Colorado springs co 2nd edition online guide fort carson

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Colorado Springs

2015

Buy and Sell with Tamara White Tamara White (719) 200-1252 tamarare@yahoo.com

Each Keller Williams Office is independently Owned and Operated.

www.TamaraWhiteRealtor.com Buying or selling a home can be overwhelming and stressful. Especially if you are already planning for your next place to stay. As a military spouse I can relate to the relocation process and stress involved in it.It doesn't matter if you look to buy or sell; I can help you find the home for you and your family, or sell your home stress free.I am a member of the Pikes Peak Association of Realtors and am available 7 days a week for your convenience. Please call/text me anytime at 719-200 1252. worldviewguides.com

Colorado Springs

2015

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About My County

C

olorado Springs is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and most populous city of El Paso County, Colorado, United States. Colorado Springs is located in the east central portion of the state. It is situated on Fountain Creek and is located 60 miles (97 km) south of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. At 6,035 feet (1,839 m) the city stands over one mile (1.6 km) above sea level, though some areas of the city are significantly higher and lower.

Colorado Springs is situated near the base of one of the most famous American mountains, Pikes Peak, rising over 8,000 feet above the city on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains. The United States Air Force Academy is located in Colorado Springs. The city is often referred to as “The Springs.”

The city had an estimated population of 431,834 in 2012., being the second most populous city in the state of Colorado, behind Denver, and the 41st most populous city in the United States, while the Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 668,353 in 2012. The city covers 194.7 square miles (504 km2), making it Colorado’s largest city in area. Colorado Springs was selected as the No. 1 Best Big City in “Best Places to Live” by Money magazine in 2006, and placed number one in Outside’s 2009 list of America’s Best Cities.

Territory. In 1859 after the first local settlement was established, it became part of the Jefferson Territory on October 24 and of El Paso County on November 28. Colorado City at the Front Range confluence of Fountain and Camp creeks was “formally organized on August 13, 1859” during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. It served as the capital of the Colorado Territory from November 5, 1861, until August 14, 1862 when it was moved to the Denver City.

Replacing the 1883 original which burned earlier in the year, the 1898 Antlers Hotel (above) was torn down in 1964.

In 1871 the Colorado Springs Company laid out the towns of La Font (later called Manitou Springs) and Fountain Colony, upstream and downstream respectively, of Colorado City. Within a year, Fountain Colony would be renamed Colorado Springs, and was officially incorporated. The El Paso County seat shifted from Colorado City in 1873 to the Town of Colorado Springs.

On December 1, 1880, Colorado Springs expanded northward with 2 annexations.

In World War II the United States Army Air Forces leased land adjacent to the municipal airfield, naming it “Peterson Field” in December 1942. This was only one of several military presences in and around Colorado Springs during the war. “fashionable suburb”.

In November 1950, the Headquarters Area, Colorado Springs, was selected as the Cold War headquarters for Air Defense Command (ADC)-later renamed Ent Air Force Base.

The former WWII Army Air Base, Peterson Field, which had been inactivated at the end of the war, was re-opened in 1951 as a USAF base.

The 1950s through 1970s saw a continued expansion of the military presence in the area with the establishment of NORAD’s headquarters The 2nd period of annexations in the city, as well as the ADCOM was during 1889-90, and included Headquarters.

Seavey’s Addition, West Colorado Springs, East End, and another Between 1965 and 1968 the UniNorth End addition. In 1891 the versity of Colorado at Colorado Broadmoor Land Company built Springs, Pikes Peak Community the the Broadmoor suburb, which College and the Colorado Techniincluded the Broadmoor Casino, cal University were established in and by December 12, 1895, the city or near the city In 1977, most of had “four Mining Exchanges and the former Ent AFB became a US 275 mining brokers.” By 1898, the Olympic Training Center. The Space city was designated into quadrants Command headquarters was estabby the north-south Cascade Avenue lished in Colorado springs in 1982, and the east-west Washington/Pike’s where it remained until relocating to Peak avenues. another city in 1987.

History Ute, Arapahoe and Cheyenne peoples were the first to use the area which would become Colorado Springs. Part of the territory included in the United States’ 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the current city area was designated part of the 1854 Kansas From 1899 to 1901 Tesla Experiworldviewguides.com

mental Station operated on Knob Hill, and aircraft flights to the Broadmoor’s neighboring fields began in 1919. The Alexander Airport north of the city opened in 1925 and in 1927, the Original Colorado Springs Municipal Airport land was purchased east of the city.

Space Command - Petersen AFB Building 1

Colorado Springs

On October 1, 1981, “the Broad2015

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About My County moor Addition”, Cheyenne Canon, Ivywild, Skyway, and Stratton Meadows were annexed after the Colorado Supreme Court “overturned a district court decision that voided the annexation”. Further annexations expanding the city include the “Nielson Addition” and “Vineyard Commerce Park Annexation” in September 2008.

Geography View of Colorado Springs from Pikes Peak.

dition, 8 of the top 10 heaviest 24hour snowfalls have occurred from March to May. Summers are warm, with July, the warmest month, averaging 70.9 °F (21.6 °C), and 18 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually. Due to the high elevation and aridity, nights are usually relatively cool and rarely does the low remain above 70 °F (21 °C). Dry weather generally prevails, but brief afternoon thunderstorms are common, especially in July and August when the city receives the majority of its annual rainfall, due to the North American Monsoon.

