Rurban Commune Part 1 by Fei Wang

RURBAN COMMUNE

STUDIO FEI WANG FALL 2014

RURBAN COMMUNE

STUDIO FEI WANG SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY 2014

TEAM

Advisor: Wang, Fei Students: Al Marsoomi, Mustafa Costan, Silvia Ediger, Nolan Robert Fang, Chunqi Han, Gang Liu, Xuyun Shi, Bangyuan Yang, Mei Yang, Yanqiao Zhang, Haiying

INTRODUCTION

With rapid urban development in China, a huge amount of rural area has been destroyed and transformed drastically. It resulted conflicts and social, political, economical and cultural problems. Commune, a very important term in many fields, different from pure Utopia, is more a multi-dimensional systematic framework. In such a complicated condition, commune, as a strategy, is capable of dealing with the current issues in more general ways to influent the Rurbanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future projective development. Rurban Commune project, as a multi-plex itself, invites many other scholars from other fields, like socialists, artists, historians to participate, besides architects. Thus, through a thorough research and investigation, it allows various experimentations and feedbacks, and finally sets up a catalytic systematic strategy, in order to inspire the revolution. As architects, we will go back architecture per se and work with the specific locality and programs to work on decisive practice in a more elementary way.

MODERNISM COMMUNE

NARKOMFIN BUILDING

Moscow, RUSSIA

Moisei Ginzburg, Ignaty Milinis, 1932 Size:

54 Units on 5 Floors

Purpose:

Culture, Politics, Social, Recreation

Leisure

Typology:

Low-Rise Apartment

Management: Autonomy

Description: The Narkomfin Building, designed in 1932 by Moisei Ginzburg and Ignaty Milinis in Moscow, Russia was the product of experimentation in new ways of living together during the Russian constructivist era. It stands as a prototype for the communal housing typology until this day and was specifically used as a precedent by Le Corbusier when designing the 1952 building Unite d’ Habitation. While not completely communal housing, The Narkomfin Building is a hybrid combining both traditional style units and communal units as a means to ease people into the idea of communal housing. Using the idea of a “Social Condenser”, a term coined by the architects themselves, the building incorporated a wide variety of shared spaces required for day to day activities (housekeeping, childcare, healthcare, dining, and leisure). This attempt at using architecture to influence social behavior was designed to combat both isolation and overcrowding caused by increased numbers of city dwellers in the early 20th Century. Using architecture in this way was meant to elevate the housing standards for the working class. Specifically, the building contains 54 units over 5 floors, in two types. Type K units, which are traditional style units containing 2 bedrooms, bathroom, kitchen, and living room. The second being Type F units, these contain one bedroom and bathroom; other necessary amenities are shared with other tenants. The intention was that over time the units would be further collectivized.

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P CÎŚC P

Russian Revolution

New Ideas

Restore Culture/Prestige

Modernism

Importance of the City

Constructivism (Arts)

Over Crowding

Populace moves to cities

Further Industrialization

1917

pilotis

free facade

open plan

Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 5 Points of Architecture

1926

ribbon windows

roof garden

New Ways of Living

Stalinist Russia

Commune (Experimentation)

Return to the Traditional

1930s

1922-1952

Commune

5 points

Exported

Imported

Ideas from Narkomfin Building

For Narkomfin Building

1930s

Modernism

New Designs

Stalinist Russia

Unite dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Habitation

Return to the Traditional

1922-1952

1947

Location of Residents Midnight

D 22

00 02

C 04

A 18

16 14

Level of Publicness

Low

Medium High

Improved Living Standards

transition

Communal

Traditional

Noon

C http://thecharnelhouse.org/2013/10/05/dom-narkomfin-in-moscow-1929/

http://www.urbipedia.org/index.php?title=Edificio_Narkomfin

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

Unit Type F

Level 4

Unit Type F

Unit F Communal

b a

1 0 Hall

1 Bedroom 2 Bathroom 3 Living

Level 3 4 3

c Unit Type K

Level 2

Unit K Traditional

0 Level 1

Level 1

Ground Level Public Space

4 Kitchen

Level 2

Circulation

Model by Alexey Ginzburg http://www.oginoknauss.org/blog/?p=2815

CAPTION http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkomfin_building

CAPTION

Dilapidation CAPTION Today

Unité d’Habitation Le Corbusier 1952 Size:

137m (L) × 24m (D) × 65m (H)

Purpose: Commune Typology:

Residential / Apartment / Mix-used Housing

Background:

Shortage of Housing

Structure:

Rough-cast Concrete

Description: The Unite d’ Habitation was the first of a new housing project series for Le Corbusier that focused on communal living for all the inhabitants to shop, play, live, and come together in a “vertical garden city.”

Le Corbusier’s idea of the “vertical garden city” was based on bringing the villa within a larger volume that allowed for the inhabitants to have their own private spaces, but outside of that private sector they would shop, eat, exercise, and gather together.

With nearly 1,600 residents divided among eighteen floors, the design requires an innovative approach toward spatial organization to accommodate the living spaces, as well as the public, communal spaces. Interestingly enough, the majority of the communal aspects do not occur within the building; rather they are placed on the roof. The roof becomes a garden terrace that has a running track, a club, a kindergarten, a gym, and a shallow pool. Beside the roof, there are shops, medical facilities, and even a small hotel distributed throughout the interior of the building. The Unite d’ Habitation is essentially a “city within a city” that is spatially, as well as, functionally optimized for the residents.

Marseilles,France

Area ( Living Space & Pubilc Space ) Area

Housing Unit Corridor

Daylighting Daylighting

Ventilation Ventilation of Housing Unit

Conventional Housing

Unité d’Habitation

Corridor ( Living Level )

Corridor ( ShoppingLevel )

Dom-ino Le Corbusier

1914-1915

Dom-ino House is an open floor plan structure, which is a design idea to manufacture in series.

Housing Unit

Structure System ( partial )

Housing Unit Matrix

Outside of Unit Corridor Inside of Unit ( Public ) Living Room Circulation Hall Kitchen Balcony Inside of Unit ( Private ) Bedroom Bathroom

Collective Infrastructure

Level 7 and 8 is a shopping centre, containing food stores, a liquor and drug-

The roof contains a kindergarten and a nursery, with roofgarden, a small

store, a laundry, a pharmacy, a barbershop, a post office, a hotel accommoda-

swimming pool far children, a gymnasium, an open space for gymnastics, a

tion and a restaurant snackbar.

300 m sprintersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; track and a solaÂrium with a snackbar.

Roof Level 17 Level 16 Level 15 Level 14 Level 13 Level 12 Level 11 Level 10 Level 9 Level 8 Level 7 Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1

Vertic Circulation

Roof Level

Shopping Level

Groud Level

HIGHPOINT ONE FLATS Bertold Lubetkind 1935

London, ENGLAND

Size: Housing Purpose:

Culture, Politics, Social, Recreation

Leisure Typology:

Residential building

Managerment: Sigmund Gestetner

Description: Highpoint I was built for Sigmund Gestetner who owned the company that manufactured office equipment. Gestetner was interested in designing housing for his workers in the Camden area but later purchased the site on top of the hill. He seems to have been an ideal client who had an informed outlook on contemporary culture and was thus sympathetic to the idea of a modernist block of middle class apartments. Highpoint I contains 64 flats in two, connected, seven-story cruciform towers. The double cruciform is aligned perpendicular to the street. Entrance is made in one end through a curving porte cochere and connects to common lobby and shared spaces at the ground floor including a winter garden, stepping down one level to a tea room and terrace at the opposite end of the building overlooking a garden on the slope below. There are two elevator cores in the lobby one at the crossing of each cruciform and the residential floors above are organized as two point-access towers each with 4 flats per floor, two 2 bedroom and two 3 bedroom dwellings. There are shared roof terraces. The pilotis expression of the structure at the ground floor contrasts with the poured-in-place concrete walls of the upper floors. The facades are organized with alternating zones of steel strip windows and cantilevered balconies. The Highpoint One building with his generous recreational landscaped gardens narrate the evolution of Lubetkin’s work over the 1930s and remain the most accomplished example of Le Corbusier’s concept of the ‘vertical garden city’ ever achieved in England.

The Highpoint One Flats clearly refers to the “vertical garden city” concept proposed by Le Corbusier in the Unité d’Habitation (Marseille, France). Afetr Lubetkind’s invitation, the architect visited the project and admitted that “for a long time he had reame of executing dwellings in such conditions for the good of humanity”, describing Highpoint I as “an achievement of the first rank, and a milesotn which will be useful to everybody”. Highpoint illustrates the Courbusian town-planning pro position, whereby the accomodation is concentrated into a densely planned structure and raised off the ground by piloti, thus releasing the maximum remaining area for communal facilities and recreational landscaping. Gardens here are beautifully planted , organized with tennis court, children’s play areas, a squash court and a swimming-pool.

THE DESIGN PROCESS

Site Planimetry

GARDEN CONSTRUCTION SITE

65’ 0’’ ROAD

Although byelaws give no height limit council arbitrary fixed height at 65’ 0’’ at front back gave no limit at back

THE VERTICAL GARDEN CITY

Site planimetry

TENNIS COURT SQUASH COURT PARKING PUBLIC SPACE

THE GROUND FLOOR: Promenade The indipendence of the ground floor constructionally gives possibility of designing a free ground floor without damaging the rigid logic of the flats and loows for uniting building with surroundings shadows created by recessed ground floor detach the building from ground, new lightness to old megalithic type of construction.

By â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;streamliningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the entrance circulation equal importance of approch is given to both staircases

The sequence conjoined the several experiences of vehicular arrival, covered entry, ramped ascent and rooftop egress in a controlled ceremony of desengagement with machine and re-engagement with nature

ENTRANCESâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; MAP

Tea room linked with garden by free terrace tratement

Large public hall creates feeling of spaciousness and freedom of movement

Canopy accentuates entrance curve of drive

View through from street to Garden PUBLIC COVERED SPACES

EQUAL DIVISION OF SPACES

Module division of the plan

Plan

Shared space for each floors Separation of the units from the stair towers produces four ancillary zone, which are used for diametrically places service lift and drying rooms. This arrangement allows borrowed ligh into the staircore.

Four units from 1 lift and stair Kitchen lifts and services shared by two flats

Direct access to the garden

SHARED KITCHEN SHARED SERVICES SHARED LIFT

GROUND FLOOR: Different module

Stairs

Direct access to the garden

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION

Nord front scheme VERTICAL CONNECTION (STAIRS/LIFTS)

Central spine of accomodation is raised half a storey above the wings, providing cleresotry lighting of the ground floor foyer and clear organization of the spaces.

Section

Double layer of public spaces: the ground floor and the roof top

UNITS’ MODULE

UNIT B 2 BD APT

UNIT A 3 BD APT

- Waste of space accentuated by a dark coridor - Designed on ‘hide & seek’ priciple.

The elevation ostensibly horizontal, does not express what is behind

Flat expressed by living room which access is given to units with various function - ‘Classification’ of living spaces rather than division of spces - Flat more spacious as the area is better utilized

The elevation frankly expresses the big hall

Balconies: carcass and foils

Entrance

Angle solution

The horizontal and bland inner facades where proximity of the neighboursâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; windows imparts a sense of being continuosly overlooked

The change of level (now)

Clerestory-lit landing (now)

HABITAT ‘67 Moshe Safdie

Monterial, Canada 1967

Size:

22170 m2

Purpose:

Residential

Typology:

Housing, muiltiple dwellings

Managerment:

Description: Habitat 67, designed to present for the first time at the World Exposition of 1967, was originally intended as an experimental solution for high-quality housing in dense urban environments. The main concept of prefabricated modular units to reduce housing costs and allow for a new housing typology that could integrate the qualities of a suburban home into an urban high-rise.1

map

Habitat 67 was formulated from 354 identical and completely prefabricated modules accumulated in many combinations and connected by steel cables. The apartments vary in size, since they are formed by a group of one to four of the 600 square-foot “boxes” in different configurations. Each apartment is reached through a series of pedestrian streets and bridges, along with three vertical cores of elevators for the top floors. Service and parking facilities are separated from the tenant’s circulation routes, located on the ground floor.1 The prefabrication process of the 90-ton boxes took place on-site. The basic modular shape was molded in a reinforced steel cage, which measured 38 x 17 feet. Once cured, the concrete box was transferred to an assembly line for the insertion of electrical and mechanical systems, as well as insulation and windows. To finalize the production, modular kitchens and bathrooms were installed, and finally a crane lifted each unit to its designated position.1 1

M E R I N , G I L I .“A D C L A S S I C S : H A B I TAT 67 / M O S H E S A F D I E ” 21 J U L 2013. A R C H D A I LY . A C C E S S E D 0 3 S E P 2 0 1 4 . < H T T P :// W W W . A R C H D A I LY . C O M /? P = 404803>

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img

What shpe should be ? what material should be ?

Site plan

Bridge “street” plan - all strreet lead to roof garden “puplic space”

One bedroom to Four bedroom

Dewlling types

After Habitat 67 - Capsule Tower, Japan, 1972

After Habitat 67 - The Interlace, Singapore, 2013

CORVIALE Mario Fiorentino Size:

Rome, ITALY 1982

958 meters long 30 meters in height

Purpose:

Residence, Commerse

Typology:

Social Housing

Description: Corviale was designed by Mario Fiorentino in the early 1970s, but construction did not begin until 1975 and would not be completed until seven years later in 1982. The concrete buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s statistics are equally as immense as its presence on the crest of the landscape in the periphery of Rome. The building is 958 meters long, 30 meters in height, and has a total volume of 750,000 cubic meters. The building is navigated with its 74 elevators connecting 9 floors (11 including those below-ground in certain locations) that hold 1,202 apartments with 6,133 rooms designed to house 8,000 residents. The building has 60,000 square meters of parking space. Corviale follows many of the design principles presented by Le Corbusier in the UnitĂŠ dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Habitation and is an equally important example of Brutalist architecture. Corviale was supposed to be both the reaction and solution to the expansion of Rome, self-contained axes providing all of the support services any community would need within one structure, the complete opposite of the rampant speculative housing in the outskirts of Rome. The architect successfully created a monumental structure and a supreme example of an inhabitable wall. The non-residential component of the project centered around the (piano libero) fourth floor, originally designed for commercial and public spaces. However, the area was not completed when the building was opened in 1982 and quickly became a location for illegal squatting.

The first public housing required by nation

All municipalities have a master plan.

Over 400,000 new housing complexes.

Booming population

Romeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 1964 First Master Plan for Social Housing.

Construction World War I

1904

1914

1918

World War II

1939

1942 1945

Economic Miracle Law 167

1949

1962 1963 1964

Corviale was designed

1970

Completed

1975

1982

Expectation

CORVIALE

Affordable Housing

Reality

Affordable Transportation Low Income Individuals

Disconnect

Parallel Piped Plan

Diversity of Spaces

Collective Design Support Services

Social Network

Poverty

Economic Diversity

Community

Self-sufficiency

Outside World

Outside Customers Illegal Squatting

Commerce

Self-sufficiency

Residents Commercial Tenants Illegal Squatters

Outside Interaction

Successful Commune

People of Economic Diversity Diversity of Spaces

Site Analysis

Commercial & Public Space

Old Rome Center

Corviale

8 km

Section Analysis

1 KM Long Plan

Parallel Piped Plan

Divide Into Shorter Section

Connect With Courtyards

Generation of Plan

Generation of Elevation

7th Floor

6th Floor

2 Bedroom Apartment

5th Floor

4th Floor

2 Bedroom Apartment 3rd Floor

2nd Floor

1st Floor

3 Bedroom Apartment

2 Bedroom Apartment 3 Bedroom Apartment 4 Bedroom Apartment

4 Bedroom Apartment

HOUSING UNIT ANALYSIS

7th Floor

6th Floor

5th Floor

4th Floor

3rd Floor

2nd Floor

1st Floor

Commercial & Public Space Parking Ancillary Space

PUBLIC SPACE ANALYSIS

MORIYAMA HOUSE Ryue Nishizawa Size:

236 m 2

Purpose:

Residential

Typology:

Lowrise

Managerment:

Autonomy

Description: The Moriyama House apartment building designed by SANAA. The architect aims to blur the distinction between private home and public metropolis within the density of Tokyo, Japan. The spaces are like a simple container within a big chaos community. Modularity the relationship of the module to the whole as well as the relationship of the module to the inhabitant are the driving forces behind the projects formal aggregation. The module and variations within it depend on the possible dwelling lifestyles. The openings in each unit only directly line up with extraneous program in two situations, lining up bathroom to its respective unit. Doorways for separate units line up with the white walls of another, offering some privacy in a largely porous structure. The project manipulates the box as the module for living stacking them on top of each other for larger dwelling spaces or various programmatic needs. The four centimeter steel walls provide the structure for these seemingly weightless white boxes. neighbors for spontaneous interaction and maximum use of shared space. The irregular organization of theses living modules confuses the typical singular circulation path. In this way the casual wandering of the city dweller or Moriyama inhabitant engage in a new interpretation of small scale housing within the density of Tokyoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; urban fabric.

