Maricopa county online guide by World Views

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Maricopa County (/ ˌmærɨˈkoʊpə/ MARRi-KOH-pə) is a county located in the south-central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,817,117, making it the most populous county in the state, and the fourthmost populous in the United States. It is more populous than 23 states. The county seat is Phoenix, the state capital and sixthmost populous city in the country.

3rd and 4th, and Avondale contain a capital city. as 9th. All four of these cities are located in the 1. Adjacent counties growing “West Valley”, • La Paz County, which is the area of Arizona - west Maricopa County to the • Yuma County, west of the city of Phoenix. Arizona - west County, There are five Indian • Pima Arizona - south reservations located in County, the county. The largest of • Pinal Arizona - southeast these are the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian • Gila County, Arizona - east Community (east of County, Scottsdale) and the Gila • Yavapai Arizona - north River Indian Community (south of Phoenix). 2. National protected areas 1. Geography Maricopa County is included in the Phoenix- According to the U.S. • Sonoran Desert Mesa-Glendale, AZ Census Bureau, the county National Monument (part) Metropolitan Statistical has a total area of 9,224 • Tonto National Forest Area. (part) square miles (23,890 In 2010, the center of km2), of which 9,200 2. Demographics population of Arizona square miles (24,000 km2) Historical population was located in Maricopa is land and 24 square miles Census Pop. %± 1880 County, in the city of Mesa. (62 km2) (0.3%) is water. 5,689 — 1890 10,986 93.1% 1900 20,457 86.2% The population explosion Maricopa County is also 1910 34,488 68.6% is evident in a 2007 Forbes one of the largest counties 1920 89,576 159.7% in the United States by 1930 150,970 68.5% study which ranked four 1940 186,193 23.3% 1950 331,770 78.2% of Maricopa County’s area having a land area 1960 663,510 100.0% greater than that of seven municipalities in the top 1970 971,228 46.4% states. It is by far Arizona’s 1980 1,509,175 55.4% ten fastest-growing cities in 1990 2,122,101 40.6% 2000 3,072,149 44.8% the nation. Those included most populous county, 2010 3,817,117 24.2% encompassing well over Buckeye as the secondEst. 2013 4,009,412 5.0% fastest-growing city, half of the state’s residents. Surprise and Goodyear as It is also the largest county in the United States to World Views Guides | 2014

309-966-0526

2010

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,817,117 people. White: 73.0% (58.7% non-Hispanic) • Black or African American: 5% • Asian: 3.5% • Two or more races: 1.7% • Native American: 2.1% • Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.1% • Other race: 12.8% •

In addition, Hispanic or Latino people, of any race, formed 29.6% of the population. 2.

2000

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,072,149 people, 1,132,886 households, and 763,565 families residing in the county. The population density was 334 people per square mile (129/km²). There were 1,250,231 housing units at an average density of 136/sq mi (52/ km²). The racial makeup of the county was 77.35%

White, 3.73% African American, 1.85% Native American, 2.16% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 11.86% from other races, and 2.91% from two or more races. 29.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.10% reported speaking Spanish at home. There were 1,132,886 households out of which 33.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.60% were married couples living together, 10.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.60% were nonfamilies. 24.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.21.

median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 100.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.10 males. The median income for a household in the county was $45,358, and the median income for a family was $51,827. Males had a median income of $36,858 versus $28,703 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,251. About 8.00% of families and 11.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.40% of those under age 18 and 7.40% of those age 65 or over. 3.

Transportation

The county is served by three interstates (Interstate 8, Interstate 10, and Interstate 17), one U.S. Highway (US 60), and several state highways (SR The population was spread 51, SR 74, SR 85, SR 87, out with 27.00% under the SR 143, Loop 101, Loop 202, and Loop 303). age of 18, 10.20% from 18 to 24, 31.40% from 25 to In the area of rail transport, 44, 19.80% from 45 to 64, the region is also served by and 11.70% who were 65 Phoenix’s light rail system. years of age or older. The The county has no other World Views Guides | 2014

passenger rail transport as Amtrak’s Sunset Limited, which once served Phoenix, has its closest stop in Maricopa, Arizona in neighboring Pinal County. The train connects Maricopa to Tucson, Los Angeles, and New Orleans three times a week. However it does not stop in Phoenix itself. 1.

Major Highways Interstate 8 Interstate 10 Interstate 17 U.S. Route 60 Loop 101 Loop 202 Loop 303 State Route 51 State Route 71 State Route 74 State Route 85

• • • • • • • • • • •

Glendale Goodyear • Litchfield Park • Mesa 2. Airports • Peoria (partly in Yavapai County) Phoenix’s major airport is • Phoenix Sky Harbor International • Scottsdale Airport. Other airports that • Surprise are also used are Phoenix• Tempe Mesa Gateway Airport • Tolleson in Mesa, Scottsdale Municipal Airport in 2. Towns Scottsdale, Deer Valley Airport, Phoenix Goodyear • Carefree Airport in Goodyear • Cave Creek and Buckeye Municipal • Fountain Hills Airport in Buckeye. • Gila Bend • Gilbert 4. Communities • Guadalupe • Paradise Valley 1. Cities • Queen Creek (partly in Pinal County) • Avondale • Wickenburg (partly • Buckeye in Yavapai County) • Chandler • Youngtown • El Mirage

3. • • • • •

Aguila Anthem Arlington Citrus Park Gila Crossing

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• • • • •

• • •

State Route 87 State Route 143 State Route 347

• •

Census-designated places Kaka Komatke Maricopa Colony Morristown New River

• • • • •

Rio Verde St. Johns Sun City Sun City West Sun Lakes

• • • •

Theba Tonopah Wintersburg Wittmann

Other communities • Ahwatukee • Circle City • Co-op Village • Higley • Laveen • Liberty

Mobile • Palo Verde • Tortilla Flat • Waddell •

County

Population

Ranking The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Maricopa County. † county seat

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Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Population (2010 Census) Phoenix † 1,445,632 Mesa 439,041 Chandler 236,123 Glendale 226,721 Scottsdale 217,385 Gilbert 208,453 Tempe 161,719 154,065 Peoria (partially in Yavapai County) Surprise 117,517 Avondale 76,238 Goodyear 65,275 Buckeye 50,876 Sun City 37,499 El Mirage 31,797 Queen Creek (partially in Pinal County) 26,361 Sun City West 24,535 Fountain Hills 22,489 Anthem 21,700 New River 14,952 Sun Lakes 13,975 Paradise Valley 12,820 Tolleson 6,545 Wickenburg 6,363 Youngtown 6,156 Guadalupe 5,523 Litchfield Park 5,476 Cave Creek 5,015 Citrus Park 4,028 Carefree 3,363 Gila Bend 1,922 Rio Verde 1,811 Komatke 821 Aguila 798 Wittmann 763 Maricopa Colony 709 Gila Crossing 621 St. Johns 476 Morristown 227 Arlington 194 Theba 158 Kaka 141 Wintersburg 136 Tonopah 60 City/Town/etc.

Phoenix (/ˈfiːnɪks/) is the capital, and largest city, of the State of Arizona. With 1,445,632 people (as of the 2010 U.S. Census), Phoenix is the most populous state capital in the United States, as well as the sixth most populous city nationwide.

The anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area (also known as the Valley of the Sun, a part of the Salt River Valley), it is the 13th largest metro area by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people in 2010. In addition, Phoenix is the

Municipal type City City City City City Town City City City City City City CDP

City Town CDP Town CDP CDP CDP Town City Town Town Town City Town CDP Town Town CDP CDP CDP CDP CDP CDP CDP CDP CDP CDP CDP CDP CDP

Incorporated 1881 1878 (founded) 1920 1910 1951 1920 1894 1954 1960 1946 1946 1929 1951 1990 1989 1961 1929 1909 1960 1975 1987 1986 1984 1962

county seat of Maricopa County and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area. Settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers, Phoenix incorporated as a city in 1881. Located in World Views Guides | 2014

the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a thriving farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus and hay (which was important for the cattle industry). In fact, the “Five C’s” (Cotton, Cattle, Citrus, Climate, and Copper), remained the driving forces of Phoenix’s economy until after World War II, when high tech industries began to move into the valley.

the Valley of the Sun, as northern zone to the United well as the rest of Arizona. States and residents became For more than 2,000 years, U.S. citizens. The Phoenix the Hohokam peoples area became part of the occupied the land that New Mexico Territory. In would become Phoenix. 1863 the mining town of The Hohokam created Wickenburg was the first roughly 135 miles (217 to be established in what is km) of irrigation canals, now Maricopa County, to making the desert land the north-west of modern arable. Paths of these canals Phoenix. At the time would later become used Maricopa County had not for the modern Arizona yet been incorporated: the Canal, Central Arizona land was within Yavapai Project Canal, and the County, which included Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct. the major town of Prescott The Hohokam also carried to the north of Wickenburg. out extensive trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua, as well as with the more distant Mesoamerican civilizations. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilization’s abandonment of the area. Local Akimel O’odham settlements, thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam, concentrated on the Gila River.

The U.S. Army created Fort McDowell on the Verde River in 1865 to forestall Native American uprisings. The fort established a camp on the south side of the Salt River by 1866, which was the first non-native settlement in the valley after the decline of the Hohokam. In later years, other nearby settlements would form and merge to become the city of Tempe, but this community was incorporated after Phoenix.

