World Bank in India
World Bank in India Vol 24 / No. 3
Regional Dialogue
December 2021
05
Projects
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Publications
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India's States Take Action against Regional Air Pollution
Air quality management in India is a regional issue.
Over the past few decades, India’s economic growth has led to the rapid deterioration of air quality. Delhi’s inordinately high pollution levels and consistent ranking among the world’s most polluted capitals has grabbed media attention, bringing air pollution under regular public scrutiny. However, contrary to common perception, air pollution in India is not just an urban or a single city issue. The country’s air quality has remained dangerously poor at the regional scale, particularly so
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Fortunately, there is now greater political will among India’s states for tackling air pollution.
The World Bank is helping Uttar Pradesh and Bihar move beyond city-wise planning to develop their first state-wide Clean Air Action Plans that can form the building blocks for wider cooperation across the airshed.
across the seven states of the IndoGangetic Plain that form a major part of the north Indian airshed.
current planning framework for air quality management continues to be limited.
Although it is well known that Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR) are impacted by the burning of crop residue in the neighboring states of Punjab and Haryana, India’s
City action plans are restricted to their own jurisdictions and do not identify the substantive sources of air pollution that arise beyond municipal limits. In fact,
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about a third of the smog that engulfs Kanpur, Patna, and other cities in the Indo-Gangetic plain originates from the burning of biomass for cooking and heating in both urban and rural areas.
Since air pollution is clearly a transboundary issue that crosses the borders of cities, states and even nations in some cases, city action plans alone will not be enough to reduce emissions over the wider airshed. Every state will first need to do their part to help themselves, with the spill-over benefits impacting neighboring states as well.
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh take the lead The good news is that there is now greater political will among the states for tackling the challenge.
In the densely populated states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, among the poorest in the country, the World Bank is working with state governments to develop state-wide Clean Air Action Plans that prioritize what needs to be done to achieve air quality targets by 2024 and 2030.
Bihar which receives pollutants
from both within the state and beyond, leading to pollution levels that are much higher than national standards - has now pioneered the establishment of a network of air quality monitoring stations across the state.
Bringing local knowledge and international best practices together, Bihar’s Pollution Control Board has diversified the location of its monitoring stations to include both urban and rural areas to determine how much pollution emanates from which source - agriculture, industry, households, transportation, and construction. Earlier, only the major cities of Patna, Gaya and Muzaffarpur had monitoring stations and just 4 of the state’s 38 districts were covered.
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“We are now collecting data from 24 stations across the state in both urban and rural areas, and collating it centrally,” said Mr. S. Chandrasekar, Member Secretary, Bihar State Pollution Control Board. “Going forward, our plan will be to move beyond the cities and bring different sectors together, helping them coordinate their work so people in the state and beyond can benefit.”
Furthermore, since the burning of biomass by households is among the largest sources of air pollution in Bihar, the World Bank’s Jeevika rural livelihoods project, in collaboration with The Energy Research Institute (TERI), is helping pilot a program that promotes the use of smokeless solar-powered cookstoves among rural women. The women say that switching from biomass burning cookstoves to cleaner ones has made a difference to their health and led to savings on fuel.
Uttar Pradesh, too, has
“Uttar Pradesh is in the heart of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, which is regarded as the ‘hotspot’ for air pollution in South Asia,” said Mr. Ashish Tiwari, Secretary, Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of Uttar Pradesh. “Our state, therefore, has the dual challenge of not only managing our own local sources of pollution in the micro airshed but also addressing the emissions from adjoining states such as Punjab, Haryana and the National Capital Region of Delhi. Our state action plan will give us a roadmap for tackling long range pollutants as well so citizens across the airshed can breathe clean air. The plan will also provide the foundation for a robust air pollution mitigation strategy based on regional cooperation.”
proactively begun to address the issue of air pollution across the state. The Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board is developing a Clean Airshed Plan with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur and the World Bank as key partners. Data is being collected and models are being run to arrive at the most cost-effective interventions in each sector and determine which areas should be focused on first. Efforts are also on to devise the policies, institutions and compliance mechanisms that will be needed to reach the state’s clean air commitments and targets.
The Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board is developing a Clean Airshed Plan with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur and the World Bank as key partners.
NEXT STEPS While the first steps to cleaner air are well underway in these two Indo-Gangetic states, a number of follow-on actions will be needed. States will need to devise new modes of coordination between city and state administrations, as well as between line departments, with mechanisms for a multisectoral dialogue so that actions can be coordinated and prioritized. This may involve the creation of
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new state authorities that cover wider jurisdictions, as well as a regulatory rethink, with extensive consultations among stakeholders. Beyond the initiatives of individual states, regional coordination mechanisms will also need to be established, with support from the central government. State-wise clean air plans can then become an important basis for inter-state as well as regional collaboration.
We are working with India at this important juncture as it adopts a broader airshed management approach. A measurable reduction in emissions will lead to improved health and a better quality of life for the people Karin Shepardson, Lead Environment Specialist at the World Bank.