Tokyo, Japan

Street View

A D

F E

Units

B+S

F E

Hierarchy

B+S=Bedroom+Study BT=Bathroom L=Livingroom K=Kitchen

Landlord Unit

Ground Floor Plan

Program Distribution

Private Housing Area

F E

Rental Units Free Exchange

Communal Public Area

A D

F E

Paths To Each Unit

A D

F E

Paths Overlapping

A D

F E

Visiting

Studying

Entertaining

MORIYAMA HOUSE

Tokyo, Japan

Ryue Nishizawa Size:

236 m 2

Purpose:

Residential

Typology:

Lowrise

Managerment:

Autonomy

Axon

neighbors for spontaneous interaction and maximum use of shared space. The irregular organization of theses living modules confuses the typical singular circulation path. In this way the casual wandering of the city dweller or Moriyama inhabitant engage in a new interpretation of small scale housing within the density of Tokyoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; urban fabric. Circulation

Vanke center Steven Holl

2009

Size:

80,200 m2

Purpose:

Shenzhen, CHINA

Culture, Commerce, Social, Ecological

Leisure Typology: Commercial Managerment: Autonomy

Description: The Horizontal Skyscraper, designed by Steven Holl Architects and completed in 2009, is a mixed-use building that includes offices for the Vanke Co., a conference center, restaurant, an auditorium, a hotel, apartments and a large public park. By raising the 1,296,459 sf building on eight cores — as far as 50 meters apart and positioning the building right under the 35-meter high limit of the area — Steven Holl Architects was able to create the largest possible tropical garden on the ground level of the site. In addition, the raised building allows for sea breezes to flow through the public gardens, reducing the temperature. Covering the entire length of the building, a public path connects from the hotel, through the apartment zones and to the office wings. The building is LEED Platinum, and features an innovative merging of cable stay bridge technology and a high strength concrete frame. The Horizontal Skyscraper has been honored with several awards, including an AIA NY Architecture Honor Award, a Green Good Design Award, and was named Best Green Project in the Good Design is Good Business Awards. In 2012, Steven Holl published “Horizontal Skyscraper,” a book that follows the project from its beginning in 2006 through construction and to the opening of the building in 2009. The book was published by William Stout Publishers.

Squatters

50M

Vanke Node

Business Node

Community Nude

Hotel Node

Business Node Community Nude

Vanke Node

Semi-Public Interior Path

Hotel Node

Vertical Transportation Park

Transportation

35m

35m Ocean View

Design Concept

Mountain View

Lack View

Ocean View

Views

Office Open

SOHO creative environment

Conference

uniqueness

Working Personal Sleeping Open

Closure

Diet Personal

Working

lease Personal

Diet Sleeping

Entertament

Living Entertament

DIY lease Serve DIY Persopnal

Diet

Entertament

Serve Public Persopnal

Hotel

DIY

Condo Conference

population security entertanment health(sport)

Restaurant

Hotel Condo

Theater Bar Theater Park

community activity job opportunity security exclusivity

Serve

Restaurant Hotel Restaurant

spacial diversity entertanment communication community activity

Theater

health(sport) use time job opportunity lighting

Persopnal

exclusivity air use time noise

Bar

lighting environment air consumption

Public

Bar

noise diet environment crossablity

Park

consumption traffic diet crossablity traffic

and Needs Basic Needs

Public

spacial flexibility communication spacial particularity population

Conference SOHO

Specificity needs Specificity needs

Closure

Sleeping

lease

SOHO Office

Safety Needs Safety Needs Physiological Belongingness Physiological and Basic

Working Living

Open

Condo

congnitive identity spacial particularity privacy spacial diversity

Belongingness Esteem

Living

public privacycommunication exhibit spacial flexibility

Office

communality communality needs needs

public communication creative exhibit environment uniqueness congnitive identity

Self-Actualization Self-Actualization Esteem

Closure

SOHO

Vanke

Condo

Hotel

SOHO

Vanke

Condo

Hotel

Park

SOHO

Conference

Park Theater

Restaurant

Bar

Conference

Theater

Restaurant

Bar

Condo

Vanke

Park Section

uniqueness public communication Soho

congnitive identity privacy spacial flexibility spacial particularity

SOHO

spacial diversity communication

Conference

population entertanment community activity security

Hotel

health(sport)

Hotel

opnal

exclusivity use time

Theater

lighting air

Bar

blic

noise environment

Park

consumption

Office

diet crossablity traffic CorridoTypology

Condo

Park

Physiological and Basic Needs

rve

job opportunity

Restaurant

Safety Needs

ase

Specificity needs

Condo

Belongingness

onal

Condo

sure

Esteem

Office

pen

communality needs

exhibit

Self-Actualization

creative environment

Maslowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hierarchy of needs

Hotel

MARKTHAL MVRDV

Rotterdam, The Netherlands

2014

Size:

100.000 m2

Purpose:

Market, Apartment, Restaurant, Shop

Typology:

Building Complex

Managerment: Autonomy

Description: The Market Hall is part of the new inner city heart of the Laurens Quarter, the pre-war centre of Rotterdam. The buildingis a sustainable combination of food, leisure, living and parking, all fully integrated to enhance and make the most of the synergetic possibilities of the different functions. The hall is formed from an arch of privately developed apartments, strategically allowing private investment and iniative to provide a public space. The result is a covered square which acts as a central market hall during the day and, after closing hours remains lively due to restaurants on its first floor. The project, comissioned by Provast, includes an open air market, that due to new hygienic constraints of dutch laws has to be covered. It also includes 246 residences, that form an arc that covers the open market area. This results on a 3,000sqm retail area, with a 1,600sqm catering area on the ground level and first floor, a 1,800sqm supermarket and an underground car park for 1,100 cars. The interior face of the arc will be covered with LEDs for an ever changing interior. The front and backside are covered with a flexible suspended glass facade, allowing for maximum transparency and a minimum of structure.

50M

PROBLEM

Oppose Expanding Urban Area

Sanitary Constraints

New Hygienic Law

Covered Market

Apartment

Markthal No Open Air Market

Maximize Building Density

Site Plan

Ground Floor Plan

Fifth Floor Plan

Timeline

Longitudinal Section

FORMATION

NOLIMAP

market apartmen NOLIMAP private

transition

public

NOLIMAP

residents

visitors

worker

CIRCULATION

TORRE DAVID

Caracas, VENEZUELA

Enrique Gomez, 1990-1994 Size:

45-story, 190m

Purpose:

complex, office, hotel

Typology: Highrise Managerment: Autonomy

Description: Torre David, a 45-story office tower in Caracas designed by the distinguished Venezuelan architect Enrique G贸mez, was almost complete when it was abandoned following the death of its developer, David Brillembourg, in 1993 and the collapse of the Venezuelan economy in 1994. Today, it is the improvised home of a community of more than 750 families, living in an extra-legal and tenuous occupation that some have called a vertical slum. Where some only see a failed development project, U-TT has conceived it as a laboratory for the study of informal vertical communities. In exhibitions and a book, the architects lay out their vision for practical, sustainable interventions in Torre David and similar informal settlements around the world. They argue that the future of urban development lies in collaboration among architects, private enterprise, and the global population of slum-dwellers. U-TT issues a call to arms to their fellow architects to see in the informal settlements of the world a potential for innovation and experimentation, with the goal of putting design in the service of a more equitable and sustainable future. Location

Perspective of Main Tower

Slums in Venerzuela

1989

Slums in Caracus

Torre David

Developer

Architect

Finacial Center

David Brillembourg

Enrique Gomez

Torre David

Venezue 50M

Funding 1993

40M

Pass Away

30M

1994

20M

Banking Crisis

10M

Abandoned

Government took over

2007

90% completed 10%

elevators + infrastructure

Funding Evaporated

Economic Downturn

Squatters

Housing Shortage

Increasing Population

Invaded

Recreation

Self-organization

Venezue 50M

Adiministration

Security Guard

Residents

Craftman

Moto-taxi driver

Productivity Jobs

40M 30M 20M 10M

2012

Development of Torre David

Informal Vertical Communities

50.54% occupied

CAPTION

Venezuela, Population, 19.26 million 50M 40M 30M 20M 10M 0

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

1989

69.6%

1989-2007

30.3%

Venezuela, Population, 27.66 million 50M 40M 30M 20M 10M 0

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Development of Population in Venezuela

CAPTION

At the begining, Torri David was desgine to be a central trade center in the CBD of caracas. But two things happened make this vision shut down. One is the death of its developer in 1993. The other is the Banking Crsis in 1994. After the funding of the building ended, Torri David began its abandoned life for almost 14 years. At this time, the building remained a incomplete status which didnt have any infrastructure at all. Meanwhile, the Venezulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population was losing control. It increased to almost 1.5 times as before. And with the influence of economic downturn, the housing shortage became a very serious issue that the government cannot ignore any more. In 2007, the first group of its user discovered it and explored every space in it. The building was given back to a living space for hundred of squatters.

Facade of Post -occupied main Tower

edge

corner

core

TYPOLOGY OF UNITS IN BUILDING A

The most amazing thing, which is also the key point to make this building famous as vertical informal community, is the recreation by the squatters. They use the regional material such as adobe bricks to reorganize the interior space of Torri David. Furthermore, they almost find every square centimeters of space that they can occupied to build their new home. The digram on the top shows different types of their recreation work in plan in differet part of Building A. The squatters occupied up to 28th floors since there is no elevator here. And a administration institute was founded by elder people to maintain the order of the residencers in the building. With the increasing of the occupiers and their basic living demand, a variation of new function emerged in this building, such as hair cut, tailor, grocery, gym, playground and even moto-taxis for the first 10 floors.

Planting

Adimin

Cleaning

Residents

Guard

Adimin

Church

Residents

Recycle

Core

Water tunk

GYM

Sports

Grocery

Tailor

INVASION

Parking

50.45%

78.5% 1.5%

13.5%

Moto-taxi

0.5%

Occupied Rate

Overall Occupied

P Building Atrium Building B Building K Parking Structure Building A

Floors 7 19 19 10 45

Occupied 6% 13.5% 1.5% 0.5% 78.5%

Statistic

Yard

B Atrium K A

Plan

Atrium

Building B

Program Diagram of all buildings and Present Occupied Ratio

Building A

Building K

Parking Structure

TULOU (EARTHEN BUILDING)

Local Residents

Fujian Province, CHINA

12th-20th

Size: Vary Purpose:

Culture, Politics, Social, Recreation

Leisure Typology: Vernacular Managerment: Autonomy

Description: Tulou is a type of Chinese rural dwellings in the mountainous areas in southeastern Fujian, China. They were mostly built between the 12th and the 20th centuries. A tulou is usually a large, enclosed and fortified earth building, most commonly rectangular or circular in configuration, with very thick load-bearing rammed earth walls between three and five stories high and housing up to 80 families. Smaller interior buildings are often enclosed by these huge peripheral walls which can contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas, the whole structure resembling a small fortified city. People living in one tulou are members of a big family who share a commune life and are guided by certain hierarchies. Life of every member is connected with each other in the public yard, shrine, corridor by working, relaxing, celebrating, etc. together. The round shape is the most popular form for tulou. It is steady, wind protective, and easily to separate the families equally. Nowadays, most young people leave these old buildings and go to urban area for better life quality. And the residents want to have more privacy than public interactions. The traditional lifestyle is in danger. However, recently, more and more architects and scholars are researching about tulou and applying the form and technologies to architecture design.

50M

TIANLUOKENG

ROUND BUILDING

RECTANGLE BUILDING

WUFENG BUILDING

Prototype

One ring

Two rings

Three rings

Four rings

TYPOLOGY

Composite

Environment

Symmetrical

Solar Condition

Wind Protection

One Entrance

Defence all direction

Centrality

Equality

Exterior windows. Only small windows on the top for investigation and shooting.

Firewalls made of stones between each section.

STRUCTURE & MATERIAL

Thick exterior wall. Max thickness =1.5m Stones as foundation to protect from water. Rammed earth wall--- a mix of earth,quicklime, egg white, brown sugar, cooked sticky rice.

Timber structure inside. Stone slices on top of floors to protect from fire.

SCALE

14M

74.1M Largest Tulou---Shunyu Building

Smallest Tulou---Cuilin Building

DUALITY

Family Unite

Private

Public

Cooking&Eating

Barn

Sleeping

TYPE A

Shrine

Yard

Circulation

Family Unite

Private

Public

Cooking&Eating

Barn

Sleeping

TYPE B

Shrine

Yard

Circulation

Shrine

чен

Corridor

Corridor Shrine

чен

Corridor

Public Yard

Private Yard

TYPE A

Corridor

TYPE B

TULOU LIFE

CULTURE IMPACT

Tulou is highly influenced by traditional Chinese culture and hierarchies. The form of some tulous follows the geometry of Bagua---eight symbols. The shrine in a tulou is always located in the middle or on the south-north axis to show its highest position in the building, which is the main place for holding rituals and big social events.

TULOU COMMUNE URBANUS ARCHITECT Vanke-Tulou, Guangdong,2006-2008 Size: 12,000 m2

Tulou Commune D=72M

Shunyu Building D=74.1M

GLOBAL RURBAN

GARDEN CITY

London, England

Ebenezer Howard Size:

Purpose:

9.000 Acres Culture, Politics, Social, Residential

Leisure Typology: Lowrise Managerment: Autonomy

Description: The primary Garden city idea is from Ebenezer Howard’s book: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898. In the book he was convincing people of the beauty and utility of “the Garden City Idea.” This idea is a revolutionary one at that time, it’s an idea of urban decentralization, zoning of different uses, the integration of nature into cities, greenbelting, and the development of self-contained “new town” communities outside crowded central cities. His argument started with a protest against urban overcrowding. He used the very famous three magnets diagram to create a solution to this issue which is a new kind of human community based on “the town-country magnet.” Then he diagramed what this ”town-country magnet” realm look like, it’s a concentric-ring diagram, the center of Garden City is to be a central park containing important public buildings and surrounded by a “Crystal Palace” ring of retail stores. The entire city of approximately 100 acres is to be encircled by a permanent agricultural greenbelt of some 5000 acres, and the new cities are to be connected with central “Social Cites” by a system of railroad line. So overall the “Garden City Idea” is a utopia concept raised to solve social concerns and end up with creating a new planning for human settlement to pursue a better living condition.

Group of Slumless Smokeless Cities, Ebenezer Howard

Garden City Poster

YESTEDAY: THE GADEN CITI IDEA START FROM SOLVING THE POLITICAL ECONOMY AND SOCIAL ISSUE? AT THAT TIME

Industrialization (smoke-health) Rise of Population (overcrowded ) Poor Living Condition Urban Centralization ( overcrowded and agriculture depression)

XL SCALE

TODAY: WE NEED TOWN-COUNTRY TO REPLACE TOWN AND COUNTRY WHY?

Town: High wages, opportunity, amusement Country: Natural beauty, low rents, fresh air Town-country: combine all the advantages of Town and Country avoid their disadvantages

LARGE SCALE

DECENTRALIZATION

ZONING

TOMORROW: GARDEN CITY IS A REVOLUTIONARY CONCEPT HOW?

Urabn Decentralization

Integration of nature with cities

MEDIUM SCALE

CAPTION

TOMORROW: GARDEN CITY IS A SELF-CONTAINED COMMUNITY HOW IT WORKS?

