West Bengal Indicators at a Glance
WEST BENGAL
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
68
80
91
1211
Urban share (%)
27
28
32
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
64
69
73
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
967
960
956
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
28
29
19
270
All
40
35
20
22
Rural
42
38
23
25
Urban
31
24
15
14
0.27
0.31
0.32
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
14,719
24,709
34,976
42,647
Agriculture
32
24
18
14
Industry
24
22
19
28
Services
43
54
64
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
4.8
5.1
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1
June 20, 2017
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
58
56
55
56
Male
87
84
83
80
Female
27
25
25
31
Agriculture
51
48
39
49
Industry
23
22
31
24
Services
27
30
30
27
Self-Employed
51
53
46
52
Salaried
18
15
17
18
Casual Wage
32
32
37
30
West Bengal Indicators at a Glance
WEST BENGAL
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
218
141
113
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
51
38
31
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
45*
35~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
61
67
72
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
15
19
25
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
28
49
78
80
Rural
11
34
70
73
Urban
71
87
96
96
2008
2012
2012
All
35
36
56
Rural
28
30
46
Urban
53
49
77
All
32
30
44
Rural
42
40
60
Urban
6
5
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
2,322
3,418
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
2,205
3,554
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
0
0
0
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
3.3
3.2
3.1
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
4.7
7.5
6.9
6.9
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
June 20, 2017
West Bengal
Poverty, Growth & Inequality West Bengal is India’s 4th most populous state in India with 91 million people, a fifth of who are poor. Although poverty reduction in the state was faster after 2005, pockets of high poverty still persist within the state. What’s more, after 2005, the state’s economic growth, which is driven mainly by services, has been weak. So much so that West Bengal grew at an even slower pace than the country’s other low income states. Furthermore, consumption inequality, which increased marginally after 2005, is close to the national average.
Poverty in West Bengal is close to the national average Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Some districts in West Bengal have very high poverty District level poverty, 2012 Patna
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)
N
1
June 20, 2017
0.6-5.2 4-9 5.3-13.2 9-20 13.3-17.2 20-26 17.3-22.6 26-31 22.7-62.8 31-38
West Bengal
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Like many other states, poverty reduction in West Bengal was faster after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
PJ
GA NL DL MZ
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There was faster poverty reduction in both rural and urban areas of West Bengal after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 60
50
40
30
Rural Total
42 38 40 35
Urban 31
23 24
20
20 15
10
0 1994
2
June 20, 2017
2005
2012
West Bengal
Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty,
AS
12
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
All India
Leading OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
TN
HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
Low poverty, UP declining fast
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
OD CGHP MP
-17 Lagging
4
BH
GJ
-15
5
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
slowly states in India, including the Since 2005, West Bengal’s growth has lagged behinddeclining most other -3 Low Income States JH CG
PJ
WB AP
JH AS
Weakening
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Services contribute the most to West Bengal’s growth Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)
15 15
10 10
8
8
4.5
5.5
10 10 6
5
0
5
0 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012 2005
■ West Bengal GSDP
■ All India GDP
6
4
4
2
2
0
4.7
5.0
5.0
3.9 1.8 0.7 0.5
0
5.0
5.8
1.9
1.5 1.4
0.5
-1.5
5.0
1.4 -0.4 -0.5
1.2 -0.4
0.1 -0.4
-2 -2 2005 2006 2006 2007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 2005
■ Services
3
June 20, 2017
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
West Bengal
Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction in West Bengal after 2005 was similar to the national average Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
A substantial share of India’s poor live in West Bengal bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
June 20, 2017
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
West Bengal
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Since 2005, consumption inequality has increased marginally in West Bengal Gini coefficient 0.4
0.37 0.31
0.3
0.39
0.33
0.32
0.27 0.24
0.26
0.24
0.2
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Consumption inequality in West Bengal is close to the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
June 20, 2017
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
West Bengal Jobs
Since 2005, West Bengal has outperformed most of India’s states on job growth, with jobs increasing for both men and women. Many of the new jobs were created in manufacturing and construction, resulting in a rise in wage employment. On a more somber note, one in every five of the state’s workers has a salaried job. In addition, with less than a third of its women working, female labor force participation in the state is very low.