The population growth rate of the Phoenix metro area has been nearly 4% per year for the past 40 years. While that growth rate slowed during the Great Recession, it has already begun to rebound. Currently ranked 6th in population, it is predicted that Phoenix will rank 4th by 2020. Being near the and center of the state, Phoenix When the Mexican- 6. Founding incorporation is the jumping off point for American War ended in the various attractions in 1848, Mexico sold its The history of the city of World Views Guides

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Phoenix begins with Jack Swilling, a Confederate veteran of the Civil War. In 1867 he saw in the Salt River Valley a potential for farming, much like that already cultivated by the military further east, near Fort McDowell. He formed a small community that same year about 4 miles (6 km) east of the present city. Lord Darrell Duppa suggested the name “Phoenix”, as it described a city born from the ruins of a former civilization. The Board of Supervisors in Yavapai County, which at the time encompassed Phoenix, officially recognized the new town on May 4, 1868, and the first post office was established the following month, with Swilling as the postmaster. On February 12, 1871, the territorial legislature created Maricopa County, the sixth one formed in the Arizona Territory, by dividing Yavapai County. The first election for county office was held in 1871, when Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff, actually

running unopposed when the other two candidates, John A. Chenowth and Jim Favorite, fought a duel wherein Chenowth killed Favorite, and then was forced to withdraw from the race. The town grew during the 1870s, and President Ulysses S. Grant issued a land patent for the present site of Phoenix on April 10, 1874. By 1875, the town had a telegraph office, sixteen saloons, and four dance halls, but the townsite-commissioner form of government needed an overhaul, so that year an election was held in which three village trustees as well as several other officials were selected. By 1880, the town’s population stood at 2,453. By 1881, Phoenix’ continued growth made the existing village structure with a board of trustees obsolete. The Territorial Legislature passed “The Phoenix Charter Bill”, incorporating Phoenix and providing for a mayorcouncil government,

and became official on February 25, 1881 when it was signed by Governor John C. Fremont, officially incorporating Phoenix as a city with an approximate population of 2,500. The coming of the railroad in the 1880s was the first of several important events that revolutionized the economy of Phoenix. Phoenix became a trade center, with its products reaching eastern and western markets. In response, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was organized on November 4, 1888. Earlier in 1888 the city offices were moved into the new City Hall, at Washington and Central. When the territorial capital was moved from Prescott to Phoenix in 1889 the temporary territorial offices were also located in City Hall. With the arrival of the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railroad in 1895, Phoenix was connected to the Prescott, Flagstaff and other northern state communities. The increased access to commerce, expedited the World Views Guides | 2014

city’s economic rise. The year 1895 also saw the establishment of Phoenix Union High School, with an enrollment of 90. On February 25, 1901, Governor Murphy dedicated the permanent state Capitol building, and the Carnegie Free Library opened seven years later, on Feb.18, 1908, dedicated by Benjamin Fowler. The National Reclamation Act was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902, which allowed for dams to be built on waterways in the west for reclamation purposes. The first dam constructed under the act, the Theodore Roosevelt Dam was begun in 1906. It supplied both water and electricity, becoming the first multiple-purpose dam, and Roosevelt would attend the official dedication himself, on May 18, 1911. At the time, it was the largest masonry dam in the world, forming Theodore Roosevelt Lake in the mountain east of Phoenix.

Howard Taft, Phoenix became the capital of the newly formed state of Arizona. This occurred just six months after Taft had vetoed in August 1911, a joint congressional resolution granting statehood to Arizona, due to his disagreement of the state constitution’s position regarding the recall of judges. In 1913 Phoenix adopted a new form of government, changing from a mayorcouncil system to councilmanager, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government. After statehood, Phoenix’s growth started to accelerate, and by the end of its first eight years under statehood, Phoenix’ population had grown to 29,053. In 1920 Phoenix would see its first skyscraper, the Heard Building. In 1929 Sky Harbor was officially opened, at the time owned by Scenic Airways. It would later be purchased by the city in 1935, who operates it to this day.

U.S. President Calvin Coolidge dedicated a dam on the Gila River named in his honor. However, the state had just been through a long drought, and the reservoir which was supposed to be behind the dam, was virtually dry. The humorist Will Rogers, who was also on hand as a guest speaker joked, “If that was my lake I’d mow it.” Phoenix’s population had more than doubled during the 1920s, and now stood at 48,118. During World War II, Phoenix’s economy shifted to that of a distribution center, rapidly turning into an embryonic industrial city with mass production of military supplies. There were 3 air force fields in the area: Luke Field, Williams Field, and Falcon Field, as well as two large pilot training camps, Thunderbird Field No. 1 in Glendale and Thunderbird Field No. 2 in Scottsdale. 7.

Postwar explosive growth

A town that had just On February 14, 1912, under President William On March 4, 1930, former over sixty-five thousand World Views Guides

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residents in 1940 became Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sixth largest city by 2010, with a population of nearly 1.5 million, and millions more in nearby suburbs. Shermer argues that after the war Phoenix boosters led by Barry Goldwater and other ambitious young businessmen and politicians, often with an Eastern education, created a neoliberal probusiness climate. They attracted Eastern industry by rejecting the New Deal formula of strong labor unions and tight regulation of industry. They told prospects that Phoenix had excellent weather, cheap land, good transportation, low-wage rates, a right-to-work law that weakened unions, minimal regulations, easy access to the West Coast markets, and an eagerness to grow. They pointed out it was highly attractive place for young couples to raise their families. Hundreds of manufacturing firms were attracted to Phoenix, especially those that emphasized high World Views Guides

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technology, along with, corporate headquarters. Shermer argues that the Phoenix plan was widely admired by other ambitious cities in the South and Southwest, and became part of national conservatism as exemplified by Goldwater and his supporters. The Phoenix plan was not built on libertarian lowgovernment ideals. Rather, Shermer argues, it involved active government intervention in the economy to promote rapid growth. For example the state played the central role in giving Phoenix a guaranteed water supply, as well as good universities.

military electronics. Seeing the same advantages as Motorola, other high-tech companies such as Intel and McDonnell Douglas would also move into the valley and open manufacturing operations.

By 1950, over 105,000 people lived within the city and thousands more in surrounding communities. The 1950s growth was spurred on by advances in air conditioning, which allowed both homes and businesses to offset the extreme heat known to Phoenix during its long summers. There was more new construction in Phoenix in 1959 alone than When the war ended, during the period of more many of the men who had than thirty years from 1914 undergone their training in to 1946. Arizona returned bringing their new families. Large 8. The 1960s through current industry, learning of this labor pool, started to move Over the next several branches here. In 1948 decades, the city and high-tech industry, which metropolitan area attracted would become a staple of more growth and became a the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy, arrived favored tourist destination in Phoenix when Motorola for its exotic desert chose Phoenix for the site setting and recreational of its new research and opportunities. In 1960 the development center for Phoenix Corporate Center

opened; at the time it was the tallest building in Arizona, topping off at 341 feet. The 1960s saw many other buildings constructed as the city expanded rapidly, including: the Rosenzweig Center (1964), today called Phoenix City Square, the landmark Phoenix Financial Center (1964), as well as many of Phoenix’s residential high-rises. In 1965 the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum was opened on the grounds of the Arizona State Fair, west of downtown, and in 1968, the city was surprisingly awarded the Phoenix Suns NBA franchise, which played its home games at the Coliseum until 1992. In 1968, the Central Arizona Project was approved by President Lyndon B. Johnson, assuring future water supplies for Phoenix, Tucson, and the agricultural corridor in between. The following year, Pope Paul VI created the Diocese of Phoenix on December 2, by splitting the Archdiocese of Tucson, with Edward A. McCarthy as the first Bishop.

In the 1970s the downtown area experienced a resurgence, with a level of construction activity not seen again until the urban real estate boom of the 2000s. By the end of the decade, Phoenix adopted the Phoenix Concept 2000 plan which split the city into urban villages, each with its own village core where greater height and density was permitted, further shaping the freemarket development culture. Originally, there were 9 villages, but this has been expanded to 15 over the years (see Cityscape below). This officially turned Phoenix into a city of many nodes, which would later be connected by freeways. 1972 would see the opening of the Phoenix Symphony Hall, Other major structures which saw construction downtown during this decade were the Wells Fargo Plaza, the Chase Tower (the tallest building in both Phoenix and Arizona) and the U.S. Bank Center.

25, 1981 Phoenix resident Sandra Day O’Connor broke the gender barrier on the U.S. Supreme Court, when she was sworn in as the first female judge. 1985 saw the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, the nation’s largest nuclear power plant, begin electrical production. 1987 was marked by visits by both Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa. There was an influx of refugees due to low-cost housing in the Sunnyslope area in the 1990s, resulting in 43 different languages being spoken in local schools by the year 2000. The new 20-story City Hall opened in 1992, and 1993 saw the creation of “Tent City,” by Sheriff Joe Arpaio, using inmate labor, to alleviate overcrowding in the Maricopa County Jail system, the fourthlargest in the world. The famous “Phoenix Lights” UFO sightings took place in March 1997.

Phoenix has maintained a growth streak in recent Nominated by President years, growing by 24.2% Reagan, on September before 2007. This made it World Views Guides | 2014

the second-fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States, surpassed only by Las Vegas. In 2008 Squaw Peak, the second tallest mountain in the city, was renamed Piestewa Peak after Army Specialist Lori Ann Piestewa, an Arizonan and the first Native American woman to die in combat, as well as being the first American female casualty of the 2003 Iraq War. 2008 also saw Phoenix as one of the cities hardest hit by the subprime mortgage crisis, and by early 2009, the median home price was $150,000, down from its $262,000 peak in 2007. Crime rates in Phoenix have gone down in recent years and once troubled, decaying neighborhoods such as South Mountain, Alhambra, and Maryvale have recovered and stabilized. Recently downtown Phoenix and the central core have experienced renewed interest and growth, resulting in numerous restaurants, stores and businesses opening or World Views Guides

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relocating to central cropland and several Phoenix. Indian reservations. The Salt River runs westward 5. Geography through the city of Phoenix is in the Phoenix, and the riverbed southwestern United is often dry or contains a States, in the south-central little water due to large portion of Arizona, and irrigation diversions. The about halfway between community of Ahwatukee Tucson to the south and is separated from the Flagstaff to the north. The rest of the city by South Mountain. metropolitan area is known as the “Valley of the Sun”, According to the United due to its location in the States Census Bureau, the Salt River Valley. It lies city has a total area of 517.9 at a mean elevation of square miles (1,341 km2); 1,117 feet (340 m), in the 516.7 square miles (1,338 northern reaches of the km2) of it is land and 1.2 Sonoran Desert. Other square miles (0.6 km², or than the mountains in 0.2%) of it is water. Even and around the city, the though it is the 6th most topography of Phoenix is populated city, the large generally flat, allowing the area gives it a low density city’s main streets to run on rate of approximately 2,797 a precise grid with wide, people per square mile. In open-spaced roadways. comparison, Philadelphia, Scattered, low mountain the 5th most populous ranges surround the valley: city has a density of over 11,000. McDowell Mountains to the northeast, the White As with most of Arizona, Tank Mountains to the Phoenix does not observe west, the Superstition daylight saving time. In Mountains far to the east, 1973, Gov. Jack Williams and the Sierra Estrella argued to the U.S. Congress to the southwest. On the that due to air conditioning outskirts of Phoenix are units not being used as large fields of irrigated often in the morning on

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standard time, energy • Ahwatukee Foothills use would increase in the • Alhambra evening. He went on to say • Camelback East that energy use would rise • Central City “because there would be • Deer Valley more lights on in the early • Desert View morning.” He was also • Encanto concerned about children • Estrella going to school in the dark, • Laveen which was quite accurate. • Maryvale • North Gateway Since 1979, the City of • North Mountain Phoenix has been divided • Paradise Valley into urban villages, many • Rio Vista of which are based upon • South Mountain historically significant neighborhoods and communities that have since been annexed into Phoenix. Each village has a planning committee that is appointed directly by the city council. According to the village planning handbook issued by the city, the purpose of the village planning committees is to work with the city’s planning commission to ensure a balance of housing and employment in each village, concentrate development at identified village cores, and to promote the unique character and identity of the villages. The 15 urban villages are: World Views Guides

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In addition to the above urban villages, Phoenix has a variety of commonly referred-to regions and districts, such as Downtown, Midtown, West Phoenix, North Phoenix, South Phoenix, Biltmore, Arcadia, and Sunnyslope. 1.