Central park containig public buildings in the center Crystal Palace function as retail stores surrounding Central park Outskirt ring with all the factories Entire city is encircled by a permanent agricultural greenbelt Railroad system connects Garden city with central Social City

SMALL SCALE

Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard

Howard organized the Garden-City Association

ENGLAND

HAMPSTEAD GARDEN

Barry Paker and Raymond Unwin designed Letchworth

Urban Crisis and agriculture depression

1898 1899 1903

Not a Garden city but a Garden Surburb, no industry, openly depend on commuting from adjacent tube station, man-made landscape

1906 GARDEN CITY_ INFLUENCES

GERMANY

FALKENBERG GARDEN CITY B. TAUT

FRANCE

Louis de Soisons designedVILLE RADIEUSE Welwyn Garden City LE CORBUSIER

Focus on archtiectual technologies, needs of people, expressive colourfulness

1913-1916

High-density Garden city, Super-block and “project neighborhood”, Empty open space, Unchangeable plan, keep pedestrians off streets and in parks

1920

1929-1930

USA

BRAODACRE CITY

Decentralization, less desity, landownership for all belief in power of modern technology, efficent transit system, egalitarian ideal

1934

SUMMARY

At the beginning of the twentieth century two great new inventions took form before our eyes: the aeroplane and the Garden City, both harbingers of a new age: the first gave man wings and the second promised him a better dwelling-place when he came down to earth. Lewis Mumford

Howard’s famous statement of advantages and disadvantages [of town and country, originally expressed in his diagram of the Three Magnets] can be rephrased for the conditions of the 1990s. The town has been sanitised and the country has been given urban technology, but both still suffer problems; and, still, towns set in the country offer and optimal lifestyle. Peter Hall and Colin Ward

Howard’s “prescription for the city was to do the city in.” He advocated: “really nice towns if you were docile and had no plans of your own, and did not mind spending your life with others who had no plans for their own. Jane Jacobs

CRITIQUE

FREELAND Mvrdv 2011

Almere Oosterwold, NETHERLAND

Area: 43 km2 Purpose:

Culture, Social, Recreation

Leisure; Agriculture Typology:

Free Housing development

Managerment: Autonomy

Description: In cooperation with the city of Almere and the Governmental Real Estate Development Agency, MVRDV present the development strategy for Almere Oosterwold. Free design and construction will transform an area of 43km2. Limits are set to ensure the rural character of the area is maintained: 18% construction, 8% roads, 13% public green, 2% water and 59% urban agriculture. An individual’s creativity is limitless within this framework What if you could start here and create your own world? This is the question that generates the entire concept of the project. In fact, Freeland plunges visitors into the animated world of a city without the rules of urban planning. A multi-screen surround projection envelopes the audience and invites investigations into the legitimacy of classical centralized planning in today’s world and inspires the individuation and self-organization within cities. ”Freeland” is rooted in two projects: MVRDV ‘s Almere Oosterwold, on which ArchDaily reported earlier this year, and the research conducted in bottom up organization by the AnarCity studio led by The Why Factory. Both projects invite “do-it-yourself” thinking to development strategies for cities. Driven by need, individual desires, and community goals, “Freeland” explores a range of possibilities, none of which are strictly predictable. MVRDV’s Almere Oosterwold steps away from government dictacted urban development and uses its inhabitants initiatives to build their own neighborhoods at such scales as a public green, energy supply, water management, waste management, urban agriculture and infrastructure.

It is an unexpected urbanism and a world of surprises of a rich collection of houses and all other initiatives appears. A city that is not predominated by ‘structure’. A city that we develop all together over time. Where facilities are developed by individuals, collectives and public organizations. The absence of zoning allows for rich and exciting program, providing diversity and liveliness at all times. It is a next step in evolutionary urban development. It introduces a radical new model within the current urban planning, totally oriented on the user and totally flexible by which the area will be transformed into a differentiated, experimental and surprising urban areas.

ADMINISTRATION: No hierarchy

TOTAL INDIPENDENCE

NO RULES

NO LANDLORD

SELF-ORGANIZATION

No totally anarchy but people are ruled by the common sense

PROJECT

COLLABORATION

INFORM

CONSULT

INVOLVE

COLLABORATE

EMPOWER

EVOLUTION OF THE COMMUNITY The diagram does not describe the impact of the individuals

on labor

and money

to further encourage the people to participate in the evolution and well-being of their community

. The objective of the collective housing is

CITY CENTRE

ALEMERE PLAN

Renders of the project

FREELAND

SATELLITE CITY’S DEVELOPMENT: THE CITY OU OF THE CITY

FREELAND CITY’S DEVELOPMENT: THE CITY IN THE CITY

NEW MODEL OF URBAN STRUCTURE

SECTOR MODEL

MULTINUCLE MODEL

CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

Service

Housing

Agriculture

Co-living space

FREELAND MODEL

COMMUNITY LAYOUT FREELAND: DISPERSED

Freeland, MVRDV

EXAMPLE 1: CENTRAL COURTYARD

Mosque of Kairouan

EXAMPLE 2: LINEAR

RWTH Aachen Campus, GmbH

MEETING SPACE BUFFERING SPACE BUILDING SPACE CIRCULATION

FREELAND’S AIMS:

a. IDENTITY

CREATE A SENSE OF CUMMUNITY

CREATE UNIQUE NEIGHBORHOOD

CREATE A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

MAINTAIN AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND

READAPTATION OF USEABLE SPACE

FLEAXIBLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

b. EFFICIENCY

6 2

PHASED DEVELOPMENT

CLEVER PARKING SOLUTIONS

c. DIVERSITY

NODES WITH DIFFERENT PUBLIC PROGRAM

DIFFERENT CHARACTERS AND TYPOLOGIES

MIX BETWEEN SMALL AND BIG SCALE DEVELOPMENTT

d. SUSTEINABILITY

INTRODUCE NEW TECHNOLOGIES

DIFFERENT ENERGY RESOURCES

DIFFERENT USES OF FARMLAND

FAMILY FRIENDLY DEVELOPMENT

PLOT’S REALIZATION: DO IT YOURSELF 1

HOME MAKER

You

LAND MAKER

FREE TIPOLOGY DESIGN OF YOUR LAND

The plot development can happen individually (ILand) or collectively (WELand)

ARCHITECT

STEP1

a. Choose a plot

b. choose the shape of your plot

LANDMAKER

c. build your house

HOUSEMAKER

stay in your property

think green

STEP2

b. plant green spaces

a. build a road

d. organize agriculture land

c. set-back building area

e. own property energy and water sufficient

AMISH Population:

US & CANADA 290,100 (2014)

Religion: Anabaptist Language:

Germany & English

Managerment: Self-governing *

Description: The Amish are a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships, closely related to but distinct from Mennonite churches, with whom they share Swiss Anabaptist origins. The Amish are known for simple living, plain dress, and reluctance to adopt many conveniences of modern technology. The history of the Amish church began with a schism in Switzerland within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists in 1693 led by Jakob Ammann. Those who followed Ammann became known as Amish. Living in the world with highly developed technology, the Amish are still living in a traditional lifestyle. Their life mainly rely on agriculture and partly handicraft. The new generation is following their parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; life mode to do exact same things. High education and outstanding ability are not valued, but treated as causes of arrogance in the Amish society. The Amish has a well-organized community system for self-governing. The smallest unit called church district is composed by several families, which makes their own rules and disciplines. The districts sharing similar disciplines form the affiliation. Then several affiliations form a big settlement. The Amish continued their belief and lifestyle for more than 200 years. They got a lot conflicts and threats from outside world. Some communities changed their rules to unite with Mennonite churches. The ones still following strict rules are known as the old order Amish today.

DISTRIBUTION OF AMISH

1536

1693

18C

The foundation of the Mennonites

The foundation of the Amish

Migration to Pennsylvania

Menno Simons (1496 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 31 January 1561) was an Anabaptist religious leader from the Friesland region of the Low Countries. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and his followers became known as Mennonites. He founded the Mennonites in 1536.

The Amish movement takes its name from Jakob Ammann (c. 1656â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1730), a Swiss Mennonite leader. Ammann believed Mennonites, the peaceful Anabaptists of the Low Countries and Germany, were drifting away from the teachings of Menno Simons. He founded the new branch in 1693, which is known as Amish.

Amish Mennonites began migrating to Pennsylvania in the 18th century as part of a larger migration from the Palatinate and neighbouring areas. This migration was a reaction to religious wars, poverty, and religious persecution on the Continent.

20C

1961

1972

Group split

Tax exemption

Freedom to get no high education

Under their beliefs and traditions, generally the Amish do not agree with the idea of Social Security benefits and have a religious objection to insurance. On this basis, the United States Internal Revenue Service agreed in 1961 that they did not need to pay Social Security-related taxes. In 1965, this policy was codified into law.

On May 19, 1972, Jonas Yoder and Wallace Miller of the Old Order Amish, and Adin Yutzy of the Conservative Amish Mennonite Church, were each fined $5 for refusing to send their children, aged 14 and 15, to high school. In Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Wisconsin Supreme Court overturned the conviction,and the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed this, finding the benefits of universal education do not justify a violation of the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment.

THE OLD ORDER AMISH

MENNONITE

Most Amish communities that were established in North America did not ultimately retain their Amish identity. Many of these eventually united with the Mennonite Church, and other Mennonite denominations, especially in the early 20th century. The more traditionally minded groups became known as the Old Order Amish.

Money Other products

individual farmland Amish community

Agriculture

Agriculture Product

Livestock

Dairy Product

Non-Amish

Labor

ECONOMY MODE

make disciplines

vote

Household

in charge bishop preacher*2 deacon

Church District

common discipline

A Commune Unit SELF-GOVERNING MODE

explore outside

stay

work on farmland

school 16 Y work at home

21 Y

return work for families

saving money buy and work on own farmland kids

marrage taking care of kids

LIFE MODE

NO HIGHSCHOOL

NO SOCIAL SECURITY

SEDUCTION OF OUTSIDE WORLD

SEXUAL ASSAULT

Living in modern society, the Amish are facing a lot conflicts and threats. In most cases, they got agreement with the government to respect their culture, like not attending high school and social security related tax exemption. However, sexual assault is a serious problem among the Amish communities since they should not search aid from outside. Discrimination and crime towards Amish happened. And the seduction of outside world towards young people is threatening their future generation.

DISCRIMINATION & CRIME

FUTURE OF AMISH?

SHAKERS COMMUNITY

Unite Stateof America

1774 - 1960 Population: Typology:

3 people (present 2014) Community

Managerment: Autonomy

The Shakers originated in Europe during the seventeenth century. They formed off the already existent Quakers, which was a branch of Protestantism (Shaker Historic Trail). The founder of the Shakers was a woman named Ann Lee who was born in Manchester, England. After her and her husband had four children who all died at birth, she decided that this was a punishment from God, so she joined a group of Quakers to repent. Later because of her beliefs of two things, the second coming of Jesus Christ and celibacy, a new branch of Quakers was formed. They were so adamant and fearful of the second coming that they would tremble, or shake, when they would talk about it, because of this they were called the Shaking Quakers, which was later shortened to just ‘Shakers.’ Ann Lee became known as Mother Ann because of her preaching and she gained her own followers. Ann Lee and seven of her followers decided to come to North America in 1780 to pursue a better life. The Shakers listened to Ann Lee devoutly. They even saw her as the second coming of Christ. They believed that the first time that God appeared on Earth, He came in male form of Jesus Christ, and the second time the He came in the female form of Ann Lee (Machaek, Wilcox) “The

Shakers of Pleasant Hill.” Shakervillage. Accessed September 12, 2014. http://shakervillage.wordpress.com/2011/11/28/hello-world/.

50M

Shakers Village in USA

Before 1760

1760

1774

1787 - 1826

New york M a s s a c h u s e t t s K e n t a c y O h i o I n d i a n a M a i n e C o n n e c t i c u t

New branch of Quakers in England

Mother Ann Lees founded â&#x20AC;&#x153;Qukers Shakers â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Mother Ann sailed to New york

19 Shakers colonies were formed in seven states

Before civil war

1865 - 1900

1956

present 2014

Population were 60000 Shakers

Population was lower than it had been since Shakers founded

Shakers Village sites had been sold to the world

Only three Shakers left in the entire world

Basic Shaker Beliefs • The confession of sins • The virtues of the celibate life • The equality of the sexes • The consecration of labor Shaker’s labor

CAPTION

SHAKERS ECONOMY

Agriculture

Livestocks

Industry

Self-sufficient

Money

By trade

CAPTION

Elders

Leeders

Eldresses

Industrial Deacons

activities

Deaconesses

Finances Trustees

activities

Trustees

Daily Brothers

activities

Sisters

Responsibilities Typical Shakersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s family lay-

Minstry’s House

Dewlling’s House

Sister’s Shop

Seed House

Dewlling’s House Carage

Brthren’s Shop Wood Shed Herb House Bran

Meeting House

Office Church Family “Center Family” typical contents

North Family

West Family

Center Family

East Family

SouthFamily

Shakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Village Layout

FREETOWN CHRISTIANIA

Copenhagen, Denmark

1971

Population:

900 (year 2003)

Size:

85 acres

Typology:

Community

Managerment:

Autonomy

Christiania is a squatted area in the district of Christianshavn in Copenhagen, located less than one mile from the Royal Danish Palace and the Danish parliament. It stretches over 49 hectares (excluding the water in the moats) and consists of old military barracks and parts of the city’s ramparts dating from the seventeenth century; as well as a number of buildings constructed after 1971 (when the Freetown was proclaimed). The area offers city life as well as life in the countryside. Today approximately 900 people live in Christiania. According to the latest public census (2003), 60 per cent of these were male and 20 per cent were under 18 years old. Further, 60 per cent had elementary school as their highest level of education. While there is a group with a substantial registered income, two-thirds of the population either receive social assistance or have no registered income. The Freetown is divided into 14 self-governing areas and all decisions affecting the whole of Christiania are takenby the Common Meeting, which is ruled by consensus democracy . “(Christiania’s) demand that there be a collective fund is not fair, It doesn’t meet the wish for a normalization. We (the government) have emphasized that there should be varied ownership-models, such as private ownership ... it is natural that there are also privately owned buildings in an area like Christiania... Because it is the case for the surrounding society in general, that there are variety in the ownership”.

50M

4 Sep 1971

26 Sep 1971

1973

1987

Surrounding neighbourhood broke down the fence to take over parts of the unused area as a playground for their children.

Jacob Ludvigsen ajournalist who published a magazinecalled Hovedbladet(‘Themainpaper’), which was successfully distributed to mostly young people.

theSocialgovernment gave Christiania theofficial(but temporary) status of a ‘social experiment’ .

‘Christiania Act’passed by abroad parliamentary majority made it possible to grant Christiania the right to collective use of the area.

1997

2007

2011

2014

start using new currency

The representatives of Christiania and Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s city council reached an agreement to cede control of Christiania to the city over the course of 10 years for the purposes of business development

40th anniversary

Undecided issue

contact -group

defence ministries whole area issues COMMUNITYMEETING

idea

headcashier

AREAarea MEETING *14

areacashier

AREA-CASHIER MEETING economygroup

approved BUILDING-MEETING

applicant of loans

ECONOMYMEETING

unsolved area issues

execute group

common box

BUDGET COMMUNITYMEETING

cashier CORPORATEMEETING

Copenhagen Energy Christiania follows the Consentdemocracy. Everyone here could raise ideas to area-meetings. Once the idea is approved, they should conduct the idea by themselves. Every individual has a responsibility for his/her own life and his/hers home. The residents in an area have a common responsibility for the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development and condition.

SELF-GOVERNING MODE

WEED Weed and other soft drugs are daily necessities for Christianians. They are sold in stores here. The residents treat the soft drug as the important tool for relaxing and creation.

FREE Christiania is a free place. Except some basic rules, people could do whatever they want here. The life mode is quite relaxing. The town is automobile free. So the bicycles with carts are very popular here.

ART A lot of Christinians are artists and architects. They design their own unique houses, doodle on walls, make sculptures. Christiania is a wonderful place for designers and artists.