Colorado Springs has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), and its location just east of the Southern Rocky Mountains affords it the rapid warming influence from chinook winds during winter but also subjects it to drastic day-to-day variability in weather conditions. The city has abundant sunshine throughout the year, averaging over 300 days of sun per year, and receives approximately 16.5 inches (419 mm) of annual precipitation. Due to unusually low The city is made up of the moun- precipitation for several years after tains to the west, the Palmer Divide flooding in 1999, Colorado Springs to the north, high plains further east, enacted lawn water restrictions in and desert land to the south when 2002. These were lifted in 2005.

The first freeze in the autumn and leaving Fountain and approaching the last freeze in the spring on avPueblo.

Colorado Springs is also one of the erage occur on October 2 and May most active lightning strike areas in 6, respectively; the average window According to the United States the United States. This natural phe- for measurable snowfall (≥0.1 in or Census Bureau, the city has a total nomenon led Nikola Tesla to select 0.25 cm) is October 21 thru April area of 186.1 sq mi (482.1 km2), Colorado Springs as the preferred 25. Extreme temperatures range of which 185.8 sq mi (481.1 km2) location to build his lab and study from 101 °F (38 °C) on June 26, is land and 0.39 sq mi (1.0 km2) electricity.

2012 down to −27 °F (−33 °C) on (0.21%) is water.

Seasonal climate February 1, 1951 and December 9, Metropolitan area 1919.

Winters range from mild to moderColorado Springs has many features ately cold, with December, the coldDemographics of a modern urban area, such as est month, averaging 30.8 °F (−0.7 parks, bike trails, and urban open- °C); historically January has been As of the 2010 census, the popuarea spaces. However, it is not ex- the coldest month, but, in recent lation of Colorado Springs was empt from problems that typically years, December has had both lower 416,427 (41st most populous U.S. plague cities that experience tremen- daily maxima and minima. Typical- city), and the population of the dous growth, such as overcrowded ly, there are 5.2 nights with sub-0 °F Colorado Springs Metropolitan Staroads and highways, crime, sprawl, (−18 °C) lows and 23.6 days where tistical Area was 645,613 in 2010 and government budget issues. the high does not rise above freez- (84th most populous MSA), and the Many of the problems are indirectly ing, and extended sub-zero (°F) cold population of the Front Range Uror directly caused by the city’s diffi- is rare. Snowfall is usually moderate ban Corridor in Colorado was an esculty in coping with the large popu- and remains on the ground briefly timated 4,166,855. lation growth experienced in the last because of direct sun, with the city twenty years, and the annexation of receiving 38 inches (97 cm) per sea- As of the April 2010 census: 78.8% the Banning Lewis Ranch area to son, although the mountains to the White, 16.1% Hispanic or Latino accommodate further population west often receive in excess of triple (of any race), 6.3% Black or Afrigrowth of 175,000 future residents. that amount; March is the snowiest can American, 3.0% Asian, 1.0% Climate month in the region, both by total Native American, 0.3% Native HaPikes Peak, the easternmost 14er in accumulation and number of days waiian and Other Pacific Islander, the United States with measurable snowfall. In ad- 5.5% Some other race, 5.1% Two Page 5

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Colorado Springs

2015

About My County or more races. Mexican Americans made up 14.6% of the city’s population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 70.7% of the population, compared to 86.6% in 1970.

City Hall.

City Hall in 2008 Economy

ence from 2000 to 2006 (from around 21,000 down to around 8,000), with notable reductions in information technology and complex electronic equipment. Due to a slowing in tourism, the high tech sector still remains second to the military in terms of total revenue generated and employment. Current Colorado Springs’ economy is driv- trends project the high tech employen primarily by the military, the ment ratio will continue to decrease high-tech industry, and tourism, in in the near future. that order. The city is currently experiencing some growth mainly in High tech corporations with conthe service sectors. The current unnections to the city include: employment rate, as of November 2013, in Colorado Springs is 7.3% Verizon Business, a telecommunicompared to 6.5% for the State and cations firm, had nearly 1300 em7.0% for the Nation. ployees in 2008. Hewlett-Packard Defense industry is a large sales, support, and SAN storage engineering center for the The defense industry plays a major computer industry. role in the Colorado Springs economy, with some of the city’s largest Storage Networking Industry Asemployers coming from the sector. sociation is the home of the SNIA A large segment of this industry is Technology Center. Agilent, spun dedicated to the development and off from HP in 1999 as an indepenoperation of various projects for dent, publicly traded company. Inmissile defense. With its close ties tel had 250 employees in 2009. The to defense, the aerospace industry facility is now used for the centralhas also influenced the Colorado ized unemployment and social serSprings economy. Although some vices complex. defense corporations have left or downsized city campuses, a slight LSI Corporation designs semicongrowth trend is still recorded. Sig- ductors and software that accelerate nificant defense corporations in the storage and networking in datacencity include Boeing, General Dy- ters and mobile networks. Atmel namics, Harris Corporation, SAIC, (formerly Honeywell), is a chip ITT, L-3 Communications, Lock- fabrication organization. Cypress heed Martin, and Northrop Grum- Semiconductor Colorado Design man. The Space Foundation is Center is a chip fabrication research based in Colorado Springs. and development site. The Apple High-tech industry Inc. facility was sold to SanminaSCI in 1996.

