Newsletter - The World Bank in India - August 2022

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World Bank in India Vol 25 / No. 1 August 2022 PublicationsNew ProjectsRegional Dialogue 06 11 18 Toward Safer and More Productive Migration for South Asia S. Amer Ahmed and Laurent Bossavie, EditorsFOCUSINDEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL

LearningPoverty

When 10-year-olds are Unable to Read and Understand a Simple Text LEARNING POVERTY

A recent World Bank study published in June 2022 finds that two years after the Covid-19 pandemic, learning poverty increased by a third in low-and-middle-income countries, with an estimated 70% of 10-year-olds unable to understand a simple written text. This rate was already high – at 57% before the pandemic started. This generation of students now risks losing $21 trillion in potential lifetime earnings in present value, or the equivalent of 17% of today’s global GDP, up from the $17 trillion estimated in 2021.

The State of Global Learning Poverty: 2022 Update published by the Bank with the UNESCO, UNICEF, UK government Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), USAID, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, shows that prolonged school closures, poor mitigation effectiveness, and household-income shocks had the biggest impact on learning poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), with a predicted 80% of children at the end-of-primary-school-age now unable to understand a simple written text, up from around 50% pre-pandemic.

measuring actual learning levels of children in reopened school systems around the world corroborate the predictions of large learning losses. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), increases in learning poverty were smaller, as school closures in this region typically lasted only a few months, but stand now at an extremely high 89%. In all other regions, simulations show increases in learning poverty.

• Estimates show that students have lost the equivalent of two academic years’ teaching.

In India, significant strides in improving access to education across the country were made between 2004 and 2019 with the number of children going to school increasing from 219 million to 248 million. But the COVID-19 nation-wide lockdown and school closures impacted almost 250 million students throughout the country. Despite the government’s efforts to activate alternative channels for remote learning, the loss of instruction time has impacted students’ learning.

• In rural Karnataka, the share of grade three students in government schools able to perform simple subtraction fell from 24 percent in 2018 to only 16 percent in 2020.

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• Estimates also show that the percentage of 10-yearold children below grade level proficiency could increase from 54 percent (pre-pandemic) to as high as 70 percent in some states.

Below grade level proficiency among 10-year-olds in India could increase from 54% (pre-pandemic) to as high as 70% in some states

The next largest increase is in South Asia, where predictions put at 78% the share of children that lack minimum literacy proficiency, up from 60% preEmergingpandemic.data

• Develop psychosocial health and well-being. These interventions must be implemented as part of a national learning recovery program that can also serve as a springboard for building more effective, equitable, and resilient education systems.

Turning the tide against the longer-term learning crisis will require national coalitions for learning recovery –coalitions that include families, educators, civil society, the business community, and other ministries beyond the education ministry.

• Assess learning levels regularly • Prioritize teaching the fundamentals • Increase the efficiency of instruction, including through catch-up learning

Governments must make sure that education systems:

RAPID framework offers a menu of evidencebased interventions that education systems can implement to help children recover lost learning, and to accelerate long-term progress in foundational learning.

The State of Global Learning Poverty: 2022 Update emphasizes that learning recovery and acceleration requires sustained national political commitment, from the highest political levels to all members of society.

To lead to broad, sustained change, the program will need to be accompanied by much-needed systemic strengthening. This is critical to closing learning gaps as much as possible by 2030 to ensure that all children and youth have the opportunity to shape the bright futures they deserve. With a school-age population of 300 million, India has almost 25 percent of the world’s children, India’s model and approach for learning recovery has the potential to inform the actions of other developing countries.

Commitment needs to be further translated into concrete action at the national and sub-national levels, with better assessment of learning to fill the vast data gaps, clear targets for progress, and evidence-based plans for learning recovery and acceleration. Given the scale of the challenges and scarcity of resources, countries need to concentrate their efforts on the most cost-effective approaches to tackle learning Thepoverty.

• Reach every child and keep them in school

Prioritizing Learning During COVID-19

In July 2020, the World Bank Education Global Practice, United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), and UNICEF convened the Global Education Evidence Advisory Panel (GEEAP), an independent and cross-disciplinary panel of leading global education experts. The Panel’s mandate is to significantly support policymakers’ decision-making on education investments to recover from the COVID-19 crisis. The Panel’s report, “Prioritizing Learning During COVID-19,” was launched globally on the 26th of January 2022. It draws on insights from the recent research on the impact of and countries’ responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The GEEAP Report presents practical guidance for education systems to build back better and reverse the significant learning loss due to foregone and forgotten learning. The report recommends: • keeping schools and preschools fully open • prioritizing teachers for the COVID-19 vaccination and following all COVID protocols in schools • adjusting instruction to support the learning needs of children and focus on important foundational skills; and • governments must ensure teachers have adequate support to help children learn. Panel Report:

World Bank in India Global Education Evidence Advisory

DEEPENING LINKAGES BETWEEN SOUTH ASIA AND SOUTHEAST

If you are an Indonesian trader in Bangkok, here is how you can carry out a financial transaction. Take your phone, scan your QR code, and settle the payment using the local currency exchange rate. This could soon be possible across all Southeast Asian countries as their central banks are working on linking their payment systems by the end of 2022. This will allow people to buy goods and services throughout the region by scanning QR codes. This is a great example of economic integration that also ties in the digital boom in the region. Imagine if this were extended to South Asia and if South Asian countries could trade amongst themselves using this technology?

DIALOGUEREGIONAL

The World Bank’s new report, Deepening Linkages between South Asia and Southeast Asia, explores new approaches to revitalize trade and economic links between the two regions, focusing on emerging areas like digital, environmental goods, and services. The report estimates that in a most optimistic scenario that combines liberalization of tariffs, non-tariff and foreign direct investment (FDI) barriers, trade facilitation, and extending these reforms multilaterally to third countries and intra-regionally, can boost the gross domestic product (GDP) to around 17.6 % for South Asia and 15.7 % for Southeast Asia.

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ASIA Trade linkages between South Asia and Southeast Asia have grown ninefold over the past two decades – from US$ 38 billion in 2000 to US$ 349 billion in 2018. But despite the progress, there remains a significant untapped potential of economic integration between these two regions.

