Rurban commune part 2 by Fei Wang

rurban

COMMUNE

STUDIO FEI WANG FALL 2014

rurban

COMMUNE

STUDIO FEI WANG SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY FALL 2014

TEAM

Advisor: Fei Wang Students: Mustafa Al Marsoomi Silvia Costan Nolan Robert Ediger Chunqi Fang Gang Han Xuyun Liu Bangyuan Shi Mei Yang Yanqiao Yang Haiying Zhang

CRITIQUE

Reviewers: Michael Speaks Kris Yao Yong He Jie Zhang Bing Bu Xiahong Hua Mark Linder Anne Munly Kyle Miller Lawrence Chua Jonathan Louie Ted Brown

INTRODUCTION

With rapid urban development in China, a huge amount of rural area has been destroyed and transformed drastically. It resulted conflicts and social, political, economical and cultural problems. Commune, a very important term in many fields, different from pure Utopia, is more a multi-dimensional systematic framework. In such a complicated condition, commune, as a strategy, is capable of dealing with the current issues in more general ways to influent the Rurbanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future projective development. Rurban Commune project, as a multi-plex itself, invites many other scholars from other fields, like socialists, artists, historians to participate, besides architects. Thus, through a thorough research and investigation, it allows various experimentations and feedbacks, and finally sets up a catalytic systematic strategy, in order to inspire the revolution. As architects, we will go back architecture per se and work with the specific locality and programs to work on decisive practice in a more elementary way.

XUYUN LIU

BISHAN INTERPRETATION

My project is a research based mapping analysis of Bishan Village which could offer future potential for rural design and rebuilding public life in the village. The main concept is mapping out seperate information layers of Bishan Village and exploring the inner relation between the layers. Then I try to apply the technique of Nolli map to do a test design of public life in Bishan village. Commune is the public life and public space based on the daily life of the people who share common convention and have relatively close relationship with each other. A traditional Chinese village was a natural commune in which villagers share similar life, work and relax together. Nowadays, lots of the adults flee to urban areas searching for better chances. The traditional life style and public life is abandoned. So rebuilding the public life of the village is the most important thing for a commune in the village.

House

Ancestral Hall

Memorial Arch

Horse Head Wall

Entrance Eave

Deep Courtyard

Wood Carving

Stone Carving

Brick Carving

ORIENTATION

TRANSFORMATIONS

Extended yards “South” = “Disaster” No South

Southeast

Extended rooms

COMBINATIONS

COMMUNE

PUBLIC SPACE Design

Architect

Build

Public Space

Occupy

Activities

XIDI VILLAGE

Occupants

HONG VILLAGE

NOLLI MAP PUBLIC VS PRIVATE ROME INTERRUPTED PIERO SARTOGO

Houses

Villagers

Activities

Public Space

BISHAN CRITIQUE

BUILDING PRESERVATION

WHOSE COMMUNE?

EDUCATION

BISHAN PLAN Ou Ningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bishan Plan attracts a lot attention around the world as a new strategy to develop the rural area. However, as a product of the class of scholars, Bishan Plan is criticized as a reflection of utopian for scholars other than serving for villagers. It has positive aspects in building public life in the village and has made a lot effort to preserve the traditional buildings, handicraft techniques and culture. But most of the villagers are still out of the plan.

Most urgent issue

Good house

Public life

Village

City

Farmer

Scholar

Government

ELDER CARE HEALTH INCOME ECONOMY EDUCATION ENTERTAINMENT

HOUSE FAMILY UNION PUBLIC LIFE TRANSPORTATION LIFE CONDITION RELAXING LIFE CULTURE PRESERVATION

ELDER CENTER

SHARE COOP

LAND RENTING

KIDS LABRARY

PLAYING CENTER

HUIZHOU BUILDING

NEW HOUSE

KARAOKE

PUBLIC SPACE

“OLD” EXHIBITION

PLAZA

MEMBERSHIP

NOLLI MAP

COMMON HOUSE

CRAFT WORKSHOP

After the analysis of the related population and their requirements, some possible design schemes are raised. Then combining with previous research, the project would focus on rebuilding public life based on the features of Huizhou building and take use of the technique of Nolli map.

ALLEY

RIVER

PIG’S INN

OU NING’S HOME

BISHAN BOOKSTORE

PRIMARY SCHOOL

ANCESTOR HALL

BUS STATION

new building traditional building

river&pond contour

traditional building

river&pond contour

traditional building

main road river&pond contour

alley main road river&pond contour

fence yard new building traditional building land ridge alley main road river&pond contour

open public space fence yard new building traditional building land ridge alley main road river&pond contour

traditional building

new building traditional building

contour

n-s land ridge w-e land ridge n-s main road w-e main road

contour

w-e wall

contour

n-s wall

contour

tree

contour

tree

river&pond

n-s main road w-e main road

tree

land ridge

tree yard

tree open public space

n-s land ridge w-e land ridge n-s alley w-e alley n-s main road w-e main road

river&pond

traditional building

new building traditional building

river&pond

open public space yard

river&pond

open public space yard new building traditional building

yard

n-s alley w-e alley n-s main road w-e main road

open public space yard

alley main road

orthogonal building building close to river building close to road open public space fence yard

n-s main road w-e main road

building close to road

traditional building

n-s main road w-e main road w-e wall

n-s main road w-e main road n-s wall

n-s land ridge w-e land ridge w-e alley w-e main road

n-s alley n-s main road

DAY

200’

NIGHT

200’

Twenty-two seperate plexi sheets are made to represent different information layers. With the transparency of the material, the layers could be combined freely to explore the relation between layers. The thickness and perspective give the 2-D model a 3-D feeling.

NOLAN EDIGER

BISHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

My project is about the restoration of the economy in rural China through the founding of a college which focuses on improving agriculture and land management. Historically rural China has been a source of wealth and knowledge due to the Anhui Businessmen of imperial China. Currently however, wealth has shifted to urban areas due to industrialization and government intervention. The project focuses on the exchange of knowledge, goods, and resources between rural and urban and subsequently village residents and city dwellers. The main concept is the attempt to blur the lines between village and field as well as living and working. The project combines the formal qualities of both Bishan Village and the fields themselves in the design of both the individual buildings as well as the campus itself. The buildings are clustered as a means to reinforce the conceptual notions of the commune. Existing on the north edge of Bishan Village, campus buildings are far denser and larger closer to the village; as you move away from the village, the buildings become sparse and the fields become a more prominent feature. There is a gradual progression of village to field. The definition of Commune as it is exemplified in this project can be broken down into two categories; social and physical. The social aspects include a sense of community, collaboration, and the sharing of knowledge and resources. The major physical aspect is the formal move of the clustering of buildings. Additionally the program is broken down spatially into personal and shared types.

Arch 609

Nolan Ediger Arch 609

HISTORY:

Governm Farming/ $ Intervent $ Scholarly Governmentdue to: Trading due to: Pursuits Intervention $ Soc due to: Wealth in due to:Wealth in Wealth in Urban Cities Rural Areas Wealth in Anhui Rural Areas Industria Urban Cities Businessmen Industrialization Agriculture interest in: $

$ due to: Wealth in Rural Areas

Farming/ Trading

Anhui Businessmen interest in:

Scholarly Pursuits

past

Scholarly Pursuits

PARTICIPATION: REGIONAL CONNECTION: exchange

COMMUNE: PARTICIPATION: exchange Community Teach

shared

Physical

personal

form

Economic Lecture

Residents Collaboration Sharing Knowledge/ Visitors Rural Resources

Visitors Teach Curriculum Learn

Learn Cluster

Meet

Students Research

Tour Research Sleeping Hygiene

Gathering

RESEARCH: CONCEPT:

Dining

Knowledge

Chores

Recreation

CONCEPT: +

REG RE

exchange ?