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REGIONAL DIALOGUE Boosting Intraregional Investments: Relax FDI Regimes and Know your Neighbours IN 2008—a year after India lifted its ban on foreign direct investment from Bangladesh— PRANRFL Group announced it first foreign plant in the neighboring hill state of Tripura, India. The conglomerate, which is Bangladesh’s largest agribusiness group, was acutely aware of the growing consumer market in India. Low transport costs due to proximity to North-East India, socialcultural similarities, and better communication networks were added incentives. Ever since the company set up its first “jelly and beverage plant” in Tripura in 2015, it has made noticeable inroads in India’s food and industry markets. PRAN’s success is a snapshot of how intraregional investments can stimulate trade, create jobs, and build stronger information and knowledge networks across South Asia. “With COVID-19, intraregional investments and economic engagements have become increasingly
relevant and for us, there has been a boost in consumption and reciprocity with the region,” said Ahsan Khan Chowdhury, Chief Executive Officer of the PRAN RFL Group, adding that disruptions in global value chains and rising trade and transport costs are pushing the businesses to explore regional options. Chowdhury was speaking at the 8th #OneSouthAsia Conversation, “Path to Recovery: Embracing Intraregional Investments in South Asia,” held in November 2021. The conversation—a part of a bimonthly series— drew on the findings of the latest South Asia publication, Regional Investment Pioneers, The Payoff of Knowing your Neighbor. The report provides a comprehensive landscape of investment flows in South Asia and documents the policy environment, both at home and abroad, for potential investors. Despite significant constraints to investments, there are encouraging examples of pioneer investors like Chowdhury who have built successful intraregional ventures, and South Asia needs many more of these.
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South Asia’s intraregional investments are among the lowest globally — 1/5th of its total potential. Restrictive foreign direct investment (FDI) regimes, particularly outward FDI regimes, low bilateral trust and knowledge gaps are the key deterrents. Sanjay Kathuria, co-author of the Pioneers of Regional Investment report, described low knowledge connectivity — that is how well the firms know the economic and investment environment in another country— as a new indicator that explains restrictive engagement. “Poor knowledge increases costs of economic engagements, and frictions of searching, matching, and contracting for businesses, thus discouraging investors” he added. Investors who have broken barriers of tapping regional opportunities tend to have surplus funds, but also better information, and cross-border networks. The networks are more often organic and a result of individual’s social-ethnic links. The region lacks specific and formal policies to encourage neighbors to invest. Fareena Mazhar, secretary for the Board of Investment in Pakistan, said that investment promotion agencies in the region have minimal collaboration. This could change with better understanding and shift in mindsets. “There is a need to have a formal setup to know the concerns of the investors from within the region, why they are reluctant to come and invest and do business within the region,” suggested Mazhar. The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) are doing their part to create an enabling environment for greater intraregional economic engagement. IFC works closely with the
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private sector to boost economic growth and is helping companies identify partners and relevant investors in other countries. It’s South Asia director Hector Gomez Ang said IFC’s support to regional
We feel when we want to talk about exports, let us go to North America, let us go to Europe. That is the preconceived thinking that people have in our part of the world, that doing regional trade is not the most sensible thing to do... It is a journey where people need to learn, our business regulators need to learn, our business needs to learn, our trade bodies need to learn. Ahsan Khan Chowdhury CEO, PRAN RFL Group, Bangladesh power trade, multimodal connectivity, and investment opportunities in South Asia, can deliver greater cross-border investments in the long-term. The results are not expected overnight, but the prospects are positive. “Trade and investments are closely linked and are drivers of growth, jobs, and poverty. Post COVID-19, and with the growth in services sector and digital connectivity, intraregional investments will become all the more important,” added Cecile Fruman, who is the Director for the World Bank’s Regional Integration and Engagement Program in South Asia, adding that public and private sectors and multilateral organizations all have a role to play in creating this enabling investment environment.
75% intraregional investment
funds in South Asia flow from India. But this is only
2% of India’s total outward
investment; and at least six times lower than Indian investments in Sub-Saharan Africa.5 6
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INTRAREGIONAL INVESTMENT LANDSCAPE IN SOUTH ASIA • Intraregional investment is around $3 billion (2017) - only 0.6% of the total regional IFDI from the world • IFDI stock is estimated at US$524 billion; India and Sri Lanka have the highest value of IFDI stock as a share of GDP, at 16.9 % and 14.4%, respectively.
• Total inward FDI stocks is 14 % of regional GDP —significantly lower than the global average of 41%. • Share of OFDI stock is 0.3 % of the global stocks. East Asia’s share is at 2.4% • Top recipients of regional investments are in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Pakistan and Bhutan receive the lowest amounts.
*IFDI - inward foreign direct investment | *OFDI - outward foreign direct investment
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS TO BOOST INTRAREGIONAL INVESTMENTS • Relax OFDI regimes, even for smaller economies to boost competitive investment landscape • Promote smart IFDI promotion techniques and investment facilitation • Support cross-border information-enhancing and network-development activities • Accelerate digital connectivity and digitization to reduce trade costs
There is a need to have a formal setup to know the concerns of the investors from within the region, why they are reluctant to come and invest and do business within the region... In East Asia, Europe, America there are good examples where people with similar cultures, similar backgrounds feel more comfortable to going to another country which is across the border — unfortunately, it is not the case where South Asian countries are concerned. Fareena Mazhar Secretary, Pakistan Investment Board 7
MULTIMEDIA
Invest in People to Improve India’s Human Capital Investing in human capital - people’s health, skills, knowledge, and potential - is the most important long-term investment any country can make for future prosperity and well-being. In India today by the time children grow up and start working, they are likely to be just half as productive as they could have been with full education and good health. A strong focus on human capital development can help India achieve higher economic growth, more and better jobs, and improve the quality of life of its population.
