WORLDMUN DAILY MARCH 25, 2009 Volume 3
Daily WEATHER FORECAST
Multicultural food market on a Dutch racing track! booze problem when the real party started at the top floor of the building. This was an excellent occasion for the delegates to show that they’re not only able to speak like Obama, but that they can dance like Jochem van der Veen as well! Strangely the vibrating atmosphere didn’t stop certain delegates from having a satisfying nap in the middle of their dancing colleagues. This of course proves that international negotiation can be a satisfying but tiring job. This global village showed again that conflicts between delegates are easily solved during after- session social drinks. WorldMUN delegates seem to be quite creative as it comes to peace making on the dance floor.
Clouded skies, rain, possible thunderstorm low 4C, high 8C.
Day
Night Rainy night, clouded skies.
OUTSIDE WORLDMUN WALLS Map offers hope in fight against malaria LONDON, England (CNN) -- A new map illustrating global malaria risk in unprecedented detail suggests that wiping out the disease in many parts of the world is possible. Local worker for aid group killed in Darfur (CNN) -- A local aid worker employed by a Canadian relief group was shot to death on Tuesday in the Darfur region of Sudan, a colleague of the man said. Extremists stir bloody clashes in Israel (Al Jazeera) At least 28 people have been wounded in fierce clashes with Israeli police forces in the northern Israeli town of Umm al-Fahm. UN Secretary-General Condemns Killing of Top Palestinian Official (Al Jazeera) UN SecretaryGeneral Condemns Killing of Top Palestinian Official Date: 24/3/2009 Time: 18:15 NEW YORK, March 24, 2009 (WAFA) - The UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemned the terrorist attack which killed Kamal Medhat, the deputy head of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Lebanon, and several of his bodyguards. Barclay’s exec takes 99% cut as banks slash pay (Reuters) LONDON Barclays’ investment bank chief Bob Diamond saw his pay slump 99 per cent to 250,000 pounds ($366,500) last year from over 21 million in 2007 as rewards for executives at three of Europe’s top banks more than halved due to the credit crisis.
Message from the board By Servaas van der Laan No less than fifteen busses were driving up and down Monday night to transport excited delegates of WorldMUN 2009 to the Duindigt horse racing track. A three floored clubhouse was the scenery of an intercultural food and drink exchange: the Global Village. Delegates shouting their traditional slogans, dolled up in the colors of their country turned the racing track clubhouse into a sparkling multicultural food market. It was nice to see the WorldMUN women and men freed from their formal suits, happy to show their real identity. A Turkish girl was
serving white cheese while talking enthusiastically about her adventures in the national sailing team. Australians handing out key rings in the shape of a koala, and of course the Scottish delegation walking around in their traditional skirts and hats. This global village showed once more that bringing together different cultures has some amazing results. Unfortunately the evening took off with a bit of a false start when delegates brought too much alcohol, which resulted in a ban on taking liquor inside. Luckily this didn’t ruin the night and people seemed to have forgotten about the
Monday at the Global Village many delegations unfortunately were not allowed to take alcohol into the venue, although they were told by the WorldMUN organization that every delegation could bring 1.5 liters of their own alcohol. The organization sincerely apologizes for any inconvenience. We know that many of you brought their own alcohol and that you were very disappointed that you could not share and enjoy it that night. However, we hope that the brain cells that were collaterally spared will help you to write even better resolutions!
Interview with Richard Butler By Paula Gil Richard Butler is a recognized Australian diplomat. He served his country in the United Nations as Permanent Representative on Disarmament; he was ambassador in Thailand and had a major part, together with Gareth Evans, in the Cambodia peace settlement; he was part of the UN Special Commission for weapons inspection in Iraq and currently is global diplomat in residence and clinical Professor at the New York University School of Continuing and Professional Studies. This afternoon addressing the Delegates from DISEC, Mr. Butler admired the initiative of a UN simulation and praised the participants for daring to engage on the project. He gave an impressive speech based mostly on his career and on his passion for the UN and international forums that allow the States to work together for a more “stable and peaceful future”. His life experience was motivating in a moment that many students are looking for their first work experiences and was received with fascination in such a silent room where even thoughts could be heard. Some criticisms on the Security Council were heard, especially on the representation of the members, the voting issues and the hiperEU-representation, and also on the Media due to their criticism on UN activities. But mostly, a hope note was left as “the disappearance of UN would be a great loss to Humanity and certainly, if this would be to happen, a genius would step forward and re-invent it”, he said. I can tell you though, apart from the position occupied by him, and the image we got during his small presentation, on his interview, he was one of the sweetest and most accessible persons I ever had the pleasure to have contact with. With a caring word for everyone, an easy smile and a joke to relax the mood, we ended up talking about “Love Actually” when he found out I am Portuguese... Sweet, wouldn’t you think?! Is this your first contact with an UN simulation?
What are your impressions? I have been to several national scale simulations, but this is my first World MUN. I can say I am quite struck by the effort that 2000 people – time, money... This is not a small matter. I feel admiration for those students. The world is encountering global problems. All require cooperation, no single country can solve them and the framework is the UN, either for HIV as for environment. But the UN has a problem: excessive nationalism, excessive dominance by the 5 permanent members of the Security Council contradict the reality today that no single country can solve problems acting alone. They demand cooperation. One of the most important questions I had today was ‘Why this young generation would act differently than the previous one? Previous generation, including me, are excessively influenced by nationalism. This younger generation has a much better sense of being a global citizen, much more open for the fundamental necessity of cooperation. 40 years ago you were just starting your career and when interviewed you said “your goal would be one day to become UN ambassador”. What is the importance of events like this one for students? No doubt this meeting will produce several real life ambassadors. One ambassador stated this desire today. It is not unthinkable that she will reach this goal, if she works having that in mind. You also said you were present in most of the UN committees during your career. Would you say DISEC and the delegates of World MUN represent their roles reality like? Yes, surprisingly similar to the committee in the UN. A little bit less stuffy and that is a good thing.