Social Residents

Phy

future

Lecture

Rural

Urban

Discourse Meet Research Tour Educators

Res Top

$ Farming/ Residents Businessmen

Visitors

past

REGIONAL CONNECTION: Scholarly exchange Pursuits past

past

Rural PARTICIPATION:

per

Industrialization $ Farming/ $ Scholarly Government Government Government Agriculture Government Farming/ Farming/ Pursuits Intervention Intervention Trading Trading Trading Trading Sleeping Hygiene Intervention $ $ $Intervention $ Physical interest due to: in: due to: due dueto: to: due to: due to: duedue to: to: due to: future due to: Wealth in Wealth in Wealt Wealthinin Wealth in Wealth in Wealth in Wealth in Wealth in Wealth in Wealth Rural Areas Rural Areas Rural Urban Cities Urban Cities Urban Cities Urban Cities Rural Areas Rural Areas Rural Areas Rural Areas Anhui Anhui Anhui Anhui Scholarly Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization Gathering Recreation Dining Chores Agriculture Businessmen Businessmen Businessmen P PursuitsBusinessmen future interest in: interest in: interest in: interest in:

Teach

Lecture

Learn

RESEARCH:

Scholarly Pursuits

shared

Meet

Scholarly Pursuits past

Scholarly Pursuits

future

future Water Management

Growing REGIONAL Resource CONNECTION: Depletion Population

Urban

Curriculum Discourse exchange

exchange

Tour

Research

future

Research Topics Rural

Space/Land

Mechanization

Policy

Research PARTICIPATION: Students Visitors Urban REGIONAL PARTICIPATION: PARTICIPATION: PARTICIPATION: REGIONAL CONNECTION: REGIONAL REGIONAL CONNECTION: CONNECTIC Management

Residents

Lecture exchange

Teach

exchange

Curriculum exchange

exchange

Discourse exchange

exchange

exchange R To

Educators Knowledge Research Meet Students Learn Residents Residents Residents VisitorsResidents VisitorsRural Visitors Rural Visitors Rural Rural Urban Lecture Lecture Lecture Lecture Curriculum Discourse Curriculum Curriculum Discourse Teach Teach Teach Teach Tour

Research

Knowledge

Educators

Learn

Meet Learn

MeetLearn

Meet

Students

Research Students

ReS

Research

Tour Research

TourResearch

Tour

Knowledge

Educators Knowledge

EdK

CONCEPT:

Cluster

CONCEPT: CONCEPT: CONCEPT:CONCEPT: Bishan

Field

PROGRAM:

College

field

Road

Water

Cluster

Bishan Cluster

Cluster Field Bishan Bishan

Field

Road Bishan College Cluster Field

Field Bishan College

College

College Field

College

2 7

Water Village

Road

4. Village Shapes overlayed and extruded.

3 7 Water

Water

7 1 7 6 7 Water

Cluster

Bishan

Field

College

Cluster

Bishan

Field

College

Road Road Water Village Water Village

1. Field 1. Field

2. Subdivide Field 2. Subdivide Field

Knowledge

Educators

3. Extrude Subdivisions

4. Village Shapes overlayed and extruded.

5. Extruded village shape either subtracted or combined.

6. In Between spaces filledwith fields or residential units, a clear path remains for pedestrian traffic.

Section A Section A 50’ 50’

Section B Section B

50’ 50’

75’ 75’

100’ 100’

Section C 50’

75’

100’

Section C 50’

50’

75’

100’

100’ Section C 50’

75’

100’

CAMPUS MODEL

C up

Site 100’

200’

250’

VIEW OF CAMPUS

CHUNQI FANG

Commune of THE Elderly

The project is a Nursing Hotel which comines the programs of hotel and nursing hospital in aim to serve urban elderly people in rural area. This project is a coexist beginning of rural and urban by sharing resourses to each other and benefit both sides. The main concept is use density to redefine and reconstrcut the traditional Hui style yards. By doing this the activities of elderly people of urban and rural side can be reorganized in different levels of yards. During the process of deconstruction and reconstrcuntion of yards, the activities are reconstructed at the same time.

Yen & Liang - Rural Reconstrction Movement - 1930s

Masses

Y.C. James Yen 晏阳初 (1893-1990)

Issues of peasants

愚 foolish

Liang Shu-ming 梁漱溟 (1893-1988)

Solutions

Literacy Education

穷 poor

Carrer Education

弱 weak

Health Education

私 selfish

Masses Education

Intellecturals

Strategy: intellecturals educate masses

Measures

open masses schools; reduce youngth illiteracy found cooperations; articraft training; production technology

set up health care institution; generalize family planning

citizenship training

Visions

智 intellectural

生 self-relance productive 力 strong healthy 德 virtuous

MAO - Land Reform Movement - 1949-1950s

During the pre-1963 period, the Com-

munist Party of China (CPC) played a major role i n transforming r ural life in areas i t influenced o r controlled. A major area w as l and r eform, w here control was taken from traditional land owners and w ealthy peasants, and appropriated to t he s tate, t hat i s, collectivized. C hina i n the early post-1949 period saw i ncreases i n mechanization of agriculture, t he spread of electricity, running water, and modern technology t o rural areas. However, b y the late 1950s, m uch remained to be done.

Mao Zedong ćŻ&#x203A;ćł˝ä¸&#x153; (1893-1976) MAO

Rural Population

MAO

Class Division

Encourage Class Struggle landless and poor peasants middle peasants land

criticize & denounce killed suicide

landlords

poor

rich

Before land reform Class landless peasants poor peasants rich peasants landloards others total

After land reform

household ratio

population

(10,000 men)

(%)

6062 3081

households

neutral

rich peasants

population ration

cultivated land (CL)

CL ratio

CL per house

CL per person

(10,000 men)(

(10,000 mu)

(%)(

mu)

(mu)

57.44

241235

2.37

21503

14.283

.55

0.89

29.2

152603

3.13

46577

30.941

5.12

3.05

325

3.08

21444

.66

20566

13.666

3.24

9.59

400 686 10554

3.79 6.49 100

2188 2344 460591

4.75 5.09 00

57588 4300 1505341

38.26 2.86 00

144.11 6.27 14.26

26.32 1.83 3.27

Class landless peasants poor peasants rich peasants landloards others total

households ratio

population

(%)

CL ratio

CL per house

livestock

(%)(

mu)

(head/hundr ed)

54.5

52.2

47.1

12.5

46.73

39.3

39.9

44.3

90.93

3.1

5.3

6.42

5.1

114.86

2.42 0.7100

.6 -1001

2.21 -00

2.2 15.3

23.19 -64

Mao - Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Commune/Collectivization - 1958-1984 Hierarchy Peasants

Production Team

Resources

Agricultural Production Cooperations Resources

Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Commune Owner Developed by Collective Property, such as agriculture land

In the commune, everything was shared. Private kitchens became redundant, and everything in the private kitchen, such as tables, chairs, cooking utensils and pans were all contributed to the commune's kitchen. Private cooking was banned and replaced by communal dining. Everything o riginally o wned b y the households, p rivate animals, stored g rains and o ther f ood i tems w ere also contributed t o the commune. They w ere put t o different uses a s assigned b y the commune. All f arming activities were to be centrally assigned by cadres every morning.

Politics Public Security Trade Finance Tax Land Management Planning

Pros

Cons

Rural Education, Health Care Welfare, Public Benifit Water Conservancy Rural Technology Rural Trade Militia and National Defense

Peasants overwork Low Positivity Economy Decline Industry Pause Traffice Tie-up Equalitarianism

Even money was outlawed in some places .Everybody in the commune were assigned jobs by their commune leaders. The communes exercised management and control of all rural resources such a s labor and l and. B ecause o f governmental control over resources and bad weather in 1958, 1959 and 1960 f amine became widespread amongst the countryside, with many food resources being exported to urban areas.