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The COVID-19 pandemic risks wiping out some major human capital gains that India has made over the years, while slowing progress in other areas. This film highlights the importance of human capital for India. It narrates the story of a young girl and a boy and their growth towards becoming a productive member of society.
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A CONVERSATION As the World Bank celebrates over 75 years of partnership with India Junaid Ahmad, Country Director for the World Bank in India, spoke with six reform leaders who were catalysts of change at various times along India’s path to development. He asked them to reflect on the Bank’s contribution to India’s development, the lessons that India’s experience can provide to the rest of the world, and how the Bank’s role will need to change as the country moves from the lower end of middle-income status to a higher level.
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SOME RECENT
BLOGS
A roadmap to deliver a green, inclusive, and resilient recovery in South Asia Hartwig Schafer, John Roome South Asia still has an unfinished development agenda and has legitimate expectations of growing to middle income status. Now, more than ever, urgent climate action in South Asia is needed to pave the way for a resilient recovery and medium-term growth. South Asia is undergoing development transitions across different sectors — energy, urban, agriculture, transport, and water. The success with which the countries can integrate climate considerations into these transitions will determine the region’s ability to lift millions from the threat of poverty and vulnerability and help the world secure the climate transition. Read more : https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/roadmap-deliver-green-inclusive-and-resilient-recovery-south-asia?CID=WBW_ AL_BlogNotification_EN_EXT
Unmasking the pandemic’s impact on plastics waste management across South Asia Monika Kumar Nina Tsydenova Pawan Patil Before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, South Asia was already one of the largest sources of plastics waste globally and was on the path to doubling its total waste generation by 2050. The Impact of COVID-19 on Plastic Waste Management in South Asia, a research note just published by the World Bank, explores the impact of plastic use and disposal and found that pandemic-induced lifestyle changes will exacerbate the already acute plastics waste challenges in the region unless urgent action is taken. Read More: https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/unmasking-pandemics-impact-plastics-waste-management-across-south-asia
Community mobilizers - Connecting out-of-school minority youth in India to education and work Meghna Sharma, Pradyumna Bhattacharjee, Marguerite Clarke The Nai Manzil – “New Horizons” – scheme run by the Government of India’s Ministry of Minority Affairs and supported by the World Bank with a loan of $50 million, provides out-of-school youth with an opportunity to receive a certified formal education and skills training. This blog celebrates the role of the community mobilizers who play a pivotal role in the success of the scheme.
Read more : https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/community-mobilizers-connecting-out-schoolminority-youth-india-education-and
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To boost intraregional trade and investment in South Asia, know your neighbors Sanjay Kathuria, Ravindra A Yatawara, Xiao'ou Zhu The blog based on a report on intraregional trade, highlights the potential of intraregional investment to stimulate trade, attract further investment, and enhance the flow of information and network formation.
Read more : https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/boost-intraregional-trade-and-investment-south-asia-know-your-neighbors
Demystifying the value of the services sector across South Asia Valerie Mercer-Blackman Services—its measurement and contribution to growth across South Asia—has somehow defied convention and has had economists in a fix for a while now. The latest South Asia Economic Focus takes on the services measurement challenges to paint a detailed picture of its role in the region’s economic growth. We have applied the same sets of tools to measure the productivity of services as we use to measure the productivity of manufactured goods. Read More: https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/demystifying-value-services-sector-across-south-asia
COP26: Four big takeaways for South Asia Abhas Jha As COP26 ended with a much-debated final Glasgow Climate Pact, the discussions on progress and implementation are underway. As the World Bank rolls out the implementation of the World Bank Group’s South Asia Climate Roadmap, the blog presents a quick analysis of four big takeaways from COP26 for South Asia.
Read more : https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/cop26-four-big-takeaways-south-asia
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PROJECTS West Bengal Gets $135 million World Bank Loan to Improve Efficiency and Reliability of Electricity Supply The World Bank has approved a $135 million loan to West Bengal to improve the operational efficiency and reliability of electricity supply in selected areas in the state.
The project will support the implementation of the Government of India’s 24×7 Power For All Program in the state and support WBSEDCL in transitioning toward a leading public sector utility in India.
The project aims to reduce distribution system losses, increase the capacity of the distribution network to meet the growing load demand, improve the overall reliability of the system, make the network resilient to climate disasters, and improve the institutional capacity of WBSEDCL.
“The project will support network investments to improve operational efficiency and reduce losses. It will also invest in smart-grid technologies for better load management as well as integration of distributed energy resource,” said Rohit Mittal, the World Bank task team leader for the project.