Climate

Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate (Köppen: BWh), typical of the Sonoran Desert in which it lies. Phoenix has extremely hot summers and warm winters. The average summer high temperatures are some of the hottest of

any major city in the United States, and approach those of cities such as Riyadh and Baghdad. On average (1981–2010), there are 107 days annually with a high of at least 100 °F (38 °C), including most days from late May through early October. Highs top 110 °F (43 °C) an average of 18 days during the year Every day from June 10 through August 24, 1993, the temperature in Phoenix reached 100 °F or more, the longest continuous number of days (76) in the city’s history. Officially, the number of days with a high of at least 100 °F has historically ranged from 48 in 1913 to 143 in 1989. For comparison, since 1870, New York City has seen a temperature of 100 degrees or more a total of only 59 days. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time recorded high of 122 °F (50 °C). Most deserts undergo drastic fluctuations between day and nighttime temperatures, but not Phoenix due to the urban heat island effect. As the

city has expanded, average summer low temps have been rising steadily. The daily heat of the sun is stored in pavement, sidewalks and buildings, and is radiated back out at night. During the summer, overnight lows greater than 80 °F (27 °C) are commonplace, as the daily normal low remains at or above 80 °F from June 22 to September 8. On average, 67 days throughout the year will see the nighttime low at or above 80 °F (27 °C). July 15, 2003 officially saw the record high daily minimum temperature, at 96 °F (36 °C). The city averages over 330 days of sunshine, or over 90%, per year, and receives scant rainfall, the average annual total at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport being 7 inches (180 mm). Precipitation is sparse during most of the year, but the monsoon brings an influx of moisture. Historically, the monsoon officially started when the average Dew point was 55 degrees for three days in a row; on average this

event occurred around July 7; however, in 2008 the National Weather Service decreed that from that point forward, June 15 would be the official first day of the monsoon, and it would end on September 30. The monsoon raises humidity levels and can cause heavy localized precipitation, occasional flooding, large hail, strong winds, the rare tornado, and dust storms, which can rise to the level of a haboob in some years. July is the wettest month of the year (1.05 inches (27 mm)), while June is the driest (.02 inches (0.51 mm)). On September 8, 2014, the City of Phoenix recorded its single highest rainfall total by the National Weather Service with a total of 3.30 inches. This total rainfall on this day measured more than Phoenix’s annual rainfall average and broke a 75year old previous record of 2.91 inches, set back on September 4, 1939. This storm was created from the remnants of Hurricane Norbert that had moved up from the Gulf of California

and turned the city’s major interstates and low-lying roadways into flood plains stranding hundreds of motorists. On average, Phoenix has only one day per year where the temperature drops to or below freezing. However, the frequency of freezes increases the further one moves outward from the urban heat island. Frequently, outlying areas of Phoenix see frost. Officially, the earliest freeze on record occurred on November 4, 1956, and the latest occurred on March 31, 1987. The all-time lowest recorded temperature in Phoenix was 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 7, 1913, while the coldest daily maximum was 36 °F (2 °C) on December 10, 1898. The longest continuous stretch without a day of frost in Phoenix was over 5 years, from November 23, 1979 to January 31, 1985. Snow is a very rare occurrence for the city of Phoenix. Snowfall was first officially recorded in 1898, and since then, accumulations World Views Guides | 2014

of 0.1 inches (0.25 cm) or greater have occurred only eight times. The heaviest snowstorm on record dates to January 21â&#x20AC;&#x201C;22, 1937, when 1 to 4 inches (2.5 to 10.2 cm) fell in parts of the city and did not melt entirely for three days. Before that, 1 inch (2.5 cm) had fallen on January 20, 1933. On February 2, 1939, 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) fell. Snow also fell on March 12, 1917 and on November 28, 1919. The most recent snow of significance fell on December 6, 1998, across the northwest portions of the valley that are below 2,000 feet. During the 1998 event, Sky Harbor reported a dusting of snow. The last measurable snowfall was recorded when 0.1 inches (0.25 cm) fell in central Phoenix on December 11, 1985. On December 30, 2010 and February 20, 2013, graupel fell, although it was widely believed to be snow.

and natural resources, dependent mainly on the â&#x20AC;&#x153;5Csâ&#x20AC;? which were copper, cattle, climate, cotton and citrus. Once the Salt River Project was completed, the city, and the valley in general, began to develop more rapidly, due to a now fairly reliable source of water. Led by agriculture, the number one crop in the 1910s was alfalfa, followed by citrus, cotton and other crops, with almost a quarter-million acres under cultivation by the middle of the decade. World War I would greatly change the agricultural landscape of the valley, and teach the farmers of the region an invaluable, if difficult lesson. As the war began, imports of foreign cotton were no longer available to American manufacturing, since cotton was a major material used in the production of tires and airplane fabric, those manufacturers began to 6. Economy look for new sources. The The early economy of Salt River Valley looked Phoenix was focused to be an ideal location for primarily on agriculture expansion of the cotton World Views Guides

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crop. Led by Goodyear, tire and airplane manufacturers began to buy more and more cotton from valley growers. In fact, the town of Goodyear was founded during this period when the company purchased desert acreage southwest of Phoenix to grow cotton. By 1918, cotton had replaced alfalfa as the number one industry in Phoenix. As the price of cotton rose, more and more of Phoenix acreage was devoted to the crop, however, in 1920, when cotton accounted for three-quarters of the cultivated acreage in the valley, the bottom fell out of the cotton market due to the dual reasons of lower demand due to the end of the war production machine and foreign growers now once again having access to the American market, resulting in their shipping large amounts of cotton to the U.S. This led to a diversification of crops in the valley from that point forward. Cattle, and the meat industry was also a vital part of the economy. The cotton bust

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led to more production of alfalfa, wheat and barley, as well as citrus. The grain production in turn led to an increase in the cattle ranching industry. By the end of the Roaring Twenties, Phoenix boasted the largest meat processing plant between Dallas and Los Angeles. While that plant, and its attendant stockyards are long gone, a remnant remains in the famous Stockyards Restaurant. The prosperity following the local depression caused by the cotton bust enabled other industries to grow as well. The city’s first skyscraper, the 7-story Heard Building was built in 1920, followed by the 10-story Luhrs Building following the bust in 1924, and the Westward Ho, a 16-story hotel was constructed in 1928.

The construction of the Westward Ho was part of a concerted effort on the part of both civic and business organizations in Phoenix to develop Phoenix as a tourist destination. Phoenix already had two highly rated resorts, the Ingleside Inn and the Jokake Inn, and after the Westward Ho, the Arizona Biltmore, designed by one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s students, was constructed in 1929. Other major hotels were built during this era, such as the San Carlos (also in 1928), which led older hotels, like the Hotel Adams to refurbish themselves in order to remain competitive. By the end of the decade, the tourism industry topped $10 million for the first time in the city’s history. Tourism remains one of the With the establishment of top ten economic drivers of the city to this day. a main rail line in 1926 (the Southern Pacific), The Great Depression the opening of the Union affected Phoenix, just as it Station in 1923, and the did every other location in creation of Sky Harbor the country, but the effects airport by the end of the were not as deep, nor decade, it allowed greater lasted as long. Phoenix had ease of access to the city. a very diverse economy,

and was not heavily vested in the manufacturing sector. While the stock market crash did not affect the city very directly, the suppression of the national economy did. Revenue from all major industries in the valley decreased drastically: copper mining dropped from $155 million in 1929 to $15 million by 1932; agriculture and livestock also saw reductions during that same period, although not as drastic, from $42 million to $14 million and $25.5 million to $15 million, respectively. Compared to the rest of the country, and even the rest of the state, Phoenix was not as badly affected by bankruptcies, foreclosures, or unemployment, and by 1934, the recovery was underway. At the conclusion of World War II, the valley’s economy began to further grow and expand. After the war, the city’s population began to surge as many men who had undergone their military training at the various bases in and World Views Guides | 2014

around Phoenix, returned with their families. In 1948, Motorola chose Phoenix for the site of its new research and development center for military electronics. They were followed in time, by other high-tech companies such as Intel and McDonnell Douglas. The construction industry, spurred on by the city’s growth, further expanded with the development of Sun City. Much like Levittown, New York became the template for suburban development in post-WWII America, Sun City, just northwest of Phoenix, became the template for retirement communities when Del E. Webb opened the community in 1960. Over 100,000 people visited the community during the opening weekend. As the financial crisis of 2007–10 began, construction in Phoenix collapsed in 2008, and housing prices plunged. Historically, Arizona trailed the rest of the country into recession but due to the prominence of World Views Guides

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the construction industry in its economy, Phoenix entered this last recession before the rest of the country.

third among Phoenix’s industries, and includes the production of computers and other electronic equipment, missiles, According to the Bureau aircraft parts, chemicals, and processed foods. of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department In major job markets, as of Commerce, in 2012 defined as those markets (the latest year for which with greater than 1 million data is available), the jobs, Greater Phoenix Phoenix MSA had a Gross ranked number 1 in Domestic Product (GDP) employment growth prior of just over $201 billion, to the recession beginning a 4.5% increase over the in 2007. Just three years prior year. Phoenix’s GDP later, it ended its free fall finally exceeded the high in job growth by hitting the it had attained in 2008, bottom of the list of those prior to the recession. The 28 major markets, dead top 10 industries were, last. However, 2013 saw in descending order: real Greater Phoenix rebound estate ($31B), financial to 7th. Arizona’s year-overservices ($21.3B), year job growth (of which manufacturing ($16.8B), Phoenix is the main driver) health care ($15.7B), continued to outpace the retail ($14.9B), wholesale nation through August ($12.9B), professional 2013. Arizona’s year-overservices ($12.8B), year job growth was at or construction ($10.4B), above 2.0% each month waste management of that year. In contrast, ($9.1B), and tourism national job growth was ($6.8B). Government, between 1.5% and 1.7% if it had been a private on a year-over-year basis. industry, would have been Arizona is forecast to regain ranked third on the list, its previous employment generating $18.9 billion. peak in 2015, making it Manufacturing now ranks eight years for the state

to get back to even terms after the Great Recession; the national economy is currently forecast to replace all of the jobs lost by 2014, one year earlier than Arizona. This is due to the more severe downturn in Arizona as compared to the rest of the nation, as evidenced by the fact that from peak to trough, Arizona jobs declined by 11.8%, compared to 6.3% for the nation. In 2013, the Phoenix area saw a 2.7% increase in non-farm employment, from 1.758 million to 1.805 million. Job growth has occurred across the board with the fastest rate in education and health services, trade, transportation and utilities, professional and business services, financial activities and leisure and hospitality. According to the 2010 Census, the top ten employment categories are office and administrative support occupations (17.8%), sales and related occupations (11.6%), food preparation and serving related occupations (9%), transportation and material

moving occupations (6.1%), management occupations (5.8%), education, training, and library occupations (5.5%), business and financial operations occupations (5.3%), healthcare practitioners and technical occupations (5.3%), production occupations (4.6%), and construction and extraction occupations (4.2%). The single largest occupation is retail salespersons, which account for 3.7% of the entire workforce. As of December, 2013, 12.9% of the workforce were government employees, a high number because the city is both the county seat and state capitol. The civilian labor force was 2,033,400 (down 0.5% from twelve months earlier), and the unemployment rate stood at 7.6%, above the national rate of 6.7%. Phoenix is currently home to four Fortune 500 companies: electronics corporation Avnet, mining company FreeportMcMoRan, retailer