A large percentage of Colorado Top employers Springs’ economy is still based on manufacturing high tech and com- According to the City’s 2011 Complex electronic equipment. The high prehensive Annual Financial Retech sector in the Colorado Springs port, the top employers in the city area has decreased its overall presare: worldviewguides.com

Colorado Springs

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Employer Percentage of County Employment 1 Fort Carson 10.20% 2 Peterson Air Force Base 4.11% 3 Schriever Air Force Base 2.86% 4 United States Air Force Academy 2.29% 5 Memorial Health Services 1.65% 6 Colorado Springs School District 11 1.40% 7 Academy School District 20 0.97% 8 Penrose-St. Francis Health Services 0.93% 9 City of Colorado Springs 0.81% 10 El Paso County 0.70% Military installations The United States Military plays a very important role in the city. Colorado Springs is home to both Army and Air Force bases. These military installations border the city, to the north, south and east, aside from Schriever Air Force Base, which is located farther east of the city, still in El Paso County.

Fort Carson Main article: Fort Carson Fort Carson is the city’s largest military base, and until mid-2006 was home to the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment, which relocated to Fort Hood, Texas. In 2009, Fort Carson became the home station of the 4th Infantry Division, which nearly doubled the base’s population. Fort Carson is host to various training grounds for infantry, armor, and aviation units. Fort Carson is also the headquarters of the second and third battalions of the 10th Special Forces Group.

AFSPC Headquarters, Peterson 2015

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About My County AFB, Colorado Springs.

Peterson Air Force Base Main article: Peterson Air Force Base The Air Force has critical aspects of their service based at Colorado Springs which carry on missile defense operations and development.

The Air Force bases a large section of the national missile defense operations here, with Peterson Air Force Base set to operate large sections of the program. Peterson AFB is currently the headquarters of the majority of Air Force Space Command and the operations half of Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Strategic Command (SMDC/ARSTRAT).

tion of the Global Positioning System (GPS) master control station and GPS Operations Center and the US Naval Observatory Alternate Master Clock, used to synchronize GPS satellite time. Schriever is also developing parts of national missile defense and runs parts of the annual wargames used by the nation’s military.

Cadets in front of the Academy Chapel United States Air Force Academy Main article: United States Air Force Academy

Bordering the north-western side of the city lie the vast grounds of the United States Air Force Academy, where cadets train to become officers in the Air Force. The campus Peterson is also headquarters for the is famous for its unique chapel and United States Northern Command draws visitors year round. Most of (USNORTHCOM), one of the Uni- the Air Force Academy’s sports profied Combatant Commands. US- grams belong to the Mountain West NORTHCOM directs all branches Conference. of the U.S. military operations in NORAD and Cheyenne Mountain their area of responsibility which inAir Station cludes the continental United States, Main article: North American AeroAlaska, Canada, and Mexico. In the space Defense Command event of national emergencies the President or Secretary of Defense The North American Aerospace can call upon USNORTHCOM for Defense Command (NORAD), a any required military assistance. component of America’s missile Service members from every branch defense system, is located in Cheyof the US Military are stationed at enne Mountain Air Station. When it the command. was built at the height of the Cold Schriever Air Force Base (formerly War, NORAD caused some anxiety Falcon AFB) for the residents in and around ColMain article: Schriever Air Force orado Springs, who believed the inBase stallation would be a primary target during a nuclear attack. Although Schriever Air Force Base is home NORAD still operates today, it is to the 50th Space Wing, which con- primarily tasked with the tracking trols warning, navigational, com- of ICBMs, and the military has remunications and spy satellites. It is cently decided to place Cheyenne also the home of the Space Warfare Mountain’s NORAD/NORTHCOM Center and the home for the 576th operations on warm standby and Flight Test Squadron.It is the loca- move operations to nearby Peterson Page 7

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Air Force Base.

Culture Tourism The city’s location at the base of Pikes Peak and the Rocky Mountains makes it a popular tourism destination. Tourism is the third largest employer in the Pikes Peak region, accounting for more than 13,000 jobs. Nearly 5 million visitors come to the area annually, contributing $1.35 billion in revenue.

Colorado Springs has more than 55 attractions and activities in the area, including Garden of the Gods, United States Air Force Academy, the ANA Money Museum, Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, Old Colorado City and the U.S. Olympic Training Center.

The downtown Colorado Springs Visitor Information Center offers free area information to leisure and business travelers. The Cultural Office of the Pikes Peak Region (COPPeR), also located downtown, supports and advocates for the arts throughout the Pikes Peak Region.

It operates the PeakRadar website to communicate city events.