“The financial stability of electricity companies is critical to providing efficient and reliable electricity to people. The pandemic has adversely affected the financial health of electricity distribution companies in India and in turn the financial health of the electricity generation companies,” said Junaid Ahmad, the World Bank’s Country Director in India. “The West Bengal Electricity Distribution and Grid Modernization Project will strengthen distribution networks, invest in smartgrid technologies, and ensure financial sustainability of WBSEDCL. This could serve as an example for other public distribution utilities across India.”
The project will be financed by the Government of West Bengal and loans from the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the World Bank. The $135 million loan from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is a variable spread loan that has a maturity of 17 years, including a grace period of seven years.
What the Project aims to do: • Reduce distribution system losses • Increase capacity of the distribution network to meet the growing load demand • Improve overall reliability of the system • Make the network resilient to climate disasters • Improve the institutional capacity of WBSEDCL • Strengthen WBSEDCL’s information and communications systems and provide immediate response during calamities.
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Support to Improve Shimla Water Supply and Sewerage Services with another $160 million The World Bank Board of Executive Directors approved a $160 million program to intensify support for the Government of Himachal Pradesh’s efforts to further improve water supply and sewerage (WSS) services in the iconic hill city of Shimla. The new program builds upon the Bank’s partnership with Himachal Pradesh that has, since 2018, helped improve WSS services in the state capital, which had long faced severe water shortages and waterborne epidemics . These service improvements were achieved primarily through the creation of an empowered city water utility, the Shimla Jal Prabandhan Nigam Limited (SJPNL). SJPNL today is a corporatized WSS company with full operational and financial autonomy and is directly accountable to its customers. The new program will focus on consolidating SJPNL as a well-governed professional WSS utility with increased systematic business planning, corporate governance, and performance focus.
World Bank partnership with the Government of Himachal Pradesh since 2018 has helped improve water and sewerage services in Shimla. • The capital today receives an assured 2-3 hours of daily water supply compared to once-in-three days earlier • All water connections in the city are now metered, ensuring transparency and accountability.
“Setting up modern utilities that are able to deliver water services on a 24x7 basis – no more intermittent supply – and ensure universal access – water for everyone – is the standard India intends to achieve. Shimla has made a bold step in this direction by establishing an autonomous water utility that can deliver efficient, accountable, and sustainable water supply and sanitation services to its citizens,” said World Bank Country Director Junaid Ahmad. “The Government of Himachal Pradesh and the Shimla municipal government converted a water crisis to create a reformed water company. Shimla did not just ‘fix the pipes,’ Shimla ‘fixed the institutions that fix the pipes.’ SJPNL is far better prepared today to mitigate and manage disruptions from any future shocks, whether from pandemics or climate change or other sources. It is a lighthouse for many other states .”
The Bank-supported program will also focus on improving the resource efficiency and financial sustainability of WSS services in Shimla. The cost of supplying water in
The Shimla-Himachal Pradesh Water Supply and Sewerage Services Improvement Program will • Help bring 24x7 water supply to Shimla - Ensure all wastewater generated in the city is collected and treated efficiently thus ensuring health benefits for residents and tourists - Construct about 100 kms of sewers in areas not covered so far • Establish a water quality lab • Digitize WSS management system for better service quality and asset management. Shimla is one of the highest in India since water needs to be pumped up some 1400-2000 meters elevation. Leakages in the transmission system not only lead to water wastage but also require increased bulk water pumping to offset the losses, which in turn results in high energy consumption.
Participation of Women The Bank-supported engagement has so far prioritized improving women’s effective participation in WSS management and service-delivery in the city. Of the 60 contractual employees in SJPNL, 16 are women, including seven employees in executive roles. The creation of a cadre of women volunteers or Jal Sakhis (friends of water) is also helping SJPNL deliver WSS services more efficiently. These women form a vital link between SJPNL and its customers as they report on issues relating to poor services, low pressure, quality issues, as well as educate women and children about water usage and conservation. SJPNL also plans to convert its billing centers and the grievance redressal mechanism to be managed only by women. The $160 million loan from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has a maturity of 14.5 years, including a grace period of five years. The program will use a Program-for-Results financing instrument that links disbursement of funds directly to the achievement of specific program results.
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$115 million support for improved watershed management in Karnataka and Odisha The World Bank has approved a $115 million loan to help national and state institutions adopt improved watershed management practices to increase farmers’ resilience to climate change and promote higher productivity. The Rejuvenating Watersheds for Agricultural Resilience Through Innovative Development Project will help introduce modern watershed practices in the Department of Land Resources in the Ministry of Rural Development and in the states of Karnataka and Odisha. India’s key watershed program, the Watershed Development Component of the national Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (WDC-PMKSY), has made significant progress, benefitting 2.7 million farmers. The government’s new national watershed guidelines address several key issues including nutritional security, welfare of the watershed community, and economic gains for farmers. The project will contribute to the government’s aim of increasing income-generating opportunities for farmers, helping to improve efficiency in the use of water and land resources in agriculture.
“India has one of the largest watershed management programs in the world. The Bank has been supporting India’s successful adoption of new innovative approaches and technologies over the past two decades,” said Priti Kumar, Grant Milne and Satya Priya, World Bank task team leaders for the project. “The REWARD project will further advance this progress by developing and applying comprehensive spatial data and technologies, decision support tools, and knowledge exchanges. Lessons learned will be shared across states and other countries to transfer and scale up good practices.”