CRIME

DRUG

As a part of Netherlands, but working like an independent country, Christiania suffers a lot conflicts with the Denmark government. Drug selling is a serious issue in Christiania, which also leads to criminal activities. Police are sent to the town to manage the criminal issues. A series of acts are published by government to normalize freetown. Self-built buildings are demolished by police. Christianians have never stopped fighting for their rights and freedom. They start to sell shares on line to get global economic supports.

DEMOLITION

NORMALIZATION

* Community

AMISH

SHAKERS

FREETOWN

Self-governing

Christian

Electricity

Automobile

Agriculture

Handicraft

Marriage

New member

Population

RURAL JAPAN

Size:

JAPAN

377,944 km2

72% Mountainous Population: 126,659,683 9,775,022 Rural

Description:

Generally these attempts can be categorized as follows: 1.Laws which incentivize certain behaviours over others. 2. New farming models that make better use of the limited land. 3.New economic models such as One Village One Product. 4.Tourism focused on activities, learning, and relaxation. 5.Tourism focused on art, installations, and sculpture. These attempts, while not enough on there own have been successful on a whole. Many ideas which begun in Japan have even been adopted by other countries with similar woes.

Issues 72% Ogimachi Village

200M

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Ogi_Shirakawa02bs3200.jpg

Rural Japan is facing many issues which ultimately affect the country as a whole. Among these issues are depopulation and aging of the rural population, the younger generation has a lack of interest in farming as a profession, and a lack of flat land for large scale farming. These issues have led to poverty in rural villages and on as a country, a low food self-sufficiency rate. While the country has not fully recovered, many of these issues are being dealt with through innovative new ideas.

72%

Terraced Rice Paddy http://roundoftheseasonsinjapan.blogspot. com/2013/09/terraced-paddy-fields-in-autumn.html

Large Scale Farm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_production_in_Japan#mediaviewer/File:Rice_Paddies_In_Aizu,_Japan.JPG

Small Scale Rice Havesting

http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-08-02/japan-wants-free-trade-dot-its-farmers-dont

Food Self-Sufficiency Rate FAO Yearbook (2001) Asia: China Indonesia Japan Korea Philippines Malaysia Thailand North America: USA South America: Argentina Europe: UK France Germany Africa: Egypt Oceania: Australia

Rice

Wheat

Beans

Vegetables

Fruits

Meat

Eggs

Fish

97.6 93.6 92.8 111.4 97.2 66.4 189.5

91.5 11.0 0.1 0.1

110.0 93.5 34.7 36.4 35.7 112.8

101.2 97.1 80.8 97.7 97.8 54.5 112.8

99.4 100.0 52.1 75.0 133.3 82.3 123.9

98.8 97.9 53.5 79.3 93.0 85.5 128.2

99.9 100.8 98.4 99.5 99.4 121.9 100.5

94.4 07.0 50.8 89.9 90.1 87.4 116.2

155.9

162.2

96.8

81.3

109.5

101.8

74.0

258.1

270.1

98.3

115.7

103.6

98.7

271.3

0.0 18.1 0.0

85.8 164.7 141.0

47.3 88.1 44.3

6.0 77.1 43.7

70.0 105.4 96.0

92.7 100.0 81.7

44.3 39.1 24.1

109.7

54.7

101.9

103.0

82.6

100.0

58.3

569.9

352.1

98.1

104.4

171.1

100.0

49.3

Small Scale Rice Havesting http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2422.html

Rural Village Art Tourism http://spacehacking.net/naoshima-teshima-art-afar

Ainokura Village http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2422.html

Terraced Rice Paddy https://www.flickr.com/photos/ippei-janine/2692496914/

Options government policy

$ promoting companies

laws

taxes, subsidies, tarriffs

promoting research

crop management

food safety/ quality

Specific Examples: Basic Law for Food (1999): Incentivizes farming by directly paying farmers in return for their work in conserving environmental and cultural resources. It Stresses collaboration between farmers and consumers. Consumers have a role to understand rural issues and the impact their eating has on the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s selfsufficiency. In addition computer software allows one to calculate how different meal choices said rate. Seikatsu Club: Co-operative movement where urban households guarantee receiving safe food by only purchasing from a particular group of farmers. Terraced Paddy Field Ownership Scheme: Urbanites invest in fields; they then usually pay the rent for the property and carry out the farming work themselves under the guidance of local farmers. Cloud-Based Agriculture Tool: A new management tool through the Rice Growers Improvement Network.

Cloud-Based Agriculture Tool http://media.toyota.ca/releases/toyota-brings-the-cloud-to-rice-farming-it-technology-modernizes-one-of-japans-oldest-traditions

Farmer A

work order

Agricultural Co-op

co-op team

Farmer B

work order

performance indicators daily reports

Landowner C

land lease

Laborer 1

result plan

Agricultural IT Mangement Tool work order

work order

Laborer 2

Laborer 3

result plan

Field area a

area b

area c

Mr. Morhiko Hiramatsu

high quality logo

village

product

brand name ad

local on global scale

visibility

provides

self reliance

stability

municipal standard services of living

economic model

case studies

yukiko sushi

bungo cow

health village

art festival

Ayako Takahashi the sushi chef, uses only local ingredients and has changed her recipe a number of times to reflect what she can find locally. Notoriety came when she participated and subsequently won an national food contest. The cattle used in bungo beef is differentiated from others in that they are breed in a specific manner. Only being fed a specific diet and cared for in a specific and humane manner has led to many awards for taste and brand name notoriety. Sichuan Farm Village in the Gunma Prefecture is an attempt to bring the rural experience to urbanites. It incorporating many peaceful and leisure activities that can only be done in rural areas. (agriculture, fishing, hiking, learning, sightseeing). In rural Niigata Prefecture, six villages band together in order to form an exterior art museum (2d art, sculpture, cinema). Around 160,000-200,000 people attend the roughly 50 day, yearly event. The two sessions have produced over 30 billion yen.

Those that have spent their lives working in urban Japan oftentimes long for a simpler life upon retirement. In the Hyogo Prefecture retirees will retirement work on a farm gardening and other rural occupations as a means to relax. 401k

http://www.onedoing.com/a/qiany/chuany/1/2011/1225/61.html

Volunteer Rice Harvesting http://www.chabadjapan.org/rice-harvest-chabad-japan/

Process

how

locations

farm inn types

farm inns

diversification

restaurants

ranches

developing vacation sites

sales of farm products

orchards and vegetable farms

utilizing human resources

tourist guides story telling

rice farms

activites

bed and breakfast room with a kitchen quality control diversity of farm inns

Volunteer Rice Harvesting http://www.chabadjapan.org/rice-harvest-chabad-japan/

NAOSHIMA ART ISLAND Tadao Ando, Yayoi Kusama, Ryue Nishizawa Purpose:

Museum, Art Installation

Typology:

Mutiple

Naoshima, JAPAN 2014

Managerment: Benesse Corporation

Description: Naoshima is a remote island in Japan, formerly a fishing village, and presently the most perfect place to see contemporary art in the entire world Invested by Benesse Corporation a corporate oligarch who hails from the shores of Japanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Inland Sea decided a number of years ago to wield his wealth in a rather extraordinary way, commissioning Tadao Ando to design several showpiece buildings in which a very few, very famous artworks would be placed.

50M

PROBLEM

RESULT

SOLUTION

Industrial Polution Tourism Farming Decrease

Fishing Decrease

Villager

Other City & Other Town

Citizen

Art

Decoration and Filling

Artists

Architects

Revive Local Culture

Humanity

History & Life Style

Nature

Architecture & Art

Benesse Holding

Funding

Construction

Revive Village

Typology

Keywords

Result

Museum

Nature

Improve

Installation

Unique

Attracitve

House

Maintain

Interaction

SOLUTION

$$$ site

time

scale

cluster

investment

MUSEUM

new

1995

large

centralize

high

INSTALLATION

new

small

decentralize

low

HOUSE

old

1998

multiple

centralize

low

Teshima Art Museum

Location: Teshima Island, Kagawa Prefecture Seto Inland Sea, Japan Architect: Ryue Nishizawa, co-founder of SANAA. The artwork: Matrix (created by sculptor Rei Naito

http://www.designboom.com/architecture/ryue-nishizawa-teshima-art-museum/

Museum

Relationship Between Human and Nature

Artwork

Relationship Between Past and Future

Industrial Pollution

PAST

NOW

4.5m

25cm

60m

SIZE

ORGANIC

4.5m

25cm

Chichu Art Museum 60m

Location: Naoshima Island, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. Architect: Tadao Ando. The artwork: Painting: Claude Monet Permanent installations: James Turrell, Walter De Maria

UNDERGROUND

LIGHT CHANGING

Art House Project graphic

Old Houses

Local Residents

Create

New Neighborhood

Visitors & Artists

Art Activities

Interaction

Maintain

LED lamps

sun light

stairs

display

craftmanship

garden

Aoki Jun

Designing architecture, it means not just to make some independent object of art, but to react to the surrounding conditions, the context, or the more physical constraints. And also, in this case, this installation is not just an object of art, but this is a reaction to the surroundings.

Sou Fujimoto

Pushing his ideas and his spatial conceits into direct contact with real life and real people and real goals, and negotiating the conflict and compromises that arise from that meeting.

Tadao Ando

Review Naoshima Island history, but also saw the Benesse Cooperation founder Soichiro Fukutake spirit. As an architect, I also feel the social responsibility.

YI-LAN COUNTY Size:

2143.6251 km2

Boroughs:

1 city, 11 townships(3 urban, 8 rural)

Population:

458,378

Yi Lan, TAIWAN

Economy

Description: Yilan County is located to the northeast of Taiwan, covering an area of about 2,143 square kilometers. Slightly triangular in shape, it is girt by mountains and hemmed in between the Xueshan Range and the Central Mountain Range, whilst facing the Pacific Ocean on the East. Prosperous and modern, Yilan commands a highly concentrated population. Since the opening of the Xueshan Tunnel in June 2006, it now takes only 40 minutes to cover the distance from Yilan to Taipei, providing even more ease and convenience of access. Yilan is often referred to as a “Holy Land of Democracy”, and that is because it has produced a number of Taiwan’s leading political opposition figures. At the same time, thanks to the excellent achievements through local public governance, Yilan has earned the good name as an exemplary city referred to as the “Yilan Experience”. It is demonstrated in its good quality public works, a very forward-looking planning and the follow-through of local area development, and the citizens of this place’s collective sense of honor and pride. Aimed at building Yilan into a LOHAS (Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability) city, Yilan County Government has set up three strategies to help achieving this goal: turning Yilan into an “Ecological City”, a “Creative City” and a “Friendly City”, which work in tandem with six major policies: (1) Economic Growth, (2) Safe Community, (3) Holistic Education, (4) Urban and Rural Harmony, (5) Environmental Conservation and (6) Multiculturalism. CAPTION

CAPTION

Keywords of Community Development in Taiwan

Increase Budget of Culture Construction

Government

Hardware Construction Competition between Communities

rethink

1995 Policy towards Community Construction

Adiministrative Department

Culture Ideology

themes

goal

Community of life

Public Participation Community Construction Master Plan

to evoke the ideology of Community

Political resources

Community

Central government

County government(province) Policies

Movement Villiage government

Local communities

The Taiwan government took a seires of policies to encourage the development of communities before 1995. One of them is that by increasing the budget for culture constrcution based on the planning propsals of local government. However, this policy didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t achieve what it initially want. On the contraty, it lead to the hardware competitions between local communities and waste a lot of money and human resources at that time and the result was far beyond what the government expected. This consequence of this phenomenon make the government rethink the policy. After that, government took 2 kinds of measures to achieve the goal that make the communities find their culture and ideology positively and take full use of the political resources offered by the government.

Safe Society

Creative Industy

Organic Agriculture

Prosperous Economy

Happniess + Prosperous

Biodiversity

Green-blue Network

Basin Manage

Green Leaves + Blue Water

ĺŽ&#x153; ĺ&#x2026;°

Water Resource

Local Economy

Ecoindustry

Happniess Index

Ecology + Economy

Harmounious Rural-urban

Micro-climate Accommodation

Healthy + Comfortable

Living + Roaming

Tourism

Homeland Conservation Zones

Agriculture Development Zones Maintain agriculture activities :Lv.1 Maintain agriculture activities, ensure buffer function :Lv.2 of Homeland Conservation Zones

Recycle Resource

Ecocommunity

Peaceful Traffic

Green TOD

Vacation

Preserve and conserve good ecosystem :Lv.1 Maintain present natrual rsources and ecosystem :Lv.2 Recover damaged habitat environment to make :Lv.3 ecosystem complete

Clean Air

Leisurely Life

Rural-urban Development Zones Lv.1: Core zone of rural-urban development Lv.2: Reserves for increasing rural-urban population Lv.3: Avoid generate negative influence on surronding areas Lv.4: Giver priority to be harmonours with surronding habitat Lv.5: Reduce, shrink land area for developing usage River & Ocean ResourceAs Zones Follow the principle of ecosystem protection, conservation or homeland security

The Flower Vision of Eco-Yi-lan

Legend Homeland Conservation Zones Lv.1 Homeland Conservation Zones Lv.2 Homeland Conservation Zones Lv.3 Rive & Ocean Resources Zones Lv.1 Rive & Ocean Resources Zones Lv.2 Rive & Ocean Resources Zones Lv.3 Agriculture Development Zones Lv.1 Agriculture Development Zones Lv.2 Rural-urban Development Zones Lv.1 Rural-urban Development Zones Lv.2 Rural-urban Development Zones Lv.3 Rural-urban Development Zones Lv.4 Rural-urban Development Zones Lv.5

For Yilan County, the local planning insistue develop a planning based on its special geographic advantages since Yilan is the only county which has diveristy geographic types. They classify them into 4 big categories and subdivide them into different levels. For each category, there are different policies towards them and different expected visions. Behind each level, the different requirements and measures was described into details as the diagram, flower or Yilan vision, shows. Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more, each category refer to different land use of Yilan county, which is shown on the right.

Yiilan County Development Management Map

Natural Conservation Region Wildlife Conservation Region Wildlife Important Conservation Region Ocean Conservation Region

Homeland Conservation Zones Lv.1, Lv.2, Lv.3

Security Guard Forests National Forests Office Region Mud-rock Flow High Potential Region Important Birds Habitat Natural Forests Region Aquatic Products Reserve Natianal Scenic Reserve Forests Region (nonmetropolitan Land Use) Coastal Reserve 1500 meter Contour Line

Agriculture Development Zones Lv.1, Lv.2

Mountain Region Potable Water Sourse Reserve Particular Water and Soil Reserve Reservior Store Water Region Fluvial Landforms Region High Flood Low Potential Region Subsidence Protection Zone Storm Surge Zone

Flooding Zone Ditch and Pond

Rural-urban Development Zones Lv. 1, Lv.2, Lv.3, Lv.4, Lv.5

<Digital Topology Model> -Gradient > 30% Region Sea Level Rise by 1 meter Fertile Farmland Sensitive Zone Rural-Urban Landscape System -Foothill Agriculture Production Urban Planning Region Particular Landscape Region Industry Region

Morphometric Map

Briefly, the geography of Yi-lan is divided into 6 regions: 1). High mountain region; 2). Piedmont Region; 3). High altitute plains region; 4). cities and towns region; 5). low altitute plains region; 6). coastal region. The work flow of how local communites apply for government resources is shown like the diagram upon. First of all they need to make a commnity construction plan with details about meatures and future vision and goals to make an application. Then,

the government will deliver this plan to adminstrative departments and give them right to investigate the feasilbility of the plan. After doing that and if the plan is passed, the admin department will give a feedbackto government and apply for further support to the community construction. They get the right to distribute resources to local community and play a role as supervision during the construction process at the same time.