Can you see improvements in this next generation? It is hard to predict, but I can see a great deal of positive good coming out of this meeting and people. I am more hopeful about the future. Your Master’s thesis was focused on nuclear nonproliferation, and we could see by your intervention you still believe in that possibility. What elements would you like to see in a Resolution? I would like to see a resolution that calls on all States to agree that nuclear weapons are the greatest threats in Humanity and efforts to their progressively elimination. Where do you see the delegates in 10 years? A substantial proportion will be holding responsible jobs, not all in the UN or public sector, but opinion leaders including some with respect to the role of UN. There were some deep criticisms regarding the Media and the (mis)representation of reality. “I do not know where they get some of the criticisms, I am there and I do not see them”, you said. Where would you say the editorial board would be in 10 years time? Better informed than the ones today and free from criticism. What recommendation would you like to leave for the delegates? Above all make sure you view the world with clear eyes. One of the hardest things today is to avoid being influenced by special interests and propaganda. There is no way of dealing success with reality without knowing the truth and thinking with clear eyes.
2 Columns JOEP GEURTS We don’t need no education Aren’t you glad that you have the opportunity to have a good education? Think of it for a second and please answer out loud. We all know the importance of being well informed when discussing politics. A lot of research and reading is done to know all the details on a topic and to make sure that the discussions are of a high level.
In addition to gathering information, it is essential to also present it in a clear way. Therefore it is necessary to communicate in such a way that everybody understands what is meant. A little difference in interpreting a question can lead to a big difference in the answer. This is why I would like you to recall your answer on the question in the first line again.
“.. this article is nonsense.” A) Yes – because I am glad that I have the opportunity to have a good education. B) No – because I am not glad that I have this opportunity (which is hard to imagine, but plausible). C) Yes – because I want to confirm the question: I am not glad. D) No – because I want to deny: I am glad. As you see, both answers can be interpreted as being glad. The problem is the negative question. Asking somebody a negative question consequently leads to a difficult answer. I really don’t know what the official and correct way is of answering such a question. Personally I think confirming (C and D) is the most logical option. Because this is unexpected, often the opposite of what you are answering is understood. To prevent this, it might be a good idea to repeat the question in the answer: Don’t you think this article is nonsense? - Yes … I don’t think this article is nonsense. Last week a professor (after a very long and complex explanation) said to his class: “And now don’t say that you didn’t understand this.” It was not really a question; it was more of a demand. And I was really confused about how to respond. Yes? No? And what does my answer mean? I think Pink Floyd actually was right with their song, although they probably didn’t intend to mean it like this. We do need education. PS Suggestions on how to respond properly can be sent to editorialboard.worldmun@gmail.com
WORLDMUN DAILY MARCH 25, 2009 Volume 3
Committee sessions Legal Committee By Heleen Struyven After a very close vote, the delegates of the Legal Committee decided to discuss the criminal accountability of UN officials and experts on missions. This topic is particularly sensitive because it touches the credibility and the image of the UN. One of the propositions to improve the credibility is the establishment of databases, because currently there is no official track of some kind or how many misconducts are committed by the UN personnel. Basically, there is a complex tension between the home states sending officials, and the host states receiving officials and
again, the principle of sovereignty of nations might cause a problem for some of the member states. So far, the debate is going well as nine working papers have been prepared by the delegates and several draft resolutions will be discussed today. Sometimes, discussions are a bit chaotic but that’s not surprise since the Legal Committee is, with SOCHUM, one of the largest committees. Assistant director Maarten van der Goot is pleased to see that the different groups are working together, trying to point out common grounds between the blocks. This is
positive for the overall debate and for the committee itself. So, good progress was made today. The only problem that Maarten could see is that everybody really wants to speak. Unfortunately, this is impossible with approximately 300 delegates so some of them might be disappointed. Nevertheless, everybody seemed very excited for the committee dinner and the Trojan Horse party last night because we all know that at WorldMUN, hard work is always rewarded.
Disarmament and International Security Committee By Paula Gil DISEC on day 2: some working papers had already been presented but none of the delegates seemed to be satisfied with the final results. All over the room, several criticisms were echoing either to the need of a solution for the reintegration alternatives post-conflict or to the lack of a legal framework that would render the implementation unpractical. Thus the root causes were not addressed yet and a global strategy with economic, political and social ramifications passing by a common co-responsability. For someone merely attending,
DISEC seems to have the willingness to negotiate and have a consensus at the end of the day. Unfortunately there still isn’t a solution and also none in sight. Disarmament always seems to be the most difficult subject to tackle as, at the end of the day, states hope to maximize their power and have an effective resolution that addresses their main concerns. On an insight perspective, António Luvualu de Carvalho (Univ. Lusíada de Lisboa), Delegate of Angola, (and an Angolan himself!) would like to see in a resolution “the limitation of the access to weap-
ons by citizens as well as the control and eventual disarmament of weapons of mass destruction”. Also “important countries like Russia and USA, main weapon manufacturers, should be careful to whom and where they export”. António is currently taking his master in International Relations and it is his first experience in WorldMUN but it has been such “an amazing experience and it is so important to have contact with different cultures” that we are sure to expect him again next year, hopefully, he says “in a country with a better climate”, cold and rain are not his idea of a great day!
The advisors here at WorldMUN 2009 seem to be much more invested and present in their students day to day MUN experience than Combs’ advisor. For Gregory Weeks, PhD., the advisor for the team from Webster University in Vienna, Austria, WorldMUN is a new experience. “One thing I admire about my students is that they’ve done everything on their own,” Weeks said. Even though he leaves a lot of leadership responsibility with his students, both he and Combs maintain office hours in the commons of the World Forum so their students can visit and update them on the proceedings of the day. It’s not all serious business with these professors. Both Combs and Weeks enjoy attending the social events and tours in The Hague and socializing with fellow professors. Weeks, who was here in The
Hague when the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was founded, has plans to meet up with a good friend and prosecutor who works in the ICTY this week. “I wish they had more opportunities for faculty members to connect during the week,” said Creighton University faculty advisor, José McClanahan, Ph.D. “I think, as a teacher, that would be very advantageous.” The advisors seem, across the board, very excited and intrigued by the diplomatic proceedings of their students. “I just hope that my delegates will be able to refine their ability to dialogue and compromise,” said Luis Guido Carli advisor, Giuseppe Stuppia. “I hope that this experience will help them to develop their way of thinking.”