Constraints of high tariffs, nontariff and knowledge barriers

Second, there are other non-tariff barriers including sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) requirements, technical barriers to trade, pre-shipment inspection, nonautomatic licensing requirements, and price controls that significantly deter trade and impede competitiveness for firms. In addition, cumbersome customs procedures and burdensome documentary requirements slow down economic linkages.

TARRIFS ON IMPORTS

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“The nature of barriers is important to consider. In addition to pursuing free trade agreements, countries could also consider more regulatory harmonization, especially in cases like digital and services sector,” said Nora Dihel, senior World Bank economist.

South Asian tariffs on imports from Southeast Asia: 6.9 % (3 times higher) Southeast Asian tariffs on imports from South Asia: 2.8%

Despite the potential, why has trade and investment between the two regions not grown exponentially? First, there are constraints of high tariffs, with South Asian tariffs on imports from Southeast Asia nearly three times (6.9%) higher as compared to Southeast Asian tariffs on imports from South Asia (2.8%).

Trade linkages between South Asia and Southeast Asia have grown ninefold over the past two decades – from US$ 38 billion in 2000 to US$ 349 billion in 2018. But despite the progress, there remains a significant untapped potential of economic integration between these two regions. While recent events like the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain disruptions, and shifts in geopolitics have impacted the global economy, new opportunities for broadening interregional economic engagement between these regions have emerged, especially in areas like digital economy, environmental goods, and the growing services sector.

World Bank in India also allowed large and small businesses to be a part of economic growth,” said Rupa Chanda, Director of Trade, Investment and Innovation at United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia.

The World Bank’s Vice President for the South Asia Region, Martin Raiser, emphasized that there is an accelerated trend towards shortening supply chains, with focus on regional production and cooperation.

REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN NUMBERS

Swarnim Wagle, Chair of the Institute for Integrated Development Studies in Nepal highlighted the existing cultural and economic linkages between the regions where Southeast Asia is viewed as a source of trade, FDI, and remittances for the lower income countries in South Asia. “There are several other opportunities including India’s Look East and Act East policies, Bangladesh and Nepal sending thousands of migrant workers to East Asia, and many countries in South Asia looking to draw in middle-income tourists from Southeast Asia, tapping on the Buddhist linkages,” he added.

INTRAREGIONAL TRADE South Asia 5% of its total trade Southeast Asia East Asia Pacific: Over 50% ASEAN: 23%

Untapped Potential and Emerging Opportunities

Also, a growing digital economy both in South Asia and Southeast Asia has expanded markets for goods and Anservices.estimate suggests that since the pandemic, 60 million Southeast Asians became digital consumers for the first time. “This can be tapped effectively with greater digital cooperation and harmonization of regulatory frameworks,” said Raiser, adding that the regions can also collaborate on green technologies, environmental goods, and in services sector to make their exports more sustainable in the global and regional markets. The pandemic has stimulated other opportunities like cross-border delivery in healthcare, telemedicine, disease surveillance, and education services. “Many of these services have strong economic spin offs, and it has

The countries in South Asia and Southeast Asian are not homogenous and so are their trade relationships. At a bilateral and subregional level, there are several agreements and trade relationships moving ahead, said Cecile Fruman, World Bank’s Director for Regional Integration and Engagement in South Asia. For countries, there are differentiated gains of deepening linkages, depending upon the size and arms of the overall economic cooperation model. For instance, ties between India and Singapore are robust as India receives the largest FDI inflows from Singapore.

KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEEPENING LINKAGES • Pursue regional integration through free trade agreements and regulatory harmonization at regional and bilateral level. • Address non-tariff measures like SPS-related procedural roadblocks by implementing trade facilitation measures • Reform and open-up services sectors by developing supporting regulatory policies and harmonization of standards • Make regional trade sustainable by reducing tariffs on environmental goods that will boost domestic uptake of clean technologies and spur green growth. • Improve knowledge and information exchange between businesses • Implement integrated approach to economic integration with investment, mobility, and trade complementary to each other

Heterogenous Countries, Bilateral Agreements

Looking ahead, the panelists emphasized the role of private sector, multilateral institutions, and regional forums like Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and global foras like G-20 to convene and support these opportunities. And if there was a wish list for deepening linkages, here is what featured on top: i) an integrated approach to economic cooperation where investment, mobility, and trade are seen as complementary to each other; ii) better connectivity of roads and skies; and iii) interoperability of digital currencies— that is where scanning QR codes via your smart phones to settle financial transactions

Rupa Chanda highlighted that at the microlevel, linguistic and cultural differences and different ways of doing business have impeded greater economic integration. “It is not the nations that are trading, it is firms that are investing. Among the firms, we need to promote a better understanding of the business cultures and of the markets,” she added.

“This has allowed for complementarities in digital start-ups, fin-techs, ed-tech and collaborations in health care and retail, where many Indian companies are now registered in Singapore,” he added.

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9 World Bank in India integrationInterregional South Asia–Southeast Asia regional integration that combines liberalization of tariffs, non- tariff, and foreign direct investment (FDI) barriers, along with trade facilitation can boost gross domestic product (GDP) by 0.4% to 10.6 % for South Asia and by 0.1% to 0.4 % for Southeast Asia. South Asia South Asia 0.4% 0.4%0.1% 0.1% Southeast Asia Southeast Asia 0.4% 15.7% GDP gain GDP gain 10.6% 17.6% integrationMultilateral If interregional trade and investment reforms are extended in multilateral integration track to third countries and intraregionally within South Asia and Southeast Asia, the GDP gains would be significant to around 17.6 % for South Asia and 15.7 % for Southeast Asia. No integration The costs of no integration between the two regions are significant, cutting the GDP gains by half for South Asia and by a third for Southeast Asia. South Asia 0.4% 0.1%Southeast Asia GDP 1/2 1/3

“As India takes over the Presidency of the G20 later this year, the Bank, globally, looks forward to supporting India in this leadership role.” he added

10 Auguste, a national of Côte d’Ivoire, most recently served as the World Bank’s Country Director for the Republic of Türkiye – where he led the expansion of the Bank’s country program and deepened its support to Türkiye’s climate agenda.

From 2008 to 2014, he held the positions of Sector Manager for Economic Policy, Sector Leader, and Lead Economist in the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit and served as acting Chief Economist for the MENA Region. From 2005 to 2008, he served as Assistant to the World Bank Group President.