Taomi Village Size:

180,000 square kilometers

Altitude:

420~800 meters

Nantou, TAIWAN

Population: 1300 Economy:

Agriculture & Tourism

Description: Taomi Village is situated in Puli Township, Nantou County, along the route to Sun Moon Lake. Before 1999, the agricultural village was facing decline due to Taiwanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rapid industrialization. During the Taiwan 921 Earthquake, 70% of the small village was destroyed - 168 out of the 369 houses were completely destroyed, and 60 were partially destroyed. Instead of being absorbed in sorrow, the village turned crisis into an opportunity to not only re-construct, but also to re-brand the village. Rebuilding Taomi village required a lot of effort and self-sacrifice. People couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t plant bamboo any more so they started to look for new ideas; they tried to find what is unique about their place. Then the idea of Taomi as an eco-village was born. Scientists were invited and they found that this area has an unprecedented diversity of fauna. Taomi village is situated in a valley. There are wetlands and waterfalls; the place is very natural and not influenced very much by people. Of the 29 species of frogs in Taiwan Taomi boasts of 23 of them. Moreover Taomi has around 60 kinds of dragonflies and 72 kinds of birds. 10 years on, Taomi village pride itself as an eco-village, with Paper Dome as the centerpiece. The Paper Dome originated in Japan, and is the embodiment of the love and mutual assistance between Taiwan and Japan community reconstruction experience sharing in addition to being the heart of Taomi Village.

Taomi Village

Sun-moon Lake

Community Construction Development in TAIWAN

人

景

地

產

文

人 Human

-demand from residents -management of relationship -creation of well-being

地 Land

-protection of environment -development of advantage -continuity of local management

景 Landscape

-construction of community collective space -construction by residents -long-standing management of living environment

產 Productivity

-business managed by local community -local artifact

文 Culture

-continuity of community history -development of cultural activity

Enrich

Activities

Architecture

Concept

Activities

Additional Value

Improve Living Quality

921 earthquake

Government

Residents Participation

return

destory

long-time support

Tao-Mi Village

reborn

Eco-tourism Community recover

coexist

Natural Resources

Agriculture

transition

Industrialization

1999.09.21 earthquake crisis Village

Houses

45% compeletly

70% Destroied

40% remained

15% partially

-7.3magnitude temblor -0 people killed -bammboo field destoryed -deprived people of their means of subsistence

1999

re-construct

recession

opportunity

eco-tourism re-brand

paper dome Originally built in Kobi, Japan. Designed by Shigeru Ban for 1995 Kobi earthquake. Resettled in Taomi vilage after 10 years. As a symbol of friendship between Japan and Taiwan

eco-village natural treature

-diversity of fauna -wetlands -waterfalls -originally ecology

Details -all residents can earn money by cleaning up village -professional weekly training class -tutorial about how to make local artifact -old residents in charge of wetland and education -ecologocal B&B

Rural typology in china Ownership of Land

State Collective

People

Land

Rural Land

Urban Land

Source : Jiang Junâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lecture, 2013, University of Hong Kong

Ownership of Land VS Usership of Land

State Collective

People

Land

Villagers

Rural Land

Citizens

Urban Land

Scenario 1 : Small-Peasant Model ( Xiaogang Village, Fengyang, Anhui )

Weak Collective

Collective Ownership

People

Indigenous Villagers

Private Usership Land

Rural Land

Rural Construction Land Rural Arable Land

Scenario 2 : Landlord Model I ( Xinlong Village, Shunde, Guangdong )

Weak Collective

Migrant Villagers

Collective Ownership Indigenous Villagers

People

Rural Arable Land

Land

Rural Construction Land

Rural Land

Scenario 3 : House-lord Model I ( Xian Village, Guangzhou, Guangdong )

Weak Collective

Urban Village Migrant Workers

People Multiplication

Rural Construction Land

Land

Rural Construction Land Rural Arable Land

Urban Construction Land

Scenario 4 : Landlord Model II ( Wusha Village, Dongguan, Guangdong )

Weak Collective

Indigenous Villagers

Migrant Workers

People

Rural Industry Rural Construction Land

Land

Rural Construction Land Rural Arable Land

“Rurban Construction Land”

Urban Construction Land

Scenario 5 : Landlord Model III ( Zhaozhuang Village, Fengyang, Anhui )

Migrant Workers Collective

Indigenous Villagers

People

Rural Arable Land

Land

Rural Construction Land

Scenario 6 : Shareholder Model I ( Huanggang Village, Shenzhen, Guangdong )

Collective ( More ) Migrant Workers

Multiplication

People

Urban Hi-Village Merge

Rural Construction Land

Land

Rural Construction Land Rural Arable Land

Urban Construction Land

Scenario 7 : Factory Owner Model ( Dashun Village, Jiashan, Zhejiang )

Collective

Migrant Workers

People Indigenous Villagers

Rural Industry Rural Construction Land

Land

Rural Construction Land Rural Arable Land

“Rurban Construction Land”

Urban Construction Land

Scenario 8 : Shareholder Model II ( ? )

? Collective

Re-collective

People

Merge

Rural Construction Land

Rural Industry “Rurban Construction Land”

Land

Rural Construction Land Rural Arable Land

Urban Construction Land

Scenario 9 : Shareholder Model III ( Huaxi Village, Jiangyin, Jiangsu ) Post - Collectivism Decentralized

Centralized

Rural Enterprise

Planning Economy Social Warefare

Great Huaxi

Cadres - Management Pesonnels - Job Security Rural Planning

Collective

Satellite Villages

Migrant Villagers

Neighbour Villagers

People

Indigenous Villagers

Rural Arable Land

Land

Rural Construction Land Rural Arable Land

Rural Sprawl

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Rurban Construction Landâ&#x20AC;?

Urban Construction Land

DAFEN VILLAGE Size:

400,000 m2

Renovation:

1989 - Now

Purpose:

Culture, Politics, Social, Economy

Typology:

Urban Village

Managerment: Government

Description: Dafen Village is in Buji Township, Longgang District, Shenzhen. Best known for its oil painting replica workshops and manufacturers, its oil paintings exported to Asia, Europe and America bring in billions of RMB each year to this area. Different from the extremely high density and chaotic environment in a typical village, the density in Dafen village is rather comfortablez and its urban environment has been improved over the years due to the booming local oil painting industry. The urban texture of Dafen village is unique in the region, it has a street pattern and scale similar to a European town: a nice variation of roof skylines, narrow streets and alleys, and rich colors; But the village’s figure-ground pattern looks more like a micro American city’s checkerboard layout. Its high-density living environment is in strong contrast with the surrounding fast growing but characterless city. The oil paintings produced in Dafen village are only manual duplication of the original paintings and sell for rather cheap prices; therefore it doesn’t contradict copyright law. The massive duplication and cheap sales of western classical oil painting inevitably make those western icons more accessible to the local people, but in a way of fast food like consumption.

Shenzhen, China

Dafen Village ( Urban Village )

Rural Type In China

Urban Village

Dafen

Rural Construction Land

Urban Construction Land Rural Arable Land

Urban Construction Land

1989

Dafen Village

1998

Dafen Oil Painting Village

2014

Investors

Groverment & Collective

Investor ( Oil Painter, Huang Jiang, Hongkong )

Rent

Work Work Rentable Houses, Catering, General Merchandise

Rent Indigenous Villagers

Catering, Selling Oil Painting

Vistors Oil Painter Migrant Workers Residents

Work

City

Dafen Village in the modern city is like a Oil Painting on the Boring canvas.

Industry of Oil Painting

Life of Painters ( Residents )

Eating

Joking

Sleeping

Working

Napping

Village in the City

Shenzhen, CHINA

URBANUS 2005 Purpose:

Culture, Politics, Social, Recreation

Leisure Typology: Planning Managerment: Government

30000

190 million

2004

1979

Description: Recently “Villages- amidst- in- the-city” has been a hot academic issue. URBANUS is giving attention to this issue as an active participant in urban construction, rather than as a scholar. This participation reflects the positioning, attitude and intent of our practice. The cause for the formation of “Villages- amidst-the-city” is simple. A Huge amount of agricultural land has been taken over by cities due to the rapid urbanization land that has occurred since late 20th century in China. However, the law-protected villagers residential lots are intact. Hence the “ village- amidstthe- city” were formed. Aesthetically, the “villages- amidst-the -city” are seen as scar of the city. Politically, it os regarded as a sort of time bomb, except from those artist who appreciate the “villages-amidst-the-city” as a meaningful background for their dramas, these villages have became a seemingly unsolvable problem to those who take serious consideration of issue.

population

10 million

GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 300 billion

50M

Site map

1500m

Urban population Rural population

1000m

GDP=Rmb1tm Farmers can enjoy the same rights and fulfill the same obligations as town residents

500m

GDP=Rmb5tm

Dengxiaoping introduces the Four modernizations and Open Door policies

Resident identity card promulgated.

Shenzhen Economic Zones are setup

Shenzhen Stock Exchange begins formal operations

Fourteen coastal cities are opened to foreign investment

The one Child Policy is implemented

Villagers conditi transfer

First foreign exchange trading centre opens in Shanghai

Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population reaches 1bn

19 96

19 95

19 94

19 93

19 92

19 91

19 90

19 89

19 88

19 87

19 86

19 85

19 84

19 83

19 82

19 81

19 80

19 79

19 78

19 77

GDP=Rmb37tm Beijing 2008 Olympic Game

China overtakes Germany as the world’s largest exporter

GDP=Rmb20tm

Government announces a US$568bn economic stimulus package

GDP=Rmb10tm

One Child policy is relaxed

SARS virus outbreak hits HK and Guangdong

China becomes a member of the WTO Macau reverts to Chinese rule

China signs trade agreement with 10 SE Asia countries(ASEAN)

ong Kong reverts to Chinese rule

New rules allow individuals to trade certificate treasury bonds Asian Financial Crisis

20 10

20 09

20 08

20 07

20 06

20 05

20 04

20 03

20 02

20 01

20 00

19 99

19 98

99 7

meet certain ions can be red to citizen

China had one of the world’s largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century, while national product per capita remained average in global terms. The economy stagnated since the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, with a brief recovery in the 1930s. Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, involved the decollectivization of agriculture, the opening up of the country to foreign investment, and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses. However, most industry remained state-owned. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations, although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained. The private sector grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005. The success of China’s economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society. Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have reduced poverty, while incomes and income inequality have increased, leading to a backlash led by the New Left. In the academic scene, scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese ‘dual track’ economy, and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union, and the growth of other developing economies.

1980

1985

1990

2000

Shenzhen

City Land

Local City Government Government Property Land Expropriation Collectively Property Village Collective

Agriculture Land

Undeveloped Land

Public Construction Land

Construction Land

Collective Land

Residential Land

Binary structure of urban and rural

Binary Structure of Urban and Rural Economic Reform Village

Most agriculture land are expropriated by city government City Goveronment

Others owned by village collective They build multi-story houserent them to city’s flooting population

City Land

Mix Together City

During the urbanization process those orginal farmer groups reformed into new corporations. In 1992 all villagers become city residents. The old village lands were acquired by the city for urban development, but a portion of the land they formerly owned was returned to the old villagers for their own housing and commercial use. Those returned lands formed the residetial areas that are “village in the city¡±. They are new neighborhoods of the ex-villagers. Which are very different from the old villages, which are currently the sites of high rise buildings. There is a big contrast in both from and urban structure between the ex-villager’s dwellings and the rest of the city. The ex-villager’s neighbourhoods contain many problems because of uncontrolled development and ignorance by the city. Many of these “villages amidst the city” have become troubled neighbourhoods.

Village in City

Village Administrator

Development Requirement Binary Structure system

Lacking of Planning and regulation The patriarchal Clan Idea

Village in City

Development Requirement

Lacking of Planning and regulation

Government

4 Reason Formed village in city

Improve Economic Environment

Villager

Compensation and Resettlement

Village in City

Developer Government Benefit Economic Improve Environment

Collective Villager

Sustainable Compensation development and Resettlement 4 influence of society

“Square grid” type lot dividing and the square shaped housing type has resulted in the evenness and fragmentation of the public spaces. Shenzhen’s high speed growth has attracted a Village in City large number of laborers from other regions of China. The low rent apartment has become a huge market and source of income for the ex-villagers. This then drives the ex-villagers to expand their houses both horizontally and vertically by adding, remodeling and reconstructing. The original space rule has Developer Collective been broken and the space between houses has been reduced Benefit Sustainable to less than one meter. The “handshaking” buildings are everydevelopment where. Some housing have reached 10 stories with elevators. The average FAR has reached 4. It makes the rapid decline of environmental quality and result the trouble of neighborhoods.

Member of village in City

With Village Membership

Without Village Membership

With Capital Administrator

Common Villagers

Without Capital

Small owner Leasing

White Color Blue Color

Others

Population Structure Urban issue High building density, lack of city utilities. Fire engine accessibility. And insufficient public space and community service facilities. The houses have very limited sunlight and ventilation. The out door space are fragmented and tiny; they lack a sense of order and safety. It is also difficult to make full use of the street level commercial space. Social Issues Due to the overall low living conditions in the “villages amidst the city”, these areas become a shelter for low income and non-resident laborers. Also due to loose management, there are always social problems such as crime, drugs, and prostitution in these areas. Political Issues With all statistics contradicting the other areas of the city, there “villages amidst the city” have become a sensitive political issue for the city officials who want to a higher standard city.

ARCHITECT IN RURBAN

EARTHSONG ECO-NEIGHBOURHOOD

Auckland, NEW ZEALAND

Robin Allison(main founder) 1995-now Size:

16,188 m2

Purpose:

Living, Recreation, Leisure, Community

Typology: Suburban Managerment: Membership

Description: Earthsong is an innovative urban cohousing development in west Auckland, New Zealand, and a model of socially and environmentally sustainable urban living. The scheme was started in 1995 and the community was finally established in 2008. The community is located in a suburban area in Ranui with convenient transportation and public services. 32 families are living here, sharing a common house, farmlands and some facilities. A resident need to be a member of Earthsong before purchasing or renting the house here by following a series of steps. Focus groups are founded by members to deal with different issues. The proposals from focus groups would be discussed in full group meeting to make consensuses. The sustainability is reflected in both environment and social relations. All the buildings are built with local materials like earth and wood. Passive solar system and rain water collecting system are used to lower down the energy consumption. A small eco-environment is created in the community to realize the permaculture(permanent argriculture). Cars should be parked outside the community to create a pedestrian friendly environment to offers more spaces for daily interaction and kidsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; playground. A common meal is hold twice a week as the most important community activity. Earthsong is also dedicating to sharing their knowledge and experience to public and scholars by offering tours, seminars, workshops and etc.

Squatters

50M

PREPARATION 1992-1994

1994-1997

1998

Eco-village group Robin Allison Mission Statement Vision Group

Cohousing concept Task groups WENCP(Waitakere EcoNeighbourhood Cohousing Project)

Initial Organising Agreement Lawyer & Accountant Legal & Financial Cohousing Agreement

2001

2001.12

2003

Construction Units Facilities

First 3 households

More residents Construction & Community life

CONSTRUCTION

1998-1999

1999

1999-2000

Land: an old orchard in Ranui CNZL (Cohousing New Zealand Ltd)

Hire architect Bill Algie Design Brief Coordination & Negotiation Development team

Land purchase Earthsong Eco-Neighbourhood

2004

2005

2007-2008

Earthsong Centre Trust (educational body)

Common House

Completion

ORGANIZING SYSTEM

Eco-Education

Property owned by PUBLIC LAND

PRIVATE LAND

CONSTRUCTION

Shared by

BEGIN WITH A BUDDY

Proposal Decision Mode

Familiar Paticipate $ 100

Decision Making mode

Decision Making mode*2

Agreement $ 2000

Consensus

Urgent 75% mojority vote

Membership System

RESIDENTS

I have an interpersonal diﬃculty that is preventing my full participation. I have a process observation, eg. the discussion is oﬀ the subject.

I agree with the proposal at hand.

I wish to acknowledge someone or something.

I have a question to be answered before I can make a decision.

I have a question, or need clariﬁcation.

I have a serious reservation, but I am not willing to block consensus. I am entirely against the proposal and will block consensus.

I can provide clariﬁcation. I have a comment or opinion.

I am neutral or basically for it, with some slight reservation.

COHOUSING

PRIVACY COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION SHARING TRUST

RELATIONSHIP SAFETY

PERMACULTURE (PERMANANT AGRICULTURE)

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY CO-EXIST

PRODUCT RESOURCE

WASTE

SELF-SUSTANING

TRANSFORM

NON-TOXIC ORGANIC CYCLE

PRODUCT RESOURCE

WASTE

ENVIRONMENTAL

Design and construct a cohesive neighbourhood whose layout, buildings and services demonstrate the highest practical standards of sustainable human settlement.