PetSmart and waste hauler Republic Services. Honeywellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Aerospace division is headquartered in Phoenix, and the valley hosts many of their avionics and mechanical facilities. Intel has one of their largest sites in the area, employing about 12,000 employees, the second largest Intel location in the country; they are spending $5 billion to expand their semiconductor plant. American Express hosts their financial transactions, customer information, and their entire website in Phoenix. The city is also home to: the headquarters of U-HAUL International, a rental and moving supply company; Best Western, the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest family of hotels; Apollo Group, parent of the University of Phoenix; and utility company Pinnacle West. Choice Hotels International has its IT division and operations support center in the North Phoenix area. US Airways, now merged with American Airlines has a strong presence in Phoenix, with the corporate World Views Guides | 2014

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headquarters located in the city prior to the merger. US Air/American Airlines is the largest carrier at Sky Harbor International Airport in Phoenix. Mesa Air Group, a regional airline group, is headquartered in Phoenix. The military has a significant presence in Phoenix with Luke Air Force Base located in the western suburbs. At its height, in the 1940s, the Phoenix area had three military bases: Luke Field (still in use), Falcon Field, and Williams Air Force Base (now Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport), with numerous auxiliary air fields located throughout the region. Foreign governments have established 30 consular offices and eleven active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations in metropolitan Phoenix. 7. Culture

Phoenix or Scottsdale. The Phoenix Symphony Hall is home to the Phoenix Symphony Orchestra, the Arizona Opera and Ballet Arizona. The Arizona Opera company also has intimate performances at its new Arizona Opera Center, which opened in March 2013. Another venue is the Orpheum Theatre, which is home to the Phoenix Opera, formerly known as the Phoenix Metropolitan Opera. Ballet Arizona, in addition to the Symphony Hall, also has performances at the Orpheum Theater as well at the Dorrance Theater. Concerts also regularly make stops in the area. The largest downtown performing art venue is the Herberger Theater Center, which houses three performance spaces and is home to two resident companies, the Arizona Theatre Company and the Centre Dance Ensemble. Three other groups also use the facility: Valley Youth Theatre, iTheatre Collaborative and Actors Theater.

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at the US Airways Center and the Comerica Theatre in downtown Phoenix, AkChin Pavilion (formerly Cricket Wireless Pavilion) in Maryvale, Jobing.com Arena in Glendale, and Gammage Auditorium in Tempe (the last public building designed by Frank Lloyd Wright). Several smaller theatres including Trunk Space, the Mesa Arts Center, the Crescent Ballroom, Celebrity Theatre, and Modified Arts support regular independent musical and theatre performances. Music can also be seen in some of the venues usually reserved for sports, such as Wells Fargo Arena and University of Phoenix Stadium. Several television series have been set in Phoenix, including Alice, the 2000s paranormal drama Medium, the 1960â&#x20AC;&#x201C;61 syndicated crime drama The Brothers Brannagan, and The New Dick Van Dyke Show from 1971 to 1974.

Museums

Dozens of museums exist throughout the valley. They include the Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona Capitol Museum, Arizona Military Museum, Hall of Flame Firefighting Museum, the Pueblo Grande Museum and Cultural Park, Children’s Museum of Phoenix, Arizona Science Center, and the Heard Museum. In 2010 the Musical Instrument Museum opened their doors, featuring the biggest musical instrument collection in the world. Designed by Alden B. Dow, a student of Frank Lloyd Wright, the Phoenix Art Museum was constructed in a single year, opening in November 1959. The Phoenix Art Museum presents a year-round program of festivals, live performances, independent art films and educational programs. The Southwest’s largest destination for visual art, it displays international exhibitions alongside the museum’s comprehensive collection of more than 17,000 works

of contemporary and modern art from around the world, as well as exhibits of fashion design. Interactive exhibits can be found in nearby Peoria’s Challenger Space Center, where individuals learn about space, renewable energies, and meet astronauts. The Heard Museum has over 130,000 square feet (12,000 m²) of gallery, classroom and performance space. Some of the signature exhibits include a full Navajo hogan, the Mareen Allen Nichols Collection containing 260 pieces of contemporary jewelry, the Barry Goldwater Collection of 437 historic Hopi kachina dolls, and an exhibit on the 19th century boarding school experiences of Native Americans. The Heard Museum attracts about 250,000 visitors a year. 2.

Fine arts

The downtown Phoenix art scene has developed in the past decade. The Artlink organization and the galleries downtown

have successfully launched a First Friday crossPhoenix gallery opening. In April 2009, artist Janet Echelman inaugurated her monumental sculpture, Her Secret Is Patience, a civic icon suspended above the new Phoenix Civic Space Park, a twocity-block park in the middle of downtown. This netted sculpture makes the invisible patterns of desert wind visible to the human eye. During the day, the 100-foot (30 m)tall sculpture hovers high above heads, treetops, and buildings, the sculpture creates what the artist calls “shadow drawings”, which she says are inspired by Phoenix’s cloud shadows. At night, the illumination changes color gradually through the seasons. Author Prof. Patrick Frank writes of the sculpture that “... most Arizonans look on the work with pride: this unique visual delight will forever mark the city of Phoenix just as the Eiffel Tower marks Paris.”

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Tourism

The tourist industry is the longest running of today’s top industries in Phoenix. Starting with promotions back in the 1920s, the industry has grown into one of the top 10 in the city. Due to its climate, Phoenix and its neighbors have consistently ranked among the nation’s top destinations in the number of Five Diamond/Five Star resorts. With more than 62,000 hotel rooms in over 500 hotels and 40 resorts, greater Phoenix sees over 16 million visitors each year, the majority of whom are leisure (as opposed to business) travelers. Sky Harbor Airport, which serves the Greater Phoenix area, serves about 40 million passengers a year, ranking it among the 10 busiest airports in the nation. One of the biggest attractions to the Phoenix area is golf, with over 200 golf courses. In addition to the sites of interest in the city, there are many attractions near Phoenix, such as: Agua World Views Guides

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Fria National Monument, Arcosanti, Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, Lost Dutchman State Park, Montezuma’s Castle, Montezuma’s Well, and Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Phoenix also serves as a jumping off point to many of the sights around the state of Arizona, such as the Grand Canyon, Lake Havasu (where the London Bridge is located), Meteor Crater, the Painted Desert, the Petrified Forest, Tombstone, Kartchner Caverns, Sedona and Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff. 4.

Other attractions and annual events

Due to its natural beauty and climate, Phoenix has a plethora of outdoor attractions and recreational activities. The Phoenix Zoo is the largest privately owned, non-profit zoo in the United States. Since opening in 1962, the zoo has developed an international reputation for its efforts on animal conservation, including breeding and reintroducing endangered

species back into the wild. Right next to the zoo, the Phoenix Botanical Gardens were opened in 1939, and are acclaimed worldwide for their exhibits and educational programs, featuring the largest collection of arid plants in the U.S. South Mountain Park, the largest municipal park in the U.S., is also the highest desert mountain preserve in the world. Other popular sites in the city are: Japanese Friendship Garden, Historic Heritage Square, Phoenix Mountains Park, Pueblo Grande Museum, Tovrea Castle, Camelback Mountain, Hole in the Rock, Mystery Castle, St. Mary’s Basilica, Taliesin West, and the Wrigley Mansion. There are long list of annual events in and near Phoenix which celebrate the heritage of the city, as well as its diversity. Some of them are: • Scottsdale Arabian Horse Show — The largest Arabian horse show in the U.S. Held each February.

• Gold Rush Days (in nearby Wickenburg) - A rodeo and carnival held each March. • Matsuri: A Festival of Japan — A celebration of Japanese culture held in February. • Pueblo Grande Indian Market — A December event highlighting Native American arts and crafts. • Christmas Mariachi Festival — Features world renowned mariachi bands and dancers. • Grand Menorah Lighting — Annual December event celebrating Hanukah. • Candyland Concert — Interactive children’s festival in late November. • ZooLights — Annual December evening event at the Phoenix Zoo, featuring millions of lights. • Arizona State Fair — Begun in 1884, annual fair in September. • Scottish Gathering & Highland Games - 2014 marks the 50th year of this annual event celebrating Scottish heritage. • Cave Creek Fiesta Days Rodeo & Parade —

Annual March rodeo and festival. • Polish Festival — Annual festival held in March. • Estrella War — Annual event celebrating medieval life, held in February/March. • Tohono O’odham Nation Rodeo & Fair — Oldest Indian rodeo in Arizona, held in February. • Chinese Week & Culture & Cuisine Festival — Annual celebration of Chinese culture in February. 5. Cuisine Like many other western towns, the earliest restaurants in Phoenix were often steakhouses. Today, Phoenix is also renowned for its Mexican food, thanks to both its large Hispanic population and its proximity to Mexico. Some of Phoenix’s restaurants have a long history. The Stockyards steakhouse dates to 1947, while Monti’s La Casa Vieja (Spanish for “The Old House”) has been in operation as a restaurant

since the 1890s. Macayo’s (a Mexican restaurant chain) was established in Phoenix in 1946, and other major Mexican restaurants include Garcia’s (1956) and Manuel’s (1964). The recent population boom has brought people from all over the nation, and to a lesser extent from other countries, and has since influenced the local cuisine. Phoenix currently boasts cuisines from all over the world, such as Korean, barbecue, Cajun/Creole, Greek, Hawaiian, Irish, Japanese, sushi, Italian, fusion, Persian, Indian, Spanish, Thai, Chinese, southwestern, Tex-Mex, Vietnamese, Brazilian, and French. The first McDonald’s franchise was sold by the McDonald brothers to a Phoenix entrepreneur in 1952. Neil Fox paid $1,000 for the rights to open an establishment based on the McDonald brothers’ restaurant. The hamburger stand opened in 1953 on the southwest corner of Central Avenue and Indian School Road on the growing north World Views Guides | 2014

side of Phoenix, and was the first location to sport the now internationally known “golden arches”, which were initially twice the height of the building. Three other franchise locations opened that year, a full two years before Kroc purchased McDonald’s and opened his first franchise in Illinois. 8.