I look forward to continuing this fruitful partnership at this critical time, as the country recovers from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to build a more resilient future,” said Auguste. “The Bank stands ready, through strategic programs and knowledge products, to support India’s ambitions of becoming an upper middle-income country and a global leader on the Climate agenda.”

Prior to this, he served as Director of the Department of Human Development and Economic Management in the World Bank Group’s Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) from January 2017 to April 2019. He also held positions as Practice Manager in the Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management Practice of the World Bank, first in Latin America and Caribbean countries and then in the Middle East and North Africa regions.

Auguste took field assignments from 2002-05 as Senior Country Economist, based in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, and, subsequently, as World Bank representative in Haiti. He was a core team member of the World Bank’s 1998/99 World Development Report on Knowledge for Development. Prior to joining the World Bank as a Young Professional in 1996, he worked at the United Nations Development Program and taught Applied Economics in Côte d’Ivoire and AugusteFrance.holds a graduate degree in applied economics from ENSAE-Paris and a PhD in economics from EHESS-Paris. He also attended a program in Economic Management at Harvard University.

“The World Bank has had the privilege of supporting India’s development achievements for more than 75 years.

WORLD BANK’S NEW FORDIRECTORCOUNTRYINDIA

Auguste Tano Kouamé took over as the World Bank’s Country Director for India, on August 1, 2022.

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THEVULNERABLETHEHOUSESRESILIENTCLIMATEGREENPROMOTEANDFORPOORANDINSTATE

Housing for the Poor and Vulnerable in the State of Tamil Nadu

THE NEW PROGRAMAffordableWILL

PROJECTSNEW

A $190 million loan for the Second Tamil Nadu Housing Sector Strengthening Program was approved by the World Bank, to address the housing needs of the lower-income groups and vulnerable population in the State of Tamil Nadu. This new loan is the second of a series of two single-tranche operations. It will support the ongoing housing policy improvements introduced by the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) and strengthen institutions managing the housing sector in the Tamilstate. Nadu is rapidly urbanizing and is facing an increasing deficit in affordable housing supply. It is estimated that by 2030 almost 63 percent of the population will be living in cities. The poor, particularly the informal workers with irregular incomes live in overcrowded urban slums, are exposed to health and climate risks, and have limited access to basic services. Also, many the poorest households have been unable to pay the upfront contribution required to access the government's housing schemes. Under the first program, the state government began gradually shifting its role from being a ‘provider’ to an ‘enabler’ of affordable housing. It also contributed to unlocking regulatory barriers and incentivizing private sector participation in affordable housing for low-income families.

INSTITUTIONSKEYSUPPORTHOUSING IN THE STATE

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The second program will deepen the reforms by introducing the next set of incremental shifts in policy, institutional systems, and regulations. It will also further enable both the public and private sectors to deliver diverse housing solutions, particularly focusing on serving the low-income and (EWS) households.

Catalyzing Financing for Sustainable Recovery and Growth

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Private

The key reforms supported by the DPL include: Catalyzing long-term private sector finance. The operation will help establish a new Development Financial Institution for infrastructure that will leverage long-term finance from the private sector, crowd in private financing for infrastructure through asset monetization, and link housing finance lenders to capital markets through securitization. Developing the markets for green finance. The operation supports issuing the country’s first sovereign green bonds and developing a national carbon market to promote low-carbon alternatives. Improving access to credit for MSMEs and women entrepreneurs. The operation supports strengthening key MSME credit guarantee schemes to ensure continued access to sectors most affected by COVID-19 as well as improving access to credit for women borrowers through de-risking mechanisms.

The World Bank has approved a $750 million development policy loan (DPL) to the Government of India (GoI) to support reforms critical to addressing financing gaps by leveraging private sector investment in infrastructure, small businesses, and the green finance markets. Over the past decade and as part of its ambitious sustainable growth goals, the GoI has taken several measures to improve financial inclusion as well as the stability of the financial sector and the domestic capital markets. This has resulted in a more efficient and resilient sector in the face of the COVID-19 crisis and other external shocks. Despite this progress, pressure on public resources and financing needs for key sectors of the economy remain high. For infrastructure and micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) the annual finance gap is estimated at 4 percent of GDP and between Rs.18-25 trillion, respectively. In addition, World Bank estimates show that the energy transition required to meet the government’s COP26 commitments will require an annual cumulative investment of 1.5 percent of GDP.

The World Bank has approved $165 million in additional financing to support India’s residential sector to adopt rooftop solar systems and make solar energy more affordable. These solar photovoltaic (PV) installations will provide clean, renewable energy, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by displacing generation based on fossil fuels. The project is projected to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 13.9 million tons. India currently ranks fifth globally in terms of annual solar power generation. However, significant land area is required to set up renewable energy plants, particularly the largescale ground-mounted solar power projects. The government therefore is looking to increase the country’s rooftop solar capacity.

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Electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) directly engage with residential consumers and play a vital role in the expansion of gridconnected solar. The project will support DISCOMs in identifying groups of residential customers, optimal locations to install the solar rooftops and battery energy storage systems, and appropriate business practices that will in turn help the utilities.

Rooftop Solar Program for Residential Sector (AF)

The World Bank has been supporting the Government of India’s program to generate electricity from rooftop solar since 2017 with financing of $648 million for the Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar Program that focuses mainly on commercial and industrial rooftop PV systems. With this lending, users can generate clean, reliable energy for their own use and feed surplus electricity into the national grid. The additional financing will help scale up and expand the Program to cover the residential sector and support the government’s target of 40 gigawatts (GW) of solar rooftop installations. The additional financing will directly finance 450 MW of rooftop solar capacity in the residential sector. Importantly, the project will provide concessional financing to developers and residential consumers and mobilize additional private capital. It aims to mobilize $71 million of private capital, in addition to the $151.61 million that has been mobilized so far.

Strengthen coordination and build institutional capacity of core public health institutions to implement the program and deliver high-quality

The PHSPP will support the government’s efforts to: Prepare India’s health surveillance system to be ready to detect and report epidemics of potential international concern, ensure rapid response, and prevent emergence of pathogens. Enhance India’s capacity to detect pathogens, including zoonotic diseases, to inform India’s bio-security response and commercialization of new technologies to prevent, detect or treat infectious diseases; and Support to India’s Health Sector

The World Bank has approved two complementary loans of $500 million each to support and enhance India’s health Throughsector.thiscombined financing of $1 billion, the Bank will support India’s flagship Pradhan Mantri-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM), launched in October 2021, to improve the public healthcare infrastructure across the country. In addition to the national level interventions, one of the loans will prioritize seven states including Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar ThePradesh.two loans, Public Health Systems for Pandemic Preparedness Program (PHSPP) and Enhanced Health Service Delivery Program (EHSDP), are designed to be complementary and transformational in impact, supporting the Government of India’s reform agenda to accelerate universal coverage, improve quality, and increase the resilience and preparedness of India’s health system.

