IMPACTS OF SHIP RECYCLING ACTIVITIES TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN GLOBAL SCALE Prof. Dr. Gokdeniz Neser Dokuz Eylül University Boat Building Research Center Izmir / TURKEY
International Conference on Ship Recycling, SHIPREC2013 7-9 April 2013 World Maritime University / Malmö
Study area
Materials and methods
Length overall Beam Mean draft Depth Gross tonnage Maximum cruise speed Staff
36.00 m 8.05 m 2.50 m 3.80 m 289 9.0 knot 11 crew 11 scientists
Results: Heavy metals
Conclusions
Hg, Cd, Pb, and Cu concentrations were also found to be higher than reported studies. The concentrations of Zn were relatively higher than other studies except Izmit Bay. The Cr contents were similar to the Aegean Sea.
(6 m A5 ) (9 A2 m) (1 3 A1 m ) (2 A1 0m ) 6 (2 A1 1m ) 3 (2 2 A1 m ) 7 A1 (24 m 2 (2 ) 4. A1 4m ) 1 (2 A1 5m ) 4 (2 A1 6m ) 5 (2 A1 8m ) 0 (2 9m A6 ) (3 1m A9 ) (3 2m )
A4
Concentration (ug/g dw) (6 m A5 ) (9 A2 m) (1 3 A1 m ) (2 A1 0m ) 6 (2 A1 1m ) 3 (2 2 A1 m ) 7 A1 (24 m 2 (2 ) 4. A1 4m ) 1 (2 A1 5m ) 4 (2 A1 6m ) 5 (2 8 A1 m ) 0 (2 9m A6 ) (3 1m A9 ) (3 2m )
A4
Concentrations (ug/g dw)
Results: Aliphatics and aromatics n-C17
Phenantrene
pristane
Anthracene
Stations
n-C18 phytane
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Stations
Fluoranthene Pyrene
5
4
3
2
1
0
Conclusions }
Comparison of the metal concentrations with average shale values revealed that most of the samples from the Aliağa were polluted with Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn and Ni. On the other hand, the concentrations of metals in sampling stations were detected higher than Mediterranean background levels. According to the metal pollution indexes, highest MPI values were observed at coastal stations.
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Organic matter contents of the surface sediments obtained from the Aliağa were similar to the Sea of Marmara (0.75%–4.36%) (Ergin et al., 1993). These results were higher than reported from Aegean Sea (0.60%–1.41%) (Voutsinou-Taliadouri and Satsmadjis, 1982); the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (0.22%–1.71%) (Emelianov and Romankevich, 1979). The distribution of organic matter in sediments indicated the degree of severity of pollution. According to Baumard et al. (1998a), levels of PAHs can be characterized as low, moderate, high, and very high when total PAH concentrations are 0–100, 100–1000, 1000–5000, and >5000 µg g-1, respectively. Based on this classification, the sediments from Aliağa can be generally considered to be high and very high polluted.
Conclusions
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Among the all aromatics Fluoranthene was predominant species accounted approximately between 12.1-23.579 % except the station 6 and 17. Fluoranthene comes from combustion of fossil fuels, is classified as a possible carcinogen (USEPA, 1990).
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Some markers are indicative of combustion sources: ratio between PAHs such as Phe/Ant, Flt/Pyr, Flt/Flt+Pyr, BaA/Chr or LMW/ HMW, are characteristic of pyrogenic origin such as motor vehicle exhausts, heavy industrial emissions, biomass burning, etc. (Bourotte et al. 2005). The values obtained in this study indicated PAHs sources associated with gasoline vehicle emissions or fossil fuels combustion by industry.
Conclusions One noteworthy feature of the pollution is that, for both organic pollutants and heavy metals double-peaked distributions exist. A simple approximation is of the superposition of two Rayleigh type distributions:
( x2 x − 4σ1 )2 − − 2 2σ 22 a1x 2σ1 a 2 (x − 4σ1 ) P= e + e 2 2 σ1 σ2 § Where a1 and a2 are coefficients related to maximum concentrations of pollutant and σ1 and σ2 are the deviations of pollutant distribution for shallow and deep water respectively. (subscript 1: Shallow water, subscript 2: deep water). For example, for the phytane, a1=100 a2=6.80 and σ1=6 m., σ2= 2 m. § This double-distribution can be attributed to wave-induced near shore current system, where the pollutant-bearing bottom sediments are carried away and deposited to shallower and deeper regions.