Religious institutions Focus on the Family Visitors Center Although houses of worship of almost every major world religion can be found in the city, Colorado Springs has in particular attracted a large influx of Evangelical Christians and Christian organizations in recent years. At one time Colorado Springs was counted to be the national headquarters for 81 different religious organizations, earning the

Colorado Springs

2015

About My County city the tongue-in-cheek nicknames “the Evangelical Vatican” and “The Christian Mecca.” Religious groups with regional or international headquarters in Colorado Springs include: Andrew Wommack Ministries Association of Christian Schools International Biblica Children’s HopeChest Christian and Missionary Alliance Community Bible Study Compassion International David C. Cook Development Associates International Engineering Ministries International Family Talk

Focus on the Family Global Action HCJB Hope & Home The Navigators One Child Matters Roman Catholic Diocese of Colorado Springs VisionTrust WAY-FM Media Group Young Life In popular culture Main article: Colorado Springs in popular culture Colorado Springs has been the subject or setting for many books, movies and television shows, and is especially a frequent backdrop for political thrillers and militarythemed stories because of its many military installations and vital importance to the United States’ conworldviewguides.com

tinental defense. Notable television events such as Skate America and series using the city as a setting in- the Four Continents Figure Skating clude Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman Championships. and the Stargate series Stargate SGLocal teams 1, as well as the films WarGames Professional teams and The Prestige.

Name Sport F o u n d e d League Venue In a North Korean propaganda vid- Colorado Springs Sky Sox Baseeo released in April 2013, Colorado ball 1988 Minor league; PaSprings was inexplicably singled cific Coast League Security Serout as one of four targets for a misvice Field sile strike. The video failed to pin- Colorado Springs Switchbacks point Colorado Springs on the map, Soccer Begins play in 2015 Unitinstead showing a spot somewhere ed Soccer Leagues; USL Pro Secuin Louisiana. rity Service Field Sports Colorado Springs Blizzard S o c Olympic sports cer 2004-Folded in 2006 UnitThe United States Olympic Com- ed Soccer Leagues; USL Premier mittee headquarters and training fa- Development League Security Sercility. vice Field Colorado Rush Men’s Premier Colorado Springs is home to the Soccer 2007 Premier Arena SocUnited States Olympic Training cer League; National Premier SocCenter and the headquarters of the cer League (National Division III) United States Olympic CommitSecurity Service Field tee. In addition, a number of United Colorado Springs Rugby FootStates national federations for in- ball Club Rugby 1969 Eastdividual Olympic sports have their ern Rockies Rugby Football Union; headquarters in Colorado Springs, USA Rugby; (National Division II) including: United States or USA Bear Creek Regional Park bobsled, fencing, skating, basketball, Colorado Springs Cricket Club boxing, cycling, judo, field hockey, Cricket 1999 C o l o r a d o hockey, swimming, shooting, table Cricket League Rose Bowl, tennis, taekwondo, triathlon, volleyMemorial Park ball, and wrestling associations and organizations and the United States College teams Anti-Doping Agency.

The local colleges feature many The city has a particularly long asso- sports teams. Notable among them ciation with the sport of figure skat- are the following nationally coming, having hosted the U.S. Figure petitive NCAA Division I teams: Skating Championships 6 times and United States Air Force Academy the World Figure Skating Champi- (Fighting Falcons) Football, Basonships 5 times. It is home to the ketball and Hockey, Colorado ColWorld Figure Skating Museum and lege (Tigers) Hockey, and Women’s Hall of Fame and the Broadmoor Soccer.

Skating Club, a notable training center for the sport. In recent years, Colorado Springs and Denver hosted the World Arena has hosted skating the 1962 International Ice Hockey Colorado Springs

2015

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About My County Federation World Championships.

ride held every summer to benefit has veto authority, with the city the Trails and Open Space Coalition council having the ability to overThe Mountain West Conference is of Colorado Springs. ride a mayoral veto by a two-thirds based in Colorado Springs. majority vote (6 out of 9).

Rodeo Colorado Springs has several major parks, such as Palmer Park, Amer- Colorado Springs City Hall was Colorado Springs is home to the Pro ica the Beautiful Park (Confluence built from 1902 to 1904 on land doRodeo Hall of Fame and the head- Park), Memorial Park, and Monunated by W. S. Stratton. quarters of the Professional Rodeo ment Valley Park.

Education Cowboys Association.

Elementary and middle schools Trails Colorado Springs was the original Public schools The city’s public headquarters of the Professional Three trails, the New Santa Fe Re- schools are divided into several disBull Riders (PBR) from its found- gional Trail, Pikes Peak Greenway tricts: ing in 1992 until 2005, when the and Fountain Creek Regional Trail, organization was moved to Pueblo; form a continuous path from PalmWidefield School District 3 (south the PBR used to hold an annual er Lake, through Colorado Springs, end) Built Ford Tough Series event at the to Fountain, Colorado. The Urban Academy School District 20 World Arena from 2001 until 2005 Trails system has more than 100 (north end) when the organization made the miles of multi-use trails for biking, Colorado Springs School District move to Pueblo. jogging, roller blading and walking.

11 (center of the city) Parks, trails and open space The trails, except Monument Valley Falcon School District 49 (east Main article: Parks in Colorado Park trails, may be used for equesside) Springs, Colorado trian traffic. Motorized vehicles are Fountain-Fort Carson School DisSee also: List of parks in Colorado not allowed on the trails. Many of trict 8 (far south end) Springs, Colorado the trails are interconnected, having Harrison School District 2 (south main “spine” trails, like the Pikes central area) There are 136 neighborhood, 8 Peak Greenway, that lead to secondJames Irwin Charter Schools (east community, 7 regional parks and 5 ary trails. central area) sports complexes totally 9,000 acres Government Cheyenne Mountain School Dismanaged by the city’s Parks, Rectrict 12 (southwest corner) reation and Cultural Services. They On November 2, 2010 Colorado Colorado School for the Deaf and also manage 500 acres of trails, Springs voters adopted a councilBlind. which are 160 miles of park trails strong mayor form of government.