“The COVID-19 pandemic accentuated the need for sustainable and risk-averse agriculture in India which both protects farmers from climate uncertainties and strengthens their livelihood. While a robust institutional architecture for watershed development already exists in India, renewed focus on science-based, data-driven approaches implemented through this project can offer new opportunities for farmers in the face of climate change,” said Junaid Ahmad, the World Bank’s Country Director in India. “The project will help the Government of India to continue to ensure food security for the nation and for the states of Karnataka and Odisha, in particular, to build their resilience to climate change.” The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) financing will support Karnataka with $60 million, Odisha with $49 million, and the remaining $6 million will be for the central government’s Department of Land Resources. This will be a subset of the new Watershed Development Component of the national Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (WDC-PMKSY) program, which has a budget of $1.68 billion. In the two states, the project will support the adoption and scale up of several new approaches to implement community-led, science-based watershed sub-projects, while the Center, through the Department of Land Resources and the National Rainfed Area Authority, will distil lessons, refine national technical standards, and institute a process to mainstream such approaches in national programs. The $115 million loan from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, has a maturity of 15 years, including a grace period of 4.5 years
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Karnataka gets additional $150 million to provide continuous piped water supply in three cities The World Bank has approved additional financing of $150 million to the ongoing Karnataka Urban Water Supply Modernization Project to help accelerate the state of Karnataka’s efforts to bring continuous piped water supply to the entire population in three of its cities. The World Bank’s partnership with the Government of Karnataka for urban water reforms started in 2004. Support of about $52 million was first extended to the state to bring continuous and reliable piped water supply to about 230,000 people in specific ‘demozones’ on the outskirts of three major towns: HubballiDharwad, Belagavi and Kalaburagi. This was one of the first such pilot projects to bring uninterrupted water supply where water shortages and poor water quality have long been the norm. The project introduced water meters and tariffs based on water use, which reduced citizens’ private expenses for securing water, led to the generation of revenues for the municipal water service provider, and helped conserve water. Further support of $100 million was extended under the Karnataka Urban Water Supply Modernization Project to move towards continuous (24x7) water supply for the entire population in these three cities. The additional financing approved now will further help the state achieve its ambitious vision of becoming the first state in India with these cities having a city-wide reliable and continuous safe water supply. The additional financing will also enhance the cities’ capability to respond promptly and effectively to emergencies and crises due to climate change.
The engagement with Karnataka is part of a small but growing portfolio of innovative reforms in urban water supply that the World Bank is supporting in India, for example in Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Punjab. Karnataka’s innovative program can demonstrate a model of improved municipal water service levels that could be replicated on a national scale in India.
The project in the cities of Belagavi, Kalaburagi, and Hubballi-Dharwad will
Benefit 2.8 million people Create a company in each city to manage water services Repair and replace old pipelines Provide new water meters Focus on water connections to low-income households Create awareness campaigns on water conservation
“India’s battle with intermittent supply of water in cities and towns where low-income households in formal and informal settlements are excluded from formal supply is being won in three urban centers of Karnataka,” said Junaid Ahmad, World Bank's Country Director in India. “In Belagavi, Hubballi-Dharwad and Kalaburagi, the establishment of modern water utilities is aimed at ensuring universal and continuous access to water supply, regardless of income level and housing status. That water priced equitably and managed efficiently can serve the needs of all citizens is a strong message of development from Karnataka.”
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FROM THE ARCHIVES India embarked on the landmark Green Revolution in the 1960’s and 70’s when it decided to move away from being a nation dependent on imported food grains. Since then, India has transformed into a global agricultural powerhouse and a major exporter of cereals. It ramped up agriculture productivity by bringing more land under cultivation, production of high-
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yielding seeds, expanding irrigation facilities, and construction of fertilizer production plants. The World Bank worked with India through several agriculture and irrigation projects that helped bring about this revolution.
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Uttar Prad
esh Tubew ell Irrigatio
($6 millio n) 1961 ct ($13 m i l l ion) 1962 Terai Seed s Project ( $13 millio n) 1969 Punjab Ag ricultural Credit Pro ject ($2 7.50 milli Andhra Pr adesh Agr on) 1970 iculture C redit Proje ct ($24 Cochin Fe .4 million rtilizer Pr oject ($2 ) 1970 0 m i l l i o n Fertilizer ) 1971 Expansion & Plant O peration P roject ($ IFFCO Fer 50 million tilizer Pro ject ($1 ) 1974 0 9 million) Integrate 1975 d Cotton D evelopme nt Project ($18 milli National S eed Proje on) 1976 ct ($25 million) 1 976 Purna Irrig
ation Proje
n Project
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PUBLICATIONS World Bank Group Climate Change Action Plan 2021-2025 : South Asia Roadmap
South Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change. The World Bank’s South Asia Climate Roadmap is an explicit pivot to better integrate and ramp up World Bank Group support for mitigation and adaptation efforts with development activities over the next five years. The Plan offers concrete steps to help the region accelerate transitions in three key areas that will be critical to increasing incomes, reducing emissions, and building resilience to the rapidly warming climate in the region.