Making the grades By Allison Roy While delegates are tucked away, busily politicking in the halls of the World Forum, the clink of coffee cups continues to echo from the commons of the building. The focus is so often concentrated on the budding diplomats that light up the streets of The Hague, that the people who got them there are frequently overlooked. Faculty advisors are typically responsible for the training and mentoring of university MUN students as well as juggling the logistics of group travel abroad. Many of these advisors are MUN alumni themselves. “My first Model UN conference was at the Harvard conference in 1971,”said University of North Carolina faculty advisor, Lee Combs. “Our advisor just dropped us off and we didn’t see him for the rest of the week.”
WORLDMUN DAILY MARCH 25, 2009 Volume 3
Today’s schedule
Schedule
Where to go out in The Hague
Wednesday, March 25 09.00am - 11.45am 09.00am - 12.00pm 09.00am - 12.15pm 12.15pm - 02.00pm 12.30pm - 02.00pm 12.30pm - 02.45pm 12.45pm - 02.45pm 01.30pm - 02.30pm 03.00pm - 06.00pm 06.15pm - 07.00pm 09.00pm - 11.00pm 11.00pm - 01.30am 12.00am - 02.00am
By Peter Jaap Blaakmeer Tonight the WorldMUN stars will shine on stage! But elsewhere in the city there are also other exciting things to do!
Committee Session IV (Group B) Committee Session IV (Group C) Committee Session IV (Group A) Lunch Resolution Social Venture Challenge Final Round International Opportunities Fair In-conference visits to: • International Criminal • Court for the former Yugoslavia Study in Holland - by Nuffic Committee Session V Head Delegate/Faculty Advisor Meeting Cabaret Perfromances Cabaret Night Buses leave from Cabaret Night
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Thursday, March 27 09.00am - 12.00pm 09.00am - 12.00pm 09.00am - 12.30pm 12.30pm - 01.30pm 01.30pm - 02.30pm 02.30pm - 09.00pm 09.00pm - 01.30am 12.00am - 02.00am
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• Committee Session VI Committee Session VI Committee Session VI Lunch Buses to Amsterdam Depart Queen’s Day (Amsterdam Visit) Queen’s Night Buses Return from Amsterdam
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Have fun tonight!
Delegates working on a working paper
Cabaret
Today’s Afternoon Program
By Jochem van der Veen Delegates, you can still buy tickets for the cabaret night this evening. Don’t expect the musical set in the Berlin Nightclub during the early 40’s but gale at your fellow delegates who perform their routine on stage. Old Hollywood glamour will be revived tonight as we set foot in the majestic Dr. Anton Philips theatre. After having walked the red carpet like real stars, we will enjoy a night filled with elegance, champagne and a wonderful show. Put on your nicest dress or suit and let yourself be swept off your feet by the music.
By Joep Geurts There are really interesting activities today during lunch break. While taking a bite, visit the Main Hall for the International Opportunity’s Fair (IOF). You will have to chance to talk to representatives from the following organizations: Amnesty International OPCW Equal in rights Niños de Guatemala Special Court for Sierra Leone Europol European Patent Office Nuffic United Nations Association of the Netherlands Radboud University Nijmegen International Affaires Bureau Municipality the Hague United Netherlands If you are interested in visiting the Nuffic presentation, please sign in at the stand which you can find at the IOF. The best ideas of the Social Venture Challenge will be judged in the Radboud University Hall. Each attending delegation gets the chance to present their concept to win a funding to realize these ideas.
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Contemporary theater, Yellow Moon at the Royal Theatre, Lange Voorhout 3, € 12,For sitting in comfortable chairs, go to the Filmhouse at Spui 191: Bulgarian movie with English subtitles for only €5,50 at 19:30 For Irish traditional music and song, go see ‘Fling’ at the Rijkswijkse Schouwburg, Generaal Spoorlaan 10 in Rijswijk, € 18,For a fun nights out, go to the Holland Casino at Scheveningen Combine the Holland Casino with their restaurant, “The Navigator” For live piano music, go to the world famous “Crazy Pianos” at the Scheveningen boulevard
Having trouble understanding these strange Dutch people? Do you want to know more about the inhabitants of this flat country? Attend the workshop by Jacob Vossestein. He wrote a book which is already sold for more than 30.000 times, entitled ‘Dealing with the Dutch’. Do not miss it if you ever want to know how to handle someone from The Netherlands. There will also be an In-Conference visit to the International Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia, starting at 13.00 and 14.15. • 12.30 – 15.30 Main Hall International Opportunity’s Fair • 12.00 – 15.00 Radbound University Hall Social Venture Challenge final round • 13.00 – 13.45 / 14.15 – 15.00 In-Conference visits: ICTY • 13.00 – 14.30 Mississippi Workshop: Dealing with the Dutch by Jacob Vossestein • 13.30 – 14.30 Amazone NUFFIC presentation
4 Articles Breaking bread, international style
In the time of war, the law is silent?
By Danae Mercer Glistening donuts, rub red apples, plates of savory eggs, sandwiches with slices of meat and sharp cheese, coffee, tea, milk, orange juice; these are but a few of the breakfast items served around the world. Breakfasts vary widely from place to place. • Netherlands: Traditional Dutch breakfast involves bread, lots of bread. “I usually start with two slices of bread, cheese, milk, and sometimes a piece or fruit,” said a delegate from Amsterdam. A popular meal for young children is a piece of toast with “stamped mice” or chocolate sprinkles. • United States: The US is known for its love of heavy meals. Most Americans eat cold grain cereal with milk for breakfast, oatmeal, or sweet pastries. “On weekends, people go out for a big breakfast with eggs, waffles and potatoes,” said Chelsea Brown, a PhD from Dallas, Texas. Breakfast is often rushed during the week. “The US keeps having campaigns to try and encourage breakfast eating, but I don’t think enough people do it,” added Brown. • England: English breakfast consists of sausage, eggs, fried bread, mushrooms, baked beans and a cup of hot coffee. • Venezuela: Sandwiches with ham and cheese are enjoyed by most in Venezuela. Yet Elisa Nieves, a delegate from the region, noted that she prefers something sweeter. “I personally like orange juice and a donut,” said Nieves. “In Venezuela, everyone says if they don’t have their breakfast, they don’t start the day.” • Africa: In places like Nigeria, a common breakfast is Ògi, a porridge made from corn served with evaporated milk and ground bean paste. Ghana residents tend towards goat omelets, sweet dense bread, and porridge. Hot tea is the beverage of choice. • China: Breakfasts vary widely between different regions of China. In Northern China, unleavened pocket-bread with sesame and steamed buns with stuffing are popular. The Central and Eastern Chinese residents enjoy a soup with fried tofu and cellophane noodles, plain rice porridge, salted duck eggs, pickled vegetables, and sweetened milk. • Germany: Most Germans enjoy bread rolls, butter, jam, sausages, soft boiled eggs, ham, and cold cuts. “We eat lots of fresh bread, fresh bread rolls every day,” said Ariel Stern from Germany. “You can find a bakery on most corners. We don’t have anything really extravagant. The meal tends to be cold.”