Parks and recreation

Phoenix is home to a large number of parks and recreation areas. The city of Phoenix includes national parks, county (Maricopa County) parks and city parks. Tonto National Forest forms part of the northeast boundary of the city, while the county has the largest park system in the country. The city park system was established to preserve the desert landscape in areas that would otherwise have succumbed to development, and includes South Mountain Park, the world’s largest municipal park with 16,500 acres (67 km2). The city park system has 189 parks which World Views Guides

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contain over 33,000 acres, and has facilities for hiking, camping, swimming, horseback riding, cycling, and climbing. Some of the other notable parks in the system are Camelback Mountain, Encanto Park (another large urban park) and Sunnyslope Mountain, also known as “S” Mountain. Papago Park in east Phoenix is home to both the Desert Botanical Garden and the Phoenix Zoo, in addition to several golf courses and the Holein-the-Rock geological formation. The Desert Botanical Garden, which opened in 1939, is one of the few public gardens in the country dedicated to desert plants, and displays desert plant life from all over the world. The Phoenix Zoo is the largest privately owned non-profit zoo in the United States, and is internationally known for its programs devoted to saving endangered species.

summer months. Some of the notable parks include Big Surf in Tempe, Wet ‘n’ Wild Phoenix in Phoenix, Golfland Sunsplash in Mesa, and the Oasis Water Park at the Arizona Grand Resort – formerly known as Pointe South Mountain Resort – in Phoenix. The area also has two small amusement parks, Castles N’ Coasters in north Phoenix, next to the Metrocenter Mall and Enchanted Island located at Encanto Park.

In addition, many waterparks are scattered throughout the valley to help residents cope with the desert heat during the

The city council consists of a mayor and eight city council members. While the mayor is elected in a citywide election, Phoenix

Government

In 1913, Phoenix adopted a new form of government, switching from the mayorcouncil system to the council-manager system, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government, where a strong city manager supervises all city departments and executes the policies adopted by the Council.

City Council members are elected by votes only in the districts they represent, with both the Mayor and the Council members serving four year terms. The current mayor of Phoenix is Greg Stanton, a Democrat who was elected to a four-year term in 2011. In setting city policy and passing rules and regulations, the mayor and city council members each have equal voting power. The city’s website was given a “Sunny Award” by Sunshine Review for its transparency efforts. 1.

State government facilities

As the capital of Arizona, Phoenix houses the state legislature, along with numerous state government agencies, many of which are located in the State Capitol district immediately west of downtown. The Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections operates the Adobe Mountain and Black Canyon Schools in Phoenix. Another major state government facility is the Arizona State Hospital,

operated by the Arizona Department of Health Services. This is a mental health center which is the only medical facility run by the state government. The headquarters of numerous Arizona state government agencies are in Phoenix, with many located in the State Capitol district immediately west of downtown.

and the local division of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court. This building also formerly housed the U.S. District Court offices and courtrooms, but these were moved in 2001 to the new Sandra Day O’Connor U.S. Courthouse. Before the construction of this building in 1961, federal government offices were housed in the historic U.S. Post Office on Central 2. Federal government Avenue, completed in the facilities 1930s. The Federal Bureau of 3. Crime Prisons operates the Federal Correctional By the 1960s crime was Institution (FCI) Phoenix becoming a significant which is in the city limits, problem in Phoenix, near its northern boundary. and by the 1970s crime The Sandra Day O’Connor continued to increase in U.S. Courthouse, the U.S. the city at a faster rate than District Court of Arizona, almost anywhere else in is located on Washington the country. It was during Street downtown. It is this time frame when named in honor of retired an incident occurred in U.S. Supreme Court Justice Phoenix which would have Sandra Day O’Connor, national implications. On who was raised in Arizona. March 16, 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested and The Federal Building charged with the rape of is at the intersection of an 18-year-old woman Van Buren Road and with mild intellectual First Avenue downtown, disabilities. The subsequent and contains various Supreme Court ruling on federal field offices World Views Guides | 2014

June 13, 1966, in the matter of Miranda v. Arizona, has led to practice in the United States of issuing a Miranda Warning to all suspected criminals. By the mid 1970s, Phoenix was close to or at the top of the list for cities with the highest crime rate. The mayor during the mid-70s, Mayor Graham, introduced policies which raised Phoenix from near the bottom of the statistics regarding police officers per capita, to where it resided in the middle of the rankings. He also implemented other changes, including establishing a juvenile department within the police force. With Phoenix’s rapid growth, it drew the attention of con men and racketeers, with one of the prime areas of activity being land fraud. The practice became so widespread that newspapers would refer to Phoenix as the Tainted Desert.

the valley, when Arizona Republic writer Don Bolles was murdered by a car bomb at the Clarendon Hotel in 1976. It was believed that his investigative reporting on organized crime and land fraud in Phoenix made him a target. Bolles’ last words referred to Phoenix land and cattle magnate Kemper Marley, who was widely regarded to have ordered Bolles’ murder, as well as John Harvey Adamson, who pleaded guilty to second-degree murder in 1977 in return for testimony against contractors Max Dunlap and James Robison.

The trial gained national attention since Bolles was the only reporter from a major U.S. newspaper to be murdered on U.S. soil due to his coverage of a story, and led to reporters from all over the country descending on Phoenix to cover his murder. Dunlap was convicted of first degree murder in the case These land frauds led to in 1990 and remained one of the more infamous in prison, until his death murders in the history of on July 21, 2009, while World Views Guides

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Robison was acquitted, but pleaded guilty to charges of soliciting violence against Adamson. Street gangs and the drug trade had turned into public safety issues by the 1980s. Despite continued improvements in the size of the police force and other anti-crime measures, the crime rate in Phoenix continued to grow, albeit at a lower growth rate than other southwestern cities. After seeing a peak in the early and mid 1990s, the city has seen a general decrease in both the violent and property crime rates. 1993 saw the creation of “Tent City,” by Sheriff Joe Arpaio, using inmate labor, to alleviate overcrowding in the Maricopa County Jail system, the fourthlargest in the world. The violent crime rate peaked in 1993 at 1146 crimes per 100,000 people, while the property crime rate peaked a few years earlier, in 1989, at 9,966 crimes per 100,000. In the most recent numbers from the FBI (2012), those rates currently stand at 637 and

4091, respectively. When compared to the other cities on the 10 most populated list, this ranks Phoenix 5th and 6th, respectively. Since their peak in 2003, murders have dropped from 241 to 123 in 2012. Assaults have also dropped from 7,800 in 1993 to 5,260 in 2012. In the 20 years since 1993, there have only been five years in which the violent crime rate has not declined. The year 2012 was an anomaly to the general downward trend in violent crime in Phoenix, with the rates for every single violent crime, except rape, showing an increase. The murder rate increased by 15.4% and aggravated assaults jumped by 27%, while rapes were down by 2%. However, the property crime rate returned to the downward trend begun in the 1990s, after a slight uptick in the previous two years. Vehicle thefts, which have been perceived as a major issue in the Valley of the Sun for decades, saw a continuation of a downward trend begun over a decade ago. In

2001 Phoenix ranked first in the nation in vehicle thefts, with over 22,000 cars stolen that year. That continued in 2002, when car thefts rose to over 25,000, a rate of over 1,825 thefts per 100,000 people. It has declined every year since then, and last year stood at just over 480, a drop of almost 75% in the decade. According to the “Hot Spots” report put out by the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB), The Phoenix MSA has dropped to 70th in the nation in terms of car thefts in 2012. As the first decade of the new century came to a close, Arizona had become the gateway to the U.S. for drug trafficking. By 2009, seizures in Arizona amounted for approximately half of all Marijuana captured along the U.S.-Mexican border. Another crime issue related to the drug trade are kidnappings. In the late 2000s, Phoenix earned the title “Kidnapping capital of the USA”. The majority of the kidnapped are believed to be victims of human

smuggling, or related to illegal drug trade, while the kidnappers are believed to be part of Mexican drug cartels, particularly the Sinaloa cartel. The first newspaper in Phoenix was the weekly Salt River Valley Herald, established in 1878, which would change its name the following year to the Phoenix Herald. The paper would go through several additional name changes in its early years before finally settling on the Phoenix Herald, which still exists today in an online form. Today, the city is served by two major daily newspapers: The Arizona Republic, which along with its online entity, azcentral.com, serves the greater metropolitan area; and the East Valley Tribune, which primarily serves the cities of the East Valley. The Jewish News of Greater Phoenix is an independent weekly newspaper established in 1948. In addition, the city is also served by numerous free neighborhood papers and weeklies such as the World Views Guides | 2014

Phoenix New Times, and Arizona State Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s The State Press. The Phoenix metro area is served by many local television stations and is the largest designated market area (DMA) in the Southwest, and the 12th largest in the U.S., with over 1.8 million homes (1.6% of the total U.S.). The major network television affiliates are KNXV 15 (ABC), KPHO 5 (CBS), KPNX 12 (NBC), KSAZ 10 (Fox), KASW 61 (The CW), KUTP 45 (MyNetworkTV), and KAET 8 (PBS, operated by Arizona State University). Other network television affiliates operating in the area include KPAZ 21 (TBN), KTVW-DT 33 (Univision), KTAZ 39 (Telemundo), KDPH 48 (Daystar), and KPPX-TV 51 (ION). KTVK 3 (3TV) and KAZT 7 (AZ-TV) are independent television stations operating in the metro area. Many major feature films and television programs have been filmed in the city. The radio airwaves in Phoenix cater to a wide variety of musical and talk radio interests.

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Luke Air Force Base (IATA: LUF, ICAO: KLUF, FAA LID: LUF) is a United States Air Force base located seven miles (11 km) west of the central business district of Glendale, in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is also about 15 miles (24 km) west of Phoenix, Arizona. LukeAFB is a major training base of the Air Education and Training Command (AETC), training pilots in the F-16 Fighting Falcon. On 31 March 2011 it was announced that the F-35 Lightning II would replace the F-16 as the primary training aircraft at Luke, although the date of deployment of the new aircraft to Luke and reorganization plans were not announced. On 16 July 2013, the Air Force announced that Luke AFB will house a total of 144 F-35A Lightning IIs.

1. Overview Luke Air Force Base is an active-duty F-16 Fighting Falcon training base with 170 F-16s assigned. The host command at Luke is the 56th Fighter Wing (56 FW), under Air Education and Training Commandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 19th Air Force. The 56th FW is composed of four groups, 27 squadrons, including six training squadrons. There are several tenant units on base, including the 944th Fighter Wing, assigned to 10th Air Force and the Air Force Reserve. The 56th Fighter Wing also trains more than 700 maintenance technicians each year.