Deng Xiao-Ping - Reform and Openning-up - 1978Household-responsibility system

China Population Rural, Urban Division, % 100

Rural People’ s Commune abolished

Urban 0 1980

self produce self-financing pay partial tax

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

China GDP trillion USD,

commercialization enterprization

Deng Xiaoping 邓小平 (1904-1997)

1985

15 12

lands’ ownership still belong to nation

9 6

commercialization enterprization

peasants can develop land indivually in a unit as household

3 0 1980

1985

Cons Cooperative Medical Service Institution disappered Irrigation infrastructure destoried Rural Mechanization disappeared Enterprise which rely on commune went bankrupt or became privitization Responsibility system was a practice in China, first adopted i n agriculture i n 1981 and l ater extended t o other sectors of the economy, by which local managers are held responsible for the profits and losses of an enterprise. This system partially supplanted t he egalitarian distribution method, whereby the state assumed all profits and losses. In traditional Maoist organization of the rural economy and that of other collectivised programs, farmers were given by the government a quota of goods t o produce. They received compensation for meeting the quota. Going

beyond t he quota rarely p roduced a s izeable economic reward. In the early 1980s peasants were given drastically reduced quotas. W hat f ood t hey g rew beyond t he quota was sold i n the free market a t unregulated p rices. This system became an instant success, quickly causing one of the largest increases in standard-of-living for such a large number of people in such a short time. This system maintained quotas, and thus the element of socialist societies termed i n China the "iron rice-bowl" ( in w hich t he s tate ensured food and employment).

Present - Land Transfer - 2004-

Nation still have the ownership

Keep the right of contract develop factory or farm

Able to transfer the right of use peasants who are unable or unwish to develop land

enterprise cooperations advanced peasants

pay can work for

Processes: Peasants who have the right to contract for management can transfer this right to cooperations or professional peasants through following method: subcontract, lease, exchange, transfer, investment and cooperation.

Meaning: peasants don’t have to go to urban to make a living when he transfer his right of use, they can go to work for the local factories which a re built o n their land through Land Transfer

Conclusions ①:

Peasant are free from the limit of land Peasants can transfer his land to others to earn money. Peasants can leave land and are able to go to urban to earn money. Policies given by Government don’t match rural’s demand .(from top to down may fail)

Issue 01 - Population

Before 1980s

Rural

Today

Urban

RuralU

Health Care

rban

Health Care

Education Yong adults: Agriculture

Reasons:

Education Yong adults: Constrcution, Factory, Restaurant

Consequences:

Subjective: Orientation of Values: Urban is more advanced than rural

Empty-nest elderly

lonely, unhealthy

Objective: Social Resources: Urban - Centralized VS Rural - Decentralized Urban - High Income VS Rural - Low Income

Left-behing children

low education, no guardian, raped

Issue 02 - Culture

History + Culture

Architecture

Voice

People

穷则独善其身 I’m poor! 1. Poor Daylighting

1. Peasant who don’t have enough money cannot afford the repair fees

我没啥归属感 Why do I care?

Uncomfortable 2. Poor Isolation

Inconvenient 3. No infrastructure connect to public infrestructure

2. Some peasant earn the historic buildings from landocracy during Land Reform

达买新的！去城里！ I got better choice 3. Peasant who have enough money: prefer to move to city or build a new house

轻轻的我走了 ······· 4. Imigration lead to abandoned houses

Issue 03 - Policy Government

Example: Da-qiu Villiage

X Example: Zhai-chen Villiage

â&#x2C6;&#x161;Example: Hao-tang Villiage

Issue 04 - Community Autonomy From Top to BottomF

Positivity

rom Bottom to Top

City Government Medium County Government Medium Third Party NGO

Village Committee Strategy Villagers

Positivity

Benefits

Critique towards Ou Ningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bishan Commune 01.Bishan Project

intellectrual (hotel owners, curator, artist, architect, designer, photographer, director, writer, culture scholar, reporter, volunteer, documantary group, musician)

Ou Ning, Artist, Curator

Zuo Jing

Bishan Harvestival

Handicraft of Yi County

peasants

Strategy land development

reservation of envrionment

culture + art industry

reservation of history

special tourism

architectural education and practices

experience economy

organic argiculture

02.Bishan Booksotre

floating population

permenant preasants

Created Public

reconstruct Artists

Bookstore

profit

regional out of print books

public benefit

Bishan Bookstore Boss

Ou Ning, Artist, Curator

public space

Ruined Shrine

offer a free reading room

peasants

Inherent Public

peasants

owner

House

private living

public

couryard

reading room playground

peasants

Critique towards Ou Ning’s Bishan Commune 03. Involvement - Bishan Harvestival 碧山丰年祭

voluntary work

invited to visit

Traditional or regional celebration with no regional people’s contribution A make-up tradition was created to try to plant into peasant’s mind. It is still a festival with no tradition.

04. Positivity interested relationship incorformity ^0^

$_$

!!!!!!!!

$ Hey, I’am benefiting you!! ???

?_?

.........?...

$ Benefit what?

Artists i ncorporate peasants’ positivity and attemp to project it back to them. But peasants are confused about artists’ ctivity,most of them think this P roject i s no o f their business and they treat Ou Ning as a investor. They mostly foucus on their own benefits rather than peasants’.

Li & Sun - New Rural Reconstrcution - 2003Li Chang-pingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s argument: Pre-liberationM

Definition

AOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s periodB

community constrcuted by Genealogy

community constrcuted by Villiages

iShan community constrcuted by Artists

Rural Constrcution cannot rely on volunteers only. Rural Area Li Chang-ping, scholar China New Rural Construction Institute

Definition: Rural area is a villiage-based community and self-governing society Two survival modes for rural area: 1. Governmental investment community finance 2. Nongovernmental investment (self-sufficient community) (preference) Working Flow: Li C.P. China New Rural Construction Institute

pay

no interests relationship

Beijing Green Cross Sun Jun, painter NGO & NPO Beijing Green Cross

consult

Government funding

Economy Reconstruction

tax

Peasants

Culture Reconstruction

Sun J.

Description: Beijing Green C ross i s an environmental p rotection NGO founded in 2003 that works in rural China. It seeks to build the countryside to be more like the countryside, increase r ural environmental awareness, improve r ural self-governance and community cohesion, and b ring together government, NGOS, and villagers as partners in building a new China.

Projects include: 1) Post-Disaster Reconstruction and planning, such as after the Sichuan earthquake in 2008. 2) N ew C ountryside P ilot Villages, w hich showcase different ecological development models for villages. 3) N on-Rural Projects, such a s ecological a wareness training, r ecycling and w aste management p romotion, media and publications, and surveying and data analysis.

Issues Benefits -income -living environment -socity resource (education, health care, etc) Positivty

Trash Classification Recycle Water Pollution Unfinished Buildings Abandoned Traditional Buildings

RuralU Elder Peopel

Bishan

rban 01. Unable to travel due to age issue 02.Want t o back t o garden t o enjoy peaceful life and get rid of congestion 03. U rban nursing center treat e lders as patients which has a negative psychological suggestion

discount Profits

Elder Peopel

Youth

Nursing center jobs

expected users

Nursing Hotel Cooperate hotel

local houses

share professional skills or professions

garden

field land

Hospital Social Resources Nursing Center

Basic Types of Units 1st floor

Hall Wing-room Skywell

“回”type

Prototype

“H”type

“日”type

Abstract Organization 1st floor

Street

Space Syntax 1st floor

Depth 6 5 4 3 2 Street

1 26

Typology of Reformed Crossroad

W Entrance Preferences according to Yi Study

凶 NW

艮

乾

吉 WE 兑巽 SW

坎乾

吉

Crossroad as a symbol of ill luck (凶)