Theresults.EHSDP will support Government’s efforts to: Strengthen service delivery through a redesigned primary health care model, which includes improved household access to primary healthcare facilities, stronger links between each household and its primary care facility through regular household visits and risk assessment of non-communicable diseases.

Improve quality of care by supporting the National Quality Assurance Standards certification across Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs), implementing measurement tools for quality of care, including patient experience, and strengthening the health workforce by adopting statespecific human resource strategies for public health care facilities. Transform health sector governance and accountability by strengthening implementation capacity, enhancing performance measurement and rewards at the district level, and fostering learning and knowledge exchanges among states.

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The World Bank has approved the financing of $250 million to support the Government of India’s Program for Strengthening Road Safety. The India State Support Program for Road Safety, financed by the World Bank, will be implemented in the states of Andhra Pradesh (AP), Gujarat, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh (UP), and West Bengal. Road safety interventions face a unique challenge in India as the management is spread across different tiers of government. The project will focus on strengthening and streamlining the management capability of the lead agencies for road safety in these states. To reduce incidents of road crashes, the project will establish a national harmonized crash database system, the analysis of which will be used to construct better and safer roads. Women face the indirect brunt of road accidents. Recognizing this challenge, the project has a special focus on gender and will promote women’s representation in management roles in the road safety sector. The project will also provide employment opportunities for women especially, in post-crash care command and control centers. To better manage post-crash events, the project will help strengthen prehospital emergency care services for road crash victims. This will include setting up a single accident reporting number, increasing the network of basic and advanced life support ambulances and, training first responder caregivers to road crash victims on the spot. The project will also provide incentives to states to leverage private funding through Public Private Partnership (PPP) concessions and pilot initiatives.

World Bank Approves Program for Making India's Roads Safer

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The area of climate change mitigation and carbon taxation is fraught with complexities, especially for South Asia. Debates on who should share the burden of mitigating climate change seem to suggest imposing carbon taxes on developing countries who emit but a small fraction of the existing greenhouse gases is unfair. However, an increasing body of evidence shows that development and going green need not be mutually exclusive. Learn more: A price tag on carbon can improve lives across South Asia, combat climate change RECENT BLOGS

The State of Meghalaya, in the north-east of India, is blessed with abundant rainfall and forest cover. Despite this, it is vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change, affecting livelihoods of those who depend on the land. However, Meghalaya has risen to meet these challenges using a community-centered approach to drive lasting change.

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Learn how: People Power: The Story of Aminda Simsanggre Data and demand estimations for housing in urban India show that rental markets in urban India and in megacities are becoming more efficient, emerging from the shadow of legacy rent control regulation and uncertainty from the past. Investments to increase housing supply through better service infrastructure for water, sanitation, and connectivity are better uses of public resources.

Know more: Housing demand in urban India: Through the (kitchen) roof

17 World Bank in India India’s transport sector is exposed and vulnerable to the impacts of natural disasters including landslides and erosions, flash flooding, coastal storms, and extreme temperatures. Building resilient transportation is critical to ensuring equitable economic development across India. The hill state of Himachal Pradesh shows how to embed climate disaster resilience into transport design

Learn more: Unlocking growth across South Asia South Asia has witnessed a growth in energy demandon an average by more than five percent annually - over the past two decades. However, approximately two-thirds of the energy use in South Asia is imported. Volatility of oil and gas prices particularly affects the countries that rely heavily on imported fuel for power generation. This leads to higher cost recovery requirements for electricity. Regional cooperation and integration can help accelerate the diversification of electricity supply resources across South Asia while enabling a greater role for renewable energy resources.

Learn more: An integrated electricity market in South Asia is key to energy security

Learn more: Building a road to prosperity: How communities in India are helping embed climate and disaster resilience into transport design In the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, South Asia struck a strong growth note of 5 percent per year in per-capita GDP, strongly outpacing other developing regions in the world. Undoubtedly, South Asia as a region, possesses a powerful growth engine. Yet, large numbers of people and significant parts of the economy are not participating in the strong growth. Low female labor force participation, challenges of the informal sector, lack luster growth of exports are some of the constricting factors.

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One of the main factors behind the interstate inequality in economic development in India is the variation in the level of infrastructure development. This study empirically analyzes various factors (economic, fiscal, demographic, social, institutional, and political) to explain interstate infrastructure inequality using a panel data set for 18 states in India between 2004 and 2020.

WORKINGINDIA:PUBLICATIONSPOLICYRESEARCHPAPERS

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The paper specifically examines women’s networks and well-being in the domain of family planning and reproductive health where peers can help women overcome intrahousehold and social constraints.

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Why Do Indian States Differ in Their Infrastructure Development

India's Services Sector Growth: The Impact of Services Trade on Non-tradable Services Besart Avdiu, Karan Singh Bagavathinathan, Ritam Chaurey and et.al. This paper examines the effect of tradable services growth on non-tradable services across Indian districts. The employment impact is much larger for female workers compared to male workers, and for the number of female-owned firms relative to male-owned firms.

Women’s Political Representation and Intimate Partner Violence S Anukriti, Bilge Erten and Priya Mukherjee

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Bring a Friend: Strengthening Women’s Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India S Anukriti, Catalina Herrera-Almanza and Mahesh Karra

Govinda R Timilsina, Pravakar Sahoo and Ranjan Kumar Dash

Studies demonstrate that female leaders can improve gender-specific outcomes along multiple dimensions through better provision of public goods and legislative changes that benefit women. Using quasi-random exposure to female leaders elected to state legislatures in India, this paper shows that there may also be an unintended effect: an increase in rural women’s reported experience of physical spousal abuse.

