
56
60 47
44
40
33
49
33 27
20
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ Tamil Nadu
3
June 20, 2017
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
Tamil Nadu Health and Education 40
30
Tamil Nadu has recorded mixed progress on health and education. Infant mortality is among the lowest in the country and is declining. Malnutrition is low for most households compared to 20 the national average. Open defecation, on the other hand, is high, especially among low income households. On education, Tamil Nadu has made significant progress. Today, children in the 10 state are staying longer in school, and learning outcomes have improved since 2013. In addition, the share of adults with secondary schooling is above the national average. Regarding school 0 enrollment, the percentage of children in Rural public schools is close to the national average, while Total Urban private schools are typically attended by children from rich families.
Infant mortality is declining in Tamil Nadu Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 39
37
40
33
30
24
21
20
17
10
â&#x2013; 2006
0 Total
Rural
â&#x2013; 2013
Urban
Infant mortality in Tamil Nadu is lower than in most other states in India Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
50
46
40 31
30
18
20
10
9
10
21
22
24
24
31
32
32
35
35
36
26
26
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
Tamil Nadu Health and Education
Malnutrition in Tamil Nadu is among the lowest in the country Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
21
28
28
29
29
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
36
35
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Malnutrition is below the national average across all income groups in Tamil Nadu Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60
60
54 49
48
50
40
40
38
31
41 35 28
30 20
25
13
10 0
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Tamil Nadu Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.
2
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
â&#x2013; All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Tamil Nadu Health and Education
Open defecation in Tamil Nadu is close to the national average Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 37
51
68
90
80 71
60
40
63 49 42 32
20 10
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine
3
June 20, 2017
61
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
Open defecation is higher among the less well-off than the rich in Tamil Nadu
29
74
45
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
58
73
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
100
68
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
â&#x2013; Open defecation
Quintile 5
Tamil Nadu Health and Education
The share of adults with secondary school education in Tamil Nadu is higher than the national average Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50
47 38
40 30 20
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
39
40
41
43
43
48
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Significant improvement in secondary school attainment in Tamil Nadu after 2005 Education attainment, (% age 18-30)
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
70 70
38
+21 80
93
12-14
20 20
48
61
15-17
30
30 30
+8
+19
Age
40 40
18
27
18-20
50 50
10 10
10
21-23
58
60 60
17
21
+4
97
20
9-11
98
100
+2
6-8
98
99
+1
11 5
00 Illiterate Illiterate
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
â&#x2013; 2005
4
June 20, 2017
100 100
â&#x2013; 2012
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
100 100
Tamil Nadu Health and Education
Public school enrollment in Tamil Nadu is just below the national average Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Children from low income families typically attend public school in Tamil Nadu Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100 90
87
82
80
73 65
68
59
60
64 49 42
40
24
20
21
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ 2005
5
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
PJ MN KL GA
Tamil Nadu Health and Education
Learning outcomes of children in Tamil Nadu are similar to the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Since 2013, learning outcomes have improved in Tamil Nadu Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ Tamil Nadu
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
6
June 20, 2017
2012
2013
2014
HR HP
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
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May 20, 2016
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
4
May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
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May 20, 2016