吉

SW N

凶

Entrance Preferences in Bishan

N NW

NE N

坤离

凶

震

S SW

S N NW

Site Development

Existing Condition

Implied

Axis

o l Po

lt Hea

rde

Facade

ding

Rea

and Drainage

Abstract

Plan

g ntin Pla

War

Traffic

s che Dit

Cou Style

Stree t ya rd

l l Ha ss Me

n t Manageme care

sing

Hou

n Intersectio nter Ce it y

Activ

R oo

Program Distribution

Lane and Yard

Entertainment Unit

Nusring Unit

Hotel Units Combination - Pararllel Hotel Units Combination - Perpendicular

Plan

Sections

Gang han

new rural reconstruction

My project is based on the example of Bishan Village, through a kind of new rural reconstruction, which can sustainably develop rural regions in China, to realize the reduction of poverty of peasants and raise their living standards at the same time. In the early days of China, rural areas are the main part of economy and society. Started from 1949, China experienced a series of reforms. In order to raise the integral countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic level speedy, the status of rural areas were gradually weaken. At that point, the relationship between rural areas and urban areas was switched: originally are urban areas depending on rural areas, but now are rural areas depending on urban areas. Even in some rural areas, the developing of the village and the living of peasants are mainly depending on the financial support from government and urban areas. My project is focus on how to pushing the rural areas to develop themselves, and eventually change the uneven depending relationship between rural areas and urban areas. The main concept is teaching the peasants survival skills instead of giving them financial aids directly. Based on agriculture is basic industry of farmers, combining the local real situation, I want to search a new method for developing agricultural, and guide farmers to understand and familiar this method. The villages will be a collective which build the new agricultural production chain, and use this production chain as the local breadwinner. My idea is based on the concept of through developing the economic level to promote the construction of the rural area, and eventually achieve the self-efficient developing model, in which the construction of the rural areas are made by the farmers themselves. In Bishan Village, as the there are more people but comparatively less farmlands, firstly the project will promote the organic cultivate to raise the yield of crop to solve the problem of shortage of food at that area. Secondly, combining the market demand and local climate conditions, the project will promote the scientific cultivate and machining of the commercial crop, tea, in order to raise the income of local farmers. Thirdly, the project will use the local famous handicraft industry, woodcarving and stone carving to package the tea, and raise the income of the local farmers further. At the meantime, the regional culture of the rural area will also be protected and developed. Fourthly, Bishan Village can use part of the increased income, which gained from using the new agricultural method, to construct the village in the region of infrastructure, education, medical facilities and social welfare. The definition of Commune is a harmonious collective that each part has relatively equal position, and not only working together but also developing together. Because of the disparity gap between the developing condition of rural areas and urban areas in China nowadays, more and more social issues are exposed, such as urban-village problem, floating workers problem and so on. At the same time, compared with the urban people, the people live in rural areas cannot have living allowance and receive enough attention on their social status. The social conflicts caused by these issues already started to restrict the further developing of China. So in this project, commune can be understood as a harmonious collective, which is country here. Focusing on the equal position, rural areas and urban areas will work and develop together.

授人以鱼不如授人以渔

rural society in the People’s Republic of

China occupies more than a half of China’s population (roughly 55%) and has a varied range in terms of standard of living and life patterns. In southern and coastal China, rural areas have seen increased development and are, in some areas, beginning to catch up statistically to urban economies. In northwest and western regions, rural society has continued to be seen as of a low standard and primitive. Basic needs such as running water and accessible transportation are still very much a problem in these areas.

Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.

reFerence

concePt

New Rural Reconstruction Founding of the People’s republic

Great leap Forward

1949

1958

Policy of reform and opening-up

Bishan Project

2014

1978 2011

2xxx

2011

Reduce Poverty and Develop Rural Regions land reform, Collectivized

abandoned Farming

wealth Gap “Floating Population”

arts change rural regions

rural

weaK

urBan

weaK

urBan

weaK

urBan

rural

weaK

urBan

reFerence.

ProJect’s concePt

new rural reconstruction

local

MiGrant

local

MiGrant

BISHAN

BOOK STORE

BISHAN

ORGANIC FARMING

BISHAN BISHAN

BISHAN HOTEL

BISHAN

COMMERCIAL CROP

BISHAN

ARTISTIC MOVEMENT

BISHAN

MACHINING

BISHAN

ARTIST

BISHAN

PACKAGING

BISHAN

BISHAN BISHAN

BISHAN BUSSINESS

BISHAN

HANDICRAFT

BISHAN

INTELLECTUAL

BISHAN

MARKETING

BOOK STORE

BISHAN

Bishan

ORGANIC FARMING

Bishan

BISHAN HOTEL

BISHAN

Bishan

COMMERCIAL CROP

Bishan

BISHAN

Bishan

BISHAN ARTISTIC MOVEMENT

BISHAN

Bishan

MACHINING

ARTIST

BISHAN

Bishan

PACKAGING

Bishan

BISHAN

Bishan

BISHAN BUSSINESS

BISHAN

INTELLECTUAL

Bishan

HANDICRAFT

Bishan

BISHAN BISHAN

Bishan

MARKETING

rural issue in china

“Sannong Wenti”

“Nongye”

“Nongcun”

“Nongmin”

aGriculture

VillaGes

Peasants

Low Degree of Market; Large Price Volatility; Small-scale Production; Food Security;

“Hukou”; Difference between Urban and Rural Economy and Culture;

Low Income; Income gap between urban and rural areas; Low Culture Quality; Right of Peasants;

Agricultural industrialization

Reformation of “Hukou”

Education & Policy

agricultural GDP in china

agricultural import & export

Rural and Uban Population in China

Off-farm Workers in China

Finance of health care from GoV in rual area and urban area

Finance of social security from GoV in rual area and urban area

Finance of Social Security from GOV for Peasants and Citizens

Per capita annual net income in rural area and urban area

Education Level of Urban Areas in China

Education Level of Rual Area in China

1953

1964

1982

1987

1990

1995

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2010

aGricultural issue in china Agriculture is a vital industry in China, employing over 300 million farmers. China ranks first in worldwide farm output, primarily producing rice, wheat, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, cotton, oilseed, pork, and fish. Although accoun ting for only 10 percent of arable land worldwide, it produces food for 20 percent of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population.

arable land

Urbanization

Construction Land

Urbanization caused that there is less arable land in the region with high density of population.

Technology

Productivity

Inflation of Prices

Increase

arable land Decrease

Transportation

agriculture GDP

Urbanization

Demand Growth

Decrease

Off-Farm Workers Knowledge

Market

agricultural GDP in china In recent 20 years, Agriculture was not strongly developed compared with other industries, secondary industry and Tertiary Industry .

agricultural import & export As the consequense, china used to be an agricultural export country, but not is a agricultural import country.

Per capita annual net income in rural area and urban area In recent 20 years, the wealth gap between rural areas and urban areas has increased.

1953

1964

1982

1987

1990

1995

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2010

VillaGes’ issue in china Villages, formally village-level divisions in China, serve as a fundamental organizational unit for its rural population (census, mail system). Basic local divisions like neighborhoods and communities are not informal like in the West, but have defined boundaries and designated heads (one per area). In 2000, China’s densely populated villages (>100 persons/square km) had a population greater than 500 million and covered more than 2 million square kilometers, or more than 20% of China’s total area.

Transportation Education Traffic Jam

Medical Care “ Hukou ”

Education

infrastructure Overload

Medical Care

Water Conservancy

infrastructure shortage

Electricity

Pollution

Labor

Citizen

Employment

Off-Farm Peasant

city

Population Structure

Rising prices

Off-Farm Workers

Population Structure

Village

Unattended Children Empty Nestor

Public Security

Unused Farmland urban sprawl

Urban Village

Urbanization

Culture

“ Hukou ”

Historic Architecture Arable Land

rural and uban Population in China Since the establishment of new China. massive people have moved from rural areas into cities. Off-farm Workers in china In recent 20 years, more and more peasants abandoned agriculture, while the proportion of migrants has increased. Finance of health care from GoV in rual area and urban area Although the government spent more money for health Care in china, but the proportion of rural areas has decreased.