Toward Safer and More Productive Migration for South Asia S. Amer Ahmed and Laurent Bossavie, Editors

Somik Lall, Sutirtha Sinha-Roy and Forhad Shilpi

Natural Disasters and Economic Dynamics: Evidence from the Kerala Floods

Firm-Level Input Distortion in Indian States

This paper uses data on nearly half a million actual shipments from a trucking portal in India to provide evidence on how trucking costs depend on route characteristics and affect the intensive and extensive margins of shipment flows.

Toward Safer and More Productive Migration for South Asia

International migration for temporary employment, leading to both jobs and remittance flows, is key to South Asia’s development path. This book focuses on Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan—three migrant sending countries sharing similar characteristics, opportunities, and challenges. This book shows that there is great potential to reduce the risks and maximize the benefits of temporary migration from South Asia. Building on rigorous analytics, it proposes policies to reduce vulnerability and enhance the benefits of temporary migration for migrants themselves, their families, and the home economy.

A Framework for Collecting Site-Specific Sampling and Survey Data to Support Health-Impact Analyses

Robert C. M. Beyer, Abhinav Narayanan and Gogol Mitra Thakur

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SOUTH PUBLICATIONASIA

Exceptionally high rainfall in the Indian state of Kerala caused major flooding in 2018. This paper estimates the short-run causal impact of the disaster on the economy, using a difference-in-difference approach. The findings confirm the presence of interesting economic dynamics during and right after natural disasters that remain in the shadow when analyzed with annual data.

Edited By S. Amer Ahmed and Laurent Bossavie

Ritam Chaurey, Ruchita Manghnani, Viviana M.E. Perego and et.al.

This paper measures trends in factor misallocation in India between 1999 and 2014, using data from a rich panel of Indian firms. Overall, the findings show that adjustment costs declined over time for labor and land but with significant heterogeneity with respect to state growth rate and firm size.

Trucking Costs and the Margins of Internal Trade: Evidence from a Trucking Portal in India

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FOCUSINDEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL WPS10059

The fourth edition of Global Findex - the world's most comprehensive database on financial inclusion - offers a lens into how people accessed and used financial services during COVID-19, when mobility restrictions and health policies drove increased demand for digital services of all kinds.

Preventing editionforFinancing:LaunderingMoneyandTerroristAPracticalGuideBankSupervisors;2nd Pierre-Laurent Chatain, Emile van der Does de Willebois, and Maud Bökkerink

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Strengthen Pandemic Defenses Conference EditionAuthorizedDisclosurePublicAuthorizedDisclosurePublicAuthorizedDisclosurePublicAuthorizedDisclosurePublic PollutionPlasticofoutPathwaysChain?theinValuetheIsWhere theWherePollutionoutPathwaysofPlasticIsValue in the Chain? PUBLICATIONSOTHER

As a development institution, the World Bank cares deeply about protecting societies against the harm inflicted by money laundering and the profit-generating crime that is at its core. This handbook will assist supervisors on the basics of supervision of financial institutions’ anti-money-laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) obligations. Since 2021-2025SupportingGreen,Resilient,andInclusiveDevelopment Bank Group to

TRADE THERAPY Deepening Cooperation

The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19 Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, and Saniya Ansar

Trade Therapy: Deepening Trade Cooperation to Improve Global Health Security World Bank and World Trade Organization

Where Is the Value in the Chain?: Pathways out of Plastic Pollution

World Bank Group Climate Change Action Plan 2021–2025: Supporting Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development

The economic implications of the war in Ukraine are global. This instant report focuses on the direct impact of the war on world trade and investment. The report finds that world trade will drop by 1 percent, lowering global GDP by 0.7 percent and GDP of low-income countries by 1 percent.

The Climate Change Action Plan 2021–2025 aims to advance the climate change aspects of the WBG’s Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development (GRID) approach, which pursues poverty eradication and shared prosperity with a sustainability lens.

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The report aims to support policy makers in their efforts to address plastic pollution. By examining the economic and financial implications of plastic management, the report provides key recommendations on how to create a comprehensive approach to addressing plastic pollution and to help policy makers make informed decisions for plastic pollution management.

The Impact of the War in Ukraine on Global Trade and Investment

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the upsides and downsides of international trade in medical goods and services. This report provides new data on trade in medical goods and services and medical value chains; surveys the evolving policy landscape before and during the pandemic; and proposes an action plan to improve trade policies and deepen international cooperation to deal with future pandemics.

Bridging Technologicalthe Divide Xavier Cirera Diego MarcioCominCruz AdoptionTechnologyby Firms in CountriesDeveloping

CrimeTaxing SotoandRao,Owens,Ndubai,Julien,Gomez,Brun, Taxing Crime A Whole-of-Government Approach to Fighting Corruption, Money Laundering, and Tax Crimes Jean-Pierre Brun, Ana Cebreiro Gomez, Rita Julien, Joy Waruguru Ndubai, Jeffrey Owens, Siddhesh Rao, and Yara Esquivel Soto

Targeting is a commonly used but much debated policy within global social assistance practice. This book examines the well-known dilemmas in light of the growing body of experience, new implementation capacities, and the potential to bring new data and data science to bear.

Bridging the Technological Divide: Technology Adoption by Firms in Developing Countries Xavier Cirera, Diego Comin, and Marcio Cruz

The publication helps open the “black box” of technology adoption by firms.

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Paul Glewwe and Petra Todd

Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas

Quality early childhood education (ECE) is one of the most important investments societies can make to help children build strong foundations that will support a lifetime of learning. This report offers guidance for policy makers on policy design and implementation including what elements of ECE to prioritize in resource- and capacity-constrained settings in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

The flagship World Development Report 2022: Finance for an Equitable Recovery examines the central role of finance in the economic recovery from the pandemic. It highlights the consequences of the crisis most likely to affect emerging economies, and advocates a set of policies to mitigate the interconnected financial risks stemming from the pandemic and steer economies toward a sustainable and equitable recovery.

RECOVERYEQUITABLEANFORFINANCE risks stemming from the pandemic—risks that may become more acute measures are withdrawn at both the domestic and global levels. Those include the efficient and transparent management of nonperforming loans threats financial stability, insolvency reforms to allow for the orderly unsustainable debts, innovations in risk management and lending models continued access to credit for households and businesses, and improvements

World Development Report 2022: Finance for an Equitable Recovery

Edited by Margaret Grosh, Phillippe Leite, Matthew Wai-Poi, and Emil Tesliuc

This book provides a comprehensive exposition of how to conduct impact evaluations. Part I provides an overview of impact evaluations which are accessible to readers who have few or none of the technical (statistical and econometric) skills that are needed to conduct impact evaluations. Parts II and III make use of statistical and econometric methods and are at a level similar to a graduate-student course but written to make them accessible to the ambitious reader whose skills are not at that level.