Many more non-farm jobs in West Bengal after 2005 Employment share by sector, (%) 100
49
52
61
80
■ Non-farm
60
■ Farm
51
40
48 39
20
0 1994
2005
2012
West Bengal’s share of non-farm employment is higher than the national average Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
West Bengal Jobs
Job creation in West Bengal after 2005 was the highest in India Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Job creation in West Bengal after 2005 was driven mainly by manufacturing and construction Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
-1
MANU
MANU
6
THR
THR
0
PUB
PUB
2
TRAN
TRAN
2
CONS
CONS
10
FIRB
FIRB
5
MINE+UTIL
5
MINE+UTIL
0
2
10
5
■ 2005 June 20, 2017
15
■ 2012
20
West Bengal Jobs
Wage employment, especially those paying casual wages, increased in West Bengal after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100
32
37
80
Wage Labor
15
60
17
53 46
40
Self Employed
20
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
The share of workers with salaried jobs in West Bengal is low, but similar to the national average Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
June 20, 2017
West Bengal Jobs
High job growth for both males and females in West Bengal after 2005 Million
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)
7070
â&#x2013; 2005
â&#x2013; 2012
6060 +7.0
Working age population not in school
1.8
All Workers
1.8
5050 4040
+4.2
3030
+2.9
1.6
Male Workers
2020
+1.3
10 10
2.6
Female Workers
0 0
Working age population not in school
All Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
0.00.0
0.50.5
1.01.0
1.51.5
2.02.0
Low female labor force participation in West Bengal Labor force participation rate, (%) 100
90
87
85
80 82
79
78
Rural Male 60
Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female
40 29
20
27
22
21
1993-94
2004-05
26 23
0
4
June 20, 2017
2011-12
2.52.5
3.03.0
West Bengal Gender
West Bengal has shown mixed progress on gender. On the one hand, maternal mortality in the state is low and declining. On the other hand, West Bengal’s child sex ratio, which is still above the national average, is declining. Moreover, only a fifth of West Bengal’s women have completed secondary school, which is lower than in most other states in the country. What’s more, female labor force participation in West Bengal is among the lowest in India. On a more positive note, more girls than boys attend primary and secondary school in the state today. Interestingly, there is more non-farm employment for women than men in rural areas. In urban areas, by contrast, both men and women have similar types of jobs.
West Bengal’s child sex ratio is higher than the national average Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969
964 962
957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Child sex ratio is declining, albeit at a slow rate, in West Bengal Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 967
960
956
1991
2001
2011
950 900 850 800
1
June 20, 2017
PJ HR
West Bengal Gender
Maternal mortality is decreasing in West Bengal Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
194
200
145 113
100
0 2003
2009
2013
Maternal mortality in West Bengal is lower than in many other states Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
285 285
300
244 208 208
221 221 222
200 167
112 113
100 61
68
79
127 133
141
92
0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ
AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.
2
June 20, 2017
West Bengal Gender
The share of women with secondary schooling in West Bengal is lower than in many other states Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
20
21
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Less schooling for adult women than men in West Bengal, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 40 35
33
Rural Females 29
30
27
42
21
20
17
18
31
16
11
20
Urban Females 18
10
19
20
42
0
Males
■ Illiterate
3
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
June 20, 2017
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
West Bengal Gender
More girls than boys in primary and secondary school in West Bengal after 2005 Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 3
13
10
21-23 Female
Male
15-17
13
31
18
18-20
52
Age
48
4 0
78
78
12-14
100
2
84
82
6-8
0
89
89
9-11
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012 12
21-23
22
10
Female
Male 28
18-20 15-17
Age
73
100
June 20, 2017
65
-8 1
86
95
92
91
6-8
4
14
85
12-14 9-11
42
90
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
-3 -1 100
West Bengal Gender
Female labor force participation in West Bengal is below that of many other states in India Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
33
30
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Low female labor force participation in both rural and urban areas of West Bengal Labor force participation rate, (%) 100
90
87
85
80 82
79
78
Rural Male 60
Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female
40 29
20
27
22
21
1993-94
2004-05
26 23
0
5
June 20, 2017
2011-12
West Bengal Gender
Majority of the rural men in West Bengal work in farming, more self employment among rural women Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
Rural Females
15
7
8
7 42
57 21
43
■ Farm - All
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
When women urban work in West Bengal, they have similar jobs as urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
Urban Females
2
3 13
16
44 41
37
■ Farm - All
6
June 20, 2017
45
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
West Bengal Social Inclusion
Progress across social groups in West Bengal has been uneven. The state’s Scheduled Tribes, in particular, record very high levels of poverty, and the pace of poverty reduction among them has been slow. In addition, more of their people work for casual wages than others . What’s more, levels of educational attainment and open defecation vary starkly between social groups. While most households in the state have poor access to drinking water, the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes are particularly worse off than others.