Finance of social security from GoV in rual area and urban area Although the government spent more money for social security of Rual area in china, but the gap between rural areas and urban areas is still huge.

Finance of social security from GoV for Peasants and Citizens Although the government spent more money for social security of Rual area in china, but the gap between rural areas and urban areas is still huge.

1953

1964

1982

1987

1990

1995

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2010

Peasantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s issue in china Rural Condition

Urban Condition

Per capita annual net income in rural area and urban area In recent 20 years, the wealth gap between rural areas and urban areas has increased.

Education Level of urban areas and rural areas in china In china, the education level of people has increased, but the low education levle of peasants is still serious problem.

1953

1964

1982

1987

1990

1995

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2010

Virtuous circle oF DeVeloPMent in chinese rural areas

DePenDency oF welFare

OFF-FARm WORkERS

eDucation

electricity

MeDical care

aGriculture

incoMe

inFrastructure enVrionMental Protection

water conserVancy

transPortation

PoPulation MiGration

PoPulation structure

unuseD FarMlanD

araBle lanD

COUTER-URbANIzATION

ProDuctiVity MarKert

haBits

KnowleDGe

inanity

PoPulation exPlosion

leGal consciousness

cultural Quality

liVinG stanDarD

unattenDeD chilDren eMPty nestor rural laBor

historic architecture

traDition

culture

the analysis oF Bishanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inDustrial MoDel ProGraM

ProGraM

test lanD

learninG

reGional conDition

cliMate

coMMercial croP

tea

PlantinG

orGnic FooD

soyBean

FraMlanD

orGnic FeeDinG

arGriculture aniMal husBanDry

Bishan VillaGe collectiVe

PlantinG

chinese MeDicinal Materials

aniMal husBanDry

caGe Free

Mountain wooD anD BaMBoo

Forestry

tourisM

Forestry ParK

reGional conDition

hanDicraFt

traDiton

reGional conDition

culture

exhiBition

ProGraM

exhiBition

ProcesseD ProDucts tea culture

exPerience

MachininG

ProGraM

MarKet wholesale PriMary Material

MarKetinG

retail ProGraM

stores

EXHIBITION

MachininG

ProcesseD ProDucts

Diet culture

experience

ProGraM

inDustry MoDel oF Bishan VillaGe

oFFice

Vistors

ProGraM

Meals

restaurant

loDGinG

liVinG sPace

scholar

HISTORIC VILLAGE ( ARCHITECTURES )

ProGraM

worKshoP

ProGraM

zHANGSHUI riVer

nursinG hoMe

orGanic FarMlanD

BuilDinG B

BuilDinG a

BuilDinG c

BuilDinG B

FarMlanD house

VillaGe coMPlex

tea house

FarMlanD house

tea Plantation

primary school

BuilDinG a _ VillaGe coMPlex

14 17

11. Lab

Function

12. Farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Market

1. Reception

13. Workshop Of Carving ( Wood )

2. Clearn Space

14. Workshop of Caving ( Rock )

3. Public Storage

15. Processing Workshop of Tea

4. Exhibition for Oganic Farming

16. Kitchen

5. Exhibition for Tea Crop

17. Laudary

6. Growing Areas for Lab

18. Dining Room

4 1

2 3

7. Activity Area

19. Office of Village

8. Reading Room for Organic Farming

20. Mechanic Room

9. Reading Room for Tea Crop

21. Septic

10. Auditory

22. Parking

n a

10 m

20 m

50 m

10 m

20 m

SECTION AA

BuilDinG B _ FarMlanD housinG

6 7

Function

1. Organic Farmland

2 4

2. Kitchen 3. Living Room

4. Restroom 5. Shower Room 6. Parents’ Bedroom B

7. Children’s Room 8. Guest’s Room 9. Spetic

10 m

20 m

50 m

10 m

20 m

SECTION BB

BuilDinG c _ tea housinG

Function 4

1. Parking Lot

2. Front Desk 3. Public Storage

4. Exihibition of Tea Products

5. Tea Store 6. Public Tea Tables 7. Private Tea Room 8. Vistor’s / Guest’s Room 9. Spetic

10 m

20 m

50 m

10 m

20 m

SECTION CC

SILVIA COSTAN

WALKING THROUGH

My project is about the interactivity of three different functions (hostel, market, school) arranged by the three existing rivers on the site, not far from the center of Bishan village. During these years, Rural China has been increasingly damaged by an enormous emigraton of peple from the rural areas to the city. The resulting decline of these areas can only be beaten by creating a series of infrastructure that can be supported and used by the local people with their natural resources. This project may be a solution for the Bishan village to improve its economic conditions, to value its traditions and reintroduce the turism. Considering some weak elements of Bishan village and rural China (in general) analyzed in the design reserach,the main concept consists of three separate longitudinal cluster of buildings each one dedicated to a specific function : the Bishan Hostel, the Bishan Market and the Bishan College, connectd by a croos belt of buildings for public use (restaurants, cafe and library). This permits the three different main functions to work as an unique one. The Bishan Hostel can be a place for turists that want to enjoy the beatiful landscape of the area. The Bishan Market is a place for pleasure but also an opportunity for local people to produce and sell their home-made products. Finally, the Bishan Collage can be an important spot not only for Bishan jung generation but also for some villages closed to it. Sense of commune means the ability of creating a strong cooperation between people, their feelings and traditions and linking them together. Commune has to be considered as a force and a machanism that can highlight the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quality of life preserving its identity

CHINA’S URBAN RURAL EVOLUTION

MODERN WORLD GARDEN CITY

FROM RURAL TO URBAN TERRITORY Contemporary architecture within a context of unrestrained development

URBANIZATION PROCESS

ALTERNATIVE MODE OF ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE

STARTING POINTS

LOOKING

INCORPORATING

BUILDING

- LOOKING at the rural traditional buildings or material techniques for inspiration - INCORPORATING rural typologies into proposals for the city - BUILDING exclusively in rural areas DESIGN RESEARCH’S BASIS

THE RURAL CONTEXT= RICH SOURCE FOR EXPERIMENTATION CONTEXTUALIZING THE RURAL

PRESERVING THE RURAL’S IDENTITY

RURAL CONTEXT

MATERIALIZING THE RURAL

PRACTICING THE RURAL

AVILABILITY OF MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGIES SKILLS CONSTRUCTION

LOCAL RESPONSE

CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE GRASSROOTS ACTIVISM

HAND BY HAND WITH ISSUES OF ARCHITECTURAL TRADITION AND CULTURE

GOVERMENT AGENDAS ECONOMY

DESIGN RESEARCH’S BASIS

BACK TO HISTORY:

RURAL LAND OWNERSHIP

STATE-OWNED

1912

Republic of China

landlord 1949

Mao Zetong

1976

Deng Xianoping

collective

2004

Property Law

households’ share

except for agriculature land the others can be privatelly owned

DESIGN RESEARCH’S BASIS

Republic of China

Mao Zetong

Deng Xianoping

Property Law

1912

1949

1976

2004

SENSE OF COMMUNE’s DEVELOPMENT

Sense of Community

SENCE OF COMMUNE’S PRINCIPLES (PRESENT SITUATION)

LOCAL PARTECIPATION

RURAL URBAN

PERCEIVED NEIGHBORING

RECIPROCITY

MEMBERSHIP

TRUST

SENSE OF COMMUNE Higher in Rural than Urban Areas Source: Sense of Community, Neighboring, and Social Capital as Predictors of Local Political Participation in China Qingwen Xu • Douglas D. Perkins • Julian Chun-Chung Chow Published online: 14 March 2010 Society for Community Research and Action 2010