This report examines how tax audits and investigations can lead to uncovering white-collar crime. This report offers analysis, case studies, examples of legal and operational frameworks, and recommendations that policy makers can use to enhance cooperation between tax authorities and law enforcement agencies at the national and international levels.

Paul Glewwe and Petra Todd EvaluationImpactTHEORY, METHODS, AND PRACTICE Development

Taxing Crime: A Whole-ofGovernment Approach to Fighting Corruption, Money Laundering, and Tax Crimes

World Bank in India its original publication 12 years ago, this handbook has proved to be an often consulted, frequently downloaded publication, commended for its highly practical and directly applicable content.

21

DivideTechnologicaltheBridging REPORTDEVELOPMENTWORLD FORFINANCEAN RECOVERYEQUITABLE

PERSPECTIVES Edited Magdalenaby QUALITYBendini PotentialChildren’sNurturingLEARNINGEARLYLEARNINGEARLYQUALITY DevercelliandBendini

Quality Early Learning: Nurturing Children's Potential Magdalena Bendini and Amanda E. Devercelli

in International

The seventh volume in the World Bank’s Productivity Project series, it will further both research and policy that can be used to support technology adoption by firms in developing countries.

Impact Evaluation in International Development: Theory, Methods and Practice

Jean-Pierre Brun, Ana Cebreiro Gomez, Rita Julien and et.al.

Recycling of Used Lead-Acid Batteries: Guidelines for Appraisal of Environmental Health Impacts Katherine von Stackelberg, Pamela R. D. Williams, Ernesto SánchezTriana and et.al. Despite robust evidence documenting the tragic and widespread consequences of lead exposure, some environmental and health authorities around the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), have yet to develop regulatory responses. The guidelines provide recommendations on the most appropriate and cost-effective sampling and analysis methods to ensure the collection of representative population-level data.

This report examines the evidence on the impact of performance pay specifically, and performance-based-financing projects more broadly, on coverage, effective coverage, health outcomes, as well as clinical and infrastructure quality. The report also provides cautionary primary evidence that performance pay can incentivize the provision of inappropriate, unnecessary, or irrelevant care.

Tax Theory Applied to the Digital Economy: A Proposal for a Digital Data Tax and a Global Internet Tax Agency Cristian Óliver Lucas-Mas and Raúl Félix Junquera-Varela Digital technology allows businesses to operate in a country without a physical presence, which poses challenges for traditional taxation. The book explains difficult technical concepts in plain language and contributes to the digital tax debate in a way that can be understood by anyone. Such understanding is essential to obtaining global support, achieving tax compliance, and fostering multilateral tax cooperation. Subsidies, Trade, and International Cooperation Governments need to cooperate more on subsidies. Extensive subsidies influence production and trade. Important new issues have arisen, including the role of subsidies in addressing climate change, in global value chains, in the digital transformation, and in economic and health emergencies. This paper seeks to highlight the potential benefits of closer cooperation and considers some areas where this might be pursued constructively.

FOCUSINDEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL BatteriesLead-AcidUsedRecycling FOCUSINDEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL Recycling

Subsidies, Trade, and International Cooperation

HealthinCoverageEffectiveImproving WagstaffKandpal,Walque,de Improving Effective Coverage in Health Do Financial Incentives Work? Damien de Walque, Eeshani Kandpal, Adam Wagstaff Anja Sautmann, Gil Shapira, and Ellen Van de Poel health outcomes have not. As such, effective coverage—a measure of service delivery that performance-based financing (PBF), package reform that typically includes performance pay frontline as well as facility autonomy, transparency, and community engagement. Research Report draws on rich set of rigorous studies and new analysis. When compared with less clear when is compared with two alternative approaches, direct facility financing, operating budgets to frontline health services with facility autonomy on allocation, but not coverage is not yet within reach for many countries. Nonetheless, important lessons and elements of direct facility financing, autonomy, transparency, and community engagement.

The book provides a reference for policy makers who are creating or strengthening the operations of Strategic Investment Funds, particularly as governments examine the value of such funds as a policy instrument in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.

AuthorizedDisclosurePublicAuthorizedDisclosurePublicAuthorizedDisclosurePublicAuthorizedDisclosurePublic

Strategic Investment EstablishmentFunds and Operations of Used Lead-Acid Batteries Guidelines for Appraisal of Environmental Health Impacts Katherine von Stackelberg, Pamela R. D. Williams, Ernesto Sánchez-Triana, Santiago Enriquez, and Claudia Serrano

AuthorizedDisclosurePublicAuthorizedDisclosurePublicAuthorizedDisclosurePublicAuthorizedDisclosurePublic

22 Improving Effective Coverage in Health: Do Financial Incentives Work Damien de Walque, Eeshani Kandpal, Adam Wagstaff

Strategic Investment Funds: Establishment and Operations Shanthi Divakaran, Håvard Halland, Gianni Lorenzato and et.al.

Labor Market Transitions in Egypt: PostArab Spring Jingyuan Deng, Nelly Elmallakh and Luca Flabbi

A Gendered Fiscal Incidence Analysis for Ethiopia: Evidence from Individual-Level Data Alemayehu A. Ambel, Wondimagegn M. Tesfaye and Manex B. WPS10129Yonis Labor Informality and Market Segmentation in Senegal Carlos Rodríguez-Castelán and Emmanuel Vazquez WPS10128

23 World Bank in India WPS10137

Conflict and Girl Child Marriage: Global Evidence Caroline Krafft, Diana Jimena Arango, Amalia Hadas Rubin and et.al. WPS10134

Fears and Tears: Should More People Be Moving within and from Developing Countries, and What Stops This Movement? David WPS10127McKenzie Putting a Price on Safety - A Hedonic Price Approach to Flood Risk in African Cities Alvina Erman and Ingrid Dallmann WPS10126

POLICY WORKINGRESEARCHPAPERS

With or Without Him? Experimental Evidence on Gender-Sensitive Cash Grants and Trainings in Tunisia Jules Gazeaud, Nausheen Khan, Eric Mvukiyehe and et.al. WPS10131