Cheyenne Mountain Charter and 105 miles of urban trails. There The City of Colorado Springs tran- Academy, CIVA Charter School and are 5,000 acres of open spaces in 48 sitioned to the new system of gov- The Classical Academy are charter open space areas. ernment in 2011. Under the councilschools.

Parks strong mayor system of government, the mayor is the chief executive and One of the most popular areas in the city council is the legislative Colorado Springs is Garden of branch. The mayor is a full-time Private schools the Gods. It is a National Natural elected position and not a member Landmark with 300 foot sandstone of the city council. The city counThe Colorado Springs School rock formations against a backdrop cil has nine members total, four of Colorado Springs Christian of the snow-capped mountains of which represent one of four equally Schools Pikes Peak. The park offers a va- populated districts each. Districts 5 Evangelical Christian Academy riety of annual events. One of the and 6 do not have a direct represenFountain Valley School of Colomost popular events is the Starlight tative. The remaining five members rado Spectacular. It is a recreational bike are elected “at-large”. The mayor Hilltop Baptist School Page 9

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Colorado Springs

2015

Buy and Sell with Tamara White Tamara White (719) 200-1252 tamarare@yahoo.com

Each Keller Williams Office is independently Owned and Operated.

www.TamaraWhiteRealtor.com Buying or selling a home can be overwhelming and stressful. Especially if you are already planning for your next place to stay. As a military spouse I can relate to the relocation process and stress involved in it.It doesn't matter if you look to buy or sell; I can help you find the home for you and your family, or sell your home stress free.I am a member of the Pikes Peak Association of Realtors and am available 7 days a week for your convenience. Please call/text me anytime at 719-200 1252.

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Colorado Springs

2015

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Colorado Springs

2015

About My County Springs Adventist Academy St. Mary’s High School Divine Redeemer Catholic School Pauline Memorial Catholic School Corpus Christi Catholic School Pikes Peak Christian School The University School of Colorado Springs.

Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind is a residential school.

Colorado Springs is served by a bus system called Mountain Metro (short for Mountain Metropolitan Transit). Although the transit system serves much of the city and its nearest suburbs (Manitou Springs and Security/Widefield), it lacks service to many important areas (Powers Blvd, Northgate, the Airport) and has only limited hours of operation.

Colorado Springs is served by the Colorado Springs Municipal AirHigher education port. In the state of Colorado, only Denver International has more pasBachelors and graduate degree pro- senger traffic. The airport has exgrams are offered at these colleges perienced a higher recovery rate in and universities in the city: the post-9/11 era than the rest of the Doolittle Hall on the campus of the country and is in the process of exUnited States Air Force Academy panding its maintenance facilities, taxiways, and runways to accomColorado College modate future growth. In 2005 it CollegeAmerica served approximately two million The University of Colorado Colopassengers. rado Springs (UCCS) Colorado Technical University Colorado Springs is part of a conRemington College sortium of cities trying to build the Nazarene Bible College Front Range Commuter Rail.

The Citadel Campus of Colorado Major highways and roads State University-Pueblo Interstate highways DeVry University The University of the Rockies.

Colorado Springs is primarily served by two interstate highways.

The United States Air Force Acad- I-25 runs north and south through emy is a military school for officer Colorado, and is in the city for nearcandidates. ly 18 miles, entering the city south of Circle Drive and exiting north IntelliTec College is a technical of InterQuest Parkway. In El Paso training school. Pikes Peak Com- County it is known as Ronald Reamunity College offers a two year gan Highway. US 24 runs across degree program. the central mountains, through the Media city, and onto the plains. From west Main article: Media in Colorado to east in Colorado Springs, US 24 Springs, Colorado follows the western portion of CiTransportation marron Street and the Midland ExA Metro bus drives past a park- pressway, a 2-mile concurrent secing garage in downtown Colorado tion with I-25/US 87 between exits Springs.

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Colorado Springs

Luther King Bypass, part of South Powers Blvd (where it is concurrent with Colorado 21), and the easternmost portion of Platte Avenue out of the city.

State highways A number of state highways serve the city. State Highway 21 is a major east side semi-expressway from Black Forest to Fountain. It is widely known as Powers Boulevard.

State Highway 83 runs north-south from Denver to northern Colorado Springs. State Highway 94 runs east-west from western Cheyenne County to eastern Colorado Springs.

State Highway 115 begins in Cañon City and runs up Nevada Avenue.

US 85 and SH 115 are concurrent between Lake Avenue and I-25. US 85 enters the city at Fountain and was signed at Venetucci Blvd, Lake Avenue, and Nevada Avenue.

County and city roads In 2004, the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region’s transportation infrastructure. Together with state funding for the Colorado Springs Metro Interstate Expansion (COSMIX) (2007 completion) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 (2008 completion), significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area. Currently the City is trying to overcome a $23.3 million budget gap created by falling sales taxes and rising expenses.