DESIGN RESEARCH’S BASIS

URBAN AND RURAL PROJECTION

(Million people) 1200

1000

800

600 400 200

China URBAN Population China RURAL Population 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

(Year)

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

(Year)

(Urbanization %) 60

30 20 10

1950

Source: China Compendium of Statistic

DESIGN RESEARCHâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S BASIS

1950 Early economic development (1950-52) Farmers granted arable land (1951-58) Government establishes separate urban and rural Hukou (living permits) to restrict and control migration

1958 Great Leap Forward (1958-60) 1958 Sino-USSR relatinship deteriorates, most of the large industrial projects stall

23 18

1960

1966

1978

Economic recovery (1960-65) 1964 Many factories were moved from big cities to underdeveloped areas

Cultural Revolution (1966-76) Ransacked economic and social structure 16 million Chienese youth sent to rural areas

Economic reform (1978-90) Early economic liberalization iniziated 1979 and 1980s Many cities opened to foreign investment 1980s Relaxed Living permits adn surge of peasants begin to migrate to cities

MIGRATION TO RURAL AREAS

1992

2005

Continued economic development (1992-2005) Market economy become mainstream (2000-2005) Futher relaxation of Living permitsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; system accelerates the migration to cities

2012 China becomes the world's largest trading powers and the biggest recipient of inward foreign direct investment

MIGRATION TO URBAN AREAS

Source: China Compendium of Statistic 1949-2005

DESIGN RESEARCHâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S BASIS

URBAN VS RURAL

? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RURAL AND THE URBAN AREAS SHOWS HOW CHINA IS A CONTRY DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN PARTS

ARCHITECTURE HAS FORMALIZED THE IMAGED LINES DRAWN BEETWEEN CHINA’S CITIES AND ITS COUNTRYSIDE

HOW TO RE-ESTABLISH THEIR RELATIONSHIP?

DESIGN RESEARCH’S BASIS

THE BIG CONTRADICTION CHINESE URBAN AREAS

CHINESE RURAL AREAS (BISHAN) ()

ECONOMY URBANIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION COMMUNE

DESIGN RESEARCH’S BASIS

A GOOD EXAMPLE FOR RURAL CHINA’S RECONSTRUCTION

BISHAN PROJECT’S 2011, Zuo Jing and Ou Ning

NEW RECONSTRUCTION MOVEMENTS IN SEVERAL CHINESE RURAL AREAS

RE-MAKING ALIVE THE TRADITIONAL AUTONOMY

OF THE RURAL AREAS

PRESEVING LOCAL TRADITIONAL, ECONOMIC, CUTURAL, POLITICAL ASPECTS OF RURAL AREAS

CREATING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CITIES AND COUNTRY SIDE BASED ON MUTUAL SUPPORT

DESIGN RESEARCH’S BASIS

BISHAN PROJECT 2011

ANHUI PROVINCE, HUIZHOU REGION, CHINA

http://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/photos-bishan-project-aims-reinvent-yet-preserve-chinas-rural-identity

BISHAN PROJECT

PRESERVING AND REINVENTING CHINA’S RURAL IDENTITY

PRESERVING LOCAL TRADITIONS

PROMOTING ORGANIC FARMIG

ART PRESERVING LOCAL CRAFTS

HARVEST FESTIVAL

CREATING RELATIONSHIP WITH CITIES

ECOLOGICAL LIVING

NURTURING INTENTIONAL COMMUNI COMMUNITIES

DESIGN RESEARCH’S BASIS

DESIGN STRATEGIES 1. AN ADOPTABLE URBANISTIC MODEL

EXAMPLE 5.

1. BISHAN THEATER 2.BISHAN COMMUNITY CENTRE 3. BISHAN MARKET 4. CARPENTER 5. CRAFTSMAN

COMPACT SETTLEMENT

MITIGATING PEOPLE’S MIGRATION

PRESERVING THE LAND

RELAUCHING LOCAL ECONOMY

2. CREATING A SYSTEM OF CLOSED FINCTION

FINCTION A FUNCTION B

FUNCTION A=

FUNCTION B=

FUNCTION A + FUNCTION B+ FUNCTION C +FUNCTION D+ FUNCTION E=

FUNCTION E FUNCTION D FUNCTION C

FUNCTION C=

CONCEPT

3. BISHAN HOSTEL

JOB’S OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOCAL PEOPLE

TURISM’S INFULX

MULTI-FUNCTIONS

4. BISHAN’S COLLEGE

FAMILY CAN STOP MIGRATING TO URBAN CENTRES

MEETING POINT FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

ATTRACTING PEOPLE BORED BY THE BIG CITIES’ LIVING CONDITIONS

CONCEPT

5. PARKS’ PROJECTS/ GREEN SPOTS’ SYSTEM EXAMPLE

CHILDREAN PLAYGROUND TEA GARDEN FLOWERS’ GARDEN

6. CENTRAL MEETING POINT FOR THE COMMUNITY BISHAN SATELLITE

THEATER/CINEMA

LOCAL MARKET

MEETING PLACE

FORWARD-LOOKING PROJECTS

FUNCTION FLEXIBILITY

PRESERVING LOCAL RESOURCES

CONCEPT

PUBLIC BELT BISHAN HOSTEL BISHAN MARKET

BISHAN HOSTEL

BISHAN COLLEGE RIVERS

HORIZONTAL DIRECTION

BISHAN MARKET

VERTICAL DIRECTION

SKYLIGHT’S SYSTEM

BISHAN COLLEGE

CONCEPT

GROUND FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR 6m

SECOND FLOOR

N THE BISHAN HOSTEL

FUNCTIONS FIRST LEVEL

1 UNIT 4 UNITS

PUBLIC BELT: CAfe PUBLIC SPACE/ ROOF CONNECTION

SECOND LEVEL

ROOF LEVEL

SECTION A

SECTION B

N THE BISHAN MARKET

FUNCTIONS

FIRST LEVEL CIRCULATION

EXHIBITION/WORKSHOP WORKSHOP/EXHIBITION PUBLIC BELT: CAfe

SECOND LEVEL

BUYING

ROOF LEVEL

PRODUCING+BUYING

SECTIONS

N THE BISHAN COLLEGE

STUDENT SERVICE/ OFFICE

LIBRARY EATING BOOKSTORE CLASS

LECTURE ROOM DORM

ROOF’S SYSTEM 1.

FIRST LEVEL

3. 4.

6. 5.

SECOND LEVEL

ROOF LEVEL

SECTION A

YANQIAO YANG

new bishan elderly commune

My project is an elderly people village as new Bishan commune. This idea came out as a solution of two main Chinese social issues. One is rural issue which is the big immigration from villages to cities, and the other is about aging society. The main concept is to keep the morphology of the Huizhou village, in order to evoke the memory of old village time, responding to the Bishan village, not Making too much conflicts to the surrounding environment. Thus I collage the maps of different villages in the same area, creating building blocks, following the site boundaries and rivers and filled with different size of court yards. A commune is a community of people living together, sharing common interests, property, obsessions, and resources. Elderly people has very strong collective consciousness. The idea of encourage elderly people go back to village and share their life with villagers can creat a lots of benefits for not only rural area, but also the whole Chinese society.