PPP Distress and Fiscal Contingent Liabilities in South Asia Matías Herrera Dappe, Martin Melecky and Burak WPS10136Turkgulu Intra-Household Dynamics and Attitudes toward Vaccine : Experimental and Survey Evidence from Zambia Christopher Hoy, Rajee Kanagavel and Corey Cameron WPS10135

Global Job Quality: Evidence from Wage Employment across Developing Countries Shoghik Hovhannisyan, Veronica Montalva Talledo, Tyler Remick and et.al. WPS10133

The Long-Term Impact of High School Financial Education: Evidence from Brazil Miriam Bruhn, Gabriel Garber, Sergio Koyamaand et.al. WPS10130

Poverty-Adjusted Life Expectancy: A Consistent Index of the Quantity and the Quality of Life Jean-Marie Baland, Guilhem Cassan, Benoit Decerf WPS10132

James Cust, Alexis Rivera Ballesteros and Albert Zeufack WPS10119 Beyond Political Connections: A Measurement Model Approach to Estimating Firm-level Political Influence in 41 Economies

José Andrée Camarena, Luciana Galeano, Luis Morano and WPS10114et.al.

Matthew E. Kahn and Somik Lall WPS10124 Private but Misunderstood? Evidence on Measuring Intimate Partner Violence via Self-Interviewing in Rural Liberia and Malawi

24

Conditional Cash Transfers and GenderBased Violence—Does the Type of Violence Matter?

David C. Francis and Robert Kubinec

Transactional Governance Structures: New Cross-Country Data and an Application to the Effect of Uncertainty David C. Francis, Nona Karalashvili and Peter Murrell WPS10117

Hiau Looi Kee and Alessandro Nicita WPS10111

Informal Microenterprises in Senegal: Performance Outcomes and Possible Avenues to Boost Productivity and Jobs

The Dog that Didn’t Bark: The Missed Opportunity of Africa’s Resource Boom

İzak Atiyas and Mark A. Dutz

Quantifying War-Induced Crop Losses in Ukraine in Near Real Time to Strengthen Local and Global Food Security Klaus Deininger, Daniel Ayalew Ali, Nataliia Kussul and WPS10122et.al.

Welfare Analysis of Changing Notches: Evidence from Bolsa Família

Life Cycle Savings in a High-Informality Setting—Evidence from Pakistan Clément Joubert and Priyanka Kanth WPS10120

The Impact of COVID-19 on Electricity Generation: An Empirical Investigation Chang Shen, Anna Alberini and Govinda Timilsina WPS10115

Labor Market Rigidity at Home and Multinational Corporations’ Flexible Task Reallocation Abroad

Katy Bergstrom, William Dodds and Juan Rios WPS10116

JaeBin Ahn, Jaerim Choi and Sunghoon Chung WPS10112 Trade Fraud and Non-Tariff Measures

Ervin Dervisevic, Elizaveta Perova and Abhilasha Sahay WPS10121

Fooled by the Cycle: Permanent versus Cyclical Improvements in Social Indicators

WPS10118

David Sungho, Park Shilpa Aggarwal, Dahyeon Jeong and WPS10123et.al.

WPS10125 Will the Developing World’s Growing Middle Class Support Low-Carbon Policies?

What it Takes to Return: UN Peacekeeping and the Safe Return of Displaced People Vincenzo Bove, Jessica Di Salvatore and Leandro Elia WPS10101

World Bank in India WPS10110

Building Stability Between Host and Refugee Communities: Evidence from a TVET Program in Jordan and Lebanon

Neil T. N. Ferguson, Rebecca J. Wolfe, Laila Amine and WPS10100et.al. Refugee Return and Social Cohesion Isabel Ruiz and Carlos Vargas-Silva WPS10099

The Distributional Impact of Serbia’s Taxes and Social Spending

Hosting New Neighbors: Perspectives of Host Communities on Social Cohesion in Eastern DRC Phuong Pham, Thomas O’Mealia, Carol Wei and et. al. WPS10098 Adaptive Experiments for Policy Choice: Phone Calls for Home Reading in Kenya Bruno Esposito and Anja Sautmann WPS10097 Social Exclusion: Concepts, Measurement, and a Global Estimate

Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks and Carolyn Fischer

Jose Cuesta, Borja López-Noval and Miguel NiñoWPS10096Zarazúa Green Innovation and Economic Growth in a North-South Model

Estimating Local Agricultural GDP across the World Brian Blankespoor, Yating Ru Ulrike, Wood-Sichra and WPS10108et.al. Is Dirt Cheap?: The Economic Costs of Failing to Meet Soil Health Requirements on Smallholder Farms Sydney Gourlay and Talip Kilic WPS10106 Indirect Effects of NonpharmaceuticalCOVID-19Interventions on Vaccine Acceptance Maurizio Bussolo, Nayantara Sarma and Iván Torre WPS10105

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Why Student Aid Matters? Roadblocks to the Transition into Higher Education for Forced Migrants in Chile Christian Blanco, Francisco Meneses and Mateo WPS10103Villamizar-Chaparro

Distributional Policies and Social Cohesion in a High-Unemployment Setting Jorge M. Agüero and Eniola Fasola WPS10102

Trang V. Nguyen, Jelena Žarković and Marko WPS10109Vladisavljević

Consumption Cities versus Production Cities: New Considerations and Evidence Remi Jedwab, Elena Ianchovichina and Federico Haslop WPS10104

Chrysostomos Tabakis, Gi Khan Ten, Joshua D. Merfeld and WPS10080et.al. How Well Can Real-Time Indicators Track the Economic Impacts of a Crisis Like COVID-19? Gi Khan, Ten Josh Merfeld, Kibrom Tafere Hirfrfot and WPS10079et.al. Corporate Debt and Stock Returns: Evidence from U.S. Firms during the 2020 Oil Crash Rabah Arezki, Caleb Cho, Ha Nguyen and et.al. WPS10078 Geography, Institutions, and Global Cropland Dynamics Hogeun Park, Harris Selod, Siobhan Murray and et.al.