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World Bank in India
POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERS (INDIA) The Evolving Role of the Planning Function: International Experience and Reform Options for India World Bank Group
WPS9814
Firm Performance, Participation in Global Value Chains and Service Inputs: Evidence from India
This note presents the main trends in strategic planning across public sector administrations in seven countries: Australia, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, South Korea, and Colombia. It was prepared in response to the Indian Government's interest in understanding the emerging trends in the evolution of strategic planning in a range of countries and effectively adapting this function across public administration at the national and subnational levels.
Ruchita Manghnani, Birgit Elisabeth Meyer, Juan Sebastian Saez and et.al.
WPS9835
Ruchita Manghnani, Birgit Elisabeth Meyer, Juan Sebastian Saez and et.al.
A Tale of Two Programs: Assessing Treatment and Control in NREGA Studies Girish Bahal
This paper explores the relationship between the use of service inputs, participation in global value chains, and firm productivity.
WPS9813
Integration in Global Value Chains — The Role of Service Inputs: Evidence from India
This paper investigates the relationship between the use of service inputs and integration in global value chains.
This paper revisits impact evaluation studies on the largest public workfare in the world, NREGA. It shows why an impact evaluation exercise on NREGA should acknowledge the existence of an older program, SGRY.
SOUTH ASIA PUBLICATIONS Special Economic Zones and Industrial Parks in South Asia : An Assessment of Their Regulatory Structures
Regional Investment Pioneers in South Asia The Payoff of Knowing Your Neighbors Sanjay Kathuria, Ravindra A. Yatawara, and Xiao’ou Zhu
Rami Galal This paper reviews the policies and regulations for special economic zones and other spatial development modalities in the countries within proximity of the Eastern Corridor in South Asia, and it assesses whether those policies and regulations are effectively designed.
This report shows that examining intraregional investment and knowledge connectivity enhances our understanding of the low levels of intraregional trade and limited regional value chains in South Asia. This report provides key considerations for policy makers in South Asia, which remain particularly relevant in the aftermath of the pandemic.
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OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Changing Wealth of Nations 2021: Managing Assets for the Future World Bank The Report is a comprehensive accounting of the wealth of nations, an in-depth analysis of the evolution of wealth, and pathways to build wealth for the future. This report—and the accompanying global database— firmly establishes comprehensive wealth as a measure of sustainability and a key component of country analytics.
Financing Low Carbon Transport Solutions in Developing Countries Daniel Benitez and Jyoti Bisbey Transport is a key component to climate solution and therefore, pivotal to reach benchmarks established the ambitious Paris Agreement. The Report describes the trends on greenhouse gas emission, reviews the challenge to reduce emissions in developing countries, discusses the experience and trends in funding public investments and policies in the transportation sector and presents some innovative financial approaches and a series of recommendations for a transition to a low carbon pathway in transport.
At Your Service? The Promise of Services-Led Development Gaurav Nayyar, Mary HallwardDriemeier and Elwyn Davies
At Your Service? The Promise of Services-Led Development assesses the scope of a services-driven development model and policy directions that can maximize the model’s potential.
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A Path to Jobs for the Urban Poor Jorge Avalos, Sarang Chaudhury, Timothy Clay, and Puja Vasudeva Dutta This note is one of two designed to serve as a resource for policy makers and practitioners aiming to introduce or scale up economic inclusion programs in urban and peri-urban areas. This first note explores the potential of delivering economic inclusion programs at scale in urban contexts.
From Jobs to Careers Apparel Exports and Career Paths for Women in Developing Countries Stacey Frederick, Gladys LopezAcevedo, Raymond Robertson, and Mexico A. Vergara Bahena In recent decades, the apparel industry has shifted its production to low-wage developing countries, increasing the demand for women, closing male-female wage gaps, and bringing women into the formal labor force. Indeed, the benefits of apparel exports have reached the female population, but is an apparel-led export strategy sufficient to induce the transition from jobs to careers? A hope is to shift the paradigm of how we think of women’s participation in the labor force demonstrating the importance of the distinction between jobs and careers.
Trade and Climate Change Nexus: The Urgency and Opportunities for Developing Countries Paul Brenton and Vicky Chemutai The Report focuses on the impacts of, and adjustments to, climate
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change in developing countries and on how future trade opportunities will be affected both the changing climate and the policy responses to address it. The report discusses how trade can provide the goods and services that drive mitigation and adaptation. Suitable trade and environmental policies can offer effective economic incentives to attain both sustainable growth and poverty reduction.
Ebb and Flow: Volume 1. Water, Migration, and Development Ebb and Flow: Volume 2. Water in the Shadow of Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa Esha Zaveri, Jason Russ, Amjad Khan, Richard Damania, Edoardo Borgomeo, and Anders Jägerskog Migration shapes the lives of those who move, and it transforms the geographies and economies of their points of departure and destinations alike. The water sector, and the availability of water itself, both implicitly and explicitly shape migration flows. Ebb and Flow explores the why, who, where, and what that are at the nexus of water and migration, and it considers the implications for economic development.