1500

Urabn Population

1200 1500

Rural Population Urabn Population

900 1200

Rural Population

600 900 81%

300 600 0 300 0

78%

74% 70%

65%

59%

52%

2013

1981 3M SQKM

400 M

Population 1981 80%

1992

2013

Chinese Labor 1981-2013

1992

3M SQKM

1981

2013

70%

1992

2013

Urabn Population 4X 1992

2013

Rural Population

53.2%

800 M

1981

Urabn Population 1981

74%

2013

Agriculture Land1981-2013

80%

78%

1981

Agriculture Land1981-2013

40%

Rural Population

1992

Employment in agriculture 1981-2013 6M SQKM

Chinese Labor 1981-2013

40%

1992

2013

Employment in agriculture 1981-2013

65%

59%

52%

1981

400 M

1992

Female Agriculture 2013 Labor 2006

Chine

47%

80.6%

6M SQKM

400 M Backďź&#x;

Senior (50+) Doing Farmwork 2010

3M SQKM

1980 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2013 1992

53.2% 2013

Rural and Urban Population 1980-2013 Chinese Labor 1981-2013 53.2% Female Agriculture Labor 2006

80%Female Agriculture Labor 2006

1981

Urban and Rural Income Gap 1981-2013

800 M

Backďź&#x;

Female Agriculture 1992 2013 Labor 2006 53.2%

Urban and Rural Income Gap 1981-2013 1981

2013

1981

47%

1992

400 M

Employment in agriculture 1981-2013

52%

2013

Rural Population

4 2009 2013

1992

6M SQKM Employment in agriculture 1981-2013

900

ulation

3M SQ

Chinese Labor 1981-2013

1981 40%

1981

81%

2013

80%

4 2009 2013

300

1992 Chinese Labor 1981-2013

800 M

1200 47%

pulation

6M SQ

40%

Population 800 M

600

3M SQ

800 M

Urabn Population

Rural and Urban Population 1980-2013

013

400 M

1981 80%

1980 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2013

% 52% 1500 47%

47%

Rural and Urban Population 1980-2013 Rural Population

013

6M SQ

1981 400 M

81% 78% 74% 70% 65% 59% 52% 47% 1980 1984 1989 1994 2004 2009 2013 Urabn1999 Population

52%

800 M

80%

80.6%

40%

Senior (50+) Doing 46.8% 1992 2010 2013 Farmwork Agriculture Land1981-2013 46.8% 1981 Female Population 2006

1981

4X Female Population 2006

Employmen

Population

1500

opulation on

Privatisation + external finance

1200

Rural Population

New Rural Reconstruction school

900

Rebuild village from houses to46.8% house

53.2%

53.2% Female Agriculture Labor 2006

600 300 0

Decline 60%

k？ Back？

Urabn Population

Haotang Village

Collection + Built-in finance

81%

City

78%

74% 70%

Diversification Government Female Population 2006 of Agriculture

Female Agriculture Female Agriculture Labor 2006 Labor 2006 New

65%

59%

Rural Areas

10% Rebuilt

80.6%

52%

47%

How to industrialize agriculture in China.

46%

Agriculture

cultural 80.6%development between urban and rural areas Senior (50+) Population

Senior (50+) Doing Three Rural Issues Farmwork in Rural Area 2010 Rural2010 and Urban Population 1980-2013 Senior Doing Senior (50+) Doing Improving(50+) the income level,cuFarmers lturalFarmwork qualitiesand2010 safeguarding Farmwork 2010

Back？

800 M

46.8% 400 M

Female Agriculture Labor 2006 Female Female Population 2006 Population 1981

Village

The disparity of economic and 1980 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2013 30% 80.6%

三农问题

53.2%

the rights of farmers.

80%

80.6% 46%

40%

Senior (50+) Doing Farmwork 2010 Senior (50+) Popula Senior (50+) Population 20 1981 in Rural Area 2010in Rural Area

Population

Guangzhou

High speed railway

Beijing

ai Guangzhou

1300Km 6h 1200Km 8h

碧山

460Km 4h 1400Km 7h

Shanghai Chongqing

Bishan ELDERLY POPULATION

Ageing Population 2014

Ageing Ratio

ELDERLY PEOPLE DENSITY

Ageing Ratio

1950 Nearly 200 million elderly people in 2014, and 400 milli

China was a developing country, with high rates and a life expectancy of about 44 years.

The 4-2-1 Family 1980 China's one-child policy was introduced in

500

Exemptions are allowed, eg. couples who had a gir families in rural areas, etc.

14%

rate

2010 When children of the one-child generation their 30s or 40s, there is a good chance their parent 19c grandparents will be alive and need some form of

400

Exe fam

24% 60-80

300

Population ages 60+ 2014

20 Nearly 200 million elderly people in 2014, and 400 million in 2050. the 500

200

14%

Nearly 200 million elderly people in 2 24% 60-80

400 300

100

gra

6% 80+

Population ages 60+ 2014

500

6% 80+

14%

200 400

Down to the Countryside Movement

95 20 00 20 05 20 10 20 15 20 20 20 25 20 30 2 19 0 90 3 5 19 952 04 20 00 0 20 2 05 0 45 20 10 20 2 15 0 50 20 2

300 The UN forecasting China Populatio The UN forecasting China Population 200 ratio ages 60+ 2050 ratio ages 60+ 2050 Population ages 60+ 2014

30 20 35 20 40 20 45 20 50

上山下乡运动

100

100 0

30 20 35 20 40 20 45 20 50

Population

Down to the Countryside Movement

上山下乡运动

The UN ratio a

Down to the Countryside Movement

上山下乡运动 1960-1970

1970-1980

16 million

1960-1970

2014 60-80 1970-1980

The Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside MovePopulation ment was a policy instituted in the Population People’s Republic of China in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a result of the anti-bourgeois thinking prevalent 1960-1970 during the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong declared certain privileged urban youth would be sent to mountainous areas or farming 1970-1980villages to learn from the workers and farmers there. 16 million

Back

Coll

Rural

Urban

Back Rural

Privatisation + external finance

Collection + Built-in finance

Haotang Village

City

ç&#x201D;°

Rent

Collection +

Team

Team Assist

Collec Urban

Collection

NewAssist Rural Reconstruction school

ç&#x201D;° Farmland

Government

Rent Rebuild village from houses to house

Organic Food

SellDiversification of Agriculture

Food New Village

Organic Food

Personalised support Personalised and care support and care

25% 80%

25%

70%

s Personal identity and self esteem

Meaningful daily and Meaningful 50% community daily and life 50% Personal 40% community identity and life self esteem 30%

Personal authority and control

50%

Concentrati Concentration

General nursing 5%

Pe stre General nursing People with redu strength and mob Se

Special care 13:00 15:00

17:00

20% 20%

Home and 7:00 5:00 personal Home and surroundings personal surroundings No obvious purpose 4.8%

Noactivities obvious Social purpose 10.2% 4.8% ocial activities

9:00

Common

11:00

Special care

19:00

With strangers 16.6% With strangers 16.6%

ne Severely disabled 21:00 needing help in d

Alone 14%

With friends 19.5%

10.2%

With friends 19.5%

Kill time 19.8%

e %

Enrich life 38.7% Exercise 26.5%

Pe str People with com strength and mo

Common

20% 10%

Exercise 26.5%

Good Health Condition

60%

Meaningful relationships

ersonal uthority d control

Good Health Condition

Ab use Able-bodied or fu users

Enrich life 38.7%

Ages Activities Purpose

With family mamber 29.5%

With Neighbours 20.4% With Neighbours Target People of Activities 20.4%

Target People of Activities

With m 2

25%

Able-bodied or fully capable users Good Health Condition

People with common strength and mobility 50%

Common

Concentration

20%

General nursing

Special care

People with reduced strength and mobility Severely disabled people needing help in daily activities

ing

Park

ital

Hosp

Libra

Gym

lic Pub Bath

Hote

aura

Rest

Store room

Hair n salo

Card

aura

Rest

Store Store

ing Train r te Cen Store

Mark

Store

all

ce H

Dan

15m

30m

SITE PLAN

CREEKS

STREETS

Private

Garden

Transition Public Off Site

Farm Land Dinning Hall

THE LONG CORRIDOR

Hospital

Nursing Homes

Dance Hall

Public Space

Card Room

Gym Restaurant

Market

Village

Hair salon

Hostel Agriculture counselor

Training Center

Public Bath

Retail Stores

PROGRAMS

AXIAL DIRECTION

COURT YARDS

BUILDING BLOCKS FROM DIFFERENT STREETS AND BLOCKS COMBINATION

STREET ELEVATION (S-N)

STREET ELEVATION (W-E)

UNIT TYPES

EAST ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

UNIT ARRANGEMENT

UNIT SECTION

UNIT ELEVATIONS

HAIYING ZHANG

CRAFT FACTORY

This project investigates the potentiality of craftsmanship of Bishan. In Yixian County, where Bishan Village is located, there are 100 famous craftsmanships, including woodblock prints, bamboo making, etc. My design intention is to revive these precious craftsmanships and integrate them with living, working, farming, marketing and educating. The site is an abandoned factory building, located in the upper stream of the river. The design strategy is to apply the traditional craftsman techniques with contemporary technology and program, in the complex context. It will be the catalyst for a new urban commune, in Bishan Village.