26 WPS10095

How Can Vulnerable Internally Displaced Persons Be Transitioned from Humanitarian Assistance to Social Protection? Evidence from Iraq Chinedu Temple, Obi Lokendra Phadera, Matthew WaiPoi and WPS10093et.al. Bridging the Targeting Gap: Assessing Humanitarian Beneficiaries’ Likely Eligibility for Social Protection in Iraq Lokendra Phadera, Dhiraj Sharma, Matthew Wai-Poi and WPS10092et.al. Non-Labor Input Quality and Small Farms in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review Hope Michelson, Sydney Gourlay and Philip Wollburg WPS10091 Discrimination Toward Migrants During Crises Marisol Rodriguez Chatruc and Sandra V. Rozo WPS10090

From #Hashtags to Legislation: Engagement and Support for Economic Reforms in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Rabah Arezki, Oussama Belmejdoub, Bilal Diab and et.al. WPS10089 Household Use of Bottled Gas for Cooking: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Masami Kojima and Xin Zhou WPS10088 Scaling Up Oportunidades and Its Impact on Child Nutrition Gabriela Farfán, María Eugenia Genoni, Luis Rubalcava and et.al. WPS10085 Social Sustainability, Poverty, and Income: An Empirical Exploration Jose Cuesta, Lucia Madrigal and Natalia Pecorari WPS10083 Do Refugees with Better Mental Health Better Integrate Evidence from the Building a New Life in Australia Longitudinal Survey Hai-Anh, H. Dang Trong-Anh and Trinh Paolo Verme WPS10082 Understanding the Climate ChangeMigration Nexus through the Lens of Household Surveys: An Empirical Review to Assess Data Gaps Marco Letta, Pierluigi Montalbano and Adriana WPS10081Paolantonio

The Welfare Implications of COVID-19 for Fragile and Conflict-Affected Areas

The Demand for Digital and Complementary Skills in Southeast Asia Wendy Cunningham, Harry Moroz, Noël Muller and WPS10069et.al. Intensity-Based Rebating of Emission Pricing Revenues Christoph Böhringer, Carolyn Fischer and Nicholas WPS10068Rivers Trade Policy and Exporters’ Resilience : Evidence from Indonesia Massimilano Calì, Devaki Ghose, Angella Faith Montfaucon and et.al. WPS10067 Financing Vaccine Equity : Funding for Day-Zero of the Next Pandemic Ruchir Agarwal and Tristan Reed WPS10066 Trade, Transport, and Territorial Development Kunal Dasgupta and Arti Grover WPS10065

The Financial Risk Reduction Provided by Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme Dhushyanth Raju and Stephen D. Younger WPS10072

Green Investment by Firms: Finance or Climate Driven Fotios Kalantzis, Helena Schweiger and Sofia Dominguez

What the Mean Measures of Mobility Miss: Learning About Intergenerational Mobility from Conditional Variance Md. Nazmul Ahsan, M. Shahe Emran, Hanchen Jiang and WPS10073et.al.

How Do Government Transfer Payments Affect Retail Prices and Welfare? Evidence from SNAP Justin H. Leung and Hee Kwon (Samuel) Seo WPS10074

Combining Survey and Geospatial Data Can Significantly Improve GenderDisaggregated Estimates of Labor Market Outcomes

Two Sides of Gender: Sex, Power, and Adolescence Manisha Shah, Jennifer Seager, Joao Montalvao and WPS10071et.al. Spatial Development and Mobility Frictions in Latin America: Theory-Based Empirical Evidence Bruno Conte and Elena Ianchovichina WPS10070

Small and Medium Enterprises in Emerging Economies: The Achilles’ Heel of Corporate ESG Responsibility Practices Matteo Ferrazzi and Annamaria Tueske WPS10064

A Welfarist Theory Unifying Monetary and Non-Monetary Poverty Measurement Benoit WPS10075Decerf

Joshua D. Merfeld, David Newhouse and Michael WPS10076Weber

27 World Bank in India WPS10077

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The Human Capital of Firms and the Formal Training of Workers

Asif M. Islam and Roberta Gatti WPS10061 Jobs, Access to Credit, and Informality in MENA Countries Emanuele Brancati, Michele Di Maio and Aminur WPS10060Rahman Trade and Innovation in MENA Matteo Ficarra, Meryem Gökten, Péter Harasztosi and WPS10058et.al.

The Effects of Internally Displaced Peoples on Consumption and Inequality in Mali Jeremy Foltz and Sakina Shibuya WPS10053

Policy Preferences in Response to Large Migration Inflows William Allen, Isabel Ruiz and Carlos Vargas-Silva WPS10054

Measuring What Matters: Principles for a Balanced Data Suite That Prioritizes Problem-Solving and Learning Kate Bridges and Michael Woolcock WPS10050 How Binding Is Supervisory Guidance Evidence from the European Calendar Provisioning Franco Fiordelisi, Gabriele Lattanzio and Davide S. Mare WPS10049 Mobility and Resilience: A Global Assessment of Flood Impacts on Road Transportation Networks Yiyi He, Jun Rentschler, Paolo Avner and et.al.

WPS10063

Asif M. Islam and Roberta Gatti WPS10062 Management Practices and the Partial Government Ownership of Firms in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Is Inequality Systematically Underestimated in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Proposal to Overcome the Problem Fabio Clementi, Michele Fabiani, Vasco Molini and et.al. WPS10057 Neither by Land nor by Sea: The Rise of Electronic Remittances during COVID-19 Lelys Dinarte-Diaz, David Jaume, Eduardo MedinaCortina and et.al. WPS10056 Managing the Fiscal Risks Wrought by PPPs: A Simple Framework and Some Lessons from Chile Eduardo Engel, Martín Ferrari, Ronald Fischer and et.al. WPS10055

Inequality and Security in the Aftermath of Internal Population Displacement Shocks: Evidence from Nigeria Lars Ludolph, Barbora Šedová and Marta Talevi WPS10052 Refugees, Diversity and Conflict in SubSaharan Africa

Luisito Bertinelli, Rana Comertpay and Jean-François WPS10051Maystadt

29 World Bank in India Publications and Knowledge Resource Center The World Bank The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg New Delhi - 110 001, India Contact: Sunita Malhotra Email: smalhotra@worldbank.org Tel: +91-11-49247753 Rights and Permissions: The material in this work is copyrighted. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Media Inquiries The World Bank 70, Lodi Estate New Delhi - 110 003 Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 For more Information Global: www.worldbank.org India: www.worldbank.org/in Facebook: WorldBankIndia Twitter: @worldbankindia World Bank in India

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