Several suggestions have been made to create a loop around the city though none have been implemented. To manage congestion, 2015

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About My County the city implemented two graded separated intersections at Powers and Woodmen and at Austin Bluffs and Union. A third interchange was completed in 2011 at the Woodmen Road/Academy Boulevard intersection.

zation began when Colorado Springs became partners with Fujiyoshida.

The torii gate erected to commemorate the relationship stands at the corner of Bijou Street and Nevada Avenue, and is one of the city’s most recognizable landmarks. The torii gate, crisscrossed bridge and In early 2010, the city of Colorado shrine, located in the median beSprings approved an expansion tween Platte and Bijou Streets in of the northernmost part of Pow- downtown Colorado Springs, were ers Boulevard in order to create an a gift to Colorado Springs, erected Interstate 25 bypass commonly re- in 1966 by the Rotary Club of Coloferred to as the Copper Ridge Ex- rado Springs to celebrate the friendpansion. ship between the two communities.

A plaque near the torii gate states Walkability that “the purpose of the sister city A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked relationship is to promote underColorado Springs 34th most walk- standing between the people of our able of fifty largest U.S. Cities. two countries and cities”. The Fujiyoshida Student exchange program Notable residents has become an annual event.

Main article: List of people from Colorado Springs, Colorado To strengthen relations between the Nikola Tesla sitting in the Colorado two cities, the Colorado Springs Springs experimental station with Youth Symphony regularly invites his “Magnifying transmitter” gener- the Taiko drummers from the city to ating millions of volts. participate in a joint concert in the Sister cities Pikes Peak Center. The orchestra Bishkek mayor Arstanbek Nogoev played in Bankstown, Australia, in presents a gift for Colorado Springs 2002 and again in June 2006 as part mayor Lionel Rivera to a US airman of their tours to Australia and New at Manas Air Base, in a ceremony Zealand. aimed at reviving ties between the two sister cities Also, in 2006 and 2010, the Bankstown TAP (Talent Advancement Sister cities of Colorado Springs in- Program), performed with the clude: Youth Symphony, and the Colorado Springs Children’s Chorale, as Fujiyoshida, Japan (1962) a part of the annual “In Harmony” Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1983) program.

Smolensk, Russia (1993) Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (1994) A notable similarity between ColoNuevo Casas Grandes, Mexico rado Springs and its sister cities are (1996) their geographic positions: three Bankstown, Australia (1999) of the seven cities are also located Palmas, Brazil (2002). near the base of a major mountain or mountain range.

Colorado Springs’ sister city organiPage 13

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History of Colorado Springs, Colorado Colorado Springs history includes Old West events in nearby areas annexed after the town was laid out in 1871, e.g., the 1858 Colorado City during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush was the Colorado Territory capital.

The city is noted for 4 mining exchanges and 275 brokers in 1895, and eventually junctions for 7 railways (1870s D&RG, 1886-1918 Midland, 1889 AT&SF, Rock Island, Colorado & Southern, CS&IR, 1900 CO Springs & Cripple Creek).

A “resort for consumptives or persons having weak lungs”, the city had sanatoria built as late as 1929 in the dry climate. In 1928-29, Alexander Aircraft Company was “the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world.” The city supported 3 World War II military installations and during the Cold War, the NORAD command center was located within the city before moving to Cheyenne Mountain.

Landforms Notable landforms within the current Colorado Springs city limits were formed of Precambrian Pikes Peak granite uplifted in the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, e.g., the foot of the Cheyenne Mountain massif on the city’s southwest (part of an exposed thrust). Formation of the city’s current hills such as the Mesa, Institute Heights, and Knob Hill created valleys for the Camp, Cheyenne, and Fountain creeks which enter the city on the west; Monument Creek from the north; and Cottonwood & Sand creeks (east).

Bluffs formed with American Lower Eocene coal deposits of the Colo-

Colorado Springs

2015

About My County rado Springs lignite coal fields, and the eponymic mineral springs (e.g., “Horn’s Mineral Springs” at 1210 Lincoln and Monument Springs along the creek) flowed from aquifers under the elevated landforms.

ed part of the 1854 Kansas Territory (an April 1858 US Army camp was near “Soda Spring”.) In 1859 after the first local settlement was established., the current city’s area became part of the Jefferson Territory on October 24 and of El Paso Eighth to Sixteenth by 1916 Ninth to County on November 28.