The Economics of Deep Trade Agreements Ana Margarida Fernandes, Nadia Rocha and Michele Ruta World Bank and Centre for Economic Policy Research While multilateral trade negotiations have stagnated and tensions between major players have surged, bilateral and regional agreements seem to have run away with the trade agenda. There are over 300 agreements today, up from 50 in 1990. Most importantly, many of these agreements have extended their reach well beyond tariffs, aiming to achieve integration beyond trade, or ‘deep’ integration. A new eBook from the World Bank and CEPR focuses on the determinants of deep trade agreements, how they affect trade and non-trade outcomes, and how they might shape trade relations in a post-COVID-19 world.
The 2021 GWSP Annual Report Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) The Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) was launched as an international partnership to support countries to meet the targets related to water and sanitation under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those of Goal 6. The GWSP is building partnerships to roll out an integrated response to these challenges, and achieve water and sanitation for all.
International Debt Statistics 2022 December 2021 International Debt Statistics (IDS), an annual publication of the World Bank, features external debt statistics and analysis for the 123 low- and middle-income countries. Unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of low- and middle-income countries, IDS 2022 is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community.
Investing for Momentum in Active Mobility Claudia Adriazola-Steil, Hannah Ohlund, Siba El-Samra and et.al. This paper provides an overview of the benefits and opportunities of active mobility for accessibility and climate and connect these elements to broader health and equity issues. It briefly summarizes effective active mobility infrastructure options and explore the ways that finance and investment in active mobility can be and has been achieved to increase or sustain significant rates of walking and cycling globally, particularly in developing countries.
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POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERS WPS9861
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Urban Agglomeration and Firm Innovation: Evidence from Developing Asia
Demographic and Spatial Disparities in Labor Market Outcomes within the Kinshasa Urban Landscape
Liming Chen, Rana Hasan and Yi Jiang WPS9860
Nowcasting Global Poverty Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Raul Andres Castaneda Aguilar and David Locke Newhouse WPS9859
Inequality under COVID-19: Taking Stock of High-Frequency Data for East Asia and the Pacific Lydia Y. Kim, Maria Ana Lugo, Andrew D. Mason and Ikuko Uochi WPS9858
Estimating Poverty in Kinshasa Dealing with Sampling and Comparability Issues Yele Maweki Batana, Takaaki Masaki, Shohei Nakamura and et.al. WPS9857
Profiling Living Conditions of the DRC Urban Population: Access to Housing and Services in Kinshasa Province Yele Maweki Batana, Alexandra Jarotschkin, Akakpo Domefa Konou and et.al.
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Yele Maweki Batana, Alexandra Jarotschkin, Akakpo Domefa Konou and et.al.
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Corridors without Borders in West Africa Mathilde Sylvie Maria Lebrand WPS9854
The Macroeconomy After Tariffs Davide Furceri, Swarnali A. Hannan, Jonathan D. Ostry and et.al. WPS9853
The Impact of Digital Infrastructure on African Development Cesar Calderon and Catalina Cantu WPS9852
Becoming Legible to the State: The Role of Detection and Enforcement Capacity in Tax Compliance Oyebola Motunrayo Okunogbe
World Bank in India
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Competition and Firm Recovery PostCOVID-19
Fair and Welfare-Consistent Global Income Poverty Measurement: Theory and Application
Miriam Bruhn, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Dorothe Singer WPS9850
Benoit Marie A Decerf, Mery Ferrando and Natalie N. Quinn
Helping Families Help Themselves Heterogeneous Effects of a Digital Parenting Program
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Sofia Fernando Amaral, Lelys Ileana Dinarte Diaz, Patricio Dominguez and et.al
Nicole Emily Gorto and ElenaIanchovichina
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Trade Networks in Latin America: Spatial Inefficiencies and Optimal Expansions WPS9842
Rural Poverty Reduction and Economic Transformation in China: A Decomposition Approach
Impacts of Energy Efficiency Projects in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Spatial Difference-in-Differences Analysis in Malawi
Maria Ana Lugo, Chiyu Niu and Ruslan G. Yemtsov
Dominik Naeher, Raghavan Narayanan and Virginia Ziulu
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The Promise and Limitations of Information Technology for Tax Mobilization
Survey Measurement Errors and the Assessment of the Relationship between Yields and Inputs in Smallholder Farming Systems: Evidence from Mali
Oyebola Motunrayo Okunogbe and Fabrizio Santoro WPS9847
Preparation, Practice, and Beliefs: A Machine Learning Approach to Understanding Teacher Effectiveness Deon P. Filmer, Vatsal Nahata and Shwetlena Sabarwal WPS9846
What Types of Capital Flows Help Improve International Risk Sharing Ergys Islamaj and Ayhan Kose WPS9845
Urban CO2 Emissions: A Global Analysis with New Satellite Data
Ismael Yacoubou Djima and Talip Kilic WPS9840
Knowledge and Adoption of Complex Agricultural Technologies: Evidence from an Extension Experiment Denise Hörner, Adrien Bouguen, Markus Frölich and Meike Wollni WPS9839
The Pass-Through of International Commodity Price Shocks to Producers’ Welfare: Evidence from Ethiopian Coffee Farmer Hundanol Atnafu Kebede
Susmita Dasgupta, Somik V. Lall and David R. Wheeler 23
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Poverty Imputation in Contexts without Consumption Data: A Revisit with Further Refinements
Can Grit Be Taught Lessons from a Nationwide Field Experiment with MiddleSchool Students
Hai-Anh H. Dang, Talip Kilic, Calogero Carletto and Kseniya Abanokova
Indhira Vanessa Santos, Violeta Petroska-Beska, Pedro Manuel, Amaro Da Costa Luz Carneiro and et.al.