SUSTAINABILITY

City Water Supply

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Trashâ&#x20AC;? Waste Tank

Compost Toilet

(only one in front of the common house now)

Compost Bin Pond

Overland Stormwater System

SOLAR HEATING

SORTED DUSTBINS

WATER COLLECTION TANK

WOOD INTERIOR

COMPOST BIN

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

PLANTS NEXT TO PAVEMENT

POND

COMPOST TOILET

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

Develop and foster a living environment which uses clear communication, decision-making and conflict resolution guidelines that promote tolerance, safety, respect and co-operation.

A typical workday Breakfast

Go to work

Morning

Carpool

Work

How is the day?

Dinner

Work out

Sleep

Breakfast

Morning

Farm work

Hanging out

Cook team

Common meal

Coffee/Tea

Chat

Sleep

A typical weekend

SUSTAINABILITY EDUCATION

Assist in education and public awareness of sustainability by demonstrating and promoting innovative community design and environmentally responsible construction. Public Tours Evening Seminars

Tours by Request

Eco Venue Hire Working Bees

RURAL STUDIO

Alabama, United States

D.K. Ruth and Samuel Mockbee,1993 Purpose:

Educational, Politics, Social, Recreation

Typology: Managerment:

Description: Rural Studio is an off-campus design-build program of Auburn University. The program, established in 1993 by D.K. Ruth and Samuel Mockbee, gives architecture students a more hands-on educational experience whilst assisting an underserved population in West Alabama’s Black Belt region. In its initial years, the Studio became known for establishing an ethos of recycling, reusing and remaking. In 2001, after the passing of Samuel Mockbee, Andrew Freear succeeded him as director. Since that time, Rural Studio has expanded the scope and complexity of its projects, focusing largely on community-oriented work.

text

The Rural Studio philosophy suggests that everyone, both rich or poor, deserves the benefit of good design. To fulfill this ethic, the Studio has evolved towards more community-oriented projects. Projects have become multi-year, multi-phase efforts traveling across three counties. The students work within the community to define solutions, fundraise, design and, ultimately, build remarkable projects. The Studio continually questions what should be built, rather than what can be built, both for the performance and operation of the projects. To date, Rural Studio has built more than 150 projects and educated more than 600 “Citizen Architects.” 50M

1990s

1992s

2001

2002

Founded by architects Samuel Mockbee and D. K. Ruth

Samuel first set out withh tweleve Auburn University architecture students

Samual “Sambo” died

Hugely important for rural studio’s stability was the unversity’s commitment of $400,000 annually to studio.

Needy clients List of them Interviewing them by students Select one client Funding by

Donate Auburn University

Architecture students

2nd year student Help design and build a house

Government

5nd year student stay at the studio an entireacadmice year desing and building a community project

Organizations

Human resource institute

Projects

Professors

Assignments

Grades

MVRDV

Rotterdam, Netherland

Winy Maas, Jacob van Rijs, Nathalie de Vries, 1993 Size:

Purpose:

Gallery 9446 m2 Culture, Politics, Social, Recreation

Leisure Typology: Highrise Managerment: Autonomy

Description: The practice engages globally in providing solutions to contemporary architectural and urban issues. A highly collaborative, research-based design method involves clients, stakeholders and experts from a wide range of fields from early on in the creative process. The results are exemplary, outspoken projects, which enable our cities and landscapes to develop towards a better future. The products of MVRDV’s unique approach to design vary, ranging from buildings of all types and sizes, to urban plans and visions, numerous publications, installations and exhibitions. Built projects include the Netherlands Pavilion for the World EXPO 2000 in Hannover; ‘Flight Forum’, an innovative business park in Eindhoven; the Silodam Housing complex in Amsterdam; the Matsudai Cultural Centre in Japan; the Unterföhring office campus near Munich; the Lloyd Hotel in Amsterdam; the Ypenburg housing and urban plan in The Hague; the Didden Village rooftop housing extension in Rotterdam; the music centre De Effenaar in Eindhoven; the Gyre boutique shopping center in Tokyo; a public library in Spijkenisse; an international bank headquarters in Oslo, Norway; and the iconic Mirador and Celosia housing in Madrid. Current projects include a variety of housing projects in the Netherlands, Spain, China, France, the US, India, Korea and other countries; an energy efficient office building in Paris, France; a central market hall for Rotterdam, the Netherlands; a culture plaza in Nanjing and museums in Hangzhou, China and Roskilde, Denmark.

map

Project Distribution

Question_whether classical centralized planning is still needed in times of increased individualization and if instead of a self-organized city can be imagined Critique_gets too perfect and hence predictable Liberation_Freeland is proposed as a radically liberated place where

you have the right to define your own living place

Revolutionary_step away from government, inhabitants can create their own neighborhoods including public green, urban agriculture, and roads

Responsibility_it is not complete anarchy and exist outside law, it is

based on common sense: you can do whatever you want, but do not harm others; you can do everything you want, but yo have to organize everything by yourself

Organically_over a stretch of time as needs change and neighborbood grow

Open ended_this project is a never-ending cycle of building and cannibalizing architecture as needs change, which is already an organic process in the built environment

Almere Oosterwold

Question_How could 20000-30000 new dwellings be distributed in Almere Hout outside Amsterdam? How to use the existing (natural) qualities of the site

Critique_the process of building theown house in the Netherland is a struggle Less Interference_a minimal intervention into natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s processes, and affoorestation, rather than deforestation Distinctive Spatially Cluster_create a generous tapestry of forest that is easy for everyone to reach, and to avoid the scrubby wastelands so typical of newly developed areas Organically_by gradually adding roads and infrastructure according to the grid, the municipality can slowly develop the area by replacning greenspace

Almere Hount

Question_How can we escape from this claustrophobia while working within the difficult constraints of the site? Critique_1990s giant construction compromise leads to an

environment that are neither urban or rural or even suburban, but rather to houses with very small gardens and claustrophobic environments

Attraction_create intense water-focused environment as a way to increase the attraction of the neighborhood and position it to compete better with others

Archipelago_as many different living environments as possible on each group of islands Experimentation_they allowed investment in another island that allowed for new experimental environments. Different architects have worked within the masterplan to further maximise its architectural diversity.

Ypenburg Project

2010 2010 2013 2011 2004 2012 2013 2013 2013 2005

Q Question Critique

Prototype

Architect’s Role

Disciplines

Community

Typology

A101 URBAN BLOCK NEW HOLLAND ISLAND CAEN PRESQU’ILE ALMERE OOSTERWOLD MONTCEAU-LES-MINES ALMERE FLORIADE MADLA-REVHEIM URBAN HYBRID THE GARDENS OF ZARYADYE YPENBURG PROJECT

2011 2005 2005 2003 2006 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008 2009 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010

VERTICAL VILLAGE NEW LEYDEN PATIO ISLAND HAGEN ISLAND DIDDEN VILLAGE

BASTIDE-NIEL

JARDIN DE DESCARTES

NATURAL NEIGHBORHOOD

TEGEL FIELDS

ALMERE 2030

ROTTERDAM MOUNTAIN

ECO-CITY MONTECORVO

CITTA SOSPESA

HOMERUS QUARTER

ALMERE HOUT

KAMIPEN FLOODPLAINS

PROCEDURE DISTRIBUTION

CS ARCHITECT STUDIO Carin Smuts Purpose:

Lainsburg, SOUTH AFRICA

Culture, Politics, Social, Recreation

Leisure Typology: Highrise Managerment: Inhabitants

Description: CS Studio Architects is an Architectural practise located in Cape Town, Sea point. The practise is run by an exceptional women known as Carin Smuts, whom in all her works tries to achieve a holistic and sustainable design solutions in order to create a balance between social, economical and environmental aspects. The Multipurpose Centre is located in a small town known as Laingsburg. This town is situated in a semi-dessert region known as the Great Karroo. The weather conditions could be described as extreme, ranging from very hot, to very cold- even snow in surrounding areas. With temperatures often exceeding 30 degrees on an average day and rainfall at a low of 150mm per year. The topography with which Laingsburg is surrounded, consists of fossilised mud stone and a unique white quartzite band which runs across the velds leaving tell tale signs of continental drift. The design process in which the Multipurpose Centre followed was a very unique and interesting one. It all started with the Laingsburg floods of 1981. The small town experienced a flood which changed the lives of many people, both in a positive and a negative way. The most important thing is that the architects wanted to incorporate locally trained people in metalwork and electrical skills during the construction process. The two existing shed like buildings were taken apart and recycled. The roofs were extended to become single, mono-pitched roofs with large overhangs creating outdoor shaded areas at different times of the day.

The existing roofing material was re–used as vertical cladding to the spine of the building, as well as on the newly created first floor office component. The metalwork executed by the local trainees that were trained by Willie Bester, was a very rewarding process. All the buildings’ handrails were made from farmyard scrap and painted a blue purple for decorative purposes. A clear reference from many locals was that the floodwater of 1981 raged through the town like ‘an angry red bull’. The result was the request by the community to paint the building a symbolic red.

Kommogas

Cradock

Lainsbu rg

Swele temba Nyanga Kuils river

Multi purpose centre,Blikkesdrop on ocean view,

Multi Purpose Centre, Cadrock

Multi Purpose Centre, Westbank

STRATEGY: Value addition to Users

USER

Primary User- Inhabitants of Area

ADVANTAGES

Social - Expose them to the public - Helping them get the social acceptance - Education for children and youth

Physical - Housign - Education facilities - Infrastructure - Day care/ Preschool - Market Places - Multipurpose activities

Secondy User- General Public

Economical - Profession - Alternate ways of earning money - Product making Technical - Education - Training on recycling

Social - Improving their quality lives - To cretate knowledge about constrction methods - Make them self-sufficient

Physical - To make a better environment - To use local materials - Discover new cultures Economical - Discover new lands

OBJECTIVE

Uplifting Community life status

Building Spaces in the building will over the time change into working spaces of the community Flexible spaces will act as facilitate spaces

Bridging the gap between general public and inhabitants

Community Life style change Product makers Product developers Likewise they will have thorough knowledge and their life status will go up

General improvement of the area

Public Change of attitude towards the resident community

Context Proper community spaces + Good residential area + that will accompany their liflong habitual pattern + Reusable resource materials + Working and dumping spaces + Sanitary Landhill

ARCHITECTURE FOR THE HUMANITY Sustainable architecture should improve the lives of people and community

ECONOMY

SOCIETY

SUSTAINABILITY

ENVIRONMENT

ARCHITECT’S VISION OF SUSTAINABILITY

NEW ETHIC IN ARCHITECTURE

Environmentally friendly

Eco-friendly materials

Waste Management

SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE

Energy generation

PEOPLE INTERACTION

Smart technology

LOCAL MATERIALS LOCAL DETAILS

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

LOCAL PEOPLE LOCAL LABOUR

ARCHITECT/CLIENT RELATIONSHIP TYPICAL

RATIONAL

NEW ARCHITECTURAL APPROCH: Collaboration ARCHITECTURAL APPROCH

COMMUNITY

COOPERATION ARCHITECT/COMMUNITY

IMPROVE PEOPLE LIFE

KNOWLEDGE MOBILIZATION

COMMUNITY

COLLABORATION

ARCHITECT ARCHITECT

COMMUNITY CENTRE SCHOOLS RESTORATIONS HOUSING

- SMALL BUDGET - SMALL TOWN - NO TRADITIONAL MONUMENTAL STRUCTURE

SOCIAL INNOVATION

DAWID KLAASTE MULTI PURPOSE CENTRE

Location: Lainsburg, Western Cape Date: 2002 -2005

The colour choice of ‘red’ was an influence from one of the descriptions of the flood by one of the visctims whom described the flood as a “raging red bull”. The cladding is made up of the iron roof sheets recycled from previous buildings.

Models made by the community

Parapet made with recycled materials

ZOLANI MULTI PURPOSE CENTRE

Location: Nyanga,Western Cape

Exterior wall, mosaic

Date: 1997-2002

The gym

ONOBUNTO MULTI PURPOSE CENTRE

Location: Zweletemba, Worcester Western Cape Date: 1990-1998

The gym

WESTBANK PRIMARY SCHOOL/MULTI PURPOSE CENTRE

Location: Langa, Western Cape Date: 2006 - 2008

Work spaces for the community

BLIKKIESDROP ON OCEAN VIEW, MULTI PURPOSE CENTRE

Location: Cradrock, Estern Cape Date: 1982- Present

Exterior wall, mosaic

Home for all Toyo Ito 2013 Purpose:

Public Space

Typology: House anagerment: Toyo Ito & Associates

Description: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;architecture. possible here? home-for-allâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; responds to architecturein the modern era by re-evaluating its aesthetic and formal definition within the context of a site currently undergoing a revitalization. a series of potential projects are displayed atop bases made of solid wood planks. natural timber columns seem to hold the pavilion from the open courtyard below, echoing the the schemes of each dwelling anchored amongst a series of vertical pillars. fullsize panoramas of the host city after the tsunami create the setting as a backdrop to the environment.

Rikuzentakata, JAPAN

Timeline 2011

Great Japan East Earthquake

2012

55th Exhibition Venice Bienale

2013

Push Prototype into Practice

As a prototype to show the idea To offer a place for villager to live after earthquake

Possible future typologies for Japanese coastal city

Build a 1:1 modle for the exhibition then move to Japan take a long time

canceled

Derectly build in Japan Derectly help villager

Leader Architects

Government

Rebuilt Family

Cluster Type Post Desaster Recunstruction

Community

Building Type

Temporary Housing Facilities

Small Shared Spaces

Physical Level

Function Basic Needs

Interpersonal

Safe and Security

Land's Memory and

Charactor

Typology Modernist

Traditional

Unified

Coolaberate

Participation

Mental Llevel

Architects

Reside

“making”

“livin

discuss design building process

design fund collecting Timeline

Great Japan East Earthquake (2011)

Goal Leader

13th Exhibition Venice Biennal (2012) as a prototype

Built (2013)

Architects Community

Building Type Function

Temporary Housing Facilities Basic Needs

leading others

inﬂunce next generati

Rebuilt Family Government

donating

Small Shared Spaces

Post Disaster Reconstruction

Interpersonal Connection

Physical Level Mental Level

design building process

Toyo Ito design fund collecting

Exhibition Venice Biennal 2012) as a prototype

Built (2013)

donating leading others inﬂunce next generation

Sou Fujimoto

Architects

ll Shared paces

Post Disaster Reconstruction Physical Level

personal nnection

Mental Level

Memories d Relying architecture

onal Habitat

instrument for economics

original meaning hibition Venice Biennal Built place to make people gather 012) as a prototype (2013) social tool

Architects

Residents

“making”

“living”

discuss design building process

design fund collecting donating leading others inﬂunce next generation

ask people learn their tradition create a space reﬂect their needs keep the tradition

Design Process

Connection

Space Form

fishman's opinion

environment

communication

landscape

design

Home for All Lighthouse

understanding their needs

traditional space formation method

everyone's idea

local space atemosphere

functional needs

local material

Activities in the Pavillion Fishing

Gathering

Rsst

Communication

Lighthouse

Celebration

Kitchen

JAPAN

Koji Tsutsui & Associates Size:

Community Scale

Purpose:

Relief, Culture, Social,

Recreation, Leisure Typology: Courtyard Management: Autonomy

Description: Young architect, Koji Tsutsui is a native of Japan. After graduating from the Bartlett School of Architecture in London, he set up his practice, which has since operated in many countries throughout the world. Much of his work surrounds the role of the architect as encourager of social interactions; his body of work exemplifies this through careful formal explorations.

This formal exploration began with a school and orphanage in 2006 but has since been applied to other housing variations, ranging from single family housing all the way up to the scale of a village. In 2011, when Northeast Japan was devastated by an earthquake and subsequent tsunami, he envisioned a plan for a relief village which fosters a sense of community and encourages growth.