Seventeenth by 1916 Tenth to EighGold rush settlement teenth by 1916 Eleventh to Nineteenth by 1916 Twelfth to Twentieth Colorado City at the Front Range by 1916 Midland Av to Hayes by confluence of Fountain and Camp 1916 Miles Av to Cedar by 1916 creeks was “formally organized on August 13, 1859” during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. From NovemEarly history ber 5, 1861, until August 14, 1862 (including one legislative session), Arapahoe and Cheyenne peoples the city was the Colorado Territory used the Garden of the Gods, where capital until moved to the City of c. 1330 BC, grinding stones were Denver, Auraria, and Highland; and used by the Ute people who also Colorado City’s roads included the travelled the Ute Pass Trail. The trail “pre-1866…Colorado Springs and along Fountain Creek (aka “Boiling Bijou Basin Toll Road” to connect Springs River” from French: Fon- to the northeast with the Butterfield taine Qui Bouille) for passage to/ Overland’s 1865 “Despatch Express from “the hunting grounds of South Route”. Southward out of Colorado Park” was later used by ranching City was a Stage Road turning west settlers: the “old Indian trail…ran over the foot of Cheyene Mountain across the hills just south of the massif and through South Cheyenne Garden of the Gods and out into Creek’s canyon to Cripple Creek, a the valley of Camp Creek through carriage road was southwest through a gap in the ridge at what was af- Bear Creek Canyon (the tollgate terwards known as the Chambers was abolished by William Jackson Ranch, then across Camp Creek and Palmer by 1912), and westward over the Mesa, crossing Monument via the “Fairplay and Colorado Creek just above the present town of City Road” of the “Ute Pass Wagon Roswell”. As part of the Old West Road” Company on the “Wagon area in the Mississippi River Water- Trail” “Shelf Road” through Founshed, Colorado Springs land was in tain Creek Canyon.

France’s 1682 La Louisiane, Spain’s 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau terri- East of the settlement was the northtory (“New Spain”/”Louisiana”), south Cherokee Trail/Jimmy Camp and the United States’ 1803 Loui- Trail (near the Loving Cattle Trail), siana Purchase. An 1843 Frémont and farther east was the 1868 Goodcamp was at the “Fontaine-qui- night Cattle Trail. Also during 1868 boulle”, Captain George Ruxton, in a Kansas Pacific Railway survey an English adventurer, “explored party, Dr. William Abraham Bell the Pikes Peak region in 1846”, and from England and Bvt. Gen. Wilthe current city area was designat- liam Jackson Palmer visited Coloworldviewguides.com

Colorado Springs

rado City.

Colorado Springs Company The 1871 Colorado Springs Company named for the mineral springs “west and east” of Colorado City was formed by Bell and Palmer.

The company “laid out the towns of La Font and Fountain Colony” upand downstream of Colorado City at the respective mouths of Ruxton and Monument creeks—the towns were later “to become Manitou and Colorado Springs” (the 1874 “Manitou” was renamed Manitou Springs.) “The original town company” sold “town lots” developed by the National Land and Improvement Co. which had the same officers (“Wm. J. Palmer, pres; William A. Bell, vice-pres; Thos. J. Fisher, sec and treas”), and the El Paso County seat transferred from Colorado City in 1873 to the Town of Colorado Springs. Early infrastructure included 60 mi (97 km) of irrigation canals along streets and a water supply from Manitou’s Ruxton Creek (“carried by gravity through nineteen miles of cast iron pilpe throughout every part of the town”) by 1879. On December 1, 1880, Colorado Springs expanded northward from the “Old North End” with 2 annexations: the “city addition”—a portion of the town of Roswell not including its railyard or “Roswell Racing Park”—and the “North End Addition” “taking in all the land north of Columbia street” (e.g., Crescent, Jackson, and Harrison streets).

Incorporation Colorado Springs incorporated on June 19, 1886, and the 2nd period of annexations was 1889-90 (Seavey’s Addition, West Colorado Springs, East End, and another 2015

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About My County North End addition). In 1891 the Broadmoor Land Company developing the Broadmoor suburb had built the Broadmoor Casino and

by December 12, 1895, the city had “four Mining Exchanges and 275 mining brokers.” By 1898, the city was designated into quadrants by the north-south Cascade Avenue and the east-west Washington/Pike’s Peak avenues, along with voting precincts 27-41 and 5 wards with the fire alarm zones.

-later renamed Ent Air Force Base.

The closed WWII Army Air Base, Peterson Field, and 1941 municipal airport terminal were leased in 1951 from the city for a USAF base, and in 1954 a new blockhouse was built within the city for an ADC command center. Nichols Field was overbuilt with structures in the late 1950s (the aviation plant later produced fighter plane and space shuttle seats), NORAD HQ with a Canadian unit was established in 1957 at the former National Methodist Sanitorium building, and 3 prefabricated c. 1960 military structures along Bijou Street included the Corps of Engineers’ office for Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker construction. In 1963, NORAD headquarters moved to the Chidlaw Building, where ADCOM HQ moved in 1975 (ADTAC in 1979) and where Space Command headquarters was established 1982-7 until moved out of the city (Peterson AFB Building 1).

The 1899-1901 Tesla Experimental Station operated on Knob Hill, the 1903 Camp Peabody was in Colorado City for a miners’ strike, and a 1911 plan for a Colorado Springs Union Depot to consolidate the 2 railroad passenger depots was never completed. Aircraft flights to the Broadmoor’s neighboring fields began in 1919, the Alexander Airport north of the city opened in 1925 and east of the city in 1927, the Original Colorado Springs Municipal Airport land was purchased.