By Heleen Struyven As all of you already noticed this week, The Hague is the legal capital of the world. Therefore, the symposium on international criminal law that was held yesterday was a wonderful opportunity for the WorldMUN 2009 delegates to have a new, inside look in this matter. We had the honor to hear the visions on some interesting statements from experts representing all different parts of an international trial. The delegates could enjoy the symposium in a very original way. Every speaker formulated a motion where the audience could vote on with red and green cards. Afterwards, the speaker defended his motion and invited both the co-speakers and the delegates to ask questions. In the end, we had the opportunity to vote another time to see to which extend our personal opinion had been influenced by the different arguments developed. First of all, Mr. Hans Bevers, Prosecutor on the International Criminal Court, commented the statement: “President Bashir of Sudan should be tried by the International Criminal Court regardless of the political consequences”. In the beginning, the majority of the audience agreed. Mr. Bevers defended the opposite opinion as he approached these questions from the perspective of the Court and essentially, as office of Prosecutor. He set out the legal framework of the Court to prosecute, in a very detailed manner. Before prosecuting, the Court always has to verify if the case of President Bashir falls under its jurisdiction since it is based on the principle of consent of the concerned parties. In addition, if there is another state already investigating the same case, the Statute lends priority to them based on the principle of complementarity. So in conclusion, the technical reasonableness of this issue has to be separated from the political consequences because the Court is limited by its own Statute. The Court can only follow the framework offered by the Statute and that states that political considerations are not be made by the Court, but by the Security Council. Subsequently, Mr. Michail Wladimiroff, a prominent international criminal lawyer, defended that “the guilt of accused before international tribunals is already presumed before the actual trial has started”. As a defense lawyer, he wanted to make clear that the principle of the rule of law does not only depend on investigational and procedural aspects. International trials are completely different from cases in international courts, since the judge has to be familiar with both the political and historical determinants of the crimes. So to what extend a judge is really independent in his work? Mr. Wladimiroff believes that it is impossible to think that a judge (and certainly a jury) is never influenced by mass media and NGO’s. Normally a person is pre-
Resolution Career Panel By Joep Geurts The WorldMUN Alumni Project organized a Career Panel that took place during lunch yesterday. Five experts formed a panel which answered varying questions on possible future careers. While introducing their selves it became clear that a lot of experience and expertise had gathered in the Radbound University Hall. All panelists have a consulting or financial background but are (or have been) busy in the public and social sector. Oliver Libby, moderator of the panel, opened the discussion with the question what the difference between the private and the public sector is. Panelist Khalid Yasin, who is currently working with a management consulting firm, states that this difference is slowly
fading away. You can look at modern technology as an example. The huge amount of cell phones and the improving accessibility of the internet, even in the poorer countries, can help people to gain information. Chrishan Thuraisingham, working at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, adds that both groups are using each others approaches. If a public organization wants money, it can get a share each time it achieves a goal. This step by step funding is typically an approach used by private companies. Meanwhile, these private companies are talking about more than just profits. The line between the two different sectors is fading. While students were asking questions, the panel gave some parental advice. Thuraingham: “Your life is surprisingly
WORLDMUN DAILY MARCH 25, 2009 Volume 3
sumed to be innocent until proven guilty. But Mr. Wladimiroff fears that in international criminal trials, the person is often considered being guilty, unless evidence shows that this presumption isn’t verified by the facts. It is a very human reaction to presume that there is no smoke without fire. The third speaker was Mr. Georg Frederik Harhoff, who as a judge at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia tried to convince the audience that “international criminal tribunals shorten the conflict reconciliation process”. He is aware that there is a wide perception that international criminal tribunals only delay the reconciliation process. The starting point of his argumentation was that we have international trials for two purposes: to establish the facts and to establish the guilt, based on the facts. For the relatives of the victims of crimes, it is incredibly important to have knowledge of what happened. It is an essential part of justice because it provides some kind of closure. For the society as well, it’s really important to see that justice is done to have trust in the system. Besides that, you cannot close an armed conflict and leave the wound of guilt open. There can be no peace without justice and neither can there be justice without peace. In order to achieve
peace, reconciliation is a very important tool. Therefore, in conclusion, if you didn’t have international criminal law, you simple wouldn’t have any reconciliation at all. For many years we saw that it wasn’t possible to begin procedures before the domestic courts, so the international community had to react. That’s the reason why the ICC was established! Finally, Prof. Ybo Buruma, professor in criminal law at Radboud University Nijmegen commented the statement: “terrorism should primarily be dealt with by international tribunals instead of national courts”. At the moment, there is no agreement on the inclusion of terrorism in the ICC-statute. One of the problems is that the distinction between war and peace has been blurred and that fighters conceal their identities nowadays. Nevertheless some acts do already fall within its competence. The 9/11 attacks were considered being a crime against humanity and the concept of war crimes is often used when the Court is facing threats to the peace and security of the international communities. He concluded that it should be possible for the ICC to deal with some instances of terrorism, even more because state courts often aren’t impartial enough to deal with these cases.
short. How would you like to look back at it? Take your time to think about this.” He also stated, “Don’t be afraid to speak the truth from your hearth. You will be surprised what impact it has.” Ariel Dora Stern has been working with the German Development Bank on financing micro insurance projects and also working with a software start-up that provides transparent communications platforms to politicians and businesses. She strongly advices to do what you are interested in and also to show this interest. It is surprising what you can achieve by just asking. All panelists agree with her adding that it is important to keep motivation in what you do. Do not study for another degree just because you think it could be better for your career. Or even worse, somebody
else thinks it is better for your career. Therefore it is of great importance that you know what you want with your future. Thuraisingham thinks that you should see the process of finding a job as a job. Put in as much time and effort as you would at the job itself and find your skills, even the hidden ones. Stern adds: “Your dream job will not find you, you have to go out and take the effort to find it.” The only question the panel could not answer was asked by a German student: “What is the most important thing in life?” According to the panelists, the answer can only be given by you yourself. Take time to find the answer which is already inside of you.