BISHAN ANALYSIS

Irrelevancy Utopia

Cultural Industry

Bishan Project Hope

Job Income Welfare Service

Attract

Autonomous Management

Tourism Farming Production Cultural Industry

Collective Enterprise

Production

Job Creation

Government Control

Population Composition

Increase Villagersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Participation

Ruralism

Modernism

Rural Culture

Modern Technology

Contradictory Between Artists & Villager

Handicraft Research

Traditional Handicraft Wood Carving

Techniques

Professional Skill

People

Materials

Stone Carving

Brick Carving

Lacquerware

Bamboo Hat

Fire Barrel

Oil Manufacture

Mao Tofu

Sericulture

Nuo Drama

Phenix Dance

Abstract procedures

Wood

Stone

Brick

Bamboo

Paper

Fabric

Iron

Glass

Concrete

Stereotomy

Textile

Tectonics

Ceramics

Painting

Bind

Sticky

Commune Rule

Villagers Artists (New villagers)

PEOPLE

Collective Living Site

LAND

COMMUNE

Collective Work

Farmland Village

CULTURE Tangible---Hui Architecture Intangible-- Traditional Festival Traditional Handicraft Art

LANDSCAPE

Landmark Village Texture

Productivity Collective Work Site

Agriculture Handicraft Artwork

Collective Spirit

Economic Collective Enterprises Escrow

COMMUNE SYSTEM

2000m

1500m

1000m 500m

Site 500m 1000m

1500m

2000m

SITE ANALYSIS

VIEW ANALYSIS

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

MEI YANG

PEOPLE’S STOP

Communication and commuting is a very important aspect for rurban commune. The commuting ways are very limited in current Bishan Village. It is my intention to cultivate the potential of the communication in corporate with prestigious craftsmanship of Yixian County, where Bishan Village belongs to. The typological studies of the craftsmanship and bus stops are combined together to create a new catalyst for the village. It will be applied to other villages, according to their villageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identity.

Problems in China Rural Area Demographic

Reconstruction

cannot make enough money from traditional argriculture

Public Building

$$$

Government Investigate people search for works, education, and other opportunities in town and city

young people in city, old people and children in village become two main social problem

Economic

infrequently-used public place

gathered in some oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s balcony

Private Building

$$$ Personal Property

traditional old house

new farm- new mod- mixed style house ern style house

Preference

$$$

skilled

traditional agricluture not make much money

skilled

craftmanship used only for daily supply

unskilled

opportunities and sallary limited by skill

Villager

Visitor

Artist Traveller

techonology

new

modern style

international

natural

vintage

traditional healthy style

Activities in Village

Idea of commune

collaboration

constructing process

gathered

traditional technique

communication

sight spot

relationship

tea collecting

chess

painting

building

fishing

local opera

tofu making

work position

commune after finish

dinner

communication

public place

$$$

help bring visiting people

$$$

sale their product

make money

bennifit villager

share public place

share property

Activitievs in Bishan

farming work

artist

visiter

villager

outdoor activities

hiking

biking

picnic

local food

photoshoot

rural activities

vegetable collecting

fishing

writing

drawing

measure old building

special book

tea collecting

fishing

vegetable growing

tofu making

weaving

carpenter

chess

book

handcraft work

sewing

carving

entertainment

lotus festivel

local opera

visiting

local opera tea coffee

Site Information

Housing Area

Stream/Pond

Public Area

Road

Mountain Area

Farmland Area

Jianxi Temple

Primary School

Bishan Bookstore

Bus Station Ancester Hall

Pigsty Hotel Shiting Mansion

Primary School

Oldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Home

Pigsty Bar

Yunmen Pagoda

Theme Trail Route

Biking Route

Old House Visiting Route

Select main road and inter-village road to keep safe and go

Select small road and inter-village road to visit every historical

through part of the most representive spot in Bishan and sur-

building in Bishan and surrunding village and to join in the life

runding village

of local residents.

Waterway Route

Hiking Route

Select roads close to water to make people feel the fresh stream in southern village, most representive spot in Bishan and sur-

Select roads go to wht valley and inter-village road that close to

runding village are visited and enjoy the interaction between

the woods. A perfect path that close to nature and can visit the

human and water activities like fishing and lotus festival

the most representive spot in Bishan and surrunding village

Bus-stop Function

multi function

bus

bike

show location

drinking water

protection

travel info

bike parking

map

seats

schedule

shelter

sales

communication

define area

culture icon

walk basic function

Activities in Busstop

villager homework

chess

tea

sale

busstop activities rest

bike parking

good view

book

hiking

picnic

map

drinking water

visiter show location

travel info

Bus-stop Function inter-village road vehical available

bus

multi function

show location

culture icon

drinking water

bike parking

village main road bike available footpavth walk only

protection

map

travel info

bike basic function seats

walk

schedule

shelter

sales

define area

communication

Activities in Busstop

homework

chess

tea

sale

rest

bike parking

good view

book

hiking

picnic

map

drinking water

show location

travel info

villager busstop activities

visiter

Road system and road type is the traffic condition to define the activities in different location. Previous function of building have an influnce on current function.

Activities in Places and Busstops

Furniture for New Activities in Bus Stops

Furniture for Activities in Busstops Primary School Stop

Pigsty Bar Stop

Pigsty Hotel Stop

Yunmen Pagoda Stop Jianxi Temple Stop

Bookstore Stop Ancester Hall Stop

Oldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Home Stop

Traditional Elements and Handcraft in Busstop

Furniture Wallcouch Making

Bamboo Weaving

Stamp

Straw Weaving

Sales

Seats

Window

Roof

Courtyard

Schedule

Gable

Column

Door & Window

Roof

Models

Traditional Craftmanship Stamp

Straw Weaving

Bamboo Weaving

Carving

Water color

Furniture Making

MUSTAFA ALMARSOOMI

BISHAN DRAGON

My project is about Bishan Dragon is a community design more than architectural project. The aims of this proposal are greater than build buildings with panoramic waterfront view, but the aims are helping the villagers use them resources to raise up them community. The proposal will include many activities have interaction with the river, villagers and village itself in different levels, those activities are vary like Investment, Entertainment, Preservation and Education. The materials for the proposal will be provide form bishan village and recycle materials and exciting buildings. The definition of Commune is to live and work together, sharing and saving resources, enhancing lifestyle, support economy providing jobs and attract tourist, share the education.

River Village on river Village not on river

Yixian Countyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s river map

Site Plan

Bike Routes

Pedestrians Routes

Vehicle Routes

Zhang River + Irrigation system

Landscape

Bishan Dragon

Project Layers

DESIGN REFERENCES WORLD WIDE

DESIGN REFERENCES BISHAN VILLAGE

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE

CLOUD GATE PLAZA

CAPTION

BISHAN CAPTION THEATER

BIKE FESTIVAL

SOIL AGRICULTURE

SOILLESS AGRICULTURE

DRY SEASON

FLOOD SEASON

SOIL AGRICULTURE USING EXISTING V-CANAL