High poverty and slow poverty reduction for the Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal Population below poverty line, (%) 60
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India
West Bengal
Scheduled Tribe
9
5
Scheduled Caste
19
27
Other Backward Caste
43
9
General
29
59
Pace of poverty reduction
54 49 -1% per year
50 38
40
-8% per -6% year per 21 year
32
30
27
18
20
18 -8% per year
10 0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal is higher than in many other states ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60
63 56
54
53
50
51
50
49 43
40
43
40
39
36
30 20 10
33
32
31
26
26
25
23
20
19
15
13
13
9
9
8
0
0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
6
June 20, 2017
0
PJ GA DL
West Bengal Social Inclusion
Schooling levels vary between social groups in West Bengal Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 45
Scheduled Tribe
31
34
Scheduled Caste
34
21
Other Backward Caste
0
17
32
25
General
20
28
14
15
22
24
17
40
■ Illiterate
10
30
60
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
More casual wage jobs for the Scheduled Tribes than other groups in West Bengal Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
25 46
62
40
13 13
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried
Other Backward Caste
44
16
June 20, 2017
■ Self-employed
30
39
2
General
52 19
West Bengal Social Inclusion
While open defecation is low on average in West Bengal, it is high among some social groups Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 69
60
59
54
48
44
42
40
33
30
22
20
21
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
■ West Bengal
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
Access to drinking water is poor in West Bengal, especially among the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100
80 69 58
56
60
44
40
42
36 27
40
27
20
20
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
■ West Bengal
3
June 20, 2017
Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
West Bengal Health and Education 45
40 35
West Bengal has a lot of ground to cover on health and education. While on average, West Bengal’s 30 rates of infant mortality, malnutrition and open defecation are lower than in other Indian states, 25 the state’s low income20households record a high incidence of malnutrition and open defecation. On education, only one 15 in four of the state’s adults have completed secondary school - among the lowest rates of secondary school completion in the country. On the positive side, the younger 10 generation is staying 5longer in school, learning outcomes have improved, and today, these outcomes rank above0 the national average. A large majority of West Bengal’s children attend Total Rural Urban public schools.
Infant mortality is declining in West Bengal Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 40
38
40
32
31
30
29
26
20 10
■ 2006
0 Total
Rural
■ 2013
Urban
Infant mortality in West Bengal is lower than in many other states Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
50
46
40 31
30
18
20
10
9
10
21
22
24
24
31
32
32
35
35
36
26
26
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
West Bengal Health and Education
Malnutrition in West Bengal is below the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
21
28
28
29
29
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
More malnutrition among the low income groups in West Bengal Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 59
60 50
60 54
48
45
49
48
41
39
40
28
30
25
20 9
10 0
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; West Bengal Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.
2
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
â&#x2013; All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
West Bengal Health and Education
Open defecation in West Bengal is lower than in many other states Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 59
63
78
94
80
60 55
40
20
41
37
30 22 6
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine
3
June 20, 2017
61
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
More open defecation among the low income groups in West Bengal
45
74
45
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
70
73
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
100
68
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
â&#x2013; Open defecation
Quintile 5
West Bengal Health and Education
Secondary school completion among adults in West Bengal is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50
47 38
40 30 20
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
40
39
43
43
41
48
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There are gains in schooling for the young in West Bengal Education attainment, (% age 18-30)
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
50 50 12
21-23
17
+5
40 40 35
30 30 24 18
36
+11
50
15-17
69
+19
Age
24
20 20
25
18-20
33
33
78
12-14
18
86
+8
15
9-11
10 10
6-8
93
89 83
90
+4 +7
00 Illiterate Illiterate
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
â&#x2013; 2005
4
June 20, 2017
100 100
â&#x2013; 2012
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
100 100
West Bengal Health and Education
Enrollment in public schools is high in West Bengal in comparison to other Indian states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Enrollment in public schools is high across income levels in West Bengal Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100
95 86
85
89
89
90
92 86
86
83
80
72
68
60
40
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ 2005
5
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
PJ MN KL GA
West Bengal Health and Education
Learning outcomes of children in West Bengal is higher than the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Learning outcomes have increased, albeit marginally, in West Bengal after 2012 Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ West Bengal
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
6
June 20, 2017
2012
2013
2014
HR HP
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
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May 20, 2016
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
4
May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
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May 20, 2016