WORLDMUN DAILY MARCH 25, 2009 Volume 3
Committee sessions
5
United Nations Environmental Programme
Human Rights Council
High Commissioner on Refugees
By Allison Roy The UNEP remain locked in debate over a series of working papers on the topic of food security yesterday morning. Although eight papers were introduced to the floor, hardly anyone seemed satisfied. While the delegate from the United States stated that she was displeased that emergency food aid had yet to be discussed in one working paper, the delegate from Indonesia was concerned with the rhetoric of another. The working papers on the floor addressed a wide range of political, economic, social and technological measures that would serve to improve food security. Such measures include agricultural regulation, infrastructural reorganization, the education and empowerment of women, and the utilization of biofuels. The Russian Federation expressed
By Danae Mercer The rights of indigenous peoples were discussed in the UN Human Rights Council Tuesday. Debate centered on the specific rights of indigenous women, and the environment related to indigenous persons. During Monday’s session, delegates decided against creating a definition for what constitutes an indigenous person. Groups can choose for themselves whether or not they wish to be considered indigenous, the UNHRC determined. “I would say there is a positive tension in the room,” said Laura Wutz, representative of Canada. “All the people here are really passionate about this topic, which leads to everyone trying to do what they think is correct. Of course this is good, but it creates tension.”
By Danae Mercer Asylum issues dominated debate during the UN High Commissioner for Refugees committee sessions Tuesday. Delegates narrowed the topic of asylum seekers into four main issues: funding, protection, resettlement, and repatriation. “It is very important to provide for the protection of refugees now,” Uganda declared when debate seemed stalled.
general dissatisfaction with the majority of the papers on the floor, arguing that the measures designed so far places power with already powerful countries. “Countries seem to be following the Golden Rule,” she said. “Whoever has the gold makes the rule.” The delegate from Romania was angered by the measures designed and supported in two of the popularly supported working papers. “Two years ago, we were banished from using genetically modified organisms,” he said. “But these papers explore the options of just those things.” The representative from Oxfam International urged the delegates of the UNEP to revise their papers and collaborate, and the hum of busily caucusing delegates continues to emerge from the committee room.
Special Political and Decolonization By Heleen Struyven Even after a dazzling global village, the delegates of SPECPOL were extraordinarily alert and vibrant the next morning! They were so busy lobbying and convincing each other that sometimes many of them forgot to vote for the caucuses, so Director Michelle Cho kindly reminded her delegates to remain in order. It took the committee a while to select the topic to discuss, because everyone was really defending their topic of preference. Finally, they decided to discuss the issue of refugees, migrants and racism in South Africa. After half a day of speeches, the issue was divided into five problems: security, social and economic aspects, legislation, education and mixed migration. Assistant Directors Mirjam de Bru-
in and Alma Ibrahimovic are really enthusiastic and pleased with the way the delegates are handling this big committee. “They are very active and making powerful blocks. We are delighted to see that everyone is eager to speak and participate as much as possible”. The difficulty at the moment is that the delegates really have to agree on the different ways to help South-Africa. Without the agreement of South-Africa the measures to take will end up being useless, as a SPECPOL resolution isn’t binding. The assistant directors are confident to see that in the end, they will be able to find an acceptable solution for everyone, as “the SPECPOL attitude is really cooperative”.
Camp David accords trying to change history By Paula Gil After a day working on a solution to achieve peace in the Middle East, the delegates are now feeling the pressure of getting into more detailed aspects of the conflict. Refugees and land were some of the most heard words at the beginning of this morning. Speaking with Assistant Director Wouter Kruithof (United Netherlands), the editorial board learned how differently this committee works. “This committee is actually quite different from the others here represented,” Kruithof said. “The rules of procedure are completely different. We have no speakers list and we use mainly moderated and unmoderated caucus to progress in the debate.”
The debate lines are therefore adapted to a real life negotiation, as Mr. Kruithof puts it. “Everyone is open to concession and there are no hard lines to follow. Delegates are able to explain or answer provocations right after they are made”. The committee is mainly an overview of the Camp David Accords, of the talks and their consequences. The main aim of the delegates is to change the course of history by being able to cooperate and reach a fair consensus for everyone. According to Mr. Kruithof, “there is no pressure to get an agreement, but several tactics to negotiate.” Who said changing history was easy?
Colombian Cabinet By Jochem van der Veen Several Colombian civilians have died during a military raid from the Venezuelan army on Colombian territory. Approximately 300 soldiers were spotted in the District of Arauca during this breach of Colombian sovereignty. A reliable but anonymous source explained that the Colombian Cabinet summoned the Venezuelan ambassador to detail the situation. The ambassador declared the army was hunting drug lords and decided to act on their own account because Colombia ignores the extensive drug problem. The ambassador also stated that she was not sure who exactly was to blame for the deaths; she thought the drug lords were responsible. The Colombian cabinet had trouble believing these statements because in the past Venezuela made little to no effort to capture key drug cartel leaders. As a matter of fact, their government was linked to the drug dealing business numerous of times. This caused the Cabinet to doubt the true intensions of the Venezuelans. It might just be a provocation to get Colombia to react in
force which would not be taken lightly by the international community. The new unstable government in Venezuela would profit from a foreign attack as that bonds the citizens. The Cabinet next decides what response would be most appropriate and effective. However, a solution doesn’t seem near. Again thanks to a source it is known there is a strict division between those who want to handle the matter military and those who still believe in a diplomatic solution. During the day, fractions of information kept coming that showed that the Venezuelan intentions were clear. On the question why Venezuelan troops fought the criminals in Colombia the source quickly replied “because they’re Colombians.” Another spicy detail our source discovered was that it took about two hours when the first member of the cabinet mentioned the victims. The Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development was the first to out her worries about the healthcare the victimized would receive.
Non Governmental Organisations By Danae Mercer All is quiet in the realm of Non-governmental organizations. NGO representatives spent Monday visiting relevant committees and offering helpful speeches. Many positive reports have been placed by directors of certain committees. Internet issues slowed progress, but did not stop the NGOs from their adventures.