Between 1965 and 1968 the University of Colorado at Colorado World War II and Cold War Springs, Pikes Peak Community College and the Colorado TechniIn World War II “E of Colo Spgs”, cal University were established in the United States Army Air Forces the city (cf. 1874 Colorado College leased city-owned land adjacent to & c. 1918 Alamo Garage vocational the municipal airfield (named “Pe- education school). In 1977, most of terson Field” in December 1942). the former Ent AFB became a US In addition to Army Air Base, Colo- Olympic Training Center. On Ocrado Springs, USAAF units were tober 1, 1981, “the Broadmoor Adposted within the city limits (e.g., at dition”, Cheyenne Canon, Ivywild, the Colorado Springs Tent Camp), Skyway, and Stratton Meadows the 2d Air Force headquarters used were annexed after the Colorado a leased building in the city, and Supreme Court “overturned a dismilitary maneuvers were conducted trict court decision that voided the at the Broadmoor “fashionable subannexation” urb”.

In November 1950, the Headquarters Area, Colorado Springs, was selected as the Cold War headquarters for Air Defense Command (ADC)Page 15

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Peterson Air Force Base is a U.S. Air Force Base that shares an airfield with the adjacent Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, also having the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) headquarters. Developed as a World War II air support base for Camp Carson, the facility conducted Army Air Forces training and supported Cold War air defense centers at the nearby Ent Air Force Base, Chidlaw Building, and Cheyenne Mountain. The base has been the location of the Air Force Space Command headquarters since 1987 and has had NORAD/NORTHCOM command center operations since the 2006 Cheyenne Mountain Realignment placed the nearby Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker centers on standby. Operations Peterson AFB has flight operations by the 302d Airlift Wing. Current units at the base are: 21st Space Wing (host unit) with 3 local groups 302d Airlift Wing (Air Force Reserve Command) with 3 local groups worldviewguides.com

544th Information Operations Group headquarters 561st Network Operations Squadron Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center (AFOTEC), Detachment 4.

Colorado Wing, Civil Air Patrol NORAD/USNORTHCOM headquarters and operations centers United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command - U.S. Army Strategic Command (Forward): headquarters and U.S. Army (SMDC) 1st Space Brigade USAF Academy Band Space Logistics Directorate (SMC) The base’s Retiree Activities Office has the representative for the Air Force Retiree Council Area IV (Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming).

History Colorado military construction during the buildup of US training installations prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor included the 1940 Lowry bombardier school at Denver and Camp Carson south of Colorado Springs (HQ completed January 31, 1942). Sites “in the vicinity of Colorado Springs” were assessed in Colorado Springs

the summer of 1941 for a USAAF airfield, and during April 1942 the Photographic Reconnaissance Operational Training Unit (PROTU) was activated in a leased facilit at Colorado Springs. On May 6, 1942, the site adjacent to the airfield of the 1926 Colorado Springs Municipal Airport was selected, and the airport’s airfield was subsequently leased as an “air support field”* for Camp Carson under the “air support base development program”. In May 1942, units such as the 5th Mapping Squadron (from Bradley Field) arrived and used city facilities. The “Second Photographic Group Reconnaissance” (activated 7 May 1942 at Will Rogers Field) transferred to Colorado Springs, and the “2nd Group ... headquarters was situated in a former garage across the street from the Post Office, barracks were in the city auditorium...and the mess hall was located at the busy horseshoe counter of the Sante Fe R.R. station.”

Land at the Broadmoor was used for maneuvers, and the 2nd Group initially operated without aircraft. Personnel were also “housed temporarily at Colorado College”

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and a youth camp near the Woodmen sanitorium. (the 14th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron was located at the Kaufman Building on Tejon St.) Army Air Base, Colorado Springs Not to be confused with the 1943 Colorado Springs Tent Camp.

“Army Air Base, Colorado Springs”,* construction began after May 10, 1942, on “nothing more than a large patch of Colorado plain”, and the installation was placed under the Headquarters, United States “AAF 11 Jun 1942”. The 373d Base HQ and Air Base Sq was activated as the base operating unit on 20 Jun 1942 (replaced by the 214th AAF Base Unit in 1944), and the base was assigned to the 2nd Air Force on 22 June. On July 7, 1942, “HQ PROTU” was on the “Army Air Base, Colorado Springs” and was ordered to provide “four to five months of training to each individual.” During air base construction, the 20th Combat Mapping Squadron was activated on July 23, 1942, and used the Alamo Garage on Tejon Street. Runways were completed in August Page 25

1942, and eponym 1st Lt Force took over the phoEdward J. Peterson crashed tographic reconnaissance 8 August 1942 on take off Operational Training Unit (1st Coloradoan killed at the which had been operating airfield.) at Peterson Field...under the Peterson Field direct control of the DirecFor the “Colorado Springs tor of Photography since Hqs 2AF” west of “Peterson April 1942.”

Fld” after its 1943 move from Fort George Wright to a leased facility in “Colorado Springs”, Colorado, see Second Air Force.

Peterson Field was the airfield named on December 13, 1942, and included the runway used by both the municipal airport and the military installation: “Army Air Base, Peterson Field”, which had begun publishing the Wingspread base newspaper by July 11, 1942. The “18 Dep Rpr Sq” was assigned to the military installation from 19 January – 29 April 1943, and the installation was assigned to the Third Air Force (5 March – 1 October 1943) and by the end of the 1943 summer had tar paper barracks, an officer’s club, and a theater in a Quonset. After the base transferred to Second Air Force on 1 October 1943, in June 1944 Peterson Field began fighter pilot training with P-40N Warhawks “In March 1943 the Third Air

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