The base population includes about 7500 military members and 15,000 family members. With about 80,000 retired military members living in greater Phoenix, the base services a total population of more than 100,000 It is a designated Superfund people. site due to a number of soil and groundwater An integral part of Lukeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s F-16 fighter pilot contaminants. training mission is the Barry M. Goldwater Air

Force Range. The range consists of 1,900,000 acres (7,700 km2) of relatively undisturbed Sonoran Desert southwest of Luke Air Force Base between Yuma and Tucson south of Interstate 8. Overhead are 57,000 cubic miles (240,000 km3) of airspace where pilots practice air-to-air maneuvers and engage simulated battlefield targets on the ground. Roughly the size of Connecticut, the immense size of the complex allows for simultaneous training activities on nine air-toground and two air-to-air ranges. The Luke Air Force Base Range Management Office manages the eastern range activities and Marine Corps Air Station Yuma oversees operations on the western portion. In addition to flying and maintaining the F-16, Luke airmen also deploy to support ongoing operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and to combatant commanders in other locations around the world. In 2004, more than 900 Luke airmen deployed, World Views Guides | 2014

with most supporting quarterdeck. The $11.2 (“Wild Ducks”, Tailband: Operation Iraqi Freedom. million facility is the first Blue & White) Since June 2012, Luke AFB LEED Platinum certified 310th Fighter Squadron, has been the permanent building of the US Navy (“Top Hats”, Tailband: Reserve Force. Green & Yellow) home of Naval Operational 425th Fighter Squadron, Support Center (NOSC) 2. Units (“Black Widows”, Phoenix of the US Navy. A NOSC is a facility used The host unit, the 56th Tailband: Red & Black) to provide operational Fighter Wing, is tasked to • 56th Maintenance support for training and train F-16 fighter pilots Group (MXG) administrative services and maintainers, while to Navy Reserve Units. deploying mission ready The 56th MXG provides NOSC Phoenix supports warfighters. The wing aircraft maintenance on over 750 Navy Reservists graduates more than 400 more than 170 F-16s for in sixteen Navy Reserve F-16 pilots and 470 crew the Air Force’s only active duty F-16 training wing. chiefs annually. units. The new 32,055 square foot, one-story Groups: • 56th Mission Support facility is located on a 1.85 Group (MSG) • 56th Operations acre site at Luke AFB with Group (OG) (Tail Code: The 56th MSG sustains sufficient parking and a “LF”) the F-16 Fighting Falcon, secured perimeter to meet 56th OG has provides for the community, current anti-terrorism and The force protection standards. operational control and and delivers responsive combat support. NOSC Phoenix serves responsibility for the entire a full-time command fighter-training mission at • 56th Medical Group Luke. and administrative staff, (MDG) a medical unit, and 21st Fighter Squadron, Gamblers”, The 56th MDG is an reservists during drill (“The weekends. It also has a Tailband: White & Red) outpatient only Medical 4800 square foot drill hall, 62d Fighter Squadron, Treatment Facility, which command staff offices, (“Spikes”, Tailband: White serves more than 84,000 beneficiaries in the Phoenix & Blue) reserve unit administration area. spaces, medical and dental 308th Fighter Squadron, Knights”, examination areas, six (“Emerald Tenant Units: classrooms, a distance Tailband: Green & White (checkerboard)) • 607th Air Control learning center, a physical Squadron fitness room, and a 309th Fighter Squadron, World Views Guides

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•

944th Fighter Wing

Verdun and Stenay, France, on 29 Sep 1918, after he had destroyed three enemy balloons. Surviving the crash of his Spad, Lieutenant Luke drew two pistols and fired on German soldiers, killing several of them before he was killed.

The 944th Fighter Wing is an adjunct Air Force Reserve wing to the 56th FW that trains Air Force F-16 pilots for reserve duty. 69th Fighter Squadron (“Werewolves”, Tailband: Black) Luke Field, Oahu, Hawaii Territory (now the Naval Autonomous Units: Air Station Ford Island) • US Navy, Navy was previously named in his honor. Operational Support Command (NOSC) 2. Origins Phoenix In 1940, the U.S. Army 3. History sent a representative to Arizona to choose a site 1. Frank Luke, Jr. for an Army Air Corps Luke Air Force Base training field for advanced was named after Second training in conventional Lieutenant Frank Luke fighter aircraft. The city (1897–1918). Lt Luke is of Phoenix bought 1,440 a posthumous Medal of acres (5.8 km2) of land Honor recipient and the which they leased to the number two United States government at $1 a year ace in World War I. effective 24 March 1941. Born in Phoenix in 1897, On 29 March 1941, the Del. the “Arizona Balloon E. Webb Construction Co. Buster” scored 18 aerial began excavation for the victories during World first building at what was War I (14 of these German known then as Litchfield observation balloons) in Park Air Base. Another the skies over France . base known as Luke Lieutenant Luke was shot Field, in Pearl Harbor, down at Murvaux between Hawaii, released its name

so the Arizona base could be called Luke Field. Advanced flight training in the AT-6 began at Luke in June that same year. The first class of 45 students, Class 41 F, arrived 6 June 1941 to begin advanced flight training in the AT-6, although a few essential buildings had been completed. Flying out of Sky Harbor Airport until the Luke runways were ready, pilots received 10 weeks of instruction and the first class graduated 15 August 1941. ThenCaptain Barry Goldwater served as director of ground training the following year. 3.

World War II

During World War II, Luke Field was the largest fighter training base in the Army Air Forces, graduating more than 12,000 fighter pilots from advanced and operational courses earning the nickname, “Home of the Fighter Pilot.” The base was under the control of the 37th Flying Training Wing (Advanced Single-Engine), Western Flying Training Command, World Views Guides | 2014

AAF Flying Training Command. During the years of World War II, more than 17,000 pilots trained at Luke Field, making it the largest single engine advanced flying training school in the U.S. More than a million hours of flying were logged, primarily in the AT-6 Texan, along with some transitioning to P-40 Warhawk fighters and later the P-51 Mustang and P-47 Thunderbolt.

time in the aircraft. Cadets flew in the morning and attended ground school in the afternoons, or flew training missions in the afternoon after a morning of ground school. At the peak of the training program at Luke, some students were required to attend night classes. Ground school included instruction in navigation, flight planning, radio equipment, maintenance, and weather. Although continually modified during the By 7 February 1944, pilots war years, the course of at Luke had achieved a advanced flight training at million hours of flying Luke averaged about 10 time. A World War II weeks and included both film â&#x20AC;&#x153;A Guy Named Joeâ&#x20AC;? flight training and ground included some footage school. Approximately 60 filmed at Luke. By 1946, hours of flying instruction however, the number of covered formation flying, pilots trained dropped navigation, and instrument to 299 and the base was flying, as well as a bit of deactivated 30 November aerial acrobatics. About 20 that year. additional hours of flight practice concentrated on 4. United States Air Force aerial and gunnery training. Ground school, or classroom training for the advanced flying course, varied from about 100 to 130 hours and was intermingled with flight World Views Guides

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Air Training Command

Soon after combat developed in Korea, Luke field was reactivated on 1

February 1951 as Luke Air Force Base, part of the Air Training Command (ATC) under the reorganized United States Air Force. A steady pipeline of trained bomber-escort pilots was needed by Strategic Air Command, and the mission of Luke AFB was to augment the jet fighter combat crew training in operation at Nellis AFB. The school at Luke was designated by ATC as the USAF Air Crew School (Fighter Bomber/Escort). The program was to be conducted by the Federalized Michigan Air National Guard 127th Fighter Group, which had transferred from Continental Air Command to ATC, effective 10 February. The wing moved from Romulus Airport, Michigan, to Luke on 23 February, and on 1 March ATC established the USAF Air Crew School (FighterBomber/Escort) at Luke. Fighter-bomber training began on 1 March 1951 in the F-51 Mustang, being replaced by early-model F-84C Thunderjets.

Effective 5 March, the 127th was redesignated as the 127th Pilot Training Wing. On 1 November 1952, the active-duty 3600th Flying Training Wing (Fighter) replaced the Air National Guardsmen. ATC flying training squadrons at Luke included:

Arizona air which dried out the aircraft’s electrical insulation. They were replaced by F-84E, and shortly afterwards to the F-84G which was then in use by SAC. In October 1954, ATC re-designated the 3600th as a “Combat Crew Training Wing” to • 3601st Fighter describe its mission better. Interceptor (later Combat In January 1954, the sweptCrew Training) Squadron, wing F-84F Thunderstreak 1 November 1952 – 31 began to arrive, and three December 1957 additional dedicated • 3602d Fighter squadrons were activated: Interceptor (later Combat • 3605th Fighter Crew Training) Squadron, Interceptor (later Combat 20 November 1952 – 31 Crew Training) Squadron, December 1957 12 May 1954 – 31 • 3603d Fighter December 1957 Interceptor (later Combat • 3606th Fighter Crew Training) Squadron, Interceptor (later Combat 20 November 1952 – 31 Crew Training) Squadron, December 1957 12 May 1954 – 13 October • 3604th Fighter 1954 Interceptor (later Combat 3607th Crew Training) Squadron, Re-designated 20 November 1952 – 31 Combat Crew Training Squadron, 20 October December 1957 1954 – 10 June 1957 The 3600th FTW became the dedicated training • 3608th Fighter organization for both Interceptor (later Combat USAF and NATO pilots Crew Training) Squadron, in the F-84. The F-84D 12 May 1954 – 31 began having electrical December 1957 problems with the hot, dry

F-84F’s replaced the straight-winged earlier models in the original four squadrons by the end of 1956, giving the wing seven squadrons of twenty-one aircraft each, or about 150 aircraft. Thirty more were received in 1957 as some of the older production blocks were transferred to Air National Guard units or to reclamation at DavisMonthan AFB. For several years, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project at Sandia Base, New Mexico, had provided all atomic, biological, and chemical (ABC) warfare training for the Air Force. Beginning in October 1954, ATC added ABC instruction to its fighter pilot programs at Luke and Nellis. In addition, ATC established six general ABC courses to train aircrews already in the field, using mobile training teams. 1.