International Monetary Fund By Martin Vlachynsky Discussion about the voting rights reform continued at the IMF on Tuesday. Brazil and a few other delegates did not like the huge influence of the USA, which have the biggest percentage of voting rights. The director and a few delegates repeatedly stressed the priority of the resolution for the emerging markets capital stability, but the idea of IMF reform prevailed. An overall 15% increase of voting rights, power shift from Europe to Asia, periodical recounting of the voting ratio – all these ideas appeared in both moderated and unmoderated caucuses. The key obstacle in reaching the reform resolution was obvious – nobody wants to lose their power in the IMF and the reform would require such sacrifice. With Russia, USA, Brazil and Egypt being the main speakers of the day, discussion was pretty vigorous. However, not as wild as one would expect when the power over the billions in funds is at stake. Two guests were introduced near the end of the session. A representative of PKO bank was asking IMF for immediate
help. The Polish PKO bank is facing insolvency due to the three main problems – loans provided to Hungary (plus some other East European countries) are threatened by possible huge losses; the bank’s branch in Ukraine is facing bankruptcy and finally, the domestic market faces many defaults after the local currency dropped significantly, while 60% of the domestic loans is nominated in Euros. The second speaker, ex Harvard student Havard Levane, offered an attractive lecture (which soon turned into discussion) about the bank restructuralization process and the role of government in this process. In his own words: ”It’s complicated”. Bank runs, the responsibility of the managers, regulations or different ways of bankruptcies were among the examined topics. The most inspiring was his definition of Too big to fail policy. “Sometimes you reach the point you don’t know how the world will look like without that institution. And you don’t want to find it out.”
Chinese Politburo By Paula Gil The Chinese Politburo, the Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, includes the top leadership of the Communist Party of China. Summing it up, the PSC looks for the consensus of the members so that a direct action or position is taken by the Central Committee. The main aim of this committee is to rewrite history! The delegates assume the position of an individual actor part of the meeting depending on which date was chosen for the simulation – the Chinese Politburo of this World MUN is in 1969. Internal information from the Directors of the Committee state that “The Standing Committee of the Chinese Politburo has recently gone through a turbulent period. While members of Politburo were questioning each other’s loyalty to Chairman Mao and the Communist Revolution,
subversive elements across the continent were also attempting to deter the possibility of a worldwide communist revolution.” On the issues that should follow this situation the committee states “The Politburo is currently preparing measures to offset suggestive moves made by our former leader by example: the Soviet Union.” Meanwhile, sources tell us that “the Red Guard that have been sent down to the Chinese countryside following the orders of Chairman Mao, have expressed popular dissent by protesting against the mass killings that they have been subjected to by local officials on the countryside. Politburo members were visibly shocked and resolved the crisis by issuing a joint directive to re-educate the Red Guards. For now, they remain obedient.”
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice By Paula Gil Arriving to the CCPCJ committee is a surprise this morning. It is already a very busy place with everyone trying to show their working papers, sharing ideas and trying to make their points pass... Consensus is always difficult! The whole committee is energized in the search for the perfect solution and quite excited about the possibility of a common solution. But not everything is easy. Several delegates complained about the rigid procedure of interventions, writing a working proposal and, in the near future, a dissertation. Philip Hagedom (Univ. Of
Mannhein, Germany), delegate of Nigeria says “there is a clear division between African Union countries and the rest of the world.” Looking forward to argue his points, Nigeria’s resolution is expected to be “as open as possible allowing countries to enforce the laws without demeaning their sovereignty. Our attempt is to get a more indepth knowledge of the subject and improve the institutions available,” he said. A small hint from the Board warned us to keep an eye on the CCPCJ as they are expecting a draft resolution before the end of the day.
6 Interviews GREETINGS FROM..... South Africa
Official name Republic of South Africa Government Constitutional democracy President Kgalema Motlanthe Episcopal and French Co-Prince Joan Enric Vives Sicilia and Nicolas Sarkozy Capital Pretoria Area Total 1,221,037 km2 Population 47,900,000 Official languages Afrikaans, English, Southern Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu Main religion Christianity Currency Rand
By Peter Jaap Blaakmeer Peng Shao is a student from the University of Edinbrugh though originally from South Africa. This country is proud of it’s rich diversity in both flora & fauna and multiculturalism. It may be argued there is no “single” culture in South Africa. The diversity in foods from many cultures are enjoyed by all who visit the country . The South African black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. At the moment the country is experiencing some political instability as well as social issues such as soaring crime rates and job discrimination.
“South Africa is really bad at cricket” The primary sports in South Africa are cricket, rugby and soccer although South Africa is really bad at cricket. South Africa has eleven official languages. The biggest is Zulu, followed by Xhusa and Afrikaans. Which one is spoken depends on which district you’re in. Peng took Zulu as his second language at high school, in addition to English.
“There are eleven official languages in South Africa” South Africa is renowned for its constant beautiful weather and remarkable nature. The largest game reserve in South Africa, the Kruger National Park, is larger than Israel. When you visit this park, it is likely the sun will be burning on your head since the average temperature in South Africa is 17C. No more bickering about your next vacation destination, South Africa, here we come!
WORLDMUN DAILY MARCH 25, 2009 Volume 3
INTERVIEW WITH SANDER DEKKER By Servaas van der Laan Interview with Sander Dekker, Deputy Mayor of Education, Youth and Sport of The Hague. What’s your opinion of the MUN concept? It’s great. Sure, you can read about how the UN works, but the best way to learn is to experience it yourself. After all, it’s people who carry out diplomacy. And the nice
part about WorldMUN is that you get to meet people from all over the world. That’s the right foundation for good discussions and understanding among the nations. You’re Deputy Mayor of Education, Youth and Sport. All those students taking part in Harvard WorldMUN have to miss lectures and exams this week. Wouldn’t it be better for them to finish their exams first? Have you asked the students that question? I think they’d answer you with a big smile. Last Sunday I saw students walking about the city center carrying their orange WorldMUN bags. You could see that they’re looking forward to this week. Sure, a week abroad seems like a real piece of luck, but the students have to get down to work as well. I went to two sessions in the Peace Palace on Monday and the students were all grinding away. I don’t feel it’s a problem if they miss their studies this week, as they’ll make up for it with the experience they get here.