200KM

Tohoku Region

http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects17_Tohoku02.html

The key element to the his many designs is the clustering of program (boxes) in plan, around a central meeting space (typically a voided space). Sometimes this central area is used as a church, other times it is used for teaching, but what is always constant is that it promotes social interactions among those who inhabit the structures. In addition to the social aspects of his formal experimentation, expansion and adaptability are also key to each design. Each building design can be added on indefinitely by either adding another single unit or even clusters of units. Lastly due to the non-fixed plan orientation and use of lightweight materials, the structures can adapt to topographical concerns with little difficulty.

Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Role

Collaborate

Cluster

aid during crisis

central space

encouraging social interactions

community support

encouraging social interactions

public/private partnership

community support

adaptability

experimentation

public/private partnership

meaning of family

expansion

experimentation

meaning of family

Social

Expansion

Adaptability

cluster

central space

encouraging social interactions

community support

location

meaning of family

public

structure

promote idea generation

private

material

promote collective problem solving

population

construction method

learning

experimentation

poverty

meaning of family

experimentation

cluster

expansion

InBetween House

Mill Valley House

Karuizawa, Nagano, Japan

Mill Valley, California, U.S.A.

Private Residence

School & Orphanage

2009-2010

2009-2012

2006-

+ +

School & Home for HIV Orphans Rakai, Uganda, Africa

Mission in Haiti

Tohoku Housing

Tohoku Village

Haiti

Northeast, Japan

Church, School, Orphanage

MultiFamily

2009-

2011-

+ +

Entry http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects13_Inbetween01.html

Floor Plan http://maxusoloqo.opx.pl/mj-ervin-and-associates.php

single family

add rooms

InBetween House

Interior http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects13_Inbetween05.html

Aerial http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects14_Mill%20Valley01.html

Floor Plan http://afasiaarq.blogspot.com/2013/08/129-koji-tsutsui-associates.html

single family

Mill Valley House

add more single family units

+ +

Porch Space http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects14_Mill%20Valley02.html

Courtyard Space http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects10_Orphanage01.html

Floor Plan http://www.garciabarba.com/cppa/escuela-en-rakai-uganda/

cluster of units around central space

School & Home for HIV Orphans

add more clusters

Cluster http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects10_Orphanage02.html

Church Interior http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects11_Haiti01.html

Floor Plan http://archleague.org/2012/10/koji-tsutsui/

cluster of units around church

Mission in Haiti

add more clusters

Church Roof http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects11_Haiti02.html

Courtyard Aerial http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects17_Tohoku01.html

Floor Plan http://archleague.org/2012/10/koji-tsutsui/

cluster of units around central space

add more units

Tohoku Housing

+ Courtyard Space http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects17_Tohoku02.html

Village Cluster http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects12_TohokuVillage01.html

cluster of units around central space

add more clusters

Tohoku Village

+ +

Courtyard Space http://www5.famille.ne.jp/~kt-aa/website/Projects12_TohokuVillage02.html

HUANG SHENG-YUAN

Yi Lan, TAIWAN

Field Office Architects Location

Yilan County

Size:

2143.6251 km2

Boroughs:

1 city, 11 townships(3 urban, 8 rural)

Population:

458,378

Huang(Hwang) Sheng-Yuan: Born 1963, Taipei, Taiwan, graduated from Tunghai University Dept. of Architecture and received his M. Arch. with Honors from Yale University, 1994 settled down in Yilan. 19 years of practicing in the field, he is currently the Principal of Fieldoffice Architects, and also the mentor of Field School, initiated architectural actions with a group of young architects from all around, gradually expanded to the diverse re-development of the local ecology, waters, and the urban space. Field Office Architects: Concomitantly residents and experts, who have chosen Yilan, Taiwan, as their home, because of the unprecedented opportunity to effectively apply their energies, invigorating them to be freed from constraints and anxieties and to focus with confidence on their own living inspiration to innovation as they strive to build their imaginary eco-paradise of interconnected life throughout the villages and countryside of Yilan where there is no central theme and no urgency in demanding that future development should conform to a fixed and inflexible master plan, but that with enough nutritional energy inputs, it is possible to see the wildest of dreams come to fruition, and connection, and creation, as organic architecture branches forth and spreads roots deep in the living communities, to envelop limitless creative vistas of potential in a living web and tree of life.

Huang Sheng-Yuan

Field Office Architects

The Role of Architect

General Way

Huang Sheng-Yuan nature

Client

habitat

medium human

claim / require

serve / obey to

Architect

politican

Architect

passive

community

active

The Strategy of Architect

WHO

Architectural AMBITION

habitant

HOW

Regionalism

Imitation

Quality / Performance

Link

Possibility

Emptiness

Strategy 01. IMITATION

Concrete Imagecy (Representation) Regional Nature Space Imagecy (Abstract)

Leeks

Ornament

Roof for Sanxing Town Hall 1997-1999

Roots

Structure

Shih-fang Yang Memorial Garden 1997-2003

Mountain

Structure

Trees

Structure

Jiaosi Administrative Center Regeneration 1995-2002

Ornament

Diu Diu Dang Forest 2001-2007

+ Form

+ Interior Space

Strategy 02. LINK

1994 Politican + Policy

Proposal + Performance

2014 A

Proposal 01 0%

Link Together

90%

Proposal 02 99%

Community

Huang:

^~^

^0^

^~^

99%

90%

^O^ ^0^

Most projects cannot serve the commnuity 100% well due to unforseen factors and limit of funding. By linking two projects together, it is able to let government to fund the former one for a good reason. On the other hand, both projects benefit from each other and can reach a high level performance.

Kamikaze Aircraft Shelter Museum

Luodong New Woodsland (Elevated Track Park)

Jiaosi Administrative Center Regeneration

Luodong Cultural Working House

Strategy 03. EMPTINESS

1994

2014

Politican + Policy

FUNDING

Protect Emptiness

Architect & Proposal

Raise the Cost

Nonlinearity Shape

REMOVE

ADDITION

Waste

Proposal Unable

Reduce the MAX capacity of structure

COLLECTIVE SPACE

Community

Huang:

FUNDING

The power of emptiness is that it offer collective place for people to get together, that is, it offer infinite possiblity about how to use it. Emptiness is a valuable resource under nowadaysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; congestion culture.

Strategy X. PATIENCE 1994

Politican + Policy

2014

$$ nonsurpport

$$ surpport

$$ finish

Architect & Proposal

Community

Huang:

surpport Public architecture is a result of the efforts of masses. Politician will step down sooner or later. Time is on the side of public and euqality.

Jiaoxi Guizhulin Basketball Court, Jiaosi Gui Zhulin Chicken Barn, Jiaoxi Guizhulin Hereitary Compound Addition, Jiaosi Zhulin Nuirsing Institute, Roof for Sanxing Town Hall, Sanxing Zhang Residence, Exhibition Extension for Yuanshan Martyrsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Shrine, Paifang for Taiwan National Day, Greater Yilan County Nursing Institute, Yilan Social Welfare Center and West Bank Bridge, Jiaosi Administrative Center Regeneration, National Center for Traditional Arts Apprentice Dormitory, Shih-fang Yang Memorial Garden, Historical City Cultural Alley by Yilan Riverside, Dongshan River Sluice Gate Bridge, Jiaosi Civic and Public Health Center, Zhuangwei Zhang Residence, St. Camillus Center for Mentally Disabled Children,

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Yilan Riverside Green P Diu Diu Dang Forest,

Project Ratio

Luodong New Woodsland (Elevated T

10/37

23/37

Link

Public & Culture

Cherry O

Kamikaze Aircraft Shelter Museum,

STRTEGIES DIAGRAM

Luodong Cultural Working House (Luodong New Wo

Duration

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >10

1993-1997

Yu Shyi-kun

1997-2005

2005-2009

2009-2014

Liu Shou-cheng

Lu Kuo-hua

Lin Tsung-hsien

Architects VS. Politician

1994

2014

Field Office Architects

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Renovation of Yilan Railway Warehouses, Yixing Road Pedestrian Space Regeneration,

Path, The Renovation of Yilan Distillery,

Track Park), Shipai Jinmian Observatory Platform,

Orchard Cemetery Fly-over Bridge,

oodsland),

Jin-Mei Pedestrian Bridge across Yilan River, Yilan Eslite Bookstore, St. Camillus Nursery, Public Lavatory by Dong Shan River Sluice Gate, Camphor Historical Park Renovation, Corridor D of Cherry Orchard Cemetery, Diu Diu Dang Bicycle Lane under Railway, Nu-Zong Rd. Pedestrian Sidewalk, Fieldoffice Dormitory (housing renovation),

LIU KUO-CHANG

Tai-nan, TAIWAN

Opening-United Studio Location:

Tainan

Size:

2,191.6531 km2

Boroughs:

1 city, 37 districts

Population:

1,883,493

Density

854.917/km2

Kuo-Chang Liu

Description: Kuo-Chang Liu and his Opening-United studio The principal of OU Studio and UO Architects, Kuo-Chang Liu holds a Masters of Architecture degree from National Cheng Kung University and is a faculty member of She- Te University and teaches design curriculum at the National Cheng Kung University. OU Studio and UO Architects both are design teams based in Tainan, Taiwan. The team â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;S Studio was self-renovated by the team members, transformed from a dilapidated hundred-year old building. The studio has continually paid attention to research and practical issues of architectural theory and practice, with projects in areas such as spatial installations, furniture, interiors, architecture, landscape and community development.

Tainan City/Blue Print The Outdoor Installation 2004 The memory in Wall

Liu Kuo-Changâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Regionalism

memory Architect

Activation

old space story

modern

Projects: 01. Blue Print Installation: old space

physical

private

present

memory

new blue painting

virtual

pubilc

history

future

02. An-ping Tree House: An abandoned house. An old banyan. They merged into one during the long period of history.

Before Reconstruction Habitant: donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to approach it.

Government: want to remove it.

Kuo-Chang Liu Design a tour stair and lane to allow people go onto the rooftop of the house.

After Reconstruction Habitant: enjoy visiting it to experience the magic of nature. Government: make it as an tourists attraction. Gain profit to feedback the community.

LIU: A good collective space can inspire people to explore it and experience it.

Blue-print facade

Hsieh Ying-Chun Rural Architecture Studio Size:

Village Scale

Purpose:

Pose-disaster Reconstruction, Culture, Relief

Typology:

Modern Vernacular Residence

Management: Government & Autonomy

Description: Over 70% of the world’s population make their homes in rural areas. Under prevailing conditions of rapid economic development, traditional lifestyles and values are falling by the wayside: the results – new houses of reinforced concrete, brick, and tile – are costly, vulnerable to earthquakes, bad for the environment, unreasonable. Architecture professionals are out of their depth in this sphere. Moreover, the issue of sustainable development ultimately concerns tests of survival for humanity as a whole, challenging both generally-understood operational models in contemporary architecture as well as contemporary notions of value, even aesthetics… With these predicating thoughts, Hsieh Ying Chun andhis team proclaim that modern architecture is not a narrow matter of technology; for it necessarily involves considerations of economic, sociocultural, and environmental issues. Through the use of local source materials, lowcost building strategies and appropriate technologies, as well as the design of Hsieh’s new, open, structural systems, the team has considerably lowered costs and technological thresholds. Peasant farmers are able to participate in their own modern home-building projects that also adhere to green, energy-saving, low-carbon standards, and vouchsafe the rights of members of this disadvantaged group to live and to work with dignity. At the same time, design requires flexibility; architecture must reflect the diversity of different regions and cultures.

Taiwan, CHINA

The Power of People

Central Urban 10%

Rural Area Population 62% County Cities 28%

HIGH URBANIZATION

LARGE AGRICULTURE AREA

LARGE AGRICULTURE PEOPLE

The Amount of Houses Built 4 Times In Rural Area

In City

Similar Rural Building

All Savings Spend on Such Buildings

Architects Invovle

No Architects Invovle

Abandon Vernacular Buildings & Lifestyle

Need to be EMPOWER Unsafety

People Lose Their Power

Intersubjectivity Environment: Green Building Technology, Civilian, Lifestyle SUSTAINIABILITY

Economic: Low Cost, Self-construction Society: Collaborate, Diversity, Combine with Culture & Tradition Architects’ Limit Involvement

OPEN SYSTEM

a City of People Built by People for People

Public Platform Typology

local Space Form Local Meterial Local Construction

Simple Construction Principles INTERSUBJECTIVITY Local Residents’ Participation

aesthetics

Job Creation Culture Extension Collectivist Aspirations Recover From Disaster

CAPTION

The Ita Thao Resettlement Community

Traditional Belief

Terrain & Environment

Ritual Space

Collective Working

CAPTION

Recreate Sprit of Community

CAPTION

Reconstruction of Yangliu Village in the Sichuan Earthquake Disaster Area Light Steel Skeleton

Design Construct

Local Building Custom Local Stone

1st Floor

Plate wire mesh concrete

2nd Floor

Plank

3rd Floor

Local People

Architects Local People

Local People

Flexibility Diversity

CAPTION

Personality

Economy Depend

CAPTION

Tribal Reconstruction after Taiwan’s Devastating Flood Unemployment

Relocate

Culture Stock

Local People

Architects

Materials Processing

Simplify Construction Principles

Assembly

Simplify Tooling

Construction Lifestyle Culture

Platform — Light Steel Structure

Recover Commuity

CAPTION

Reduce 40% Cost

Belief Environment

Job Creation

Light Steel Skeleton

Tibetan Nomad Residence

Ferroconcrete

High Cost

Resistant to Great Earthquakes Light Steel Skeleton

Local Materials Local Details

Reduce Steel & Concrete Consumption Reduce Cost Self-construction

CAPTION

rural urban framework Joshua Bolchover and John Lin Rural Urban Framework (RUF) is the research and design collaborative between Joshua Bolchover and John Lin. The objective of our work is to engage in the rural-urban transformation of China through built projects, research, exhibitions and writing. Rural Urabn Framework research and design work addresses the process of urbanization in rural China with a focus on the sustainable development of Chinese villages. It is a multidisciplinary studio which brings together students and professionals. Founded in 2009, it has developed 10 building projects and participated in international exhibitions, such as the Venice Biennale 2010 and the Chengdu Biennale 2011. Its projects include the design of school buildings, a village community center, a hospital, and a sustainable house prototype in China. Located in rural areas of Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, and Guangdong provinces, they integrate local and traditional construction practices with contemporary sustainable technologies. Those projects are recognized and published widely. The Qinmo Village School and Taiping Bridge Renovation projects received the AR Awards for Emerging Architecture in 2009 and 2010.

D F E

H I J M K L NO P Q

A : Shijia Village B : Linzidi Village C : Jintai Village D : Angdong Village E : Taiping Village F : Yongxin Village G : Tongjiang Village H : Luk Zuk Village I : Mulan Village J : Changliu Village K : Qinmo Village L : Yanzhou, Village M: Rural Village N : Factory Village O : Contested Village P : Urban Village Q : Suburban Village

Urban Village

Factory Village

Suburban Village

Contested Village

Rural Village

Urban Village

Suburban village

Conteseted Territory

Cycle of Development Extinction :

Rise of the Middle Class

Farmer VS Developer

Development of Loop Holes

New Leisure Landscaples:

Rural Capitalism

Rural and Urban Citizenship

Golf Theme Parks and

Abandoned Structures

Hukou Policy

Bourgeois Villas

SECONDARY SCHOOL

Island Urbanism

RECYCLED BRICK SCHOOL

Yongxin Village

Yanzhou Village

Tongjiang Village

Factory Town

Degraded framland

Village Community

From Agriculture to Industry

Loss of Agriculture

Modernity and Tradition

Gated Communities

Land Pollution

Rural Livelihood

Floating Population

Agriculural Sustaninability

Generation Gap

BRIDGE RENOVATION

New PRIMARY SCHOOL

old Primary SCHOOL

Taiping Village

Qinmo Village

Secondary Cities

Highway Urbanism Rural Industry Generic Construction Highway Urbanism

YONGXIN SECONDARY SCHOOL PROTOTYPE

Jiangxi, China

The Jian county schools are 4 secondary schools with a total of 3,300 students and 1,800 live-in students from nearby rural areas. The design is a school prototype that can be adapted to different program requirements and different site conditions. The initial strategy is to create a perimeter building that frames a large courtyard. This wall, much like a traditional old city wall contains the inner public life of the school. Additional public and social functions of the school such as the library, the canteen, the art block and the administration building, push into this space activating the courtyard.