Formation of the USAF Thunderbirds

On 25 May 1953 the 3600th Air Demonstration Team was officially organized World Views Guides | 2014

and established at Luke, still officially carrying this designation, now known as the United States Air Force Thunderbirds. At Luke, the squadron initially operated F-84G Thunderjets, as the aircraft had to be able to show how good training made a typical aircraft easy to handle. The aircraft had to be stable for maneuvers in formation, reliable enough to meet show schedules, rugged for the demonstration team. In addition, the F-84G was the first fighter in the Air Force with midair refueling capability. To convert the aircraft from combat to demonstration, technicians removed the guns and plugged the gun ports. In 1955, the Air Force selected the swept-wing F-84F Thunderstreak as their second aircraft. The Thunderstreak was modified for the team by adding smoke tanks for the first time, and red, white, and blue drag chutes. In addition, the extreme heat from the lead aircraft, 1,500 °F (820 °C), required World Views Guides

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moving the slot’s radio antenna from the jet’s fin. For the first time, a solo was added to the diamond displays, increasing the show time to 19 minutes.

re-designated as the 4510th Combat Crew Training Wing, and flying training at Luke was changed to the F-100 Super Sabre. F-100 training squadrons were:

The unit was reassigned to • 4511th Combat Crew Nellis AFB, Nevada on 23 Training Squadron, 1 June 1956. January 1958 – 1 October 1964 (Formerly ATC 2. Tactical Air 3601st CCTW) Command • 4512th Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 F-100 Super Sabre era January 1958 – 15 October By the end of 1957, ATC 1969 (Formerly ATC basing structure had 3602d CCTW) changed considerably • 4513th Combat as the result of tactical Crew Training Squadron, commitments, decreased 1 January 1958 – 1 student load, and fund November 1958 (Formerly shortages. During 1958 ATC 3603d CCTW) ATC discontinued its • 4514th Combat Flying Training and Crew Training Squadron, Technical Training Air 1 January 1958 – 15 Force. As a result, Luke December 1969 (Formerly AFB was transferred to ATC 3604th CCTW) Tactical Air Command. • 4515th Combat Crew This reassignment came Training Squadron, 1 about as the result of a January 1958 – 18 January USAF-directed study of 1970 (Formerly ATC the feasibility of putting 3605th CCTW) combat crew training • 4516th Combat under the appropriate zone Crew Training Squadron, of interior operational 1 January 1958 – 1 April commands. 1970 (Formerly ATC With the transfer to TAC, 3608th CCTW) the ATC 3600th FTW was During the 1960s,

thousands of American fighter pilots left Luke to carve their niche in the annals of Air Force history in the skies over Vietnam in the F-100. In July 1968, the first “LA” tail codes were placed on the tails of Luke-based aircraft. 1. 58th Tactical Fighter Training Wing F-4 Phantom II era The 58th Tactical Fighter Training Wing replaced the provisional 4510th CCTW on 15 October 1969. Although Luke remained under the jurisdiction of Tactical Air Command, the HQ USAFcontrolled (AFCON) 58th TFTW gave the wing at Luke a permanent lineage and history that the TAC provisional wing could not carry. The provisional squadrons of the 4510th were redesignated as follows: • 310th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (Formerly 4514th CCTS) • 311th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (Formerly 4515th CCTS)

• 425th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (GSU at Williams AFB, Arizona) • 426th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (Formerly 4515th CCTS) • 550th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (Formerly 4516th CCTS) • 69th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (formerly 4518th CCTS) (F-104G West German training Squadron)* • 418th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (formerly 4519th CCTS) (F-104G West German training Squadron)*

TFS at D-M in July 1971, and became an F-4C RTU.

* Assigned to the 58th TFTW with the inactivation of the 4540th Combat Crew Training Group (see below)

The 425th TFTS was assigned to the 58th as a Geographically Separated Unit in 1969, assigned to Williams AFB. The squadron was established in December 1963 as the 4441st CCTS, with a mission to train South Vietnamese Air Force pilots on the Northrup F-5A Freedom Fighter. The F-5 training continued at Williams after the end of the Vietnam War, becoming a squadron to train Military Assistance Program (MAP) pilots from over 20 nations on the F-5. It was discontinued in 1989 and the 425th was inactivated.

Upon activation of the 310th TFTS, the squadron began receiving new A-7D Corsair II ground attack aircraft from Ling-TemcoVought, with a mission to train USAF pilots in the new aircraft. Its F-100s were reassigned to other squadrons which flew the F-100s of the 4510th CCTS. The 310th TFTS sent its A-7Ds to the 333d

In the summer of 1971, the 58th TFTW received F-4C Phantom IIs, and the wing assumed the F-4 pilot training role that was formerly done by the 4453d CCTW at DavisMonthan AFB, when D-M was converted to an operational A-7D base by the arrival of the 355th TFW from Takhli RTAFB, Thailand. World Views Guides | 2014

F-15 Eagle era In November 1974, the Air Force’s newest air superiority fighter, the F-15 Eagle, came to Luke. To accommodate the F-15, the 555th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron was activated. The early F-15A’s, however, were quite troublesome, with engine problems limiting their effectiveness and also their availability.

Luke AFB, Arizona by Tactical Air Command to consolidate the F-15 Eagle Replacement Training Unit (RTU) operations. It took over the 425th, 461st 550th and 555th Tactical Fighter Training Squadrons

On 1 October 1991, due to the implementation of the Objective Wing at Luke and the “One base, one wing” policy, the 405th TTW was shut down and the F-15s were reassigned back to the 58th TTW.

The 426th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron converted from F-4 Phantom II to F-15 training in January 1981 specifically to support the TAC Air Defense Command (ADTAC) training mission inherited from the inactivated Aerospace Defense Command which was merged into TAC. On 19 November 1990, the 555th TFTS changed its course from air superiority combat training with the Eagle to air defense interceptor training with the F-15C/D when TAC began assigning F-15s to interceptor duty, the 426th being inactivated.

In 1993, 1st Lt Jeannie M. Flynn became the first female to complete training in the F-15E Strike Eagle at Luke. After earning a master’s degree in aerospace engineering from Stanford University, she graduated first in her UPT class at Laughlin AFB in December 1992, and chose the F-15 after Chief of Staff General Merrill McPeak opened the door for women to fly combat aircraft.

It was not until June 1976 that a second F-15 training squadron was established, with the 4461st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron sanding up on 23 June. The assets of the 4461st TFTS were re-designated as: 461st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron: 1 July 1977. The 550th TFTS traded in its F-4s in August 1977 becoming the third F-15 training squadron. The F-15As, which remained troublesome throughout the 1970s, were replaced The 461st TFTS received in 1982 with the updated first F-15E Strike Eagle, F-15D. July 1988, and the 550th On 25 August 1979, the TFTS became the second 405th Tactical Training F-15E Strike Eagle training Wing was activated at squadron in March 1989. World Views Guides

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F-16 Falcon era The 310th and 311th TFTS retained their F-4Cs until April 1982, ending the Phantom era at Luke, receiving Block 1 F-16A Fighting Falcons in November 1982 and April 1983. Luke-based F-16s began carrying tail codes “LF”. 310th TFTS officially began training

fighter pilots 2 February as the 58th Fighter Wing 1983. (58 FW). All operational • 312th Tactical fighter training squadrons Fighter Training Squadron, were reassigned to the new activated on 1 October 58th Operations Group (58 1984, First F-16C squadron OG). Training units also re-designated as “Fighter in the Air Force • 314th Tactical Squadrons”. Units assigned to the 58 OG were: Fighter Training Squadron, activated on 1 October • 310th Fighter 1986, Second F-16C Squadron, F-16C/D squadron in the Air Force Fighting Falcon Fighter In 1990 Luke AFB was • 311th F-16C/D placed on the National Squadron, Fighting Falcon Priorities List, often called Fighter the Superfund list in • 312th Inactivated, 1990. After many years of Squadron, cleanup and remediation, aircraft to 310th, 311th, 314th FS. on 22 April 2002 became Fighter the first Air Force base to be • 314th F-16C/D removed from the list, after Squadron, Fighting Falcon satisfying the requirement Fighter to remove pollution dating • 461st back as far as World War Squadron, F-15E Strike Eagle (reassigned back II. from 405th FW, 1 October 1991) 2. 58th Operations • 550th Fighter Group Squadron, F-15E Strike The end of the Cold War Eagle (reassigned back in the early 1990s brought from 405th FW, 1 October significant changes to 1991) the base. On 1 October • 555th Fighter 1991, the 58th Tactical Squadron, F-15C/D Eagle Training Wing adopted (reassigned back from the Air Force Objective 405th FW, 1 October 1991) Organization Plan, and 1991, the Base was re-designated simply In

Realignment and Closure (BRAC) commission ordered that all flightline activities cease at MacDill AFB by 1993. The host unit at MacDill AFB, the 56th Fighter Wing, would move its F-16 training to Luke AFB, and Luke would be an exclusive F-16 Fighting Falcon training base. The F-15s would be reassigned to Seymour Johnson AFB, North Carolina in order to accommodate additional F-16 training at Luke. In addition, the 58th Fighter Wing would be inactivated and moved to Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, with the historical senior 56th FW taking over all assets at Luke. At Kirtland, the wing would be re designated as the 58th Special Operations Wing, leaving all aircraft and equipment at Luke, and be reassigned to Air Force Special Operations Command, replacing the Air Training Command 542d Crew Training Wing. On 1 June 1992, Tactical Air Command was inactivated, and the new Air Combat Command (ACC) replaced World Views Guides | 2014

it, assuming jurisdiction of Force training programs Luke AFB. under AETC. The 56th On 30 December 1992, the Operations Group assumed 425th Fighter Squadron control over all operational fighter squadrons. was activated at Luke AFB. The mission of the 425th was to provide advanced weapons and tactics continuation for Republic of Singapore Air Force’s F-16 pilots and maintenance personnel. Aircraft had already arrived for the squadron in October and shortly after in the new year pilot training began in January 1993.

The transfer of Luke to Air Education and Training Command gave the command frontline aircraft, bases and facilities that could be used for realistic operational training. With the return of AETC to Luke, it was possible to produce a task-certified or more mission ready apprentice, operational units could 3. Air Education and reduce the amount of onTraining Command the-job training provided to new airmen. On 1 April 1994, after 24 years at Luke AFB, the 58th Within a year, the wing Fighter Wing was replaced realignment to make the by the 56th Fighter Wing 56 OG an exclusive F-16 (56 FW), relocated from group took place. The MacDill AFB, Floridas 555th Fighter Squadron due to BRAC action, was reassigned to USAFE as part of the Air Force on 25 March 1994 as Heritage Program. With the part of a realignment reassignment, jurisdiction of Aviano AB, Italy; its of Luke AFB was F-15C/D Eagles being sent transferred to Air Education to Tyndall AFB, Florida and Training Command where F-15 air defense (AETC), Nineteenth Air interceptor training was Force (19 AF) as a result being consolidated under of the Air Force deciding First Air Force. The F-15E to consolidate all Air Strike Eagle squadrons World Views Guides

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(461st, 550th) were also inactivated, with their Strike Eagles being sent to Seymour Johnson AFB under the 4th Fighter Wing. F-15 training ended with the last “LA” tail coded F-15 (Luke Arizona) leaving on 26 September 1995 when the 550th Fighter Squadron inactivated, 21 years after the first TF-15A arrived at Luke. With the transfer of the Eagles, additional F-16 training units were assigned to the 56 OG, all tail-coded “LF” (Luke Falcons): • 61st Fighter Squadron, 1 April 1994 (formerly at MacDill AFB) • 62d Fighter Squadron, 18 March 1994 (formerly at MacDill AFB) • 63d Fighter Squadron, 1 April 1994 (formerly at MacDill AFB) • 308th Fighter Squadron, reassigned from 58th OG • 309th Fighter Squadron, reassigned from 58th OG • 310th Fighter Squadron, reassigned from 58th OG

• 425th Fighter Squadron, reassigned from 58th OG (Joint USAFRSAF unit) The 21st Fighter Squadron was activated on 8 August 1996 to train Republic of China Air Force F-16A/B crews at Luke AFB. Empty hangars were refurbished and aircrews were pulled in from other units on base. By January 1997 several ROCAF F-16A/B block 20s had been delivered and the first training flights began for their crews. Despite being A/B models, the aircraft were new construction from General Dynamics, with modern avionics and engines, and were considered to be more advanced than the F-16C/ Ds being flown from Luke AFB. The aircraft carry USAF markings and serial numbers, also the “LF” tail code.