What’s an absolute must for the WorldMUN participants to see in The Hague? Since The Hague is the only Dutch city on the coast, they can go relax by the sea after a hectic day at the WorldForum. But the city center’s got plenty to offer too. There are a lot of cafés on the Plein or the Grote Markt where students can meet people of their own age. If you like music, there’s the Paard van Troje, which is one of the best rock stages in the Netherlands, and if you’re into art, we’ve got the Gemeentemuseum and Panorama Mesdag which are definitely worth a visit. Do you have a message for the students? Be our guest. Be part of the city. You’ve come here as strangers, but I sure hope you’ll leave our city as our friends. You’ll have been staying in the legal capital of the world for a week. If you’d like to visit The Hague again, I can recommend the opportunities to study in our city. You can follow summer courses or attend University College and get to know more about the themes peace and justice during the next few years.
one of the most beautiful experiences of my life. I would have loved doing it forever, but in 2000 Kofi Annan asked me to become the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, a task I couldn’t combine with my lectures at the Kennedy School.
INTERVIEW WITH RUUD LUBBERS [continued]
By Servaas van der Laan After a long career as a business man and politician, Lubbers shared his experiences with Harvard students as a guest lecturer at the John F. Kennedy School for Government from 1995 till 2000. We
EXCHANGE STUDENT RADBOUD UNIVERSITY Name: Michal Karczemski Study: Social Geography Home university: Lodz, Poland By Radboud University I came to Radboud University Nijmegen in February 2008 as an exchange student to study Social Geography, but decided to stay on to do my Master’s as well. I have build up a great social network and the quality of education and the facilities at the university is very high, modern and up to date. My degree will give
asked the former Dutch Prime Minister about this period in his life. You have been a guest professor at Harvard. That must have been quite an experience. When Kennedy died, the Harvard School wished to honor him by creating the Kennedy School for Government which provided more internationally related courses. I was asked to give lectures on globalization one month every year. I have been a visiting professor for five years and I can assure you that it was
me excellent possibilities on the job market. The Netherlands is small and everywhere can be reached easily, it’s a wonderful hub to travel Europe from. Geography is my passion, I like the Dutch landscape and its rich history. Getting around is no trouble at all, I love to cycle everywhere. Nijmegen is an interesting place to live in. The landscape is varied, hills and forest, as well as the river valley. This is unique in the Netherlands. The people are friendly and relaxed, much more than in Poland, and always willing to help. But one thing I really had to get used to, is the fact that social arrangements here are all planned in advance. I am now learning Dutch, which is great, it makes it easier to make contact with the locals.
Don’t you think that there should be a school like Harvard in the Netherlands? Initiatives like the Kennedy School are becoming more common in the world and in the Netherlands as well. I see a lot of universities improving their international relations giving students more opportunities to hear lectures from foreign professors or to study abroad themselves. Universities here are getting more and more internationalized. I think this is an important progress, because meeting people from different cultures opens your mind and I think that the WorldMUN delegates already understood that message very clearly. Do you have a final message to the delegates? The students at WorldMUN are gathered to have discussions about various problems. My advice to them would be not just to talk about problems, but to do something about them. Change is the key to success and everybody can make a difference, but it’s all about will.
WORLDMUN DAILY MARCH 25, 2009 Volume 3
Articles Pictures say more than a 1000 draft resolutions
TIME TO LEARN ABOUT...
At this year’s conference photographers of student photography club De Cycloop from Nijmegen, The Netherlands, take most of the pictures. In our home town we organize photography courses, workshops, contests and other photographyrelated events for our members and the student population of Nijmegen in general. The WorldMUN 2009 pictures can be viewed by visiting our website decycloop.com. For a small fee you can
Vanuatu
By Danae Mercer Helpfully rediscovered by a Portuguese navigator in 1606, Vanuatu once rocked the name New Hebrides. Political parties then formed. Wanting independence from various European powers, French settlers revolted and were put down by British, French and Papua New Guinean troops.
Things worked a little better in 1980, when Vanuatu obtained independence. All sorts of governments came and went. Today there’s a multiparty political system with voting adventures. Vanuatu consists of 82 relatively small, volcanic-formed Islands. The last ma-
even download high-resolution photos and order prints to be delivered anywhere in the world. We do our best to make the order process as smooth as possible. The photo gallery and order pages are available in both English and Dutch. Payments can be made through iDEAL (for our Dutch guests) or PayPal/Mastercard/Visa (for our international guests). Enjoy our pictures!
jor volcanic eruption occurred in 1945, and the potential for another eruption is always an ever-present danger. The climate is hot and very rainy for around 9 months of the year. The rest of the time it’s slightly cooler and slightly less wet. Today Vanuatu’s economy centers on small-scale agriculture. Kava cultivation is extremely popular. Kava tends to be used as a tranquilizer, herbal medicine, or relaxant added to pills. Fun Facts • Form of Government: Republic • Capital: Port Vila • Population: 215,446 • Languages: Bislama, English, French
Angelina Jolie visits UNHCR
In-conference visits International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia By Allison Roy and Danae Mercer Delegates had the unique opportunity to visit a United Nations legal body, Tuesday afternoon. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia opened its doors to a select group of students and faculty advisors in order to allow them the chance to observe the court proceedings of General Gotovina. Entry to the ICTY was delayed for half and hour due to extensive security screening, but once inside, students and professors were given a presentation on the history of the ICTY and were then permitted to watch the trial itself. “This may be your only chance to visit us because we will be gone in a few
7
years,” said the ICTY public informations assistant. Built in 1985, the ICTY is known for its groundbreaking work in the forum of international law, making senior leaders accountable for the crimes that took place in Yugoslavia during the 1990s. The tribunal is now processing the last of its cases and soon will be closed to the public. Needless to say, the lucky students and professors were excited about this opportunity. “The job of the people here is one of the most important in the world,” said Gaia Gavdenzi, a student from Granada University. “You can feel the action, the excitement here and learn about human rights.”
By UNHCR Directors Yesterday, the world famous actress and goodwill ambassador to the United Nations, Mrs. Angelina Jolie, deeply honoured the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees by visiting the committee. Jolie recently returned from Thailand where she visited several refugee camps. These camps
have hosted refugees for a long period of time. Jolie told the committee: “I was saddened to meet a 21-year old woman who was born in a refugee camp, who has never even been out of the camp and is now raising her own child in a camp.” Jolie especially urged the committee to reconsider, improve and strengthen the rights of refugees. “It doesn’t cost anything to change a person’s rights.” Members of the committee were interested to hear if she – seeing that she adopted 3 children herself – thought greater adoption of refugee children around the world might help solve some of the problems. Though Jolie is generally in favour of adoption, she kindly reminded the committee of the huge number of refugees we are talking about. She was applauded for using her fame for a greater cause.