Prototype

Administration Block

Secondary School

Library Block

Art Block

Canteen Block

Dormitory

YANZHOU ISLAND MASTERPLAN Yanzhou Island masterplan is a concept and design for a new eco-recreational park. The goal is to convert a historic village, its farmlands and fishponds located on an island in the Pearl River Delta into a diverse leisure landscape. The strategy seeks to create many different â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;islandsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of programs hidden within the existing rural landscape. Different programs respond seasonally as well as to tidal changes in the delta. Existing fishponds, temples and village houses are incorporated into the design as well as new programs for a spa, garden/restaurant, clubhouse, hotel and various floating islands accessible by boardwalk. The goal is to enhance and maintain the character of the rural village and adapt it into a sustainable recreational destination within the PRD.

Concept of Program

Guangdong, China

TONGJIANG RECYCLED BRICK SCHOOL Responding to the prevalence of demolition in rural areas this project proposes a strategy for recycling old buildings into a new primary school in Tongjiang county. The project brief required replacing an existing school building with a new building and expanded program. Our proposal for the demolition of the old building was to reuse the rubble as a growing medium and insulation on the green roof. In the meantime, traditional â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bricks no longer manufactured were collected from demolition sites of old houses in this historic region. These bricks were used as a large screen wall and ground paving for the school. The project demonstrated a way to recycle old material into a new prototype for a sustainable school building.

Recycle

Jiangxi, China

TAIPING BRIDGE RENOVATION

Guizhou, China

The TaiPing Bridge Project was a two-year reconstruction and surface renovation project of a historic 300 year-old bridge. The project addresses the sustainable development and rapid urbanization of rural Chinese villages. It attempted to reconcile the long history of the existing masonry construction with modern techniques of pre-cast concrete. Though the primary task was to repair a collapsed arch, the larger problem was how to revitalize the once important and historic location. Precast concrete was used to rebuild the arch as well as pave the bridge. Bridge pavers were custom designed to transform into planters at various scales as well as seating. In this way the bridge was re-programmed as a public space.

Rural Social Activities

Before

After

QINMO PRIMARY SCHOOL + COMMUNITY CENTER

Jiangxi, China

The Qinmo Village project is a long term, strategic project that has involved several different donors and multiple stakeholders over the course of the last six years to encourage environmental and economic self-sustainability. In 2006, the Green Hope Foundation selected Qinmo Village, a poor and remote village in Guangdong Province, as the site for a new school with an emphasis on environmental education and good practice. As this village had not damaged its agricultural land with chemical fertilizers or pollutants, there was also an opportunity to help villagers grow organic products that could be sold in the Hong Kong market. The project began with the construction of a new school building and was followed by the conversion of the old school building into a hybrid community center and demonstration eco-farm.

Agriculture

Qinmo Village

Organic Farming Workshop

Old School Community Center

Old School

New School Students’ Playground

Villagers’ Events

New Rural Houses in china Anonymous Architects & Workshop Anonymous Architects was founded by Wang Hao in January 2011. “Anonymous” is a common word for all Chinese traditional craftsmen, no matter they humble or great. Those anonymous artisans use their hand, which reflect their soul, create a variety of constructions used from residential to government office. Therefore, Anonymous Architects inherited a kind of “unknown” or “hidden” state, using independent thinking as well as variety modern and traditional constructional techniques and improve the usage of traditional materials, building works with unique style. Anonymous Architects adhere to the philosophy that design should start from creating small residents, and strongly reflect the concept of “housing is art” in their residential works. Anonymous Architects resist straightforward modernism, and explore all kinds of possibilities that small scale villages mix and develop with urban. So the focus of Anonymous Architects is suburb and new style Chinese villages.

Architects

Anonymous

Thinking

Method

Apply

Construction Techniques

Improve

Usage of Traditional Materials

Resist

Modernism

Explore

Villages and Urban

Design

Architecture

Small Housing

Type

Architects & Workshop

New Village

Site

Surburb

Theory of New Rual Houses Rural Area

New Architecture Agriculture

Wealth

Citizens

Indigenous

Architect

Stock Raising

Rationality

Forestry

Aesthetics

Industry

Freedom

Transportation

Interesting

Construction

Logic

Business

Primitive

Catering

Hierarchy

Service

Symbolism

Room Rate

Spirit

Pollution

Simplicity

Food Sercurity

Emotion

Knowledge

Life

Experience

Prefabricate

Curiosity

Handwork

Freedom

Low Cost

Structure

Space

People

Time

Materials

Budget

Anonymous Architects & Workshop

Wang Hao

Village Chunxiao, Ningbo, Zhejiang

Study

Design

City Shanghai

Study

Work

Oversea Germany

“Trilogy of back home”

West / Modern

Oriental / Traditional

Conflict

Amalgamation/Introversion

Ku House

Wang House

Ke House

2006

2009

2010

China

Zhejiang Chunxiao

Ke House

Ku House

Wang House

Chunxiao

Chunxiao Town, Ningbo

Ku House Anonymous Architects & Workshop construction Time :

2007 - 2009

Size of Site:

89 m2

Size of Construction :

180 m2

Typology :

Rural House

Owner :

Wang Bo

Cost :

1,000,000 RMB

Constructors :

Local brickies and Villagers

Bedroom

Stair

Chunxiao Town, Ningbo

Wang House Anonymous Architects & Workshop construction Time :

2010 - 2013

Size of Site:

150 m2

Size of Construction :

220 m2

Typology :

Rural House

Owner :

Wang Hao

Burdget :

300,000 RMB

Constructors :

Local brickies and Villagers

Elevation

Corridor

Livingroom

Stair

Bedroom

Atrium

Chunxiao Town, Ningbo

Ke House Anonymous Architects & Workshop construction Time :

2011 - 2013

Size of Site:

200 m2

Size of Construction :

550 m2

Typology :

Rural House

Owner :

Wang’s husband of mother’ sister

Constructors :

Local brickies and Villagers

Courtyard

Daylight ( Outside )

Stair

Daylight ( Inside )

Museum of Handcraft Paper

Xinzhuang Village, Yunnan, CHINA

TAO â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Hua Li 2010 Size:

Purpose:

361 m2 Culture, Social, Recreation

Leisure Typology: rural Managerment: Autonomy Description: The museum of handcraft paper is located in a field next to Xinzhuang village under Gaoligong Mountain of Yunnan, a world ecological preserve area in southwest of China. The village has a long tradition on handcraft paper making. The museum project is a part of the plan for preservation and development of traditional resources, in which papermaking will be preserved as cultural heritage and contribute to community growth. To exhibit the history, technique and product of paper making, this museum consists of exhibition space, bookstore, work space and guest rooms for artist and visitors. The site is next to the main road entering the village. The museum functions like a preview window of the village, in the sense that the whole village will function as a big museum because each home in village will open to the visitors showing papermaking process. The museum is thus conceived as a micro-village, a cluster of several small buildings. The building scale is in concord with adjacent village and landscape. The spatial concept is to create a visiting experience alternating between exhibition inside and landscape outside when visitor walks through the galleries on ground level, so as to provoke an awareness of the inseparable relationship between paper making and environment. On second level, there is an open work space and meeting room. Through an outdoor stair, one can walk up to roof terrace with a view to the bamboo roofscape of galleries below, and a glass roofed veranda space facing east where one can have a panoramic view to Gaoligong mountain.

Xinzhuang Village

Sustainable Long history of paper making Losing tradition resources

Need to be concerned

Open to public

Preview window

museum

Design goal

Investor Head of village

Theory

Design

Visual

Executor

Scholor

Architect

Photographer

Master carpenter

Relocate/buy old house for museum

Preserving the paper-making tradition

Persuaded

Build a new contemporary museum

Design without site plan

make models Structure model

Study model

Construction

Construction Process

Nature way

Hand-making paper

Exhibition

Use local construction way

Museum

use local material

Landscape

Mountains

Environment

Design principle

The spatial concept is to create a visiting experience alternating between exhibition inside and landscape outside when visitor walks through the galleries on ground level, so as to provoke an awareness of the inseparable relationship between paper making and environment. Through an outdoor stair, one can walk up to roof terrace with a view to the bamboo roofscape of galleries below, and a glass roofed veranda space facing east where one can have a panoramic view to Gaoligong mountain.

Susta history of paper making Losing tradition resources

traditional timber system Structure

Nail less timber

Roof

furniture

Bambo

vocano stone Paper

Local Resources

Wall

Need to be concerned

The building is designed with traditional Chinese wood structural system featuring nail-less tenon (SunMao) connection, which can be skillfully built by local builders. Local materials such as fir wood, bamboo, volcano stone and handcraft paper are used for exterior finish, roof, floor and interior finish respectively. With time passed, these materials will worn and fade into a more harmonious color with the landscape. These living materials hint a sense of time on building.

Open

Xiaoquan Elementary School

Xiaoquan town, Sichuan Province, CHINA

TAO – Hua Li 2002 Site area: 8,900m2 Purpose:

Elementary School

Typology:

Low rise education building

Managerment: Government

Description: The old XiaoQuan Elementary School was severely damaged during the catastrophic 5.12 Sichuan earthquake in 2008 and was demolished afterwards. Supported by donations from several sponsors, the project is to build new school in the center of Xiaoquan old town. The program consists of main classroom buildings, classrooms for various activities, teacher’s office, student dormitory buildings, and dining hall. The new school will host more than 900 students. The design is conceived as a cluster of small buildings to create a micro-city like campus. The fragmentary instead of unified building composition creates many urban like place such us streets, plazas, courtyards, and steps at various scales. These places are intended to encourage diversified and spontaneous activities of children. Small-scale playful corners and labyrinth like space as passage and playground are created to provoke children’s curiosity and imagination. Through this, we also intend to continue the urban space memory of Xiaoquan town in the school building, so as to avoid completely losing the continuity of urban fabric during rebuilding process after earthquake.

Site

Rebuild

New fund

New Technolo

Historical t

Remain historical c

Local resource

Donate

5.12 Earthquake

Town destroyed

School needs to be rebuilt

Local Education department

Designer

Rebuild

Local constraction company

Taoism Buddhism

Confucianist Islam

Design goal

Xiaoquan

Origional Education

Donate

5.12 Earthquake

Town destroyed

School needs to be rebuilt

Designer

Local Education department

Rebuild

Local constraction co

Taoism Buddhism

Confucianist Islam

Xiaoquan ĺžˇ

Morality

ĺ?

Xiaoquan village is an old historical village of Chuanxi plain. It has more than 2000 years of history. This town is famous of filial piety and morality in history, and so it is now. The town has very many literati sites. With Taoism place, the Buddhist temple, Confucian temple and mosque, the culture here is very pluralism.

Origional Education The convenience of control

Filial Collectivity

Prison type

Less fun and creactivity

Origional Education

Modern Education

The convenience of control

perspective of children

Collectivity

Prison type

Less fun and creactivity The original school management model is always focus on the convenience of control. It has either collectivism or even prison type. It makes children become uniform, and lack of fun and creativity. But the modern education should be focusing on the perspective of children. Student is the key point of school. The design is trying to create meaningful space for children, Decentralize crowd children as group, to have more creativity and fun, promote more communication. Make this school become a small city with only teachers and students.

Creativity

Decentralize

Fun

Art room

Class room

Play ground

Communication Small city with teachers and students

Street

Square Court yard Stairs

For disaster area reconstruction is jumpstart development, because a lot of money, technology and consciousness come from outside, the town will sudden accelerate the process of modernization of local tradition. But we cannot just make a new beginning, or we may lose the Local diversity, and make disconnection of history. We still need to keep the culture and memory of this place. To remain the historical characteristic.

Rebuild

New fund

New Technology

New consciousness

Historical town Remain historical characteristic

Local resource

Designer

Local culture

Yuhu Elementary School Expansion Project

Lijiang, Yunnan, CHINA

Li Xiaodong Atelier 2002 Site area: 1,330 m2 Cost: $29,000 (RMB 235,000) Purpose:

Elementary School

Typology:

Low rise education building

Managerment: Government Description: The Yuhu Elementary School Expansion Project in the UNESCO World Heritage site in Lijiang, Yunnan, China is a community service project. The project is intended as a response to the local vernacular architecture through the basic comprehension of environment, social and building conservation. Appropriate to the unique site and the complexity of the subject matter, the investigations were conducted through multidisciplinary collaboration, probing into spatial conceptions in the domains of folklore, materiality, geomancy, ecology and finally architecture.

Site

Old Orphanage need to be rebuilt

Archtect

Rise fund ďżĽ300000

construction

Stoped because Lack of fund

get 6 awards

finish

ďżĽ80000

Design goal

Structural performance

Lijiang sits in aregion of known earthquake hazard.Marry local stone construction to a new method of internalsteel reinforcement and a continuous concrete foundation.

Li believes that in such places vernacular building practices often develop in a way that gives enduring form and texture to the world. Thus in Yuhu he found “an almost perfect balance between landscape and human settlement.” In fact, “one feels strongly that the culture is actually part of nature,” he explains. But Li is also well aware of just how fragile such a balance may be. And this is nowhere more evident than in other parts of rural China, where the country’s opening to the outside has caused many similarly ancient dwelling patterns to be scrapped for the convenience and supposed prestige of more standardized, “modern” practices.

￥80000

Structural performance

Lijiang sits in aregion of known earthquake hazard. Marry local stone construction to a new method of internalsteel reinforcement and a continuous concrete foundation.

Spatial structure

By siting two buildings in a zigzag manner , Li was able to develop a new spatial vocabularythat fulfilled the need for “public” space.

Aesthetics

“To use unprocessed local materials to produce a contemporary visual effect.” In this case, local materials were limestone, cobblestoneand wood.

Town history of region

Building form

indigenous

Vernacular

Materials

Social background

School

environment conservation

Town history of region

Building form

indigenous

Vernacular

Materials

Social background

School

Education

Communication node

environment conservation

School Bridge Li Xiaodong Atelier 2008-2009 Site area: 240 m2 Cost: RMB650,000 Purpose:

Elementary School/ Bridge

Typology:

Low rise education building

Managerment: Autonomy Description: Located at a remote village, Fujian Province in China, the project does not only provides a physical function â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a school + a bridge, but also presents a spiritual centre. The main concept of the design is to enliven an old community (the village) and to sustain a traditional culture (the castles and lifestyle) through a contemporary language which does not compete with the traditional, but presents and communicates with the traditional with respect. It is done by combining few different functions into one space â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a bridge which connects two old castles cross the creek, a school which also symbolically connects past, current with future, a playground (for the kids) and the stage (for the villagers).

Pinghe, Fujian, CHINA

Pass Declining of old Tulou

Declining of old Tulou

Stage

loss of culture

Adults go out of town for work

Elive old community

Children are become hope and vitality

Pass

Future

Communication node

Elementary school

Communication

Sust

Promote the p

Class room Stage

library

Playground loss of culture

Adults go out of town for work

Elive old community

Children are become hope and vitality

Sustain a tradition culture

Pass

Future

Promote the protectionof the culture of Tulou

Communication node

Elementary school

Bridge

Class room Stage

library Playground

Bridge

Sustain a tradition culture

Promote the protectionof the culture of Tulou

The structure is created by two steel trusses that span the creek with the space between them housing the functions of the school. Suspended from the structure and running below it is a pedestrian bridge for the people of the village to use. Small and modern in design, with no reference to the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s traditional building style, the school has nonetheless become the physical and spiritual centre of what was a declining village. Placed in such a way that it addresses its surroundings, the Bridge School connects the village together, providing a central, social space. The broader social aspect of the project was part of the brief, which was developed with the school principal and head of the village to answer community needs rather than simply those of a primary school. A public library separates the two classrooms and the ends of each classroom, or the two ends of the school can be opened up, creating open stages at either end of the building that are integrated with the public spaces outside. The stage at the northern end can be used for performances, with the toulou as a backdrop. The result is a project that has successfully invigorated the entire community.

Declining of old Tulou

loss of culture

Adults go out of town for work

Elive old community

Children are become hope and vitality

Pass

Future Class room

Stage

Communication node

Elementary school

library Playground

Bridge

Sustain a tradition culture

Promote the protectionof the culture of Tulou