The 56th Fighter Wing commander, Brig Gen John Barry, grounded the wing’s F-16s after the second mishap. Maintenance personnel discovered that engine augmentor ducts had failed in both cases. They developed a new inspection procedure to identify cracks, which was subsequently used throughout the Air Force. A manufacturing defect in turbine blades was responsible for many of the mishaps, and General Barry grounded the fleet a second time to allow maintainers to upgrade the turbine blades, which improved safety.

When 1st Lt Joshua Padgett completed the F-16 basic course on 8 March 2000, he became the 50,000th fighter pilot to graduate from Luke AFB, Arizona, since the Army Air Forces On 20 September 1999, started training there in July 1941 an F-16D crashed at Luke AFB, marking the 56th After the 9/11/2001 terrorist Fighter Wing’s seventh attacks, Luke suspended Class A mishap in FY99. In routine flying training all cases, the pilots ejected operations, as the Federal safely. Engine problems Aviation Administration caused most of the mishaps. shut down the nation’s

airways to all but select military flights. Aircraft of the 56th Fighter Wing were deployed to fly Combat Air Patrols over New York City and Washington, D.C. in the immediate aftermath of the attacks in support of Operation Noble Eagle. Although the 56th Fighter Wing does not deploy aircraft to United States Air Forces Central Command Expeditionary units as part of the Global War on Terrorism, Luke Airmen routinely deploy to USAFCENT in AEF deployment cycles, engaging in combat in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF); Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and other expeditionary operations as tasked. In 2002 the 56th Fighter Wing, became responsible for the nearby Barry M. Goldwater Training Range, became concerned that urban development near the base would curtail flying training if left unchecked. In addition, the Munitions Storage Area (MSA) stood outside World Views Guides | 2014

of the base compound, adding a burden to the Security Forces Squadron. In October 2002, Senator John McCain of Arizona shepherded a MILCON funding insert of $13 million to purchase 273 acres (1.10 km2) needed to incorporate the MSA into the base perimeter and to acquire additional land in order to preserve access to the Goldwater Range. BRAC 2005 directed that the older Block 25 F-16s be sent to Air National Guard units, this change reduced the number of fighter squadrons, with the 61st and 63d Fighter Squadrons inactivating in 2009 and 2010. 4.

Air Defense Command

In 1959 Air Defense Command established a Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Data Center (DC-21) at Luke AFB. The SAGE system was a network linking Air Force (and later FAA) General Surveillance Radar stations into a centralized center for Air Defense, World Views Guides

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intended to provide early warning and response for a Soviet nuclear attack. It was initially under the Phoenix Air Defense Sector (PhADS), established on 15 June 1959. PhADS was inactivated on 1 April 1966, and re-designated as the 27th Air Division. DC-21 with its AN/FSQ7 computer remained under the 27th AD until 19 November 1969 it was inactivated and its assets absorbed by the 26th Air Division. DC-21 was inactivated on 9 December 1983 when technology advances made SAGE obsolete. 5.

Air Force Reserve

Air Force Reserve training began at Luke AFB in 1960 with the activation of the 302d Air Rescue Squadron. The 302d had a distinguished heritage and lineage, being formed as the 302d Fighter Squadron, one of four African-American fighter squadrons to enter combat during World War II. It saw combat in the European Theater of Operations

(ETO) and Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) from 17 February 1944 – 20 February 1945. For many years the 302d operated a variety of Air Rescue helicopters from the base, training for and performing search and rescue (SAR) missions, in addition to some medical air evacuation missions. In 1974, its mission changed to training for a combat SAR role, while continuing to perform some search and rescue. The squadron’s mission changed again, in 1987, to a fighter role as the 302d Tactical Fighter Squadron, being assigned to the AFRES 944th Fighter Wing. The 302d TFS was equipped with block 25/32 F-16C Fighting Falcons, carrying tail code “LR”. The 302d TFS trained for counterair, interdiction, and close air support missions. It deployed several times since late 1992 to Turkey to help enforce the nofly zone over Iraq and to Italy to support UN air operations in the Balkans, The 302d FS was moved

to Holloman AFB, New Mexico and converted to F-22A Raptors on 2 October 2007.

training program. One agreement called for undergraduate pilot training for West German Air Force (GAF) and West German Navy (GN) students in Cessna T-37 Tweet and Northrop T-38 Talon jet aircraft at Williams AFB, Arizona. The second agreement provided for advanced fighter training in the Lockheed Lockheed F-104G Starfighter at Luke AFB. The two programs were interrelated. Graduates of the basic flight training at Williams were programmed for the advanced training at Luke, resulting in an almost two-year tour of duty in the United States for the young German pilots. The advanced training at Luke was the unique aspect of the program.

GAF training at Luke. The group was activated on 1 April. Prior to designating the 4540th CCTG, the 4518th Combat Crew Training Squadron was activated on 1 March 1964 and was reassigned to the 4540th CCTG upon the later’s activation. A second squadron, the 4519th Combat Crew Training Squadron, was assigned to the group, effective 1 July 1964. The German unit was named “2. Deutsche LuftwaffenAusbildungsstaffel F-104 USA (2. DtLwAusbStff F-104 USA)” (2nd German Air Force Training Squadron F-104 USA). Although remaining German property, the Starfighters carried USAF insignia and were assigned American serial numbers.

The host 4510th Combat Crew Training Wing (CCTW) at Luke was tasked with providing the advanced flying training. On 20 February 1964, the 4540th Combat On 4 April 1963 the USAF Crew Training Group and the Federal Republic of (CCTG) was organized Germany signed contracts and designated to conduct for a highly unique pilot

By mid July 1964, 23 TF104G and 12 F-104G were assigned to Luke. On 26 August 1964 a total of 14 USAF F-104 instructor pilots graduated in the second class conducted at Luke. With a sufficient number of aircraft and instructor pilots,

The 69th Fighter Squadron was activated at Luke on 1 Feb 2010, equipped with Block 42 F-16Cs, tail code “LF”, 69th FS carrying a black tail band. The 69th had formerly been assigned to Luke as an active-duty squadron from 1969–1983, flying Lockheed F-104G Starfighters training pilots from the West German Air Force (See below). 5.

German Air Force at Luke AFB

From 1957 to 1965 830 pilots from the German air force were trained on the F-84 at Luke AFB under Air Training Command. Since Northern European weather and operational restrictions placed severe limitations on the amount of training, Luke AFB was chosen, where flying conditions were ideal for most of the time.

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preparations were on target to receive the first advanced training class scheduled for October 1964. Aircraft inventories at Luke peaked in 1967 and 1968. In 1967, 100 aircraft were assigned, 62 F-104G and 38 TF104G: The total increased to 102 in 1968, 61 F-104G models and 41 TF-104G models. Major changes occurred in organization on 1 October 1969 when the 58th Tactical Fighter Training Wing (TFTW) was activated, replacing the 4510th CCTW as the host unit at Luke. Concurrently, the 69th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron and the 418th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron were activated as F-104 training units, replacing the 4518th CCTS and 4519th CCTS. By 1975, a decrease in training requirements was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the fleet size. The two squadrons were consolidated in 1976 with the 418th TFTS inactivating on 1 October 1976. Also a storage World Views Guides

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program was started to preserve the lifespan of the aircraft. As of 30 September 1975 some 13 aircraft were in flyable storage. Training of West German Air Force pilots in the F-104G continued until late 1982. The Germans flew more than 900 Starfighters totaling an excess of 269,750 hours and produced 1,868 F-104 pilots. The 69th TFTS inactivated on 16 March 1983.

training at one location. The F-104s that purchased with MAP funds and were assigned USAF serial numbers for recordkeeping purposes although they never carried USAF insignia. On 15 June 1969 the 4443rd CCTS was inactivated. 6.

Previous names

• Litchfield Park Air Base, c. 15 February 1941 • Luke Field, 6 June 1941 NATO F-104 Pilot Training • Luke Air Force Base, 10 June 1949 A third F-104G squadron at Luke, the 4443d Combat 7. Major Commands to Crew Training Squadron, which assigned differed from the West German squadrons in that • West Coast Air Corps it was associated with Training Center, 3 July the Military Assistance 1941 – 23 January 1942 Program (MAP) with • Air Corps Flying students from NATO and Training Command, 23 other friendly nations being January 1942 – 15 March 1942 trained in the Starfighter. On 22 May 1964, TAC • AAF Flying Training relieved the 4443d CCTS Command, 15 March 1942 – 31 July 1943 from its assignment to Training the 831st Air Division at • AAF George AFB, California, Command, 31 July 1943 – 1 July 1946 and reassigned it to the Training 4540th CCTG, effective • Air 1 August 1964. The move Command, 1 July 1946 consolidated all F-104 -December 1946, 1 January

•

1951 – 1 July 1958 • Tactical Air Command, 1 July 1958 – 1 June 1992 • Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – 1 July 1993 Air Education and Training Command, 1 July 1993–present

The facility was placed on temporary reduced activity status, 6 July 1946; temporarily inactivated, 31 October 1946. It became a sub-installation of Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, 3 Dec 1946 – 5 Mar 1951. It was removed from inactive status, placed on active status, 1 January 1951. 8.

Major units assigned

• 4510th Combat Crew Training Group, 1 November 1952 – 1 August 1963 Re-designated Army Air Forces Advanced Flying • 4510th Combat Crew Training Wing, 1 School November 1952 – 15 October 1969 Re-designated Army Air Forces Pilot School • 3600th Air Demonstration Flight, 25 May (Advanced Single-Engine), 20 May 1941 – 6 July 1953 – 23 June 1956 1946 • Phoenix Air Defense Sector, 15 June 1959 •

Air Corps Advanced Flying School

• 90th Air Base Group, 1 August 1941 – 19 May 1942 • 3003d Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 May 1944 – 31 October 1945 • 3028th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 May 1944 – 30 November 1946 • 408th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 October 1946 – 1 March 1947 • 127th Fighter (later Training) Group, 23 February 1951 – 1 November 1952 • USAF Air Crew School Re-designated USAF Combat Crew Training School, 1 March 1951 – 1 November 1943 • 4510th Combat Support Group, 1 November 1952 – 15 October 1969

Re-designated: 27th Air Division, 1 April 1966 Re-designated: 26th Air Division, 19 November 1969 – 31 August 1983 • 4629th Air Defense Squadron (SAGE)*, 1 July 1972 Re-designated 26th Air Defense Squadron (SAGE)*, 1 January 1975 – 9 December 1983 •

58th Tactical Training Wing,

•

405th Tactical Training Wing,

•

832d Air Division,

1 December 1980 – 1

•

56th Fighter Wing,

1 April 1994–present

April 1994

October 1991 October 1991

15 October 1969 – 1 29 August 1979 – 1

World Views Guides | 2014

World Views Guides

| 2014

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World Views Guides

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