International Court of Justice By Paula Gil It was about 3 o’clock in the afternoon when a group of enthusiastic delegates from the World MUN arrived to the Vredespaleis to visit the International Court of Justice (ICJ) with great expectations. After passing the security check with passport control and metal detectors we were sent to a small but stunning room (all woodcraved details and painted glasses and chandeliers) for what was said to be a small presentation on the ICJ functions, competences and jurisdiction. The presentation was focused on legal procedures (decision, jurisdiction, and competence) and on the composition of the Court (number of judges, how are they elected...). The audience was mainly composed by students of political background,
which made it difficult to interact with this detailed kind of presentation. This is probably the reason that the visit did not meet all expectations in the end. When the presentation was over, some questions surrounding the building and its political importance aroused. It might have been nice to spend more attention to this earlier on. Nicola Cortinovis (School of International Studies of Trento), a delegate of Afghanistan, thought that this was the main problem: “the presentation did not address the overall audience”. A guided tour was unfortunately not possible, so after the presentation delegates were free to return to the World Forum. An unique opportunity that, perhaps, could have been even more.
Historical General Assembly By Servaas van der Laan The Historical General Assembly started discussing the Namibian independence of 1981 on Monday and booked some important progress on Tuesday. The delegates were very satisfied about producing essential working papers at the end of the day. “I really like the atmo-
sphere in the HGA” says the Barbados delegate who’s actually coming from Venezuela. “People are really productive and the debates are of a really high level”. On Tuesday afternoon the debates were suspended for the in-conference visits to the ICCY, SCSL and the ICJ.
Committee sessions Security Council By the UNSC Directors WorldMUNs Security Council, beautifully situated in the awe-inspiring rooms of the Peace Palace, is – naturally – as divided as a Security Council can be. After the, to the days very surprising, choice of the success of the Security Council’s Counterterrorism Committee (CTC), debate quickly became extremely lively. Given that all the delegates are very keen to eradicate the problem of terrorism altogether, the existing differences on how to improve the functioning of the CTC are voiced plainly: “no, you simply do not understand the United Nations’ structure!” was the most often heard statement made today. Whether or not the Council will be able to bridge the huge gap, espe-
cially among the permanent members, remains a very open question. How delegates will be able to reconcile “we must not be executive directors without any feel for what is actually going on – perhaps we should ask the GA” (Turkey) and “why should we care – we are the highest organ of the United Nations and must decide for the greater good! Any resolution referring our business to other organs is simply completely unacceptable!” (an anonymous member of the P5) will amount to verbal fireworks. Maybe, the end of this week will see major steps to reduce the problem of terrorism. But then again, perhaps some other obstacles might block the Council’s path…
8 Page Three HOROSCOPE
By Tijmen van Groningen Aries Save some time this afternoon so you can daydream about your future. Plan ahead. Taurus: On There has been some weird stuff going on lately, but it has nothing to do with you. Gemini Friends have a new point of view on your situation, take their objective advice. Cancer: You have to help a very rigid person learn how to be flexible. Teach them respect. Leo Plans are made to be rearranged sometimes; it’s time to be more adaptable today. Virgo: You may not find all the answers, but you will definitely learn something new! Libra The romantic area of your life will get more attention from the universe today. Scorpio: Be prepared for someone’s unexpected emotional outbursts and just go along with it.
WORLDMUN DAILY MARCH 25, 2009 Volume 3
A little bird told us.....
Lunchtime madness
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By Jochem van der Veen Hard working and focused are two words that definitely apply to Sonja, the register operator at the World Forum lunch facility. Cheerful and no nonsense are two other very applicable terms. While supplying the delegates with very clear, yet Dutch, instructions she found time to tell me a little about this MUN. Sonja has 20 years experience with MUN delegates at the World Forum. And, dear delegates, you can congratulate yourself. Sonja thinks you are the most polite MUN delegates she has encountered.
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A delegate of Suisse was spotted in a very peacefully embrace with an unknown colleague during the Global Village party The delegates of the UNHCR had the enlightening visit of Angelina Jolie on Tuesday. A little bird told the WorldMUN journalists that maybe the Dutch queen will be visiting the conference in one of the following days. The lobby outside of the councils is mostly used for informal debates or for doing research, but sometimes the soft couches provide a perfect place for doing a nice “between-session nap”. The delegation of Madrid is respected both for their participation in day- and night-sessions. The head delegate of the Groningen delegation doesn’t know the difference between HRC and HCR. In Legal the Marshall Islands is spelled as the “Martial Islands”. At SPECPOL they had a motion to sing a birthday song on Monday because the delegate of Myanmar turned 23. The delegation of Vietnam started up the Global Village party by taking over the empty dance floor. At least twelve new MUN-couples were spotted during the Global Village.
That wasn’t all she said though, a lot of people where complaining about the prices of the food. This can only mean two things: either all delegates are cheap or the food is overpriced. I think it’s easy to see which option is more likely here. Sausage sandwiches, pizza and hamburgers of course are every delegate’s dream lunch. However, spending a great percentage of your budget on a semi-warm piece of junk food is, for many, a bridge too far.
Sagittarius Be mindful that once you make a deeper connection with someone, you can’t go back. Capricorn You can’t control how other people perceive you. Don’t get too caught up with image. Aquarius Your ambition is getting stronger, try to make sure it doesn’t get in your way. Count on a good friend to help you get rid of unrealistic fantasies right now. Pisces A friend’s relationship problems are affecting your friendship. Talk to them, today.
COLOPHON Editor in chief Servaas van der Laan (University of Groningen)
Editors Danae Mercer (Creighton University)
Allison Roy (Creighton University)
Heleen Struyven (MUN Society Belgium)
Joep Geurts
(University of Eindhoven)
Paula Gil
(Bradford University)
Jochem van der Veen (University of Groningen)
Martin Vlachynsky (Masaryk University)
Eelke Boezeman (Radboud University)
Carolien Gerards (Radboud University)
Design Peter Jaap Blaakmeer
(University of Groningen)