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Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy: Survey and Experimental Evidence from Papua New Guinea
Introducing the Adequate Housing Index (AHI): A New Approach to Estimate the Adequate Housing Deficit within and across Emerging Economies
Christopher Alexander Hoy, Terence Wood and Ellen Elizabeth Moscoe
Daniela Monika Behr, Lixue Chen, Ankita Goel and et.al.
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The Intergenerational Effects of Economic Sanctions
Deep Trade Agreement and Foreign Direct Investments
Safoura Moeeni
Edith Laget, Nadia Roch and Gonzalo J. Varela
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A Tale of Two Programs: Assessing Treatment and Control in NREGA Studies
Childcare and Mothers’ Labor Market Outcomes in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries
Girish Bahal
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Assessing the Affordability of NutrientAdequate Diets Kate Schneider, Luc Christiaensen, Patrick J. Webb and William Alan Masters
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Improving the Well-Being of Adolescent Girls in Developing Countries Katy Ann Bergstrom and Berk Ozler
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Empowering Migrants: Impacts of a Migrant’s Amnesty on Crime Reports
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Ana María Ibáñez, Sandra V. Rozo and Dany Bahar WPS9832
International Reserves and Central Bank Independence Agustin Samano Penaloza
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Daniel Zefanya Halim, Elizaveta Perova and Sarah Reynolds
A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement Sabina Alkire Yeshwas Admasu, Uche Eseosa EkhatorMobayode, Fanni Kovesdi and et.al.
World Bank in India
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The Risk That Travels with You: Links between Forced Displacement, Conflict and Intimate Partner Violence in Colombia and Liberia
Conflict, Displacement and Overlapping Vulnerabilities: Understanding Risk Factors for Gender-Based Violence among Displaced Women in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Jocelyn TD Kelly, Amalia Hadas Rubin, Uche Eseosa Ekhator-Mobayode and et.al.
Jocelyn TD Kelly, Morgan Oleary Holmes, Niamh Gibbons and et. al.
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The Double Burden of Female Protracted Displacement: Survey Evidence on Gendered Livelihoods in El Fasher, Darfur Wolfgang Stojetz and TilmanBrück WPS9823
Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement: A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa Yeshwas Admasu, Sabina Alkire and Sophie ScharlinPettee
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Differences in Household Composition: Hidden Dimensions of Poverty and Displacement in Somalia Lucia C. Hanmer, Eliana Carolina Rubiano Matulevich and Julieth Santamaria
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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women-Led Businesses Jesica Torres, Franklin Okechukwu Maduko, Isis Gaddis and et.al.
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Do Gender Norms Become Less Traditional with Displacement The Case of Colombia
Targeting for Social Safety Nets: Evidence from Nine Programs in the Sahel
Eliana Carolina Rubiano Matulevich
Pascale Schnitzer and Quentin Stoeffler
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Intimate Partner Violence and Household Decision Making Autonomy: Effects of the Malian Conflict on Women Uche Eseosa Ekhator-Mobayode, Jocelyn Thalassa Deverall Kelly, Amalia Hadas Rubin and et.al. WPS9820
How Do Gender Norms Shape Education and Domestic Work Outcomes The Case of Syrian Refugee Adolescents in Jordan Caroline Gould Krafft, Assaad Ragui and Isabel Pastoor
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Sectoral Value Added — Electricity Elasticities across Countries Shoghik Hovhannisyan and Kersten Kevin Stamm
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Firm Performance, Participation in Global Value Chains and Service Inputs: Evidence from India Ruchita Manghnani, Birgit Elisabeth Meyer, Juan Sebastian Saez and et.al.
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Integration in Global Value Chains — The Role of Service Inputs: Evidence from India
Understanding Drivers of Decoupling of Global Transport CO2 Emissions from Economic Growth: Evidence from 145 Countries
Ruchita Manghnani, Birgit Elisabeth Meyer, Juan Sebastian Saez and et.al.
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The Impact of Corruption on SMEs’ Access to Finance: Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data from Developing Countries Mohammad Amin and Vctor Motta
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Under What Conditions Are Data Valuable for Development Dean Mitchell Jolliffe, Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Malarvizhi Veerappan and et.al.
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Firm Recovery during COVID-19: Six Stylized Facts Xavier Cirera, Marcio Jose Vargas Da Cruz, Arti Goswami Grover and et.al.
Vivien Foster, Jennifer Uju Dim, Sebastian Vollmer and et.al.
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Education Quality, Green Technology, and the Economic Impact of Carbon Pricing Kevin Alan David Macdonald and Harry Anthony Patrinos WPS9807
COVID-19 Age-Mortality Curves for 2020 Are Flatter in Developing Countries Using Both Official Death Counts and Excess Deaths Gabriel Demomnes, Damien B. C. M. De Walque, Paul Michael Gubbins and et.al.
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Measuring the Economic Impact of COVID-19 with Real-Time Electricity Indicators Maria Vagliasindi
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